Is Nail Glue Super Glue? This question often surfaces when one delves into the world of adhesives and nail care. Both are powerful bonding agents, yet their composition, purpose, and effects can differ greatly. As the demand for DIY nail treatments has surged, so has the curiosity about the right products to use. Understanding the differences between these two glues is not only vital for achieving the desired results but also for ensuring the safety and health of one’s nails. Let’s delve into the nuances that set these two apart.
Is Nail Glue Super Glue?
No, nail glue is not the same as super glue. They are different types of adhesives with distinct formulations and intended uses. Nail glue is specifically designed for bonding artificial nails or repairing natural nails and is safe for use on the skin. Super glue, on the other han
What is Nail Glue?
Nail glue is crafted primarily for cosmetic purposes, making it an essential tool for bonding artificial nails or fixing a nail break. At its core lies cyanoacrylate, a powerful adhesive component that forms a strong bond. However, nail glue stands apart from super glue in its formulation, as it includes additives that enhance its bonding power and cater to the delicate nature of our nails. These additional components serve to make nail glue safer for skin contact and, in some cases, even promote nail health. By choosing nail glue, you can trust that your nails are not only stylishly enhanced but also cared for with utmost gentleness.
- Formulation: Nail glue typically contains cyanoacrylate as its primary adhesive component, just like super glue. However, what sets it apart is the addition of other ingredients, such as citric acid and benzoyl isopropanol, which enhance its bonding power and make it safer for skin contact.
- Gentle on Nails: The additional ingredients in nail glue help maintain the health of natural nails, reducing the risk of damage during the application and removal process.
- Removability: Nail glue is formulated to be easier to remove from the skin compared to super glue. This is especially important when applying artificial nails, as accidental contact with the skin can happen during the bonding process.
What is Super Glue?
For quick fixes and repairs around the house, super glue has earned its reputation as a reliable adhesive. Composed primarily of 100% cyanoacrylate, super glue boasts unparalleled strength in creating bonds. However, this simple yet potent formulation also means that super glue lacks the gentler additives found in nail glue. Consequently, while super glue excels in general repairs, it may not be the ideal choice for the subtle requirements of nail care. Understanding the differences between these adhesives allows you to choose wisely when faced with nail emergencies or DIY projects around the house.
- Pure Cyanoacrylate: Super glue consists mainly of pure cyanoacrylate without any additional ingredients that cater to the delicate nature of nails or skin. This high concentration of adhesive contributes to its remarkable bonding strength.
- Industrial Strength: Its fast-curing and strong bonding properties make super glue the go-to adhesive for heavy-duty applications in manufacturing and repairs.
- Skin Sensitivity: Super glue can be harsh on human skin, leading to potential skin irritations and adverse reactions. It should be handled with care and kept away from direct contact with the skin.
Nail Glue Vs. Super Glue: A Head-to-Head Comparison
|Tailored for nail-related use
|Versatile for non-skin bonding applications
|Safe for external skin use
|Caution: Should not be applied to skin
|Precise bonding for nails
|Strong and rapid bonding for various materials
|Easier and safer removal from skin
|More challenging removal from skin
|Slightly more expensive
|Generally more affordable
Formula Dynamics: The Essence Within
Both nail glue and super glue share cyanoacrylate as their primary adhesive ingredient, but it’s their respective formulas that influence their behavior. Nail glue, with its unique blend of additional components, is formulated to adjust its viscosity, making it more user-friendly for nail applications. Moreover, these added ingredients contribute to its safety, ensuring a gentler impact on the skin.
In contrast, super glue’s undiluted strength may make it less suitable for prolonged skin contact, making it a more suitable choice for industrial repairs rather than nail care. By understanding the dynamics of their formulas, you can make an informed choice when it comes to selecting the right adhesive for your specific needs.
Durability and Resilience: The Strength Contest
Super glue’s claim to fame is its unbeatable strength, and it has proven its worth in numerous tough bonding tasks. However, this immense strength does come with a caveat: it can be vulnerable when exposed to water. Water weakens super glue’s bond, making it less ideal for applications that involve frequent water contact, such as nail extensions.
In contrast, nail glue’s formulation is specifically tailored to withstand daily encounters with water, ensuring that your stunning nail extensions or repairs last longer. So, while both adhesives are formidable in their own right, nail glue emerges as the graceful contender that can stand up to the tests of time, water, and daily wear.
Application: Nail Glue vs. Super Glue
Nail glue is specifically formulated with nail applications in mind. Its composition is designed to cater to the delicate nature of nails and provide a secure bond between artificial nails (e.g., acrylics, gels, press-ons) and natural nails. This makes it the ideal choice for those seeking flawless and long-lasting manicures. Its precise formulation ensures that it adheres well to nail surfaces without causing any harm to the nails or surrounding skin.
In contrast, super glue boasts versatility in various non-skin related applications. Its powerful bonding properties make it suitable for quick repairs and strong bonds on materials like metal, plastic, wood, and more. While it excels in providing robust bonds outside the realm of nail care, it’s crucial to exercise caution when using super glue on human skin, as it can lead to skin irritations and adverse reactions.
Safety: Nail Glue vs. Super Glue
Nail glue is specially formulated to be safe for external use on the skin, making it a suitable choice for nail applications. The presence of gentle additives, such as citric acid and benzoyl isopropanol, contributes to its skin-friendly nature. This added safety factor ensures that nail enthusiasts can achieve their desired nail looks without worrying about skin irritations or discomfort.
Conversely, super glue should not be applied directly to the skin due to its high concentration of pure cyanoacrylate, which can cause skin irritations and reactions. This adhesive is intended for non-skin applications, and users must handle it with care to avoid any accidental contact with their skin.
Nail glue is formulated to be easier to remove from the skin, providing a safer and less painful removal process. When it’s time to remove artificial nails or repair work, a gentle soak in acetone can dissolve the nail glue bond without causing harm to the natural nail or surrounding skin.
Super glue’s strong and resilient bond can make its removal from the skin more challenging. Removing super glue from skin may require more effort and care to avoid any damage or discomfort. It’s essential to use the appropriate removal techniques to minimize potential skin irritation.
When considering cost, nail glue may be slightly more expensive than super glue due to its specialized formulation and nail-specific additives. However, the slight price difference is justified by the benefits it provides, ensuring a safe and effective adhesive for nail applications. For non-skin related bonding needs, super glue’s versatility and affordability make it an excellent choice.
Is super glue stronger than nail glue?
Super glue is generally stronger than nail glue.
Can super glue be used as a substitute for nail glue?
While super glue can be used as a substitute for nail glue, it may not be skin-friendly and could cause damage or irritation.
What alternatives exist for nail glue?
Alternatives to nail glue include double-sided nail tapes, nail adhesive tabs, and brush-on adhesive.
How long does super glue stay on nails?
Super glue can last on nails for several days, but its duration may vary based on activity and exposure to water.
Is nail glue water-resistant?
Many nail glues are water-resistant but not all are completely waterproof.
Is super glue water-resistant?
Super glue is typically water-resistant, and some formulas are waterproof.
In comparing nail glue and super glue, while both adhesives have their strengths, they serve distinct purposes. Super glue tends to be stronger, but may not be skin-friendly and could cause potential damage to the nail or surrounding skin. Nail glue, on the other hand, is formulated specifically for nail applications, offering a balance between adhesion and safety for skin contact. It’s crucial to choose the right adhesive for your nail needs. To dive deeper into the world of nail care and get more insights on this topic, read more on the Villa Nail Salon blog.


Designed to last.
A Mac is designed for a long, productive life. Apple designers and engineers spend countless hours ensuring that each Mac is precisely built — inside and out. From the down-to-the-micron fit of each internal component to the finish of the enclosure, every detail matters. Take MacBook Air, for example. Its unibody enclosure is machined from a solid block of aluminum. The result is a notebook that is thin and light, looks polished and refined, and feels strong and durable.
Born to perform.
To make a better computer, only quality components and materials will do. That’s why every Mac contains storage technology, memory, a graphics processor, even a power supply specifically chosen to give you the best performance possible. And materials like aluminum and glass keep all those high-performance components safe and sound.


WHAT MAKES OUR HANDLES SO IMPERVIOUS TO CORROSION?
We make our door handles from stainless steel. Our material of choice is AISI 304 steel, which consists of:
- 18% chromium,
- 8 – 9% nickel,
- the rest being mainly steel.
This type of material withstands corrosion (rusting) when exposed to both air and fresh water – i.e., ordinary use.
Corrosion can be caused when water contains salt, chlorine or acidic substances. Handles for use in such aggressive conditions are made from stainless steel with a molybdenum alloying agent. Called AISI 316, it is corrosion-resistant in saline, chlorine and acidic environments.
Alloying agents make the metal stronger
By using the right steel in the handle, we can keep the product from rusting in most environments. Stainless steel owes its special properties come from chromium, which should account for at least 12% of the total mass. In such items, a thin layer of chromium oxide invisible to the eye forms on the surface of the steel, protecting the metal from corrosion. If the oxide layer is lost, a new protective layer forms immediately thanks to the oxygen in the air.
Besides chromium, metals like nickel and molybdenum also add more corrosion resistance. Stainless steel’s ability to withstand corrosion is greater at a higher chromium, nickel and molybdenum content.
In the final phase of producing the handles, we treat the surfaces with a passivator, a compound that increases resistance to corrosion from the moment the product comes out of the plant.
What should be avoided?
Patches of rust may appear on stainless steel handles in the following cases:
- the surface is exposed to a significantly more aggressive environment than the one for which the steel in the specific category was intended. This effect is associated with heavily polluted air, saline solutions or residues of chlorine-containing cleaning products;
- the surface of the handles is polished, which allows corrosive substances from the surrounding environment and carbon steel particles to stick to the surface;
- The material’s surface has been marred by dust from polishing and other metal particles from tools used in the installation process;
- Ordinary carbon steel details were used to fasten the handles;
- the stainless steel comes into contact with components made of ordinary carbon steel in a wet or moist environment.
In the first three situations, the risk of corrosion is greater if the steel alloy has a low nickel and molybdenum content. The risk of corrosion can be significantly reduced by using AISI 316 stainless steel, which has extra molybdenum in it.
In the last three cases, the stainless steel surface is marred by rust from ordinary carbon steel.


