Cost Analysis of Perovskite Tandem Photovoltaics
• Low LCOE is achieved due to extreme low cost of perovskites in tandem PVs
• Further improving tandem module lifetime and efficiency reduces LCOE
• LCOE decrease rates are used to measure the research efforts
【Context & Scale】
Solar energy is the most abundant resource to power this planet. Photovoltaics (PV) harvest solar energy in a clean manner, wherein the relevant technologies are mostly based on crystalline silicon. Featuring skyrocketing efficiency and extreme low cost, hybrid halide perovskite solar cells have emerged as the most promising next-generation PV technology. Moreover, they can be coupled with a complimentary absorber to form tandem solar cells, which may face fewer obstacles for market penetration by capitalizing on the established PV industry. It is thus important to establish the technoeconomic competitiveness of final electricity production. We estimated the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) using a sensitivity analysis by varying the materials, module efficiency, and lifetime. We found that perovskite tandem PVs are potentially competitive, and further efforts are required to simultaneously improve the efficiency and lifetime of perovskite PVs to stand over the entire energy sector.
Recently, metal halide perovskite photovoltaics (PV) are marching toward commercialization. The possibility for perovskite absorbers to be incorporated into multi-junction solar cells is also being discussed, which suggests alternative market entry. Although intensive investigations are being made on their technical feasibility, serious analysis on the cost of perovskite-based tandem modules is lacking. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar modules is often used to evaluate technoeconomic competitiveness. Here, we performed a detailed cost analysis on two perovskite-based tandem modules (the perovskite/c-silicon and the perovskite/perovskite tandem module) compared with standard multi-crystalline silicon and single-junction perovskite solar cells. We found that perovskite PVs (both single junction and multi-junction) are competitive in the context of LCOE if the module lifetime is comparable with that of c-silicon solar cells. This encourages further efforts to push perovskite tandem modules onto the market in the future.
The world's energy demands to power society keep on increasing with the evolution of human civilization. Global electricity consumption reached 21,190 TWh in 2016, which was a significant portion of the world's total energy comsumption.1 Photovoltaics (PV) provide electricity in a clean and renewable manner, and the PV market has grown dramatically in the past decades. In 2017, newly installed PV capacity increased by more than 75 GW, while the cumulatively installed capacity exceeded 300 GW worldwide.2, 3 With the fast development of PV technology, the final price of electricity generated by PV has exhibited competitiveness among the whole energy sector. For example, Abu Dhabi Water and Electric Authority (ADWEA) reported price bidding for PV as low as 2.42 US cents/kWh,4 even lower than that of fossil energy.
With the rapid progress in PV technology, metal halide perovskite is emerging as the most promising candidate for the next-generation PV materials. In less than 8 years, perovskite solar cells have attained power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.7%,5 and thus have attracted considerable attention in both academia and industry. The community has already advanced significantly to validate the technical feasibility of single-junction perovskite solar cells. Very recently, perovskite-based multi-junction PV devices have received intensive attention as an exciting research topic,6, 7 thanks to their tunable band gap, superior optoelectronic properties, and ease of fabrication. To date, perovskites have been incorporated with c-silicon8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or CIGS13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 to construct hybrid tandem solar cells with respectable PCEs. By carefully tuning the band gap of the perovskite absorber, the theoretical PCEs for perovskite/silicon solar cells and perovskite/perovskite solar cells are predicted to be 39% and 34%, respectively.19 In addition, all-perovskite tandem solar cells were also successfully demonstrated.20, 21, 22 Similar to that of perovskite single-junction modules, the development of tandem devices is facing the same major technical problems, such as stability, upscaling, and reproducibility.23 In view of the encouraging theoretical PCE limit and feasible pragmatic routes, perovskite-based tandem solar cells are expected to penetrate the market swiftly by capitalizing on the existing c-silicon industry.6
However, manufacturing cost, as one essential factor governing the success of PV techniques, has received limited attention. Recently, Cai et al.24 analyzed two representative perovskite solar modules and calculated the corresponding levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). They concluded that the LCOE of perovskite PV was estimated to be 3.5–4.9 US cents/kWh with 15 years lifetime, which was even lower than that of traditional fossil energy. They suggested that more attention should be given to improving device efficiency and lifetime instead of low-cost material replacement. Recently, the LCOE of a single-junction module was also analyzed by Chang et al.25 They made conservative assumptions on limited materials availability and estimated the module cost to be US $107/m2, which led to a significantly higher LCOE than in Cai's report. During the preparation of this manuscript, Song et al.26 proposed a feasible manufacturing flow for single-junction perovskite PV fabrication. They estimated the LCOE to be 5.82 US cents/kWh in Wichita, Kansas, if a system lifetime of 30 years can be achieved. The apparent discrepancy in LCOE estimation encourages further discussion and careful justification to project the manufacturing costs.
Given the roadmap of the development of perovskite PV, tandem modules serve as one important sector.6, 7 Nevertheless, they have received limited consideration from a technoeconomic perspective, which may influence future research efforts in this field. Here, we adopted a bottom-up cost model to estimate the module cost and further LCOE, and carried out a sensitivity analysis of LCOE varying the efficiency and lifetime of relevant PV modules. We carefully compared four modules: mc-silicon (the passivated emitter and rear cell [PERC]), perovskite single junction, perovskite/c-silicon (heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer [HIT]) tandem, and perovskite/perovskite tandem. The latter three perovskite-based modules are shown to have potential for commercialization within the assumptions of this study. We focused this investigation on the technoeconomic competitiveness among the four PV techniques in the given boundary conditions. Some financing and policy assumptions are reasonably simplified, which does not affect the effectiveness of the conclusions within the relative comparison. We found that perovskite PVs exhibit low materials cost, which reduces the LCOE substantially in both the single-junction devices and the tandem devices. Still, module efficiency and lifetime are the dominant parameters that affect the LCOE significantly. In addition, the idea of LCOE decrease rate is introduced for the first time as a clear measure to guide the direction of research and development for perovskite-based PVs and tandem solar cells.
【Results and Discussion】
◆Modules Configurations and Fabrication
Four representative configurations of solar cells are listed in parallel for comparison, as shown in Figure 1. Module A uses the conventional PERC device based on p-type multi-crystalline silicon. PCE of ∼21.0% in line production is claimed, which is predominant in the PV market.27 This represents one of the major competitors that perovskite PVs face. The cell in module B is based on the planar structure of a perovskite solar device, which can be fabricated using low-temperature processing techniques such as screen printing and dip coating.28 The best certified cell PCE is 22.7% for ∼0.1 cm2 devices5, and 20.1% PCE is reported for 1 cm2 devices with a similar architecture.29 The planar perovskite device has already been adopted for commercialization trials. We assume in-line production will achieve cell PCE of 19% in the 2020s as a result of the fast development of perovskite solar cells.5 In module C, perovskite/c-silicon tandem cells are used with HIT sub-cells. HIT cells have achieved the best PCE of 26.6%,5 which is one of the most promising next-generation silicon-based techniques ready for mass production. Currently, successful demonstration of perovskite/c-silicon tandem cells showed a PCE of 23.6%.30 By capitalizing on accumulative efforts in silicon solar cells, we assume these HIT/perovskite tandem cells can attain a PCE of 25% in line production in this study. Module D proposes a perovskite/perovskite tandem device configuration adopting two different absorbers with wide/narrow band gaps, respectively. The feasibility of fabrication has recently been demonstrated in practice and has revealed solar cell efficiency of 25.9% by modeling.19 We investigated its technoeconomic competitiveness by assuming cell efficiency of 22% for mass production in the coming years, which might serve as a reference point for future research and design of all-perovskite tandem cells.
▲Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Modules
(A) Module A is composed of traditional silicon cells.
(B) Module B is composed of planar perovskite cells.
(C) Module C is composed of silicon/perovskite tandem cells.
(D) Module D is composed of perovskite/perovskite tandem cells.
Spin coating, which is often used in the lab, is replaced by screen printing for large-scale manufacturing in our simulation.24, 25, 26 The materials utilization ratio for most techniques in this paper is 80%, whereas that of evaporation is assumed to be 60%.25, 26 The material costs of some key components are listed in Table 1 (see Supplemental Information for details). The fabrication process flows for each module are summarized in Supplemental Information and Tables S1–S4.
▼Table 1: The Costs of Key Components in LCOE Simulation
|Component||Raw Material||Price ($/kg)||Weight (g/m2)||Material Cost ($/m2)|
The LCOE represents the unit cost (per kilowatt hour) of electricity over the lifetime of certain generating entity, which is often used to measure the overall competitiveness of different technologies. In the context of physical chemistry, the chemical potential eventually determines the occurrence of a reaction. Similarly, the LCOE provides a cost estimation, which governs the commercialization process of a generating technology. Based on the above-mentioned assumptions, we have thus conducted LCOE analysis on the four representative modules, which is summarized in Figure 2. Here, we retain an accuracy of 0.01 cent/kWh in the final value to comply with the conventional LCOE calculations; it is not easy to achieve such accuracy considering the uncertainty in the technique and economy development. Modules B, C, and D exhibit LCOEs of 4.34, 5.22, and 4.22 US cents kWh−1, respectively. As a comparison, the LCOE for module A is 5.50 US cents kWh−1. Specifically, the LCOE of the single-junction perovskite solar cell (module B) is in line with the previous report,24 which is 21% lower than that of a traditional silicon solar cell (module A). This shows the great commercialization potential of perovskite solar cells if the final products can reach those assumptions during manufacturing. By incorporating perovskites into silicon solar cells (module C), the LCOE of the tandem device can be reduced by 5% from that of conventional silicon solar cells. Moreover, we calculated the most aggressive tandem device with two perovskite sub-cells (module D), with the largest LCOE reduction compared with that of module A. Interestingly, materials costs for modules B and D contribute much less to the LCOE compared with module A and C. This implies that perovskite-based PVs are less sensitive to the materials cost than the currently predominant multi-crystalline silicon PVs. These LCOE values are estimated based on a few favorable assumptions, such as good module efficiency and acceptable module lifetime (see Experimental Procedures). Some of these assumptions remain challenging (e.g., the lifetime), and some are expected to be achieved soon during mass production (e.g., the efficiency). Given the same operation conditions, however, it is inferred that the tandem solar cell design has a positive impact on reducing the LCOE when perovskite is incorporated. This can likely be attributed to the low module cost as discussed later.
Module cost affects the LCOE estimation significantly, which differs among different PV technologies. The estimated manufacturing cost breakdown of the different modules proposed above was carefully investigated. The module manufacturing cost is mainly composed of materials cost, depreciation and maintenance, labor, utilities and others (e.g., weighted average cost of capital [WACC], inverter price, balance of system [BOS], operation cost, etc).26 We performed the estimation based on the internal data provided by existing manufacturers, literature reports, and reasonable assumptions (see Experimental Procedures for details). As shown in Figure 2A, the manufacturing costs are estimated to be 89.59, 32.69, 121.18 and 45.23 US$ m−2 for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. Taking the PCE into account, the module costs are 0.43, 0.17, 0.48, and 0.21 US $/W for the four modules. The material cost is a significant part of each module cost: 88.0%, 78.2%, 81.3%, and 81.2% for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. It dominates the overall cost and thus the final LCOE of the corresponding technology. Interestingly, the cost for the perovskite absorber layer only contributes 4.1%, 1.1%, and 3.0% to the total material cost in modules B, C, and D, respectively. It clearly shows the cost advantage of perovskite absorber, which is in accordance with the previous analysis (Figure 2). In short, the perovskite PV is approaching the sweet zone to balance the module efficiency and cost, which leads to the attractive LCOE in the PV market.
▲Figure 2: The Estimated LCOE and Breakdown of Each Module
(A) The comparision of LCOE. (B–E) The cost breakdown of each module. (B) Module A, composed of traditional silicon cells; (C) Module B, composed of planar perovskite solar cells; (D) Module C, composed of silicon/perovskite tandem cells; and (E) Module D, composed of perovskite/perovskite tandem cells.
A variety of materials have been reported to couple with the perovskite absorber to construct the heterojunction. In our estimation, we assume that economically favored materials are used for module fabrication. To reveal how the materials selection affects the LCOE, we conducted the sensitivity analysis for modules B and C (Figure 3B). In respect of carrier transport materials, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester(PCBM), 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(Spiro-OMeTAD), and Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)aminePoly(triarylamine)](PTAA) are used as replacements for NiO or SnO2. They lead to increases in manufacturing costs of 801%, 348%, and 622% in module B, and 299%, 172%, and 252% in module C, respectively. Consequently, the LCOE increases to 286%, 166%, and 238% in module B, and 218%, 143%, and 190% in module C. When copper is replaced by gold in the electrodes, we found significant increment of module cost to 493% and 215% in modules B and C, respectively. The corresponding LCOE increased to 204% and 168% in modules B and C. This is consistent with previous estimations of manufacturing cost,25, 26 indicating usage of expensive material probably prevents any market penetration of perovskite PVs. Interestingly, when silver is used to replace copper, we observes negligible increment of LCOE in both modules B and C. Development of cheaper materials to couple with perovskite absorber is required for the commercialization of perovskite PVs. However, it remains challenging to obtain highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with low-cost materials. Moreover, it is critical to rationally design and construct tunneling junctions for tandem devices based on cheap building blocks, which is still less investigated.
▲Figure 3: The Estimation of the Module Cost and the Effect of Material on Module and LCOE.
(A) Breakdown of the estimated cost for each module in US$ m−2.
(B and C) Variation of estimated (B) module cost and (C) LCOE with the use of alternative materials in modules B and C.
Furthermore, we attempted to correlate the LCOE with different components (e.g., materials, facility, etc.) in different modules. Among all the components that contribute to LCOE, material cost plays a significant role. It consists of all the materials involved during the manufacturing process, including the main materials, solvent, additives, etc. Figure 4A shows the linear relationship between material cost and LCOE, wherein the marker on each line represents the assumptions used in the current study. The slopes of the four curves are almost the same, which indicates that the dependence of LCOE on materials cost is similar for all four PV modules. It is interesting to note that the curves overlap for modules A and D, indicating the module D, if realized, follows a similar LCOE function for materials cost as currently predominant PVs. This means that the LCOE is the same for modules A and D if their module costs are the same. This is likely due to the similar module efficiency and the same module lifetime for the two modules, which further indicates costs other rather than the module cost (e.g., facility cost) have a relatively small impact on LCOE. Moreover, it is clearly revealed that the extremely low LCOE of modules B and D correlates with their low material cost. To reach the same LCOE as that of module B (if realized), the material cost of module A needs to be further reduced by 45%. It thus suggests reduction of materials cost as one effective strategy to reduce the final LCOE for silicon PVs and future perovskite/c-silicon tandem PVs. Comparing modules A and C in Figure 4A, we can further see the advantage of applying a tandem design to achieve lower LCOE even with higher materials cost.
On the other hand, the LCOE is found to be relatively insensitive to the facility cost. In our simulation, facility cost describes the cost of the main equipment to perform module production, such as building, equipment, etc. Figure 4B shows the dependence of LCOE of each module on the facility, wherein the marker on each line represents the assumptions used in the current study. As expected, the LCOE increases linearly with the increase in the facility cost in all four modules. We found that the dependence of LCOE on facility cost is similar for all four PV modules. Even if the facility investment for module B doubles, the LCOE increases by just 3%, which is significantly different than the impact of module cost on LCOE (Figure 4A). It clearly suggests that the initial equipment cost affects the LCOE to a minor extent, given 20 years constant throughput. It also indicates that facility investment should not be a concern if upgrading the c-silicon module fabrication line to a c-silicon/perovskite tandem module. Perovskite-based solar cells have a significant advantage of low materials cost to reduce the LCOE if the prerequisites of commercialization are satisfied.
▲Figure 4: The Sensitivity Analysis Regarding Material Cost and Facility Cost.
(A and B) The linear dependence of LCOE to (A) the materials cost, and (B) the facility cost in each module. The marker in each line represents the assumptions used in the current estimation
Stability has been a serious concern since the beginning of the perovskite cell development.31 However, tremendous progress has been achieved in the last 5 years in device reliability over thousands of hours with various degradation protocols.32, 33 Perovskite cells are required to work for 20 years with over 80% of their initial power output, which is in line with the typical field warranty for PV panels. In the LCOE simulation, the lifetime describes how long the PV system (project) would operate, which generally correlates to the module lifetime. During the project operation life cycle, the power degradation rate for each module would remain at 1% per year. We found the lifetime significantly affects the LCOE, wherein the lifetime obeys an inverse proportion relationship with the LCOE (Figure 5A). We found that lifetime plays a great role in minimizing the LCOE value; that is, a longer lifetime can result in a significant decrease of the LCOE. Taking the perovskite single-junction module (module B) as an example, the LCOE decreases substantially from 7.52 to 4.34 US cents/kWh if the lifetime is improved from 10 to 20 years. According to the current market requirement that commercial c-silicon modules (module A) have a guaranteed lifetime of 20 years, we find that the perovskite single-junction module (module B) requires only 14.7 years to achieve the same LCOE. It means the requirement for lifetime is not as strict as that of conventional c-silicon PVs, which might suggest a different business model for the commercialization of perovskite PVs. Nevertheless, it is still desirable to obtain long-term operational stability of perovskite-based PVs to compete against other energy sectors.
▲Figure 5: The Sensitivity Analysis Regarding Module Lifetime and Efficiency
(A and B) LCOE variation as functions of (A) the module lifetime and (B) the module efficiency in each module, with the other parameters related to LCOE are fixed. The markers indicate the assumed conditions for each module in the LCOE calculation.
Similar to the module lifetime, module efficiency also plays an essential role to determine the LCOE value. In general, an increment in module efficiency leads to a significant decrease of the LCOE. Taking module B as an example, the LCOE decreases from 4.9 to 3.9 US $/kWh if the module efficiency increases from 17% to 22%. This applies to all four PV modules investigated here. It suggests research should focus on improving PCE as an effective approach to a competitive LCOE in perovskite PVs especially at the current stage, wherein their module efficiency during mass production is far from the theoretic limit. Although challenging, the predicted efficiency requirements are based on some assumptions wherein the dynamic development of the PV community is mostly overlooked. The calculations show theoretically that the perovskite PV is capable of achieving the same LCOE at a relatively lower efficiency than c-silicon PVs in either single-junction or tandem devices. This economic advantage is mostly ascribed to the low manufacturing cost originating from cheap materials and a low energy-consuming process. However, perovskite PVs are far from being commercially available. A fully developed industrial manufacturing process for perovskite solar modules and practical implementation of these modules are not yet available. The estimation predicts their potential technoeconomic competitiveness over c-silicon PVs, and improving the module lifetime and efficiency are feasible strategies to lower their LCOE.
The LCOE decreases with the increase of the module lifetime and/or efficiency. With different module lifetimes and/or efficiency however, the LCOE of different modules changes at different rates. A clear measure is required to analyze the effectiveness of different approaches to reducing LCOE. Therefore, the LCOE decrease rate is introduced to investigate the relationship between LCOE and module lifetime and efficiency. The LCOE decrease rate is defined as the first derivative of LCOE for either the lifetime or module efficiency (Figure 6). With increasing lifetime, the LCOE decrease rate gradually approaches zero (Figure 6A). It means the positive impact of reducing LCOE diminishes by prolonging the module lifetime. For discretion, we assume negligible effects on the LCOE when the LCOE decrease rate achieves −0.1 US cents/kWh/year. And we obtain effective module lifetimes of 30.6, 27.0, 29.6, and 25.8 years for modules A, B, C, and D, respectively. Comparing with silicon solar cells (module A), the current lifetimes of perovskite modules are far below the effective module lifetime as calculated, motivating efforts to extend of the lifetime of perovskite PVs with quantitative justifications.
Similarly, LCOE decrease rate over module efficiency was obtained for each module (Figure 6B). Compared with that over module lifetime (Figure 6A), the decrease rates over module efficiency of each module at their current module efficiency are relatively higher. This implies that the LCOE can be reduced considerably by improving module efficiency at the current stage. By setting the value of LCOE decrease rate at −0.1 US cents/kWh/%abs, we calculated the effective module efficiency to be 33.6%, 28.4%, 35.3%, and 30.0% for module A, B, C, and D, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that improving the module efficiency is a universal approach to the reduction of LCOE for all four PV technologies investigated here. It is found that modules with lower materials cost show lower effective module efficiency, which means the LCOE reduction for low-cost modules is less dependent on module efficiency. The selection of −0.1 cent/kWh/year or −0.1 cent/kWh/%abs is arbitrary and is shown as an example in this study. The choice of effective numbers was made to guide research efforts. These two numbers do not necessarily apply to guide mass production. It is found that effective module lifetime and effective module efficiency serve as yardsticks to measure the effectiveness of different techniques for LCOE reduction, which sheds light on judicious R&D for perovskite PV technology.
▲Figure 6: The LCOE Decrease Rate of Module Lifetime and Efficiency
(A and B) The LCOE decrease rate changing with (A) the lifetime and (B) the module efficiency. The solid line represents the current value given by previous research and the dotted line represents the estimated value when the module efficiency and the lifetime are improved in the future. The LCOE decrease rate around −0.10 US cents kWh−1 is magnified in the insets.
In conclusion, we investigated four solar modules (e.g., silicon solar cells, perovskite solar cells, perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells) with major emphasis on their LCOE and relevant contributors. The proposed tandem structures show great commercial potential if their performance (PCE and lifetime) on lab scale can be achieved after scaling up with low-cost materials with a satisfactory material utilization ratio. We adopted the bottom-up cost model to estimate the manufacturing cost and subsequently the LCOE of each module based on current progress and assumptions. We conclude (1) single-junction perovskite solar cells are promising to achieve a competitive LCOE in the PV market; (2) tandem PVs by incorporation of perovskite absorbers are capable of lowering the LCOE effectively due to the extremely low manufacturing cost and high efficiency of perovskite sub-cells; (3) a significant decrease in the LCOE can be achieved by improving the lifetime and the efficiency of solar modules; and (4) LCOE decrease rates are defined and investigated for the first time, and demonstrated to serve as a yardstick to measure the effectiveness regarding the research direction for PV development. In our analysis, the single-junction perovskite PV shows a lower LCOE than that of the c-silicon/perovskite tandem device. However, the latter may face less barriers when penetrating the market by potentially leveraging the established PV industry. Although the current analysis indicates that perovskite PVs have great potential from a technoeconomic perspective, they are still far from practical use; the assumed device performance has not been fully achieved yet. It calls for further efforts to simultaneously improve the efficiency and lifetime of perovskite modules, which will ultimately improve the competitiveness of perovskite PVs over the entire energy sector.
Q.C. and H.Z. acknowledge funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (51673025, 51672008), Q.C. thanks National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2016YFB0700700) and Young Talent Thousand Program. The authors sincerely appreciate the valuable discussions with Dr. Q. Wang of JA Solar, Mr. S. Wang of Macro Economic Research Institute of the State Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, and Ms. I. Ke of Enlitech.
Q.C. and H.Z. conceived and supervised this work, Z.L., Y.Z., X.W., Y.L., and Q.C. contributed to the discussion and writing of the manuscript, Y.S., Z.Z., Y.L., X.W., and H.Z. contributed to data collection. Z.Q., X.W., H.Z., and Q.C. participated in analysis of the results.


