{"url": "http://wilbow.com.au/", "date": "2019-06-19T18:57:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999040.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619184037-20190619210037-00353.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9676255583763123, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__100278713", "lang": "en", "text": "William D Bowness founded Wilbow Corporation in 1976, which grew to be one of Australia’s largest privately owned property development companies, with interests in Melbourne, Brisbane, Dallas (USA) and Auckland (NZ). Wilbow Corporation undertook a broad range of developments, including residential subdivisions, medium density housing, high density apartments, retail shopping centres, commercial office buildings, industrial office parks and retirement facilities. The success of the Wilbow business and high regard it was held in was demonstrated by the numerous development industry awards its projects received. The Australian interests were sold to a major public company in 2006 and the NZ office closed in 2005. Wilbow’s USA property operations have been retained.\nFollowing the sale of the Australian interests, Wilbow Group was formed to be an investment company that focuses on its USA property interests, private equity, listed equities and property development funding. Philanthropy and the arts continue to be an important part of the Wilbow philosophy.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.flowershow.org.uk/about-nehs/", "date": "2013-05-22T09:48:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701562534/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105242-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9760243892669678, "token_count": 1974, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__160920827", "lang": "en", "text": "New President for the North of England Horticultural Society\nWe are delighted to welcome Lucinda Compton as the new President of the North of England Horticultural Society (NEHS).\nLucinda is curator of the award-winning gardens at Newby Hall, near Ripon, a role she took over from her late father-in-law and former NEHS President, Robin Compton. The gardens hold the national collection of Cornus and new developments include the regeneration of Newby’s famous herbaceous border.\nMarried to Richard Compton, owner of the Newby Hall Estate and President of the Historic Houses Association, Lucinda has three children. She is a professional furniture restorer, a skill that has proved particularly valuable in her dual role as curator of the stately home itself.\nAbout the North of England Horticultural Society\nThe North of England Horticultural Society is a leading gardening charity supporting horticulture in the North of England.\nPart of the Society’s work is to organise the Harrogate Spring and Autumn Flower Shows at the Great Yorkshire Showground. The Harrogate Flower Shows are regarded as two of the most prestigious, national flower shows in the gardening calendar and attract the very top nursery exhibitors from across the UK. All profits from the shows are returned to the charity and used to promote and support horticulture in the north.\nPatron: HRH The Prince of Wales\nPresident: Lucinda Compton\nChairman: Christopher Smith\nVice-Chairman: Caroline Bayliss\nShow Director: Martin Fish\nShow Manager/ Company Secretary: Jane Kitchen\nPR/Marketing Officer: Camilla Harrison\nFloral Art Organiser: Fiona Fisk\nEvent Organiser: Lisa Kennedy\nEvent Assistant: Jill Fish\nAccounts Officer: Dee McIntyre\nHow It All Began...\nIn 1910 there were many months of discussion in the letters in the Yorkshire Post about the possibility of forming a horticultural society in the North of England. The idea was so enthusiastically supported that on 6 January 1911, the North of England Horticultural Society (NEHS) was inaugurated in the Lord Mayor's Rooms in Leeds.\nThe purpose of this new Society was to organise horticulture in the North of England and to arrange first class shows where northern exhibits could be judged by standards suitable for the northern areas of the country. The general opinion in those days was that the Royal Horticultural Society's (RHS) shows, at Vincent Square, London, were too far away for very many would-be exhibitors in the north and travelling to London and back was time consuming and expensive. It was also felt that growers in the north were handicapped when in competition with growers in the warmer climes of the south.\nMuch encouragement and advice was given by the RHS in the initial stages and it is satisfying to note that after ninety years this situation still holds good today.\nOriginally it was envisaged that the NEHS would be run on similar lines to the RHS and floral, fruit and vegetable, orchid and scientific committees were set up. The NEHS held monthly meetings with a show and lecture, these being held in Leeds, Bradford, Manchester, Newcastle and Harrogate. When held in Leeds Town Hall an organ recital was included in the price of admission, which was one shilling, reduced after 5pm to sixpence!\nThe NEHS flourished in the pre-war years before 1914 but with the onset of the First World War, its activities were suspended and it was not until 1921 that it was revived. Then, with the backing of the Harrogate Chamber of Trade, a successful show was held in the Old Winter Gardens in Harrogate (the present day site of the Lounge Hall). From that time all meetings and shows were held only in Harrogate and the NEHS became associated with the town. The hope was expressed in 1925 that the shows would bring into Harrogate \"those people who might otherwise not patronize the Queen of Spas.\" This hope has been well and truly fulfilled by the many thousands of people from all over the country who flock to the town nowadays during show week.\nFrom 1927 onwards, the NEHS concentrated its efforts on staging Spring and Autumn Shows each year and these shows were visited on very many occasions by the Princess Royal, who took a keen interest in the work of the Society and became its patron in 1950.\nThe first time the NEHS staged a show in the Valley Gardens was in 1934 when, in collaboration with Harrogate Corporation a larger than usual Autumn show was staged for the Jubilee of the Incorporation of the Borough. And so began a long-term close association with the Council of the Borough of Harrogate.\nSir William Ingilby of Ripley Castle, famed for its many appearances on television and film, became Chairman in the Thirties, to be followed by his son, Sir Joslan Ingilby, and the NEHS will always be grateful for the interest he and his family have shown in its activities.\nDuring the Second World War the NEHS's activities were virtually suspended, although they did compile and publish a \"Dig for Victory\" pamphlet and many thousands of copies of this were distributed gratuitously throughout the war years.\nThe early post war years were a time of austerity and restrictions, so it was not until April 1947 that the first post-war Spring Flower Show was staged in the Sun Pavilion in the Valley Gardens. Until the 1950s, the shows were comparatively small in scale but from then on it was decided to expand.\nA Flower Academy, which was first held in the Old Swan Hotel in 1953, was introduced into the Spring Show in the Valley Gardens in 1956 and became the forerunner of the magnificent Flower Arrangement & Floristry Marquee we know today. Gradually the Harrogate Spring Flower Show, as it became known throughout the country, increased in size and variety of exhibits. More and more of the Valley Gardens, with the Sun Pavilion and Colonnades were used, with the generous sanction of the Borough of Harrogate. Soon the high reputation of the standards set became well know not only in the North, but all over the British Isles and overseas, and visitors began travelling considerable distances to the event.\nThe Alpine Garden Society's Northern Branch show was incorporated in 1948 together with that of the Daffodil Society and glorious exhibits by local authorities such as Halifax, Leeds and Liverpool were staged. The year of 1971 saw the Fourth International Rock Garden Conference in Harrogate, which brought more than four hundred international delegates, representing almost every corner of the world, to the town. It was arranged that they should stage their show under the auspices of the NEHS and this proved to be the most successful international show that had been held by the Alpine Garden Society. Eventually this led to a further extension of the Spring Flower Show to cope with the enthusiasm of growers and exhibitors of alpine plants. The RHS staged a delightful rock garden pool in 1971 so continuing the links between the two Societies.\nIn 1976, the NEHS organised an entirely new concept in flower shows. The National Dahlia Society and the National Chrysanthemum Society, along with seven other Societies and the North East Area of NAFAS, were brought together to hold their shows within one show under the title, the Great Autumn Flower Show. This particular show, now taking in 13 individual amateur society shows, has steadily increased in popularity with both the general public and the exhibitors themselves.\nThe need to expand the Autumn Show led to this event being relocated from the Exhibition Halls to the Great Yorkshire Showground in 1995 and at this time increased from a two-day to a three-day Show. The Autumn Show has now tripled in size, the attendance has increased by a further 75% to 35,000 and it is now recognised as the premier Autumn Show in the country. Following the successful move of the Autumn Show and the need to expand the Spring Show, the decision was taken in 1997 to move the Spring Show from its picturesque but restricted Valley Gardens location to the Great Yorkshire Showground.\nThis has also been a successful move, both Shows expanding to also include Arts & Crafts and Fine Country Foods but again maintaining a predominantly horticultural content. A Landscape & Garden Design section with a Student Garden Design competition, and a Plant Societies' Marquee featuring the Daffodil and Tulip Shows have also been introduced to broaden the Spring Show's appeal. So far little mention has been made of the development of the flower arranging section of the Show, but flower arrangements and the Harrogate Spring Show have become synonymous. The Society has used its resources to help to promote this art form from its earliest days and now has one of the largest marquees devoted to flower arrangements and floristry of any flower show in the country.\nThe NEHS today goes from strength to strength. From its initial ventures with small provincial shows, it has blossomed into organising the largest national early Spring Flower Show in Britain, with an attendance of around 60,000 visitors, and the premier Autumn Show in the country with 35,000+ visitors. Each year the NEHS strives to make the Show more versatile and interesting, providing increasingly spectacular exhibits and improving facilities for both visitors and exhibitors alike. However it does not wish to rest on past successes but is always seeking to promote all forms of horticulture for the benefit of everyone. From the window box gardener to the owner of acres, from small growers to the nationally renowned horticultural nurseries, the Harrogate Flower Shows serve as a shop window on the gardening world of the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.storiesofthe448th.com/", "date": "2024-04-13T13:34:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816734.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413114018-20240413144018-00762.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.985370934009552, "token_count": 2241, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__185764723", "lang": "en", "text": "seething control tower\nSituated near the village of Seething, Norfolk, you will find United States Army Air Force Station 146 - Home of the 448th Bomb Group, 1943-1945. In that time, many hundreds of stories were created by the men and women who were stationed there. Herein you will discover some of those stories.\nBringing History to life\nBoth my Granddads served their country in the First World War, one in the Royal Engineers and the other initially in the Norfolk Regiment and then in a London Regiment, from where he was seconded on to the staff of General Sir Edmund Allenby. Both sustained injuries through combat, but only one received what they called a ‘Blighty One’, which meant he needed to be shipped back to England.\nWhen the Second World War began, they both joined their local Home Guard units. My Dad was ‘called up’ and served as ground crew in the Royal Air Force. He saw service in the North Africa and Italian Campaigns. My Mum served in the Woman’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF for short). She was in the Balloon Command and by December 1942, 10,000 men had been released for other duties by approximately 15,700 WAAF barrage balloon operators.\nBy Autumn 1944 the use of barrage balloons was no longer considered necessary and Balloon Command was disbanded in February 1945. My Mum and her fellow operators all had to re-muster and she ended up working with Spitfires.\nComing together to share their stories\nWhen both my parents were demobbed, they became lifelong members of the Royal British Legion and of the Royal Air Force Association. I tried to count how many Remembrance Day or Battle of Britain Day parades I have attended. As I grew up, I started to asked questions as to why and what they were doing. I started to listen to the stories the veterans were telling, some funny, some sad, and some just naughty! By our parents and grandparents’ example, I came to understand what Remembrance meant to them and then to us.\nI always remember the long lists of names of those people who had given their lives in the service of our country and wondered who they were, where they lived, and who their families were. It was not until 2019 that I attended a Memorial service at which a lady stood up to speak. As she began, she told of two men who had died in the service of their country and explained a little more about them.\nMost importantly for me, she gave their backgrounds, and they became real people who had a family, a mum and dad, brothers and sisters who would never see their loved ones again.\nHonoring their sacrifice\nBehind every photograph there is a story waiting to be told. A story captured and frozen in a moment of time, whilst encapsulating the emotion and atmosphere of that snapshot of time.\nFar too often, the stories of our veterans often focus on their bravery and heartache, while little about what shaped their identities and lives beyond the battlefield remains untold. Many were ordinary men before and after their time in war, carrying within them an extraordinary past. Some could not overcome the scars left behind. Yet there were others who excelled in remarkable ways even after serving in the Mighty Eighth.\nAs time continues to separate us from these historical moments, our mission is to safeguard the cherished memories and poignant stories that make up our shared history. In our pursuit of uncovering their stories we will create an ever-evolving online memorial collection that pays tribute to them as new information comes to light.\nIf you are curious about those who served or wish to contribute your own discoveries, please do not hesitate to get in touch with us.\nHistory of the 448th bomb group\nThe origin of what would become the 448th Bomb Group can be traced to a United States War Department document dated 6th April 1943 which contained a list of Army units that were to be activated. Shortly afterwards orders were written that outlined how the bomb group would be constructed. It stated that the core of its Headquarters and 4 squadrons would be taken from the 29th Bombardment Group based at Gowen Field, Idaho.\nFollowing a massive enlargement of its numbers, training and development, the 448th found itself at Wendover Field, Utah where it went through its training for combat. A further move saw the training continue at Sioux City, Iowa. It was here that the 448th transitioned onto the new B24H from the ‘D model. With the arrival of the new aircraft, training became more intense. A final move to combat was not far away.\nWhilst the aircrews trained hard, the ground echelons were themselves being raised from other Groups or were being created from scratch. It was these ground staff that were quickly headed to the incomplete airfield that was named Station 146 Seething. The sight that greeted the initial 200 enlisted men and 6 officers of the 58th Station Compliment was one of mayhem. The airfield was partially built with incomplete infrastructure and living facilities. They, along with their RAF colleagues, set-to in preparing the airfield as quickly as possible for the arrival of the aviation side.\nEven though the airfield was not finished the runways were already providing sanctuary for battle damaged aircraft. It is recorded that three fighters, a Mosquito and a Lancaster quickly found safety. A Wellington is also known to have landed here in the early days, crashing into a house at the end of the runway. These early arrivals were a foretaste of things to come, the proximity of the airfield to the coast meant there was a steady stream throughout the next 2 years. A most notable damaged visitor was the B17 “Ye Olde Pub” from Kimbolton.\nBack stateside, the 448th continued to prepare\nfor war. The start of November saw them\nleave Sioux City and head to the much colder climate of Herrington Field,\nKansas. It was here that final\npreparations were quickly made for combat overseas. The aircraft received new life rafts, IFF\nequipment, armour, updated radios and many more items. The aircrew themselves were issued new\npersonal equipment and were subjected to a myriad of paperwork. On the 11th November 1943, as the\nUnited Kingdom observed Armistice day, the first aircraft of the 448th\ndeparted Herrington to head off along the assigned route to England. These heavily overloaded aircraft routed via\nMorrison Field, Florida to Marrakech, Morocco then up to St Mawgan,\nCornwall. The stories of how the\naircraft got to England are many and worth several volumes. But\nthey slowly arrived and were soon on the final leg to Seething and home.\nMeanwhile the ground echelon were on their way, in less\nglamorous fashion. These men were moved\non a military train via Chicago, Illinois to Camp Shanks in Orangeburg, Buffalo County, New York . On 23rd November they were finally on the “Queen\nElizabeth” and leaving the Statue Of Liberty behind them. Next stop was Greenock, Scotland, 6 days sail\naway. Because of the high speed of the\n“Queen Elizabeth” it sailed alone, which must have been very unnerving to all\nthose on board. After they disembarked it\nwas onto more trains and the long tedious trail to Ditchingham where they\ntransferred onto trucks for the three mile drive to their new home. It was 1st December 1943.\nWith the arrival of both the aircraft and ground personnel at the same time Station 146 and the 448th Bombardment Group were here for the duration. Many people would see service here and thousands of stories would be created. The lives of those who lived in and around the airfield would never be the same. Station 146 is intrinsically linked to a good many locations in South Norfolk and we aim to seek out those remaining stories and bring them to the scholar, history buff or family that wants to know more about their past.\nTo read the full history of the 448th Bomb Group click below.\nWe are a three-generation family that shares a deep love and enthusiasm for aviation history. Ann and Peter, our dedicated historical researchers, have contributed to numerous publications over the years and hold a wealth of knowledge.\nRaised in an environment where aviation was always a topic of interest, James was captivated by Seething Control Tower after witnessing the B24 Liberator, \"Diamond Lil\", touch down in Norwich in 1992. Since then our family became actively involved with Seething Control Tower. James served as Chairman twice; once in 2002 until 2012 and then he was asked to serve as Chairman again at the start of 2019 after the Tower had lost their membership secretary Jim Turner. Grasping the enormous task we went to work to restart the many facets of a museum; namely the membership, the newsletter in the form of the Seething Digest and plenty of events to let the locals know that Seething Control Tower was here. Such events included a Vintage Craft Fayre, a Baseball taster day, Outdoor Cinema Nights and even a children’s Easter event. However in 2020 the whole world came to a standstill as Covid hit us. Despite being classed as essential workers and having to work even more hours, we continued to look after the Tower. Over this period many more people contacted us in regards to personnel who served at Seething and we found ourselves helping them with their research. When the time came that museums were able to open under strict conditions, we were able to navigate the huge amount of rules, and opened the Tower. In doing so our experience was used to enable other small museums to open up to the public. As you can imagine, Seething Control Tower holds a special place in our hearts.\nIn July 2021 when the world was finally opened again, we made the heartfelt decision to step away from the museum and channel our passion into uncovering the untold stories of those who served at and around Seething Airfield. Thus, we established the independent research group called Stories of the 448th. To this day, we have helped numerous families in discovering information about their loved ones and have supported other groups with their research efforts.\nWe neither charge for our services nor receive any funding from other organisations. Our driving force is pure passion and the belief that future generations should have a profound understanding of World War II as well as the personal and social histories of those involved.\nSurrounded by a supportive network of family and friends who share our enthusiasm, we are committed to ensuring that these incredible stories are told so that memories remain alive and the sacrifices made are never forgotten.\nTo explore some of the remarkable stories we have unearthed thus far, click below.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://fullaccesssingapore.com/2016/07/06/rumah-bebe/", "date": "2023-05-28T05:20:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00315.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9471416473388672, "token_count": 764, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__281902104", "lang": "en", "text": "By Mildred Jones\nThis eastern cultural gem is nestled within the charm of Katong’s historical heritage sites. It in-houses the lost art of making the Peranakan, “Kasut Manek”, beaded slippers, worn by the Nonyas. It also showcases the traditional art forms of jewellery, porcelain, hand crafted handbags and embroidered kebayas. The descendants of the Baba Nonyas were said to come from the beginnings of the marriage of Princess Hang Li Po as the fifth wife to Sultan Mansur Shah of the Sultanate of Malacca. The rich mixed ancestry of Malays and Chinese culture and traditions was brought over through migrations to other countries in South East Asia and is carried on today, in ‘Rumah Bebe’ as Bebe Seet continues the craft. She personally conducts lessons on the art of sewing the beads of minuscule glass onto beautiful fabrics.\nThe hand made Kebaya is a traditional blouse that originated from the court of the Javanese Majapahit Empire. Before the 1600’s, it was especially made for the royal family, aristocrats and nobility. The fabrics often used were silk, velvet or brocade, fasten with a brooch. Bebe Seet welcomes you to have yours tailored to size.\nIf you wish to see more of the intricate pieces of Peranakan jewellery, we would advise you to head to the nearby ASEMUS museum to have a look at some master pieces as shown on the right above.\nAn array of mouth-watering delicacies awaits you as this remarkable lady extends her hospitality to prepare, the all famous sugee cakes, also called the ‘sugi’, ‘suji’, ‘sooji’ or ‘soojee’ which can be found in parts of India. Mary Gomes however describes it as the ‘typical Eurasian wedding cake’ in the “Eurasian Cookbook”. While most Asian sweets are both boiled, steamed or cooked on the stove top, the ‘Sugee Cake’ is baked in an oven, like a European cake. In order to explain this fusion of cultures, you have to understand that the Eurasians in Singapore and Malaysia belong to a diverse range of origins (Portuguese, Dutch, British – due to the presence of colonial powers at varying times in Malaya and their inter-marriages with local Asian ethnicities).\nOften presented as Euro-Asian culture in Singapore, is the vibrant Portuguese variety, which traces its roots back to the community in Malacca, a town conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. The Portuguese had also landed in Goa, on the west coast of India, in 1510, and established a colony there. Portuguese-Indian Eurasians from Goa soon migrated to Malacca in the following century, around 1641, bringing the sugee recipe with them. Ever since, the Baba Nonyas that have originated from Malacca had adopted it as part of the Peranakan Cuisine, along with the all-time Malay favourites, the ‘curry puffs’ and the ‘onde onde’ (filled with thick coconut syrup). These and more are offered at Rumah Bebe.\nPhoto acknowledgements: bebe seet_Pernakan Heritage Artist, img.masterpieces.asemusmuseum, sayangmelakablogspot.com, breadbutter.wordpress.com, www.sinpopo.com, nasimaklover.blogspot.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.worldcuesports.com.au/australias-walter-lindrum/", "date": "2024-04-12T17:52:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816045.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412163227-20240412193227-00171.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9802065491676331, "token_count": 1148, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__76676296", "lang": "en", "text": "Walter Lindrum OBE – Billiards\nWalter Lindrum was Inducted into The Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 as an Athlete Member for his contribution to the sport of billiards and was Elevated to “Legend of Australian Sport” in 1998.\nLindrum is often considered to be the greatest player ever seen in the sport of billiards, with some 57 world records to his credit, many still standing. Lindrum is also often referred to as one of the Australian all-time great sporting heroes along with Sir Donald Bradman and Sir Hubert Opperman. At his death in 1960 newspapers called him the ‘Bradman of Billiards’.\nBorn in Kalgoorlie, his father, Frederick Lindrum II, was an Australian billiards champion at the age of 20. Walter’s older brother, Frederick Lindrum III, became the professional champion of Australia in 1909.\nLindrum’s grandfather, Friedrich Wilhelm Von Lindrum, was Australia’s first professional billiards champion having defeated the English master, John Roberts Snr., in 1869. Frederick, Walter, and Walter’s nephew Horace Lindrum were closely tutored by Fredrick (II).\nLindrum lost the top of his index finger on his right hand in an accident in 1901, so his father taught him to play billiards left-handed. Much of his childhood was spent practising for up to 12 hours a day, under his father’s tutelage. His first professional game was played at the age of 13.\nDuring the mid 1920s Lindrum’s standard of play was without competition in Australia, with many players refusing to compete against him. As a result, exhibition matches were organised, often with New Zealand champion Clark McConachy.\nIt was not untill 1929 that Willie Smith, considered by many to be one of the best English billiards players of the time, visited Australia and played three fairly even matches against Lindrum. At one game all, Lindrum was forced to abandon the third game midway through, upon the imminent death of his girlfriend. While technically the match was a forfeit, Smith refused to accept the trophy and insisted it be awarded to Lindrum.\nSmith, McConachy and Lindrum departed Australia in September 1929 for a tour of England. Between 1929 and 1933 Lindrum dominated the English billiards scene. Often he would start by conceding up to 7000 points to his opponents. Lindrum and his main rivals, McConachy, Smith, Joe Davis and Tom Newman, were considered ‘the big five’.\nOn February 19, 1931, Lindrum gave a billiards exhibition for the King and other members of the Royal Family at Buckingham Palace. The King presented Lindrum with a pair of gold and enamel cuff-links bearing the royal monogram. These formed part of Lindrum’s essential attire for the remainder of his playing career.\nLindrum won the 1933 world championship and argued that he should be allowed to defend his title in Australia. The match was organised to coincide with the Melbourne centenary celebrations in September 1934. His challengers were McConachy and Davis. Lindrum won this title, but in subsequent years the title became dormant for lack of challengers, until Lindrum relinquished it in 1951 to McConachy who held it until 1968.\nDuring World War II, he raised over $1 million for charity, mainly through staging nearly 4000 exhibition matches throughout Australia.\nA few of his many records included the world speed record, set in June 1927, when he scored 816 in 23 minutes in an unfinished break.\nIn Manchester 1930, Lindrum set a record aggregate of 30,817 during the fortnight (48 hrs) match against Willie Smith. In this match he made ten breaks over 1000 with a highest of 2419. In his final match of the tour against Smith in London, Lindrum’s performance set numerous records: the highest individual aggregate (36,256), the largest winning margin (21,285), a record match average (262), and a record number of four-figure breaks (11). Smith, although beaten, had played exceptionally with an average of 109 per innings for the match.\nHis record break of 4137 was made in a match he lost against Davis at Thurston Hall, London on January 19, 1932. Lindrum occupied the table for 2 hours 55 minutes, for about 1900 consecutive scoring shots. He also holds the record break for each country that he played in, the fastest century break (46 seconds) and 1011 points in 30 minutes. In 1933 on a tour to South Africa Lindrum claimed a new world record for fast scoring when he completed 1000 points in 28 minutes in Johannesburg. Many of his results brought on changes to the rules of the game.\n- Lindrum was made an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) in 1958 for his services to billiards and charities and was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM).\n- He is buried in Melbourne General Cemetery where it remains the most visited grave.\nHow good was he?\nWalter Lindrum was the World Professional Billiards Champion for 4 consecutive years (1929-1933), and so dominated the sport that they changed the rules in an attempt to curb his dominance. One critic Neville Cardus even referred to Bradman as “the Lindrum of cricket”. In June 1927 in Melbourne he claimed a world speed record when he scored 816 points in 23 minutes in an unfinished break.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://flanders-fire-rescue.org/index.php/history", "date": "2017-06-23T20:31:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320174.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623202724-20170623222724-00203.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9777608513832092, "token_count": 1882, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__10057838", "lang": "en", "text": "Flanders Fire & Rescue History\nFlanders Fire Company No. 1 and Rescue Squad\nEntering the Flanders Firehouse through the front door, the visitor must decide whether to go left or right. To the right is the ambulance/ rescue bay. There you’ll find two modern, fully equipped rigs, both carrying the most advanced diagnostic and first aid electronics available. In addition to this bay, our jack-of-all-trades, a rescue vehicle that is equipped with the Jaws of Life and other rescue essentials tools. To the left you will find the fire bay. A brush truck, one pumper, a 95' tower truck and a utility van. Along both walls, running the length of the entire fire bay, is the turnout gear worn by the members of the Flanders Fire Company Number 1 and Rescue Squad. All in all, more then a million dollars worth of state of the art fire and first aid equipment operated and maintained by a dedicated team of volunteers. As we enter the new millennium, it’s worth remembering that it all began with seven men in a chicken coup.\nSince December 17, 1760, when Jazeb Heaton of Roxbury purchased the land for what was to become Flanders from one William Allen of Philadelphia, many significant milestones have marked he history of our community. By 1810, Flanders was connected by Pike Road to Morristown, Easton and cities as distant as Boston. A post Office was established as far back as 1822. For the period of 1827 to 1859, the agricultural economy was augmented by logging, mines, and mills and at some point the railroad that was put through the town. The first bank was established in nearby Netcong on February 3, 1903. In 1921, Mount Olive hired its first constable. Flanders was, by this point, a prosperous and growing community with churches, stores, mills, and businesses. To go along with the houses clustered along Main Street, there were also between 70 and 100 farms in the area.\nBy 1922 the post office had become a popular local meeting place. Residents would gather here to await the daily mail delivery and to talk over things in general, as well as catch up on town gossip. It was during one of these sessions that the subject of a fire company was raised. Up to this point if you had a fire, the best you could hope for would be a \"bucket brigade\" made up of your neighbors. But on June 8, 1923, seven residents officially established Flanders Fire Company Number 1. They were Howard and Ed McLaughlin, William Marvin, E.C. Ted Ashley, George Ericson, Watson McPeek, and Augustus Stark. Ed McLaughlin was named Chief and meetings were, at one point, held by the light of oil lamps in Ed’s chicken coup. Eventually Ed’s barn was used to store the company’s meager equipment and his house served as headquarters. Please bear in mind that electricity in Flanders was still two years away.\n1923 saw the first firetruck brought to town. It was a \"Brockway Torpedo\" converted from a chemical car into a water carrier. It went into Ed McLaughlin’s barn. By now a fire alarm of sorts had been installed. The rim of a steam engine’s wheel was hung up on Main Street and a sledgehammer was used to strike it when help was needed. You can still see it today, right in front of the present Flanders Firehouse. In the late 20’s, with the coming of electricity, a siren replaced this rather basic alarm. By 1968 each volunteer had a radio receiver for home use, and these have been supplemented over the last decade with belt-worn pagers.\nBy 1928 the Fire Company was expanding, but still without a firehouse. Luckily, with the completion of the \"new\" Flanders School on Main Street, the old one-room schoolhouse opposite became vacant and was made available to the Company. Originally built in 1855, the firemen remodeled the entire structure, created an engine bay, and added a garage door in front. Flanders Firehouse was dedicated in 1931. An expansion was carried out in 1961 and in late 1969 two engine bays were constructed, as an addition to the existing structure.\nIn 1996 the house and property adjacent to the firehouse were acquired. The existing home was razed and site preparation had begun. An ambitious addition was planned to begin construction in 2000 that would desperately add needed space for equipment and offices. A classroom of sorts was part of the long-range plan for the interior, and we hope that after an absence of 70 years, the old Flanders Schoolhouse will once again be holding classes. Although there have been many changes over the years, this venerable one hundred year old school is still visible as the centerpiece of the Flanders Firehouse and will remain so in the future.\nIn 1936, the township bought a Dodge pumper to replace the old \"Torpedo.\" Interestingly, the new vehicle was scheduled to be delivered on June 6th, which happened to be a Sunday. Local church groups wrote a resolution forbidding the firemen to inspect the truck on the Sabbath. But can you really keep firemen away from a shinny new firetruck? They took delivery and, we suppose, did their penance. The dodge was replaced in 1952.\nIn 1938 a group of nine women decided that the time had come for a Ladies Auxiliary to be formed in order to aid the firemen. They elected Hazel Tinc as Chairwomen, with Mrs. Erickson as her assistant. Ruth Gray served as Secretary and Ruth Clawson was the first Treasurer. Their first official act was to solicit food donations from the local farms in order to prepare and serve chicken dinner to the members of the Fire Company. During the Second World War the Ladies Auxiliary went to bat for the men with a local Rationing Board to petition for extra sugar for use at the firehouse.\nThe Ladies are a welcome sight when performing their most important function – providing drinks and, hot and cold, and food at fire scenes. They are an important part of the emergency services of Flanders, and we are grateful for their support.\nThrough the pre-war years the town of Flanders grew in size and the Fire Company grew apace. New equipment was added at regular intervals and old pieces retired. It was decided in the early 40’s that a rescue squad should also be added to the Fire Company. By 1942 the company operated two engines and a rescue truck. In 1950 the rescue duties were officially recognized and Rescue Squad was added to the company’s name. Randolph Township donated an ambulance, known as a \"cheesebox\" due to its shape, to Flanders. This was replaced in 1951 by a 1949 Studebaker, which in turn was replaced by a blue Cadillac in 1958.\nFundraising has always been a big part of the life of both the Fire Company and the Ladies Auxiliary. The firemen used to hold ham shoots, went door to door, and for many years, ran a highway fund drive on Route 206. A mail solicitation is now the most important source of funds for the firehouse. The Ladies have held dinners, craft shows, and tricky trays to generate income. Ultimately, we depend on the people we serve to help us meet our expenses, and in this way we haven’t been disappointed over the years. The Fire Company lends its financial support to other charitable organizations and the Ladies Auxiliary has established a scholarship for graduates of Mount Olive High School as well as making annual contributions to the Ronald McDonald House.\nOur present company of approximately 50 members now includes female firefighters and rescue personnel, as well as junior member under the 18 years old. Everyone is either a trained firefighter by virtue of attendance at the Morris County Fire Academy, or is an Emergency Medical Technician or First Responder.\nOur basic fire fighting duties have been expanded to include public education, hazardous materials, motor vehicle accidents, extrication, and carbon monoxide alarms. The First Aid Squad must cope with an ever expanding, changeable, and potentially dangerous medical environment. Equipment has kept up a steady pace of increasing specialization, sophistication, maintenance, and expense. Training is done year round.\nHow all this would sound to the original seven members of our company as they gathered in the glow of an oil lamp is anyone guess. But beyond the mechanics of the job, there are some things that remain constant. The desire to help people – the dedication and commitment required to serve as a volunteer firefighter and first-aider, the adrenaline rush as the alarm sounds and the big engines roar from the bays, these things our founders would recognize today. And whether you are climbing on the back step of the Brockway Torpedo in a leather helmet or strapping on a self-contained breathing apparatus in the air-conditioned box of a state of the art rescue truck, the purpose is constant, the resolve is timeless, and the imperative to save lives and property while keeping yourselves and your partners safe is the same as it ever was.