ADCI. The “American Die Casting Institute,” a trade association serving the die casting industry by providing statistical, marketing, technical, and management programs.
Alignment System. A set of pins, bushings, blocks, and wear plates that work together and cause the two die halves to align properly.
Alloy. A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a non-metal. The alloy elements are dissolved in each other when molten and fused together when a solid. Most die castings are made from alloys.
Alloy, Certified Zinc. A program implemented by the ADCI in which participating die casting companies regularly have their zinc die castings tested to certify they are maintaining the correct alloy content.
Aluminum. A light silvery metal that is used as the major constituent in may die casting alloys. Anodize. A chemical process using an electric current in a solution to produce a hard and dense oxide protective surface on a part.
As-Cast. The condition of a die casting when the runners, flash, and overflows have been removed, but no surface finishing, machining, or coating operations have been performed.
Auto-Ladle. A mechanical metal feeding delivery device usually attached to a cold chamber die casting machine, or a part of a furnace system.
Automatic Operation. An expression used to describe a die casting machine that operates continuously without an operator initiating each cycle, lading the molten metal, or removing the casting.
Benching. The hand finishing of die casting die cavity surfaces.
Biscuit. The excess of ladled metal that remains in the shot sleeve on a cold chamber die casting machine. The biscuit is part of the cast shot and is removed from the die with the casting.
Blister. A casting defect characterized by a smooth bump on the surface of the casting and a hole inside the casting directly below the bump.
Blow. The physical opening of the die casting die when the internal force of the shot exceeds the locking force of the machine. The “blow” causes flash and excessive casting thickness.
Castibility. The relative ease that a molten metal flows through a casting die. More generally, the relative ease that a casting can be made with a particular alloy.


Three-dimensional printing is no longer simple plastic prototypes. Today, 3-D printers can produce fully functional components, including complex mechanisms, batteries, transistors, and LEDs. 3D printing — also known as additive manufacturing — is the process of making three-dimensional solid objects from digital computer models. Following computer-generated drawings, 3D printers generally “print" layers of materials to build a physical object from the bottom up. The process is used in a range of fields, from producing crowns in a dental lab to rapid prototyping of aerospace, automotive, and consumer goods.
More recently, the technology is being used in the production of patient-specific orthopedic and cranial implants, a number of which have received U.S. and EU regulatory approval. Now pharma and biotech companies are looking at how 3D cell cultures and 3D printing can be used in drug development.
Visiongain analysts predict that bioprinting will be an important subsector of the 3D printed products industry. A report by Visiongain forecasts the world market for 3D printing in the healthcare industry will be $4.04 billion in 2018, up from $1.26 billion in 2013, with growth seen in the orthopedic area.
According to PwC, the 3D printing area will advance through loosely coordinated development in three areas: printers and printing methods, software to design and print, and materials used in printing.
3D Printing for Bone Replacement
One company working in the orthopedic space is Tissue Regeneration Systems. The company has a technology platform for skeletal reconstruction and bone regeneration that was licensed from the Universities of Michigan and Wisconsin.
Jim Fitzsimmons, president and CEO of Tissue Regeneration Systems, says there are two key parts of the technology platform.
“That first part is an ability to use 3D printing manufacturing to construct complex implant scaffolds from a biosorbable material called PCL," he says. “These implants are intended to replace missing bone. They are porous because the intent is for bone to grow in and through the scaffold. Over time, the scaffold goes away because it is bioresorbable."
The technology allows for patient-specific implants. The company can take an imaging study that shows the exact shape and geometry of the missing bone.
“We can turn this image into an engineering drawing that drives the creation of a custom implant that is a perfect fit for what bone is missing," Mr. Fitzsimmons says. “The implant is porous which allows the bone a place to grow. We have been able to engineer these open spaces so that the implant can bear load, which is a novel attribute for these implants."
The second part of the technology is a process to grow a bone mineral coating on the surfaces of the implant and internal pores. It transforms a polymer implant into an implant whose surface areas are bone-like, which becomes a much better substrate for bone growth and attachment to the implant.
“A patient’s bone will start forming and growing into and throughout the implant scaffold," Mr. Fitzsimmons says. “Adherence, growth, and attachment are more robust when the bone thinks it is attaching to bone."
Tissue Regeneration Systems received approval in 2013 from the FDA for cranial applications of this technology. The company also has an alliance with Johnson & Johnson Innovation to develop the technology for orthopedic trauma applications.
“Our business model is to develop products in partnership with larger corporate partners," Mr. Fitzsimmons says. “Once developed, the products are taken to market by our partners and we are the supplier of the product. Our first major partnership is with J&J’s DePuy Synthes group. We’re in discussions with other prospective partners as well."
Bioprinting for Pharma Applications
Researchers at several biotech companies and universities have begun working with 3D cell cultures and bioprinting to advance pharmaceutical applications in drug research and development.
Organovo is credited with developing the first commercial 3D bioprinting technology platform. The company’s goal is to build living human tissues that are proven to function like native tissues. Organovo’s near-term applications are to develop functional 3D human tissues for drug discovery and toxicology testing. The technology is able to create, without the use of scaffolding, 3D anatomically correct tissues with integrated microvasculature.
In April, the company presented data on in vitro 3D kidney tissue. For the first time, fully human kidney proximal tubular tissues were presented that were generated from 3D technology and that consist of multiple tissue-relevant cell types arranged to recapitulate the renal tubular/interstitial interface. The tissues are fabricated using Organovo’s NovoGenT bioprinting platform, and join the company’s exVive3D liver tissues, expanding the repertoire of physiologically relevant tissue systems available for toxicity and efficacy testing as well as disease modeling.
Organovo’s bioprinting process centers around the identification of key compositional elements of a target tissue. Once a tissue design is established, the first step is to develop the bioprocess protocols required to generate the multi-cellular building blocks — also called bio-ink — from the cells that will be used to build the target tissue.
The bio-ink building blocks are then dispensed from a bioprinter, using a layer-by-layer approach that is scaled for the target output. Bio-inert hydrogel components may be used as supports, as tissues are built up vertically to achieve three-dimensionality, or as fillers to create channels or void spaces within tissues to mimic features of native tissue. The bioprinting process can be tailored to produce tissues in a variety of formats, from micro-scale tissues contained in standard multi-well tissue culture plates, to larger structures suitable for placement onto bioreactors for biomechanical conditioning before use.
“Our printer places little ‘blocks’ of cells — a tenth of a millimeter — into specific regions so that we can recreate in layers the different tissues," says Keith Murphy, CEO of Organovo. “The goal is to replicate the normal function in the body. For a number of tissues now, we have demonstrated success."
Mr. Murphy says the company’s technology recreates the environment in the body, which provides a much larger working area compared with a petri dish, which limits the size of the cells that can be used.
“In our hands, we can create a native environment and allow the cells that would normally stop growing to develop the signals needed in the body," he says. “By allowing the cells to be surrounded by one another as well as other cell types, rather than sticking to the plastic surface of a petri dish, we can evaluate a number of different factors."
Mr. Murphy says, for example, pharmaceutical companies are using these tissues for toxicology testing.
“Using a disease model or a liver model made of human living cells outside the body should be better than animal models in most cases," he says. “In the short term, we don’t expect to replace the traditional studies in terms of FDA expectations for liver toxicity, but as the FDA reviews more data, regulators may rely on bioprinted tissues. It’s possible that sponsors could cut the number of animal studies and use the human data in conjunction to complete a toxicology package."
Another opportunity that Organovo is pursing is full disease modeling.
“For example, in a breast cancer model, we can build a 3D tissue that can be used to discover drugs to show their efficacy rather than safety," Mr. Murphy says.
Organovo executives suggest that within a decade, they will be able to print solid organs such as liver, heart, and kidney.
Roche is one company that is investigating whether 3D cell cultures can have an application in development, specifically in drug safety. The company is now reviewing data from a collaboration with Organovo to look at whether 3D cell structures of the liver can be used to assess toxicity.
To test this technology and see how Roche could apply it to drug safety testing, the company sent Organovo a blinded compound, which either did or didn’t bear safety liabilities in the liver of treated patients. The data showed that the liver cells created from Organovo’s 3D bioprinting technology were able to correctly identify the one compound that had safety concerns, says Adrian Roth, Ph.D., head of mechanistic safety, pharmaceutical science, at Roche.
“We are not yet finished analyzing the data, but we find this approach promising," he says. “We have a strong interest in finding more human-relevant cellular models to increase patient safety and to replace animal testing. We would like to develop models that allow us to better estimate the human response to drugs. We know that conventional cell cultures only poorly reflect the in vivo situation. We want to be able to make the right decisions to move the most safe and efficacious drugs further into development."
Dr. Roth says using 3D human cells for safety testing has the potential to lower overall costs by reducing the number of animal studies required.
“We don’t want to learn about safety issues after we’ve run dozens of animal studies," he says. “Rather, there is the potential to use 3D cells for dosing with the most favorable properties in an early stage."
Another company, Aprecia Pharmaceuticals, has a 3D printing platform for manufacturing easy-to-swallow and quick-dissolving medications. This process stitches together multiple layers of powdered medication using an aqueous fluid to produce a porous, water-soluble matrix that rapidly disperses with a sip of water.
In October 2014, the company filed an NDA with the FDA for its first product using its proprietary ZipDose technology. Using the 3DP technology as a catalyst, Aprecia created a novel manufacturing system to produce fast-melt formulations of medicines that exceed the disintegration speed and dose-load capacity of products made by other fast-melt technologies. Aprecia holds an exclusive license from MIT for pharmaceutical applications of the 3DP technology.
Aprecia plans to introduce new ZipDose products in the coming years, focusing first on the CNS therapeutic area, where there is a need for medicines that are easier to take.
Pharma companies are not the only organizations investigating the potential uses of 3D technology; universities are also getting into the act. At the Wyss Institute at Harvard, for example, Professor Jennifer Lewis’ research group is using a sacrificial ink to print smaller channels, tens to hundreds of micrometers in diameter. Lewis Group researchers are using printed biological tissue interwoven with a complex network of blood vessels. To do this, the researchers had to make “inks" out of various types of cells and the materials that form the matrix supporting them.
Other Methods for 3D Cell Cultures
The goal of Nano3D Biosciences is to create 3D cell cultures for toxicity testing, drug discovery applications, and high throughput drug discovery. The company’s approach relies on magnetizing cells. A biocompatible magnet is applied in two ways to assemble micro tissue. Using magnetic levitation, the magnetic nanoparticles attach to the cells, carry them off the bottom of a petri dish, and bring them together to create a 3D structure.
“An advantage of our technology is that we can bring the cells together and assemble them quickly," says Glauco Souza, Ph.D., president and CSO at Nano3D Biosciences. “Usually, we use levitation for larger-scale generation of tissue with a single culture or a 24-well plate."
Dr. Souza says traditional cell cultures are 2D and when put in a petri dish will grow flat. When cells are grown in a flat environment, half of the cells are in contact with a plastic surface.
“The 3D environment and the cell-to-cell interaction is key for generating a predictive tissue model of toxicity and drug discovery," he says. “We believe our model can be a surrogate for animal studies and can reduce the use of animals."
Nano3D also has a process it calls magnetic bioprinting. The same magnetic nanoparticles are used to levitate the cells, but in this application, the company applies a small magnetic film to assemble the tissue.
“With this method, we can make shapes in a very small space," Dr. Souza says. (PV)