Ernest Spirig established this company named DIPL. ING. ERNEST SPIRIG as a closely held private company on March 14th 1969 in Rapperswil, Canton St. Gall, Switzerland. In its very early times the company was engaged in consulting and development services for the emerging Semiconductor Industry, specializing in gold wire bonding technologies. There was a need for the development of stable hydrogen sources for the flame-off process for the gold wire ball bonding. Besides developing high precision mechanical regulator technology for bottled high pressure Hydrogen gas, this was also the origin of studying the water electrolysis process to create a clean just-in-time hydrogen source with a stable caloric output. This basic work laid the foundation for the years later following engagement in the manufacture of patented, multi-cell Hydrogen / Oxygen generators used as stable heat sources for precision soft- and silver soldering, for precision brazing and welding, for precision annealing and hardening, for activation of adhesive layers and activation of surfaces to increase adherence of printing inks and adhesive coatings. From its beginning Switzerland was for the specialization a too small market and Spirig had to cater to the markets worldwide. The action in Semiconductor manufacturing technologies was at that time the USA. Over the years, as Semicon started to span the world, Spirig followed those markets.
Mr. Spirig holds a MSEE degree (Dipl. Ing. ETH) in electronic and electric engineering from the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich. He is also author of one of the first German written books on "Microelectronics", still used today as an assistant textbook/introduction into basic semiconductor technology.
The company is today (2012) still fully and privately owned. Turn-over or employment figures are not released to the public. Spirig fully owns various companies catering to manufacturing and distributing activities in various countries.
Mr. Spirig has invented and owns today (2020) more than 100 patents in various countries worldwide on varied technologies, which can be divided into:
• Electrolysis-apparatus and -system.
• Clean-room particle shielding technologies (semiconductor, pharmaceutical, atomic plants).
• Electronic signal processing for alarm systems.
• Temperature recording-methods and -materials.
• De-soldering, -tools, -methods and -material for the electronic/electric industries.
• Mechanical gear systems.
Various technologies and patents are used in production, others are licensed out. Some products based on these technologies do have a seizable world-market share.
The product and technology mix is constantly increased by actively investing into start-up operations (seed capital) and/or buying/selling know-how.
SPIRIG is open to inquiries for new start-ups or new technologies.


