Tapered roller bearings are generally used to support combined load mainly consisting of radial load. The bearing capacity depends on the angle of outer ring raceway, the larger the Angle, the greater the carrying capacity. Their cups are separable and easy to assembly. According to the columns of the rolling body, it can be divided into single row , double row, and four-row tapered roller bearing.
Tapered roller bearings has cone inner ring and outer ring raceway, the tapered roller is installed in between. The projection lines of all the tapered surfaces meet at a common point on the bearing axis, this design makes tapered roller bearings suitable for undertake composite load. The axial load capacity of the bearing is largely determined by the contact Angle, the greater the Angle, the higher the axial load capacity.
Tapered roller bearings are widely used in automobile, rolling mill, mining, metallurgy, plastic machinery and other industries.


Nephrite consists of a microcrystalline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron rich amphibole mineral series tremolite (calcium-magnesium)-ferroactinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The middle member of this series with an intermediate composition is called actinolite (the silky fibrous mineral form is one form of asbestos). The higher the iron content, the greener the colour.
Jadeite is a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene. The gem form of the mineral is a microcrystalline interlocking crystal matrix.


Title: Understanding Steel Disc CDC-449: Causes of Failure and Related Keywords
Steel discs are critical components used in various applications, including automotive clutches, brakes, and industrial machinery. The Steel Disc CDC-449 serves as a specific steel disc designed for certain applications. However, steel discs can experience failure over time due to various factors. In this comprehensive article, we will explore the potential reasons for steel disc failure, delve into related keywords, and provide detailed explanations.
1. Causes of Failure:
1.1 Wear and Tear: Continuous use and friction between the steel disc and mating surfaces can cause wear over time. Factors such as high loads, temperature fluctuations, or abrasive contaminants can lead to material degradation, loss of thickness, or surface damage, resulting in reduced performance or steel disc failure.
1.2 Overheating: Excessive heat generated during operation can cause the steel disc to undergo thermal stress and deformation. Overheating can lead to warping, loss of flatness, or reduced structural integrity of the disc, compromising its performance and reliability.
1.3 Excessive Load: Subjecting the steel disc to loads beyond its specified capacity can cause failure. Excessive load can result in permanent deformation, cracking, or structural failure of the disc, leading to compromised functionality or complete failure.
1.4 Corrosion: Exposure to corrosive environments or inadequate corrosion protection can lead to corrosion of the steel disc. Corrosion can result in pitting, rust formation, or surface irregularities, weakening the disc’s structural integrity and reducing its overall performance.
2. Related Keywords:
2.1 Steel Disc Replacement: This keyword encompasses various topics related to the inspection, replacement, and proper installation techniques for steel discs, including compatibility considerations, dimension specifications, and troubleshooting steps.
2.2 Disc Brake System: Keywords related to disc brake systems highlight the importance of proper maintenance, including brake pad replacement, rotor resurfacing, and caliper inspection, to ensure optimal performance and prevent steel disc failure.
2.3 Load Capacity: Keywords related to load capacity address the significance of adhering to the specified load limits for steel discs to prevent structural failure and ensure safe operation.
2.4 Corrosion Protection: Keywords related to corrosion protection emphasize the importance of using appropriate coatings, surface treatments, or environmental controls to prevent corrosion and extend the lifespan of steel discs.
3. Further Explanations:
Regular inspection and maintenance of steel discs, including the CDC-449, are crucial to detect signs of wear, deformation, or corrosion. Monitoring for abnormal noise, reduced braking performance, or visual irregularities can help identify potential steel disc failure.
Proper installation techniques, including following manufacturer guidelines, ensuring correct mating surfaces, and using proper torquing procedures, are essential for reliable and safe operation of the steel disc.
Applying suitable protective measures, such as corrosion-resistant coatings, proper cleaning procedures, and avoiding exposure to corrosive environments, can help mitigate the risk of corrosion-related failure and extend the life of the steel disc.
Ensuring the steel disc operates within the specified load limits and avoiding excessive loads or sudden impacts will help prevent structural failure and maintain optimal performance.
The Steel Disc CDC-449 serves as a critical component in various applications, including clutches and brakes. Understanding the potential causes of steel disc failure, along with related keywords and explanations, is essential for users and technicians. Regular maintenance, proper installation techniques, load capacity considerations, and corrosion protection are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness and longevity of the CDC-449 steel disc. By following these best practices, users can optimize the performance, reliability, and safety of their applications, minimizing the risk of steel disc failure and ensuring efficient operation.
SOOPART NO. : 752449
G900 Models, L90E, L110E, L120E, L150E, L180E
MARINE & INDUSTRY:
Reference Number :
STEEL DISC CDC-449
Competitive price and high-quality parts, meets our customers needs. We are proud of the quality of offered parts.
We offer Volvo Truck, Volvo Bus, Volvo Construction and Volvo Penta (Generator) parts also Scania Truck and Bus spare parts in Canada and to our customers in Middle East.
You can find a good variety of complex parts, such as the steering system, hydraulic equipment and driveshaft, engine parts, gearbox and engine gears, electronic parts and sensors for heavy duty needs in our list.
Being in business for more than a quarter of a century means that we succeed.


A "riveting" look at seawall materials!
When it comes to owning and protecting a waterfront home, the seawall is an important part of your property. A seawall performs two major functions: physically protecting your property from losing land mass to erosion from a water front, and also designating the boundary of your private property.
If you are deciding between seawall materials, here is some helpful information! Bear in mind that it is common to combine different types of seawall materials to suit your individual needs (like a vinyl seawall covering concrete, or a rip rap seawall covering vinyl).
Concrete seawalls have been the industry standard. Their expected lifespan is thirty years. Often they may exceed their lifespan. The important factor in a concrete seawall’s lifespan is the strength of the reinforcing steel, which must be protected from the corrosive water. The reinforcing steel is typically protected by a concrete cover. Concrete seawalls will require ongoing maintenance, usually repairs to cracks and holes in the concrete cover to prevent corrosion of the reinforcing steel. These damages occur naturally from exposure to marine conditions.
Vinyl seawalls have a greater life expectancy than concrete, lasting up to fifty years. It could also be considered more aesthetically pleasing – from color choice, to the fact that vinyl seawalls will not corrode, rust, crack, or rot from sea water. Vinyl may be installed in front of an old concrete seawall. The installation process is also generally less invasive and time-consuming, as vinyl weighs less than concrete and doesn’t require the same heavy equipment to install. Vinyl does have height limitations, and may not be driven into certain hard surfaces.
A rip rap seawall is one composed of rocks, stones, and other material arranged along the wall, giving protection from corrosion while also delivering a beautiful and natural look. The rip rap absorbs waves coming toward your property, dissipating the wave’s energy and protecting your seawall from erosion. It will also provide a habitat for marine life, allowing plants and animals to thrive right in your backyard. Rip rap is fairly simple to maintain and repair, although it requires annual examination to ensure stability.


Yi Zhang, Kun Jiang*, Fuchun Zhang, Jian Wang, and Ziqiang Wang*. Atomic line defects and topological superconductivity in unconventional superconductors. Phys. Rev. X 11, 011041 (2021).
 Yi Zhang, Kun Jiang, Ziqiang Wang, and Fuchun Zhang*. Correlated insulating phases of twisted bilayer graphene at commensurate filling fractions: A Hartree-Fock study. Phys. Rev. B 102, 035136 (2020).
 Yi Zhang*, Hanna Terletska, Ka-Ming Tam, Yang Wang, Markus Eisenbach, Liviu Chioncel, and Mark Jarrell. Locally self-consistent embedding approach for disordered electronic systems. Phys. Rev. B 100, 054205 (2019).
 Yi Zhang, R. Nelson, K.-M. Tam, W. Ku, U. Yu, N. S. Vidhyadhiraja, H. Terletska, J. Moreno, M. Jarrell, and T. Berlijn*. Origin of localization in Ti-doped Si. Phys. Rev. B 98, 174204 (2018).
 Yi Zhang*, Y. F. Zhang, S. X. Yang, K.-M. Tam, N. S. Vidhyadhiraja, and M. Jarrell. Calculation of two-particle quantities in the typical medium dynamical cluster approximation. Phys. Rev. B 95, 144208 (2017).


MAKE AN ENQUIRY
Your free registration will give you an all-access pass to not only Thermal Technologies Expo but also to Ceramics Expo, North America’s leading event for the technical ceramic supply chain. Ceramics Expo brings together 3,000 attendees and 220+ leading suppliers & manufacturers spanning every key end-user sector including aerospace, defense, automotive, energy and medical.
Smarter Shows (Tarsus) Ltd. is an international exhibitions and conferences organizer focusing on technical events for the manufacturing and engineering sectors. Smarter Shows’ portfolio of events includes Space Tech Expo USA, Space Tech Expo Europe, Ceramics Expo, Foam Expo, Foam Expo Europe, Foam Expo China, Adhesives & Bonding Expo and Adhesives & Bonding Expo Europe.