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Details & Finishes
A midday length.
Pretty buttons covered with printed fabric.
A slit that subtly reveals your legs.
Tencel is an ecological fibre created from wood pulp. It is a biodegradable fabric that uses no chemicals and has a low water and pesticide content. Certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, Tencel guarantees responsible and sustainable forest management. In addition to being environmentally friendly, this material is also extremely hard-wearing.


On a warm day none of us instinctively reaches for wool. The very sound of it makes us think of wrapping up for crisp winter days.
But did you know pure wool has exceptional thermal qualities that make you feel cool when it’s hot and warms you on a winter’ day. Pure wool has almost magical properties for the sartorially concerned. 100% natural, it is a renewable, biodegradable and the ultimate versatile all-weather cloth.
Our Master Tailor Andrew Ramroop explains, "Wool is durable and comfortable and stretches with movement which makes it very comfortable to wear.”
In fact, it is a natural insulator which also has incredible resistance to tearing, natural elasticity, and the ability to keep its shape. In the summer it’s excellent odour reduction properties can come into their own, and it can absorb moisture without feeling wet.
In short, it’s the ideal material for the world’s best Master Tailors here on Savile Row.
“As every suit is hand-made at Maurice Sedwell,” Andrew Ramroop continues, “the suit starts its life as a flat piece of cloth to be created for a human figure; We cut and mould the cloth into a three-dimensional form to look smooth and stylish. Pure wool has the qualities to be moulded successfully."
By way of inspiration, we share with you here some Maurice Sedwell designs which are highly suitable for pure wool.


Background: Displaced lateral malleolar fractures are often treated with reduction and surgical stabilization. However, there has not been a comprehensive laboratory comparison to determine the most appropriate device for treating these patients. This study subjected a range of contemporary lateral fibular plates to a series of mechanical tests designed to reveal performance differences.
Methods: Forty fresh frozen lower extremities were divided into 4 groups. A Weber B distal fibula fracture was simulated with an osteotomy and stabilized using 1 of 4 plate systems: a standard Synthese one-third tubular plate with an interfragmentary lag screw, a Synthes LCP locking plate with a lag screw, an Orthohelix MaxLock Extreme low-profile locking plate with a lag screw, or a TriMed Sidewinder nonlocking plate. Controlled monotonic bending and cyclic torsional loading were applied and bending stiffness, torsional stiffness, and fracture site motion were quantified. Resistance to cyclic torsional loading was determined by quantifying the number of loads withstood before excessive rotation occurred. Correlation between bone mineral density and each of the mechanical measures was determined.
Results: There was no difference in angulation or bending stiffness between plates. All plates except the LCP showed greater lateral deflection than in the other bending directions. Bending stiffness was lowest in lateral distal fragment deflection for all 4 plates. There was a positive correlation between bone mineral density and bending stiffness for all plate types. There was no difference in fracture site rotation between plate types in internal or external torsion, but internal rotation for the distal fragment consistently exceeded external rotation. Torsional stiffness in external rotation exceeded stiffness in internal rotation in nearly all specimens. LCP plates performed relatively poorly under cyclic torsion.
Conclusions: Significant differences in plate performance were not demonstrated. The effects of bone quality variability and differences in interfragmentary screw purchase resulted in data dispersion that confounded the absolute ranking of plate performance.
Clinical Relevance: Identification of an optimal lateral fibular plating system has the potential to improve the clinical outcome of malleolar fracture fixation, particularly when patient conditions are unfavorable.


Yantai Shengyi Machinery Co., Ltd is located in Laizhou , Yantai city, Shandong province, China. We produce and sale all kinds of castings for machinery parts, casting materials include cast iron (grey iron, ductile iron, alloy cast iron), carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel etc. We are a professional exporter in China for kinds of castings and machined products. Our products exported to Europe, USA, Canada, Russia, Australia, Korea, Japan and other countries.
We produce our casting products using coated sand casting process and lost wax casting process. Our casting products have good surface roughness, high dimensional accuracy and good quality. Our casting products win high praise from our customers, and we won the trust from our customes.
We have good products development capability. We can provide a fast development and production for casting products and machined products according to the drawings and samples from customers. We can fully meet the requirements from customers.
We sincerely welcome you to send your inquire to us, and we hope to build a long term business relationship with you.


Ecological and Social Responsibility
Responsible production, a lasting relationship based on respect. We believe that fair trade and sustainable development are natural: respecting your skin with soft materials; respecting the men and women who make your clothes with dignified working conditions; and respecting the world that we live in by limiting our impact on the environment.
Our Materials and Environmental Certifications
We favour organic or recycled materials that care for your skin and the environment. Our entire production chain benefits from the strictest environmental certifications and labels in the market.
Most of our clothing is made from 100% organic cotton. Organic cotton is a natural, GMO-free fibre that uses less water than standard cotton. In addition, its production does not involve the use of chemicals (no fertilisers or pesticides) and encourages rotation of crops to keep soil healthier, more fertile and maintain humidity. Waste from the cotton ginning process is also recycled for the animal feed industry.
GOTS is the Global Organic Textile Standard label. The strictest certification for textiles made from organic fibres. GOTS tracks the entire chain of production from farm to factory: from harvesting of the cotton, weaving of fibres, assembly of items, to the final product before printing, including even the export of our clothing! It certifies that Stanley/Stella cotton is GMO-free and is grown without the use of chemicals and is processed and dyed without using any banned toxic substances.
GOTS also ensures compliance with the labour standards of the International Labour Organisation throughout the chain of production.
Tencel and Modal
Tencel® and Modal® are biodegradable and made from eucalyptus or beech tree pulp. Eucalyptus is known for being a fast-growing wood that does not require irrigation. The Tencel manufacturing process has received the “European Award for the Environment” from the European Union due to its low emissions.
Our cellulose fibres are sourced exclusively from the Austrian manufacturer Lenzing, the first fibre manufacturer to have received the EU Ecolabel, which promotes environmental excellence.
Linen is a tough natural fibre that is extremely “eco-friendly”. It can be grown without the use of either chemicals or irrigation. Natural precipitation is all that it requires. In addition, each plant also absorbs a large quantity of carbon.
Recycled polyester is used to make windcheater jackets and as a complement (up to 15%) to organic cotton in some of our sweatshirts. One windcheater jacket enables the recycling of between 7 and 8 PET plastic bottles. And to ensure that our sweatshirts are nice and soft against your skin, it is never in direct contact with the polyester, which is sandwiched between two layers of organic cotton.
The Global Recycled Standard label certifies that the materials used are recycled: in the case of polyester, from plastic bottles, and for cotton, from cutting waste. GRS also guarantees compliance with social and environmental criteria such as treatment of waste water, the absence of certain toxic additives and respect for working conditions in our partner factories.
The cutting of different pieces to make our products naturally produces scrap material. Since the idea of throwing this material away is out of the question, we have a partner who collects and recycles it into new cotton thread that we use in the manufacture of our tote bags.
You can’t buy trust. It has to be earned. OEKO-TEX Standard 100 certifies the absence of harmful chemical substances in all our products thanks to the “Confidence in textile” label. An independent testing and certification system that ensures that all raw, semi-finished and finished textile products are processed in a way that prioritises:
- The precautionary principle, which prohibits certain potentially harmful substances even where they are not (yet) legally banned
- The absence of chemical substances that are harmful to health and the environment
- A restriction on the lead content of dyes
We are also proud to announce that our products PETA certified. This means that we do not conduct or commission any animal tests on ingredients, formulations, or finished products and pledge never to do so. On top of this, our apparel is made from 100% vegan materials so you can be confident that no harm came to anyone during its creation.