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://exposiciones.fundacionmapfre.org/exposiciones/en/josefkoudelka/presentation/", "date": "2019-05-22T15:55:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256858.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522143218-20190522165218-00134.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9808228611946106, "token_count": 472, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__109174916", "lang": "en", "text": "In the mid-1950s, when a new youth culture characterised by an open mindset was beginning to emerge in Czechoslovakia following the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and after two decades of brutal repression, Josef Koudelka (born in Czechoslovakia in 1938 and nationalised French) left his village in Moravia and moved to the capital, Prague. An aeronautical engineer by training, Koudelka became very actively involved in photography in the mid-1960s, contributing to the creative renaissance that took place in his native country.\nKoudelka not only immortalised these years with his camera but also embodied them. He spent lengthy periods in gypsy encampments in Slovakia, he compulsively photographed actors during play rehearsals, and he mingled with demonstrators and soldiers in August 1968 in order to capture the invasion of Prague by the Soviet troops. When Koudelka went into exile shortly afterwardshe acquired the official status of “nationality doubtful”, becoming a stateless person as he was unable to produce documentation proving that he was born in Czechoslovakia. He refused to be intimidated by this situation, however, and continued to travel and take photographs, allowing gypsy communities and traditional and religious festivals to decide his destinations.\nKoudelka settled in Paris in the 1980s and after the fall of Communism returned to Prague in 1990 where he now has a second home. Nonetheless, he continues to be a traveller, committed over the past twenty-five years to the creation of panoramic photographs that depict landscapes around the world which have been altered and often devastated by the hand of man.\nThis exhibition encompasses Josef Koudelka’s entire career, spanning more than five decades of work. The comprehensive selection of images on display includes his first experimental projects of the 1950s and 1960s and his historic series Gypsies, Invasion and Exiles, concluding with the great panoramic landscapes of recent years. In addition, visitors will see important documentary material, most of it previously unpublished and including layouts, leaflets and magazines of the period which contribute to a deeper understanding of this artist’s work and creative process.\nThe exhibition has been organized by the Art Institute de Chicago and the J. Paul Getty Museum in association with Fundación MAPFRE.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.nnlabs.org/ada-lovelace-the-first-computer-programmer-and-visionary/", "date": "2024-04-24T13:27:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819273.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424112049-20240424142049-00496.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9802843332290649, "token_count": 557, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__93719274", "lang": "en", "text": "Ada Lovelace is widely regarded as the world’s first computer programmer, and her contributions to the field of computing have had a lasting impact. Born in London in 1815, Lovelace was a mathematician, writer, and visionary who saw the potential of computers beyond just number crunching. Her work on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer, cemented her place in history as a pioneering figure in the field of computer science.\nThe Analytical Engine was designed by Babbage as a machine that could perform any calculation that could be expressed in mathematical terms. Lovelace became interested in Babbage’s work and was soon collaborating with him on the project. She wrote the first algorithm intended to be processed by the Analytical Engine, and is credited with being the first to understand the full potential of computers beyond just number crunching.\nLovelace’s algorithm was intended to calculate Bernoulli numbers, a sequence of numbers that had important applications in mathematics and physics. But her work on the algorithm went far beyond just writing code. She wrote extensively about the potential of the Analytical Engine and the impact it could have on society, and she envisioned a future where machines could be used to create art and music, as well as perform mathematical calculations.\nLovelace’s algorithm was stored on punched cards, which were used to input data and instructions into the Analytical Engine. This was a common method of data storage and processing at the time, and was used by many early computers. It is not known if Lovelace used an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or any other software tool to write her algorithm, as these tools did not exist at the time.\nLovelace’s work on the Analytical Engine was ahead of its time and was not widely recognized for many years. However, her contributions to the field of computer science have been rediscovered in recent years, and she is now widely regarded as a pioneering figure in the field. Her writings on the potential of computers and her insights into the role that algorithms could play in shaping the future have had a lasting impact, and she is remembered today as an important figure in the history of computing.\nIn conclusion, Ada Lovelace’s contributions to the field of computer science have been truly groundbreaking. Her work on Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, and her insight into the potential of computers beyond just number crunching, has had a lasting impact on the field and has helped to shape the future of computing. Today, Lovelace’s legacy continues to inspire and influence computer scientists and technologists, and she is remembered as a pioneering figure in the history of computing.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://backyardbotanics.co.uk/2018/01/paradise-gardens-uzbekistan/", "date": "2024-02-22T22:00:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00633.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9701956510543823, "token_count": 2245, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__30327932", "lang": "en", "text": "The story of how the Mughal gardens were born in Uzbekistan.\nIn his recent TV series Monty Don’s Paradise Gardens, Monty showed us the great Islamic gardens of Iran, Spain, Turkey and India, but you may have been left wondering how a Persian style of gardens found its way to India. I was lucky enough to visit the beautiful country of Uzbekistan ten years ago, and was delighted to discover that the country was the setting for the refinement of Paradise gardens and their development into the famous Mughal garden style surviving today at the Taj Mahal and other sites in India, visited by Monty in the second episode. This blog describes the gap in the story provided by medieval Uzbekistan gardens.\nIn the first episode, Monty took us to the excavated remains of the earliest surviving Paradise garden: that of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae. The Persian empire founded by Cyrus (known as the Achaemenid Empire, 550-330BC) extended into modern-day Uzbekistan (a region known as Transoxiana, ‘the land beyond the river Oxus’), as did the later Sassanian Empire (224-651AD) which saw a great renaissance of Persian culture.\nAchaemenid palaces were built in a similar style throughout the empire, and the Greeks described the palaces as having a pairadaeza thickly planted with many kinds of trees in orderly rows, with aromatic shrubs between them, and beautiful, well-watered gardens. It seems likely that such gardens existed in Transoxiana at this time.\nThe mains cities of Transoxiana were Samarkand and Bukhara, names resonant with romantic legend and occupying important positions on the Silk Road. Under the Sassanian Empire, it became a great cultural and scientific centre.\nThe province was known as Sogdia, and the cultured Sogdians were keen gardeners as well as talented merchants. As well as trading precious metals, spices and cloth along the silk road, the Sogdians introduced central Asian horticulture to China, and introduced plants such as the peony from China to gardens in Samarkand. Sogdia is commemorated in a number of plant species, including Tulipa sogdiana.\nFollowing the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the early 7th century, Samarkand and Bukhara continued to be centres of learning, and the Persian heritage and culture of the Sogdians played an important part in the evolution of Islamic art and architecture in the region, as well as gardens.\nThe tenth-century AD Iranian author Istakhri, who travelled in Transoxiana, describes the natural riches of the region he calls “Smarkandian Sogd”:\nI know no place in it or in Samarkand itself where if one ascends some elevated ground one does not see greenery and a pleasant place….Samakandian Sogd…[extends] eight days travel through unbroken greenery and gardens….The greenery of the trees and sown land extends along both sides of the river [Sogd]…and beyond these fields is pasture for flocks….It is the most fruitful of all the countries of Allah; in it are the best trees and fruits, in every home are gardens, cisterns and flowing water…\nLittle remains of the architecture of this time, due to the destruction wrought when Genghis Khan invaded the area in 1220, but Samarkand was rebuilt as a great city by the conqueror and founder of the Timurid empire, Timur (also known as Tamerlane, 1336-1405), from the 1370s.\nTimur was undoubtedly a ruthless warrior, responsible for thousands of deaths, but in later life he took up gardening (or, at least, garden-building) on a grand scale, bringing in the master builders and architects of Persia. As Elizabeth Moynihan says “it is one of history’s quirks that such a brutal warrior was so important in the history of a great garden tradition and was the ancestor of men who attained such high artistic achievement: the Timurids of Persia and Mughals of India”.\nBy 1400 Samarkand was famous for its gardens which ringed the city. Timur lived in the splendid gardens he built at Samarkand, moving between them, and while he was away on campaign, according to a contemporary account “the citizens, rich and poor, went to walk therin and found no retreat more wonderful or beautiful than those and no resting place more agreeable and secure; and its sweetest fruits were common to all“.\nNone of the Timurid gardens survive today, but they are described in miniature paintings of the Timurid period and in several contemporary accounts, most famously the Spanish Ambassador Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo who was sent by the King of Spain to visit Timur at Samarkand in 1403, where he was received in the Garden of Heart’s Ease:\n“We found Timur and he was seated under what might be called a portal which was before the entrance of a most beautiful palace that appeared in the background. He was sitting on the ground, but upon a raised dais before which there was a fountain that threw up a column of water into the air backwards, and in the basin of the fountain there were floating red apples. His Highness had taken his place on silk cloth, and was leaning on his elbow against some round cushions that were heaped up behind him.”\nClavijo also describes the Bagh-I Naw, or New Gardens:\n“This orchard was surrounded by a high wall, four square, enclosing it and at each of the four corners was a very lofty round tower, and the enclosing wall going from tower to tower was very high, and built as strong as the work of the tower. This orchard at its centre had a great palace, built on the plan of a cross, and a very large water-tank had been dug before it. This palace with its large garden was much the finest of any that we had visited hitherto, and in its ornamentation of its buildings in the gold and blue tile work far the most sumptuous.”\nand the vast royal chaharbagh where they were housed some distance outside the city and approached through a vineyard, its wall bordered by shade trees:\n“a full league round and within it is full of fruit trees of all kinds save only limes and citron-trees which we noticed to be lacking” [the winters being too cold in Samarkand for citrus to survive].\nAccording to Wilber, the main characteristics of the Timurid gardens were:\n- the enclosure within high walls\n- the division of the enclosed areas into quarters\n- the use of a main axis of water\n- the location of a palace or pavilion at the centre of the area\n- the choice of natural slope of the creation of an artificial hill in order to ensure the proper flow of water\n- a mixture of utilitarian vineyard or orchard with the pleasure garden\n- occupying a very large area\n- the magnificent portals decorated with blue and gold tiles\nIn the century after Timur’s death, the politics and power of the Timurids moved to Herat in Afghanistan, where a number of gardens were built under the rule of Husayn Bayqara, including the Bagh-I Jahan Ara or Garden of the World Adorned, covering over 100 acres and featuring a palace, pools and masses of red tulips and roses. A remarkable agricultural manual exists from this time, which describes the garden tradition practised in Herat by the later Timurids. They are similar to Timur’s gardens, except the pavilion is placed at one end of a rectangular enclosure, looking out to the formal fourt-part garden: an arrangement found in Moghul gardens such as the Taj Mahal.\nEventually the Timurid empire split into many separate kingdoms. A descendant of Timur called Zahirud din Muhammad Babur (usually known simply as Babur) won the throne of one such province and in 1504 he conquered Kabul. A long-time admirer of the gardens of Samarkand and Herat (described in detail in his memoir), he set about beautifying Kabul with gardens, along the same lines.\nThe Gardeners of Kabul is a beautiful film telling the story of Babur and the Bagh-i Babur in Kabul where he is buried and how a love of gardens and gardening still exists in the city.\nIn 1508 Babur founded the Bagh-iVafa, or Garden of Fidelity, in Kabul which he describes: “Its grass plots were all covered with clover, its pomegranate trees were entirely of a beautiful yellow colour. It was then the pomegranate season and the pomegranates were hanging red on the trees. The orange trees were green and cheerful, loaded with innumerable oranges. I was never so pleased with the Bagh-iVafa as on this occasion.\nBy this time, the power of the Uzbeks in Central Asia was growing, so Babur looked to north India for land to conquer, and in 1526 he founded the Mughal Empire there. The garden style of the Timurids was to have a huge influence on later Mughal gardens. As Lisa Golombek puts it “The diversity in Mughal gardens reflects the diversity in the Timurid models, available to the Mughals in eye-witness reports, descriptions in the chronicles and agricultural manuals, and manuscript illustrations. The Mughals venerated their Timurid ancestors and sought inspiration from Timurid culture. When the Mughals wished to emphasise their decent from Timur, they chose freely from the full menu of artistic traditions developed over the entire Timurid century. The garden was where the descendants got in touch with their noble ancestry and their fantasies about Timur’s nomadic lifestyle.”\nThe chaharbagh, the Timurid formal garden, was not a Timurid invention: the concept of a walled, four-part garden containing a pavilion was an ancient one going back to Sassanian and even Achaeminid times. But the Timurids adapted and perfected it to perhaps the highest degree.\nGolombek, L. (1995). The Gardens of Timur: New Perspectives. Maqarnas Vol. 12 pp. 137-146.\nMoynihan, E. Paradise as a garden in Persia and Mughal India.1979.\nWilber, D.N. Persian gardens and garden pavilions. 1979.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wisperisp.com/wisper-supports-honor-flight/", "date": "2022-10-06T04:50:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00162.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9770671129226685, "token_count": 1532, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__189566928", "lang": "en", "text": "Thank You. Two insignificant words can be the most powerful anyone can hear.\nThis summer, Wisper Internet has sponsored two Honor Flights of military veterans to Washington D.C. to tour memorials to American conflicts, different branches of the armed forces, and other monuments to the founders and defenders of our nation.\nLast weekend a group of 24 Vietnam veterans and one 91-year-old Korean War veteran from Franklin and surrounding Missouri counties took their Honor Flight to the nation’s capital.\nFifty years after their discharges from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, these vets finally received the thank you many of them said they never received when they came home after their tours overseas.\nAs Wisper’s Public Relations and Advocacy Specialist, I was unbelievably lucky to accompany a veteran on this flight and serve as his “guardian” for the whirlwind 36 hours in Washington D.C.\nWe arrived at Lambert Airport at 5:30 a.m. Saturday morning and after a greeting from USO volunteers we made our way through security to our terminal for breakfast. We were on the plane and in the air around 8:30.\nWe exited our plane at Reagan National Airport to cheering travelers in the terminal and a high school band, football team, and cheerleaders lining the hallway from the terminal to the front doors before boarding our charter bus to lunch. At this early point in the trip, the vets and guardians were already forming friendships and the vets were exchanging stories from their experiences in Vietnam, which ranged from being a payroll clerk to flying nukes in a B-52 bomber.\nWhile at lunch, I got the first indication that this trip was going to be incredibly special for the vets and the guardians as well. I quickly discovered the vets were eager to share their stories, which in many cases had never had anyone ask to hear them. Even more powerful was hearing the vets talk to each other and connect on their shared experiences both good and bad.\nAfter lunch, our group of about 55 people headed to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia. A couple of hours were spent here giving the vets a chance to see aircraft they had flown in while in the service. This was also a fantastic opportunity for guardians to have a chance to get to know our new friends as well.\nMy vet was Rodney Norman, who served in Vietnam as a payroll clerk on a forward base. He lives in South St. Louis County and is retired after operating a residential garage door business for many years.\nWe departed the museum and headed to the Air Force Memorial for dinner and a wonderful view of the Pentagon. After some time at the memorial, our next destination was the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial and a quick view of the Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial. The highlight of the evening was our visit to the National Mall to view the nightly illuminations of the World War 2, Vietnam and Korean War, and Lincoln memorials.\nFinally, the hotel and bed at 10 p.m. for a few hours of rest before a packed Sunday, starting with breakfast at 6:30 a.m.\nDay two began with a visit to and up into the Washington Monument. At this point in the trip the vets and the guardians were forming friendships and a comfort level with each other, and the times spent in lines and on the bus became filled with laughter, jokes, and some ribbing of the Marine vets by the other branches.\nHaving focused on the Korean War Memorial the previous night, Rodney and I took this opportunity to visit the very somber Vietnam Memorial Wall. While there we located the name of a childhood friend of his who was killed in action which was engraved in its enduring place of honor.\nWe then made out way over to the Lincoln Memorial and found several of the others from our group taking pictures and referencing historic events that had occurred on the steps where we were standing and a few famous movie scenes as well.\nAlthough Rodney had visited the sites before, he commented that when you are there it is hard to take it all in, because it seems like you are in a movie or a textbook. We boarded the bus from the Lincon Memorial and made a quick drive past the Capital building to the National Navy Memorial and museum on Pennsylvania Avenue, just a few blocks from the White House.\nAfter a private lunch and tour of the Navy Museum, we headed to the Pentagon to view the 9/11 Memorial to the 184 souls who lost their lives at that location during the terrorist attack on our nation 21 years ago.\nThe simple memorial features winged-shaped benches and flowing water beneath each. Fifty-nine benches are situated facing the Pentagon to represent the victims of Flight 77. An additional 125 benches are facing outward from the impact point to honor those who were killed in the Pentagon.\nIn keeping with somber remembrances, our next and probably most poignant stop on the trip for the veterans was a visit to Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. While here, the vets witnessed a changing of the guard ceremony at the tomb and they received a fitting, secret nod from the soldiers of the Old Guard while performing their duties. As the sergeant at arms is entering the tomb area, he drags the toe of his boots (equipped with metal taps) on the ground while walking past the vets as a tribute to their service, an extremely high honor.\nDespite the gravitas of the ceremony and location, the vets’ spirits were high after being surrounded by their honored servicemembers in a very sacred place to our military and the country. We boarded the bus one last time and after circling the Iwo Jima Memorial honoring the Marine Corps and the raising of the American flag over Mt. Suribachi in 1945, we headed to the airport for the flight home.\nOn the trip home, the vets received yet another surprise, which is a tradition in the military and for all Honor Flights. As you may guess, while serving anywhere away from home, letters and pictures from home are welcome and craved. Long before the trip when guardians are meeting with their vets, they receive contact info for their families to have them write letters to the vets for their Mail Call on the plane home.\nOnce the Honor Flight arrived home in St. Louis about 9 p.m. Sunday night, the vets received a color guard escort down a corridor of a hundred flag-waving volunteers welcoming them home. This was followed by a surprise ceremony where each vet was recognized by family and friends and given a certificate and saluted by Navy JROTC cadets. There was not a dry eye in the room.\nSince its inception in 2007, Franklin County Honor Flight has sponsored 2,000 local vets for trips just like these. The men and women who volunteer for these flights to honor veterans cannot be acknowledged enough for what they do. Two of the team captains on this flight have been on more than 30 flights over the years.\nOn a personal note, I want to say this was easily one of the most powerful, inspiring, and humbling experiences of my life. Being with all these amazing veterans and guardians for those 36 hours will never leave my memory.\nThank you to everyone and to Wisper for allowing me to honor these veterans and have this experience in my life’s memories. I certainly have a new and deeper regard for the men and women who left their everyday lives to fight in a far-off country to ensure the liberties we all enjoy today.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.iowauna.org/post/the-united-nations-relief-and-reconstruction-work-in-finland-after-world-war-ii", "date": "2024-02-21T10:33:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00867.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9557695984840393, "token_count": 1334, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__109510491", "lang": "en", "text": "The UN’s Relief and Reconstruction Work in Finland after World War II By Debra DeLaet (Executive Director, Iowa United Nations Association)\nI recently spent a month as a visiting researcher at the Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI) in Finland. TAPRI is an international research center focused on examining the causes of war, the non-violent resolution of conflicts, and the conditions for peace. My time at TAPRI gave me the opportunity to learn more about Nordic perspectives on peace. I also had opportunities to learn about Finland’s experience in World War II, including the important role the United Nations played in helping to rebuild Finland in the aftermath of the war.\nAn unexpected discovery in Lapland, the northernmost region of Finland, highlighted the lasting influence of the United Nations in the region. We stopped at Santa Claus Village, a popular tourist destination in Lapland, to walk across the Arctic Circle, which runs through the resort. As we were walking towards the Arctic Circle marker, we walked by an unassuming wood cottage. I almost didn’t notice the signage above the door describing the building as the Roosevelt Cottage.\nRoosevelt Cottage, also known as the Arctic Circle Cabin, was built with funds from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), a UN body that provided critical aid, including food, clothing, shelter, and medicine, to countries that had been devastated by World War II. UNRRA also helped coordinate the repatriation of millions of displaced people and refugees after the war. Notably, UNRRA was established in 1943 both before the official end of the war and prior to the formal establishment of the UN in 1945. This example shows the centrality of humanitarian aid and peacebuilding as cornerstones of the UN system that emerged after World War II. The UNRRA was disbanded in 1947 and ultimately replaced by other UN bodies, including International Refugee Organization (later succeeded by UN High Commissioner for Refugees), the World Health Organization, and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF, now known as the UN Children’s Fund) that took up various aspects of its critical work.\nThe history of Roosevelt Cottage sheds light on the broader history of the important role the UN played in reconstructing Europe after World War II. The cottage is just outside of Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland. This city was devastated by World War II. It had been occupied by the German army, which destroyed most of the city’s buildings and infrastructure when it withdrew in October 1944. The German army also placed deadly mines in the forests surrounding the city. (On hikes through the gorgeous Lapland forest, you can still encounter signs noting the historic presence of militarization in the area.) The UNRRA played a critical role in the reconstruction of Rovaniemi and in the removal of landmines from the Lapland region.\nAs a goodwill ambassador for the UN, Eleanor Roosevelt travelled to Rovaniemi in June 1950 to monitor UNRRA’s reconstruction work. In preparation for this visit, Uuno Hannula, the governor of Lapland, facilitated the building of the cottage on the Arctic Circle to honor Mrs. Roosevelt at the reception for her visit. The building of the Roosevelt Cottage served as a symbol for the broader goal of reconstructing the Lapland region. Fittingly, it is now on the site of a popular tourist destination, with tourism being one of the driving forces of postwar economic recovery in Lapland. Rovaniemi has been rebuilt and is the administrative and commercial center of a now-thriving region.\nThe story of the UNRRA’s work in Finland is part of a larger story of the role that the United Nations played in rebuilding Europe after World War II. Caught between major powers, Finland shifted its alliances over the course of the war. Initially, the Finnish government actually allied itself with Nazi Germany during the war, partly to regain territories it had lost to the USSR during the Winter War (1939-40) between the Soviet Union and Finland. In 1944, a new Finnish government secretly negotiated a peace agreement with the Soviet Union that led to the Lapland War between Finland and Germany in 1944-1945. Throughout the timespan of the World War, Finnish citizens fought on both sides of the conflict. The effects of the war were devastating for Finland. Roughly 86,000 Finnish citizens died during the war. Approximately 500,000 Finns became refugees during the war. Countless homes and public buildings were destroyed. The UNRRA played an essential role in reconstructing the country. In 1955, Finland joined the United Nations.\nFinland is a parliamentary democracy that has become a global political leader. Martti Ahtisaari, Finland’s President from 1994-2000, has been a prominent diplomat and mediator for the UN who played a lead role in UN initiatives that helped resolve violent conflicts in Namibia, Indonesia, Kosovo, Serbia, and Iraq. He received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Finland also has emerged as a leader on many indicators of human development. Finland ranks very high on the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite indicator developed by the UN Development Program, which measures a country’s achievement in three areas: life expectancy, educational attainment, and standard of living. In recent decades, human development trends in Finland have steadily risen, and Finland has been consistently among the countries with the highest rankings on the HDI. The UN played a critical role in helping the country move from the devastation of World War II to one of the most highly developed countries in the world today.\nThe tiny Roosevelt Cottage at a tourist destination on the Arctic Circle in Lapland reflects a rich history of the role of the United Nations in postwar reconstruction in Europe after World War II. The UNRRA was essential to rebuilding Finland. It helped by providing humanitarian aid, resettling refugees, and reconstructing cities. The UNRRA and its successor UN bodies helped to usher in an era of peace and prosperity throughout Europe.\nIn subsequent decades, the UN has continued its lifesaving work across the globe. A range of UN bodies, including by UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, carry on the historic work of the UNRRA by providing essential humanitarian aid to populations in conflict zones and helping to create the conditions for peace in war-torn countries.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.frato.com/journal/around-the-world-italy", "date": "2024-04-25T04:23:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297284704.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425032156-20240425062156-00219.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9086958169937134, "token_count": 459, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__192353588", "lang": "en", "text": "Embark on a captivating journey through Italy's vibrant heartlands, where each city unfolds like a chapter in an enchanting storybook, brimming with culture, history, and breathtaking beauty. Our tour begins in Milan, the pulsating metropolis known for its dazzling fashion scene and the majestic Duomo, a masterpiece of Gothic architecture. Here, the blend of modern innovation and ancient history creates a dynamic atmosphere, inviting you to explore its chic boutiques, stunning museums, and the vibrant Navigli district, alive with charming cafes and the spirit of Leonardo da Vinci.\nThe adventure continues south to Bari, a gem on the Adriatic coast, where the scent of olive oil and sea air mingle in the ancient streets. The Basilica di San Nicola, a pilgrimage site, stands as a testament to the city's rich religious heritage, while the bustling fish market offers a taste of local life. Heading into the heart of Tuscany, Siena welcomes you with its medieval brick buildings and the famous Piazza del Campo, known for the thrilling Palio horse race. The city's deep sense of community and its exquisite cuisine provide a warm embrace of traditional Italian culture.\nOur journey then sweeps us to the northwestern elegance of Turin, a city of royal heritage and baroque splendour. The Mole Antonelliana towers over the cityscape, housing the intriguing National Cinema Museum. Turin's regal avenues and cozy cafes serve as perfect spots to savour a bicerin, the local chocolate and coffee delicacy, offering a moment of delight between exploring its numerous palaces and gardens.\nFinally, Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic, calls us with its siren song, inviting us to lose ourselves in its labyrinth of canals, bridges, and ethereal beauty. Gliding through its waterways on a gondola, the magnificent palazzos and the serene St. Mark's Square appear as a dreamscape, where art and water have danced together for centuries. Each sunset here paints the sky and water in hues of gold and rose, a perfect backdrop to conclude our tour, leaving us with memories of Italy's timeless charm and the endless stories nestled in the heart of each city.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bentarrow.ca/programs-and-services/culture/soup-bannock/", "date": "2018-01-24T03:36:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893300.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124030651-20180124050651-00349.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9601746797561646, "token_count": 303, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__6582045", "lang": "en", "text": "There is a monthly soup and bannock at Bent Arrow. And everyone is welcome! Visit our Facebook Page for more information! Bent Arrow Traditional Healing Society Facebook Page\nWhat is bannock?\nBannock, also known as frybread, skaan/scone or Indian bread, is found throughout North American native cuisine, including that of the Inuit/Eskimo of Canada and Alaska, other Alaska Natives, the First Nations of the rest of Canada, the Native Americans in the United States and the Métis. Today, bannock is a growing culinary trend across Canada with non-aboriginal people.\nAs made by indigenous North Americans, bannock is generally prepared with white or whole wheat flour, baking powder and water, which are combined and kneaded (possibly with spices, dried fruits or other flavouring agents added) then fried in rendered fat, vegetable oil, or shortening, baked in an oven or cooked on a stick.\nA type of bannock, using available resources, such as flour made from roots, tree sap and leavening agents, may have been produced by indigenous North Americans prior to contact with outsiders. Some sources indicate that bannock was unknown in North America until the 1860s when it was created by the Navajo who were incarcerated at Fort Sumner, while others indicate that it came from a Scottish source.\nInformation from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_(food)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.vpis.org/about-us/vpis-history/", "date": "2024-02-28T09:23:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00453.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9332102537155151, "token_count": 703, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__25476590", "lang": "en", "text": "The Society was founded in 1885 as the Village Improvement Society of Falls Church. It was one of hundreds of such societies around the country modeled after the famous Laurel Hill Association of Stockbridge, Massachusetts.\nThe Society’s early objectives were to improve and ornament the streets of Falls Church by planting and cultivating trees, cleaning and repairing the sidewalks, and carrying out other acts to beautify and benefit the culture and prosperity of the village. The Society planted the street trees we see in historic photos, built the first sidewalks, and organized parades and the town-wide July 4th celebrations with baseball and ice cream socials. It helped to start the first library in Falls Church and initiated the first Arbor Day in Virginia (1892).\nThe Society was renamed in 1923 as the Falls Church Citizens Association and, after a few decades of intermittent activity, it was reestablished in 1965 as the Falls Church Village Preservation and Improvement Society (VPIS).\nOver the past several decades, the Society:\n- Led the effort to create a streetscape design for Broad Street that led to wide brick sidewalks with street trees and plantings;\n- Initiated the Excellence in Design Awards, providing plaques for development of homes, buildings, and gardens that are high quality and in keeping with the community character;\n- Led the effort to improve the recognition of the City with appropriate entrance signs and plantings, providing the visual standard of quality and avoiding visual clutter;\n- Developed a program of live music with the home concert series in the winter and the music in the park in summer;\n- Developed the Neighborhood Tree Program in partnership with the City to increase canopy cover with trees on public or private property:\n- Actively sponsored the development of Watch Night, the City’s New Year’s Eve celebration, and major sponsor since its inception in 1998;\n- Developed and operated the Attic Treasures Sale to encourage reuse of household items, recycling and raise funds for community projects;\n- Led walking tours of the neighborhoods and sponsored history symposiums to increase the knowledge of local history; and\n- Encouraged civic engagement with public sessions to shape the City’s Comprehensive Plan and local ordinances.\nToday, the Society is actively implementing diverse projects to protect and improve the City of Falls Church. Some key activities include:\n- Sponsoring and managing the free Summer Concerts Series in Cherry Hill Park;\n- Operating the Neighborhood Tree Program that plants trees around the community;\n- Managing the RainSmart Program to reduce stormwater runoff and pollution by providing grants to residents for rain barrels and rain gardens;\n- Providing ways for people to participate in the community life and recognize individual’s contributions;\n- Encouraging the City to require that major new development projects meet environmental and architectural design standards and minimize the negative impact on residential neighborhoods;\n- Improving the natural environment and beauty with gardens parks and plantings around the City;\n- Working with other organizations, such as the League of Women Voters, to sponsor local candidate forums and meetings on topics of importance to the community;\n- Sponsoring events to recognize the rich history of Falls Church and its connection to national history, such as the annual Independence Day Readings since 1984; and\n- Supporting environmental education for citizens and students, such as the Operation EarthWatch Program.\nThe Society welcomes new members and donations: https://donorbox.org/vpis-membership.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://jmmc.co.uk/new-masjid-project/", "date": "2022-08-17T01:56:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00372.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.970069944858551, "token_count": 422, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__178870123", "lang": "en", "text": "The journey of Jamia Madina Masjid Colne began in 1980 where a small number of blessed individuals serving the muslim community of Colne decided to fulfil a communal obligation by establishing a masjid for the muslim community of Colne.\nAt the time, they decided to buy a terrace house on Boundary Street Colne which was converted into a masjid. The purchase was funded by the small muslim community of Colne. The majority of the renovation work was carried out by the blessed individuals working on this project during their spare time.\nIn 1990 as the muslim community was growing the masjid was relocated to Chapel Street, again a terrace house conversion. As the community grew even further and the demand for extra space grew the house next door to the masjid was purchased and the extended to where its at today.\nThe New Project\nThe former Parish Church which is a listed building was purchased for £150,000 in 2016 by the mosque committee. Funding for this purchase was exclusively through charitable donors from the local community.\nThe total cost of renovation of the new building is £400,000 for which we need your help and support to raise.