The iForm Difference: Pioneering Composite Building Technology
At the forefront of the UK’s composite building industry, iForm has distinguished itself through its revolutionary composite panel technology. Conceived by iForm Chairman Mr. Michael Holmes in 1986, this technology was born out of a vision to create a building material that seamlessly combined structural strength with lightweight, insulated properties. The result? Portable and modular buildings that defy industry norms.
Built for Exceptional Quality and Sustainability
iForm’s commitment to quality is embedded in its DNA. As the leading composite building supplier in the UK, the company’s ISO9001 Quality certification and Government VCA Approval underscore its unwavering dedication to excellence. Every aspect of construction, from the senior leadership to on-site contractors, is driven by an obsession with quality and meticulous attention to detail.
Environmental Stewardship: Turning Bottles into Buildings
One of iForm’s standout features is its commitment to sustainability. The company produces its composite panels from an astounding 99% recycled plastic, making it the most sustainable building material of its kind. This innovative approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also positions iForm as a trailblazer in the sustainable construction space.
Global Impact: Solving Housing Crises through Innovation
iForm’s impact extends beyond its innovative engineering. With over 35 years of experience and a diverse portfolio of structures crafted from 99% recycled plastic bottles, iForm is contributing to the resolution of global housing and building crises. Backed by Government, Corporate, and Export contracts, the company is now poised for substantial growth to meet escalating demand.
iForm’s Path to Growth: Impact Investing Opportunity
As iForm scales up to meet global demand, United Advisers recognizes a unique opportunity for impact investing. The company’s growth trajectory is supported by contracts from the UK Government, Corporate partnerships, and international demand. Notably, iForm is set to construct a manufacturing plant that will revolutionize recycling by turning Corporate partners’ plastic waste into sustainable buildings, creating hundreds of job opportunities in the process.
Justin MacRae’s Perspective: A Testament to iForm’s Impact
Justin MacRae, Fund Manager at Fortunis Venture Capital Evolved, expresses excitement about iForm joining the Impact Fund. He says: “‘Whether you look along the coastline of the UK, or at Educational Facilities and even further afield, you can see iForm’s presence by way of its buildings that continually serve a purpose all year and come with over a 200-year guarantee.” MacRae looks forward to funding the construction of iForm’s innovative manufacturing plant, which aligns with the vision of recycling plastic waste into sustainable structures while fostering job creation.
In conclusion, iForm’s journey is not just a narrative of sustainable construction; it’s a testament to the transformative power of impact investing. As the company continues to redefine the industry, the opportunity for investors to be a part of iForm’s sustainable legacy is both compelling and forward-thinking.
This communication is not intended to constitute, and should not be construed as, investment advice, investment recommendations or investment research. You should seek advice from a professional adviser before embarking on any financial planning activity.


From the maker of Little Cheeks:
I am in love with our new FLOWER pacifier clips!
These pacifier clips come with a stainless steel clip, helping to keep your baby's pacifier in place. Although the clips are safe, they are not intended to be chewed.
- Beads are made from 100% food grade silicone
- Non-toxic (no BPA, lead, PVC, phthalates)
- Stainless steel clip
- Nylon cord
- Wood safety bead
- US Safety Standards - ASTM F963-17
- Canadian Safety Standards - CCPSA - SOR/2011-17


Concentrated degreasing detergent for motorbikes and scooters. Specific for engines, mechanical parts, forks, chassis, wheels degreasing and over all mechanical parts like exhausts, crowns, bolts, chains etc.
Ideal for cleaning mechanical parts in ultrasonic washing machines.
Way of use: cool down the surface before nebulizing the product, if you do it using water, turn up the product concentration to keep the cleaning action.
Low pressure sprayer application: dilute 1:5 to 1:10 with water, spray over the surface, wait about 1 minute, then rinse with high pressure water jet.
Ultrasonic parts washer: dilute 8-10% in water, use a maximum temperature of 45°C, rinse with water after cleaning.


Known as carbazole violet, Pigment Violet 23 is a dioxazine pigment of blue tone. Novoprime Pigment Violet 23 is of good chroma, high coloring strength and extraordinary heat and light resistance, serving industries require high performance violet, like automotive and decorative coatings, gravure and water flexo inks, plastics and textile printing.Pigment Violet 23 is Crenovo's core product. With a sophisticated factory of 1,000 MT/year's capacity, Crenovo produces PV23 from crude to pigment, from ball milling to kneading, presents 9 segmented types meeting critical requirements of different industries.
Pigmented with ball mill, optimized for water system.
|RL||standard type for waterborne system, reddish and high chroma.||TDS|
|BL||bluish type for waterborne system.||TDS|
|RLN||optimized type for water based ink, reddish, easy dispersible, water stable.||TDS|
|RLX||specialized type for textile printing,Reddish, clear shade, high strength.||TDS|
|RLS||standard type for solvent system, reddish, good rheology.||TDS|
|BLS||bluish type for solvent system, good rheology.||TDS|
|RLS-2R||extra-reddish type for solvent system.||TDS|
|RLS-G||specialized type for solvent based gravure ink, reddish, better rheology and stability.||TDS|
|BLS-G||specialized type for solvent based gravure ink, bluish, better rheology and stability.||TDS|
Low FPV, easy dispersible in plastics.
|RLP||specialized type for plastics, reddish, easy dispersible.||TDS|
|BLP||specialized type for plastics, bluish, easy dispersible.||TDS|


We have already talked about the closure of the bottle, about the process that surrounds
it, and, especially, about the materials used. Along with cork, synthetic and natural
stoppers, now a new addition closures the range of Cuatro Rayas’ wines. We are talking
about a cork made from polymers derived from sugar cane.
The new kind of cork provides a high-quality closure, although its main advantage has
to do with the control of oxygen ingress in the bottle. In addition to the oxygen control,
another particular feature is that it is the world’s first virtually zero carbon footprint
closure for fine wines.
Another of the advantages is that this kind of closure doesn’t provide flaws to the wine.
Furthermore, it has an excellent mechanical action in the closure, in other words, it
corks perfectly and keeps good closure conditions, at the very least, for five years. It is
certainly a great innovation in the wine sector that, in this case, benefits from a
vegetable raw material such wonderful as the sugar cane. Environment-friendly,
sustainable, easy-to- uncork and provides all guarantees for wine preservation. These are
the new stoppers that seal the wines of Cuatro Rayas Winery. Could we ask for more?


Global refractories market set to ignite, and to blaze a trail to $35 bn by 2028
Release Time：2023-04-28??Browsing Volume：100?
Apr. 27, 2023 - Driven by the strong mechanical strength, and growing demand from the iron and steel industry the global refractories market is forecasted to cross US$ 35 bn by 2028, according a recent research study.
Refractory materials are non-metallic minerals possessing chemical and physical properties. It is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attacks and retains its strength and form. Refractories are more heat resistant than metals and are used to line the hot surfaces inside industrial processes.
There are 5 key insights on this high opportunity market being shared by the latest research study.
1. The Soaring Infrastructure Development and Growing Steel Industry Augmenting the Demand Refractories
The Global Refractories Market is expected to witness positive growth during the forecast period, owing to its strong mechanical strength and its resistive property of decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attacks. According to the study estimates, the Global Refractories Market is estimated to be about US$ 25 Bn by 2022 and is expected to grow further to more than US$ 35 billion opportunity by 2028, witnessing growth at a CAGR of 5% during the forecast period 2022- 2028. Asia- Pacific is the most dominating region in the global refractories market. As the refractories market has no alternative and has wide applications, therefore it holds a minimum threat to be replaced by any substitute in the near future. According to the World Refractories Association, one ton of steel requires approximately 10-15 kg of refractories to line the furnace in which it is produced. Without the protective material property of refractories, the furnace could not contain the molten steel.
2. Iron and Steel Surge in Automotive Sector Drives the Market Growth; High Demand for Refractories Observed
The demand for refractories is increasing due to an increase in demand for various industries like the automotive industry, energy and chemical industry, and others. The rise in demand for iron and steel in the automotive industry due to the surge in EVs is adding to the growth of the refractories market. Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’ Automobile (OCIA), in 2021 quoted approx. 80.15 million vehicles were produced around the world, witnessing a growth rate of 3% compared to approx. 77 million vehicles in 2020, thereby enhancing the consumption of refractories for the manufacturing of vehicle body parts.
3. Overdependence on the Iron and Steel Industry, Companies Face Limited Opportunities in Market Expansion
The over-dependence of the refractories market on the iron and steel industry is a major challenge for the refractory market. The lining of a reactor, transport vessel or kiln uses a wide range of refractory products including bricks, monolithic, and high-temperature insulation wool. Refractories provide mechanical strength, protection against corrosion, and thermal insulation. According to World Refractories Association, 70% of the refractories are sold to the steel industry and the rest 30% of the share is covered by other end users like power generation, cement, glass, petrochemical, chemical, and paper & pulp. Thus, the downfall of the iron & steel industry would lead to a decline in the refractories market, restraining the market to grow.
4. A Significant Market Share held by the Brick and Shaped Segment, Also Likely to Showcase High Growth
The Refractories market is anticipated to be dominated by the brick and shaped segment during the forecasted period. The shaped bricks are specially made for particular kilns and furnaces and are generally machine-pressed. Furthermore, owing to its high use in metal and non-metal industries, the brick and shaped segment is likely to hold a significant market share. For instance, according to China’s Five-Year Plan unveiled in January 2022, the construction industry is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 6% in 2022, hence indicating more production of steel leading to the growth of brick and shaped segment.
5. Asia Pacific Recognized as Largest Regional Market, Manufacturing and Industrialization Chipping in Aggressively
Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the Global Refractories Market during the forecast period. In Asia Pacific region, China is the largest economy having a large number of manufacturing and production industries in the world. As China possesses local availability of raw materials it dominates the refractories market in terms of consumption and production.


Lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in the non-rechargeable lithium battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics. They are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with one of the best energy densities, no memory effect, and only a slow loss of charge when not in use. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for a military, electric vehicle, and aerospace applications. Research is yielding a stream of improvements to traditional LIB technology, focusing on energy density, durability, cost, and intrinsic safety.
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types. Handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide(LiCoO2), which offers high energy density, but have well-known safety concerns, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) offer lower energy density, but longer lives and inherent safety. These chemistries are being widely used for electric tools, medical equipment, and other roles. NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lithium titanate (LTO) are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles.


PLA crystallization and drying in minutes instead of hourside
Polylactide (PLA) continues to enjoy increasing popularity. A particular challenge in processing is crystallization and drying. Because PLA is a hygroscopic thermoplastic, it readily absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. The presence of even small amounts of moisture hydrolyzes the biopolymer in the melt phase and reduces the molecular weight. As a result, the mechanical properties of PLA decrease and the quality of the final product is compromised. Therefore, PLA must be thoroughly dried directly before melt-processing. In many cases, recycled polymer must also be crystallized before drying.
With its infrared rotary drum (IRD), KREYENBORG offers a fast, energy-saving and product-friendly solution. Feed material is first introduced into the rotary drum by a volumetric dosing system. High-level heat is then quickly and directly introduced into the core of the material by means of infrared light. This energy thus heats the material from the inside and drives the moisture out through heat flow from the inside out. The air, laden with moisture, is discharged by a constant flow of air from within the drum.
A continuously moving spiral welded into the rotary drum ensures a homogeneous mass-flow with a defined residence time (first-in/first-out principle). The mixing elements integrated in the spirals, as well as the rotation, ensure continuous mixing of the feed material. In the process, the material at the surface is constantly exchanged. These continuous rotary movements prevent the product from blocking and clumping. With these advantages, drying times of only 15 minutes can be achieved.
In conventional hot air dryers, the previously crystallized PLA can be dried at only 65-90 °C (150-190 °F) using dehumidified air. Here, higher drying temperatures could lead to softening and blocking of the polymer in the dryer. Typically, this results in drying times of between 2 and 8 hours, while lower drying temperatures result in even longer drying times. The energy input necessary for these conventional processes is sometimes considerable.
Generally, PLA must be dried to a moisture level of < 250 ppm and maintained at this level to minimize hydrolysis during melt processing. Achieving and maintaining these kinds of levels is not optional, but is an absolute necessity, and is feasible using KREYENBORG’s infrared rotary drum. A dry granule helps control relative viscosity (RV) loss, which should be less than 0.1. Controlling RV loss is critical to maintaining impact resistance, melt-viscosity and other important properties of the feedstock.
KREYENBORG invites customers who want to see the performance of the machinery in action to participate in pilot plant trials, which now can even be conducted online!


(With thanks to Elmarie Robson from Mini Matters for the information provided below)
Modern cloth nappies are made of various types of fabrics. The outer is normally a waterproof or water repellent fabric and the inside has the fabric that absorbs.
Waterproof vs Water repellent
The two types of waterproof fabrics used in modern cloth nappies are PUL and Waterproof Softshell. The part that makes them waterproof is the same – a breathable polyurethane (PU) film.
PUL (Polyurethane Laminate Fabric) - waterproof
These fabrics consist of a breathable polyurethane (PU) film that is permanently bonded to a base fabric (usually polyester when used in cloth nappies).
There are 2 ways that PUL fabric is manufactured:
Chemical bonding – this method uses a chemical process to attach the PU film to the base fabric. This method is considered old fashioned because it is not environmentally friendly. It is still used in the medical industry as it can withstand the high temperatures needed for autoclaving.
Thermal bonding – also known as TPU, uses a hot melt process to create a permanent bond. This is what most cloth nappy retailers would use in their PUL nappies. It’s pliable and soft so works very well for cloth nappies. It’s also environmentally friendly as the production process does not emit any toxic waste or VOCs (volatile organic compounds).
Waterproof Softshell Fabric
This is a type of PUL fabric. The waterproof PU layer is sandwiched between two layers of fabric, so it is not exposed. Usually, it would be 100% polyester + polyurethane + microfleece. So, it’s a 3-layer fabric instead of 2-layers like regular PUL. This makes it thicker and slightly less breathable than regular PUL, however some prefer it for the soft, fleecy inner layer.
Benefits to using cloth nappies with a waterproof PU layer are:
It’s soft and breathable, a very comfortable fabric.
Regular 2-layer PUL is thin and trim.
It offers very good waterproof protection.
Durable and long lasting provided it is not repeatedly exposed to high temperatures or direct sun.
Potential drawbacks to using nappies with a waterproof PU layer are:
It is synthetic (man made) and some babies may have a sensitivity to synthetic materials.
Not as breathable as other all natural fiber alternatives like wool and fleece (but more breathable than disposable nappies).
It may deteriorate more easily if not well looked after.
The three types of water repellent/resistant fabrics are Polyester Fleece, Water Resistant Softshell and Lanolised Wool
Polyester Fleece (Water resistant)
Microfleece lets moisture through and is good for a stay-dry lining inside a pocket nappy or for re-usable liners. Polar fleece repels water and is good for use as a water repellent nappy cover.
Lanolised Wool (Water resistant)
Wool covers (soakers) can be used as covers for overnight use too. One needs to lanolise them using lanolin (sheep wool fat). Wool soakers are normally knitted or crocheted using 100% pure merino wool. No buts. 100% pure merino wool. Sheep’s wool, which will make high quality soakers.
Water Resistant Softshell fleece
Works in a similar way to polar fleece by repelling water. This type of softshell fabric does not have a waterproof layer inside and usually consists of two layers; 100% polyester + microfleece that are bonded together.
Water repellent/resistant fabrics are great for overnight use for babies who tend to need a little bit more breathability for overnight use
One of the aspects that sets nappy types apart are the layers used for absorbancy. Options are synthetic fabrics and/or natural fibres. An example of a synthetic fabric is microfibre (polyester). Natural fibre examples are cotton, hemp, bamboo or a mixture of them.
Microfibre needs pressure to absorb and it absorbs fast. A con is that it could lead to compression leaks. Microfibre inserts are similar to sponges. You press a wet sponge, the liquids will run out. Keep in mind that Microfibre can never go directly against baby's skin (it absorbs too fast and could dry out your baby's skin). Always use them inside a pocket or cover it with a liner to protect baby's skin. Microfibre inserts dry quickly. The pocket lining (microsuede (polyester)) of pocket nappies are also a synthetic fabric but has a stay dry feel for baby.
Natural fibres contain liquids well and are trim options for inserts. Natural fibres can go against baby's skin. Note that baby can feel wetness with natural fibres (it doesn't have a stay-dry feel). For most babies this is not a problem at all, natural fibres can feel a lot more comfortable than synthetic fibres. Natural fibres are recommended for overnight use because it contains liquids better than microfibre. Natural fibres tend to become hard when dried in the sun. A quick rub between your hands will soften them. You could also throw them into your tumble drier for ten minutes to soften them.
Cotton is a natural fibre that stays soft. It is easily available and one of the most affordable options when it comes to natural fibres. Its durability is also an advantage since it’s not particularly sensitive to different PH levels in the case of a baby with acidic urine.
Bamboo is a natural fibre that is very trim. It is considered a relatively delicate fabric and is often blended with cotton or polyester to help strengthen it. Bamboo fabric comes in varying qualities and weights. The advantage of bamboo fabric is its ability to absorb very fast and its softness (this can vary depending on the quality and blend).
Hemp has an excellent trimness vs absorbent ratio, so it can hold a lot of moisture for it's trimness, hence being especially popular for night time cloth. Hemp do tend to get stiff when line dried therefore requires you to rub or tumble dry them to soften up. Hemp absorbs slower than other fabrics. That’s why some pocket nappies have 1 microfibre and 1 hemp insert. A great combination – microfibre that absorbs fast, paired with hemp that absorbs slowly but contains liquids well. So the hemp inserts catches the “overflow” from the microfibre insert. Hemp/cotton blend inserts work excellent for this reason as well, the cotton will absorb quickly and the hemp will hold on to the moisture
It is overwhelming to choose which types of fabric to use. At first, you will need to establish whether your little one is sensitive to any of the fabrics used (This is rare). Keep in mind though that some babies might develop a sensitivity at a later stage, a previous sensitivity can also disappear as baby gets older. They like to keep us on our toes, don’t they? Sensitivities are easily and cheaply handled by using liners (stay-dry if baby reacts to wetness or cotton if baby reacts to synthetic fabrics in a cloth nappy).
The above fabrics are a guideline for the qualities you would generally find in fabric stores, however the absorbency is not always determined by the type of fabric but rather its weight. Weight of fabric is stated in GSM (grams per square meter). Most fabric stores unfortunately do not state the weights on their fabrics, while more specialised fabric retailers will be able to give you the specs. For making flats, aim for a natural fibre fabric that is at least 220gsm in weight. The heavier the weight, the more absorbent (but also thicker), it will be.