Summer Heat – Another Compelling Reason Small Businesses Should Upgrade to Fiber
Heat does interesting things to everything it touches. For example, it damages the finish on our vehicles, devastates the landscape foliage, evaporates the water in our lakes, and dries out the Texas soil causing dramatic shifts in the underlying foundations of commercial and residential properties. These movements create fissures that damage underground electrical, network, and plumbing connections into these structures.
Small businesses in Texas and other southwestern states risk a disruption of their voice and data services due to the contraction of soil around their facilities when utilizing aging copper T-1 lines. Good news, a key attribute of sheathed fiber cabling is flexibility and strength.
An optical fiber has greater tensile strength than copper or steel fibers of the same diameter. It is flexible, bends easily and resists most corrosive elements that attack copper cable. Optical fiber can withstand higher temperatures than copper wires. This means that even when the outside jacket surrounding the optical fiber has melted, an optical fiber system can still perform well.
In addition, fiber cabling offers other advantages that include the following:
- Bandwidth – Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. The amount of information that can be transmitted per unit time of fiber over other transmission media is its most significant advantage. With the high performance single mode cable used by telephone industries for long distance telecommunication, the bandwidth surpasses the needs of today’s applications and gives room for growth tomorrow.
- Low Power Loss – An optical fiber offers low power loss. This allows for longer transmission distances. In comparison to copper; in a network, the longest recommended copper distance is 100m while with fiber, it is 2000m.
- Interference – fiber optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference. It can also be run in electrically noisy environments without concern as electrical noise will not affect fiber.
- Size – In comparison to copper, a fiber optic cable has nearly 4.5 times as much capacity as the wire cable has and a cross sectional area that is 30 times less.
- Weight – fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. They also occupy less space with cables of the same information capacity. Lighter weight makes fiber easier to install.
- Safety – Since the fiber is a dielectric, it does not present a spark hazard.
- Security – Optical fibers are difficult to tap. As they do not radiate electromagnetic energy, emissions cannot be intercepted. As physically tapping the fiber takes great skill to do undetected, fiber is the most secure medium available for carrying sensitive data.
The flexibility and strength of sheathed fiber cabling provides small businesses with an alternative to constant worry about whether their voice and data service will survive the crazy, hazy, lazy days of Summer. Call a 1stel consultant today and discover how we can replace your aging infrastructure with high-speed fiber.


UPM Raflatac has announced that waste PET plastic liners collected through its recycling service will be processed into raw material by Inosence Polyol and used by Finnfoam to produce insulation.
UPM Raflatac’s RafCycle recycling service collects waste such as used PET label liners from its customers and end users. The company claims that approximately 80% of backing materials for self-adhesive labels are paper with an established recycling process, but the remaining 20% are PET-based with an extremely thin layer of silicone applied to the plastic, which can make them difficult to separate. and recycle, causing them to be incinerated instead.
In a new value chain collaboration, waste PET-based label liners collected by UPM Raflatac will be transformed into raw material through a process developed by Inosence Polyol. Finnfoam will then use the raw material for its polyisocyanurate or FF-PIR insulation.
Juha Virmavirta, Director of RafCycle Solutions at UPM Raflatac, comments: “Disposable or short-lived products are often made from recycled PET plastic. In our solution, the recycled raw material is transformed into insulation, for example a sustainable product that binds carbon for decades.
“Our value chain even meets critical scrutiny, and on top of that, we’re making the label industry much more sustainable.”
Henri Nieminen, CEO of Finnfoam, adds: “The solution we have developed with UPM Raflatac and Inosence Polyol Oy is an excellent example of the potential of chemical recycling. It makes it possible to separate and recycle many materials that are difficult to separate.
“New economic and environmentally friendly recycling methods will also drive legislative changes and further increase the obligation to recycle and reduce waste incineration, which is of course a very good thing.”
UPM Raflatac offers a range of linerless direct thermal labels, which was certified CarbonNeutral by Natural Capital Partners earlier this year.


Bromine based flame retardants play a critical role in reducing the impact of fires on people, property and the environment allowing longer escape times in case of fire as well as allowing longer response time.
Bromine based Flame Retardants (BFRs) play a key role in meeting fire safety requirements and protecting consumers. The term “flame retardant” refers to a function and not to a specific family of chemicals. This function of flame retardancy is derived from elements such as bromine, phosphorus, nitrogen as well as some inorganics such as magnesium and aluminium.
BFRs contain many different types of chemicals, with widely differing molecular structures, physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties and chemistries (additives, reactive, polymeric).
They also differ from a function/technical perspective depending on the intended material or product application. It is precisely due to these differences that grouping of these substances for regulatory purposes should be approached with great caution.
To get a better overview of BFRs and how they protect us, download our Factsheet here.


Packing method: 10 kg polythene bags
RUF briquettes are natural pressed high-quality sawdust of coniferous species that do not contain artificial additives. It is used both for household furnaces, and for fireplaces. The product is packed in polythene bags of 10 kg.
High calorific value: 17370 kJ/kg
Low ash content: < 0.3%
Low moisture content: < 6%
Does not cause tarring of windows and chimneys


Taupo-based Activated Carbon NZ Ltd is using waste sawdust from sawmills and turning it into activated carbon, right here in New Zealand.
Activated carbon is a product that is used in a wide range of applications, including removing toxic gases in industrial waste and effluent, to purify water, and in the supplement, cosmetic, and food and beverage sectors. Activated carbon is even used in candle manufacturing! In addition activated carbon conducts electricity and insulates heat. There are even experiments underway to look into its use as a binder with hemp.
Activated Carbon NZ Ltd is the only New Zealand manufacturer of activated carbon.
Being able to supply domestically is proving to be extremely important as supply chains for activated carbon from overseas continue to be severely disrupted due to COVID-19.
In the past, New Zealand businesses have typically sourced their activated carbon from China or Australia, but often from much less environmentally friendly source material such as coal or coconut shells.
“We know that businesses are looking for high-quality activated carbon that is more sustainable and we’re able to provide that for them with no supply issues,” says Activated Carbon NZ Director Grant Hughes. “We’re able to provide activated carbon as a fine powder, granulated, or in capsule form wholesale for industrial customers or for everyday consumers via our online shop.”
Having worked in the farming sector for most of his life, Grant then moved into providing short-term financing solutions, which is how he came across the Activated Carbon business. He immediately saw its potential and worked to put the factory together that would form the heart of their business.
“We imported a piece of kit from China that theoretically worked but didn’t in reality. I spent the next couple of years with a grinder and welder and with the help of some really talented locals we developed the plant we needed to create the high quality activated carbon.”
Activated carbon cleanses through adsorption or ionic exchange. It is made by eliminating the organic volatiles from carbon-rich organic materials, leaving just the carbon pore structure and increasing the surface area. This means that one teaspoon of activated carbon has more surface area than a football field. The pores and microstructure are able to attract toxins and chemicals, which is why activated carbon works so well as a purifier. In general, the greater the surface area of the activated carbon the higher the quality. Commercially produced activated carbon typically falls within a range of 300m2 to 900m2 per gram.
“A lot of the activated carbon coming from China is at the low end of this range however we are able to average 900-1200m2 per gram of activated carbon, sometimes as high as 1500m2.
“We are passionate about combating environmental pollution,” says Grant. “Creating a business that we believe is carbon positive is very important to us. We even supply the wood vinegar that is the byproduct of our manufacturing process for use in organic farming.
“COVID has given us the opportunity to highlight our sustainable New Zealand-made activated carbon to businesses that might not otherwise have considered whether or not there are better options for them right on their doorstep.
“We have a huge carbon resource here in New Zealand. We don’t need to dig up our national parks or mine our seabed to get to this resource, it’s all around us. We still have poor utilisation in our plantation forests and there is still a lot of waste. Pine trees continue to be planted but byproducts of timber production, such as sawdust, are currently being thrown away or getting chucked into a hole to rot. Meanwhile, there is a domestic and global market for activated carbon that is undergoing significant growth, and we have the ability to make and supply a really good product for that market.
“Rather than choosing activated carbon that’s produced from unsustainable sources that’s been dumped in the New Zealand market for less than it costs to ship it here, we need businesses in New Zealand to make a choice that’s better for our environment and is a higher quality product that will achieve better results for them.”


Ms. Leong is Sr. Vice President, Marketing and Customer Solutions for MicroProbe. She brings extensive experience in semiconductor marketing and in-depth knowledge in semiconductor and storage industries from front-end wafer fabrication and metrology to back-end test and packaging.
Prior to joining MicroProbe Ms. Leong was a Research Director, from 2008 to 2010 at Gartner, Inc. She was responsible for covering the ASSP, system-on-chip and microcontroller markets.
From 2003 to 2008, Ms. Leong served as Senior Director of Corporate Strategic Marketing and Director of DRAM Product Marketing at Form Factor.
Earlier in her career she worked in a variety of semiconductor product marketing and process engineering roles at KLA-Tencor and IBM.
Amy holds an M.S. in Material Science and Engineering from Stanford University and a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.