Comprised of 399 individually cut limestone pieces, unreinforced and assembled without mortar, the Armadillo Vault spans 16 meters with a minimum thickness of only 5 cm. Its funicular geometry allows it to stand in pure compression, while tension ties equilibrate the form. Starting from the same structural and constructional principles as historic stone cathedrals, this sophisticated form emerged from novel computational graphic statics-based design and optimization methods developed by the project team.
The Armadillo Vault was the centerpiece of the “Beyond Bending” exhibition at the 15th International Architecture Exhibition – La Biennale di Venezia, curated by Alejandro Aravena, which was held in Venice, Italy, from May 28 to November 27, 2016.
The engineering of the discrete shell used innovative computational approaches to assess stability under various load conditions. Each stone voussoir is informed by structural logic, by the need for precise fabrication and assembly, by the constraints of a historically protected setting, and by limitations on time, budget, and construction. The voussoirs are designed to be planar on the exterior to avoid the need to flip the stones during machining. Their interior sides’ doubly curved geometry was obtained through rough cutting. Rather than milling away the excess material left by this process, it was instead hammered off, leaving the resulting grooves as an expressive feature.
The shell’s dual appearance, scale-like on the outside and softly curving on the inside, is thus a direct materialization of the project’s hard constraints. Standing without reinforcement, proportionally as thin as an egg shell, the expressively flowing surface structure challenges the idea that complex, freeform geometry need go hand-in-hand with inefficient and untruthful use of material.