\nRefer to New Masjid Page for details on the necessity of why the new masjid is required and what the new masjid will be providing Insha’Allah.\nThe Muslim community in Colne is approximately 440 headcount (UK Office for National Statistics, 2011). This community is served solely by the Madina Mosque – there are no other registered mosques in Colne. The current Madina Mosque premises are based at 3-5 Chapel Street, Colne which was established in 1990 after the conversion of two gable end properties into one. The Muslim community of Colne now require a larger premise to provide sufficient accommodation to worshippers and students attending classes. Our intention is to move from the current location into a purpose-built site. The new site will provide the capacity to accommodate the local congregation and classes for male and female students.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://centralmarketing.com/about/", "date": "2024-03-03T02:59:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00221.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9727000594139099, "token_count": 157, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__210623064", "lang": "en", "text": "Sam Dinovo Sr. opened the Dinovo Fruit Company in 1913. A proud immigrant from Sicily, he built his company on quality, service and irreproachable ethics. Starting by peddling bananas to local neighborhood grocery stores, he soon was buying carloads of bananas and ripening them in his store front warehouse in Delaware, Ohio. With the end of World War II his six sons formed a new company, Dinovo Brothers, Inc., to more efficiently distribute produce to the many super-markets that were springing up throughout Ohio. With the state-of-the-art banana ripening rooms, coolers of various temperatures to handle all types of fresh fruit items and multiple docks, the brothers were well equipped to carry on their father’s tradition of quality and service.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://williamsvillecemetery.com/", "date": "2017-10-21T08:28:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00697.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9406396746635437, "token_count": 272, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__284773492", "lang": "en", "text": "A centuries-old village cemetery... with space still available\nAt the Williamsville Cemetery and our sister cemeteries we recently changed our rules and regulations, and these changes may enable you to save a substantial amount of money on at-need or pre-need cremation burial space at any of our cemeteries. In fact, you may even be eligible for FREE burial space. Click here to learn more\nFour decades before the historic Village of Williamsville was incorporated, some of the area’s first citizens began to use our land as a “Loving Family” burial ground. It’s easy to see why they chose this location, given the convenience of Main Street, combined with the natural beauty of our tree-covered landscape and gently rolling hills...\nToday, Williamsville Cemetery is one of the best-maintained village cemeteries in Western New York – and one of the only such cemeteries that still has space available. The beautiful park-like grounds, filled with mature trees and 200-year-old monuments, offer options for both cremation as well as traditional burials. As you walk or drive through Williamsville Cemetery, you will quickly be enveloped in a rich sense of history, nostalgia and tranquility that you simply will not find anywhere else in Western New York.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/1164/*/---/l=2", "date": "2013-06-19T05:21:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707906397/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123826-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9598089456558228, "token_count": 396, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__78809512", "lang": "en", "text": "The «Building materials test institute» started work in 1880 in the cellars of Zurich's polytechnical university, the forerunner of ETH Zurich. In its first years of activity, the new institute was involved in wide-ranging quality testing of building and structural materials for the Swiss National Exhibition of 1883.\nIntensive research work by the co-founder and first director, Prof. Ludwig von Tetmajer, gave rise to the first publications on the testing and standardisation of building materials and metals. Tetmajer was also commissioned to investigate the cause of the collapse in 1891 of a railway bridge constructed by Gustav Eiffel at Münchenstein in Switzerland. His investigation of this collapse, which was at that time the largest railway disaster to have occurred in Europe, revealed that Euler's formula, which had hitherto been used to calculate such structures, needed to be corrected for slender bars.\nOver the following years, the institute developed into a general purpose testing institute for the construction and mechanical engineering sectors. In 1928, the Swiss Federal Fuel Testing Institute was incorporated, as was, in 1937, the textile testing organisation «Swiss Test Institute, St. Gallen», which had been founded in 1885. The establishment was named the «Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research for Industry, Construction and Commerce» in 1938, but had already long been known by the acronym Empa.\nSince 1988, Empa has focused less on materials testing and more on research and development; routine testing, which provides little scope for interdisciplinary synergy, now plays second fiddle to applied research and development.\nIn 1994, the takeover of a specialist section of the Armaments Services Group, which had previously carried out military materials testing, gave Empa a third site at Thun to augment its existing sites at Dübendorf and St. Gallen. Now, the workload of the Materials Technology Section at Thun is almost exclusively civilian.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://legalbants.com/the-afrobeats-legend-fela/", "date": "2020-07-09T01:08:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897844.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709002952-20200709032952-00559.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9863547086715698, "token_count": 831, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__123911281", "lang": "en", "text": "Fela Anikulapo Kuti, born Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, 15th October 1938, was known professionally as Fela Kuti or Fela. He was known primarily as a Nigerian musician, singer, song writer and human rights activist.\n- His mother, Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was feminist and activist in the anti-colonial movement and his Father, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti was an Anglican Minister and school Principal, the first President of the Nigerian Union Of Teachers. Both of Fela’s brothers are well known Medical Doctors: Beko Ransome-Kuti, Dr Olukoye Ransome-Kuti. He is the first cousins to Wole Soyinka, the writer and African Nobel laureate.\n- Fela married twenty seven (27) wives in one ceremony.\nEducation & Music\n- He went to London in 1958 to study medicine but decided to study classical Music at Trinity College instead, his primary instrument being the trumpet. He played a fusion of highlife and jazz with his band at the time called Koola Lobitos.\n- On his return to Nigeria in 1963, he trained as a radio producer in the Nigerian Broadcast Corporation and played for sometime with Victor Olaiya.\n- It was in 1967 after a trip to Ghana that he birthed Afrobeats. Thereafter he spent ten (10) months in Los Angeles with his band, his music and politics was influenced primarily through Sandra Smith of the Black Power Movement, a partisan of the Black Panther.\n- His band was named Afrika ’70, then Egypt ’80. The band concentrated more on social issues.\n- In the 70’s, Fela started a Political party called ‘Movement Of The People’ in his ambition to become President of Nigeria-which he was denied candidature, he also started the Kalakuta Republic which was a studio for his musical works but more of a commune of people connected to the band, he later declared that Kalakuta Republic was independent from Nigeria.\n- He later changed his name to Anikulapo with the interpretation ‘I will be the master of my own destiny and will decide when it’s time for death to take me’.\n- He sang in pidgin because in his opinion, it was an easy way to connect with the people of Africa.\n- His Zombie Album in 1977 (that described the methods of the Nigerian military as he parodied the military types) was kicked against and one thousand soldiers viciously attacked the the Kalakuta republic and almost beat Fela to death and his mother thrown from a window. She sustained fatal injuries. The Republic was burned, his studio, instruments, master tapes destroyed and later burned. In his normal controversial tone, he delivered his mother’s coffin to the Dodan Barracks in Lagos, General Obasanjo’s residence and went ahead to write two songs about the issues.\n- In March 1980, Fela accepted a police invitation to serve as a member of the Police Public Relations Committee.\n- In June 1984, a documentary film entitled “Teacher Don’t Teach Me Nonsense” based on Fela’s political life was broadcast to a British audience by the BBC.\nHe was later jailed by the Muhammadu Buhari administration on a charge of currency smuggling. He was supported by Amnesty International who referred to him as a ‘Prisoner of conscience’. He was also defended by many human rights groups. He stayed in jail for one year and eight months and was released by Ibrahim Babaginda after which he divorced his twelve wives – with his notion at the time that marriage was full of jealousy and selfishness.\nOn August 3, 1997, his brother, Dr. Olukoye Ransome Kuti announced that Fela had died of complications from AIDS.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.freedomsafespace.com/m/videos/view/300-ft-straight-down-the-Wesko-shaft-Part-2-aka-Center-Star-Mine", "date": "2020-02-26T12:13:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146342.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226115522-20200226145522-00008.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9561591148376465, "token_count": 157, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__61653266", "lang": "en", "text": "300 ft straight down the Wesko shaft Part 2, aka Center Star Mine.\nThis property is located at 1067 metres elevation on the west slope of Jubilee Mountain about 1.6 kilometres southeast of Ymir.\nThe Centre Star claim was located in 1900 and Crown-granted to J.S.C. Fraser & associates in 1905. No further activity was reported from the property until 1934. At this time Wesko Exploration and Development Company, Limited, acquired the Centre Star group consisting of the Centre Star, Redman, Twilight, Cold Island, Crowfoot, and Blind Canyon Crown-granted claims, and ten adjoining claims held by location. Exploration and development work was carried on through 1935 and in 1936 a 100 ton per day concentrator was put into operation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://albionne.com/live/city-info/", "date": "2017-11-22T14:38:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806609.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122141600-20171122161600-00351.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9860333204269409, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__39185773", "lang": "en", "text": "The growth of the town was very slow until 1879. During that year, a sudden impetus was given to business by a rush of immigration to the county. During the building and construction of the railroad in 1880 and 1881, Albion grew rapidly. The town, having the first railroad and being the county seat, became the receiving and shipping point of freight for several adjacent counties.\nToday, Albion features a thriving business district, a quality school system and a state-of-the-art county hospital. This community is made up of neighbors, friends and extended family that work together to assure a prosperous future for generations to come.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://snoislegenealogy.org/", "date": "2023-03-26T22:48:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00127.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9378604888916016, "token_count": 363, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__160973411", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the Sno-Isle Genealogical Society\nWe are devoted to furthering genealogy research and education through our library at Humble House in Lynnwood, Washington and through educational events and focus groups. Our focus is on promoting interest in family history through our collection of local, national, and event based genealogical materials. Our volunteers are committed to recording and researching genealogical data concerning Snohomish and Island Counties in the State of Washington. We have a large collection of local resources including obituaries, personal histories, and other locally curated material.\nWhat’s New in 2022?\nOver the past two years, due to the Covid lockdown, we have been forced to evaluate and change some of the thing we were doing. This included record keeping, communications with our members and providing genealogical support to our members and the public.\nSnoislegenealogy.org, this membership site is designed to handle the activities between SIGS and our members. This site provides links to both the “Research Site” and our \"Library Catalog\" on the index list on the left side of this page.\nPlus these membership only features:\n• Membership Management – Annual Invoicing\n• Dues & Donations via PayPal\n• Membership List’s\n• Calendar of Events\n• Programs via Zoom\n• Internal Email is for direct and immediate communications from our officers or committee chairs to our members, groups and teams.\n• There will also be new features available to our members.\nSnoislegen.org (our “Research Site”) will continue with articles collected over the past 20 years. This site is open to the public and will provide links to this Membership site and to our Library Catalog.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.womens.afl:443/news/73586/statement-vale-helen-lambert", "date": "2022-05-17T08:04:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00368.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9710066914558411, "token_count": 320, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__61928578", "lang": "en", "text": "THE AUSTRALIAN Football League mourns the passing of women’s football pioneer Helen Lambert, who sadly passed away yesterday.\nAFL Chief Executive Gillon McLachlan said Helen’s pioneering work had laid the foundation for the position we have today with a growing game for women and girls.\n\"As a founding committee member of the VWFL, 40 years ago in 1981, Helen was a driver in those first years to what we see in our game now, where the AFLW has added a vibrancy and excitement to our game,\" Mr McLachlan said.\nWith a key role in the formation of the Victorian Women’s Football League in 1981 (the earliest ongoing league for women in Australia), Helen was the inaugural captain of the Broadmeadows Scorpions, leading them to a premiership in the first season of the competition.\nIn 1983 she became president of the VWFL, was subsequently awarded Life Membership, and continued to serve as president until 1986.\nHelen’s legacy will continue to live on in football, with the best and fairest medal in the VWFL named in her honour, with the first Helen Lambert Medal backdated to 1983. With the formation of a national women’s competition in 2017, Helen’s pioneering contribution to the code continues to be recognised by the Lambert-Pearce Medal, awarded to the best and fairest player in the premier division of the VFL Women’s competition.\nThe AFL extends its condolences to the Lambert family and thank them for her contribution to football.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://perceptionartstesting.com/lcha/voices/", "date": "2018-11-17T23:11:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743913.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117230600-20181118012600-00545.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9076560139656067, "token_count": 656, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__79452321", "lang": "en", "text": "The purpose of the Lincoln County Voices oral history project is to document and preserve the history and heritage of the African-American community in Lincoln County, North Carolina through collected personal histories and the location of documents, photographs, and other artifacts and objects related to this community. LCHA is gathering and preserving at the Lincoln County Museum of History information about Lincoln County’s African-American community not available or documented elsewhere.\nThe project is the result of conversations between Robert Hamilton and Jason Harpe about how to best begin the process of documenting the history of Lincoln County’s African-American community. Hamilton and Harpe compiled a list of notable and well-known members of this community and began contacting them about meetings to discuss the project. These discussions resulted in the formation of the Lincoln County Voices Advisory Committee. Members of the this committee include Robert Hamilton, Leroy Magness, Ola Mae Foster, Edith Lomax, Hazelene Ford, Rev. Franklin Lowery, Sandra Little, Robert Holloway, Mary Frances White, John Lafferty, Joanne Shelton, and Jason Harpe. The committee’s initial meetings were held at the Lincoln Cultural Center and consisted of outlining the mission and purpose of the project, standards for conducting interviews and securing copyright, a strategy for compiling a list of individuals and groups throughout Lincoln County whose stories need to be recorded for posterity, and the methodology for recording, transcribing, and presenting the information obtained from these interviews.\nJason Harpe, Robert Hamilton, Bill Beam, and Stephanie Easler have conducted most of the interviews, and Hamilton has made annual trips to Tucker’s Grove Campground in Iron Station to record stories about African-American education, campmeetings, and other topics of local interest. The Lincoln County Voices oral history archive currently consists of audio recordings with the Providence Missionary Baptist Church women’s bible class (Ottie Odum, Elizabeth Nixon, Betty Logan, Fannie L. Norman), Thomas Nixon, Edith Lomax, Aubrey Rice, Leonard Holloway, Robert Holloway, Nathaniel “Brownie” Oates, Leroy Magness, Ethel H. Goodwin, Nellie Lofton, Thelma Lindsay, Yvonne Clark, Grace M. Logan, Lorene Houser, Cozette Hall, Sadie Anderson Derr, A.C. Sherrill, Frances Smith Froneberger, Verti Friday, Victoria J. Wilson, Gretchen Sherrill, Robert Smith, Joseph Rozzell, Ada Williams, Morris Rozzell, J.T. Smith, and Correne Luckey.\nLCHA is looking for people interested in interviewing members of Lincoln County’s African-American community, in addition to transcribing interviews to be included on our website. We are also interested in learning about other individuals and groups in the African-American community that need their stories and recollections recorded.\nPlease contact LCHA at email@example.com if you know someone we need to interview or contact about digitizing their collection of photographs from Lincoln County’s African-American Community.\nLCHA received grassroots funds from BFI/Allied Waste to begin the project.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.blindcrowpictures.com/portfolio/poppies-tower-of-london", "date": "2023-03-27T05:03:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00268.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9776294827461243, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__278538500", "lang": "en", "text": "Blind Crow were commissioned to create three films for Historic Royal Palaces to document their incredible Poppies project. We had the pleasure of seeing every step of the process, from the first poppies being created to the final poppies planted, our footage was viewed on news networks across the globe, receiving over a million hits - it was an honour to be a part of communicating such a moving memorial.\nOver 5 million people travelled from across the country and around the world to see the installation of 888,246 ceramic poppies at the Tower of London. The commemorative artwork, by artists Paul Cummins and Tom Piper, caught the nation’s imagination and acted as a place of pilgrimage for millions of people to reflect on the First World War, 100 years since its outbreak in 1914.\nMusic: Silent Night by Timbre. Silent Night was sung simultaneously in French, English and German by troops during the Christmas Truce of 1914 during the First World War, as it was one carol that soldiers on both sides of the front line knew.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wolfram-wiese.de/viking-age/", "date": "2023-03-22T18:24:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322180852-20230322210852-00255.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9635330438613892, "token_count": 201, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__209177984", "lang": "en", "text": "In England, the beginning of the Viking Age is dated to 8 June 793, when Vikings destroyed the abbey on Lindisfarne, a centre of learning on an island off the northeast coast of England in Northumberland, and famous across the continent. Monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as slaves along with the church treasures, giving rise to the traditional prayer—A furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine, „From the fury of the Northmen deliver us, Lord.“\nThree Viking ships had beached in Portland Bay four years earlier , but that incursion may have been a trading expedition that went wrong rather than a piratical raid. Lindisfarne was different. The Viking devastation of Northumbria’s Holy Island was reported by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York, who wrote: „Never before in Britain has such a terror appeared“.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.broadwaysd.com/upcoming-events/1776/", "date": "2022-12-07T03:08:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711126.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207021130-20221207051130-00382.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9285093545913696, "token_count": 277, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__229651160", "lang": "en", "text": "May 9 - May 14 2023\nThey knew they would make history, but not what history would make of them. Fed up with living under the tyranny of British rule, John Adams attempts to persuade his fellow members of the Continental Congress to vote in favor of American Independence and sign the Declaration. But how much is he willing to compromise in the pursuit of freedom? And to whom does that freedom belong?\nFrom American Repertory Theater at Harvard University and Roundabout Theatre Company, Jeffrey L. Page and Tony Award® winner Diane Paulus reexamine this pivotal moment in American history in a new production of this Tony Award®-winning musical.\nMusic and Lyrics by Sherman Edwards\nBook by Peter Stone\nBased on a concept by Sherman Edwards\nChoreography by Jeffrey L. Page\nDirection by Jeffrey L. Page and Diane Paulus\nRating: Recommended for ages 9+. Please note guests under age five are not permitted to enter. All guests entering the theater, regardless of age, must have a ticket.\nMasks and Vaccinations are strongly recommended for all patrons attending Broadway San Diego events, until further notice. Stay up to date with current policies here: https://www.broadwaysd.com/know-before-you-go-faqs/covid-vaccination-and-mask-policy/", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://rareequinetrust.com/shop/pathtoglory", "date": "2019-10-18T21:50:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684854.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018204336-20191018231836-00166.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9066858291625977, "token_count": 527, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__48565635", "lang": "en", "text": "Path to Glory DVD\nPath to Glory DVD\nEXCLUSIVE TWO DISC DIRECTORS CUT WITH BONUS FEATURES\nFor horse and history aficionados, this 2-DVD set the extended Directors' Cut of the film with a second disc containing over 2 hours of bonus material.\n\"This story of the Polish Arabian horse is a direct reflection of the history of Poland itself, an inspirational and incredibly moving tale of indomitable courage and ardent devotion\" - Scott Benjamin\nEducational Screening License: $150\nPublic Screening License: $350\nBONUS FEATURES INCLUDE:\nLove & War\nA fast paced, fun and surprising companion piece with many featured interviewees from all corners of the Arabian Horse World, all answering 2 pivotal, burning questions: 1) Who is your favorite Polish Arabian horse? And 2) If you had to ride into battle tomorrow, what Polish Arabian would you choose?\nA Conversation with Scott Benjamin\nAn intimate and enlightening conversation with Scott Benjamin, renowned Arabian horse expert and former handler at Michalow State Stud as he answers a myriad of questions and shares his personal stories from his many years in Poland.\nA Conversation with Wayne Newton\nAn interview with Mr. Las Vegas showcasing his deep and abiding passion for the Polish Arabian Horse and his many years as a breeder with a program based on Polish lines. Funny anecdotes and personal stories of his long career with some of the greatest Polish horses the world has ever known.\nA Conversation with Roman Pankiewicz\nA rare interview with the last Polish State Stud Director of the generation that lived through World War II. With English subtitles, this intimate portrait shows a man who has lived his life for the Polish Arabian and with great personal experience with legendary horses known by most only in history books. His thoughtful insight and wicked sense of humor will delight the viewer.\nThe Inimitable George Z.\nAn interview with Jerzy Zbeszewski, aka George Z, an institution in the world of the Polish Arabian horse in Poland, the US and around the globe. George’s opinions and great knowledge abound.\nBehind the Scenes\nA short, tongue-twisting, mud-slinging, harmony-singing look at the making of Path to Glory.\nDisk One Running Time: 2:10\nDisk Two Running Time: Bonus Features\nContent Rating: GA (General Audience)\nDVD Region: All Regions\nMedia Format: NTSC-DVD\nAspect Ratio: 16:9\nAudio Language(s): English\nCopyright - Horsefly Films", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://konoctitrails.com/enzler-plane-crash-panel-dedicated-on-mt-konocti/", "date": "2022-12-05T16:53:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205164659-20221205194659-00250.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9485023021697998, "token_count": 689, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__34274401", "lang": "en", "text": "On June 2nd, Lake County Department of Public Services and the Konocti Regional Trails (KRT) team held a small ceremony on Mt. Konocti’s Wrights Peak to dedicate the seventh in a series of interpretive panels on the mountain. The panel commemorates a fatal plane crash that took two lives nearly 50 years ago.\nThe sunny June morning in 2016 was a direct contrast to the tragic day in 1970. On January 26th, Mervin and Julia “May” Enzler left Santa Rosa airport to fly home to Ukiah in their white and turquoise 1946 Navion A. The Enzlers had recently retired as owners of the “Model Bakery” in Ukiah, today operating as Schats Courthouse Bakery and Cafe.\nIncreasingly bad weather forced them to request navigational assistance from air traffic control in Ukiah. After a brief navigational correction with the tower, further contact ceased.\nA massive air and ground search was conducted. Due to the remote location and lack of access, it wasn’t until early February that the crash debris was spotted on the side of the mountain by a local pilot.\nThe wreckage was largely forgotten until the fall of 2011, when the road sides were cleared for the opening of Mt. Konocti Regional Park, once again uncovering the aircraft.\nAn increasing number of phone calls requesting information on the plane debris prompted then-Calfire Batallion Chief, Greg Bertelli, to contact KRT members about installing a commemorative plaque at the site near the Calfire lookout tower. KRT then researched the family, tracking down the Enzler’s son, Ed Enzler, now in his 80’s and still living in Mendocino County.\nAfter initial discussions, Mr. Enzler agreed to collaborate with KRT’s Tom Nixon, and Kelseyville’s Emmy-award winning art designer Gerri Groody, on an interpretive panel depicting his parents’ tragic deaths.\nThe Lakeport Rotary Club volunteered to pay for the panel and installation, culminating in the June ceremony. Attending were the Enzler family (son, Ed Enzler and grandchildren Steve Enzler, Scott Enzler, Karen Adamski and Eileen Husted), members of the Lakeport Rotary Club represented by president, Jennifer Strong, Lake County Department of Public Services Dana Smalley, and KRT members headed by Tom Nixon, who has spearheaded all seven panel projects to-date.\nThis was the first time most of the Enzler family had seen the plane crash, resulting in some poignant moments and memories. The gathering ended with a trip to the top of the Calfire lookout tower for 360 degree views of the mountain, and side tours to visit Mary Downen’s cabin and the ancient maul oak grove.\nSix other interpretive panels covering cultural and natural history were previously installed on Mt. Konocti via a State Parks grant.\nMt. Konocti Regional Park is open daily from dawn to dusk, and accessible via hiking only. For more information on Mt. Konocti Regional Park, visit the website at www.KonoctiTrails.com or call Lake County Public Services at 707-263-1618.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://lindasalisburyauthor.com/sword_and_broom.html", "date": "2017-04-30T07:02:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124371.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00235-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9798588156700134, "token_count": 985, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__130517435", "lang": "en", "text": "The Sword and The Broom\nLinda Salisbury’s retelling of John Mercer Langston’s life story is closely based on his 534-page autobiography From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capital (published in 1894). Langston’s career in education, politics, and as a champion of Constitutional rights for all, is stunning, yet largely unknown today.\nA contemporary and rival of Frederick Douglass, Langston had many firsts in his personal and professional life despite his racially mixed heritage that classified him as black. His father, Captain Ralph Quarles, was a wealthy white plantation owner in Virginia, and his mother, Lucy Langston, was Ralph’s former slave with a heritage of Native-American and black. Langston was orphaned at age four, and was taken to Ohio, a free state. It was there that he was educated, became involved in the abolition movement, received two degrees from Oberlin College, and began his many career firsts as a black citizen. He was known as an eloquent and powerful orator.\nHe founded Howard University’ law school, served as its dean, and was the first president of what is now Virginia State University. In 1890, he was seated in Congress, the first black congressman from the Commonwealth of Virginia, despite the fraudulent election in 1888 that denied him his seat for nineteen months. His story of persevering over discrimination and racism, his numerous achievements, and his ongoing fight for the rights of all, is an inspiration and relevant today.\nThe retelling includes additional information about the times, plus photographs and images\n\"It’s terrific. Given that today’s the day before Christmas Eve, I have already spent more time than I can spare reading it. I have made myself put it down. Looking forward to more. It’s a beautiful publication and I am massively impressed.\"\n--Alice Dalton Brown\n\"Linda Salisbury, in her narrative of John Mercer Langston’s life, coaxes us to a rich understand of the challenges facing a black man in post-Civil War times. It is not only a scholarly work, filled with notes and archival pictures, but also a very readable account. As a teacher of middle school, I feel this book is suitable, and indeed I would recommend It, for ages 12 and above. It is surely a piece of history most of us have not learned in school. As such it is also an eye-opening account for the adult reader. John Mercer Langston’s life is an inspiration to all. With his education from Oberlin College, he had the knowledge, but also the persistence to break many barriers. He was the first black attorney in the state of Ohio, as well as the first black man accepted to practice law before the Supreme Court. After a bitter election of 1888, he was also the first black Congressman from Virginia, the state he and his brothers left when he was orphaned at four years old.\n\"A stunning and eye-opening book for all Americans!\"\n--Nancy Bailey Miller--\n\"As an Oberlin grad (classmate of author), history buff, and writer, I had a slight familiarity with the name John Mercer Langston (1829-1897). Oberlin named a dorm after him, I'd read about the Wellington rescue in The Town That Started the Civil War by Nat Brandt, and I knew he was a forbear of Langston Hughes. But I had no idea what a fascinating character Langston is, as a brilliant, pre-Civil War biracial student of theology and law, rival of Frederick Douglass, reconstruction-era Congressman from Virginia, and later ambassador to Haiti. More amazing to me is that I taught English at Howard University in D.C. for five years but never heard that Langston founded the Law School. The book is a very easy read with many illustrations and a list of sources but no footnotes that distract. This book is an important addition to understanding a period of history and race relations that reverberates to the present.\"\n\"Not only was Langston handsome, but as a speaker and public servant in the deepest sense, he was Superman on steroids! I'm so glad to know about him - not least because I doubt I would have plowed through his entire autobiography at this point so the young-adult version is perfect for me. What a gift you have given everyone who encounters the book and, through it, John Langston. I appreciate all the research you did to pull it together, including filling in some gaps when you were able to find supplemental information.\" --Molly Martindale, California\n\"I am so impressed with your book on JML. What a wonderful read! I really loved it.\"\nBrownhelm (Ohio) Historical Association", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.praguebyguide.cz/index.php/en/guided-tours/19-famous-composers-in-prague-tour", "date": "2017-04-29T07:16:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123318.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00565-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9096766710281372, "token_count": 214, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__160145019", "lang": "en", "text": "No.8 \"Art Nouveau in Prague\"\nThe end of 19th and beginning of 20th century was an interesting time in Prague because of its new architectural styles. We will compare various examples of Prague Art Nouveau with other styles of the period. This tour is particularly suitable for those interested in Art Nouveau and styles of the early 20th century.\nWe will see the Municipal House, Art Nouveau-style buildings at St. Wenceslas Square, Na Příkopech Street and the National Avenue. A visit to the Museum of Alfons Mucha is usually a part of the tour.\nWhat is there to see during the trip: Examples of buildings in the following styles: Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Cubism, Functionalism, Modernism\nPrice of the tour includes: services of our guide\nPrice does not include: Alfons Mucha Museum entrance fee - adults: 120,- CZK, children: 60,- CZK\nDuration of the tour: 3 hours", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sjrc.org/our-history/", "date": "2024-04-23T01:56:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818452.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423002028-20240423032028-00717.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9873102903366089, "token_count": 696, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__96641806", "lang": "en", "text": "St. John the Evangelist was founded in 1905. The first pastor was Rev. John H.C.Rutten from Holland and was ordained in Canada. Nathaniel McCaffrey wrote in a 1950 history of St. John's: \"Father Rutten has fierce determination to see his fledging parish built on a solid foundation so that it might prosper and be a source of inspiration to a succeeding generations.\" The first Mass that was given by the new rector was for 90 parishioners from Dumont and Bergenfield.\nShortly after Father Rutten's arrival, a letter from Bishop O'Connor instructed the members to draw up articles of incorporation and to elect two lay members to the Board of Trustees. Edward F. Flood and Will B. May were elected as trustees and the approval of the name of the parish - St. John the Evangelist - was received from the Bishop.\nIn March of 1906, 12 lots on Washington Avenue were purchased for $1500. By November, plans were sent to the Bishop for building to cost $9,350, not counting windows, electric wiring or heating unit. Ground breaking took place on November 18, 1906 and cornerstone was laid on March 3, 1907. The rectory was built in 1909.\nMrs. Loretta Simon was married in St. John's in 1913 and remembers a nun saying, \"When you put your foot in St. John's, it's like someone putting his arm around you.\"\nParishioners had been pressing for a parochial school and in 1921 they were ready to open its doors. Before the school year began, the need to purchase additional land and build a larger, more permanent school became evident. In the first 18 months of operation the school attendance jumped from 66 to 240.\nIn 1946, Father McGuirk, then pastor, began to think in terms of building a new church. He worked closely with an architect in designing the church and insisted upon saving the memorial windows from the old church. In June 1949, construction began on the church that we know today. On December 9, 1950 Archbishop Thomas J Walsh officiated at the dedication. At this time, the Bishop saw the need of the parish and sent two assistant priests to help with the pastoral duties.\nMore than 50 years have passed since. There have been times of growth and times of decline. Today, we have more than 3,500 families registered in our parish and over 600 children attending our religious education programs. Our parish family is diverse and includes people from many backgrounds, especially Filipino, Hispanic, Irish, and Italian. Having celebrated our Centennial in 2005, we have much to look forward to and much to build on. St. John the Evangelist is still a place where you feel as if someone has put an arm around you. It is place of Many Parts.... One Body.\nSt. John the Evangelist\nThe Apostle, John, was the son of Zebedee and Salome, and brother of James the Greater. The brothers were fishermen on the Lake of Genesareth. They were called by Christ to become His disciples. John was called the \"beloved disciple\". He founded many churches in Asia Minor and is the Patron Saint of Asia Minor. St. John The Evangelist wrote three Epistles, the fourth Gospel, and the Book of Revelation.\nSt. John's Feast Day is December 27", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.kencausey.com/chuckweaverrides.com/post.php?id=225", "date": "2018-08-15T13:21:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210105.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815122304-20180815142304-00319.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9477384686470032, "token_count": 341, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__187636733", "lang": "en", "text": "Out of bed early, we still did not leave the hotel until mid morning. Leaving Natchez, MS, Ricardo and I pointed the bikes toward the Natchez Trace Parkway. This scenic and historical parkway leads you 444 miles throught three states and hundreds of years of American history. Today we rode almost 300 miles to Tupelo, MS.