SINGAPORE, Nov. 6, 2023 -- JIOS Aerogel (JIOS), a global leader in silica aerogel technology, has celebrated the opening of its advanced manufacturing plant in Pioneer, Singapore, in a ceremony attended by investors, suppliers and partners. The establishment of this facility represents a pivotal component of JIOS' ongoing investment strategy, which is geared towards supporting automakers in their adoption of aerogel-based technology to enhance the safety and performance of electric vehicle (EV) batteries.
"JIOS Aerogel takes great pride in the inauguration of the Pioneer Thermal Blade® Plant, a significant milestone in our manufacturing expansion," said Andrew Stearns, CEO of JIOS Aerogel. "As we press on with the commissioning of recently acquired equipment and the journey of complete production process automation, we remain dedicated to expanding the plant's capacity to meet the growing demands of the market."
The new plant will serve as a primary production hub for the company's signature EV product, the Thermal Blade®. This innovative thermal and electrical insulation solution is designed for installation between the battery cells of electric vehicles. These components play a critical role as safety measures, acting as a protective barrier between cells and mitigating the risk of thermal runaway propagation. Silica aerogels are ideally suited for this application, offering exceptional high-temperature insulation when compressed between battery cells even when supplied in remarkably thin profiles.
Stephen Kang, Managing Director, and Co-Founder of JIOS Aerogel, expressed, "The opening of this facility is a testament to our unwavering dedication to providing technology that addresses the evolving safety standards for EV batteries. Our commitment is driven not only by the demands of automakers but also by the regulatory landscape, including the recent mandatory safety requirements outlined in Regulation 100 by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe."
The newly inaugurated Pioneer plant has attained certification to the ISO 9001 quality management system, with JIOS officially receiving this certification in a recent ceremony held by the international body, TÜV SÜD. Furthermore, JIOS has disclosed its partnership with QAS-Company AG (QAS) to facilitate the site's certification process in accordance with the rigorous automotive standard, IATF 16949.
About JIOS Aerogel
JIOS Aerogel (JIOS) is the world's leading manufacturer of silica aerogel powder. Headquartered in Singapore, the company was founded in 2013 to pioneer a new process that dramatically lowers the cost of aerogel production. JIOS is on a mission to accelerate the adoption of aerogels to improve the safety and performance of electric-vehicle (EV) batteries. Recognised globally as the premier technology for mitigating thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries, aerogels provide an ultra-thin insulation layer between battery cells, offering exceptional thermal protection at high temperatures. For more information, visit www.jiosaerogel.com


Swarovski produces crystals of the finest quality. The company's name has become synonymous with genuine crystal. Swarovski's specialised manufacturing processes, together with the highest quality raw materials, guarantee the highest possible degree of precision, component quality, consistency and unmatched brilliance.
Swarovski crystal is produced at the company’s traditional production plant in Wattens, Austria, where each crystal is subject to the most stringent quality controls. The exact recipe and the proportion of quartzes, sand and minerals remain a company secret for over 100 years.


Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal with a bright yellow color and luster, the properties of which remain without tarnishing when exposed to air or water. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, such as with tellurium as calaverite, sylvanite, or krennerite.
Gold resists attacks by individual acids, but it can be dissolved by aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid), so named because it dissolves gold. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which have been used in mining. It dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys; it is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, giving rise to the term acid test.


UV Coating is a tough clear-coat applied over printed materials to protect against scratches, tears and fingerprints and to enhance the brilliance of the ink colors.
UV Coating is recommended for printed pieces which will be handled frequently, such as presentation folders, the covers of paperback books and some types of business cards. It is also recommended for promotional pieces that aim to grab attention, such as flagship brochures and direct mail postcards.
UV Coating is applied in liquid form, then exposed to Ultra-Violet light which bonds and dries it instantly¡Khence its name "UV Coating." It can be applied over the entire printed piece (called Flooding) or it can be used as a Spot coating to just highlight particular areas. In addition, UV Coating is available in a variety of sheen levels, with high gloss being the most popular.
Compared to other coatings, UV Coating is tougher than Aqueous Coating though not quite as hard-wearing as a plastic laminate. Also, because a UV Coating is a relatively thick coating, it will generally require pre-scoring to reduce cracking when folded.
Finally, it is important to note that because a UV Coating has such a slick surface, you will have difficulty writing, overprinting, rubber stamping, gluing or applying certain labels to its surface. Thus, if you intend to imprint or adhere anything after your pieces are produced, notify your printer in advance so he can "block out" certain areas from receiving UV coverage.
Give us a call if you have questions about UV Coating or any other coatings used on printed materials. There are many coating options to choose from, so let Printing Plus help you decide which is best for your particular print project.


Victory Knives have been Made in New Zealand by E.Goddard Ltd, for over 80 years. Victory Knives have gained a reputation for superior quality, and are used extensively in New Zealand and Australia by leading abattoirs and fish processing plants. The Victory Stainless Steel blade has a sub zero (-78C) quench after hardening. This particular process produces a strong, hard and wear resistant blade with improved edge retention. It also produces a finer grain and this is believed to be the reason that Victory Knives are less prone to corrosion and maintaining its edge.


We have tools designed to help architects understand and specify our spray foam insulation products in their projects.
BioBased Insulation® and DuraTite™ can help you build energy efficient homes and seal the deal with your customers.
Spray foam is a great way to increase the efficiency of your home. Learn more about our products and their benefits.
Rhino offers spray foam insulation products under the BioBased Insulation® and DuraTite™ brands. The DuraTite product line also includes spray foam roofing systems. High-density polyurethane foam sealants are available in the BioSeal™ product line.


The CalTrax™ Impermeable Mat Broadcast is a 100% polyurethane-based sandwich system that offers the outstanding performance, durability and spike resistance of the CalTrax™ Sandwich system. It also provides substantial savings in cost over the CalTrax™ - Sandwich system and has improved performance and durability over the Impermeable Mat Spray system at a small additional cost.
The wearing layer of flow-applied two-component polyurethane and broadcast EPDM granules is modified by using (1-2mm) EPDM granules. It is about 60% the thickness of the sandwich wearing coat, but is almost twice the thickness of the Impermeable Mat Spray wearing coat. This system is recommended for installation in windy areas and around synthetic fields where a high quality, cost effective surface is required.


Get an edge on your opponent with the R360 Edge Series from Cuetec cues. The 15 1/2" Pro Tapered shaft is constructed with a tubular composite core surrounded by four computer cut "A Plus" grade Canadian Maple sections to ensure an exact fit, while providing maximum radial consistency ensuring the most accurate cue ball response and control. The composite core inside the shaft controls deflection, squirt, distortion and prevents warpage.
Cuetec’s Edge Series features a Tiger Everest tip which provides the ultimate cue ball control and consistency. The Everest tip has been tested and approved by some of the world’s top players. Its AFC air cusion ferrule is made of the highest ABS material available. It’s cushioning effect provides the optimum cue ball/cue tip contact time resulting in less vibration and deflection while maximizing cue ball control and accuracy without sacrificing energy. Cuetec’s Accuweight System allows for a quick and easy weight adjustment and cue balance of 1/2 or 1 oz. increments to provide you with the exact weight of your preference. The joints are polished stainless steel and the Irish linen wraps are of the highest quality for a comfortable grip and moisture absorption. Available in 18-21 oz.
• Tip – 13mm Tiger Everest Tip
• Ferrule – AFC Air Cushion Ferrule
• Shaft – R360 Low Deflection Shaft
• Taper – 15.5" Pro
• Joint – 3/8"-10 Stainless Steel
• Forearm – Birdseye Maple
• Butt Sleeve – Birdseye Maple
• Stain – Brown Stain
• Overlay – Cutec® Golden Logo Forearm/Sleeve
• Rings – Nickel Silver Rings
• Wrap – Genuine Black w/ White Spec Irish Linen
• Butt Plate – Stainless Steel Plate