Types of Leather We Clean
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‘Nubuck‘ leather. To get the desired finish, softness and new-look Nubuck is buffed, which gives it a velvet texture. Unfortunately this requires regular maintenance to keep it in good condition, it’s quite difficult to repair and is prone to fading. Often Nubuck is mistaken for suede.
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Leather Cleaning and Protection:
- We do a thorough close-inspection of the lounge leather.
- Spot-test to check colourfastness and other issues
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- Then massage the solution into the leather
- This breaks down the oils and grease
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In recent years, concerns about the impact of plastic waste on the environment have been growing. Plastic waste has been found in oceans, rivers, and even in the air we breathe, leading to devastating effects on wildlife and their habitats. One of the major contributors to this issue is disposable water bottles. However, there is a solution to this problem: eco-friendly water bottles. These reusable water bottles not only help reduce plastic waste but also offer many other benefits. In this article, we will explore the advantages of using an eco-friendly water bottle.
Eco-friendly Water Bottle: The Solution to Plastic Waste
Eco-friendly water bottles are made from a range of materials such as glass, stainless steel, and BPA-free plastic. The main benefit of these bottles is that they are reusable and can be used multiple times, reducing the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, Americans throw away 50 billion plastic water bottles every year. These bottles take over 1,000 years to decompose, and as they do so, they release harmful chemicals into the environment.
Eco-friendly water bottles offer a solution to this problem. By using a reusable water bottle, individuals can significantly reduce the amount of plastic waste they produce. In addition, eco-friendly water bottles are durable and long-lasting, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Why Choose a Reusable Water Bottle over Disposable Ones?
Disposable water bottles are convenient, but they come with a high environmental cost. Firstly, the production of these bottles requires a significant amount of energy and resources, leading to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Secondly, while they may be recyclable, many of them end up in landfills, where they can take hundreds of years to decompose.
On the other hand, reusable water bottles are a sustainable and practical option. They can be used for many years, reducing the need for frequent replacements, and they are available in a variety of sizes and designs, making them suitable for individuals with different lifestyles.
Environmental Benefits of Using an Eco-Friendly Water Bottle
The environmental benefits of using an eco-friendly water bottle are significant. By reducing the amount of plastic waste, we can help mitigate the harmful effects of plastic pollution on the environment. Eco-friendly water bottles also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as they require less energy to produce than disposable water bottles.
In addition, eco-friendly water bottles are often made from materials that are non-toxic and BPA-free, reducing the risk of exposure to harmful chemicals. They are also often dishwasher-safe, making them easy to clean and maintain.
Furthermore, the use of eco-friendly water bottles can help reduce the demand for single-use plastic water bottles, leading to a reduction in the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. This, in turn, can help protect wildlife and their habitats from the harmful effects of plastic pollution.
In conclusion, eco-friendly water bottles offer a practical and sustainable alternative to disposable water bottles. They help reduce plastic waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and exposure to harmful chemicals. By choosing to use a reusable water bottle, individuals can make a significant contribution to protecting the environment and reducing their carbon footprint. With the wide range of options available, there is a suitable eco-friendly water bottle for everyone. So, let’s make the switch to eco-friendly water bottles and make a positive impact on the planet.


What is a Bokeh Battery?
BGo batteries have an electrochemical characteristic of charging and discharging. There are six common styles of BGo battery, each having its own distinctive features. The manufacturer’s specifications regarding the size and shape of the cell may vary slightly from model to model. However, all the BGo cells are standard in size and shape. The term ‘battery’ is used to describe any pair of batteries consisting of a cell and an outlet.
Bismuth borate or even bistatic but is definitely an alkaline inorganic compound of bifrontal, bromine and oxygen. Frequently the term is used to explain the electrolyte-rich compound having static crystalline framework, employed like a light thermally activated ionic conductor in battery anode designs. Any time a current is applied, the ions bonding to the particular negatively charged base are encapsulated within the boat, which then releases typically the charge. Bistatic boron nitride batteries are recognized for high discharge prices and energy densities.
Boron nitride is created when the compound boron combines with oxides, leading to the alteration in the boron in order to nitride. The producing product includes a gaseous form that is insoluble in water. This is mainly utilised in the manufacture of Nivea batteries, particularly Nivea Nitecore lithium batteries. As opposed to borate, bide, oxide is inert in order to most reactions; as a result it acts as a control and preventative for that effect between the electrodes and the mobile. Thus, the oxide can prevent the particular cell components, which often include the dishes and cells, coming from being prematurely exposed to harmful chemicals.
Bacterial copper mineral oxide is applied in many types associated with batteries, in particular those getting active chemical ingredients. This makes it a powerful electrolyte. This type of electric battery produces less sulphation than borate which makes it suitable for use in mobile apps and industrial automation systems. Furthermore, water piping oxide will help maintain the performance in the battery while typically the sulphate-free compounds produce an atmosphere that is less safe for the battery, such because when exposed to be able to fire.
Nitride boron electric battery electrodes likewise have their uses. These electrodes are combined with co2 to form nitride clusters. Like carbon, this produces a gas that is not inert. However , unlike carbon, which in turn causes a chemical effect that releases totally free radicals, when the electrodes touch a great oxidising agent, nitride forms a gas that is inert. Nitroglycerin is a common compound applied in the creation of nitride-based battery packs.
Nitride-based batteries in many cases are ready by combining borate and lithium. Because the borate-lithium combos dissipate in the electrolyte, their interaction produces hydrogen. The producing product is referred to as monohydrate and offers great potentiality regarding being a good conductor of electricity. Regrettably, the performance associated with these types associated with batteries is affected by the tendency regarding the active substance to bind with the electrolyte leading to a loss within voltage and the lowering of battery existence. To remedy this specific, the battery may be subject to the few charge series before reaching complete performance levels once more.
About the other hands, boron bide will be a combination regarding boron and water piping oxide. Unlike nitroglycerin, this kind of battery does not form a new gas, but instead the solid crystalline type of oxide. It does not bind along with the electrolytes. Instead, the oxide absorbs the energy by means of the active cations and releases it when the battery’s discharge time matches the input voltage.
The availability of boron compounds 파라오 토토 toto implies that bide electric batteries can be used to replace the majority of of the active chemical-based batteries within your vehicle. Although these people aren’t as effective as nitroglycerin-based tissues, they may be cheaper and do not have a similar harmful effects. Boron also improves the general efficiency of the battery. You may expect greater distance from your automobile along with longer lasting, safer battery efficiency.


Vegetable tanned or veg tan:
Sometimes called oak-tan leather. This is a process that soaks the hides in pits with tanning liquors made from the bark of certain trees. These barks contain tannin, a naturally occurring substance that preserves the leather, leaving hides that can be carved, embossed, molded and hand-dyed. This is the leather saddles are made from. All our veg-tan leather is from North American hides, tanned in the USA. Those two characteristics are important because they assure the highest strength and quality.
This is a leather that is first vegetable-tanned, then stuffed or forced with waxes and oils to make the leather resistant to moisture and wear. This leather is primarily intended for tack and bridle uses, where it gets very hard wear in all weathers.
Latigo leather has exceptional strength and durability, which make it ideal for utility straps, bags and any tough outdoor gear. After tanning, sides are drum dyed, then dipped in hot oils and hand rubbed to a beautiful finish.