·Automatic measurement on saturation hysteresis loop and magnetic characteristic parameters of generally permanent-magnet material such as Ferrite, Rubber & Plastic Magnet and AlNiCo, Js, Br, HcB, HcJ, (BH)max and μrec.
·Automatic measurement on demagnetization curve and magnetic characteristic parameters of rare earth permanent-magnet materials such as NdFeB and SmCo, etc. At the second quadrant: Br, HcB, HcJ, Hk (H90) and (BH)max.
·Test sample shapes: toroid, round cake, square, tile and other irregular shapes.
·Adopt B coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetic induction, zero shift of integrator can be self-corrected through software.
·Adopt J coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetical polarization, remnant coil area of J coil can be automatically compensated through software.
·Magnetic field intensity can be measured with Hall magnetometer, nonlinear error of hall probe can be corrected through software, within 0 ~ 2.4 T range, nonlinear error can be controlled within ±0.2%.
·Adopt H coil + fluxmeter to measure magnetic field intensity, Hall magnetometer only used to indicate zero point of magnetic field so as to thoroughly eliminate nonlinear error of hall probe.
·Optimal range of field voltage, fluxmeter and magnetometer can be automatically set up.
·Magnetization, testing and demagnetization of general permanent magnetic sample can be completed at one time, time set up 20 seconds ~ 60 seconds.
·Rare earth permanent magnetic samples need saturation magnetizing before testing, testing time 60 seconds ~ 120 seconds.
·The sample after testing can be in a state of demagnetization or magnetizing, freely selected buy users.
·Select heating head and temperature controller to detect magnetic characteristics of Ferrite, AlNiCo and rare earth material under high temperature (maximam 220°C).
·Select shoe jig for direct measurement on magnetic shoe.


Euro pallets (Do we really know them?)
Everything about Euro pallets (EPAL)
According to the regulations of the:
Union Internationale de Chemin de fer PARIS
Code 435 – 2
( DIN 15146 )
The measurement 800 mm x 1200 mm is based on the internationally standardized packaging module 400 mm x 600 mm. The building tolerances respect the natural features of wood (e.g. becoming smaller when getting dry). The net weight of a Europallet is 30 kg (depending on kind of wood and moisture)
The EURO-Pallet is made for following weights when being stored in racks or on the fork of a forklift-truck:
1000 kg (rated weight), when the weight is spread over the pallet.
1500 kg, when the weight is spread over the pallet evenly.
2000 kg, when the weight is spread in a compact way over the total pallet completely.
On stacks the additional weight of the lowest pallet is:
max. 4000 kg, when it is placed on an even, horizontal and fix surface and the weight is spread horizontally over the total pallet.
The wood has to be free from any preservers.
Following defects are not allowed:
rottenness (mould, sponge, dry rottenness) , active insect attacks.
The wood moisture may not be more than 22% of the weight of the dry wood (kiln weight).
In case of less wood moisture other percentages are valid.
When using oak-wood tree-edges are not allowed. In case of other wood tree-edges on two edges are allowed under certain circumstances. Tree-edges are not allowed for cross boards, middle bottom boards and on outside edges of the Deckrand- and bottom edge boards.
Branches up to 10 mm diameter cannot be used. Strongly grown branches can be used; strongly grown means if branches are grown fix at minimum on 3/4 of their girth on one side.
All boards have to exist out of one piece.
On the loading- and bottomsurface of the pallet the boards have to be rough (not planed).
Blocks of wood:
The grains of the blocks, except the blocks 145 mm x 145 mm, have to run parallel according to the longitudinal axis.
The blocks may consist of:
– one piece of wood
– wood shave material (forming shave block)
The upper edges of the bottom boards and the four edges of the pallets need to have diagonal edges.
When using blocks of wood shaves material the inner edges of the ground boards do not have to be adjusted to the diagonal edges of the blocks.


Afghanistan has its own tradition in architecture, construction and construction materials. In traditional construction material s, lime, gypsum, ash and other local materials have been used vastly. Though these days manufactured and imported building materials are commonly used in the construction industry, lime is one of the traditional building materials which has been used for many centuries in Afghanistan. It has been used in building foundation, wet areas in ordinary plaster and decorative plaster works throughout the country. Remains of lime used in building could be found not only in historical buildings but also in common buildings in all parts of the country especially in the old cities of Herat, Ghazni and Kabul.
In Kabul when Turquoise Mountain Foundation (TMF) was working in Murad khani Area (Part of the old Kabul city) they discovered application of lime as a main building material which was used in the Hamams (Traditional Bathhouse), room floors, under foundations and as final wall plaster on the external walls of courtyards.
Lime used as final finish layer on external walls has unique characteristics; it is used on the external walls with a thickness of less than 10mm, has a white color, metallic break sound, sufficient compressive strength, water resistant properties and high durability properties.
Samples from more than 150 years found in Murad Khani’s Great Serai still looked new with sufficient strength.
Keywords: Hydrated Lime , Lime Render,Egg White , Stone Powder, Badagal(Gul-e-Lukh) and Water
Ingredients of White Color Tradition Wall Render
The plaster materials are composed of hydrated Lime, egg white, stone powder and a local bush fiber called “Gul-e-Lukh” or Badagal”. The lime needs to be kept in water for at least 4-months and the older works the best.
Plaster Mix Preparation Methodology
When received from the wet storage pond, the lime is beaten sufficiently until all hard and solid particles are dissolved and the lime is turned into a paste. Then the egg white, stone powder and the gul-e-lukh are added slowly while continuously mixed. The mixing ratio of materials as rediscovered (after months of hard working, sampling and repeated testing, by Engineer Rahmatullah Oryakhel and the skilled laborers who worked with him on the Great Serai) was 1 kg lime, white of one egg, 1kg stone powder and 3knodes of gul-e-lukh.
While adding the ingredients to the lime it should be continuously mixed/stirred in a manner that the gul-e-lukh is mixed in the end in minor amounts and beating/mixing rigorously. The stone powder in the mix adds to the strength, egg white provides adhesive bonding to the mixing materials, and gul-e-lukh provides fiber bonding to keep all materials together and prevents cracking.
An important characteristic of this lime plaster is that, apart for fire bricks and concrete surfaces, it works best on mud wall surfaces. Before application of the plaster the wall surface should be scratched with sharp tools to make fine lines on the surface of the wall (better in horizontal direction), then the wall surface to be cleaned from loose materials. A filling layer is first applied on the wall surface and wetted in minor. After 24-hours the lime plaster should be applied using first wooden trowels and for finishing use steel trowels. The plaster should be applied in layers of (5-8) mm thickness. It has been found that a single wall face should be worked at a time without long breaks to avoid visible restart joints.
After application of the plaster it should be kept wet and humid for at least two weeks to avoid shrinkage and development of any minor cracks. After setting a clean white glowing wall surface is developed. The plaster is resistant to water, rain and minor shocks and hits. When gets dirty could be cleaned and wiped using a wet cloth.
Usage of Lime Plaster
Today, the aforementioned material will not be used for modern construction purposes, but it can be used widely - for repairing and renovation of historical building across the world, which means recreating past memories and can be highly rewarding. Lime plaster with such characteristics might be very effective for different goals with great results.
This material was widely used at places where had high value & rich people could only use this material at their bathrooms because of good finishing and waterproofing.
Using this material at historical area will be more effective and
reminds all past memories, in addition it is cost effective, durable, and waterproof. It generally recommends for places which exposed to water flow.
I am Gul Rahman Abdulrahimzai from Afghanistan, Head of Department of Civil Engineering at Kardan University with a demonstrated history of working in the education management sector.
I have skills in research, lecturing, teaching leadership, and curriculum development. With strong academic foundation of a bachelor of science (B.Sc.) focused on Civil Engineering from National Military Academy of Afghanistan, (NMAA).