P2000 Insulation Products
The key to the P2000 Insulation System’s effectiveness is not its individual components, but how these pieces function together as an engineered system.
P2000 Insulation Systems™ is a high performance insulation system that addresses all three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. It is a specially formulated expanded polystyrene (EPS) core with metalized plastic facers.
The P2000 Insulation System functions as an all-weather guard in one product:
• Stops cold, wind, heat and moisture
• Creates a true thermal break
• Eliminates condensation
• Light weight
• Easy to install
• Environmentally friendly
• Very Economical
The P2000 Insulation System™ offers several advantages:
• A “Green Product”
• Save on heating and cooling costs
• Quicker and easier to install
• Thin and flexible sheets makes it very versatile
• Virtually waterproof
• Insulating value not reduced by sagging, settling, compression or moisture
• No more itching or scratching, during and after installation
P2000 Insulation delivers energy savings and interior comfort in extreme weather conditions. The laminated board with double sealed joints blocks drafts. The dense foam core reduces conductive heat transfer, while the metalized plastic facers minimize air and moisture infiltration and are effective radiant blockers.
P2000 Insulation is lightweight, easy to handle, and simple to install. It will never sag or settle and resists moisture absorption – making it an effective insulator even when wet.
P2000 Insulation makes for healthier homes. It does not support mold growth; it does not “off-gas” harmful chemicals; it does not release harmful airborne particles and contains no CFCs or HCFCs.
How P2000 Works
Why is P2000 so effective? Conventional thinking leads most consumers to believe that a well insulated wall has to be a thick wall. With the P2000 Insulation System, that is no longer the case.
Instead of relying on thick layers of insulation to absorb heat and slow down thermal transfer, the P2000 Insulation System is engineered to address the major issues that plague most conventional insulations:
• P2000 End View Conductive Heat Losses are addressed by an EPS core that exhibits an R-value of 3.8 to 4.1 at one inch of thickness. This material is similar to the foam cup we have trusted for years, that protects the hand from both hot and cold temperatures.
• Radiative Heat Losses are addressed using highly reflective, proprietary metalized facers. These facers reflect 90+% of the thermal radiation that comes in contact with them.
• Air / Moisture, Infiltration & Convective Heat Losses: proprietary facers also serve as air, vapor, and moisture barriers. A unique double flap sealing system aids in the formation of a continuous barrier to moisture and air infiltration. Should P2000 become wet, the overall insulating performance of the system has been shown to be unaffected.
• Thermal Bridging through structural framing members is minimized since the P2000 Insulation System is designed to cover these areas completely.
• Installation Deficiencies are not as pronounced since the P2000 Insulation System wraps the building envelope, completely covering structural framing members. As a result, the performance of the P2000 Insulation System is less dependent on stud configuration following nominal patterns. Installation practices such as wiring, piping, etc have little or no effect on insulating performance since, in most cases, they do not penetrate the material.
• Long Term Stability of the EPS core has been proven both mechanically and thermally.
Understanding Building Envelopes
How does P2000 enhance the standard building envelope?
In today’s marketplace, insulation is sold based on center of cavity thermal resistance, or R-value. However, R-value is only one piece of the thermal equation.
A list of common issues that plague conventional insulations when installed in a building envelope include:
• Conductive heat loss
• Air leakage and convective heat loss (can be 35% of heat loss/gain in a building envelope)
• Moisture infiltration (water is highly conductive)
• Radiative heat loss (can be 55% of heat transfer in ordinary air spaces)
• Installation deficiencies
• Thermal bridging (average of 25% of a residential building’s surface area is framing)
• Long term stability
Most of the thermal performance testing completed on conventional insulations focus on their resistance to conductive heat transfer as measured by R-value in the ASTM C518 test. This standard laboratory test measures thermal resistance under a specific set of conditions. In reality, R-value of a particular material is dependent on a number of environmental and installation parameters, external to the material itself.
P2000 enhances the building envelope.
Being a system based insulating product, P2000 is engineered to work with the other building assembly components to minimize heat loss by the mechanisms previously outlined. When reflective materials are incorporated in the building envelope, the combination of orientation as well as air spaces can elevate the performance of a wall, ceiling or floor assembly well beyond the recognized R-values of the building materials alone.
How does 1” of P2000 thermally outperform 6” of fiberglass?
P2000 enhances the building envelope.
P2000 does not have any of the weaknesses that cause fiberglass to fail.
Satisfied clients – our greatest complement!
|P2000 makes for healthier homes and buildings. It does not support mold growth; does not “off-gas” harmful chemicals; does not release harmful airborne particles and P2000 provides versatility for new construction and retro-fits, wood frame, steel, concrete structures and all agriculture buildings.||Walls
Wood frame, steel frame, concrete block, poured concrete, concrete tilt-up panels
Flat or vaulted ceilings, can be applied under trusses or rafters
Installs over purlins, over roof decks, and under steel roofing
Under concrete, under radiant heat floors, over concrete slabs
For pipes, utility lines, water & sewer lines, and foundations
|Agriculture and Commercial/Industrial
HVAC-ductwork, truck bodies, refrigerated storage, radon barrier, vapor barrier
HVAC-ductwork, truck bodies, refrigerated storage, rado barrier, vapor barrier
P2000 is a high performance insulation system designed to address all three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.
The P2000 Insulation System™ combines thermal reflective technology with the high insulating properties of a specially formulated EPS foam core. This complete building system delivers remarkable energy savings and interior comfort in extreme temperature conditions.


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The world of cordless power tools is on the brink of a major revolution: graphene batteries.
With their incredible capacity, fast charging times, and significantly longer lifespans, these cutting-edge energy sources are poised to completely transform the way we use and power our tools.
We will explore the science behind graphene batteries, examine their advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries, and scrutinize the potential impact they will have on the future of cordless power tools.
Understanding Graphene: The Miracle Material
At the heart of this revolution lies graphene, a remarkable material that has been hailed as a game changer in many industries. Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, and although it is only one atom thick, it possesses some truly astonishing properties. These include:
- Exceptional strength: Graphene is 200 times stronger than steel, making it one of the strongest materials known to man.
- Superior conductivity: Graphene is an excellent conductor of both heat and electricity, surpassing even copper and silver in this regard.
- Flexibility and lightness: Despite its incredible strength, graphene is also remarkably flexible and lightweight, making it an ideal material for a wide range of applications.
It is these unique properties that make graphene the perfect candidate for revolutionizing battery technology and, by extension, cordless power tools.
Graphene Batteries: A Quantum Leap in Energy Storage
When it comes to batteries, the key factors that determine their performance are energy density (the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume), power density (the rate at which energy can be delivered), and cycle life (the number of times a battery can be charged and discharged before its capacity significantly decreases). Graphene batteries hold the potential to outperform traditional lithium-ion batteries in all of these aspects:
- Higher energy density: Thanks to its superior conductivity, graphene can store more energy per unit volume than lithium-ion batteries, which translates to longer runtimes for cordless power tools.
- Greater power density: The exceptional electron mobility in graphene allows for faster charging and discharging rates, meaning that power tools can be used more intensively and recharged more quickly.
- Improved cycle life: Graphene batteries are much more resilient and less prone to capacity loss over time, ensuring a longer lifespan and better long-term performance for cordless tools.
Moreover, graphene batteries also boast other advantages, such as better thermal management, reduced risk of thermal runaway (a major safety concern with lithium-ion batteries), and a more environmentally friendly production process.
Impact on the Cordless Power Tool Industry
With all these benefits in mind, it is clear that graphene batteries have the potential to revolutionize the cordless power tool industry in several ways:
- Better performance: The increased energy and power density of graphene batteries will enable cordless tools to deliver more power and operate for longer periods, rivaling or even surpassing their corded counterparts.
- Faster charging times: The ability to recharge tools rapidly will minimize downtime and boost productivity, especially in professional settings where time is of the essence.
- Longer tool lifespans: The extended cycle life of graphene batteries will not only save users money by reducing the need for frequent battery replacements, but also contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to tool use and disposal.
- New design possibilities: The unique properties of graphene, such as its strength, flexibility, and lightness, could enable manufacturers to create new, innovative tool designs that were previously unattainable with traditional battery technologies.
As graphene battery technology continues to advance and mature, it is only a matter of time before it becomes the new standard for cordless power tools, delivering unprecedented levels of performance, convenience, and sustainability.
Graphene batteries are poised to usher in a new era for cordless power tools, offering significant improvements in performance, charging speed, and longevity. As this groundbreaking technology continues to develop and gain traction, we can expect to see a profound transformation in the way we use and power our tools, ultimately making our lives easier, more productive, and more efficient.


Curbs and Edge Restraints
To ensure the longevity of your brickwork, the use of sand between the joints is crucial. The fine, compact particles of sand help the bricks interlock properly. However, over time, the sand can wash away and be replaced with dirt, making it easier for weeds to grow and weaken the interlocking structure. To combat this, using polymeric sand can help. Polymeric sand contains chemical or organic compounds that, when activated with water, adhere to the bricks and hold the sand in place, reducing maintenance and preventing weed growth. With polymeric sand, you can enjoy a durable and well-maintained brick driveway for longer.
Maintenance Check up and Re-Sanding
There are 3 main reasons why you should have you driveway sealed:
1) Aesthetically brings out the colour
2) Helps protects the bricks from oil and salt
3) Helps to hold the sand in between the joints
A common misconception is that when sealed, the brickwork becomes slippery. In some cases this is true, however this isn’t the fact with all brands and products. And even for those instances another product can be added to the mix to help give the sealant some grit to prevent slipping. It is recommended that reapplication occur every 2-3 years depending on the brand in order to maintain the protective layer and colour boost.


Multifaceted board products
With modern production lines and in skilled hands a large range of products comes into being including:
- Laminated pine boards
- Different components for furniture and joinery industry and kitchen manufacturing
- Components with different surface treatments
All the products will be manufactured according to customers’ requirements with the following limits:
- Length 300 Length 300 – 5000 mm
- Width 150 – 1000 mm
- Thickness 8 – 70 mm
Normal sanding is 120, others are according to customers’ requirements.
In the production we use only environmental friendly adhesives that are accepted in the furniture and other wood industries and agreed with our customers.
We manufacture boards of different quality grades (A, B, C and combinations) according to customers’ requirements.
Delivered on time and intact
The products are packaged according to the instructions of customers. Generally boards and components are packaged into pallets, wrapped with plastic and banded with steel bands, and each pallet is equipped with label.
Also wrapped separately
If needed we can wrap each board with plastic and equip with the product information and EAN-code.
Delivered on time to our customers
The transportation of goods is carried out by truck or as a container shipment by boat via the port of Oulu. The flexible and trustworthy logistic service is an essential part of our customer service.