Concrete grinding is an essential step in many construction and renovation projects. It helps to level uneven surfaces, remove imperfections, and prepare the concrete for coatings or polishing. One critical factor in achieving a successful concrete grinding job is choosing the right diamond grit size.
Diamond grit size refers to the size of the diamond particles embedded in the grinding tools. It plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency, speed, and quality of the grinding process. In this article, we will explore the different diamond grit sizes available and guide you on how to choose the right diamond grit size for your concrete grinding job.
The Importance of Selecting the Correct Diamond Grit Size
Diamond tools used in hard concrete grinding have a wide range of grit sizes. Diamond grinding is the process of using a diamond abrasive to remove material from a hard surface. The diamond abrasives are bonded to a metal or resin matrix, which is then attached to a grinding machine or other equipment.
The diamond grit size refers to the size of the individual diamond particles on the abrasive disk. The size of the diamond grit is measured in microns, with smaller micron numbers indicating larger diamond particles.
Choosing the correct diamond grit size when grinding concrete is important because it affects how much material is removed from the surface and how quickly the work is completed.
A larger grit size will remove more material but will also leave a rougher surface, while a smaller grit size will remove less material but will leave a smoother surface. It's important to choose the right grit size for your specific job to ensure that you achieve the desired finish without damaging the surface or your equipment.
Understanding Diamond Grit Sizes
Diamond grit sizes are indicated by numbers that represent the size of the diamond particles in the grinding tool. The lower the number, the larger the diamond particles, and the coarser the grit size.
Conversely, the higher the number, the smaller the diamond particles, and the finer the grit size. Diamond grit sizes typically range from 16 to 3000, with 16 being the coarsest and 3000 being the finest.
Coarse Grit (16-40)
Coarse diamond grit sizes such as 16-40 are used for aggressive grinding and removal of thick coatings, adhesives, and uneven surfaces. They are typically used in the initial stages of concrete grinding when the surface is severely damaged or needs to be leveled.
Medium Grit (40-80)
Medium diamond grit sizes like 40-80 are used for general grinding and removal of moderate coatings, adhesives, and imperfections. They are commonly used in the intermediate stages of concrete grinding to refine the surface after the initial coarse grinding.
Fine Grit (100-200)
Fine diamond grit sizes such as 100-200 are used for fine grinding and polishing of the concrete surface. They are typically used in the final stages of concrete grinding to achieve a smooth and polished finish.
Extra Fine Grit (400-3000)
Extra fine diamond grit sizes like 400-3000 are used for fine polishing and honing of the concrete surface. They are used to achieve a high gloss and mirror-like finish on the concrete surface.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Diamond Grit Size
Choosing the right diamond grit size for your concrete grinding job depends on several factors. It's crucial to consider these factors to ensure that you achieve the desired results efficiently and effectively. Here are some factors to consider when choosing diamond grit size:
The condition of the concrete surface you are grinding is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate diamond grit size. If the surface is heavily damaged, has thick coatings, or uneven patches, a coarse diamond grit size such as 16-40 may be required for aggressive grinding and removal.
For moderately damaged surfaces, a medium grit size like 40-80 may be suitable for general grinding and surface refinement. If the surface is in relatively good condition and requires polishing, a fine or extra fine diamond grit size may be appropriate. For soft concrete, soft bond is preferred.
Diamond tooling is available in various grit sizes, and each one is suitable for different grinding goals. The goals of your concrete grinding job also play a role in choosing the right diamond grit size.
If you are aiming to remove coatings or adhesives quickly, a coarse grit size may be necessary. If you are looking for a polished finish, a fine or extra fine grit size may be needed. Consider the end result you want to achieve and choose the diamond grit size accordingly.
Equipment and Speed
The type of grinding equipment and the speed at which you are grinding also influence the diamond grit size selection. Different grinding machines have different capabilities, and their performance can vary with different diamond grit sizes.
Coarse grits are typically used with high-speed grinders, while finer grits are used with low-speed grinders. It's essential to consult the manufacturer's guidelines to ensure that you select the right diamond grit size for your equipment.
A diamond grinding cup wheel with a finer grit size can produce a smoother finish on the concrete surface than a coarse grit size.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Selecting Diamond Grit Size
Concrete polishing and grinding is a delicate process, and selecting the wrong diamond grit size can lead to a range of mistakes.
One of the most common mistakes people make when selecting diamond grit size is assuming that a higher grit number is always better. However, this is not always the case.
While a high grit number can produce a very smooth surface, it may not be the best choice for all applications. For example, if you need to remove a lot of material quickly, a lower grit number may be more appropriate.
Another mistake is not considering the hardness of the surface you are grinding. Harder surfaces require a higher diamond grit number to effectively remove material.
If you use too low of a grit number on a hard surface, the diamond particles will wear down quickly, reducing the effectiveness of the abrasive disk and causing damage to your equipment.
How to Determine the Diamond Grit Size You Need
The diamond grit size you need for your concrete grinders will depend on several factors, including the type of surface you are grinding, the amount of material you need to remove, and the desired finish.
Here are some general guidelines to follow:
For heavy material removal, use a lower diamond grit number, such as 16-40.
For moderate material removal, use a medium diamond grit number, such as 70-120.
For light material removal and a smooth finish, use a higher diamond grit number, such as 200-400.
However, keep in mind that these are just general guidelines, and the specific diamond grit size you need will depend on the unique characteristics of your job.
Tips for Grinding Smarter, Not Harder
Now that you understand the importance of selecting the correct diamond grit size, here are some additional tips for grinding smarter, not harder:
Use the right equipment. Make sure you have the right grinder, disk, and other equipment for the job.
Keep the disk clean. Clean the diamond abrasive disk regularly to prevent clogging and ensure maximum effectiveness. The diamond cup wheel should spin freely and not be overworked.
Use a steady hand. Keep the grinder steady and move it in a smooth, even motion to prevent damage to the surface and your equipment.
Use water. Water can help control dust and prevent the surface from overheating, which can cause damage to the diamond abrasive disk.
Techniques for Using Diamond Grit Effectively
To use diamond grit effectively for your concrete floor, it's important to follow the right techniques. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
Start with a lower diamond grit number and work your way up to higher grits. This will help you achieve a smoother surface and prevent damage to your equipment.
Use overlapping passes. Make sure each pass overlaps the previous one by about one-third to ensure even material removal.
Keep the disk level. Make sure the diamond abrasive disk is level with the surface being ground to prevent uneven material removal and damage to your equipment.
Use a consistent speed. Keep the grinder at a consistent speed to prevent damage to the surface and your equipment.
Tools and Equipment for Grinding with Diamond Grit
To effectively grind with diamond grit, you'll need the right tools and equipment. Here are some things to consider:
Grinder: A high-quality grinder is essential for effective diamond grinding. Look for a grinder with a variable speed control and a dust collection system.
Diamond abrasive disk: Choose a high-quality diamond abrasive disk with the right grit size for your job.
Dust collection system: A dust collection system is important for controlling dust and preventing damage to your equipment.
Safety gear: Wear safety gear, including eye protection, ear protection, and a dust mask, to protect yourself from dust and debris.
In conclusion, selecting the correct diamond grit size is crucial to grinding smarter, not harder. By choosing the right grit size for your specific job, you can maximize efficiency, achieve the desired finish, and minimize damage to your equipment.
Avoid common mistakes, follow the right techniques, and use the right tools and equipment to ensure a successful grinding project. With these tips in mind, you'll be able to tackle any grinding job with confidence and ease.


Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL
Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL is a fungicidal and neutral-curing sealant that is available in many colours, for structural, glazing, façade and sanitary joints, that is based on silicone technology and moisture-cures into a durable rubber that retains its elasticity.
- Specially designed for projects that require joint seals in specific colours for aesthetic reasons.
- Fungicidal joint sealant in sanitary spaces and other spaces with plumbing fixtures, such as bathrooms, showers, toilet rooms, saunas, kitchens, cold storage units, slaughter halls and washing and laundry rooms.
- Seal connecting and dilation joints between building components made from concrete, stone, masonry, stainless steel, plastic, PVC, polycarbonate, steel, coated and anodised aluminium, wood, composite and glass in façade and interior structures.
- Top and bead seals for insulating and laminated glass, in accordance with NEN 3576/NPR 3577.
- Joint sealant for sections, window and door frames, panels, boards and other building components.
- Repair compound for glazing, sanitary, façade and other joints, based on silicone.
- Durable, retains elasticity, maximum movement capacity of 25%.
- Excellent adhesion and working properties, versatile.
- Neutral, low-odour, acid-free and non-shrink curing, CE-certified silicone system.
- For orders starting from 1 cartridge, fast delivery within a few working days, in all NCS and RAL colours.
- Meets requirements for intruder-resistant glass, in accordance with the Secure Home Police Label (the “Politie Keurmerk veilig wonen”).
- Fungicidal in accordance with ISO 846.
- Good resistance to discolouration, UV, weather, water, moisture, cleaning products and ageing.
- Non-corrosive to metals.
- Compatible in direct contact with PVB-laminated glass and edge seals on insulating glass.
- Free of solvents and organic plasticisers.
- Very low emission: certified VOC emission class A+.
- Application temperature (ambient and surface) between +5°C and +40°C.
- On stable, compatible, dry, clean, uncontaminated, grease-free and dust-free surfaces.
- Ensure proper joint dimensions, for proper absorption of any movements.
- Use a suitable brush to remove any loose particles from the surface.
- Degrease the surface properly using Seal-it® 510 CLEANER.
- Seal-it® 218 SILICON-CL adheres excellently to many surfaces. We recommend priming highly porous/absorbent/open surfaces with Seal-it® 520 PRIMER first.
- Use Seal-it® 550 FINISH to apply a smooth and tight finish, before skin formation.
Standard product line
Available in all NCS and RAL colours
SI-XXX-XXXX-XXX = Article number.
Other colours and/or packaging on request.
- EN 15651-1: F-EXT-INT-CC 25LM
- EN 15651-2: G-CC 25LM
- EN 15651-3: S-XS1
- EN 15651-4: PW-EXT-INT-CC 25LM
- VOC emission class A+


All of our acrylic perspex sheets have a protective coating on both sides. Our acrylic glass prints will have a protective coating on the front only.
This can either be a frosted plastic that looks like it has lots of scratches and scuffs on it, or it could be a brown paper cover. These are designed to protect the acrylic during transit and handling and should be peeled off before use.
We recommend the following steps:
1) Place your acrylic sheet on a flat, smooth surface that will not scratch the acrylic (a soft towel on a kitchen table etc)
2) Start peeling from any corner and pull the coating away from the acrylic
3) Flip the acrylic over and peel the protective coating off the other side
4) Using a soft micro fibre cloth wipe over both sides of the acrylic to remove any dust or fluff before inserting it into your frame.
If after you've peeled the protective coating from both sides the acrylic still has any imperfections, scratches or damage. Please take a picture and contact us and we'll organise a replacement for you.


Shield your metal surfaces from corrosion with The Carburetor Guy's expert zinc plating services! This tried-and-true process deposits a thin layer of zinc onto your metal, creating a barrier between it and the environment. Not only will your metal be protected from rust and corrosion, but it will also boast an improved appearance and a longer lifespan. Upgrade your metal's defense with our top-notch zinc plating services. Here’s how Zinc plating adds value to not only your vehicle but also your life:
Protection from corrosion: Zinc plating acts as a barrier between the metal and the environment, providing protection from corrosion and rust.
Improved appearance: The thin layer of zinc deposited on the metal surface enhances its appearance and gives it a uniform, shiny finish.
Extended lifespan for metal surfaces: By protecting the metal from corrosion and rust, zinc plating extends the lifespan of metal surfaces and increases their longevity.
Enhanced durability and performance: The added protection from corrosion and rust increases the durability and performance of metal surfaces.
Increased value of metal parts: The improved appearance and longevity of metal parts increases their value and marketability.
Improved resistance to wear and tear: Zinc plating provides an extra layer of protection against wear and tear, making metal parts more resilient.
Cost-effective solution for metal protection: Zinc plating is a cost-effective way to protect metal surfaces compared to other forms of corrosion protection.
Easy to maintain and clean: The zinc coating on metal surfaces is easy to clean and maintain, making it a convenient solution for protecting metal parts.
Provides a consistent and uniform layer of zinc: Zinc plating ensures a consistent and uniform layer of zinc is deposited on the metal surface, resulting in a uniform appearance.
10.Protects against rust and other forms of corrosion damage: The added layer of zinc protects against rust and other forms of corrosion damage, ensuring the longevity and durability of metal parts.
Here's a step-by-step guide to our zinc plating process:
Step 1: Surface Preparation: The first step in the zinc plating process is to prepare the surface of the metal. This involves cleaning it thoroughly to remove any oils, dirt, or other contaminants that could affect the quality of the final coating. The metal must also be polished to ensure a smooth surface for the plating to adhere to.
Step 2: Cleaning Once the surface is prepared, it must be cleaned to remove any remaining contaminants. This step is crucial to ensuring the quality of the final coating. A variety of cleaning methods can be used, including degreasing, pickling, and electrocleaning.
Step 3: Rinse After cleaning, the metal must be rinsed thoroughly to remove any residue from the cleaning process. This ensures that the surface is completely free of contaminants before the next step.
Step 4: Strike The next step in the process is called the strike. This step involves applying a thin layer of zinc to the surface of the metal. The purpose of this step is to provide a base for the final coating and to ensure that the final coating adheres properly to the surface.
Step 5: Rinse Again After the strike, the metal must be rinsed again to remove any residue from the strike process.
Step 6: Base Coat The next step is to apply the base coat of zinc. This step involves immersing the metal in a bath of zinc ions, which deposit onto the surface of the metal and build up the thickness of the coating.
Step 7: Final Coating Once the base coat is complete, the final coating of zinc can be applied. This step is similar to the base coat, but it results in a thicker and more durable coating.
Step 8: Final Rinse Finally, the metal must be rinsed one last time to remove any residue from the plating process. This ensures that the final coating is free of contaminants and that it provides the best possible protection against corrosion.
Protect your metal surfaces in style with The Carburetor Guy's zinc plating expertise! This versatile and effective process will not only shield your metal from corrosion, but also enhance its appearance for long-lasting beauty. Trust us to help you with all of your plating needs, from start to finish. Our team of experienced technicians will work with you to ensure that your metal parts are protected and looking their best. Don't settle for mediocre metal protection, upgrade to zinc plating with The Carburetor Guy. Contact us today to learn more!
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Our one-of-a-kind ottoman trays are handcrafted with assorted species of reclaimed wood and fitted with handles made from reclaimed copper pipe.
Finish: shellac & polycrylic
Size: 14″ long x 20.5″ wide x 3″ high (1.75″ deep)
Due to the nature of our reclaimed materials, there is no way to ensure the surfaces will be as smooth as new wood while retaining their unique character. We have made every effort to sand surfaces smooth to feel pleasant to the touch and avoid splinters. However, discolorations, knot holes, cracks, old nail, and bug holes are to be expected.