29 Apr 2020
With the new Mixer Mill MM 500 RETSCH has developed the first ball mill with a frequency of 35 Hz which produces enough energy for efficient wet grinding of samples down to the nanometer range.
Based on performance, operation, application fields and design the MM 500 is a unique combination of a classic mixer mill and a planetary ball mill! Hence, it is perfectly suited for long-term grindings of several hours with high energy input to obtain particles sizes <1 µm, e. g. for mechanical alloying or chemical reactions. Thanks to only moderate warming effects, no cooling breaks are required when using the MM 500. On top of that, operation and handling are more comfortable than with planetary ball mills.
The benchtop unit is also suitable for dry, wet and cryogenic grinding of sample volumes up to 2 x 45 ml in one working run. It mixes and pulverizes powders and suspensions in only a few seconds.
The MM 500 can be controlled via the new optional RETSCH App which provides functionalities like creation of application routines, access to the RETSCH database or direct contact to the RETSCH service team.
Benefits at a glance:
Powerful pulverization down to the nanometer range with up to 35 Hz
For long-term grinding up to 99 h
Great flexibility due to grinding jar volumes of 50 ml, 80 ml, 125 ml and 4 different materials
New jar design allows for full use of volume, also for wet grinding
Grinding jars may remain clamped in the mill for taking a sub-sample
Screw-Lock, jars pressure-tight up to 5 bar


No product is considered finished until the producer lands on the perfect packaging system to bring it all together. Even as the economy becomes more digitized, customers still care about packaging for many reasons, including functionality, sustainability, and the way it looks or how it adds to the unboxing experience.
How a product is packaged comes down to more than just first impressions. Rigid versus flexible packaging is a perfect example of how these choices impact the user experience.
Let’s look at the basics of both rigid and flexible packaging, and compare the pros and cons of each from the standpoint of branding, shipping, and convenience. We’ll also outline the top materials and packaging types that come into play when designing products for the modern marketplace.
What Is Rigid Packaging?
Encompassing any package type that’s strong, inflexible, and able to stand upright, rigid packaging is certainly the more common of the two types in the spotlight today.
With materials like cardboard, hard plastics, glass, and metals, rigid packaging solutions keep things simple and straightforward for producers and consumers alike. These packages offer reasonable protection, decent barrier properties, and a degree of customization that helps to realize the vision of the manufacturer.
Rigid packaging may be more familiar to the masses. After all, these materials have been around for far longer. But rigid packaging isn’t without its downsides.
Rigid packaging can be costlier to ship, may not have the same customization as flexible packages, and may not provide the highly adaptable child-resistant security that flexible packaging handles with ease.
What Is Flexible Packaging?
It may be relatively new compared to its rigid counterparts, but flexible packaging has made some major waves by introducing plenty of undeniable advantages.
Flexible packaging solutions are made from various materials, from multi-layer films and laminates to complex foils, malleable thermoplastics, and much more. They can better meet a variety of needs thanks to food-safe materials and plenty of customization regarding size and design.
A few decades ago, flexible packaging seemed like an odd proposition to brands in food, household goods, and other high-volume industries. But now, companies are seeing the appeal of pouches, bags, and other versatile containers that offer far more pliability.
Consumers are also warming up to flexible packaging as they enjoy a more convenient and modern user experience in the home. Snacking, cleaning, and other household activities are made easier with flexible packaging to protect their favorite products.
What Are Common Types of Flexible Packaging?
Today’s flexible packaging options are plentiful, but a few materials lead the way in terms of popularity. These are the materials that offer benefits like chemical barrier properties, resilience during shipping and storage, plus the user experience that customers want.
Here are the top flexible packaging types that brands should consider using now.
Low-Density Polythene (LDPE)
Best known for its high temperature resistance and structural strength, LDPE is a soft and flexible material with tons of customization options. Customers are familiar with LDRE in the form of plastic bags, lids, squeezable bottles, single-use cups, and six-pack rings.
As a packaging solution, LDPE is affordable with relatively quick execution, making it a cost-effective, entry-level option.
Biaxially-Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate (BOPET)
A step up from LDPE in strength and quality, BOPET is incredibly versatile not only as a flexible packaging material, but also for many other industrial applications.
Since BOPET is made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET), it has the properties of that strong film with even more tensile strength and stronger chemical barriers. This takes BOPET to new heights with its mechanics and capabilities.
We now see brands in industries like food, supplies, and even cannabis use BOPET packaging to help set their products apart and extend shelf life for more profits.
Biaxially-Orientated Polypropylene Polymer (BOPP)
It may not have the temperature protection or the tensile strength of BOPET, but BOPP is a solid alternative film that CPG manufacturers can count on for packaging.
BOPP excels in one key area over others in its class: vapor and liquid barrier protection. This is key for packaging food and other dry goods that must be protected from moisture throughout the supply chain journey and during the user experience.
BOPP and its parent material, polypropylene, are also great for making packaging labels. It’s always in demand for brands across the board.
What Are Common Types of Rigid Packaging?
Even though flexible packaging benefits from newer innovations and novelty, there is still plenty to be excited about with rigid packaging. Here are the common types of rigid packaging solutions that still hold strong today.
Paper-based materials are more capable than they appear, especially with innovations in corrugated and paperboard technologies. “Cardboard” or “paperboard” is the umbrella category here, and the applications are endless for brands packaging products of all kinds.
Today’s paperboard is also surprisingly malleable, giving brands more to work with in terms of customized designs and differentiating features, though it lacks child-resistant properties and isn’t as durable as other options. Companies aren’t always looking to reinvent the wheel with packaging, and paperboard offers that familiar look and feel.
Despite some notable weaknesses, glass is still one of the best in the packaging scene with its strong barrier properties, accessibility, and familiarity.
Glass bottles and jars will remain on store shelves for years to come, and the material also has sustainable features making it appealing to the masses.
Food products, cosmetics, and even some household supplies can make use of glass packaging, though savvy brands are looking into easier-to-ship flexible pouches, especially those who want child-resistant properties.
Think beyond foil for a moment: aluminum in rigid form is another popular solution for brands needing a strong, reliable packaging plan. Containers and lids made from aluminum are great for the food industry, where temperature regulation and customization are key.
The material is extremely light for its exceptional barrier properties, able to withstand high temps, and maintain the structure of food for longer periods. On an industrial level, aluminum is also common in creating cartridges, caps, closures, cans, bottles, and more.
What Makes Rigid and Flexible Packaging Different?
The differences between rigid and flexible packaging are deeper than surface-level looks (although there are certainly differences there too). Here’s how these two packaging types vary and why these choices matter for brands.
While rigid packaging materials are well-established, customization options aren’t as numerous as flexible alternatives.
This isn’t to say that metal, glass, and paperboard can’t be crafted to fit a company’s specifications for a product. They are simply working with a limited framework of properties and functionality.
The winner here should be no surprise, as flexible packaging is designed for this specific purpose.
Rigid packaging solutions cannot compete in flexibility, which limits the versatility of these materials when it comes time to create custom solutions. The lack of flexibility with rigid packaging can bump up shipping costs and take up more space on store shelves.
The last generation of flexible materials may not be known for durability, but that is changing fast. Modern flexible packaging solutions like those from Dymapak are more durable than ever, with strong barrier properties comparable to rigid packages.
Much of the space occupied by rigid packaging is underutilized or unnecessary. Flexible packaging fixes this problem by reducing the required dimensions of a package and using that space more efficiently.
This equates to lightweight products which save costs upfront and lighten loads for shipping and storage. Best of all, it enables a company to better stock shelves, avoid “outs,” and let retailers better maintain product replenishment.
The Bottom Line
Flexible packaging offers a variety of perks in a slew of industries. Dymapak offers child-resistant, eco-friendly packaging that’s food-grade and fully customizable. Making the right selection is key to the success of your product in any industry, ensuring protection, sustainability, and consumer enjoyment through the years.


Our Tourmalet bottles are NOT made of plastic! They are made from Braskem® Green Polyethylene, a renewable raw material derived from sugar cane ethanol. During their growth cycle, the raw materials used to produce Green Polyethylene absorb and repair CO2 in the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse gases. Our Tourmalet Bio-bottles are fully recyclable. Size – 0.75l
If you’re going to climb the Tourmalet, you’ll need to drink a lot!