\nAlong the way we stopped several times for rest and refreshments. Then most interesting stop was in French Camp, MS at Leonard's grocery, where we met the manager, Minna and a delightful young man, Drew Guillette. Already bitten by the \"travel bug\" Drew visited Italy last summer and now hopes to visit Costa Rica some day. Minna, originally from Staten Island, NY, served us a great Bar B Que sandwich for a late lunch. Tonight I will post a photograph of Ricardo, Minna and Drew so you can see the nice folks we meet along the way.\nAhh, Tupelo, MS, the birthplace and early home of Elvis Presley. And of course Ricardo had to visit, have his photograph taken and even sit in the swing on the front porch. And Chuck ? I was the tour guide and photographer.\nTonight we have checked into a nice La Quinta and Ricardo is once again in the pool. Later tonight, a dinner of turnip greens and pinto beans. Monday, a 240 mile ride to Nashville, TN, the home of The Grand Ole Opry and a visit to Ryman Auditorum, the old brick church that became the first home of the Opry. And of course, a stop at my old \"hangout\", Tootsie's Orchid Lounge.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ournewbrunswick.com/ganong-bros-ltd/", "date": "2024-03-03T15:26:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00470.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9460201859474182, "token_count": 249, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__18007194", "lang": "en", "text": "Established in 1873, Ganong is Canada’s first and longest-standing family-owned and operated chocolate company. They are proud to continue to manufacture all their products in St. Stephen, New Brunswick.\nIn 1885, Ganong original Chicken Bones, one of their most well-known confections, were invented, a spicy cinnamon flavoured candy filled with bitter-sweet chocolate. Using wooden skewers, Ganong was the first candy maker to make lolipops in Canada in 1895. In 1903, Ganong was also responsible for introducing the first heart-shaped candy boxes to Canada.\nVisit & Discover\nOn a visit to St. Stephen, NB, you can explore The Chocolate Museum. The museum opened its doors in 1999, allowing the public to explore the art of Chocolate making and the history of Ganong.\nIn addition to the museum, Ganong, along with the community of St. Stephen host a yearly Chocolate Fest, in August. This would be a great time of year to plan a day trip or an extended stay in the region.\nIn 2020, Ganong revised their brand vision which builds on their promise of“Helping Canadians Celebrate Their Sweetest Moments.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://peiblog.ca/tag/usa/", "date": "2021-11-29T12:27:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00618.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.981030285358429, "token_count": 889, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__73034476", "lang": "en", "text": "Our first stop was in Memphis. There, we visited Sun Studios. This is the place where Blues artists were able to get “published” before blues became popular. It is also where Blues and Hillbilly music came together to become rock and roll.\nCarl Perkins, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, and Jerry Lee Lewis all started out here. These 4 were known as the millionaire quartet. You may have heard of the album they made together. Several other artists got their start at Sun Records, too many to mention here.\nOddly, it was selling Elvis’ contract to RCA that allowed Sam Phillips to keep Sun Studio open, clear his debts, and continue to discover new artists. After all, Memphis was the underground for racy blues and Rock.\nFrom there we went to Jackson. Halfway between Nashville and Memphis on the old road, this city had a few gems for us also.\nFirst, the cars from the movies. We were fortunate to find Rusty at the museum cleaning up. He showed us his prize possessions and told us which movie every one came from. There is a Delorian, Herbie, the Batmobile, General Lee, and many more.\nThen we went to see the Rockabilly museum. That was an amazing two hour tour. Rockabilly was the term used in the early 1950’s for what we came to know as Rock and Roll. There is an incredible collection of 45’s, royalty certificates, newspapers, memorabilia, and wonderful stories from the volunteers who run the non profit museum.\nIf you know “the day the music died” made famous by Billy Joel, you will appreciate this gem. Of the Million Dollar Quartet, Carl Perkins was the one with experience and a great stage presence. So when came time for a debut TV appearance, he was the obvious choice. On the way to the show, his driver was distracted/tired and got into a bad accident. Carl suffered major injuries, but the show must go on. Number two choice was Elvis who made his TV debut on the Ed Sullivan Show. Had it not been for the accident, today we might remember more the Carl Perkins “original” version of Blue Suede Shoes.\nThen we were off to Nashville to learn about Hillbilly music, as country western was called in its youth.\nWe went to RCA studio B. This is the bigger studio that Chet Atkins opened, after he started making big money with Elvis. Unfortunately, you can only see the studio if you take the full music city tour for which we did not have enough time. All we have are pictures of the outside\nAfter that, we went to visit the Belmont Mansion. This is the largest city mansion open to the public. It used to be 20 rooms larger but the ends were cut off during major renovations. The estate used to span hundreds of acres, but now the house is surrounded by the university.\nThis was a tale of 3 marriages, several infant deaths, and a fortune that can only be imagined. Many parts of the mansion have been restored, undoing many years of so-called renovations to bring it back to its original condition. They were getting ready for a reenactment of the civil war battle of Nashville on the following day, so we got to see a few of those preparations.\nNo pictures are allowed inside so you will have to take a peek at their website above for a sample.\nThen, we tried to find the Grand Ole Opry. Amidst all the commercialisation and Gaylord Opryland, the Opry is taking backstage to the Christmas fair going on at the moment. As we were not particularly interested /in the artists playing on that day, we went to visit Cooters and Willie Nelson instead. Those are two attractions immediately beside that take you back years in TV and music.\nAfter that, we headed for the North Carolina border, completing 27,000 kilometres in our trip. Words of warning: check the topography before driving at night. The last 10 miles or so in Tennessee and the first 20 or so in North Carolina are in the mountains with sharp curves and long hills. These are best not taken tired at night. We found the first rest stop we could so we could finish that part of the trip refreshed in the daylight.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://patagoniabooks.gumroad.com/l/climbingfitzroy?layout=profile", "date": "2023-11-29T22:29:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00171.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9440194368362427, "token_count": 129, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__253342338", "lang": "en", "text": "While San Francisco glowed in the aftermath of the Summer of Love, three rock climbers, a skier, and a filmmaker struck out on their own journey of discovery. The goal was the ascent of the iconic Cerro Fitz Roy in Patagonia, Chile. This six-month excursion resulted in the formation of a ground-breaking movie and three iconic companies (Patagonia, The North Face, Esprit) and the participants’ life-long commitment to the environment. Photos taken during the trip were believed lost in a house fire. A dupe set, found decades later, is gathered here for the first time ever.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.jansennursery.com/about", "date": "2019-11-11T23:07:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664439.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111214811-20191112002811-00233.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9714979529380798, "token_count": 397, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__158195713", "lang": "en", "text": "LOCATION161 Glenmere Ave\nFlorida, NY 10921\nE. P. Jansen Nursery began with an inspired vision only a family-run company can design. After purchasing her father's home and five acres of land in 1972, Elizabeth and Jan Jansen transformed the land into a community-focused, pick-your-own-strawberries, gladiolus, and chrysanthemum farm. Over ten-thousand chrysanthemums grew throughout the five acres during those early years. But as Jan and Elizabeth adapted and grew their vision, they also began to look ahead, expanding their business plan by breaking up their expansive flower offerings into separate products, and thus allowing the growth of an extensive, diverse nursery.\nAfter years of experience with the Cornell Cooperative Extension, Jan decided to leave his position in 1985 and solely focus his knowledge and experience on the growth of serving the community's landscaping supply needs. With both Elizabeth and Jan's undivided energies, the farm only continued to grow from here on out, eventually expanding to over 71 contiguous acres.\nAs their team continued to develop, adding both Scott and Ben Jansen's expertise, E. P. Nursery looked to further ventures. answering their clients needs for hardscape and stone supplies. Over nine additional acres now supported the growing stone and hardscape yard. Each decade, the company has only continued to flourish. Continued improvements, including the reorganization of trees and hardscape storage, as well as a state-of-the-art spaghetti drip irrigation system, was added to support the dynamic farm and nursery.\nAfter over 45 years, this family-focused company has grown to become the premier hardscape and plant supplier in the region. The sprawling farm now offers high-quality nursery stock curated from around the world as well as a comprehensive selection of natural stone, wall systems, pavers, blue stone, granite, and a wide variety of tools and bulk support materials.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ahconstructionsd.com/the-one-world-trade-center-a-monument-to-resilience-and-rebirth-in-new-york/", "date": "2023-10-04T12:24:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511369.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004120203-20231004150203-00224.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9590615034103394, "token_count": 610, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__284816476", "lang": "en", "text": "The One World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is the main building in the new World Trade Center complex in New York City. Standing at a height of 541 meters, it became the tallest building in the United States upon its completion in 2014. We will explore the history, construction, and some interesting facts about the One World Trade Center.\nThe history of the One World Trade Center\nThe history of the One World Trade Center is closely linked to the tragic events of September 11, 2001, when the original Twin Towers were destroyed in a terrorist attack. Following this devastation, there was a need to rebuild and honor the victims, as well as revitalize Lower Manhattan. A coalition of public and private organizations was formed to undertake this ambitious reconstruction project.\nThe design of the One World Trade Center was conceived by architect David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. His vision was to create an iconic building that would pay tribute to the past while projecting a vision for the future. The final design is a glass and steel structure that gracefully rises towards the sky, with an antenna reaching a height of 541 meters, symbolizing freedom and hope.\nClick HERE for more information about The one world trade center\nThe construction of the One World Trade Center\nThe construction of the One World Trade Center was a complex and meticulous process that spanned several years. It officially began in 2006 with the groundbreaking ceremony and required immense collaboration from engineers, architects, and builders. One of the greatest challenges was ensuring the building’s security and its ability to withstand potential future attacks. Advanced security measures and engineering systems were implemented to make the One World Trade Center one of the safest buildings in the world.\nThe construction process was also a testament to innovation and technology. Cutting-edge construction techniques, such as modular construction, were employed to expedite the pace of the work. Additionally, sustainable practices were adopted to minimize the environmental impact, leading to the achievement of LEED Gold certification for the building.\nThe One World Trade Center houses various facilities and interesting features. At its base, there is the 9/11 Memorial Museum, which pays tribute to the victims and recounts the history of the attacks. Furthermore, the building boasts an observation deck on the 100th floor, known as the One World Observatory, offering breathtaking panoramic views of New York City.\nAn interesting fact about the One World Trade Center is that its height, 541 meters, was deliberately chosen to pay homage to the height of the original Twin Towers. Additionally, the building is a landmark in the adoption of advanced sustainability technology, with energy-efficient systems and a focus on water conservation.\nThe One World Trade Center is a remarkable architectural and symbolic achievement. Its construction marked a milestone in the reconstruction of the World Trade Center and the revitalization of Lower Manhattan. With its sleek design and impressive height, the One World Trade Center has become a symbol of resilience, hope, and determination for the city of New York and the entire United States.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.realestateportdouglas.com.au/listing/guurrbi-tours", "date": "2019-03-23T21:12:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203021.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323201804-20190323223804-00498.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9593014717102051, "token_count": 121, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__4538756", "lang": "en", "text": "Contrary to popular belief, Aboriginal rock art is not simply an ancient art form: it is a practice that has continued to within the past one hundred years. Willie’s grandfather lived on these lands, and may well have contributed to some of the more recent rock paintings.\nBehind the art lies the story of the Nugal-warra people. Different caves depict different aspects of Nugal society and Aboriginal culture – family stories, mythical figures, spiritual beliefs and practical information. Both the caves and the art formed part of a rich and complex society which was successful for tens of thousands of years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.usagpan.org/program-history", "date": "2017-03-29T05:18:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190183.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00345-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.954073429107666, "token_count": 924, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__162751050", "lang": "en", "text": "The United States Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing (USAGPAN), based at Fort Sam Houston, TX, has roots dating back to World War I. Officially organized educational programs in Army Nurse Anesthesia began nearly 70 years ago at Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D.C. and the Army Regional Hospital, Fort Jackson, South Carolina; from these programs came the first Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs). By the end of 1960s there were six independent Army schools of nurse anesthesia. As well the first Master’s Program in nurse anesthesia was established in 1969 by Ira Gunn and affiliated with the University of Hawaii.\nThe Army Nurse Corps consolidated nurse anesthesia training in 1970 at William Beaumont General Hospital, El Paso, TX, however this was not university affiliated. During the early 1970s, COL Marion Waterhouse and LTC Mary Cavagnaro began to actively investigate university affiliation. But that did not materialize until the 1980s. In 1977, the program moved to its current location at Fort Sam Houston, TX and the first program director was LTC Joseph Rando.\nIn 1981, in large part due to the efforts of COL Sarah A. Haliburton, the program became the United States Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing as it became affiliated with the State University of New York at Buffalo. Graduates were now awarded a Master’s Degree upon completion. During the years that followed graduates of USAGPAN still received a Master’s Degree, however the university affiliations changed:\n1986 to 1992 – Texas Wesleyan\n1993 to 2006 – University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center\n2006 to Present - Northeastern University\nUSAGPAN began its first Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) class with those students entering in June of 2012.\nUSAGPAN is unique as it trains Army, Air Force, and Civilian Veteran’s Affairs students. In 2000, the United States Air Force began sending students to USAGPAN. In 2004, Veteran’s Affairs followed allowing students to enter. Clinical Phase II training is conducted all over the country. Our clinical sites are as follows:\nTripler Army Medical Center, Hawaii\nDwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA\nCarl Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX\nWilliam Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX\nMadigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, WA\nWomack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC\nBrooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX\nDavid Grant Air Force Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA\nCharlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA\nThe mission of USAGPAN is to produce clinicians educated in the complexity of practice at the doctoral level and competent in the unique skills of anesthesia nursing. USAGPAN graduates, both military and civilian, are prepared to function as a leader advocating for quality patient care in time of peace, and when necessary, in time of war, civil disorder, natural disaster or humanitarian missions. USAGPAN is the premier nurse anesthesia program offering high quality and autonomous training in all clinical and professional aspects of anesthesia delivery.\nCRNA practice in the military is defined by AR 40-68 and promotes independent CRNA practice in Military and VA Treatment Facilities. As a result, the training environment promotes an autonomy that is very unique when compared to the civilian experience. The day of a USAGPAN SRNA is also unique when compared to most civilian institutions. USAGPAN SRNAs have mandatory “morning reports” in which they present their daily cases to the Staff CRNAs and MDs. In these sessions, key concepts and techniques related to their individual cases for the day are reinforced. It is a tool that greatly enhances learning. Another asset is a dedicated ultrasound machine specifically for the SRNAs at each clinical site and thus graduates have, on average, placed over half of their PNBs with ultrasound guidance.\nUSAGPAN’s hard work has not gone unnoticed. In February 2008, USAGPAN received the Army Surgeon General’s Excalibur Award to honor its team and organizational performance and excellence in stimulating best practices. Additionally, in 2011, USAGPAN was rated #1 in the nation according to the US News and World Report for top schools for graduate nurse anesthesia training. In conclusion, USAGPAN continues to provide high quality education in pursuit of our mission.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://virtualmarketingpro.com/news-with-coffee/", "date": "2023-06-06T05:20:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00444.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9644653797149658, "token_count": 798, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__111187016", "lang": "en", "text": "The Surprising History of Coffee in Colombia: Origins, Flavors & More!\nMany countries are known for coffee in one way or another. Brazil, Kenya, and Sumatra are world-famous coffee-producing hubs. Italy is known for its population’s insatiable appetite for bold coffee, and Scandinavian countries drink more coffee per person than any other region on earth. Despite coffee’s universal appeal, one country manages to stand out from the rest: Colombia.\nColombian coffee is well-known everywhere coffee is consumed, which is everywhere. But what isn’t as well-known is the interesting and unique history of coffee in Colombia. Like many coffee-producing countries, Colombia’s coffee history is intertwined with the history of colonization. However, several fascinating aspects of Colombia’s specific coffee history make it unique. This article will give a short review of Colombia’s coffee history, from the first trees planted up to present-day Colombian coffee production.\nEarly History of Coffee in Colombia\nCoffee was introduced to Colombia via Jesuit priests in the early part of the 18th century. Colonization is, unfortunately, a ubiquitous part of human history. Besides the many troubling and detrimental effects globalization had on developing countries in the last few millennia, one benefit of contact between cultures is the sharing and spread of crops. Colombia is the third-largest coffee producer in the world today, and without the Jesuit priests that traveled there with Spanish settlers, it might not be the coffee giant it is today.\nMany coffee origin stories are a jumbled mix of fact and fiction, and coffee’s early days in Colombia also have elements of legend. The story goes that Jesuit priests – in an attempt to encourage the local population to start farming coffee – meted out planting coffee trees as part of religious penance. As the religion they brought with them spread, so did the coffee trees, and before long, coffee was firmly planted in Colombia’s fields and economy.\nThe first coffee exports weren’t until the early 1800s, but coffee production in Colombia grew commensurately with the global demand for coffee throughout the 19th century. The United States and Europe were particularly interested in Colombian coffee, and increasing demand from these countries helped jumpstart Colombia’s coffee production.\nBy the early 1900s, Colombia was already one of the largest coffee-producing countries. Still, it wasn’t until the launch of one of the most famous advertising campaigns ever that Colombia became the coffee titan it is today.\nThe fictional character Juan Valdez and his mule Conchita began promoting Colombian coffee in 1958 as part of an effort to validate genuine Colombian coffee. At the time, it was popular for coffee companies to blend Colombian coffee with beans from other origins so that they could claim that their coffee was “Colombian.” In an effort to preserve the reputation of Colombian coffee and protect Colombian coffee farmers, the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency created an ad campaign featuring Juan Valdez.\nThe idea was that only 100% authentic Colombian coffee would have Juan Valdez on the packaging so consumers could easily identify the genuine article from cheap imitations. No one could have predicted the campaign’s wild success, and Juan Valdez became a worldwide hit that catapulted Colombian coffee to new heights. Today, Juan Valdez and his trusty sidekick Conchita are the most famous piece of coffee iconography ever created and have even become strongly associated with Colombia in general.\nThere are currently estimated to be more than half a million coffee farming families in Colombia, and annual Colombian coffee exports are usually between 11 and 13 million bags. Colombia is the third-largest coffee-producing country behind only Brazil and Vietnam. It is also estimated that approximately 2% of Colombia’s population engages in coffee farming as their primary means of generating income.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://brackenridgevillas.com.au/bracken-ridge_villa-5.html", "date": "2017-12-18T06:48:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948609934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218063927-20171218085927-00513.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605168700218201, "token_count": 380, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__151572750", "lang": "en", "text": "\"The Athabascan\" - Villa 5\nA private and cozy country villa for a small group of 6 – 8 people. This well appointed 3 bedroom villa is the perfect design. One ground floor Queen bedroom and 2 large second storey Queen beds with an extra single and pull out twin sofa bed.\nThe open plan lounge and dining area with crackling log fire allow for long conversations with friends. The secluded private garden of this larger villa leads out to the rolling manicured paddock and the Shiraz vineyard.\nThe mighty Athabasca River flows by the small northern Alberta town of Athabasca. The “land of the whispering hills”, as the local First Nations word translates, is a land of smooth flowing hills and valleys of rich and fertile farm land and wilderness. When the northern parts of this Canadian province were first being settled by the British and French, they used the shallow but quick moving river to move supplies and people ever northward with big paddle wheelers from this trading post town. Some of the first brick buildings are still being used today for modern business trading. The master proprietor of this estate has a long family history of settlement in this area with most of his immediate relatives still farming and working in and around the Athabasca area. It was in Athabasca that he met and later married his high school sweetheart whose family moved 600 km north of Calgary to buy a farm 4 km down the road from his Dad’s big farming operation.\nBed Configuration: The main floor Queen bed bedroom allows easy access for wheelchairs and limited mobility. There are two private bedrooms upstairs. Bedroom 2 has a Queen and single bed. Bedroom 3 has a Queen bed and sofa bed. This villa can sleep 8 on furnished beds.\nMax Adults: 6-8\nMax Children: or 2-3", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.quickload.com/2017/07/31/history-of-trucking-the-interstate-highway-system/", "date": "2022-05-20T14:23:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662532032.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520124557-20220520154557-00000.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9613631367683411, "token_count": 282, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__43339491", "lang": "en", "text": "More than 60 years ago, construction began in what is perhaps one of the greatest public works projects in the history of the United States, one that changed the trucking industry in America forever: the Interstate Highway System.\nIt’s hard to imagine today but before 1956, when the Federal-Aid Highway Act signed by President Dwight Eisenhower approved its construction, the United States was connected by a complex patchwork of state highways, country roads and city streets that made cross-country travel slow and inefficient.\nThe Interstate Highway System was conceived to be an Interconnected network of modern highways that would allow cars and trucks to travel at faster speeds and to bypass towns and rural areas that were on the way to the final destination.\nThis innovation made road travel safer and more efficient. For example, if a truck had to make a delivery from Dallas to New York City, it no longer had to go through every town on the way. The Interstate System allowed them to zoom past states until the specific exit closest to the final delivery location.\nThe Interstate not only brought a boom in American trucking. It also changed the country culturally by making distances between different states shorter and spurring a nationwide interest in cross-country travel and tourism.\nJust like the Interstate Highway System, at Quickload we’re all about innovations that make the trucking industry quicker and more efficient.\nContent Creator: Pablo Torres", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://champlainheightscc.ca/bus-trips-spaces-still-available-for-killarney-centre-pickup/", "date": "2023-06-07T03:02:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00534.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9332944750785828, "token_count": 547, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__290658667", "lang": "en", "text": "Looking for a local adventure?\nFor 55+ years.\nOur Champlain Heights Community Centre pick up location seats are full but we do have spaces available on the same trips at the Killarney Centre pickup location.\nBritannia Mines and Pasta Tuesday Lunch at Boston Pizza\nPick up @ 6260 Killarney St, Vancouver, BC V5S 2X7\nLess than a hundred years ago, Britannia Mines* was the largest copper mine in the British Empire. Today, it’s a National Historic Site and a bustling, award-winning Museum. Wander freely and examine much of the mine’s equipment left intact. We will be riding the underground train and re-living what it was like to be a worker at the mine and experiencing the all new BOOM exhibit. BOOM! introduces audiences to the story, sights and sounds behind the architectural marvel, Mill No. 3, with an immersive live-action experience. This experience offers multiple screens, over thirty speakers, and leading-edge special effects — bringing all 20-storeys back to life! After the museum we will have lunch at Boston Pizza for their famous Pasta Tuesday. (guided by Simon Yan)\n*There are 47 steps up to the underground entrance and heritage buildings have a raised threshold that can be difficult for wheelchairs to navigate. The main buildings are reached via wooden boardwalks and concrete walkways. The remainder of the site is gravel. Full details can be found on our website at www.britanniaminemuseum.ca/pages/accessibility\nTuesday, June 27, 2023\nTime: 8:00am-4:00pm (Pick up Champlain 8:00am, Killarney 8:15am)\nSquamish Sea to Sky Gondola\nPick up @ 6260 Killarney St, Vancouver, BC V5S 2X7 at 9:00am\nLower Mainland’s newest tourist attraction will give you the opportunity to see the picturesque landscape of the surrounding coastal mountains and the Howe Sound fjord below. We will take the Gondola from the base of the Sea to Sky highway and ascend up to the summit. From here there will be 3 viewing platforms for you to fully immerse yourself in the views of Stawamus chief and Shannon Falls. Lunch is not included but there is a cafe at the base of the gondola and a restaurant at the summit. (Guided by Simon Yan)\nWednesday, July 5, 2023\nTime: 8:45am-3:30pm (Pick up Champlain 8:45am, Killarney 9:00am)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.goodpasture.org/about/mission--history", "date": "2022-09-29T21:23:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00369.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9758747816085815, "token_count": 560, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__195745300", "lang": "en", "text": "Since the opening of Goodpasture Christian School in September of 1966, administrators, faculty, and staff have all endeavored to support our mission: Building Confidence, Intellectual Growth, and Spiritual Strength in every student.\nList of 5 items.\nIn September of 1966, the school we now know as Goodpasture opened as East Nashville Christian School with eighteen classrooms, serving 149 students in grades one through six. By the second year of operation, the school had added grades seven and eight. Also during that year, B.C. Goodpasture, editor of the Gospel Advocate, was added to the board of directors. Later, the school was formally named B.C. Goodpasture Christian School in honor of Mr. Goodpasture’s outstanding contribution as a church leader, lecturer, and author.\nIn September of 1971, a new high school facility was opened, which included grades seven through eleven. By 1973, Goodpasture served students in all twelve grades. During the years 1972-1982, many improvements were made to the facilities. Among these were new accesses and parking lots, an athletic field house and football stadium, an addition to the gymnasium, an elementary playground, three tennis courts, junior high classrooms, and a band room.\nSince 1982, Goodpasture Christian School has extensively expanded its facilities. A four-classroom kindergarten was built. The high school library and the lunchroom were both enlarged, and the junior high wing was added, which included six new classrooms.\nIn 1990, The Fine Arts Building, housing a 1,200-seat auditorium, the president’s offices, and six classrooms for preschool students, was completed. Beginning in the summer of 1996, Goodpasture began renovating and improving the older buildings on campus. Since that time, the original elementary building, the high school gym, and the kindergarten building have all been renovated. In the summer of 1997, an addition was made at the south end of the Fine Arts Building.\nIn 2000, a state-of-the-art field house was constructed for use by all athletic teams. The 17,896 square foot field house has a workout area with exercise equipment to help build strength and agility. In 2002 a clubhouse for the baseball team was completed. It was named the Davy Lovell Memorial Clubhouse in memory of an outstanding Goodpasture student who lost a courageous battle to cancer. August of 2013 saw the opening of Goodpasture’s Great Beginnings Toddler Program, which has been a great success.\nInterested in learning more about Goodpasture Christian School? Take time to browse through our website or click one of the links below.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.baerauctions.com/history/", "date": "2013-05-24T07:19:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704288823/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113808-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9648037552833557, "token_count": 155, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__183888551", "lang": "en", "text": "Recent Sale Results\nDo you want great results selling at an auction too?\nBaer Auctioneers was founded in 1947 by Emmet Baer who graduated the same year from Reppert's School of Auctioneering in Decatur Indiana. Jim Baer joined his father with the business after graduating from Reppert's in 1961. Ken Baer, Bill Baer, and Wade Baer are all graduates of Reppert's in 1983, 1989, and 2002 respectively. The three brothers are the third generation and are taking the business into the new millennium.\nThe Baer's are owner/managers of the Rogers Community Auction, Inc. and are members of the Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia Auctioneer Associations as well as the National Auctioneers Association.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://colgt.caboosecms.com/venues/mccamish", "date": "2020-01-20T18:43:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00409.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9619457721710205, "token_count": 1175, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__235928245", "lang": "en", "text": "The dawning of a new era in Yellow Jackets' basketball was marked by the opening of McCamish Pavilion at the start of the 2012-13 season.\nOccupying the same footprint on the corner of 10th and Fowler Streets as the historic Alexander Memorial Coliseum, which hosted Tech basketball games for 55 years and saw the Yellow Jackets post a record of 556-194, McCamish Pavilion opened its doors Nov. 9, 2012 when the Tech men hosted Tulane and defeated the Green Wave, 79-61.\nIt was the first of three sellouts for the Yellow Jackets, who went on to post an 11-6 mark in their first season in the venue and play before an average of 7,365 fans. McCamish Pavilion drew raves from friend and foe alike in its inaugural season, from its state-of-the-art audio-visual technology to the cozy and intimate, but loud atmosphere. The first season of basketball in the new facility included victories over state-rival Georgia and big Atlantic Coast Conference wins over post-season teams Maryland and Virginia.\nTech compiled its best record in the venue in 2015-16, producing a 14-5 record which was the team's best home mark in six years and included big victories over fourth-ranked Virginia and ninth-ranked Notre Dame. The Jackets are now 43-26 in four seasons in the facility.\nTech's women have been equally impressive, accumulating a 42-23 mark in four years, including an 13-5 slate in 2015-16.\nMcCamish Pavilion is named for Hank McCamish, a long-time insurance executive in the Atlanta area whose family provided the lead gift for the $50 million facility. The arena footprint expanded by about 30,000 square feet over that of Alexander Memorial Coliseum, and the former circular seating bowl was demolished and replaced with a rectangular bowl along with an upper deck.\nThe most obvious difference is that the walls separating the concourse and the bowl were removed, meaning that the floor is visible from almost every point in the concourse. The familiar domed roof and the 32 steel support beams remain, but the McCamish interior looks nothing like the old Thrillerdome.\nGround was broken for the construction of Tech's new on-campus arena on May 5, 2011, and 18 months later, the Yellow Jackets had a state-of-the-art building with 8,600 seats and a luxurious club area, which provides a cozy view of the court. The lower level seating bowl has 6,935 seats, and the new balcony level seating has 1,665 seats.\nSpectators to view the game as they walk to and from concessions and rest rooms, which are all located on the outside of the concourse. The balcony level seating has its own concourses with rest rooms and concessions.\nThe building features a new center-hung scoreboard, with video screens on four sides and a circular message board underneath. The balcony level facing has a 360-degree ribbon board for messaging and graphics.\nThe lighting system, similar to those at Madison Square Garden and Staples Center in Los Angeles, will illuminate the court while leaving the stands darkened, creating a theatre-like feel to games.\nNearly the entire structure is brand-new, with the one notable exception being the familiar dome of Alexander Memorial Coliseum and its 32 steel ribs, which stayed in place and provided the skeleton for the new structure. A new roof was installed, and the ribs and the ceiling were re-painted. Around the concourses, pieces of the former AMC court have been inlaid into the ribs.\nA courtyard was created outside the West entrance to honor William Alexander, the legendary Tech football coach and director of athletics who led the drive to build Alexander Memorial Coliseum in the 1950s.\nThe new court remains named for legendary basketball coach Bobby Cremins, who led the Tech men's team from 1981-2000 and compiled a record of 354-237 with three Atlantic Coast Conference championships and 10 NCAA Tournament appearances in 19 seasons.\nThe grand entrance to McCamish Pavilion, which faces the corner of 10th and Fowler Streets, includes graphics presentations recognizing Tech's retired jerseys of Roger Kaiser, Rich Yunkus, Mark Price, John Salley, Tom Hammonds and Matt Harpring, as well as coaches Whack Hyder and Cremins, and longtime radio announcer Al Ciraldo. Tech's NCAA Final Four teams of 1990 and 2004 are also recognized in the main entrance.\nMcCamish Pavilion was the first project in what became a major transformation of the Fowler Street entrance to the Georgia Tech campus. Across the street is the Yellow Jackets' new tennis facility, the Ken Byers Tennis Complex, which opened in January 2013.\nDesigned by the renowned architectural firm Populous and built under the direction of Whiting-Turner Contracting Company, the arena already has been recognized by the American Institute of Architects of Atlanta for its significant architectural impact on the city's landscape along with such structures as the Sovereign building, TWELVE Centennial Park Tower I, The Atlantic, Loews Midtown, the Atlanta Botanical Garden Hardin Visitor Center, the Georgia Tech Human Research Building rehabilitation, the Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Building and the Ray Charles Performing Arts Center.