Last year, a team of scientists at Stanford announced that they had developed a new type of window glass that can switch from transparent to opaque in a matter of seconds, eliminating the need for drapes and blinds. Now, just a few months later, the Chemistry department at UC Berkeley has unveiled another exciting window glass innovation that could allow the homes and skyscrapers of the future to generate their own clean energy.
This “smart glass” uses a liquid semiconductor to generate electricity when it’s exposed to solar radiation. The glass also takes on an orange tint when it’s heated, offering additional energy savings by keeping building interiors cool on hot days.
“In the early morning, it’s a window that’s transparent,” said UC Berkeley chemistry professor Peidong Yang in a recent interview. “Then in the afternoon, when the temperature is a little higher, it automatically becomes a shade, meantime collecting electricity out of the solar radiation.”
Yang and his team envision their glass as an ideal clean-energy solution for tall, narrow buildings that don’t have enough roof space to support traditional solar panels. In addition to being remarkably innovative, the glass is also relatively easy to manufacture on a large scale. This could make it a particularly cost-effective solution for developers looking for ways to minimize heating and cooling costs in their buildings.
The chemists are currently working to refine their product by making it more energy-efficient and reactive at lower temperatures. Ultimately, they hope to make the glass even more efficient than conventional solar panels. It’s an ambitious goal that could shape the future of window design for generations to come.


When you think about getting a new roof or siding for your home, you may not think of cement as an option. However, fibre cement is a bit different than the cement used to make walkways and driveways, and it is a very strong and durable choice that is actually very attractive. If your contractor has suggested fibre cement, or if you are looking for an affordable and eco-friendly option for a new roof or siding, consider a few reasons why you might opt for this material.
What makes up fibre cement
Fibre cement is not the same as concrete used for walkways, as mentioned above. This material is composed of cement, cellulose or wood fibre, sand, and other components. This makes fibre cement lighter than standard concrete but still very durable and strong. The materials are also sustainable, meaning they're plentiful and easy to harvest. Fibre cement can also be made with recycled cellulose or wood fibre, keeping this material out of landfills and reducing the amount of new materials that need to be harvested for producing new roofing and siding.
Fibre cement siding and roofing may last several decades before it needs to be replaced, although it may need a fresh coat of paint every few years to keep the colour true. The cellulose component of fibre cement also gives it a slight elasticity, so it's less prone to dents, dings, warping, cracking, and other damage that is typical with aluminium siding. Fibre cement does not become brittle and then crumble and flake away, like asphalt roofing shingles typically do. The material also does not hold mould and mildew and is very fire resistant, so it's a good choice for any area with heavy rainfall or high humidity levels, as well as any home at risk of lightning strikes or brushfires.
You may assume fibre cement looks like concrete, but this material can be painted and shaped to resemble a wide range of other materials, including metal, brick, stone, wood, and slate. If you've always wanted a slate or metal roof but couldn't afford the installation costs, or like the look of stacked brick or stone for the exterior of your home, fibre cement can be a good alternative. An installer can create a unique look with various shapes and colours so that your home's exterior surfaces look their best while still being affordable and durable.


Alan Taylor has 40+ years’ experience in the metallurgical, mineral and chemical processing industries in Australasia, New Zealand, North and South America, Africa, Asia and Europe. He has worked in metallurgical consulting, project development, engineering/construction, plant operations, plant start-up and technology development. Projects and studies have involved copper, gold/silver, nickel/cobalt, uranium, base metals, phosphates and alumina.
Since 1985, as an independent metallurgical consultant, he has as undertaken feasibility studies, project assessment, project development, supervision of testwork, flowsheet development, basic engineering, supervision of detailed engineering, plant commissioning and peer reviews and audits. Clients have included a variety of major and junior mining, exploration and engineering companies throughout Australia and overseas.
Alan graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (Honours) from Durham University, UK and is registered as an AusIMM Chartered Professional Metallurgy.
Professional Memberships include:
- AUSIMM (Fellow) – Australasian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy
- AusIMM Consultants Society
- CIM – Canadian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy
- SME – Society for Mining Metallurgy & Exploration (USA)
- TMS – Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (USA)
- SAIMM (Fellow) – Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy


Thermal Spraying is an excellent repair process for worn surfaces such as (but not limited to): bearing journals (internal and external), seal fits, pump packing sleeves, mechanical seal shaft sleeves, pump impeller skirts, impeller wear rings, and sleeve bearing fits. Don’t throw your worn parts away; improve them with thermal spray and cut down on unnecessary replacement costs!
During the coating there is no distortion of the part being coated. The part temperature is generally below 250˚ F (121˚ C) during the spray operation; the substrate of the part that is being coated does not get altered metallurgically. Virtually any material can be applied to any metal substrate and some plastics (including ceramics, carbides, pure metals, and alloy metals), and the application time and finish machining is very fast, reducing costly downtime.
At Pasco Machine, our waterjet cutting machine can perform precision quality cuts on materials from .03 inches to 6 inches in thickness. watch it perform it’s magic
NO Material Limitation
Waterjet cutting is an efficient and versatile way of cutting vast types of material such as composite, plastic, metal, glass, stone or rock, ceramic, and rubber. With the addition of a granular abrasive, our waterjet cutting machine can perform precision quality cuts on materials from .03 inches to 6 inches in thickness.
NO Heat Affected Zone
A major advantage of waterjet cutting is that no heat affected zone (HAZ) occurs due to its cold cutting method. Not only does cold cutting enable clean cuts but produces satin-smooth edges.
NO Material Distortion
Through its cold cutting method, the heat exposure can be bypassed, which is especially critical for materials like metal, leading to a fine cut without edge distortion in the material. This results in a smooth and burr-free cut.
NO Additional Finishing Process – Immediate Satisfaction
The high cut quality ensures a precise result the first time, avoiding additional finishing processes. This helps reduce overall project costs by saving cut time and increasing the overall efficiency of any cutting project.
NO Hazardous Waste
The growing importance of environmentally friendly processes throughout the industries is becoming more apparent. A significant advantage of waterjet cutting is that it does not create any hazardous waste in the form of fumes and gases, unlike other cutting technologies.
Pasco Machine thermal spraying
With Intelli-MAX, the operator enters the material type and thickness, then the software calculates and controls the cutting.
A state-of-the-art tool cutting machine
Fast cutting speeds and precision cuts leaving behind a satin-smooth edge, reducing secondary deburring operations
Cuts .03” sheets of aluminum to 6” plates of steel with precision
Waterjet cutting results tight tolerances
Does not create heat-affected zones or mechanical stresses
Environmentally “green” system uses only natural garnet abrasive and water in the cutting process
Our Omax Waterjet comprises of a Dual Bridge-3 – cutting head system that can be used to increase machining capability and job speed.
Our Waterjet software allows you to import drawings directly from other programs, works with standard DXF files to advance 3D shapes and allows all major CAD / CAM and artistic drawings programs to be imported.
With a built-in innovated CAD software system we are able to take an image from a scanner, digital camera or the internet and quickly convert it to a vector drawing.


V-Gard® Visors PC for General Purpose
MSA polycarbonate visors reliably protect against impact, chemical splash and UltraViolet radiation. They are the perfect solution for general and basic applications and can be worn with helmet-mounted ear muffs.
V-Gard® Mesh Visors for General Purpose Applications
MSA V-Gard Mesh Visors provide maximum ventilation in humid working conditions. Lightweight and durable – great for outdoor applications such as brush clearing and trimming. Ideal combination with helmet-mounted ear muffs.
Visor for Radiant Heat/Elevated Temperatures
These special visors are thick, molded and reflective coated to protect against damage from impact, radiation and heat. The reflective coating reflects at least >60% of InfraRed from the surface of the visor, away from the wearer. Ideal for hot working conditions, such as foundries, steel mills, and blast furnaces.