In today’s digital age, displays have become an integral part of our daily lives. Whether it’s the screen of your smartphone, tablet, or television, optical clarity is paramount for an immersive and enjoyable viewing experience. Enter polycarbonate films, a revolutionary technology that offers crystal-clear optical properties. In this exploration, we will uncover the science and significance of polycarbonate films in displays.
The Display Revolution
The evolution of displays has been nothing short of extraordinary. From bulky cathode-ray tubes to sleek, high-definition screens, our demand for clarity and visual quality has propelled innovation. Optical clarity, defined as the ability of a material to transmit light without distortion, is the linchpin of this evolution.
The Rise of Polycarbonate Films
Polycarbonate, a versatile and robust thermoplastic, has emerged as a leading material for displays, thanks to polycarbonate film rolls exceptional optical properties:
- High Transparency: Polycarbonate films are renowned for their high transparency, allowing a significant amount of light to pass through without scattering or absorption. This property is critical for achieving vibrant and sharp images on displays.
- Low Birefringence: Birefringence refers to the extent to which a material refracts light into two different directions, causing optical distortion. Polycarbonate films exhibit low birefringence, ensuring that light passes through uniformly and emerges without distortion on the other side of the film.
- Surface Smoothness: The surface of polycarbonate films can be engineered to be exceptionally smooth, reducing scattering and minimizing glare. This results in displays with minimal reflection and high contrast.
- Durability: Polycarbonate is inherently impact-resistant and scratch-resistant. When used as a protective layer in displays, it shields the underlying screen from damage, ensuring long-lasting clarity.
Applications of Polycarbonate Films in Displays
Polycarbonate films find applications in various types of displays:
- Smartphones and Tablets: Polycarbonate films serve as protective layers on the screens of mobile devices, safeguarding against scratches and providing excellent optical clarity.
- Televisions: In flat-screen TVs, polycarbonate films contribute to the sharpness and vibrancy of images while offering durability.
- Computer Monitors: PC monitors benefit from polycarbonate films that reduce glare and ensure consistent clarity, enhancing the user experience.
- Automotive Displays: Displays in modern vehicles often use polycarbonate films to provide clear visibility for navigation, entertainment, and driver information systems.
The Future of Displays with Polycarbonate Films
As display technology continues to advance, polycarbonate films are poised to play an even more significant role. Their ability to deliver optical clarity while offering durability aligns perfectly with the demands of emerging technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) displays. These films can enhance the immersive experience by providing high-quality visuals and reducing optical distortions.
Polycarbonate films have become a cornerstone of the modern display industry, providing the optical clarity and durability needed to deliver exceptional visual experiences. As technology continues to push the boundaries of display quality, polycarbonate films stand as a testament to the crucial role that materials science plays in shaping our digital world, where “crystal clear” is not just an aspiration but an achievable reality.


As part of its strategy as a full-service automotive industry supplier, on 13 June chemical giant BASF gave an in-depth display of its capabilities in the plastics sector. Although it provided plenty of examples of applications, the German multinational emphasised that it continues to explore new fields in which to innovate.
BASF’s versatility was on full display in the exhibition area adjacent to the assembly hall at the CIDAUT (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo del Automóvil – Research and Development Center in Transport & Energy) on the Boecillo Technology Park in Valladolid. The star attraction was a velocipede inspired by the original 1865 invention but built using 24 different types of plastic and powered by an electric battery.
BASF combines versatility with sustainability and its influence in this field was the central theme of the day’s first presentation. Sustainability, Toxicology and Environment Manager Dagoberto Schmid emphasised the importance of managing and controlling these parameters throughout the value chain, explaining that this is achieved via “responsible purchasing policies and production models.” Mr Schmid then described what the firm calls Accelerator solutions designed “to help meet demand for individual mobility whilst minimising environmental impact.” He also stressed the firm’s focus on “cutting costs for both producers and end-users,” referring to the company’s advances in fields like batteries, catalytic converters and biodiesel.
The next talk was given by member of the Plastics Engineering Department Johan Martin Szeifert, who described application of a high-performance material ― Ultramid Advanced N ― in electrical and electronic systems. This material’s mechanical properties remain constant between -40 and 100 °C, it minimises water consumption and offers excellent dimensional stability, it is characterised by outstanding chemical resistance and it is easier to process than other polyphthalamides (PPAs).
Mr Szeifert highlighted Ultramid Advanced N’s excellent resistance when storing coolants at high temperatures and gave special mention to its wear and abrasion properties. He ended by stressing its fire-resistance before saying “BASF is already working on new fire-resistant grades.”
Daniel Tarrés and Jaume Heras, representing the Polyurethane Systems department within the Advanced Materials unit, described the role played by polyurethane (PU) in minimising noise, vibration and unwelcome sound in the vehicle interior to enhance acoustic comfort. “It neutralises wind and vehicle chassis noise in various ways ―by insulating, absorbing and dampening. As polyurethane is porous and has a low density, its absorption capacity is enormous,” explained Mr Tarrés.
He then referred to the Cellasto foam and its performance in minimising cockpit vibrations before commenting that PU is cheap and easy to manufacture. “We offer a wide range of compact and medium- and high-density products,” he explained.
Mr Heras then described PU’s multiple applications as a low-density foam in the engine compartment, roof, floor, wheel openings, engine cover, oil tank and various vehicle cavities.
This latter operation is performed after painting the vehicle and before transferring it to the assembly shop. He also mentioned the advantages in terms of shorter process times and, above all, the significant weight savings, which can be as high as 25%. The manager for this new material also mentioned ElastoFoam, a high-density foam with applications in the engine cover, a part for which demands are high because it is visible to end-users.
The foam’s fire-resistant properties mean it is also used as an oil tank coating. Finally, he described ElastoFlex, a flexible viscoelastic foam that offers high acoustic performance and low weight, thereby contributing to emissions reductions.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Manager Francisco Pallás spoke about one of the products that most represents BASF’s range of advanced plastics ― Elastollan. Mr Pallás described thermoplastic polyurethane as a material with high tensile strength and tear resistance as well as being highly resistant to abrasion and impacts at low temperatures. It is a low-viscosity soft-touch product characterised by its pleasant, dry feel. Its main application benefits lie in the design freedom it offers, its long-term stability and its excellent haptic properties.
Mr Pallás listed applications in bearings, boots, shock absorber parts, cabling, connectors and gearstick knobs. He then referred to use of the HPM variant in external applications like windscreen wiper bases and engine compartment parts. This variant is made in a cost-saving two-stroke moulding process. For soft-touch interior applications, like cupholders, aliphatic variants of Elastollan HPM are used. Other noteworthy exterior applications include the airbumps found on several Citroën models.
Among the firm’s latest medium-term developments, Mr Pallás mentioned expanded thermoformed polyurethane, the first of its type in the world. This BASF product is marketed as Infinergy and has applications in machinery and consumer products. However, “We’re looking for automotive applications and ways of meeting the needs of our clients in the sector,” he explained.
The last talk on high-performance plastics was given by Manuel Morgado, who explored solutions based on renewable natural fibres like hemp, wood and kenaf combined with the Acrodur aqueous binder. Using this material can cut weight by 40% when compared with ABS-type plastics and by 20% when compared with polypropylene-reinforced natural fibres (PP). Furthermore, it offers thermomechanical stability at temperatures above 220 °C.
Among BASF’s new composite developments, Acrodur stands out for providing the load capacity and heat resistance required of lightweight components. Various models, among them the Mercedes-Benz E-Class, have benefited from weight reductions of up to 40% by replacing metal with composites, production of which also brings significant time savings.
Finally, BASF’s Coatings Division’s Lorenzo Peña described the i-Gloss anti-scratch clearcoat that keeps vehicles looking as good as new for 10 years.


Luis M. Campos has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University since 2011. He was born in Guadalajara, Mexico, and moved at an early age to Los Angeles. He received a B.Sc. in Chemistry from CSU Dominguez Hills in 2001, and a Ph.D. from the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry at UCLA in 2006 working under the supervision of M. A. Garcia-Garibay and K. N. Houk. At UCLA, he was awarded the NSF Predoctoral Fellowship, Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowship, and the Saul & Silvia Winstein Award for his graduate research in solid-state photochemistry. Switching to materials chemistry, he went to UCSB as a UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellow to work under the supervision of C. J. Hawker at the Materials Research Laboratory. At Columbia, his group’s research interests lie in polymer chemistry, self-assembly, and organic electronic materials. To date, he has published over 60 articles and 9 patents, and has been recipient of the ACS Arthur C. Cope Scholar, ONR Young Investigator, NSF CAREER, 3M Non-Tenured Faculty, and the Cottrell Scholar Awards.


Using multiple panes of glass, ranging from 6.8mm to 25mm for individual glass sheets, the soundproofing performance capabilities are huge. Using a unique timber frame system that is decoupled from the host wall to minimise the potential for vibration isolation, the design helps in ensuring the best possible acoustic seal for soundproof windows. A combination of different pane thicknesses and varying air gaps are used for studio windows and glazed screens depending on the host wall thickness, its construction and the required acoustic performance for studio sound insulation.
Standard Acoustic Windows
For newly constructed openings, a range of standard sized soundproof windows and acoustic performances are available as a cost effective option whilst still achieving set noise control values. The standard range of performances starts at Rw 30dB rising to Rw 70dB. All window frames are available in a range of different finishes or can be painted.
Bespoke Acoustic Windows
As well as the physical studio window design, additional finishes can be applied such as custom RAL colours to match the host wall colour scheme and various films to control light including one-way vision, tinting and etched / opaque effects.