John Hassall supplies custom formed and machined parts utilized in a variety of marine related applications. The requirements of marine customers vary from simple standard fasteners, to weather-resistant stainless steel parts, to specialty items made from exotic materials with extremely close tolerances and demanding performance criteria. Either way, we have the capability to cold head, hot forge, or machine from bar the part you need in the most cost effective manner possible. Further, when cold heading or hot forging cannot, by that process alone, create a unique shape or hold a critical tolerance, John Hassall can provide a part to the most demanding of specifications by employing a variety of secondary operations, including:
- Threading (flat die and tri-roll) with and w/o heat
- Multi-axis CNC machining
- Centerless and specialty surface grinding
- Broaching, milling and drilling
- And more
John Hassall supports the marine industry with its US-based manufacturing factory, which is complemented by an in-house heat treating facility and metallurgical laboratory, certified to NADCAP and AS 9102 standards. Our quality systems are compliant with MIL-I-45208A and MIL-DTL-1222J. The Defense Logistic Agency, US Department of Defense lists John Hassall under Cage Code 82224 to their Qualified Suppliers List for Manufacturers (QSLM) for Class 2 & Class 3 Threaded Fasteners and Rivets.
Components and hardware (fittings, pumps, valves, bearings, etc.) for submarine and surface vessels, outboard engines, outdrives, fishing equipment, marine/oceanographic equipment and electronics, and more.
Bolts (hex, twelve point, socket, six lobe), nuts (hex, self clinching, spanner), screws (machine, metric, special), pins, studs, rivets, electronic hardware, special fasteners and parts to AN, MS, NA and NAS specification, and more.
Various grades of alloy steel, stainless steel and cobalt based alloys, including Inconel, A286, Titanium, Monel, Hastelloy, 18-8, 317, 347,17-4 PH, Brass, Silicon Bronze, Aluminum, Nitronic, and more.
Just about any size or length, headed or machined from bar.
Presses with induction heaters for hot forging; 2die/3 blow headers with induction heaters for warm forming; open die and single die headers, as well as multi-die parts formers for cold heading; pointers; trimmers; re-headers; a NADCAP certified heat treat facility capable of vacuum solution treatment and aging, induction annealing, atmospheric hardening and tempering, as well as cold treat freezing to -120°F; multi-axis CNC machining; auto-fed CNC centerless grinding; specialty surface grinding; auto-fed CNC chucking; broaching; bar-fed CNC Swiss turning; threading (flat die & tri-roll); milling & drilling; electrical discharge machining; burnishing; deburring; PWA/LCS approved metallurgical laboratory for both destructive and non-destructive testing, micro & macro evaluations of materials and parts; assembling; EDI; bar coding; ISO 9001:2008 / QS 9000 certification.


Save Our Soup (L)
Plastic, indestructible and endlessly recyclable. Time and time again the material can be broken down and shaped into new products. Like super clay. Strangely enough plastics are mostly used for single use products with a functional life time of less then 30 minutes. Think of bottles, cups and plastic bags. To make matters worse, much of it ends up in the ocean, becoming an ingredient for a global bowl of soup. Eaten by smaller species of marine life, this plastic is slowly but steadily passed up the food chain and eventually will find its way into your own bowl of soup.
Save Our Soup is a modular lamp, available in (S)mall, (M)edium and (L)arge. The triangular modules are made from recycled plastic soap bottles. The flow of bright colours of the shredded bottles show a resemblance to the plastic soup in our oceans. Reshaped as a lamp the plastic is saved from our soup. Instead it has found a new use that is more fitting to its durability.
Check the "products" category for the sizes Small and Medium.
photo's: Tim Stet
* excluding shipping


The major challenge regarding the automation of roll bending is that the forming process is significantly influenced by stochastic effects. These mainly include batch-specific fluctuations of the material properties of the plates (strength, thickness, etc.), but also fluctuations of the properties of the machine tool (temperature of the hydraulic oil, etc.). In the case of conventional manual control of roll bending, the influence of these effects is recognized by the plant operator and compensated by an adequate adjustment of the machine.
We have been working on this issue since 1999 and we have developed our CNC software thanks to many data and analyzes we have obtained.
We succeeded in producing our automation system, which eliminates all these difficulties and can perform the bending process in less than 1 minute, and we exhibited it for the first time at the Euroblech fair held in Germany in 2022.
The results we achieved were incredible. Thanks to this system we developed, error-free cylindrical roll bending were no longer impossible with less cost and without human touch.


HAWAMID PA 12G – Properties + advantages
Directly to the info
Least water absorption
PA 12G has the lowest water absorption of all polyamides
PA 12G absorbs the least amount of water amongst all polyamides: 0.9% in standard atmospheric conditions and only 1.1% when immersed in water (for comparison: PA 6 up to 12%). Where other plastics start to swell and lose their mechanical properties, HAWAMID PA 12G keeps its shape, dimensional stability and resilience. HAWAMID PA 12G is therefore often used for mechanical parts and gaskets in sewage treatment plants, bottling plants or shipbuilding.
By using our development HAWAMID PA 12G + oil, the outstanding material properties can be enhanced yet again to only 0.85% water absorption when immersed in water. Dryness also has no effect on the material properties of PA 12G – whereas e.g. PA 6 starts to brittle.
Owing to its high moisture absorption, PA 6 exhibits lower strength and, due to its swelling behaviour, lower dimensional stability. In the case of frost, there is also the risk of bursting. PA 12G is saturated at 1.1% – this means lasting dimensional stability and strength even in damp environments and at temperatures as low as -50°C.
Wide temperature interval
Even at low temperatures HAWAMID PA 12G does not lose its viscoelastic properties: at -50°C it still exhibits an impact strength of 6 to 8 mJ/mm². A perfect material for vehicle manufacturing, the cableway industry or refrigeration/air-conditioning systems.
PA 12 G has the most evenly shaped curve: at -50°C PA 12G does not „brittle“ and at 120°C does not „soften“. PA 12G is elastic and exhibits good elastic recovery across a wide range of temperatures.
Constant up to 120°C continuous operating temperature
Even in hot-temperature environments or heat caused by mechanical stress PA 12G demonstrates its superiority: the elastic modulus remains constant in the case of long-term exposure to temperatures of up to 120°C (for comparison: POM up to 60°C). Manufacturers of washing and electroplating plants utilise this property for themselves and manufacture drive elements made of PA 12G.
The modulus of elasticity is still constant up to a continuous operating temperature of 120 ° C. A property of the PA 12G that is often used for drive elements.
PA 12G exhibits particularly good resistance to alkaline solutions and low-concentration acids. PA 12G is therefore often used in washing plants, bottling plants and enamelling lines or by the petroleum and chemical industry during plant construction. Detailed information on chemical resistance can be found in the „Technical appendix“.
Due to the particularly good chemical resistance, manufacturers of washing or filling systems and the petroleum and chemical industry rely on drive elements made of PA 12 G.
Abrasion-proof, material-friendly in the case of metal/plastic pairings
PA 12G is extremely viscoplastic and therefore wear-resistant. The high restoring force can absorb a large amount of energy without resulting in wear. This property is particularly useful when PA 12G is used in combination with metal. If PA 12G is combined with metal, e.g. gear/gear, runner/running track, pulley/cable or sliding bush/shaft, durability can multiply compared to metal/metal applications.
If PA 12G is combined with metal, e.g. gear/gear, runner/running track, pulley/cable or sliding bush/shaft, durability can multiply compared to metal/metal applications.
Low creep behaviour
No flattening out, low creep behaviour
A disadvantage of many plastics is their creep behaviour. When subjected to static and dynamic loads, the inner structure changes permanently and does not return to its original shape even after the loads have been removed. Runners made of POM or PET for example start to flatten out and result in vibrations, imbalance and increased wear. Runners made of PA 12G, however, exhibit a high restoring force. Thanks to the spherulitic crystallinity, the material returns to its original shape after having been deformed within the load limit. The smooth running properties of the material are thus preserved. Due to the large contact surface and thus lower surface pressure, wear on the runner and running track is minimal.
Pressed-in ball bearings retain their press fit and do not loosen when subjected to static loads.
Direct comparison of cast and extruded polyamides – i.e. comparison of polyamides with high and low crystallinity: The high-crystalline, cast PA 12G can be subjected to considerably higher and longer loads than the low-crystalline, extruded polyamides PA 12E and 6E.
Self-lubricating antifriction properties
When subjected to frictional stress, the surface of HAWAMID PA 12G is compressed and polished: This produces a permanent antifriction layer that allows for dry-run operation – without the need of additional lubricants. In the food and textile industry where the use of lubricants is often not possible, mechanical parts such as runners, gears, guides and sliding plates are often made of HAWAMID PA 12G. By using HAWAMID PA 12G + oil, the antifriction properties are enhanced even more
An ideal sliding partner for PA 12G is steel with a surface hardness of >50 HRC. This pairing can withstand higher loads compared to plastic/plastic pairings because the heat that is generated can be removed more quickly. But in this case too HAWAMID PA 12G proves to be the superior material: As can be seen in the diagrams (Vicat-B-50 and elastic modulus), PA 12G keeps its shape even if exposed to a long-term temperature of 120°C.
Wherever the use of lubricants is possible, running-in lubrication is recommended in order to increase operating times.
In the ideal pairing of PA 12G with hardened steel, we can reduce the coefficient of sliding friction again from 0.35 to 0.18. By adding oil, friction wear can be halved from 0.1 to 0.05 µm/km.
HAWAMID PA 12G has a density of only 1.025 kg/dm³. As a comparison: steel has a density of 7.85, aluminium of 2.8 kg/dm³. Lower weight means lower centrifugal mass and forces, less energy consumption during acceleration and braking and less wear. HAWAMID PA 12G is therefore often used as a substitute material for steel. Conveying systems, sprockets or gear wheels made of HAWAMID also allow for smaller and energy-saving light-weight design.
Lower weight means lower centrifugal mass and forces, less energy consumption during acceleration and braking and less wear.
Hardly any wear due to optimal damping behaviour
Drive elements made of PA 12G respond to loads elastically: force peaks can thus be cushioned without causing any wear. Wear on the following parts is also reduced. If compressed by 0.1%, PA 12G can withstand a load of 46 N/mm². The ball indentation hardness is 103 N/mm².
Spur gear with polygon steel hub subjected to impact loads of up to 550 Nm. By replacing a steel/steel pairing with a steel/plastic pairing, it was possible to treble the operating life.
HAWAMID PA 12G is whisper quiet
Compared to metal, HAWAMID PA 12G is whisper quiet. Gear drives involving steel/steel pairings are up to 3 times louder than steel/plastic pairings.
With these pulleys, set constructions at the Hamburg Theatre are lifted and lowered – silently!
Unbeatable impact strength of HW und HI
Depending on the temperature, the impact strength lies between 10-15 mJ/mm², at -50°C still at 6-8 mJ/mm². This value highlights the characteristics of PA 12G: hard and tough across a wide range of temperatures.
Depending on the requirement, we can modify these values through the production process. Our grade HAWAMID PA 12G HW passes through the normal production process.
Our grade HAWAMID PA 12G HI is slightly softer and thus exhibits a higher impact strength.
The perfect property of HAWAMID PA 12G: hard and tough across a wide range of temperatures.
High load transfers thanks to hybrid connection
PA 12G is, with the exception of PA 6/12G, the only high-strength plastic capable of forming positive and non-positive connections with metal. In the case of runners, rollers or gear wheels the special properties in the coating of PA 12G and the special features of metal inside the core are combined in one workpiece.
The perfect connection: rollers, rolls or gears with metal in the core.
HAWAMID PA 12G is food safe
HAWAMID PA 12G in the colours natural, black and yellow has been tested for extractable substances (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, toluene) according to CFR21 Section 177.1500 and been approved for use in food handling applications.
HAWAMID PA 12G is approved for food handling.