Our Thermulate IBC2 is ideal for customers requiring liquids to be heated as rapidly and evenly as possible.
Two high power heating circuits (1550 watts each) enable the top and bottom of each jacket to be separately controlled with built-in thermostats, each adjustable from 0-90C (0-194F).
Black nylon fabric outer layer, high-temperature silicone-coated glass-cloth inner layer.
High grade thermal insulation to reduce heat loss and increase efficiency while providing protection for the operator.
Fits both 275Gal and 330Gal totes, specific lids available for each size to reduce heat loss to a minimum.
Fitted with adjustable retaining straps and quick release buckles.
Delivers heat over a large surface area, minimizing the possibilities of damaging the product.
Fit and forget – no regular maintenance required. Safe to use 24/7.
Ambient temperature: -40°F to +104°F(-40°C to +40°C).
3100 Watts at 120 VAC.
7 ft (2m) premium oil, water, and abrasion resistant SOOW power cable.
ETL certified to UL and CSA standards.
Waterproof and custom sizes available.


Environmentally friendly wallpapers
Our goal is sustainability
Boråstapeter is a modern company that takes an active approach to sustainability, from idea right through to finished product. In choosing wallpapers from Boråstapeter, you are choosing non-toxic, environmentally friendly wallpapers made in our own factory just outside Borås, Sweden.
It is our responsibility to ensure that the environment and sustainability are always in our minds when implementing any ideas, decisions or actions. Boråstapeter’s wallpapers should be as environmentally sound as they are artistic. Beautiful, environmentally friendly wallpapers, completely free of harmful substances.
The raw materials used in our wallpapers are supplied exclusively by northern European paper groups that practise sustainable forestry. We do not use PVC or harmful solvents in production, and we work only with water-based inks and surface treatments that we can safely process at our own treatment plant.
We are constantly striving to reduce our energy use in wallpaper production, and we are also trying to reduce waste throughout the entire process, from roll production to printing.
The waste generated by our production plant in Borås is disposed of and turned into district heating for the town of Borås. And, when you receive your finished rolls of wallpaper from Boråstapeter, you will see they are packaged in recyclable materials.
Our production maintains the highest standards in environmental and safety requirements. Which is why all of Boråstapeter’s wallpapers are made in Sweden and CE-labelled in accordance with European standards for wallpaper.
This environmental certification (SS-EN15102) means that our wallpapers follow the EU directive on emissions of formaldehyde, heavy metals and a range of other harmful substances, while meeting a number of basic requirements relating to health, safety, functionality and more.
All production takes place at our factory in Borås, Sweden, and we use a base paper that is both easy to work with and a strong and durable EasyUp material. All of this ensures that you can wallpaper with no mess, minimal preparatory work and, above all, a clear conscience, without compromise to the environment.
Since 2018, WallVision Sweden AB has been FSC-certified. This means that we print our wallpapers on FSC-certified materials. Which in turn means that you can rest assured that the raw wood material used to produce our paper and non-woven wallpapers comes from sustainably managed forests. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international organisation that works to ensure that forests are managed in an environmentally, socially and economically responsible way.
More information about the FSC can be found at www.fsc.org.


Our High Density Polyethylene cellar is built with a steel reinforced profile which provides durability and stability. The steel prevents buckling and eliminates concerns of typical profile wall HDPE. It’s lightweight so that it can be easily handled and quickly installed. Its high performance in crack resistance, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity make it a popular choice for a variety of projects. Our HDPE cellars range from 6 to 8 feet but can also be prepared to a specific size.
Custom Fabricated Cellars
Durability is crucial, which is why our custom fabricated cellars are built with half inch steel plate and are welded together to create a solid, water-tight seal. Each cellar has four exits for Flare Line; optional ladders can be built for easy access and prevents the need for a confined space permit. Well Service Group also includes a recessed lid for each cellar which provides a safe walking environment for foot traffic. Need a custom size? No problem. We can fabricate our cellars to any custom size based on the needs of the project.
The Tinhorn Cellars are a basic cellar and are a great economically friendly option. They are built with corrugated steel and, like our other cellar options, can be sized to any project. Secondary services included with our Tinhorn Cellars are delivery, installation, and plastic application.
Well Service Group provides delivery and installation services for all of our types of cellars. We contribute our own installation equipment including Excavators, Skid Steers, Loaders, and more. No matter the cellar, Well Service Group has a number of different techniques to seal containment to the cellars to create a water tight seal.


The wall mounted toilet brush and holder with a frosted glass bowl is finished off with the same square design on the back plate as the rest of the 8500 series. The glass bowl is secured with a stainless steel ring and silicone insert. Easy to remove for cleaning purposes, the glass bowl holds one toilet brush and handle. The brush and handle can be purchased separately should you need to replace it. The stainless steel frame and toilet brush handle will not rust and are perfect for the bathroom environment.
A toilet brush needs to be handy and easy to access when needed, but discreetly placed beside your toilet. Choosing a toilet brush that can be easily maintained and that is always within reach, will make bathroom life much simpler.
- Glass bowl, toilet brush head and handle are all individually replaceable
- Stainless Steel construction ensures durability
- Easy to install
Fixing System: RIGID Loc Mounting System
This product uses our patented RIGID Loc mounting system which is designed to ensure the bathroom accessory remains secure to its mounting and will not rotate.
Material: GRADE 304 Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel has a natural resistance to corrosion and therefore does not require any protective coating which makes this material ideal for the bathroom environment. The shiny polished finish of Stainless Steel is often confused with a Chrome finish, however the two could not be more different. While Stainless Steel will not peel or flake, Chrome products on the other hand are susceptible to chipping and pitting due to the nature if a coated product.
Cleaning and Care:
To keep your product in pristine condition, simply wipe it down with a warm damp cloth and then buff dry with a microfiber cloth. You could also, on occasion use a Chlorine-free stainless steel cleaner to maintain the shine. If you use stainless steel polish, make sure it is abrasive free. When cleaning wall surfaces around your bathroom accessories do not use any household detergents that may contain Chlorine based chemicals such as bleach as it will cause permanent damage to the surface of the stainless steel product.
What’s in the box:
8538 Toilet Brush and Holder
Fischer UX 6mm Plastic Plugs (2 pieces)
Wall Screws (2 pieces)
2.5mm Allen Key (1 piece)
Installation Instructions (1 piece)
Tools needed (not supplied):
Drill & Drill bits
6mm Diamond drill bit – if drilling through ceramic tiles
6mm Masonry drill bit – if drilling into Masonry (Brick)
- Check for water pipes before deciding where to drill
- In Masonry walls, always drill a smaller pilot hole first for better sizing and location accuracy
Product Dimensions: 114mm(w) x 149mm(d) x 385mm(h)
Warranty: 15 Year Limited Guarantee
Suitable to be installed: Masonry or Concrete surface (wall fixings supplied), Tiled surface (wall fixings supplied), Dry wall - mounting onto stud (wall fixings not supplied), Glass (using Bathroom Butler glass mountings - optional extra)


|Manufacturers of Pneumatic / Hydraulic Tube & Wire Bending Machines|
|815 Commerce Dr.
Bryan, OH 43506
|At S&H Automation we build tube and wire bending machines for the automotive and related industries.
With many years of combined experience, we have built hundreds of dedicated bending machines for the automotive companies. We have the capabilities of producing equipment to form material from 14 GA hard drawn wires to 3/4" heavy wall tubing, with sizes ranging from less than 2" in length to over 17' in length. Our experience is not limited to metal forming. We are proficient in producing assembly equipment and nylon bending equipment, including the automatic insertion of various end connectors and in-line leak testing.
The website shows our facility as well as the size and capability of machinery.
We look forward to quoting your dedicated bending machinery needs. Let our design staff help with your tooling needs. Please contact us today for a quote.
|© 2004-2013 - S & H Automation & Equipment Co., Inc.
All Rights Reserved


- Infinite customisation possibilities
- High-quality films
- Perfect finish
Give your vehicle a unique style.
We propose coating the painted surfaces of your vehicle as per your specifications and provide you with a wide range of incredibly realistic 3D-effect materials and colours.
Stylish, athletic, trendy or original Style, let your imagination run free and follow the advice of our experts.
A tailor-made service
2 -YEAR GUARANTEE*
very high-quality films
The products of our wrapping range, "Patterned Effects" materials, consist of high-quality multilayer cast films which can withstand most chemicals (alcohol, petrol, diluted acids, oil, fuel, etc.).
With a thickness equivalent to the paint coat of your car, these materials offer you an unparalleled resistance. Their adhesion is immediate and permanent 24h after their installation.
Our teams install films in a precise manner so it is practically indistinguishable from the paint. Our experts shape the film in accordance with the specific characteristics of every section so that it perfectly matches the shape of the surface. This performance will meet your exacting requirements.
no damage upon application
The quality of our films means that your vehicle will regain its initial condition once the film has been removed.
adapted maintenance method
Upon completion of the service, we give you the adapted ProTech® product and accessory to maintain your film-wrapped surfaces.
We offer up to 2 year* guarantee on our films against peeling, scratching, bubbling and discoloration.
*to be confirmed by your ProTech® expert according to regional terms.