Technotex 2021 Navigation
- Healthcare/hygiene products - Include beddings & clothings for medical purpose, surgical clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and adult diapers.
- Non-implantable materials - For wound care that includes absorbent pad (wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages (simple inelastic/elastic, orthopaedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding)
- Textiles in extracorporeal devices - Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs
- Implantable materials - Like sutures (biodegradable and non-biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon(meshes), artificial ligament, artificial cartilage, orthopedic implants, artificial joint, cardiovascular implants, vascular grafts


A reader recently asked me “does mineral makeup really protect your skin from the sun?” Mineral particles can block UV rays. Some mineral makeup powders actually are labeled with an SPF and call themselves mineral makeup SPF sunscreens. How does this work and is it good enough?
The question of mineral powder sun protection is a really important question and I wanted to share my answer with you.
There is no true definition for the term ‘mineral makeup.
Products can claim to be ‘mineral makeup’ and contain a broad range of ingredients. That is because the term ‘mineral makeup’ is not strictly – or legally – defined as discussed in this article from the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
Products labeled as ‘mineral makeup’ can be found as loose powders, pressed and baked powders and liquid foundations. They may contain varying amounts of inert mineral particles, meaning particles derived from the earth’s minerals. They may also contain other ingredients such as liquids, fillers and fragrances.
Mineral makeup powders made from mineral particles will scatter some UV rays
All makeup with mineral particles provides some sun protection because mineral particles will scatter UV rays. Mineral particles are also the active ingredients in mineral sunscreens. I think mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, are the best sunscreens for sun protection because of this scattering mechanism of protection. When you layer your skin with mineral particles, they act like little barriers to prevent UV rays from passing into your skin; the UV ray hits a mineral particle and bounces off the particle and back into space – sparing your skin. The simplicity of the mechanism is brilliant!
What is mineral makeup?
The particles in mineral makeup often include zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (our mineral sunscreen minerals) as well as others like iron oxide and even clay. You can see how this layer of minerals on your skin can provide a nice barrier to block UV rays.
Why isn’t mineral makeup powder sunscreen good enough alone to sun protect your skin?
The BIG problem with mineral makeup sunscreen powder is that you want to be free to apply your makeup solely for the look you want to achieve. You don’t want to have to cake on your makeup for sun protection – and that’s what you would need to do! For this reason, as of my update of this post in 2023, the FDA says that more data on mineral makeup powder sunscreen is needed before they will determine if they are safe and effective to protect skin and claim a specific SPF value. I agree.
With any sunscreen, you are only protected if you apply the correct and sufficient amount of sunscreen.
We don’t know what that is for mineral powder but it would need to be a lot!
- The official recommendation for cream and lotion sunscreen is that you need 1 tsp of sunscreen for the “head and neck” in order to get the full SPF of protection from the product. This includes skin surface of the ears, behind the ears, and the back of the neck. It also allows for scalp coverage in someone with hair loss.
- For the average person applying facial sunscreen, I have found that a 1/3 teaspoon amount of mineral SPF 30 sunscreen gives reliable protection for the face. I add another 1/3 tsp for the neck and ears. This of course depends on the size of your face, hairstyle, shirt collar and other factors that impact your exposed skin surface area.
As always, however, you need to be paying attention to how well your sun protection strategy is working; if you notice your skin tanning, then you know that you need to be applying more product. This is why I recommend that you apply mineral zinc oxide sunscreen first and dusting mineral makeup on top.
Mineral makeup applied over sunscreen gives you the best protection.
The IDEAL solution for facial sun protection is to apply a beautiful, mineral-rich makeup over a broad spectrum SPF 30+ mineral zinc oxide sunscreen – you will have 2 layers of protective mineral particles on your skin AND you can create the makeup look that you want to achieve. It’s what I do for my fair 64-ish year old complexion! – Dermatologist Dr. Cynthia Bailey
I use a tinted mineral zinc oxide sunscreen and my mineral makeup powders. Specifically I wear my Sheer Strength Pure Physical Matte Tinted SPF 50+ Sunscreen on my face and apply makeup over it.
Pro-tip: Layer a mineral makeup powder over a tinted zinc oxide sunscreen for the best protection and makeup coverage
I personally layer my mineral makeup powder on top of my tinted sunscreen. I get great coverage. The Matte texture of my sunscreen is a great makeup primer for the powder. It is also formulated with over 3.2% iron oxide to block visible and digital light known to contribute to skin damage and pigment problems. I start my day knowing that my skin is really well protected.
I use my Baked Mineral Makeup Foundation when I wear foundation. Every day I use my Loose Blush and Eye Trio. These products are gentle for the most sensitive skin. To see all of my mineral makeup powders click here. They give you a naturally flawless appearing complexion, and provide an almost impenetrable fortress of mineral particles to fend off UV rays.
Mineral powder dusted over mineral sunscreen is the naturally elegant solution to living on a sunny planet and taking good care of our skin. – Dr. Bailey
Overview of my mineral powder foundation makeup:
Loose Mineral Makeup Powder made with kaolin clay to absorb excess oil throughout the day.
Pressed Mineral Makeup is applied with a sponge.
Mineral Baked Foundation to apply with a brush.


Chemical Reactions Power Microscale Origami Machines to Self-Fold
Researchers at Cornell University have created microscale origami machines that are self-folding, thanks to chemical reactions. The team was led by Nicholas Abbott, a Tisch University Professor in the Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering in Cornell Engineering. The machines can operate in dry environments and at room temperature, freeing them from the liquids in which they usually function.
The machines could one day be used to create tiny autonomous devices that can respond rapidly to their chemical environment. Previously, chemical reactions that could only occur in extreme conditions, such as at high temperatures, have been used to power microscale robots. These were often tediously slow, making the approach impractical for everyday technological applications.
Abbott’s group discovered that a small section of the chemical reaction pathway contained both slow and fast steps. The group was able to leverage that rapid kinetic moment by using ultrathin platinum sheets capped with titanium, developed by Itai Cohen, professor of physics, and Paul McEuen, the John A. Newman Professor of Physical Science, both in the College of Arts and Sciences, and David Muller, the Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Engineering in Cornell Engineering.
The team used electronic structure calculations to dissect the chemical reaction that occurs when hydrogen — adsorbed to the material — is exposed to oxygen. The researchers exploited the crucial moment that the oxygen quickly strips the hydrogen, causing the atomically thin material to deform and bend like a hinge. The system can operate at 20 degrees Celsius in dry environments, with a response time of 600 milliseconds per cycle.
“We are really excited because this work paves the way to microscale origami machines that work in gaseous environments,” said Itai Cohen.
The researchers expect to apply the technique to other catalytic metals, such as palladium and palladium gold alloys, which could lead to autonomous material systems in which the controlling circuitry and onboard computation are handled by the material’s response.
The research was supported by the Cornell Center for Materials Research, which is supported by the National Science Foundation’s MRSEC program, the Army Research Office, the NSF, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science.
Overall, the creation of these self-folding microscale origami machines is a promising step toward the development of tiny, autonomous devices that could revolutionize the field of robotics


Soundchip integrates complex acoustic functionality in Printed-Circuit-Boards
Soundstrate technology combines acoustic and electrical layers within a Printed Circuit Board substrate to reduce the size and cost of complex audio networks
Genève, Switzerland, 28 November 2011 – Soundchip SA, a Swiss based innovator in audio systems technology and originator of the HD-PA® Reference, today announced the availability of Soundstrate PCB technology.
Soundstrate PCB technology simplifies the design and manufacture of complex audio systems by replacing bulky audio waveguides and cabling with a single structure that is capable of communicating sound and electrical signals between installed components and the outside world.
Soundstrate PCB technology integrates audio components, waveguides, electronics and acousto-mechanical filters within a single, self-contained substrate structure, which may be customized to suit each application.
Soundstrate PCB technology can be developed using standard printed-circuit-board methods, but where standard PCBs incorporate an electrical circuit on each layer, Soundstrate PCB technology also incorporates acoustic layers, which may comprise waveguides, acoustic filters and active components. Communication between layers is achieved by placing acoustic as well as electrical vias in the circuit.
Design of acoustic layers within the Soundstrate PCB requires proprietary design tools whilst fabrication demands a modified manufacturing process capable of forming the acoustic channels within the PCB’s structure. The cost of these additional steps is kept low through the use of standard, highly automated processes within the production flow.
Mark Donaldson, Soundchip’s CEO, said, “Soundstrate PCB technology represents an exciting new approach to audio system design providing an innovative means of deploying complex audio circuits within compact geometries while at the same time reducing part count and cost.”


Switches and electrical receptacles require to be covered on the walls through the use of wall plate covers that can be mounted easily on the wall. These wall plates are designed in different ways where there can be a single hole up to four holes. The number of holes present will influence the number of devices that are likely to be connected to the switch, socket or the electrical receptacle. Other than purchasing wall units, one can request the manufacturer to make custom made wall plates where one will give the specifications on the number of holes that will be used for attaching devices to the switch or electrical spectacle. The wall plate covers are usually made using a variety of materials depending on the choice of a person including brass, aluminum, copper, bronze, plastic, wood, porcelain, steel, ceramic and any other suitable material. The choice of any material used in manufacturing the wall plates depends on the environment it will be operating, its application as well as the aesthetics of any given environment.
There are a variety of wall plates depending on how they are to be used including blank wall plate, blank TV, data jack, cover for duplex outlet, phone jack, plate for toggle switch, decorative, combination as well as screwless wall plate. The purpose of these wall plates is to protect the switches and the electrical receptacles while also providing some decorations on the wall that is likely to cover some wall imperfections while they can contrast or blend in the wall. Screws are usually used in the installation of wall plates. When the wall plates are installed on surfaces that are not structurally strong such as the drywalls and plasters where a mountain bracket is highly recommended to enhance the strength of these attachment points for the wall plate.
The electrical receptacles that are covered by the wall plate cover are devices that allow equipment that requires electricity to operate to be connected to the power supply in a building or any other sites. The insulated sleeves, socket apertures that have blocking shutters, recessed sockets as well as those receptacles that are only made to accept those plugs that are compatible to it and they also need to be inserted in the recommended correct orientation are some other devices that can be used instead of wall plate covers to enhance safety.
Wall plate covers usually prevent exposure of long cables on the wall surface only exposing just a few short wires. These wall plates also enhance the decorations in a building hence making it more beautiful.