\nThe Atlanta Business Chronicle noted, \"The McCamish Pavilion renovation is an example of a project that respects the history of a structure, while making it more functional now and for the future.\"\n\"This renovation expands the arena while preserving the character of the original design by a significant Atlanta architect,\" said Jay Silverman, senior associate of Lord, Aeck & Sargent, Inc., and president of the American Institute of Architects of Atlanta. \"It also responds to the character of a growing Georgia Tech campus.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://koreanearandfar.com/jeonjuhyanggyo/", "date": "2021-08-05T08:53:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155458.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805063730-20210805093730-00140.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9707768559455872, "token_count": 470, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__218360087", "lang": "en", "text": "Jeonju Hyanggyo is a Confucian School, which was a national education center during Joseon Dynasty and located in Jeonju Hanok Village (전주한옥마을.) It is believed to be built originally during Goyreo Dynasty at a different site, but the current one was rebuilt by King Seonjo in Joseon Dynasty at the present location. It is a beautiful historic place where the traditional Korean architectural structures are well balanced with the surrounding nature.\nThe front gate of Jeonju Hyanggyo, Manhwaru (만화루)\nMany movies and K-dramas were filmed here including “Sunggyungwan Scandal (성균관스캔들)” and “Love in the Moonlight (구르미 그린 달빛).” Take a peaceful stroll here, just a few minutes away from the lively main streets of Hanok Village.\nInner gate, Ilwolmun (일월문), meaning the gate of the sun and the moon. The center door was for the kings.\nDaeseungjeon (대성전). This is a shrine to five great Confucian philosophers including Confucius.\nTwo gingko trees stand in front of Daeseongjeon on each side, East and West. These trees are about 400-year old and it is believed that these gingko trees were planted because they chase off bugs, which implies wishes for the students become honest and uncorrupted.\nPassing the inner gate, here stands Myeongryundang (명륜당). This building was a lecture hall, and it is still occasionally used for some events or lectures.\nDongjae & Seojae. These were pupils’ dormitory.\nJeonju Hyanggyo has different charms in each season, but it would shine the brightest during autumn. If you want to see it covered with golden blanket, here is a link for it.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.quietwaterspub.com/QWP/wb/pages/authors/swanson-s.-hjalmar.php", "date": "2017-04-26T07:57:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00146-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9367271065711975, "token_count": 485, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__178033119", "lang": "en", "text": "ZAMZAM: The Story of a Strange Missionary Odyssey\nBy The Augustana Synod Passengers.\nEdited by S. Hjalmar Swanson, D.D.\nA reprint of the 1941 edition. 15 black and white photographs. With an epilogue by Eleanor Anderson.\nUS $ 18.95\nExcerpt from the introduction by\nS. Hjalmar Swanson:\nThe S. S. Zamzam left New York (Hoboken), March 20, 1941, for Suez, via Trinidad, Pernambuco, Capetown, and Mombasa. it was declared a neutral ship. Its passengers were chiefly missionaries bound for Africa.\nTwenty Protestant denominations as well as the Roman Catholic Church were represented among its passengers of missionaries. These missionaries were bound for thirteen different areas of provinces in Africa. Probably never before had a ship left our shores for the \"Dark Continent\" with such a host of Christian ambassadors.\nExcerpt from the epilogue by Eleanor Danielson Anderson:\nThe Zamzam story lives on! Beginning in 1991, fifty years after the Zamzam’s sinking, survivors and families have gathered for reunions six times. That list of survivors, with their storehouse of memories, has dwindled drastically with the passing of time. By the year 2008 only two of the known twenty-nine living survivors had been adults on the Zamzam. The story is still told at church and community programs, often accompanied by newspaper articles. Newer media include a website (www.Zamzamship.net), a DVD/video titled “Zamzam: A Missionary Odyssey”, and the book, Miracle at Sea by Eleanor Anderson (Quiet Waters Publications). The republishing of this 1941 book is another testimony to interest in the Zamzam story.\nZamzam materials are now being preserved at the ELCA Archives in Elk Grove, IL; the Billy Graham Center Archives in Wheaton, IL; and the Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Several survivors keep collections, too.\nAs Zamzam research continues, more is being learned about the Canadian survivors, the internment camps, the German officers and crew, the motives which prompted the sinking, the Egyptian crew and more. Indeed, the story goes on!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.ashvinmetals.com/about-us", "date": "2021-12-03T12:43:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362879.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203121459-20211203151459-00289.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.981775164604187, "token_count": 154, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__132029397", "lang": "en", "text": "A bit about Ashvin Metals\nAshvin Metals Limited was established by John Howarth in August 2011 as an office based metal trading company. It quickly became apparent that a yard was required to process and store the increasing amount of material that was being traded.\nIn November 2012, a 1 acre site in Poulton-le-Fylde and the Company set about transforming it into a fully licensed, secure recycling facility. The process took over 12 months and required in excess of £1 million of investment.\nIn April 2013, Andrew Dixon joined Ashvin Metals Limited as Operations Director and as a trader. Volumes increased rapidly over the next couple of years with staffing increasing from 3 to 13, with a turnover in excess of £25 million.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.postmusik-salzburg.at/chronicle/?lang=en", "date": "2023-12-04T00:13:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00390.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9356235265731812, "token_count": 157, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__91482343", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1983 the musicians received the historic uniform of a prince-archbishop’s postilion from around 1780. This uniform has shaped the visual image of the Postmusik Salzburg to this day.\nIn 1984, the Postmusik Salzburg was the first symphonic wind orchestra to play in the Salzburg Festival Hall – it made wind music socially acceptable and helped it to gain appropriate attention in high culture. Symphonic wind music at the highest level has characterized this ensemble since then. Further concerts in national and international concert halls will follow.\nIn 1985 the Postmusik Salzburg finally became an independent association. Since then, the regular autumn concerts have taken place in the Great Conert Hall of the Mozarteum Salzburg.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.elsrpresidente.com/en-us/civil-rights-movement-sources-now-offered-on-the-net/", "date": "2021-06-13T01:54:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487598213.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613012009-20210613042009-00389.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9114067554473877, "token_count": 589, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__72022923", "lang": "en", "text": "Now, to far better acquaint 21st-century Americans with the movement’s history, comes the Civil Rights Digital Library, the solution of years of analysis and an comprehensive network of partnerships, which includes with the nonprofit publisher of American Literature, The Library of America.\nThe Civil Rights Digital Library (CRDL) is the newest initiative of the Digital Library of Georgia and is the most ambitious and complete digital archive of the national Civil Rights Movement to date. At the forefront of the digital library is an on the internet video archive featuring extra than 30 hours of unedited historical news film chronicling the civil rights struggle in numerous southern cities. These contain unaired and unedited footage of the Atlanta sit-ins, Freedom Rides, the 1968 Poor People’s Campaign, Martin Luther King Jr.’s reaction to President Kennedy’s assassination, his acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and his funeral.\nConsiderably of the inspiration for the project came from The Library of America’s publication in 2003 of the two-volume collection Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1941-1973. Hailed by O: The Oprah Magazine as “a crucial national resource,” Reporting Civil Rights brings with each other practically 200 newspaper and magazine reports and characteristics by 151 writers, which includes David Halberstam, Robert Penn Warren, Ralph Ellison, Anne Moody.\n“We anticipate that the Civil Rights Digital Library will continue to develop via our partnerships with allied organizations across the U.S. like The Library of America,” mentioned Toby Graham, director of the Digital Library of Georgia, primarily based at the University of Georgia. “With each other with other colleges and universities, libraries and contributing institutions, customers are in a position to access uncommon and priceless pieces of American history at the click of a mouse.”\n“This is definitely a civil rights portal, delivering a seamless virtual library on the Movement,” mentioned Dr. Barbara McCaskill, an English professor at the University of Georgia, whose interest and function helped inspire the Civil Rights Digital Library. “By way of the Library, we can practically eyewitness the pivotal events that shaped American life these days.”\n“The Civil Rights Digital Library serves as an perfect companion to Reporting Civil Rights,” observes Library of America publisher Max Rudin, “permitting readers to encounter initially-hand the searing pictures and inspiring stories that the journalists in our collection transformed so memorably into some of the most effective writing in all of American letters.”\nReporting Civil Rights is obtainable wherever books are sold, or from the Library of America’s internet site, exactly where you are going to also discover authoritative collections of the pretty ideal of American literature. The Library of America is the nonprofit publisher of deluxe, uniform editions of American literature, which includes numerous volumes of journalism like Reporting Civil Rights.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://revolution-news.com/south-korea-massive-sewol-anniversary-rally-faces-police-repression/", "date": "2021-10-20T03:02:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00251.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9781569838523865, "token_count": 215, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__61823493", "lang": "en", "text": "Tens of thousands filled Seoul Plaza on the first Anniversary of the Sewol Ferry disaster that claimed 304 lives. The Sewol ferry was carrying 476 people when it sank on April 16, 2014, 325 of the passengers were children. Of the 304 who died, 250 were children from the same high school in Ansan, a city south of Seoul that was the focus of Thursday’s remembrance activities.\nRiot police used pepper spray on the mourning families who were infuriated by police barricades erected to prevent them from laying flowers at a makeshift altar in central Seoul after the huge rally at City Hall.\nPolice brutality and scuffles continued as thousands of people tried to find a way around a giant police cordon thrown across the area. “This is outrageous,” said Lee Myong-Woo, one of the rally organisers. “This was totally the police’s doing. We didn’t want any violence today, and there was no reason to stop us peacefully laying flowers at the altar,” he said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mycuripow.com/curishorts/c/0/i/22890657/civil-liberties-act-1988", "date": "2021-06-15T16:09:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621450.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615145601-20210615175601-00539.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9639132618904114, "token_count": 259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__155742744", "lang": "en", "text": "On February 19, 1942, 10 weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which permitted military commanders to “prescribe military areas . . . from which any or all persons may be excluded.” While the order did not mention any group by name, it profoundly affected the lives of Japanese Americans. In March and April, Gen. John L. DeWitt issued a series of “Exclusion Orders” directed at “all persons of Japanese ancestry” in the Western Defense Command. These orders led to the forced evacuation and incarceration of 120,000 Japanese American permanent residents and Japanese American citizens at 10 major camps and dozens of smaller sites. Held behind barbed wire and watched by armed guards, many Japanese Americans lost their homes and possessions. Congress passed laws enforcing the order with almost no debate, and the Supreme Court affirmed these actions.\nPresident Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. The law, which was preceded by a detailed historical study by a Congressional commission, judged the incarceration “a grave injustice” that was “motivated largely by racial prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.” It offered an apology and $20,000 in restitution to each survivor.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mountliterafbd.com/House-system.aspx", "date": "2024-04-22T23:28:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818374.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422211055-20240423001055-00439.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9713155627250671, "token_count": 254, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__179352616", "lang": "en", "text": "Christopher Columbus (born between October 31, 1450 and October 30, 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.\nIn the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal, to reach the East Indies by sailing westward, eventually received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a chance to gain the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://innvoke.com/best-of-category-at-neo-graphics-awards/", "date": "2023-12-04T10:27:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9463147521018982, "token_count": 606, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__53130940", "lang": "en", "text": "We are thrilled to announce that our Vintage Video Game Display, crafted by the talented Ian Harker, has been awarded the Best of Category for Point of Purchase – Floor/Stand Alone at the Neo Graphics Awards, hosted by the Print and Graphic Communication Association. This recognition is not only a testament to our commitment to excellence but also a heartfelt tribute to the founders of DMR Graphics, Ben & Dan Fein.\nA Tribute to Our Founders\nThe choice to design a vintage arcade game as a centerpiece was a deliberate one, rooted in the rich history of DMR Graphics. It serves as a heartfelt tribute to the company’s founders, Ben & Dan Fein. These visionary entrepreneurs made their foray into the printing business in a serendipitous fashion when they acquired the merchandising license for the iconic video game, Pac-Man, back in the early 1980s.\nAt the time, Pac-Man was relatively unknown and was included in the licensing deal as a mere afterthought. It was bundled with licenses for t-shirt printing, yet little did they know that this seemingly small decision would change the course of their business forever. Shortly after, “Pac-Mania” swept across the United States, and they found themselves printing Pac-Man-themed t-shirts in multiple production facilities nationwide.\nThis unexpected success became the cornerstone upon which Diversified Screen Printing, the precursor to DMR Graphics, was built. Over time, Diversified Screen Printing transformed into the DMR Graphics we know today, a testament to the Fein brothers’ entrepreneurial spirit and their ability to seize opportunities when they arose.\nThe Making of the Vintage Video Game Display\nOur award-winning Vintage Video Game Display was a labor of love, combining modern design techniques with a touch of nostalgia. Ian Harker played a pivotal role in bringing this display to life. The machine itself was meticulously constructed from Palboard, a durable and versatile material. To make it truly stand out, we employed neon and spot gloss printing on the SwissQ, ensuring that every detail shone with brilliance.\nThe header of the display was fashioned from 3mm Clear acrylic, featuring 2nd surface neon that added a captivating glow. The game screen, a vital component, was crafted from 6mm clear acrylic with 2nd surface droptix, lending depth and authenticity to the vintage gaming experience. The combination of these materials and techniques resulted in a display that evoked the golden age of arcade gaming.\nBest of Category for Point of Purchase – Floor/Stand Alone\nWinning the Best of Show award in our category at the Neo Graphics Awards is a profound honor for DMR Graphics. It not only recognizes our dedication to exceptional design and print techniques but also celebrates the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship that has been the bedrock of our company.\nWe are grateful to the Print and Graphic Communication Association for this accolade, and we look forward to continuing our tradition of excellence and creativity in the world of graphic design and printing.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pinguid.com/2014/11/12/goodbye-dave/", "date": "2023-06-10T21:23:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00136.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9738737940788269, "token_count": 584, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__299503740", "lang": "en", "text": "Rest in Peace: Msgr. David A. Ratermann\nOur dear friend, Msgr. David A. Ratermann, passed away November 10, 2014 at Regina Cleri in St. Louis. Msgr. Ratermann was a founder of our Latin America Apostolate in Bolivia in 1956. He served as a missionary priest in Bolivia for 50 years. He was a great inspiration and friend to many. May he rest in peace!\nAbout Msgr. David A. Ratermann …\nMsgr. David A. Ratermann was born in Saint Louis, Missouri. He grew up in Saint Liborius Parish and later taught biology at Mercy High School. He was ordained a priest on June 1, 1951 and his first parish assignment was Most Blessed Sacrament Parish (1951-1956).\nWhen the opportunity to work in Bolivia arose, Msgr. Ratermann very enthusiastically volunteered, and was thrilled when Archbishop Joseph Ritter sent him. In 1956, he became one of the first three priests to go to Bolivia, making him a founder of the Latin America Apostolate.\nThe first commitment of the Latin America Apostolate was to found Cristo Rey Parish in La Paz. Msgr. Ratermann helped to establish this parish and saw its beginnings as a shed with a tin roof and no walls (called “el galpon” in Spanish) transform into a permanent church in 1961. Msgr. Ratermann briefly returned to Saint Louis in 1981, where he served at Most Holy Trinity Parish for 3 months and at St. Luke the Evangelist Parish for 3 years. He went back to Bolivia in 1984 and was stationed in Cochabamba through 2004. In 2004, Msgr. Ratermann retired and returned to La Paz, where he continued to serve at Maria Reina Parish.\nOver the years, Msgr. Ratermann worked with many people through his involvement and service at the Maryknoll Language School, the Maria Reina Health Clinic, and Alcoholics Anonymous. The majority of his time in Bolivia was spent working with the Aymara, the native people of Bolivia who live in the Altiplano region surrounding the mountains.\nIn June 2008, Msgr. Ratermann returned to St. Louis, after 50 years of service in the Latin America Apostolate. He resided at Regina Cleri and continued to promote and share the good news of the Latin America Apostolate with the Archdiocese of Saint Louis.\nOn November 10, 2014 Msgr. Ratermann passed away at Regina Cleri in Saint Louis. He was a great inspiration and friend to many. We are so grateful for his many years of service to the people of Bolivia. May he rest in peace!\n( from: http://archstl.org/node/4336157 on 11/12/2014)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cyclingnews.com/features/vincenzo-torriani-godfather-of-the-giro/", "date": "2023-05-30T14:48:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00400.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9762252569198608, "token_count": 3626, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__114411592", "lang": "en", "text": "Vincenzo Torriani: Godfather of the Giro\nProcycling looks at the legacy of the visionary Giro organiser, who relentlessly pushed the boundaries and took the race into new territory\nProcycling magazine: the best writing and photography from inside the world's toughest sport. Pick up your copy now in all good newsagents and supermarkets, or get a Procycling print or digital subscription, and never miss an issue.\nThis article first appeared in Procycling magazine issue 255, 2019\nThirty years ago, at Italian races, you could still come across two men who had coloured much of post-war cycling history in 'the Boot'. Gino Bartali was a fixture at the big races like Milan-San Remo, the Giro d’Italia and the Tour of Lombardy. He never really seemed to be doing much, to the extent that I pondered what his role was.\nThen one day I figured it out: Bartali’s job was to be Bartali. He was invited to the race to maintain a link back to the glory days of his jousts with Fausto Coppi and Fiorenzo Magni. He didn’t have to say or do very much, but his presence alone would remind Italian cyclists, media and fans of their heritage, and emphasise why whichever race it was still mattered. By the late 80s and early 90s, Bartali looked like a gnomic parody of his former self, but was still the focus of public adulation.\nVincenzo Torriani, on the other hand, was still as suave and elegant as in the years of his pomp, but remained more in the background. Few of the fans seemed to recognise him, but with the older journalists – of the Coppi years – the embraces were warm and long.\nTorriani had begun organising the races in La Gazzetta dello Sport’s stable after the Second World War, and ceded day-to-day control to Carmine Castellano in 1989, but remained there in the background. He was still fabulously elegant, dressed in his three-piece suits, hair perfectly coiffed with not a lick out of place, and always had a cigarette, which was his personal trademark, clamped to his lower lip as if it had been superglued.\n\"Torriani was Napoleon,\" wrote La Gazzetta dello Sport journalist Claudio Gregori. \"For him, Italy was a land waiting to be conquered… the Italians recognised two people at first sight: Torriani and the Pope.\"\nAnother Gazzetta writer, Pier Bergonzi, felt that Torriani was \"a giant, a legendary figure. His charisma and the aura that had been burnished by history made him a sort of saint among race organisers. His words carried the weight of a voice marked by the passage of time.\"\nTorriani’s links went right back to the Giro’s founder Armando Cougnet. Just as the major lines of today’s Tour owe much to its long-time organiser Félix Lévitan, many of the celebrated locations in today’s three great Italian races were uncovered by Torriani. The legends and stories of Coppi, Bartali, Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault, Moser, Saronni, Roche and Hampsten were formed against a backdrop forged by Torriani’s daring and determination.\nLike Lévitan, Torriani was an autocrat, but with the charisma that is innate to so many Italians. The Giro’s ‘last boss’ had come to the race from a non-cycling background. His family ran an olive oil plant, but instead of succeeding his father after the Second World War, young Vincenzo opted for organising events on behalf of Azione Cattolica, an organisation linked to the church. Torriani began by putting on plays and shows, then moved into sports events, which brought him into contact with Cougnet at the Giro’s organising newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport.\nHe and Torriani faced a massive challenge: the 1946 Giro was run through the war-torn remains of Italy, on roads so damaged that stretches of surface were mentioned in the race manual in the same way we might now list sections of cobbles, crossing the temporary bridges put up by the Allies as they drove out the Germans. The race visited Trieste, then a province contested by both Italy and Yugoslavia, and as they crossed the border the riders met a hostile crowd throwing stones. Security forces shot in the air. The riders knew what gunshots sounded like and ran for cover, too.\nEventually Torriani smuggled 17 die-hards past the road blocks in American military lorries to enable Trieste to have its stage finish. That became his trademark: getting the race through, no matter what.\nA pioneer in taking races to new places\nThe constant need for novelty, the process of exploring fresh locations and presenting them to the public was what drew Torriani into cycling. \"My Giri are like my sons,\" he said. \"I feel I have created them, every one different.\"\nMy favourite on the Torriani roll of honour is his Giro start in Venice in 1978. That has to be the ultimate challenge for a road race organiser; Venice has no roads within its historic centre capable of taking motor traffic.\nOn the other hand, Venice’s Piazza San Marco is one of the most evocative places in Italy. To run his race past the lapping waves, the ancient basilicas and the multitude of small boats, Torriani arranged for a succession of ramps to be set up over the bridges along the Zattere embankment on the city’s south side, with a 400m long pontoon bridge taking the riders across the basin at the entry to the Grand Canal, and on into San Marco. It was crazy – anti-slip mats had to be put on all the ramps – but the images were fabulous: Francesco Moser on the front page of Gazzetta racing against the backdrop of the great Salute Basilica. A similar bridge is now used for the Venice marathon.\nSan Marco, with its pigeons and gondolas, was far from the first location on Torriani’s hit-list. A year earlier, he had been leafing through his Baedeker, and off the Giro went to Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, home of the Leaning Tower. The Vatican had been ticked off in 1974, and in 1981 and 1986 Torriani would add two more iconic tourist locations: the Arena at Verona and Piazza del Campo in Siena.\nHunting down celebrated backdrops is meat and drink now for race organisers, but Torriani was a pioneer in his belief that a race should go pretty much anywhere, however improbable.\nThe 1973 Giro is immortalised in the film Stars and Watercarriers by Jørgen Leth. That year, Torriani opted for a start in the Belgian town of Verviers, followed by stages to Maastricht, Cologne, Luxembourg, Strasbourg and Geneva, finally taking the race caravan through the Mont Blanc tunnel into the province of Aosta; Torriani had pondered this since the 50s and turned it into a tribute to the fledgling EU’s first growth spurt, when the UK and Ireland joined. He was ahead of his time, prefiguring Jean-Marie Leblanc’s ‘euro’ Tour de France by 19 years. This sort of extended foreign start is now routine for Grand Tours, but in the 1970s, it was truly radical.\nThe ‘euro-Giro’ was one of Torriani’s personal high points, another was the first ascent of the Passo del Gavia in 1960. By then, Torriani had a reputation for taking the Giro to places that looked impossible to more cautious souls. Questions had been asked about the Stelvio in 1953, and in 1956 he persisted with staging the finish atop Monte Bondone in snowy weather. The gamble paid off, forging the reputation of Charly Gaul. Torriani’s attitude to bad weather was robust. His motto: \"If it rains, you get wet.\"\nThe Gavia, however, was tackled against the wishes of the director of La Gazzetta dello Sport, Giuseppe Ambrosini, who knew that snow was forecast, and felt that 24 hours before the finish in Milan, the risks were too great. There was also a danger that race vehicles might break down and block the narrow trackway: Torriani’s plan was for them to be thrown off the side, and he took out insurance for any damage caused in this way.\nThe stage went ahead successfully, with Imerio Massignan leading the race past vast snowdrifts as his tyres sunk into the mud. In a similar vein, finishing the last stage of the Giro right on top of the Stelvio in 1975 was yet another gamble, as a snowstorm could have made the entire race end in anticlimax. But again, it paid off. \"You always have providence on your side,\" said his boss.\nAway from the Giro, Torriani’s influence is evident in the Italian classics. We now watch Milan-San Remo and see the build-up over the Cipressa and the finale on the Poggio as part of the furniture. It’s not always been that way. Torriani included the Poggio in 1960, as it became apparent that the traditional ascents over the little capi on the Mediterranean coast road were no longer enough to split the field. The Cipressa was brought in for the same reason in 1982; evolving the race in this way enabled it to survive while using essentially the same route.\nIl Lombardia similarly includes one of Torriani’s most controversial discoveries, the ludicrously steep Muro di Sormano in the hills between Como and Lecco, which he came across on a family holiday. \"The wall did not exist on any maps; it was a mule track which had to be opened up and given a name,\" wrote Bruno Raschi. The climb was used only three times before it was abandoned as the riders felt it was too tough; it was put back in from 2012.\nTorriani was a man of messianic vision. Some projects remained on the drawing board, including an entire Giro by sea, with everyone on the race doing the transfers by boat, while the riders raced along the coast and visited Sardinia and Sicily. Boats were risky, but Torriani clearly had a penchant for them. In 1961, he took the race to Sardinia aboard a rented ferry. After Sardinia, the ferry took the caravan to Marsala in Sicily, where the port proved too small to accommodate it; to disembark riders and cars, he called upon local fishing vessels.\nOther ideas that bit the dust included taking the Giro to Greece in 1964 to celebrate Olympic year, and starting the Giro with a time trial across Berlin going through Checkpoint Charlie. Torriani was ahead of his time again. The Giro finally travelled to Greece in Olympic year in 1996 for a stage in front of the Parthenon, while the 1987 Tour began in West Berlin.\nBy the 1980s, the fault lines were creeping in. The Giro boss had always been one for tweaking his routes to favour a particular scenario, for example including a 48km stage to the top of Blockhaus in 1972 in an attempt to enable José Manuel Fuente to break Eddy Merckx’s stranglehold. Later, he brought in sprint time bonuses to further the cause of a win for Giuseppe Saronni.\nIn 1984, however, he went too far in a Giro won by Moser with a spectacular final time trial in Verona, at the expense of Laurent Fignon, who was in the form of his life. Moser had just taken the Hour Record and Milan-San Remo, but was struggling in the mountains against the Frenchman.\nFignon stated in his autobiography that Torriani \"had made it clear which side he was on\", and said that he remained convinced that the race organiser had dropped the Stelvio from the route to put him at a disadvantage, claiming that there was a landslide on the mountain. \"Our plan for a huge offensive had been wrecked by the duplicity of the organisers, who had little regard for the rules of sport.\"\nThat might sound unlikely, but three years earlier, the Inoxpran team manager Davide Boifava asked for a video camera to be fixed in the car that would follow Giuseppe Saronni – who was up against Inoxpran’s Giovanni Battaglin – in the final time trial to ensure that the race was run regularly. Nothing untoward happened, but the fact that Boifava felt such a step was necessary says one thing: the Giro was running out of sporting credibility.\nIt was running out of money, too; Hinault’s second win, in 1982, came after the Rizzoli publishing group, owners of La Gazzetta dello Sport, hit cash-flow problems and could no longer fund the race. Incredible as it may sound now, the route was announced after Milan-San Remo that March, once the Coca-Cola company had come on board.\nIn 1988 came Torriani’s final spectacular act on the Giro, when heavy snow was forecast over the Gavia in what appeared to be a repeat of 1960. The assumption was that the stage would be cancelled, but Torriani made the riders plough on. The upshot was one of the most spectacular days’ racing the Giro has ever seen. Johan van der Velde, the leader over the top of the climb, lost 48 minutes before the finish, amid apocalyptic scenes. But the spectacle was sobering: the riders risked hypothermia. The next day, the Stelvio was dropped from the route.\nThe change of philosophy in 1989 was obvious; similar weather hit the race, and stages were cancelled immediately. The Torriani era had come to an end. Torriani lingered on, but like Bartali, he was essentially present as a link to a glorious past.\nBack to Torriani’s cigarettes. It’s tricky now to recall the status that was once accorded to smoking, viewed as a sophisticated act à la James Bond or Philip Marlowe. Cycling had its smokers, even among the riders. Bartali, Jacques Anquetil and Gastone Nencini were among those who had felt a quick drag was beneficial as a way of relaxing.\nThe cigarette had once looked cool, but by the 90s it symbolised where Torriani was: a man out of time. Yet when he died in 1996, he drew warm tributes. There were stories from riders who would raid roadside bars in the 60s and 70s, filling their pockets with bottles and panini.\n\"Paghera Torriani,\" they would shout: Torriani will pay. It’s not certain he ever actually got the cheque book out. Robin Magowan, in his book Kings of the Road, wrote: \"Torriani has the manner of a man who is everybody’s friend, but when it comes to collecting money he can be a lion.\"\nSometimes the new Torrianis have failed, for example when Angelo Zomegnan made the decision to run the Giro over Monte Crostis in 2011, which left only acrimony when the climb was cancelled over safety concerns. Sometimes, daring and determination in the Torriani mould still pay off: think of the decision to take the 2010 Giro through horrendous conditions over the ‘white roads’ of Tuscany, an outlandish risk which placed the gravel tracks around Siena at the centre of cycling consciousness, turbo-charging the rise of the Strade Bianche to the status it enjoys today. 'The last boss' would have liked that one.\nProcycling magazine: the best writing and photography from inside the world’s toughest sport. Pick up your copy now in all good newsagents and supermarkets, or get a Procycling print or digital subscription, and never miss an issue.\nThank you for reading 5 articles in the past 30 days*\nJoin now for unlimited access\nEnjoy your first month for just £1 / $1 / €1\n*Read any 5 articles for free in each 30-day period, this automatically resets\nAfter your trial you will be billed £4.99 $7.99 €5.99 per month, cancel anytime. Or sign up for one year for just £49 $79 €59\nJoin now for unlimited access\nTry your first month for just £1 / $1 / €1\nGet The Leadout Newsletter\nThe latest race content, interviews, features, reviews and expert buying guides, direct to your inbox!\nBy Barry Ryan", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://appletondowntown.org/2016/05/7th-annual-juneteenth-festival-june-19-in-city-park/", "date": "2024-04-13T10:01:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816587.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413083102-20240413113102-00655.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9253870844841003, "token_count": 423, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__134319214", "lang": "en", "text": "The 7th annual Juneteenth festival will take place on June 19th in Appleton’s City Park and will be a celebration of freedom, unity and community. The celebration is free to attend and runs from noon until 6 p.m.\nThe Juneteenth Celebration will feature:\n- MC Keith L. Brown, Mr. I’M POSSIBLE\n- “The Prince & Michael Experience” tribute performance\n- Muntu Dance Theater of Chicago\n- Lex Allen with New Age Narcissism\n- Kucha and Baba Tony Stortytellers of Chicago\n- HecDaKid from Atlanta\n- Music from DJ Afrekete\n- Stone of Hope Exhibit\n- A Children’s Village with storytelling, face painting, mini golf, a train, and rock wall\n- Food, free giveaways, and a resource fair\nJuneteenth commemorates the end of slavery in the United States. The first celebration of the end of slavery took place in Galveston, Texas in 1865. Juneteenth is officially observed on June 19.\n“Juneteenth is a time for us to gather as a community to celebrate freedom and remember the sacrifices that have been made while fighting for our freedom. While we understand that the struggle for equality continues, on June 19th, we will honor our past through festive activities that highlight the significance, beauty and diversity of African American culture and our contributions to the world. Everyone is welcome to this inclusive celebration to celebrate our collective American freedom,” said Dr. Bola Delano-Oriaran, one of the co-founders of African Heritage, Inc.\n“Appleton is honored to once again be one of hundreds of celebrations happening across the country. We invite our community to join us as we celebrate the oldest African American holiday in the United States.” said City of Appleton Diversity Coordinator Kathy Flores.\nThis festival is hosted by African Heritage, Inc. and the City of Appleton with major sponsorship from Thrivent Financial, Oshkosh Corporation and Kimberly Clark Corporation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hshotels.co.uk/spread-eagle/rooms/queens-suite", "date": "2021-10-28T20:41:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588526.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028193601-20211028223601-00476.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9306729435920715, "token_count": 221, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__83455944", "lang": "en", "text": "The Queen's Suite has a stunning carved four-poster bed, sitting room and a luxurious bathroom. It can be connected to the adjoining Edward VII lounge creating an impressive and spacious living space.\nThe Queen's Suite is the ultimate room for a celebratory or romantic getaway and is also ever popular with families looking to spend time together.\nThe Queen Suite is in the oldest part of the house, dating back to 1430. Having reputedly been graced by Queen Elizabeth I it is fit for a Queen with every modern luxury.\nWe encourage guests to arrive early and leave late in order to fully enjoy everything The Spread Eagle has to offer:\nOur stunning feature four-poster rooms overlook the front of the hotel with beautiful sash windows with seats. Bright and spacious, they are perfect for a romantic week-end or for a moment of tranquillity .\nFrom £339 View room\nLocated in the oldest part of the hotel and incorporating many of the historic features of the original property, our Sussex Junior Suites have separate sitting rooms.\nFrom £289 View room", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://georgegrant.net/churchill-and-chartwell/", "date": "2024-04-13T02:54:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816535.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413021024-20240413051024-00819.