Be an eco-fashionista on Earth Day!
Dress eco-consciously on your Florida Vacation
You don’t have to wear Birkenstocks on Earth Day to be eco-conscious. As concerns for the environment is more mainstream, consumer demand is growing in every product category, including fashion. In response, you can pull on a stylish dress rather than one made out of milk cartons!
There are certain textiles that have a detrimental impact on the environment, so consider fabrics when choosing your clothing, such as recycled polyester or organic cotton. We all know how scarce of a resource crude oil is, and this is where polyester comes from. The process for creating recycled polyester uses less energy and recycles plastic waste – see it as giving a second life to products in your recycling bin! Organic cotton isn’t genetically modified (GMO) and is cultivated without pesticides, fertilizers or other synthetic chemicals. The silky feel of lyocell is derived from regenerated cellulosic fiber which is biodegradable and is extracted from the pulp of eucalyptus wood pulp in a closed-loop process that is energy efficient.
Skunkfunk is known for its eco-friendly fabric and convertible clothing that can be redesigned to create a new look (a different form of recycling!). Skunkfunk also practices its eco message, even creating reusable bags from scraps of leftover fabric.
Earth Day Deals
For Earth Day 2012, Skunkfunk is offering a 15% discount on their online store for eco-conscious clothing. Upon checking out use promo code EARTH2012. The deal is available till the end of April 2012.
Do you wear organic clothing?


Polymers highlighted evidence from existing studies that support the use of natural-based bioinks
3D Printing Applications in the World of Pharmacy
3D printing offers cost-effective and rapid creation of diverse shapes that have many applications in our lives. Recently, attention has shifted to patient-centric drug development, with 3D printing becoming a key player in the pharmaceutical field.
Compared to traditional methods, 3D printing provides amazing flexibility for producing customizable medications tailored to individual patient needs. This technology operates by depositing layers of materials using computer-aided design (CAD) software or 3D scanners. Various 3D printing technologies, such as laser-based, inkjet-based, and extrusion-based systems, are employed based on factors like resolution, biocompatibility, temperature, and cost-effectiveness.
The impact of 3D printing on pharmaceuticals is profound, allowing for the precise fabrication of diverse pharmaceutical systems and devices. Experts foresee a shift towards personalized medicine, departing from the one-size-fits-all approach. However, achieving high-quality dosage forms requires meticulous attention to printing parameters and an in-depth understanding of materials' characteristics.
As 3D printing evolves, business models involving the sale of 3D-printed products are emerging. The integration of 3D printers in pharmacies and hospitals is anticipated as regulatory guidelines are established, enabling quality-by-design printing of pharmaceutical forms.
In biomaterials, the use of inks or bioinks is crucial. Natural biomaterials like alginates and synthetic biopolymers enhance the resolution of 3D-printed objects. The diversity of biopolymers and APIs makes 3D printing promising for constructing various drug delivery systems, contributing to effective wound healing. While Inkjet-based systems offer precise printing for tissue engineering. Extrusion-based 3D printing allows for scaffolds and microneedles, with the choice depending on the intended application and polymer properties.
Natural polymers like pectin and pluronic F-127 show efficacy in extrusion-based 3D printing for wound healing. Thermoresponsive hydrogels, including nanocellulose, introduce optimal rheological characteristics for extrusion-based printing, leading to the development of 4D printing.
Oral Drug Delivery Devices (ODDDs) like tablets and capsules are widely used for their rapid release profiles, but traditional methods limit design flexibility and often result in a "one-dose-fits-all" approach due to high costs and potential drug interactions. A study done in 1999 explored 3D printing for ODDDs, showcasing the ability to tailor release mechanisms. Binder Jetting has since gained approval for the first 3D printed drug, Spritam®, in 2016.
Material Jetting (MJ) and filament extrusion techniques have also been employed for ODDDs, allowing for the creation of tablets with various release profiles. Topical drug delivery through 3D printing has improved drug loading and accuracy in masks and wound dressings compared to traditional methods. Personalized 3D-printed masks for facial hypertrophic scars have been developed.
For rectal and vaginal drug delivery, 3D printing methods such as SLA and filament extrusion have been utilized to create customizable geometries for suppositories and intrauterine system (IUS) devices. In parenteral drug delivery, 3D printing has been used to create microneedles for rapid drug action and implantable devices like stents and catheters.
While the future of 3D printing in drug delivery holds significant potential, challenges include ensuring quality control, safety, and regulatory compliance, with limited guidance available. Large-scale manufacturing and collaboration among academia, industry, and government are crucial for widespread adoption. Machine learning (ML) is emerging as a tool to optimize design parameters and predict 3D printing performance, contributing to enhanced product quality and productivity.
Katstra W, Palazzolo R, Rowe C, et al. Oral Dosage Forms Fabricated by Three Dimensional Printing. J Controlled Release. 2000;66:1–9
Mancilla-De-la-Cruz J, Rodriguez-Salvador M, An J, Chua CK. Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications: Processes, Materials, and Effects. Int J Bioprint. 2022 Oct 20;8(4):622
Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. 3D Printing as a Technological Strategy for the Personalized Treatment of Wound Healing. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2023 Jan 25;24(1):41
Advancements in 3D Printing and Wound Healing
Wounds, both acute and chronic, pose a considerable health risk on a global scale, affecting the lives of millions. As wounds pass a certain size, they often become challenging to self-heal, leading to chronic conditions and, in severe cases, mortality. Recent advancements in 3D printing technology, in conjunction with biocompatible hydrogels, offer a promising route for the development of intelligent wound dressings. These dressings, made through 3D printing, can incorporate antibiotics, antibacterial nanoparticles, and drugs to expedite the wound healing process. The precise control from 3D printing technology enables the production of customized dressings, addressing various challenges in wound care.
The prevalence of chronic wounds globally emphasizes the need for innovative solutions. Traditional wound dressings, while commonly used, often show limitations such as poor adherence to newly grown tissues and low oxygen permeability. Modern wound dressings, especially those using 3D printing technology and biocompatible hydrogels, are multifunctional. They provide enhanced physical protection, maintain optimal wound microenvironment moisture, and accelerate the healing process.
Recent studies on hydrogel-based wound dressings produced through 3D printing have showcased significant progress. Works include advancements in creating physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogels, developments in composite hydrogels for biomedical applications, and a focus on 3D-printed conductive hydrogels. The versatility of 3D printing extends to printing polysaccharides and proteins, contributing to various fields such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine.
Hydrogels are characterized by their three-dimensional crosslinked structure and water-absorbing properties. Natural hydrogels, including chitosan and alginate, show biocompatibility but may trigger immune responses. On the other hand, synthetic hydrogels offer reproducibility but lack inherent bioactivity. Smart hydrogels, responsive to stimuli like temperature, pH, and biological molecules, emerge as a promising avenue for wound care.
Smart hydrogel wound dressings, responsive to stimuli and capable of maintaining an optimal wound environment, play an important role in the wound healing process. These dressings enhance oxygen permeability, efficiently absorb exudate, and contribute to the various phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, tissue growth, and tissue remodeling.
The mechanical strength and water absorption of hydrogel-based wound dressings play a crucial role in their effectiveness. The cross-linking process significantly influences these properties. Typically, hydrogels contain 5 to 10% crosslinking polymers, and the crosslinking ratio affects the swelling and strength of the hydrogel. More crosslinking results in less swelling but higher strength. However, excessive crosslinking can make the material rigid or glassy.
The type of crosslinker used is essential, with physical and chemical crosslinkers being the two main categories. Physical crosslinkers are formed by weak interactions, acting as bridges between polymer bonds. Chemical crosslinkers, on the other hand, involve covalent bonds that are more challenging to degrade. The choice of crosslinking method influences the overall performance of the hydrogel wound dressing.
Different types of crosslinking, such as semi-IPN and double network (DN) hydrogels, offer unique characteristics. Semi-IPN hydrogels effectively respond to pH or temperature changes, possess modified pore size, and enable slow drug release. DN hydrogels, comprising two networks with distinct structures, exhibit lower water absorption rates but higher mechanical strength and toughness. The sacrificial bonds in the first network sustain stress, while the second network's ductile polymer chain can extend to sustain large deformation.
Moving on to additive manufacturing and 3D printing, these technologies have gained popularity in recent years. Various techniques like fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), polyjet process, selective laser sintering (SLS), 3D inkjet, and digital light processing (DLP) have different characteristics, impacting repeatability, resolution, printing time, and material processing capabilities. Each technique has its compromise in terms of material properties and application suitability.
3D printing offers advantages over traditional methods, such as reduced steps, less manual labor, quick production, low waste generation, and risk mitigation. In wound dressing applications, 3D printing, especially techniques like DLP and STL, has shown promising outcomes. These methods can process biocompatible polymer materials like hydrogels, mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin. However, challenges such as printing large structures with good mechanical properties and addressing surface finish issues persist.
Bioprinting, a subset of 3D printing, holds promise in burn treatment. It involves layer-by-layer deposition of cells and scaffolding materials over burn injuries, aiming for optimal esthetic outcomes and improved scar quality. Bioprinting-based wound dressings go beyond traditional dressings by promoting wound closure and enhancing functional outcomes.
While 3D printing of hydrogels for wound dressings has shown significant progress, challenges remain. Issues like adhesion, applicability to various body parts, and addressing technical limitations during the pre-printing, printing, and maturation stages need further attention.
Moving to recent developments, various hydrogel wound dressings incorporating 3D printing technologies have been explored. The integration of sensors with these dressings has emerged as a cutting-edge approach. Biosensors, when integrated into wound dressings, offer advantages such as real-time sensing, response to changes in the wound environment, and remote monitoring. Temperature and pH sensors have been commonly integrated, providing valuable insights into infection and inflammation.
When the skin is injured, its pH shifts from acidic to alkaline. The skin's acidic pH range (4–6) is vital for pathogen defense, sourced from sebaceous gland fatty acids and sweat's lactic and amino acids. Wound pH evolves from alkaline to neutral and then acidic during healing. Transducers track pH-responsive hydrogel volumetric changes through mechanical work or property alterations.
Various studies utilize pH indicators like phenol red or red cabbage to detect pH changes in hydrogel patches. The transparency of the hydrogel enables naked-eye pH level observation. However, water content and calcium content can affect these pH indicators making it a difficult option. Integrated pH sensors in wound dressings provide continuous, real-time monitoring without physical contact. Smart patches with microchips for ion tracking and drug release, compatible with smartphones, exemplify this advancement. Reinforcing hydrogels with nanomaterials enhances their properties, allowing for diverse sensor integration. However, dressings must align with skin movement, deform as wounds heal, and not impede clotting.
Despite the promising potential of wound bandage-integrated sensors, challenges remain in the current landscape. 3D-printed hydrogel-based wound dressings have shown promise but face challenges such as poor mechanical strength and stability. Stereolithographic techniques often result in parts with inconvenient mechanical properties, and resin homogeneity can be a concern. Overcoming these challenges may involve post-curing processes and the incorporation of specific additives, such as gluconic acid, to stabilize pH levels and prevent bacterial growth.
Nanofillers and cations like calcium ions play crucial roles in enhancing hydrogel properties. Carbon nanomaterials, when combined with hydrogels, show potential in drug delivery applications, although concerns about toxicity remain. Cations like K+ and Ca2+ contribute to the mechanical strength of printed hydrogels and can be employed for various functionalities, including pressure sensing. Overcoming current limitations and addressing challenges will pave the way for more effective and patient-friendly wound care solutions in the future.
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Pros: Concrete Coatings and Stains are decorative and a long lasting way to protect your concrete floor. For example, a garage floor against the elements brought in from the road during winter. It is easy to clean, food safe, stain resistant, non- slip coatings, decorative look, and add value to an older well structured floor. Concrete Coatings and Stains provides an original one of a kind look or feature to your project as there are many options to choose from (finishes, epoxies, aspartic, urethanes, etc). Above all, it is easy to bring back to life.
Cons: Concrete Coatings and Stains Finish is a tedious preparation and application process. No coating is perfect and it can be hard to remove or bond to existing concrete. Some coatings require regular maintenance and some coatings will melt under high temperatures. Not UV resistant and will yellow and appear cloudy over time if used outdoors. If not adhered sufficiently it can bubble or blister or peel.Home