1. Natural: 100% natural fiber pulp, healthy, harmless and sanitary to use.
2. Non-toxic: no toxic substance or odor is released even in high temperature or in acid/alkali condition;
100% food contact safety.
3. Microwaveable: safe to be used in microwave oven and refrigerator.
4. Biodegradable and compostable:100% biodegrade within two month.
5. Recyclable: renewable; reuse to make paper.
6. Water and oil resistance: 212°F/100°C hot water and 248°F/120°C oil resistant,
no leakage and distortion within 3 hours.
7. Top quality with competitive price.
8. Variety of sizes and shapes available. Customers design acceptable.


Polyester yarn is a synthetic fiber that has gained significant popularity due to its versatile nature, durability, and affordability. In this comprehensive discussion, we will delve into the characteristics, uses, and environmental impact of polyester yarn. By exploring its properties, applications, and ecological footprint, we can gain a deeper understanding of this widely used textile material.
Polyester yarn is derived from a polymer called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is made from petroleum, a non-renewable resource, which raises concerns about its sustainability. However, the manufacturing process of polyester yarn has undergone significant advancements to reduce energy consumption and minimize its environmental impact. Modern techniques now involve recycling PET bottles to create polyester yarn, promoting the circular economy and reducing waste.
Polyester yarn possesses several desirable characteristics. It is highly durable, making it resistant to stretching, shrinking, and wrinkling. This attribute contributes to its widespread use in the production of clothing, home furnishings, and industrial textiles. Polyester yarn is also known for its excellent strength, enabling it to withstand wear and tear, making it suitable for high-stress applications such as outdoor fabrics and upholstery.
Additionally, polyester yarn has a low moisture absorption rate, meaning it dries quickly and is resistant to mildew and rot. This feature makes it ideal for outdoor apparel, swimwear, and sports equipment. Polyester yarn also exhibits good color retention properties, allowing it to retain its vibrant hues even after prolonged exposure to sunlight, washing, and general wear and tear.
The versatility of polyester yarn is reflected in its diverse range of applications. It is widely used in the textile industry for the production of garments, including shirts, dresses, and sportswear. Its ability to blend seamlessly with other fibers, such as cotton, wool, and rayon, expands its applications and enhances fabric performance. Polyester yarn is also employed in the manufacturing of home textiles, such as curtains, beddings, and upholstery, due to its durability and resistance to fading.
Beyond the fashion and interior design sectors, polyester yarn finds extensive usage in technical textiles. These include geotextiles for erosion control, automotive textiles for seatbelts and airbags, and medical textiles for sutures and implants. The strength, resilience, and versatility of polyester yarn make it a preferred choice in these specialized areas.
While polyester yarn offers numerous advantages in terms of performance and affordability, its environmental impact has raised concerns. The production of polyester yarn requires significant amounts of energy, and the extraction of raw materials contributes to carbon emissions. Furthermore, the disposal of polyester products poses a challenge due to their slow degradation in landfill sites.
However, advancements in recycling technology have offered a potential solution. By transforming discarded PET bottles into polyester yarn, the environmental impact can be mitigated. Recycling polyester reduces the demand for new raw materials, conserves energy, and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. This process promotes a circular economy by turning waste into a valuable resource.
In conclusion, polyester yarn is a versatile and widely used synthetic fiber with several desirable properties. Its durability, strength, and low moisture absorption make it suitable for various applications, ranging from fashion and home textiles to technical and industrial uses. While concerns about its environmental impact exist, recycling initiatives have emerged to address these challenges and promote sustainability within the polyester industry. By understanding the characteristics, uses, and environmental implications of polyester yarn, we can make informed decisions about its utilization and work towards a more sustainable future for the textile industry.


Parts Unlimited Standard Inner Tube - 4.00/4.60-16, 120/90-16 - TR-4 Valve Stem
Manufactured to the highest quality as approved by all the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.
Available in standard and heavy-duty versions.
Each tube is individually boxed with a full range of sizes and valve stem types clearly marked on each box end.
Wide range of sizes available for rim diameters from 8in. through 23in.
Real butyl tubes made from 100% butyl polymer, unlike other butyl tubes, which are blended with butyl polymer and natural rubber.
100% butyl tube minimizes natural air leakage while maintaining air pressure for a longer period of time.


Introduction: Resin driveways have gained popularity for their durability, aesthetic appeal, and low maintenance. However, like any emerging trend, there are bound to be myths and misconceptions surrounding them. In this enlightening blog post, presented by Kent Resin Services, we aim to debunk common myths and shed light on the facts about resin driveways, helping you make informed decisions about this innovative landscaping option.
Myth 1: Resin Driveways Are Expensive
Fact: While resin driveways might have a higher upfront cost than traditional materials like concrete or asphalt, they offer long-term savings due to their low maintenance requirements and extended lifespan. Their durability justifies the investment over time.
Myth 2: Resin Driveways Are Only Suitable for Modern Homes
Fact: Resin driveways are incredibly versatile and can complement various architectural styles. With various colours, textures, and patterns, resin driveways can be tailored to suit modern and traditional homes.
Myth 3: Resin Driveways Are Slippery and Unsafe
Fact: Resin driveways are designed to be slip-resistant. They can be finished with textured surfaces or anti-slip additives to ensure safety, even in wet conditions.
Myth 4: Resin Driveways Require Constant Maintenance
Fact: Resin driveways require minimal maintenance. Regular sweeping and occasional power washing are sufficient to keep them looking their best. They are also less prone to cracking and crumbling compared to traditional surfaces.
Myth 5: Resin Driveways Are Prone to Fading
Fact: High-quality resin driveways are UV-stable and formulated to resist fading over time. Proper installation and using premium materials can ensure that your driveway maintains its vibrant colour for years.
Myth 6: Resin Driveways Are Difficult to Install
Fact: Resin driveways require professional installation to ensure a proper, even finish. While the process involves multiple steps, experienced installers can complete it efficiently, and the driveway can often be used shortly after installation.
Myth 7: Resin Driveways Are Not Eco-Friendly
Fact: Resin driveways can be environmentally friendly. They are permeable, allowing rainwater to infiltrate the ground and reducing runoff. Some resin materials are also formulated using recycled materials, making them a sustainable choice.
Myth 8: Resin Driveways Are Prone to Cracking
Fact: Resin driveways are flexible and resistant to cracking. Unlike concrete, which can crack due to freezing and thawing, resin driveways are more adaptable to temperature changes and ground movement.
Conclusion: Kent Resin Services is dedicated to providing accurate information about resin driveways and dispelling myths and misconceptions. By understanding the facts, you can decide whether a resin driveway is the right choice for your property. Resin driveways offer a range of benefits, including durability, versatility, and low maintenance, making them a viable option for enhancing your property’s aesthetics and functionality. As with any landscaping investment, it’s crucial to work with reputable professionals to ensure a quality installation that maximises the benefits of resin driveways.


Advanced Engineering Metallurgist (or Metallurgical Engineer)
Are you looking to apply your skills with a company that has a long track record of growth and success? Stackpole International designs and delivers solutions for customers around the globe. We combine world-leading expertise in fluid power solutions and powder metal technology with world-class product and process engineering to solve our customers’ most difficult challenges. We have earned their trust by honoring our commitments.
With Corporate Services in Ancaster, Ontario, we operate from manufacturing facilities and technical centres throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Because we are a Johnson Electric company, we offer leading-edge capabilities in electrification. Our in-house development, test and manufacturing capabilities are focused on a unified goal: delivering high-quality, high-performance assemblies, components and systems for the applications of today and tomorrow.
We are looking to add a new member to our Advanced Engineering Technical Services team based in Mississauga, Ontario. Travel throughout Southern Ontario may be required.
- Perform short term failure investigation projects on ferrous and non-ferrous automotive components
- Generate concise reports under tight timeframes and suggest appropriate problem root causes
- Develop analytical methods and instructions to enable use of standardized test methods
- Supervise laboratory technicians in implementation of written work instructions
- Maintain detailed records of analytical results. Analyze test results for reasonableness, completeness and appropriateness to the problem
- Work with external analytical laboratories to develop a resource network of most appropriate analytical techniques
- Liaise with internal and external customers during analytical investigations
- Advise on selection of analytical methods and laboratory equipment
- Minimum undergraduate degree in Materials Science/Metallurgy
- Expertise in optical and electron microscopy is an asset
- Knowledge of advanced materials analytical methods will be an advantage
- Practical experience of execution of failure analysis projects
- Experience in interpretation of steel microstructures will be essential, knowledge of ferrous powder metallurgy materials and microstructures is a definite asset
- Knowledge and interest in strength of materials, microstructures and effects on mechanical properties will be preferred.
What we offer...
- Full-time employment
- Competitive salary, benefits and pension
- Intercultural team
- Regular information meetings and social events
- Great colleagues and work climate
- Training and Development opportunities
Accommodation will be provided in all parts of the hiring process as required under Stackpole’s Accessibility for Ontarians Policy. Applicants need to make their needs known in advance. We value diversity and inclusion and encourage all qualified people to apply.


Established in 2007, with a registered share capital of 400,000,000 Thai Baht, we have achieved substantial growth at our advanced 112,000 sqm facility, where the development and implementation of the latest manufacturing standards and practices has allowed us to steadily expand our production capacity to over 350,000 tons per annum. We are now widely recognized as one of the country's leading experts in steel production, innovation and manufacturing for the Thai construction industry.
Our market leading steel business offers the following products:
- Round Bar
- Deformed Bar
- Angle Bar (Future Product)
- Channel Bar (Future Product)
At T.S.B. Steel we endeavor to continuously monitor and implement the very latest production techniques and manufacturing processes to ensure our business model is efficient, compliant and delivers the best in product quality to our customer base.