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9846915602684021, "token_count": 675, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__65153228", "lang": "en", "text": "Chartwell was a refuge and a sanctuary for Winston Churchill. The odd conglomeration of structures and additions on the Kentish weald, southeast of London was, for him, an earthly paradise. In fact, he often asserted that “A day away from Chartwell is a day wasted.” It was home.\nAnd if ever a man needed a home, an earthly elysium to recharge, recoup, and reinvigorate, it was Churchill. He was born into privilege on this day in 1874—the son of the parliamentary master, Lord Randolph Churchill, and thus one of the heirs of the Marlborough legacy. Educated at Harrow and Sandhurst, he entered the Imperial service as a hussars officer. After notable tours of duty in India, Sudan, and South Africa, he entered parliament himself.\nHaving already made a name for himself, he rose quickly through the political ranks. By 1908 he moved from the back benches to become President of the Board of Trade. Two years later he became Home Secretary. The next year he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty presiding over the naval expansion that preceded the First World War. He was evidently a man of extraordinary gifts and abilities.\nA series of disastrous defeats—including the failure of the Dardanelles expedition, which he had championed—Churchill lost his Admiralty post and served out the remainder of the war on the front lines in France. He undertook a painstakingly slow and difficult political rehabilitation in the years that followed. Most analysts believed his career was essentially over—he was now relegated to the outer fringe of political influence. His dire warnings of the threat from Hitler’s Nazi regime in Germany went unheeded.\nDuring those difficult years, Churchill bought and renovated the old estate of Chartwell. It was a place where he could rest and reflect, read and write, paint and build, garden and walk. He once asserted that “We shape our dwellings and afterwards, our dwellings shape us.” There can be little doubt that he shaped Chartwell to suit his peculiar interests and concerns. There his soul was braced for the great trials ahead.\nWhen the Second World War broke out, the hapless Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain was forced to bring Churchill into the government—even though he was now sixty-five years old. He was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. The following May, when Chamberlain was forced to resign, Churchill was asked by the King to form a new government and accept the office of Prime Minister.\nOver the next five years, he stood practically alone against the Nazi menace. Almost single-handedly he saved Western Civilization, stirring the British people to unimaginable feats of valor with his bold oratory and even bolder leadership. His unflagging energy and his stubborn refusal to make peace until Adolf Hitler was crushed were crucial in turning the tide of the war and ultimately leading the Western Allies to victory.\nAfter the war, he returned to Chartwell. Extraordinary vitality, imagination, and boldness characterized his whole career. But, he was the first to admit, if he had not had Chartwell—its libraries and gardens, its hearthsides and hedgerows, its peace and quiet—he would never have been able to do what he was called to do.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://ohiovrc.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-civil-rights-act-of-1964-turns-50.html", "date": "2017-04-26T06:09:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121165.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00174-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9471561908721924, "token_count": 490, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__141812379", "lang": "en", "text": "Wednesday, July 2, 2014 was the 50th anniversary of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in the most essential aspects of life - such as employment, schools, public accommodations and housing. It also laid the ground work for key voting protections that allowed African Americans to register to vote and eventually led to the prohibition on poll taxes and literacy tests.\nThe Civil Rights Act sought to fulfill the promise of the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the laws, including access to the ballot box. However, it ultimately took the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for the federal government to be able to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964.\nBut for a little known Republican from Ohio, the Civil Rights Act might not have passed. William McCulloch of Piqua, Ohio was the Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee and an ardent supporter of civil rights. Despite political pressure from his district to oppose the Civil Rights Act, McCulloch delivered the necessary votes to pass the controversial bill.\nOn this 50th anniversary, the call to renew the Voting Rights Act could not be more urgent. Today Speaker John Boehner represents McCulloch’s district, and it’s now up to the Speaker to carry McCulloch’s torch and help get the Voting Rights Amendment Act passed.\nJust over one year ago, the Supreme Court invalidated a key provision of the Voting Rights Act, which prevented racial discrimination at the polls since 1965. In Shelby v. Holder, the U.S. Supreme Court invited Congress to update the Voting Rights Act, and a bipartisan group of lawmakers has done so with the introduction of the VotingRights Amendment Act (VRAA). Unfortunately, the bill has stalled in the House of Representatives and time is running out to pass it.\nDespite great progress in the last 50 years, voting discrimination continues to be a problem. For this reason, a forward-looking and effective VRAA is essential to ensuring that no voter is denied the right to vote and everyone has that right protected equally. The legacy of the Civil Rights Act depends on the passage of the VRAA, as there is no right more fundamental to our democracy than the right to vote.\nIn order to build momentum, the vote must be scheduled before Congress recesses in August.\nCall and ask Speaker Boehner to schedule a vote on the VRAA (Click here for\na call script).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.purleyprimaryschool.co.uk/page/?title=School+History&pid=14", "date": "2023-12-07T16:35:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207153748-20231207183748-00237.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9718182682991028, "token_count": 87, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__131418340", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1872 Rev. Richard Palmer and Caroline Palmer generously financed the beautiful brick and flint Primary school that took fifty-five children for “the labouring, manufacturing and other poorer classes of Purley”.\n2005 - 2016\nSince that time, Purley has grown substantially with the addition of a school hall in 2005 and a further two classrooms in 2015/2016. It has been a primary school since September 2013.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://retirementbeforetheageof59.blogspot.com/2018/06/", "date": "2022-06-27T05:21:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103328647.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627043200-20220627073200-00602.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9522050023078918, "token_count": 565, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__94275373", "lang": "en", "text": "|We Finally Toured the Queen Mine, a Historic Copper Mine|\n|View of Historic Bisbee, AZ from the Queen Mine RV Park|\nWe always stay at the Queen Mine RV Park, set on top of a hill above the old copper quarry, overlooking historic Bisbee. The entrance to the RV park is just past the Queen Mine Tours Visitors Center. Every time we pass the Visitors Center I say we should check out the tour. This year we decided to do it.\nThe tour into the now closed copper mine was well worth the $13.00 price of admission. After we were each outfitted in a reflective vest, hard hat, and mine light, we climbed aboard the mine train.\n|We Were Outfitted and Ready on the Mine Train|\nOur tour guide, Pete, explained the safety rules and that once the train was inside the mine shaft, he would stop the train and make sure each of us was okay with being underground. The narrow tunnel is not a good place to be for a person who is claustrophobic.\n|Entering the Narrow Queen Copper Mine by Train|\nPete then climbed onto the orange battery-powered train engine, rang the train’s bell, and we moved forward toward the mine entrance. When the train was entirely inside the tunnel, the doors to the outside mine slammed closed and Pete stopped the train. He walked along each train-car, checking that all passengers were okay with being underground. Then he climbed back on the engine and we proceeded deeper into the earth.\n|Pete Climbed Back on the Engine After Checking All Passengers|\n|Pete, a Retired Copper Miner, Told Stories of Pranks They Played|\nHe told how in the early years, they trained mules to haul the ore out of the mine, and how hard the young guys worked to exceed their weekly quotas of ore in order to receive bonuses.\n|Mules Hauled Four Cars at a Time, Loaded with Oar|\nHe explained that the focus was to extract the high percentage of copper, with silver and gold as byproducts.\n|Stunning Azurite, One of Two Copper Carbonate Minerals in Nature|\n|Queen Mine's Safety Scoreboard|\nHistory of the Mine from Bisbee’s Website:\nBisbee’s Queen Mine was one of the richest copper mines in history. The mine opened in 1877 and eventually closed when Phelps Dodge discontinued mining operations in Bisbee in the mid-1970’s. The Queen Mine opened once again as a tour for visitors in 1976, nearly 100 years after the mine originally opened.\n|Terry L Turrell, Author|\nFollow me on:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://randomactsofreflection.com/", "date": "2018-03-25T05:19:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651820.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325044627-20180325064627-00742.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9833511710166931, "token_count": 818, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__259324363", "lang": "en", "text": "I am alive today because Shanghai opened its doors to my father, his parents, his uncle and his aunt when the gates of most other countries, including the United States, were closed to them. I am alive today because, even as the Japanese conquered the Chinese and forced Jews into the ghetto of Shanghai, they refused to return them to a certain death in Nazi Germany. I am alive today because Jewish agencies like ORT and the Joint Distribution Committee sent aid and support to the Shanghai Refugees. And I am alive today because at war’s end, the United States began to reflect more closely the words inscribed on the Statue of Liberty and the Golden Gates were finally opened. A life of freedom and security in America was finally a reality.\nThis is a picture of the S.S. General W.H. Gordon making its way under the Golden Gate Bridge as it comes to port in San Francisco. This is the ship that in 1948 brought my father and grandparents, German Jewish refugees, from the Shanghai Ghetto to which they had fled to escape the horrors of the Shoah to America. They came here in the hopes of finding a home and, like so many before them, the gift of freedom.\nMy father, an ardent Zionist, actually hoped to make his way to Israel and help build the modern Jewish homeland. In 1948, that possibility, that long held dream, lay before him. But he faced one significant obstacle, the needs of his parents.\nHis parents, my grandparents, had sacrificed so much to take him out of Germany and to survive the hardships of living in the Shanghai Ghetto under Japanese domination. They did not have the strength to go to a new and unsettled land. They hoped to go to the United States where they had a San Francisco Jewish community willing to give them shelter and a Jewish company, Levi Strauss, ready to offer employment.\nLike so many young adults before him, he sacrificed his dreams for his parents. He knew that they could not go alone, that they needed him now as he had needed them in the past. So, he accompanied them to America on the Gordon, a ship of refugees sponsored by the American Joint Distribution Committee.\nIn the United States, his parents built a new life. My grandfather worked his entire career for Levi Strauss and retired with pride in what he had accomplished and of how his son had thrived both professionally and personally.\nMy father went to college and graduate school, met and married my mother (hence my being alive today!) and pursued a career in pharmacy. Ultimately, he became one of the giants of pharmaceutical science, the father of the field of Biopharmeceutics and Pharmacokintetics. He developed or laid the foundations for drugs and therapies that have saved millions of lives, especially among children.\nBut for the good fortune of finding a refuge, in 1941, from the horrors of the Holocaust, none of this might have happened and I would not have been born to write about it. That Shanghai was one of the few safe havens available to them, that the Japanese refused to send them back when the Nazis demanded it, and that America finally began to return to the essence of its highest ideals are the blessings at the heart of why #myimmigrantfamily is #heretostay.\nHow many will die or never be born because the Gates of America are once more being closed to refugees whose lives are at risk? Will the United States of today once again become the United States of 1939 that sent the passengers of the St. Louis back to Europe and their certain demise? Will we allow Muslims seeking to escape the horrors of Syria to become the “European Jews” of today, denied sanctuary and sent back into danger?\nWe who have lived this history know that Silence = Death. And so, we will raise our voices, we will protest and advocate, we will never forget and we will not give up! And one day, I pray, some American Imam, yet unborn, will write that he is alive today because of us.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.ocradio.co.za/the-leader-of-mormon-church-thomas-s-monson-dies-aged-90/", "date": "2018-03-19T10:50:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00142.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9823108911514282, "token_count": 693, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__203341934", "lang": "en", "text": "SALT LAKE CITY — The leader of Mormon Church Thomas S Monson has died aged 90. Thomas S Monson was the 16th president of the LDS Church, he died at 10:01 p.m. Tuesday in his Salt Lake City home.\nHe had been at the helm of the church for nearly 10 years as prophet-leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.\nMillions of latter-day saints (Mormons) across the world are saddened to see what has been described by the church as a closure of a distinctive era in church leadership. During his time as one of the longest-serving apostles in Mormon history, church membership expanded from 2.1 million members to 15.9 million.\nThomas S Monson will be most remembered for his individual ministry, a relentless drive to go to the rescue. President Monson’s biographer described his lifelong, tender ministry to widows, the lost, the obscure, the dying and the downtrodden as a portable pool of Bethesda, the New Testament place of mercy and grace where waters made the lame whole and Jesus Christ healed a paralyzed man. President Monson carried what he himself termed “Bethesda’s blessing” of heartfelt ministry to a grease pit, countless hospitals and behind the Iron Curtain.\nA large, faithful, energetic, gregarious, intelligent man with a prodigious recall that allowed him to memorize talks and remember everyone he met, President Monson shot through the ranks of church leadership, as a bishop at age 22 and president of the faith’s Canadian Mission at 31. He was unthinkably young, just 36, when he was ordained a modern apostle of Jesus Christ on Oct. 4, 1963. No one younger has been called as an LDS apostle in more than a century. The last younger apostle, Joseph Fielding Smith, was ordained at age 33 in 1910; he also lived to become church president.\nThe senior quorums of the LDS Church are vaults of institutional memory. New apostles are trained by the quorum’s senior apostles. As a new apostle in 1963, President Monson joined a quorum with a handful of men who knew or were raised by Latter-day Saint pioneers who crossed the plains in 1847. They could speak from experience about the church before the Manifesto that ended polygamy in 1890.\nBy the time of his death, his past relationships in the quorum made President Monson unique among living LDS senior leadership. He was the final prophet to have served in the Twelve with church leaders who had known men who knew the first, Joseph Smith.\nPresident Monson also was the final living apostle called to the Twelve by late church President David O. McKay. He was the last apostle alive who had served with President McKay’s immediate successors at the head of the church, Joseph Fielding Smith and Harold B. Lee. The man expected to succeed President Monson, President Russell M. Nelson, is 93, but he was ordained an apostle more than 20 years after President Monson, in 1984.\nPresident Monson spent more than three decades in the First Presidency. He spent a total of 54 years as an apostle. Only four men in LDS history served longer in the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve — President McKay, Heber J. Grant, Joseph Fielding Smith and Wilford Woodruff.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lovemontanaliving.com/kalispell/", "date": "2018-11-17T00:58:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743247.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116235534-20181117020807-00042.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.940183162689209, "token_count": 112, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__45437472", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to Kalispell\nWith historic architecture, art museums, down to earth coffee shops, and multiple city parks Kalispell hosts many local residents and tourists year round. Founded as a railroad town and platted in 1891 Kalispell history is still visible even today. Recognized landmarks include, the Conrad Mansion, Hockaday Museum of Art, The Great Northern Rails to Trails and Depot Park located in the heart of downtown. Kalispell's offers a variety of shopping with local Montana themed stores and the newly developed Hutton Ranch Plaza.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://iwkfoundation.org/land-acknowledgement", "date": "2024-03-05T14:34:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00457.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9305735230445862, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__199939118", "lang": "en", "text": "The IWK Foundation is located in Mi’kma’ki, the ancestral and unceded territory of the Mi’kmaq People, and we acknowledge them as the past, present, and future caretakers of this land.\nThis territory is covered by the “Treaties of Peace and Friendship” which Mi’kmaq Wəlastəkwiyik (Maliseet), and Passamaquoddy Peoples first signed with the British Crown in 1725. The treaties did not deal with surrender of lands and resources but in fact recognized Mi’kmaq and Wəlastəkwiyik (Maliseet) title and established the rules for what was to be an ongoing relationship between nations. We are all Treaty people.\nMi’kma’ki includes all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, part of New Brunswick, the Gaspé region of Quebec, part of Maine, and southwestern Newfoundland.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://yiddishoz.com.au/", "date": "2017-10-17T07:54:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820930.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017072323-20171017092323-00692.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8797785043716431, "token_count": 136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__241058805", "lang": "en", "text": "Yiddish Seminar at Monash University\nThursday, the 29th of October, there will be a seminar in Yiddish with Monash University’s international guest\nThe head curator of the permanent exhibition in the Museum of the History of Polish Jewry in Warsaw.\nShe will speak on the topic:\nThe history of Yiddish in the permanent exhibition of the Polin Museum in Warsaw.\nThe seminar will take place on Thursday the 29th October, 4pm, at the ACJC (Level 8, building H, Monash University Caulfield).\nRSVP to Ena.Burstin@monash.eduRead More »", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://gracechurchtoday.org/about-us/", "date": "2021-04-12T16:00:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038067870.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412144351-20210412174351-00555.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9704492092132568, "token_count": 757, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__50228837", "lang": "en", "text": "ABOUT GRACE BAPTIST CHURCH\nJust before the dawn of the 20th century, in 1888, the foundation of Grace Baptist Church, one of the most dynamic houses of worship in the nation was laid in the City of Mount Vernon, NY. Grace was built out of a spirit of hope and community engagement. Its founders, “five Negro women” as the church history describes them, organized a Baptist church mission dedicated to not only attending to the spiritual needs of the then small African American community of Mount Vernon, but also to their educational needs as well. Shortly after the Grace Baptist Mission was organized a Sunday School for people of all ages was started.\nWith the aid of the First Baptist Church of Mount Vernon, a white congregation, the Grace Baptist Mission purchased a plot of land and built its first church home in 1891. Two years later, Grace Baptist Mission elected its first pastor, the Reverend J.L. Montague a proud graduate of Lincoln University of Pennsylvania and of Newton Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, thus setting Grace Baptist’s standard of calling educated, seminary trained pastors, a rarity for many churches of any racial category within the Baptist tradition at that time. A more permanent chapel was built to meet the growing church in 1894. The newly constructed chapel had seating for nearly 400 people. Much of the funds for the new building were secured through active fund raising and support from First Baptist Church. Grace Baptist Mission was incorporated as, “Grace Baptist Church of the City of Mount Vernon, State of New York,” a self-sufficient religious corporation in 1906.\nGrace Baptist Church flourished in the midst of two World Wars, and the Great Depression. The congregation was tested however on January 15, 1939 when the small wood frame building that Grace called home for 50 years was gutted by fire. However, by the summer of 1939 the congregation of Grace Baptist purchased one of the largest church buildings in Westchester County.\nThe imposing, red brick edifice of the former First Presbyterian Church had a seating capacity of 900, a large kitchen and dining room. In time the congregation also purchased and renovated a parsonage. Grace burned its first mortgage in 1946 and its second mortgage in 1958. Throughout its history, Grace has been a champion for social justice. One of its early highlights occurred when the Civil Rights leader the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King preached from its pulpit on 1959.\nRev. Dr. W. Franklyn Richardson became the ninth pastor of Grace in April of 1975. During the church’s 100th anniversary in In 1988, Dr. Richardson led the congregation which had grown to some 3,000 members, into an expanded and renovated church complex that now included a music center, chapel, new banquet hall, additional class rooms and youth center. The $3.2 million expansion and renovation project propelled the churches growth and outreach to greater heights. Today Grace Baptist has extension sites in Yonkers, NY and Port St. Lucie, FL. All three of the Sunday services from Grace in Mount Vernon can be seen around the globe through live webcasting. The church’s community development corporations have built nearly 400 units of affordable and senior citizen housing. Under the leadership of Dr. Richardson the church seeks to build and maintain a regional “Village of Grace” that provides spiritual, cultural, educational, economic and sociopolitical uplift for individuals and families throughout the Tri-State area.\nTo bring the Village of Grace to fruition the church has embarked on building for the future. From 1990 to 2013 the congregation has purchased properties immediately surrounding its historic sanctuary all in preparation for constructing a new state of the art cathedral complex with seating capacity of 2,500.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.musee-archerie-valois.fr/explorer-les-collections/en-madonna-and-child/", "date": "2020-11-24T18:25:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176922.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124170142-20201124200142-00223.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9666033983230591, "token_count": 495, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__193025216", "lang": "en", "text": "Deposit from the commune of Fresnoy-le-Luat, 1975\nClassified as a Historical Monument\nThis group of polychrome stone statues of the Madonna and Child has been classified as a Historical monument since 1925. Originally, it was to be found in the Luat chapel, in the commune of Fresnoy-le-Luat.\nThe Virgin is elegantly clothed in a low-cut ochre dress tied at the front. Her long blue mantle with decorated edges is held together by a cord with two flower-shaped clasps. She is wearing a crown and is sitting on an X-shaped seat called Dagobert whose extremities are decorated with floral motifs. The Child Jesus, seated on her right leg, is looking at an open book she is holding. With his left forefinger, the Child is showing his mother a precise passage in the text. This representation differs from usual iconographies that mostly depict a mother teaching her child, as in the case of Saint Ann with her daughter Mary. Here the iconography is reversed: Jesus is teaching his Mother, pointing out to her the important passages to read and meditate on.\nThe top of Mary’s head and the back of the artwork are not sculpted, and the latter has even been hollowed out in the back to lighten the ensemble as much as possible, thus indicating that the sculpture was meant to be seen only from the front, its back to the wall, in an alcove or against a panel.\nThe coat of arms visible on the armrest has not yet been identified. It is nevertheless probable that the patron of this artwork was a powerful local lord.\nIn the surroundings of the Valois, Madonnas and Child with an open book are few during the 15th and 16th centuries, whereas the theme is omnipresent in Brussels during the 15th century. Although probably from a workshop in the Île-de-France, this statue still shows influences straight from Flanders.\nTwo statues showing Saint John and Saint James, also deposited in the museum under the inventory number D1975.1.4 and D1975.1.3, flanked this Madonna and Child in the Luat chapel. In view of the numerous stylistic resemblances, they are probably from the same workshop, and formed a large ensemble of statues meant to give more prestige to the little chapel that housed them.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.magordesigns.co.uk/nidum-precision-tooling/", "date": "2019-11-18T14:05:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669795.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118131311-20191118155311-00542.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.967694878578186, "token_count": 152, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__106679982", "lang": "en", "text": "The name Nidum Precision Tooling has been synonymous with precision engineering and tool making in South Wales for over 50 years.\nFounded by toolmakers in 1961, Nidum progressively expanded at its historic home in Hirwaun to support many of the leading manufacturing operations in both South Wales and across the UK. The legacy from our founding partners is a no nonsense, open, practical engineer to engineer approach very much focused on getting the job done.\nThe founding owners retired in the late 1990’s and the business continued to expand. In 2001 it relocated to its current base in Resolven – where it occupies 10,000 sq feet of modern and customised facilities. First class road links mean we are readily accessible to clients from across the UK.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mabelmercer.org/mabel-mercer/", "date": "2023-09-26T12:18:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00308.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9580842852592468, "token_count": 838, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__150076302", "lang": "en", "text": "Mabel Mercer — arguably the supreme cabaret artist of the twentieth century — was born in England and performed in the United States, Britain, and across Europe to a large fan base including such big names as Frank Sinatra and Ernest Hemingway. She was a featured performer at Chez Bricktop in Paris, performed Le Ruban Bleu, Tony’s, the RSVP, the Carlyle, and the St Regis Hotel in New York, and eventually hosted her own room, the Byline club.\nMabel Mercer was born in 1900 in Staffordshire, England. After leaving a Manchester convent school at the age of fourteen, Miss Mercer joined her aunt in a vaudeville and music hall tour of Britain and the Continent. Her career quickly blossomed, and by the 1930s she was the toast of Paris, introducing her inimitable style of singing to adoring audiences and beguiling such steadfast admirers as Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Cole Porter, and the Prince of Wales.\nThe outbreak of World War II brought her to America where she began a series of engagements at New York’s finest supper clubs. Among the rooms she made her own were Le Ruban Bleu (a six-month stay), Tony’s (seven years), the RSVP (two years), and five years in her own Byline Club. Miss Mercer solidified her career with engagements at the Carlyle and St. Regis Hotels, and she enjoyed brilliant concert triumphs and record-breaking appearances across the United States.\nThe brilliance of Miss Mercer’s recordings have made both original albums and numerous reissues highly prized collectors’ items. To honor her 75th birthday in 1975, Atlantic Records assembled four classic early LPs and reissued them in a boxed set. In recognition of her life’s achievement, Stereo Review Magazine presented Miss Mercer with its first Award of Merit for “outstanding contributions to the quality of American musical life.” In 1984, the Award of Merit was officially renamed the Mabel Mercer Award. After an absence of 41 years, Miss Mercer made her long-awaited return to England on July 4, 1977, accompanied by her long-time friend and publicist, Donald Smith. So great was the public acclaim on her return to London that the BBC filmed three evenings of extraordinary footage of Miss Mercer’s performances. The BBC later devoted an entire week to a series of late-night half-hour television broadcasts—an honor never before bestowed upon an entertainer. In 1978, Miss Mercer’s new album, Midnight at Mabel Mercer’s, was hailed by Stereo Review as one of the best recordings of the past twenty years. To celebrate her 78th birthday later that year, Miss Mercer played a sold-out engagement at San Francisco’s Club Mocambo to enthusiastic audiences. Mabel Mercer was honored in January 1981 by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York with An American Cabaret, the first musical celebration of its kind in the museum’s history. Created and produced by Donald Smith, the evening was dedicated to the artistry of Mabel Mercer. Miss Mercer next appeared as the first guest on Eileen Farrell’s new National Public Radio program featuring great popular singers, a program that was repeated in June 1992 at the Kool Jazz Festival.\nIn 1983, President Ronald Reagan presented Mabel Mercer with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony. In bestowing America’s highest civilian honor upon Miss Mercer, the president described her as “a singer’s singer” and “a living testament to the artfulness of the American song.” Among Miss Mercer’s many other honors are two honorary Doctor of Music degrees from Boston’s Berklee College of Music and the New England Conservatory of Music. Mabel Mercer died on April 20, 1984. On Miss Mercer’s birthday the following year, February 3, 1985, The Mabel Mercer Foundation was formally established.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.nrhs.com/news/2012_heritage_grants", "date": "2017-04-28T02:32:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122726.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00054-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8782576322555542, "token_count": 1197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__313944149", "lang": "en", "text": "The NRHS, America’s largest rail preservation organization, today announced the 2012 recipients of its annual Heritage Grants Program. NRHS will award $50,000 to support 21 non-profit organizations from 14 states and the District of Columbia. Recipients include NRHS chapters, historical societies, museums and municipalities.\nProjects range from the restoration of rare locomotives, passenger cars, freight cars, and railroad structures to the creation of an exhibit featuring the history of African-American railway workers in the Pacific Northwest. One project involves digitally converting priceless railroad images in a process that will result in a blueprint for other NRHS chapters to follow in preserving and generating revenue from their own collections. Through these diverse projects, NRHS funding will leverage hundreds of thousands of volunteer hours and in-kind matching donations.\n“This year’s applicant pool was the largest in NRHS history and one of the best in recent memory, making the award decisions painfully difficult,” said NRHS President Gregory Molloy. “While we’re excited to fund these important projects, the fact remains that scores of equally significant rail projects will go without our support this year, underlining the urgency of our mission.”\nSince the program’s inception in 1991, NRHS has now awarded 221 grants for a total of $548,000 to support a wide variety of railroad history preservation projects.\nThis year’s recipients and their projects include the following:\nAlexander Chapter NRHS, Hickory, North Carolina: $4,200 to finance the emergency crane lifting, move, and stabilization of two rare passenger cars from the West Virginia Midland Railroad.\nBellefonte Historical Railroad Society, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania: $2,000 to provide roof repair materials to stabilize the roof of the Bellefonte Central Railroad caboose.\nClinton County Arts Council / Clinton Northern Railway, St. Johns, Michigan: $3,100 to repair and restore the exterior of a 1902 wooden sleeping car, the Sault Ste. Marie.\nChesapeake Railway Association, Gaithersburg, Maryland: $1,500 to remove all asbestos insulation under the historic heavyweight Pullman solarium Meadow Lark.\nCollis P. Huntington Chapter NRHS, Huntington, West Virginia: $2,500 to repair and paint Chesapeake & Ohio Mallet locomotive no. 1308.\nWashington D.C. Chapter NRHS: $4,200 to fund the “Digital D.C. Railroad Heritage Project” consisting of an online museum of Washington, D.C.’s railroad history, an online process to submit and identify images and data of potential historical value, and an e-commerce function.\nFriends of the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad, Albuquerque, New Mexico: $2,000 to develop a standardized interpretive signage system for the 64-mile Cumbres & Toltec Railroad.\nGold Coast Railroad Museum, Miami, Florida: $2,800 to restore interior paint and upholstery of the Presidential Railcar Ferdinand Magellan, which served four U.S. presidents.\nMonon Railroad Historical-Technical Society, Edinburgh, Indiana: $2,500 for sandblasting, repairing and painting the exterior of 87-year-old Monon business car no. 2, Lynne.\nNevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad Museum, Nevada City, California: $2,500 for the purchase of roof restoration materials for the 109-year-old Lake Tahoe Railway & Transportation box car no. 4, built in San Francisco.\nOklahoma Railway Museum, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: $1,000 to help fund the restoration of Rock Island caboose no. 17834, built in 1915.\nOregon Black Pioneers, Salem, Oregon: $2,500 to produce a traveling exhibit with the Oregon Historical Society on the history of African-American railroad workers in Portland from the 1800s to 1940s.\nQueen Anne's Railroad Society, Centerville, Maryland: $1,200 to fund the rehabilitation of the Pennsylvania Railroad freight station in Centreville, Maryland.\nRailway Restoration Project 113, Minersville, Pennsylvania: $1,500 to fabricate, insulate and install jacketing on the boiler of Central Railroad of New Jersey steam locomotive no. 113, currently being restored.\nNew England Electric Railway Historical Society/Seashore Trolley Museum, Kennebunkport, Maine: $3,800 to restore Bay State Street Railway car no. 4175 to operational status for its centennial in 2014.\nSouth Carolina Railroad Museum, Columbia, South Carolina: $2,500 to repair the museum’s 1924 Pullman dining car, used for educational trips and public charters.\nSouthampton Railroad Station Society, Southampton, Pennsylvania: $500 to repair the stone foundation on the Southampton’s Philadelphia and Reading Railroad station building.\nSt. Louis Chapter NRHS, St. Louis, Missouri: $2,800 to cosmetically restore Wabash no. 573 steam locomotive—one of two surviving Wabash Railroad steam engines.\nNew Mexico Steam Locomotive & Railroad Historical Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico: $1,000 to clean the engine boiler and smoke box of Santa Fe no. 2926, a 1944 steam locomotive being restored.\nTown of Pittsfield, Maine: $3,300 to replace the roof of the historic Pittsfield Railroad Station, one of Maine’s only original publicly accessible train stations operating as a transportation museum.\nWestern Railway Preservation Society, Baker City, Oregon: $2,600 to purchase trucks and couplers for a rare, wooden frame “Red Crown Gasoline” Zerolene tank car that once ran on Oregon's Sumpter Valley Railway.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.excursiontravel.com.tr/Daily-Tours/Alanya-Demre-Kekova-tour-prices/Alanya-Demre-Myra-Kekova-Tour_23.html?syprdky=3_0_26_1_0&stpcty=1", "date": "2021-10-21T19:58:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585441.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021195527-20211021225527-00641.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9746691584587097, "token_count": 419, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__64136197", "lang": "en", "text": "The Mediterranean region is home to epic sea, sun, beaches and natural beauties, as well as cultural values and many beautiful historical monuments. In this tour, you will take a blue tour on the sunken city in Kekova, one of the hidden paradises of the Mediterranean, and watch the ruins of the ancient city on the seabed and on the shore while swimming in the clear waters. Then you will visit the Church of Santa Claus, which is a holy place of pilgrimage in the Christian faith, and you will see the ancient city of Myra and rock tombs from the Lycian civilization, which is among the most ancient Anatolian civilizations. You will enjoy your lunch from the open buffet as much as you want, and watch the extraordinary natural beauties of the Mediterranean during the trip and inhale the clean air.\nThe ancient city of Myra is the ancient Lycian city in the center of the Demre district in the province of Antalya. One of the six major cities of the Lycian Unity. Finds have been found that prove its existence from the 5th century BC. The name of the ancient city of Myra, known as the Diocese of St. Nikolas, means \"the place of the goddess mother goddess\". The city's most important building, St. Nikolas Church was destroyed in 1034 by the garrison that it suffered as a result of Arab raids.