Stainless steel fabrication is a versatile and precise process that allows for the creation of stunning and functional pieces. From architectural elements to household appliances, stainless steel has become a popular choice for its durability, sleek appearance, and resistance to corrosion. In this blog post, we will take you on a journey through the art of stainless steel fabrication, exploring the process from concept to creation.
Understanding Stainless Steel Fabrication
Stainless steel fabrication involves transforming raw stainless steel sheets or bars into customized products or components. The process typically includes cutting, bending, welding, and polishing to achieve the desired shape and finish. Skilled craftsmen utilize advanced machinery and techniques to ensure precise measurements and flawless execution.
Designing the Perfect Piece
The first step in stainless steel fabrication is conceptualizing the design. Whether it’s a unique piece of furniture, a striking architectural feature, or a functional industrial component, the design stage is crucial. Collaborating with experienced designers and engineers can help bring your vision to life while considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and structural integrity.
Precision Cutting and Shaping
Once the design is finalized, the stainless steel sheets or bars are cut into the required shapes using advanced cutting techniques like laser cutting or waterjet cutting. This ensures precise and clean edges, allowing for seamless integration and assembly. Bending and shaping the metal follows, utilizing specialized machinery and tools to achieve the desired forms and angles.
Welding and Assembly
Welding is a critical stage in stainless steel fabrication, where the various components are joined together to create a unified structure. Skilled welders utilize different welding methods, such as TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) or MIG (Metal Inert Gas), to ensure strong and durable connections. Attention to detail is vital during this stage to maintain the integrity and aesthetics of the final piece.
Once the main structure is complete, the stainless steel piece goes through a finishing process to refine its appearance. This includes grinding, polishing, and surface treatments to achieve a smooth and lustrous finish. These finishing touches not only enhance the visual appeal of the stainless steel but also provide additional protection against corrosion.
Stainless steel fabrication is an intricate art form that combines creativity, precision, and technical expertise. From conceptualization to the final polish, each step plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into stunning and functional stainless steel creations. If you’re looking to add a touch of elegance and durability to your space, consider the possibilities of stainless steel fabrication.
At RHQ Designs, we specialize in stainless steel fabrication, offering tailored solutions for both residential and commercial projects. Our team of skilled craftsmen and designers is committed to delivering exceptional quality and attention to detail in every piece we create. Contact us today to discuss your stainless steel fabrication needs and bring your ideas to life. Ready to elevate your space with stunning stainless steel creations? Contact RHQ Designs today for a consultation and let us transform your vision into reality.


We make models and plugs for mould production
One of our company operation aspects is making models for mould production. We have been dealing with composite model-making for many years, which is a very complex production process supported by high precision, experience and vast knowledge of our personnel. Each model is made by using a CNC machine tool, which allows us to provide you with top quality and precision.
Our company deals with making models of MDF, wood, HDF, styrofoam, extruded polystyrene, NECURON type model-making foams and even aluminium. These models are used to create moulds for cast industry and plastic production sector. Industries we target our services at include toilet equipment production, automotive parts, shipbuilding, thermoforming and every application where high precision and quality of plug and mould are required. We have design and production infrastructure, which means that the moulds performed on models supplied by us are fully professional. We can use documentation supplied or are able to develop it from scratch by collaborating with each customer.
Moulds – accuracy and precision
By using a high-tech 5-axis CNC milling machine we can make virtually any workpiece with a dimension precision of up to 1 hundredth of a mm! We specialise in preparing models for producing composite materials, mainly GRP. If necessary, we can provide advice, build production moulds, and if needed, we can launch a dedicated production using our infrastructure.
Cast models, cores and moulds – take advantage of our offer!
If you are looking for a company dealing with model-making of cores and moulds, this is the right place. We have been providing our customers with top-quality services for many years, thus constantly increasing their number. Each customer is approached individually to make them fully satisfied with our services.


Module Summary – Delta Inquiry Investigations – Atoms and Molecules
This durable, plastic model easily allows students to graphically model the components of the atom. Learn about the structure of atoms and ions, and model the formation of ionic and covalent bonds. Using color-coded plastic manipulatives, students construct familiar molecules and compounds including soaps, detergents, acids, bases, and salts. Using the 3-D models, students explore the crystal lattice structure of salt, and learn about organic compounds and hydrocarbons.