\nThe ancient city of Myra, built on the same level as its own name, was associated with Andriake, which is located in the village of Çayağzı and its port city. The ruins preserved to this day form the theater on the southern edge of the acropolis and rock tombs on both sides. In the upper part there are Roman and Hellenistic city walls. Myra was once the capital of the Lycian province. The ancient city of Myra has a special meaning in Christianity as it was visited by Paul and his friends who were considered the most famous and even most influential Christian missionaries", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://loyallegionpa.org/events/lincolns-birthday-celebration-2018/", "date": "2018-12-09T20:42:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823009.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209185547-20181209211547-00104.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.847596287727356, "token_count": 228, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__175409886", "lang": "en", "text": "Lincoln’s Birthday Celebration\nThe Commander of The Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States requests the honor of your presence to celebrate the birthday of the Nation’s 16th President, Abraham Lincoln.\nFriday Evening, February 23rd, 2018\nThe Historic Philadelphia Club located at 1301 Walnut Street in Philadelphia.\n5:30pm – 6:15pm: Reception\nReception in the Bar area\n6:15pm – 6:45pm: Featured Lecture\n“Wit and Wisdom of the 16th President”\nKeynote Speaker: Mr. Roger Arthur — Historian\n7:00pm – 9:00pm: Dinner and Toasts\nSalad: Walnut Street Salad – Mixed Greens topped with Walnuts and Stilton Cheese\nEntree: Braised Short Ribs with Barbeque infused Demi-Glace\nDessert: French Blueberry Tart\nBusiness Attire (coat and tie required by The Philadelphia Club)\nFor tickets, please contact Will Forbes at firstname.lastname@example.org", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.theclassicmusiccompany.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-johann-sebastian-bach/", "date": "2023-11-29T15:51:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00637.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9912899136543274, "token_count": 623, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__29774298", "lang": "en", "text": "Everything You Need to Know About Johann Sebastian Bach\nLegends in the field of music have been pouring various magical pieces into the hearts of every soul. The music created by these artists has a unique touch to it that makes it relevant even after centuries of its release. Several musicians have been the milestone to the world of music at various stages of evolution. Johann Sebastian Bach was also one such musician who created pieces that have brought about a difference in the norms of music composition. Let us travel back in time to the times where Bach was creating some impressive art.\nWho is Johann Sebastian Bach?\nJohann Sebastian Bach was a highly celebrated member of a family of German musicians, and his compositions in the Baroque era were his career-defining works. Bach is considered as one of the greatest musicians of all time, but during his days he was primarily regarded by his contemporaries as an organist and harpsichordist. He is well known for his creations such as The Well-Tempered Clavier, Brandenburg Concertos, the Mass in B Minor, and many other instrumental music compositions. History of music had various eras that define the world of melodies, and Bach was a part of it during the propitious days. He surveyed the field to combine the principal forms and styles of traditional music that was developed in the preceding decades. All his efforts went into enriching these music styles, and most of them were successful.\nSince he was born into a family of musicians, he had the right amount of support to take up the career too. Bach was introduced to the organ by one of his uncles, and his older second cousin, Johann Ludwig Bach was also a part of it all. Ludwig later became a popular violinist and composer. It was in the years after 1700 that Bach explored the various sides of European culture when he joined St. Micheal’s School in Luneberg. Apart from the singing sessions at the choir, he also played harpsichords and organ.\nIn 1703, Bach bagged the post of the court musician in the chapel of Duke Johann Ernst III. Due to his feats in Weimar, he became more popular among the music lovers so much so that he was invited to play the inaugural piece and give the recital at the Bach Church in Ardstadt. When he was dissatisfied with the performance of the choir, he left the job and returned to Weimar in 1708. It was during the period from 1708-1717 that Bach composed his best pieces on his keyboard. Bach also got the opportunity to perform at the castle church when he got promoted to Konzertmeister. In the later years, he kept traveling from one place to another to give his best compositions.\nA thematic catalogue of Bach’s compositions was published in 1950, and most of the works have been special pieces in the history of music. Everything from Cantatas, Motets, Four-part chorales, and small vocal works to the church and Capella music created by him inspired many of the aspirants.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://jamestowntribe.org/", "date": "2024-02-23T06:24:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474361.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223053503-20240223083503-00013.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9562649130821228, "token_count": 298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__143747471", "lang": "en", "text": "“S’Klallam” is a Salish term for “The Strong People.”\nOur history shows that we have always been self-reliant and determined to forge our own path. In 1855, the S’Klallam leaders signed a treaty with the Federal government with the understanding that they would always be able to hunt, fish and gather in their “usual and accustomed” grounds. As increasing numbers of non-Indian settlers began to arrive in the area desiring the same abundant lands and waters that were so important to the S’Klallam people, the S’Klallam people living in the Dungeness area decided that in order to survive, they had to adopt a new value system that included property ownership.\nIn 1874, under the leadership of Tribal citizen Lord James Balch, they pooled $500 in gold coins and purchased the 210-acres along the Strait of Juan de Fuca, now called Jamestown. This provided a geographical center for group identity and independence, and was the start of the Jamestown S’Klallam community.\nOur vision is to preserve and enhance the Jamestown S’Klallam Nation’s historical and cultural identity as a strong, proud and self-reliant community while protecting and sustaining our tribal sovereignty, self-governing authority, homelands and treaty rights.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://anthea-verlagsgruppe.de/products/tina-heinze-brokers-of-modernity", "date": "2024-02-28T23:33:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474746.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228211701-20240229001701-00379.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9625625610351562, "token_count": 299, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__53241209", "lang": "en", "text": "Life Stories of Educated Muslims in Ghana, 1935–2005\nPaperback, 14,8 x 21 cm\nFor several centuries Muslims acted as brokers in many West African societies. They exchanged goods as traders, served as clerks, and transmitted knowledge as scholars. However, during European colonisation from the 15th to the 20th century Muslims lost their economic, political, and educational influence. In the Gold Coast too, new clerks, who were trained mainly in Christian mission schools, gradually overtook the role of former Muslim administrators. Brokers of Modernity investigates how Muslims, primarily through secular education, regained their status as brokers in postcolonial Ghana and thereby traces the history of Muslim education from colonial times to the 1990s. Based on the life stories of thirty women and men of three generations from Accra and Tamale, this study focuses on individual strategies of coping with the tensions between secular civil life and religious practice. How did the interviewees negotiate 'being a Muslim' and 'being a citizen' in public schools and within their Muslim community? As brokers of modernity, secular educated Muslim both modernized Muslim communities and Islamized the Ghanaian society. Through their activities Islam has become more visible and present in the public sphere. In postcolonial Ghana, Tina Heinze argues, brokers play a prominent role in integrating minorities, mediating between social groups at the margins and mainstream society. Acting at the fringes, they cross the borders of different belief systems, cultures and ways of life.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.policymic.com/articles/8267/5-reasons-why-the-u-s-will-fall-like-rome/134136", "date": "2013-05-21T01:05:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699632815/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102032-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9530525803565979, "token_count": 255, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__99932024", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1776, Edward Gibbon, a British historian, wrote Volume I of his six volume series, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He finished the sixth volume in 1789, but the series actually took him 26 years in total, from start to finish.\nHere are the five reasons he listed for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire:\n1. The undermining of dignity and sanctity of the home, which is the basis of human society.\n2. Higher and higher taxes and the spending of public money for free bread.\n3. The mad craze for pleasure.\n4. The building of gigantic armaments when the real enemy was within: the decadence of the people.\n5. The decay of religion—faith fading into mere form—losing touch with life and becoming impotent to guide the people.\nOne could argue that in recent history, and especially today, the U.S. embodies all of these factors. Others argue that while the U.S. is going to fall, it will be largely for economic reasons. I summarized some of the reasons in a previous piece.\nWhat do you think? Does the US share the same fate as the once-powerful Roman Empire?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://chesterfieldstopthewar.blogspot.com/2009/09/chesterfield-stop-war-stall-22-august.html", "date": "2018-06-18T07:28:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860089.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618070542-20180618090542-00547.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9590823650360107, "token_count": 104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__188638711", "lang": "en", "text": "Thursday, 17 September 2009\nChesterfield Stop The War stall 22 August 2009.\nStop The War groups across the country held events to name the 200 British soldiers killed in Afghanistan and some of the innocent civilian victims whose names we know. 20 members of our local group collected names on the national petition, calling for the troops to be withdrawn from Afghanistan. We were amazed by the positive response from the public, with more than 500 people signing the petition. A good number had relatives serving in the British army in Afghanistan.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bigideas.svbtle.com/the-evolution-of-tourism-in-queenstown-a-journey-through-time", "date": "2024-04-14T08:33:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816875.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414064633-20240414094633-00898.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.947773814201355, "token_count": 691, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__30621444", "lang": "en", "text": "The Evolution of Tourism in Queenstown: A Journey Through Time\nNestled along the shimmering shores of Lake Wakatipu and cradled by majestic mountain ranges, Queenstown is often regarded as the crown jewel of New Zealand’s tourism. But how did this quaint lakeside settlement evolve into the bustling adventure capital of the world? The history of tourism in Queenstown is a fascinating tale of discovery, innovation, and unyielding spirit.\nThe Early Days\nBefore the European settlers arrived, the area that would become Queenstown was frequented by Maori in search of pounamu (greenstone), a treasured stone used for tools, weapons, and ornaments. It was in the 19th century, during the Otago Gold Rush, that Queenstown began to see a significant influx of outsiders. While the gold rush was transient, it laid down the infrastructure that would later prove pivotal for tourism. Roads, bridges, and initial accommodations were established, setting the stage for what was to come.\nThe Birth of Adventure\nThe late 20th century saw Queenstown cementing its place as the epicentre of adventure tourism. The 1980s, in particular, were groundbreaking. Bungee pioneers AJ Hackett and Henry van Asch introduced the world to commercial bungee jumping with the iconic Kawarau Bridge Bungy. The success of this venture set the tone for the multitude of adventure sports that Queenstown would become synonymous with - from jet boating and white-water rafting to skydiving and paragliding.\nThe snowy caps of The Remarkables and Coronet Peak have long beckoned winter sports enthusiasts. The establishment of ski resorts in the 20th century transformed Queenstown into a winter wonderland, attracting both domestic and international tourists. The ski culture not only brought in revenue but also added to the vibrant nightlife, with après-ski parties becoming the norm.\nRise of Luxury Tourism\nWith the influx of tourists came the demand for quality accommodation. From the late 20th century and into the 21st, Queenstown witnessed the rise of luxury resorts, lodges, and boutique accommodations. Today, some of the best hotels in Queenstown offer breathtaking views of Lake Wakatipu and the surrounding mountains, with world-class amenities ensuring an experience par excellence.\nWhile the adrenaline-pumping activities continue to draw tourists, modern-day Queenstown also appeals to those seeking relaxation and rejuvenation. The region’s vineyards, renowned for their Pinot Noir, provide idyllic wine tours and tastings. The town’s culinary scene has also evolved, with a plethora of restaurants serving global and local delicacies.\nAdditionally, events like the Queenstown Winter Festival and the NZ Open golf tournament have played a crucial role in promoting Queenstown as a diverse and year-round destination.\nThe history of tourism in Queenstown is not just about a town that embraced adventure; it’s about a community that adapted, innovated, and thrived. From the days of the gold rush to its present-day status as a world-renowned tourist hub, Queenstown’s journey has been nothing short of remarkable. And as the town continues to evolve, it remains a testament to the spirit of exploration and the pursuit of excellence.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.knightsbridgeschool.com/history/", "date": "2024-02-28T19:42:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00447.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9611479043960571, "token_count": 517, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__55090751", "lang": "en", "text": "The study of History is an exciting, wondrous and deeply rewarding experience. It can provide participants of all ages with a sense of awe at where we have come from and where we are heading. At Knightsbridge School, we seek to make this journey as engaging and fun as possible. Our overarching aim in the History department is to foster a deep-seated and lifelong love of learning about the past, whilst also developing and honing the skills required to make a good historian.\nWithin KS3, students study a wide range of topics, both ancient and modern, with a view to understanding that the past is a ‘foreign place’. The students begin to explore historical evidence and attempt to ask and formulate questions about history. As they move up the school, students begin to study events in more depth and, whether looking at subjects such as the murder of Thomas Becket, the Battle of Hastings, the Reformation, the French Revolution, Woman’s Suffrage or the First World War, all students explore a range of topics which prepare them brilliantly for the study of the 20th Century at GCSE. Within each topic, students are asked to critically analyse both primary and secondary sources of evidence, write extended pieces which challenge a statement or question, complete detailed projects on people and events and, in essence, to fully immerse themselves in the rich tapestry that is history.\nWe are also profoundly fortunate to be studying history in the heart of one of the most historically significant cities in the world. This good fortune lends itself beautifully to trips and, from the first opportunity, we make the most of what is on our doorstep. From exploring the Tower of London to touring the Houses of Parliament, students at Knightsbridge School experience a wide range of our capitals offerings and learn to treat them as the incredible and valuable sources that they are.\nThe common belief that history is simply a series of names and dates is passionately challenged at Knightsbridge School. Whilst students are provided with in-depth knowledge of our local, national and global pasts; we also spend a great deal of our time debating, questioning and challenging popular beliefs so that our young historians have the tools with which to argue against ‘old truths’ and, eventually, to form their own interpretation of the events that they study. History is a complex and often contentious subject which requires a broad skill set and a genuine thirst to discover more. Despite its sometimes dusty reputation, we show students that history has never been more important and more relevant than it is in the twenty-first century.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.thepaytons.org/essays/origins.html", "date": "2023-11-30T03:48:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130031610-20231130061610-00023.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9759766459465027, "token_count": 2043, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__282829204", "lang": "en", "text": "by Doug Payton\nAs promised, I received information about the origins of Thanksgiving and Christmas as federal holidays. Unfortunately, while I asked for copies of the bills that made these days government holidays, instead I got copies of the relevant portions of two books that members of Congress have use of in their legislative duties. In any event, what follows is information from two books; \"Chase's Calendar of Events - 1996\" from Contemporary Books and \"Celebrations - The Complete Book of American Holidays\" by Robert J. Myers.\nFirst off, it has been alleged that Thanksgiving does not have the religious roots it is purported to have. This is interesting, given that the vast majority of its initial celebrants were religious refugees from England by way of Holland. The religious aspect of the first Thanksgiving celebration is obvious in this passage from the first Thanksgiving Proclamation, June 20th, 1676:\nThe Council has thought meet to appoint and set apart the 29th day of this instant June, as a day of Solemn Thanksgiving and praise to God for such his Goodness and Favour, many Particulars of which mercy might be Instanced, but we doubt not those who are sensible of God's Afflictions, have been as diligent to espy him returning to us; and that the Lord may behold us as a People offering Praise and thereby glorifying Him; the Council doth commend it to the Respective Ministers, Elders and people of this Jurisdiction; Solemnly and seriously to keep the same Beseeching that being perswaded by the mercies of God we may all, even this whole people offer up our bodies and soulds as a living and acceptable Service unto God by Jesus Christ.\nThanksgiving was a harvest celebration that acknowledged God as the Provider. These are Puritans we're talking about here.\nThe history of Thanksgiving in American government started with the first President in the year of his inauguration. From the \"Celebrations\" book, this is George Washington in 1789:\nNow, therefore I do recommend and assign Thursday, the 26th of November next, to be devoted by the people of these States to the service of that great and glorious Being, who is the Beneficent Author of all the good that was, that is, or that will be; and that we may then all unite in rendering unto Him our sincere and humble thanks for His kind care and protection of the people of this country, previous to becoming a nation; for the signal manifold mercies, and the favorable interpositions of His providence, in the course and conclusion of the late war; for the great degree of tranquillity, union and plenty which we have enjoyed; for the peaceable and rational manner in which we have been enabled to establish Constitutions of Government for our safety and happiness, and particularly the national one now lately instituted; for the civil and religious liberty with which we are blessed, and the means we have of acquiring and diffusing useful knowledge; and, in general, for all the great and various favors, which He has been pleased to confer upon us.\nFrom the \"Chase\" book:\nPresident George Washington proclaimed Nov. 26, 1789, to be Thanksgiving Day. Both Houses of Congress, by their joint committee, had requested him to recommend a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them an opportunity to peaceably establish a form of government for their safety and happiness.\nSo not only was the first celebrated Thanksgiving religious in nature, but the first proclamation that started the ball rolling in the new American government (a proclamation requested by a joint committee of Congress, no less) was unabashedly so. It was a day of thanksgiving to God. (Washington was, I believe, a Congregationalist, so I'm pretty confident that's who he's talking about with the words \"Being\" and \"Author\".) Washington issued another proclamation in 1795.\nIt gets interesting here, because there wasn't a consensus as to the worth of the day. Puritans, interestingly, refused to recognize a set date for Thanksgiving because they believed Thanksgiving should be more spontaneous. And who also \"actively condemned\" it? A name you'll recognize; Thomas Jefferson. Unfortunately, \"Celebrations\" says no more than that. I would be very interested in knowing whether Jefferson's objections were personal or whether they were Constitutionally motivated. Nonetheless, I once said that every President from Washington to Lincoln proclaimed a day of Thanksgiving, and \"Celebrations\" implies that aspect is apparently in error. It does mention, however, James Madison's request that the nation \"observe a day of Thanksgiving and peace in remembrance of the War of 1812\".\nBut \"Celebrations\" says that Thanksgiving was still observed as a religious event. More and more states began to adopt it as an official holiday. However, some governors considered it to be state interference with religion and so avoided it. (I see a difference between considering something an \"interference with religion\" and \"state sponsorship of a religion\". The former is what the governors' concern was, the latter is what concerns the \"separation of church and state\" crowd. They are not equivalent.)\nMore and more states began celebrating Thanksgiving (and most on the same day). Finally, on October 3, 1863, President Lincoln issued this Thanksgiving Proclamation, after which Thanksgiving became a national holiday.\nThe year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, other have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever watchful providence of almighty God. In the midst of a civil war of unequalled magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and provoke their aggressions, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere except in the theatre of military conflict....I do, therefore, invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens....\nThe article goes on to say that the specific date for Thanksgiving is set by presidential proclamation each year which, with two exceptions, has always been the fourth Thursday in November.\nThis information clears up this outstanding issue: Thanksgiving, both in its celebratory roots and its legislative history as a national holiday, is distinctly religious in nature. From its initial observation by the Puritans through (at least) Lincoln's proclamation, it has been quite clear who was being thanked; God. It also adds one reason (if not more) to discount the idea that the First Amendment precludes the government acknowledging religion in this way. Both houses of Congress requested this holiday with language that acknowledged the \"many and signal favors of Almighty God\". And in 1789! Sure, Jefferson may not have liked the idea, but many, many others who would know the original intent and may have even participated in the debate of the First Amendment did not. This one event alone should be enough to dispel any myths about original intent. Is it possible that Jefferson's view of \"separation of church and state\" was a minority opinion and that it doesn't accurately portray the view of most of the Constitution's framers? There's a thought.\nUnfortunately, neither \"Chase\" nor \"Celebrations\" gives much insight into the history of Christmas as a national holiday, though \"Celebrations\" does delve heavily into its origins as a celebration of Christ's birth. Here is what it does say with regard to legislation:\nAlabama was the first state to grant legal recognition to Christmas, in 1836. By 1890 all the states and territories had made similar acknowledgment, including the District of Columbia in 1870. It is interesting to note that Christmas is the only annual religious holiday to receive this official and secular sanction.\n(Some might see that last sentence as stating, in the opinion of the \"Celebrations\" authors, that Thanksgiving is not an annual religious holiday. In answer to that, one must understand that the celebration of Christmas goes back to the third century as an official church holiday. Thanksgiving really only became truly annual when it was made an official state holiday.)\nHere again we have an action taken by every state, the District of Columbia, and the federal government, that goes against what some people of a particular constitutional belief from laymen to Supreme Court justices say that the First Amendment prohibits. This, too, taken by itself, shows that ideas about Constitutional thought nowadays (and \"nowadays\" would get special emphasis if I were speaking instead of typing) is flat-out wrong. The framers of the Constitution did not intend for religious expression to be stifled anywhere, even in government itself. Those far closer in time than we to those framers understood it as well, and their actions are in harmony with the framers. Coercion they were against, and for good reason, but not expression. And setting up an official national holiday for the birth of Christ or specifically for thanking God was not considered coercion or establishing an official state religion.\nAnd after all, that's what this discussion was all about in the first place. The Constitution of the United States prohibits the establishment of a state religion, and calls for free religious expression. What does that mean? Look at how it was practiced in the past by those who crafted the Constitution and to those who were separated from them by far fewer years than we are today. Their actions will plainly show what they meant.\nReturn to \"Consider This!\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://history.visitwonders.com/en/guide-detail/history-1-9.html", "date": "2017-04-26T13:39:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00210-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8449370265007019, "token_count": 703, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__19293302", "lang": "en", "text": "500 000 to 12 000 BC. J.C.: First human traces.\nFifth millennium: Period of Hoa Binh.\nThird and Fourth Millennium: Bac Son Civilization.\nSecond millennium BC. J.C.: Bronze Civilization. Era of the Hung Kings.\nFirst millennium BC. J.C.: Kingdom of Van Lang.\n258 BC. J.C.: Kingdom of Au Lac.\n111 BC. J.C.: Annexation by the Han Chinese Empire.\nFrom 40 to 43 AD. JC: Revolution of the Trung sisters against the Chinese.\nImage of Trung sisters sitting on elephant\nYear 968: Foundation of Dai Viet, the first independent Vietnamese state.\n11th century: Fighting against a new invasion of China, Song Dynasty.\n12th Century: Resistance against the Mongols.\n1407: Occupation Ming.\n1427: Rise of the Le kings.\n17th century: Arrival of the first Europeans.\n1698: Foudation of Saigon.\n18th century: Division of the country between the Lords Trinh Nguyen in the north and south.\n1771 - 1802: Insurrection in Tay Son.\n1784: Treaty of Versailles with Louis XVI.\n1802: Reunification of the country with King Gia Long.\n1883 - 1884: The Tonkin and Annam become protectorates.\n1887: Founding of the Indochinese Union with Laos and Cambodia.\nIndochina map (French rule)\n1930 : Fondation par Hô Chi Minh du Parti Communiste indochinois.\n1941: Establishment of the Viet Minh.\n1939 - 1945: Japanese occupation.\nMarch 9, 1945: Coup de force against the French and Japanese setting up Emperor Bao Dai.\nSeptember 2, 1945: Proclamation of Independence.\nMay 7, 1954: Fall of Dien Bien Phu.\nJuly 20, 1954: Geneva Accords and partition of Vietnam.\nDecember 1960: Establishment of the National Front for the Liberation of the South. Beginning of the U.S. military intervention.\n1965: Arrival of the U.S.\n1969: Decease of President Ho Chi Minh.\nPorttrait of Ho Chi Minh\nJanuary 27, 1973: Paris Agreements on Indochina.\nApril 30, 1975: Saigon fall\nJuly 2, 1976: official reunification of Vietnam.\nJune 1978: Accession of Vietnam to the COMECON Council of Mutual Economic Assistance.\nJanuary 1979: Vietnamese troops overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime in Phnom Penh.\nFebruary 17, 1979: China's military intervention in northern Vietnam (Lang Son).\n1989: End of the Vietnamese withdrawal from Cambodia.\n1992: New constitution of Vietnam\n1994: Removal of the U.S. trade embargo\n1995: Vietnam's admission to ASEAN\nJune 2006: Following the tenth congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party, the National Assembly elects the new president of the state (Nguyen Minh Triet) and the new Prime Minister (Nguyen Tan Dung).\nJanuary 11, 2007: Vietnam became the 150th member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).\nOctober 16, 2007: Vietnam was elected non-permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations for a term of two years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hotfromthekettle.com/vegetable/2011/11/7/make-ahead-thanksgiving-feast-green-bean-casserole.html", "date": "2019-03-23T23:43:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203093.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323221914-20190324003914-00232.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9686517119407654, "token_count": 242, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__60161786", "lang": "en", "text": "The original Green Bean Casserole recipe was created by an employee of the Campbell Soup Company called Dorcas Reilly in 1955. The recipe consisted of Canned Green Beans, Canned Cream of Mushroom Soup, and Canned Fried Onions.\nWhat foodies like me often forget is that the era of the New Frontier celebrated convenience and new technology; it was a period where doing without (as was the case with the Depression and the War) was in the past. World War II, and in particular the need to feed troops in two theatres of war, resulted in some technological breakthroughs in the culinary world. One of them was the mass production, and subsequent consumption, of anything canned.\nThe post war 1950's was a period of doing things the new modern American way! And the results were poodle skirts, the Edsel, and green bean casserole. The original recipe for Green Bean Casserole now has a place of honor in the National Inventors Hall Of Fame in Akron Ohio. (Anyone for a roadtrip?) Inspired by that original recipe, this twist of the original features fresh ingredients and is made from scratch!\nVisit the Recipe Book for the complete recipe!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.codognetreviso.com/2011_12_02_archive.html", "date": "2013-12-05T04:08:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163039753/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131719-00034-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9858699440956116, "token_count": 179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__200113453", "lang": "en", "text": "COUNTING BY WINTERS\nWinter counts are histories or calendars in which events are recorded by pictures, with one picture for each year.\nThe Lakota call them waniyetu wowapi. Waniyetu is the word for year, which is measured from first snowfall to first snowfall. It is often translated as \"a winter.\" Wowapi means anything that is marked on a flat surface and can be read or counted, such as a book, a letter, or a drawing.\nWinter counts are physical records that were used in conjunction with a more extensive oral history. Each year was named for an event and the pictures referring to the year names served as a reference source that could be consulted regarding the order of the years. People knew the name of the year in which other important events occurred, and could place these in time by referring to the winter count.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lundboats.com/our-heritage.html", "date": "2022-09-24T16:04:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00618.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9561073780059814, "token_count": 484, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__32453355", "lang": "en", "text": "When a salesman from Inland Marine Corporation asked Howard for 50 more aluminum boats, the Lund® Boat Company began production of \"The World's Finest Fishing Boats\". This initial order of boats put Lund on the map for generations to come.\nIn 1961, Howard re-incorporated the company as Lund Metal Craft, Inc. and expanded into the fiberglass market. With the acquisition of Shell Lake Boat Company, Lund would now increase versatility with a product line up for both fishing and family recreation.\nThe 70's were the decade some iconic Lund Boats were born. The Tyee and Mr. Pike emerged with models including the Tyee Offshore and Tyee Cubby. Lund also had an expansive fiberglass offering from a 22'6\" Cuddy Cabin Plus, sailboats and even the famed 315 Guide Special which is where some of the biggest names in fishing started with Lund like Al Lindner and Gary Roach.\nIt was the 80's when Lund Boat Company closed its Shell Lake fiberglass facility to focus on the aluminum boat manufacturing company in New York Mills, MN. Concentrating on aluminum, the innovative models like the iconic Pro V, Baron, Rebel and Alaskan came to life. Some other niche boats like the Newport (center console) and the 2100 & 2450 Sport Cabin were born.\nIn 1994 Lund began offering pontoons such as the 2100 Angler, 2450 Explorer and later expanded with the 1800/2100 Sportsman, 2100 Executive/2100 Executive and the 2450 Chairman SE/2450 Chairman SE in 1995. In 1998, Lund celebrated 50-years and offered custom paint, special graphics and color matched motors on certain models.\nIn 2004, Brunswick Corporation completed the acquisition of the Lund Boat manufacturing plants in New York Mills, MN and Steinbach, MB. In 2008 Lund returns to the fiberglass boat market with the introduction of the GL fiberglass boat series. There were 2 models released, 186 Fisherman and the 186 Tyee. These were soon followed by the 197 Pro V GL and 208 Pro V GL.\nToday, Lund retains its reputation as the industry’s leading aluminum fishing boat company. Built by fishermen for fishermen, we continue to innovate while honoring the boat-building traditions that have made the name legendary. With boats still on the water from generations past, the brand is strong and the boats are even stronger.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://e360.yale.edu/digest/us-navy-world-war-ii-weather-data-climate-change", "date": "2023-12-05T12:05:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00292.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9600487947463989, "token_count": 401, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__75439346", "lang": "en", "text": "A massive volunteer effort to digitize World War II-era U.S. naval logbooks is helping fill an important gap in the climate record.\nTo understand how humans have altered the climate, scientists must first determine what the climate looked like previously, and ship logbooks are essential to this work, providing a historical account of weather on the high seas. However, there are large gaps in the weather record during World War II, when hostilities stifled commercial shipping.\nTo fill in that gap, scientists sought to digitize recently declassified logbooks from 19 U.S. warships stationed in the Pacific during the war. Among these were the battleships USS Pennsylvania and USS Tennessee, which suffered losses in the attack on Pearl Harbor but remained in service through the end of the conflict.\nScientists enlisted the help of some 4,000 volunteers who, working online, transcribed more than 630,000 weather records containing more than 3 million observations that spanned the breadth of the Pacific Ocean, as well as parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The effort, led by researchers at the University of Reading, is detailed in a new paper published in Geoscience Data Journal.\nThe data gathered could help resolve a longstanding question about the past climate. Research suggests that the Earth was unusually warm during World War II, but data from the eastern Pacific is sparse, and potentially flawed. Sailors, presumably wary of shining a light at a hostile ship after dark, were more likely to record temperature data during the day, possibly introducing a warm bias into the weather record.\nThe U.S. Navy data, recorded at hourly intervals throughout the day and night, will help scientists better gauge temperatures during the war. “These ships saw action in the Indo-Pacific and Far-East, taking observations at times and places where few or no other digitized observations exist,” authors wrote. “These new observations and metadata will be invaluable for improving reconstructions of past climate.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ohanaezendigboworldwide.org/2020/12/10/a-tribute-to-prof-emma-okocha-the-asagba-of-asaba/", "date": "2022-09-28T18:55:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335276.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928180732-20220928210732-00384.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9438150525093079, "token_count": 393, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__104421820", "lang": "en", "text": "H.R. H. Obi (Prof) Joseph. C. Edoziem, CFR CONDOLENCE ON THE DEMISE OF PROF. OKOCHA\nIt is with profound and inestimable sadness that I write to commiserate with Your Royal Highness and the people of Asaba on the unfortunate passing away of your erudite and celebrated son, Prof. Emma Okocha, the Ikemba Ahaba designate.\nA highly acclaimed cerebral author, Prof Okocha bestrode the world like an intellectual colossus whose unearthing and documentation of the events of the Nigerian / Biafra Civil War culminated in an epochal chronicle of the sad massacre of defenseless civilians in Asaba in a book entitled Blood on the Niger, a book that has been subject of international study.\nThat Prof. Okocha was courageous is not in doubt, that he spoke truth to power is not in doubt, that he was patriotic is not in doubt and that he has stamped his name and person on the indelible marble of time is equally incontestible.\nThe Ikemba Ahaba designate was also a staunch member of Ohaneze Ndigbo and even contested for a post in the Igbo body in 2017. It is also on record that Emma testified courageously on behalf of Ohanaeze Ndigbo and Ndigbo generally on the massacre at Asaba during the Oputa Panel. He will forever be remembered for that.\nWe at Ohaneze Ndigbo Worldwide mourn him with great regret. We mourn him with great passion. We are happy that he didn’t just come and go but left a foot print for which he will forever be remembered.\nAdieu Emma Okocha\nAdieu Ikemba Ahaba designate.\nChief John Nnia Nwodo President General Ohanaeze Ndigbo", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://socialhistories1917.wordpress.com/andy-willimott/", "date": "2020-08-04T04:38:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735860.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804043709-20200804073709-00459.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9349762201309204, "token_count": 411, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__154073585", "lang": "en", "text": "Living the Revolution: Urban Communes in 1920s Russia and the Invention of a Socialist Lifestyle\nThursday 15 December 2016, 6.30 pm, Lecture Theatre B33, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX.\nAt the heart of this talk is a cast of fiery-eyed, bed-headed youths determined to be the change they wanted to see in the world. First banding together in the wake of the October Revolution, seizing hold of urban apartments and student dormitories, youthful enthusiasts tried to offer practical examples of socialist living. Calling themselves ‘urban communes’, they embraced total equality and shared everything from money to underwear. They actively sought to overturn the traditional family unit, reinvent domesticity, and promote a new collective vision of human interaction. A trend was set: a revolutionary meme that would, in the coming years, allow thousands of would-be revolutionaries to experiment with the possibilities of socialism. These activists tried to live what they understood as the “socialist lifestyle”, self-consciously putting Marxist and Bolshevik theories into practice. By telling the story of the urban communes, this talk reveals how grand revolutionary ideals were experienced, understood, and appropriated on a human level.\nAndy Willimott is Lecturer in Modern Russian/Soviet History at the University of Reading. He first became interested in the world of modern dreamers and revolutionary visions for everyday life while studying History at the University of East Anglia, surrounded by the architecture of Denys Lasdun and Norman Foster. Between 2012 and 2015, he was Leverhulme Early Career Fellow at the UCL School of Slavonic & East European Studies. He is author of Living the Revolution: Urban Communes & Soviet Socialism, 1917-1932 (Oxford University Press, 2016) and co-author of Rethinking the Russian Revolution as Historical Divide (Routledge, 2017). University web page, Profile and Information about book. Twitter @AndyWillimott", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://therotterdampilot.com/?p=2100", "date": "2020-01-29T04:58:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00498.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605711698532104, "token_count": 1619, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__140029538", "lang": "en", "text": "ROTTERDAM, the Netherlands — They came from Russia, Poland, Germany and Ukraine, bearing tickets bought in the field offices of the Holland America Line passenger ships. They were fleeing the pogroms, escaping tyrants, running from war or just seeking a better life. About two million people made their way to Rotterdam harbor during the peak years from 1880 to 1920 to begin a trans-Atlantic journey that would often end at Ellis Island.\nThe stories of these migrants inspired the former Rijksmuseum director, Wim Pijbes, and the group he leads, Stichting Droom en Daad (Foundation Dream and Do), to transform a crumbling warehouse on the Rotterdam piers into a kind of Dutch sister-site to Ellis Island. The nonprofit organization he directs, founded in 2016 to support arts in Rotterdam, acquired a city permit in March to turn the old Holland America Line warehouse into an institution that will commemorate those journeys.\n“I won’t call it a museum,” Mr. Pijbes said recently as he showed a reporter around the 108,000-square-foot concrete and steel building on a windswept pier, which is home to a number of ragtag hipster start-ups, including an organic food court, galleries and arts groups. “A museum is a phenomenon that has a very strict idea and image in most people’s minds. I want to find a word that has a kind of hybrid function, a place, a platform, an agora.”\nThe new multiuse facility, called the Fenix, will include restaurants, shops and galleries on the ground floor, while the entire top floor will be devoted to exhibitions related to immigration, past and present.\nIn 2020, when their leases expire, the current shops and businesses will move out to make way for renovation, which is expected to cost upward of 5 million euros ($6.14 million), though some will return.\n“Culturally and historically, this will be of amazing value for the city,” Ahmed Aboutaleb, the mayor, said of the Fenix project, adding that it would serve as “a bridge” between the north and south sides of Rotterdam.\nThrough a partnership with several local museums and the Rotterdam City Archives, the exhibition space will combine historical presentations, based on three million records related to the immigrants who passed through here, and ship data, along with contemporary art.\nMr. Pijbes said he would like to show the Mexican artist and filmmaker Alejandro G. Iñárritu’s high-tech art installation “Carne y Arena (Virtually Present, Physically Invisible)” (2017), which allows one visitor at a time to experience crossing the United States-Mexico border in the desert, through virtual reality.\n“What we want to show is that this is a universal story,” Mr. Pijbes said. “People at some point of their lives make a decision, whether it’s forced by war, poverty, religious reasons or something else. They decide to put everything they have into one or two suitcases and to make this journey to a new world and start all over again. The same thing happens to Jews from Russia and people from African continents crossing the Mediterranean, or Syrians fleeing the war. What we want to do is to understand the emotion and to show the emotion.”\nHundreds of thousands of those who left through Rotterdam were victims of pogroms, anti-Semitic riots that swept the Russian Empire, killing thousands and propelling mass Jewish migration. But among the 3.5 million people who took the Holland America Line from its inception in the 1870s to the 1960s, when air travel became significantly cheaper, were every conceivable kind of immigrant.\nMr. Pijbes intends to make the passenger lists, and details about those who traveled, available to the public online within a couple of years, before the Fenix opens.\nThe Holland-America Line built what was said at the time to be the largest warehouse in the world on this pier in 1923, using it as a passenger terminal and goods transport center, according to Droom en Daad. In those days, some 2,000 to 4,000 people would board a single ship — first steamers and later ocean liners — for the weekslong voyage to the United States or Halifax, Nova Scotia, with poorer émigrés cramming into steerage and the wealthier passengers banqueting in first class.\nAn entire industry sprang up around the travelers who passed through this port, to house them, provide them with papers and check them for diseases like rheumatic fever and trachoma (pink eye) that would prevent their entering the United States.\nRotterdam was heavily bombed by German forces before the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in 1940 and again as the Germans retreated, hoping to cut off Allied access to supplies.\nThe warehouse was blown up with dynamite, but rebuilt at half the size after the war. It was named the Fenix, or phoenix, rising from the ashes.\nToday, large ocean liners dock at these piers, and glass office towers dwarf the Art Deco building, once the tallest at the harbor, that had served as the headquarters of the Holland America Line (now the charmingly historic Hotel New York).\n“It takes more than a hundred years to rebuild a city that has been bombed to the ground,” Mr. Pijbes said. “You see now in places like Syria and Iraq what happened here.\n“If you see the city as a body, what happens to the body is a trauma. What people tend to do when they have a very serious trauma is to turn their back on it. The people from Rotterdam did not look back in history. Don’t think about the past, they said, look at the future.”\nBut Mr. Pijbes said that his foundation felt it was time to look back, because the history of Rotterdam was rich and fascinating.\nMr. Pijbes served as the general director of the Rijksmuseum, the Dutch national museum, for eight years before he stepped down in 2016 to run the Museum Voorlinden, a private contemporary art center in Wassenaar founded by a chemical company executive and art collector, Joop van Caldenborgh.\nThe Voorlinden job lasted only a few months.\nSoon afterward, Mr. Pijbes said, he was approached by the Van der Vorms, one of the wealthiest families in the Netherlands, who asked him to establish a foundation devoted to Rotterdam-based cultural activities and projects.\nThe Van der Vorms owned shares in the Holland America Line from the 1930s until it was sold to the American Carnival Corporation in 1989, but this project was not born of that connection, Mr. Pijbes said.\nAfter spending about a year meeting with some 200 Rotterdam-based artists, architects, developers and city leaders, Droom en Daad settled on the Fenix as its first major undertaking.\n“If you go to Amsterdam or Leiden or Delft, you go to the city center, and you see the Middle Ages and you see the 17th century and the 19th century, you see history,” Mr. Pijbes said. “In Rotterdam, you have history, but you can’t see it physically. Everything that is built in the city center was built after 1950. There’s a lack of history. There’s a gap in the memory.\n“Our goal is to fill that gap, or refill that gap, by focusing on culture and heritage.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://betheldurham.org/history/", "date": "2024-03-01T10:10:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00787.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9691774845123291, "token_count": 290, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__37647949", "lang": "en", "text": "The above photo was taken by Sidney Markman (Z”‘L) in 1953.\nThe Durham Jewish community traces its origins to the 1870s when German and Eastern European immigrants arrived to peddle and open stores in the growing tobacco town. In the early 1880s their numbers were augmented by the arrival of Russian-Jewish cigarette rollers.\nThe Durham Hebrew Congregation organized in 1887 and rented a hall on Main Street. In 1892, the congregants formally chartered the congregation and hired a rabbi. In 1905, they purchased a small, wood-framed church on Liberty Street, which became Durham’s first synagogue.\nAfter World War I, the congregation built a large, cathedral-style synagogue downtown. When it was dedicated in 1921, the members took the name Beth El Congregation. Beth El remained Orthodox through the 1930s and 1940s, but over the years the community grew more liberal in its religious practices. In 1948, Beth El hired a rabbi who was a member of the Conservative movement.\nBeth El broke ground for a new synagogue and center on Watts and Markham Streets in 1957. In its centennial year, 1987, Beth El acquired and renovated the Freedman Center, which provides classrooms and an attractive environment for major social and educational functions.\nBeth El today reflects a vibrant, dynamic community led by a volunteer board, enriched with the teachings of many dedicated community members.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pcgamefreetop.com/2017/03/mount-and-blade-viking-conquest-game-download.html", "date": "2024-02-22T18:50:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00372.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8952561020851135, "token_count": 657, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__171319519", "lang": "en", "text": "Mount and Blade: Viking Conquest stands as a testament to the prowess of TaleWorlds Entertainment in crafting immersive and historically rich gaming experiences. Released as an expansion to the critically acclaimed Mount and Blade: Warband, Viking Conquest catapults players into the tumultuous world of the Viking Age, offering a unique blend of historical accuracy, strategic gameplay, and an expansive open-world environment.\nSetting the Stage:\nThe game unfolds against the backdrop of the Viking invasions of Britain in the 9th century. Players find themselves amidst a politically charged and war-torn landscape, where Viking raiders clash with Anglo-Saxon defenders. The level of detail in the game’s historical setting is staggering, with meticulous attention paid to recreating the weaponry, architecture, and cultural nuances of the time.\nCharacter Creation and Progression:\nOne of the standout features of Viking Conquest is its robust character creation and progression system. Players begin their journey by customizing their character, choosing everything from their appearance to their backstory. As the game progresses, characters can hone their skills in various disciplines such as combat, leadership, and trade. This not only adds a layer of personalization but also directly impacts the player’s success in the harsh world of Viking Conquest.\nDynamic Campaign Map:\nThe heart of the game lies in its expansive and dynamic campaign map. Players traverse a meticulously crafted open-world environment that spans the British Isles and beyond. From the bustling trading towns of Wessex to the Viking strongholds in Scandinavia, every location is teeming with life and opportunities. The dynamic nature of the campaign map means that alliances shift, kingdoms rise and fall, and the player’s actions have a tangible impact on the game world.\nNaval Warfare and Exploration:\nViking Conquest introduces a maritime dimension to the Mount and Blade series, allowing players to engage in thrilling naval warfare and exploration. Commanding a longship, players can navigate treacherous waters, raid coastal villages, or engage in epic sea battles. The addition of naval gameplay adds a refreshing layer of strategy and excitement to the overall gaming experience.\nEpic Battles and Sieges:\nTrue to the series’ roots, Viking Conquest delivers epic battles on a grand scale. Whether leading a charge on horseback or defending a besieged fortress, players must master the art of medieval warfare. The inclusion of siege mechanics adds a strategic element, requiring players to carefully plan their assaults or defenses, considering factors such as troop composition and siege weapons.\nIntriguing Quests and Diplomacy:\nBeyond the battlefield, Viking Conquest offers a plethora of quests and diplomatic challenges. Players can align themselves with different factions, undertake quests that range from epic sagas to personal vendettas, and navigate the intricate web of political alliances. The depth of the quest system contributes to the overall narrative richness of the game, offering a well-rounded experience beyond mere combat.\n- OS: Windows® XP, Vista, Windows 7\n- CPU: Intel Pentium 4 2.0 GHz or AMD 2.5 GHz\n- RAM Memory: 3 GB\n- Video Card: (256 MB+)\n- DirectX: 9.0c\n- HDD Space: 3.5 GB Free\n- Sound Card: Yes", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://thesciencebulletin.wordpress.com/tag/emilio-aguinaldo/", "date": "2013-12-06T17:26:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163052275/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131732-00054-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9673055410385132, "token_count": 1199, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__85821452", "lang": "en", "text": "José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), was a Filipino polymath, patriot and the most prominent advocate for reform in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is regarded as the foremost Filipino patriot and is listed as one of the national heroes of the Philippines by the National Heroes Committee. His execution by the Spanish in 1896, a date marked annually asRizal Day, a Philippine national holiday, was one of the causes of the Philippine Revolution.\nRizal was born to a rich family in Calamba, Laguna and was the seventh of eleven children. He attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts, and enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. He continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at theUniversity of Heidelberg.\nAs a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led byAndrés Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, although he would support “violent means” as a last resort. Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government is the restoration of the dignity of the people, saying “Why independence, if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?” The general consensus among Rizal scholars is that his execution by the Spanish helped to bring about the Philippine Revolution.\nRizal’s Family Tree\nHis parents, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro (1818–1897) and Teodora Alonso Realonda de Quintos,were prosperous farmers who were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (Neneng) (1850–1913), Paciano (1851–1930), Narcisa (Sisa) (1852–1939), Olimpia, Lucia (1857–1919), María (Biang) (1859–1945), José Protasio (1861–1896), Concepción (Concha) (1862–1865), Josefa (Panggoy) (1865–1945), Trinidad (1868–1951) and Soledad (Choleng) (1870–1929).\nRizal was a 5th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co traditional Chinese: 柯儀南; simplified Chinese: 柯仪南; pinyin: Kē Yínán; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kho Gî-lâm, a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century. Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley of Luzon.\nIn 1849, then Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Clavería, issued a Decree by which native Filipino and immigrant families were to adopt Spanish surnames from a list of Spanish family names. Although the Chino Mestizos were allowed to hold on to their Chinese surnames, Lam-co changed his surname to the Spanish “Mercado” (market), possibly to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. José’s father Francisco adopted the surname “Rizal” (originally Ricial,\nthe green of young growth or green fields), which was suggested to him by a provincial governor, or as José had described him, “a friend of the family”. However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a few years, he settled on the name “Rizal Mercado” as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname “Mercado”.\nUpon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, José dropped the last three names that make up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal Mercado, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as “José Protasio Rizal”. Of this, Rizal writes: “My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!”This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with native priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, José and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.Despite the name change, José, as “Rizal” soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, “All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name…”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://katescove.ca/?page_id=8", "date": "2024-02-28T05:42:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474697.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228044414-20240228074414-00525.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9642279148101807, "token_count": 131, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__158799822", "lang": "en", "text": "Named in Honour of Jimmy's Late Grandmother\nEdith Katharine Jordan White McLeod ( 1918-2009) was born and raised here on PEI, but lived the latter part of her life far away in Ontario. Though she dreamt of returning someday, her declining health in her last few years made it impossible to consider.\nWe are thrilled to dedicate our holiday rental retreat to her memory.\nMany treasures from her home in Ontario have found their way back to the island and pepper the décor of the interior at Kate’s Cove.\nWe felt that this was one way to grant her wish and finally bring her home.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.dragon-tsunami.org/Products/Pages/books_gojuhistrev.html", "date": "2018-02-24T22:04:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815951.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224211727-20180224231727-00240.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9625808596611023, "token_count": 2313, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__215697373", "lang": "en", "text": "Morio is a figure of such imposing stature in the world of karate that he\ngenuinely needs no introduction. The result of decades of research into\nthe history of Goju-ryu, his book is based on information he received while\ntraining as a young student, hundreds of hours of interviews with senior\nOkinawan karateka and instructors, and personal research carried out in\nChina. Higaonna's book is the closest thing available in English to primary\nsource for the early period of Okinawan karate. It is fortunate that Higaonna,\na native speaker of the Okinawan language and a highly respected karateka\nof extraordinary skill and understanding, was inspired to do this research\nduring a period when the older Okinawan karateka were still alive. It was\na unique combination of opportunity and skills.\nbook is of very high quality and well illustrated. The paper is of excellent\nquality, and the pages are sewn, not merely glued. The cover is durable\nand attractive. This book is designed to be solid. It will withstand frequent\nreadings without appreciable wear or damage. And this is a good thing.\nbook starts with an introduction to the Ryukyu Islands then traces the development\nof Goju-ryu karate through the careers of Higaonna Kanryu, Miyagi Chojun,\nShinzato Ji'nan, and Miyagi An'ichi, rounding off the sequence with a very\nbrief chapter describing Higaonna Morio's training which started in 1955\nunder Miyagi An'ichi. The book concludes with a biographical section on\nstudents, friends, and relatives of both Miyagi Chojun and Higaonna Kanryo,\nwhich includes several interviews. There is a final section on relevant\nChinese martial arts, as well as an appendix which contains material to\namplify some of the footnotes, material which was too extensive for the\nfootnote format. There is a very useful glossary and index.\nbook makes it clear that the commonly expressed idea that there are no secrets\nin the martial arts is incorrect. Although instruction in karate was made\npublic in 1901, there were still secrets in kata, and only very rarely was\na student taught all the known applications for a particular kata or all\nthe kata in a particular style. Much in the older traditions was secret,\nand it was meant to be. Their kata were designed as textbooks for initiates,\nnot for observers who might often prove to be tomorrow's enemy. Some of\nthe lessons hidden in these kata will probably stay secret, as they were\ntaught to very few, and sometimes those few died in the frequent wars of\nKanryo and Miyagi Chojun both restricted the number of their students as\nthey did not want their teachings to be used for the wrong purposes. Because\nthere has been a general tendency to limit instruction for this reason,\nthe different styles of karate often depend on a very slender and fragile\nbase for their transmission to future generations. Frequently, for as much\nas a decade, only one man might know the full tradition of a particular\nstyle, and if he were to die the tradition would die with him. Even historical\ninformation was kept secret, and in part, Higaonna's book is a deliberate\nattempt to reconstruct and preserve at least some of the unpublished historical\nmaterial that was lost when Miyagi Chojun's collections were destroyed in\nthe author has tried not to neglect anyone of consequence in the history\nof Goju-ryu karate, more than two thirds of the book deals with the life\nof Miyagi Chojun. In a sense, the book is almost a biography of Miyagi Chojun,\nand properly so. It reflects both the relative amount of information available\nfor the different Goju-ryu masters and the pivotal position occupied by\nMiyagi Chojun in the development of Goju-ryu. Even so, the book also contains\na great deal of material on early Okinawan karate in general.\nChojun's instructor, Higaonna Kanryo, went to Fuzhou, China, in the late\n1860's and spent fourteen years there, mostly training with Ko Ryu Ryu.\nDuring this period, Higaonna Kanryu learned most of the kata which characterize\nmodern Goju-ryu karate. The author has made serious efforts to trace the\nChinese roots of Goju-ryu karate and quotes Miyagi Chojun as saying \"Our\nstyle dates from 1828.\" This tantalizing statement could not be amplified.\nHigaonna Morio traveled to Fuzhou, China, and attempted to visit every place\nthat he could identify as having any connection with Higaonna Kanryo. Unfortunately,\nW.W. II destroyed all records of Higaonna Kanryo's teacher, Ko Ryu Ryu,\nand he is now known only from oral tradition.\nChojun was a towering figure in Okinawan karate for much of his life. He\nwas one of the very few men in this century to create a new kata, Tensho\nKata, sometime around 1921, and the two Gekisai Kata in 1940. He considered\nthe basic kata to be Sanchin, Tensho, and Naifanchi. Sanchin Kata, has held\na central place in Goju-ryu karate right from the first in China, and the\nimportance of Sanchin Kata is emphasized throughout the book. It is interesting\nthat neither Tensho, the two Gekisai Kata, nor the Naifanchi Kata are among\nthe kata originally learned in China by Higaonna Kanryo, and that the Naifanchi\nKata are not counted among the kata of Goju-ryu.\nare a number of fascinating contradictions in Miyagi Chojun's life. Although\nMiyagi restricted his teaching, he also attempted to promote karate in both\nOkinawa and Japan after 1926, and in Hawaii in 1934. Karate was relatively\nunknown in the 20's and 30's and there was considerable discrimination against\nOkinawans in Japan. Miyagi stressed karate as an important intangible Okinawan\ncultural treasure, and obviously felt that the spread of karate would alleviate\nsome of the discrimination against Okinawans in Japan. He also believed\nthat modern technological advances had to be balanced by moral education\nthrough training the human spirit, and that karate was the most suitable\nvehicle for such training.\nChojun created the two Gekisai Kata, in part to improve the adaptability\nof karate to a wider variety of students, and in the post-war period he\ngradually changed his teaching methods to accommodate larger groups of students.\nDuring this period, he arranged the kata of Goju-ryu into a fixed sequence.\nBefore that, a student would learn Sanchin and often only one other kata,\nespecially selected for that student. However, Miyagi still did not advertise,\nstudents still had to be personally recommended, and between 1949 and 1951,\nhe had only one student, Miyagi An'ichi, whom he trained in great detail.\nEvidently, his fear of teaching karate to those who might abuse it balanced\nhis concern that karate might be lost.\nkarateka are sure to find that a number of Miyagi Chojun's ideas would be\ncontroversial today. For example, he opposed ranking systems in karate,\nas he believed it would lead to men being judged by their rank and not their\ncharacter. The dan ranking system was only introduced in Okinawa in 1956\nafter Miyagi's death, and the first all-style dan grading in Okinawa did\nnot take place until 1960.\nHigaonna Kanryo nor Miyagi Chojun charged their students for instruction,\nand later instructors often did not require fees from particularly gifted\nstudents. Miyagi Chojun stressed the need for humility. Neither Higaonna\nKanryo nor Miyagi Chojun would advertise, and Miyagi never referred to his\nstyle of karate as Goju-ryu, but rather simply as bu or te. Miyagi regarded\nignorance as shameful. He would recommend that a student train in a different\nstyle for a while, if he felt that the student would benefit from such training.\nOn the 1st and 15th of each month he would invite guest speakers to lecture\nat his dojo. The term \"research groups\" used to describe 1930s karate clubs\nin revealing of the attitude with which karate was studied at that period.\nIt is quite evident that karate was not considered a competitive sport.\nThese attitudes towards dan ranking, money, advertisement, cross-training,\nand competition show that karate has both gained and lost as it has grown\nin popularity in the last half century.\nthere has been a net gain is left up to the reader to ponder. This book\nis easily one of the best of the very few, serious martial arts histories,\nand it is full of interesting surprises. For example, the author cites Miyagi\nChojun as describing three legends current in China and Okinawa which trace\nthe origins of the martial arts. One of these legends places these origins\nin Asia Minor. I found this fascinating, as the oldest complete martial\nart known is the Greek pankration which became an Olympic event in 648 BC.\nThe date antedates documentary or dated archeological sources for any other\nmartial art. The pyrrhic dance, a Greek martial dance which could be performed\narmed or unarmed, similar to modern kata, existed at the same time and was\npossibly used as a teaching tool for the techniques of the pankration. The\nidea that this Greek art is one of the major sources of all Asian unarmed\nmartial arts today is not at all far-fetched. Alexander the Great was a\npankration enthusiast, and the pankration, foremost among other Greek martial\nsports, went into Asia as far as India with Alexander's armies of conquest.\nAlexander was the greatest general of his time and one of the greatest generals\nof all time. He and his armies enjoyed enormous prestige everywhere in the\nancient world. Instruction in the favored martial art of that army would\nbe highly valued by any soldier or warrior of the period. Isn't is interesting\nthat an Okinawan legend indicates a possible Greek origin for the Asian\nHistory of Karate: Okinawan Goju-ryu is a treasure house of facts concerning\nthe early history of a deservedly popular style of karate, and it contains\nwonderful descriptions of the early training in Okinawa. But there is much\nmore here. Miyagi Chojun's ethical ideals, teaching methods, and way of\nlife provide a valuable source of guidelines for the modern karateka's approach\nto karate. This book should be on the shelf of every serious student of\nkarate, and it should be read often.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kdhnews.com/classifieds/housing/sale/home/s-walnut/realestate_d5b7f443-b360-5635-b7f0-3d3168c0f40f.html", "date": "2014-07-28T04:19:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256737.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00416-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9207658171653748, "token_count": 458, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-23__0__39697105", "lang": "en", "text": "Don't miss this chance to own the beautiful Historic Cauthen House in Lampasas! This lavishly built 2-story home has been lovingly renovated without disturbing the historic period charm! A perfect blend of historical luxury with convenient modern touches such as the authentically restored Master Bath. The impressive 1916 Spanish style home features tan stucco with dark red brick accent and a metal tile roof. The almost 5,000 square foot centrally heated & cooled home consists of 15 beautifully appointed rooms that include 4 spacious bedrooms, 3 full baths and 1 half bath, 3+ living areas, plus an upstairs game room, study, master sitting room, master sunroom, 2 fireplaces, large formal dining room and an attic and basement. The home further showcases the original rich mahogany wood which was used lavishly throughout the home for interior trim, wainscoting, hand-carved moldings, and the grand staircase. More period features include soaring 10' ceilings, beveled glass windows & doors, many original hand- painted walls & stenciling by an early 20th century New York artist, murals, many original elaborate lighting fixtures including crystal chandelier, gorgeous hardwood Oak floors throughout, French doors, pocket sliding doors, original 1917 faux painting in living & dining, wall sconces, original kitchen tile, original wood valances, dumb waiter, butler's stairs & pantry, wrap around porches, a Porte Cochere entrance, original copper gutters, plus so much more! The home sits majestically on half a city block featuring a 1000 square foot guest house / servant's quarters, water well for yard, a remodeled barn, fabulous gardens, fountain, mature shade trees and 14 Pecans. Perfect residence for those who appreciate the architecture of the early 20th century, quality of construction, plus authentic restoration with attention to detail. Or because the home is located only one block from Lampasas' busy Key Avenue, it would also be perfect for a bed & breakfast, antique & gift shop, or many other possibilities. The home qualifies and is eligible for both a State and a National Historical Marker. You must see this home to appreciate its historic beauty and elegance combined with all the modern conveniences.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://irishlights.ie/safety-navigation/our-lighthouses/rathlin-east.aspx", "date": "2023-12-05T12:13:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00094.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.976426899433136, "token_count": 806, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__41123295", "lang": "en", "text": "A request from mariners for a light on Rathlin Island was first made in 1827, but due to differences of opinion between the Commissioners of Northern Lights in Edinburgh and the Corporation for Improving the Port of Dublin or Ballast Board, the final approval from Trinity House was not obtained until March 1847 and construction did not start until May 1849. The buildings were designed by the Ballast Board's Inspector of Works & Inspector of Lighthouses, George Halpin, and were constructed by the Board's workmen.\nTwo lights, an upper occulting light and lower fixed light, so as not to be confused with other lights when approaching and passing through the North Channel, were established on 1st November 1856. The tower of the upper light is built of stone from the island and is 26.8m (88 feet) overall height. The light is 74m (243 feet) above high water, and originally had an occulting character of 50 seconds bright with 10 seconds dark. The light also showed a red sector over Carrick-a-vaan Rock, off Kenbane Head on the mainland. The lower light consisted of a lantern placed close to the base of the tower, the light was 55.5m (182 feet) above high water and showed a fixed or non flashing light.\nOn 18th January 1866 a fog signal was established which consisted of an 18 pounder gun and was fired every 20 minutes during fog conditions. Over the years the frequency of the detonation was increased to 15 minutes, then 8 minutes.\nThe lower fixed light was discontinued on 1st July 1894 and at the same time the tower light was intensified.\nIn 1912 a further change was made to the main light when a completely new optic was installed with a vaporised paraffin burner giving four flashes every 20 seconds.\nIn 1918 the fog gun was replaced by an explosive fog signal consisting of a double tonite explosion every 5 minutes.\nThe colour of the tower seems to have been originally natural stone with a broad red belt under the lantern balcony, then the stone was painted white (still with the red belt). This lasted until 1934 when the red belt was changed to black as it is today.\nThe red sector over the Carrick-a-vaan rock was discontinued in 1938.\nFrom September 1965 the explosive fog signal was accompanied by a brilliant flash of light when sounding during hours of darkness. The explosive fog signal was finally discontinued in 1972 for security reasons along with other similar fog signals around the coast. A Radiobeacon was established five months later sending out its signal AH in Morse every six minutes. It was coupled with five other stations in the group.\nRathlin East Lighthouse was converted to electric operation in 1981 and has a 920mm catadioptric annular lens and MBI 1kW lamps in a UVLA40 lampchanger.\nOn the 31st March 1995 the lighthouse was converted to automatic operation and the Keepers were withdrawn from the station. The station is now in the care of an Attendant and the aids to navigation are also monitored via a telemetry link from the Lighthouse Depot in Dun Laoghaire.\nSince November 1995 the light is exhibited by day to improve the daytime conspicuity of the station.\nThe Medium Frequency Radiobeacon service was discontinued on 1st February 1999.\nIn October 2003 an experimental Automatic Identification System (AIS) was established at Rathlin East Lighthouse.\nDuring 2021, Irish Lights will be completing engineering works to upgrade all three Lighthouses on Rathlin Island, while retaining the historic lenses. This work will improve energy efficiency and the environmental footprint at these important heritage sites, as well as ensuring the lighthouses meet international standards as working Aids to Navigation used by every-day mariners. This work will also ensure the property and its surrounds are safe and ecologically secure for the communities that live along-side them and visitors who access them.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://westwander.com/2016/05/22/steel-on-stone-the-liberation-of-asch/", "date": "2023-06-02T08:00:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00701.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9729741215705872, "token_count": 2541, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__304997867", "lang": "en", "text": "Twenty tons of American tank clattered across ancient cobblestone; steel treads clawing and scrawling on worn granite as this tank and a troop of American soldiers wound their way into the town of Asch. By day’s end the town would be free. But Charles Harris, Truman Perfect, Robert Hanchey, Artur Rentell, Clarance Shoupe, Charles Murray, William Feury, and Thomas Ward would trade their American lives for that freedom.\nFirst blood had spilled minutes before as an American halftrack mounting a quad-50 machinegun mount cut down a German motorcycle crew just outside town. But now, for the moment, there was nothing but the clatter and roar of the tank, and the footsteps of the men beside it-scanning the houses lining the winding road; looking for the enemy they had come to kill.\nThey didn’t wait long–three Germans suddenly appeared some 80 yards ahead–nonchalantly walking with rifles slung; oblivious to the scene just down the road. Oblivious, until Lt. McCaleb hollered “Kommen sie hier,” inviting them to surrender. They didn’t; the tank’s cannon roared, and two are violently vaporized. The third scuttles away, dodging a fusillade as the tank and troops advance a few dozen more yards.\nEnter, stage left, a German civilian emerging from his house and cursing the American troops. In no mood for such commentary, the good Lieutenant shoos him back inside with a revolver shot over his head…. That matter resolved, he strides forward a few more steps, then – overhead, fleeting, flickering shadow; he ducks as a Panzerfaust flies past him to hammer the tank a dozen feet away.\nThat tank, one moment a conqueror, is in the next horrific moment a rolling coffin. Four hundred grams of high explosive shaped-charge warhead rips through the side armor; pounds of molten metal spatter into the crew compartment; blast overpressure pulps lungs. The major firing the turret-top machinegun is blown off the tank; the troop commander beside the tank is mortally wounded; his command transfers that day to Lieutenant McCaleb. Crewed now only by three dead men, the tank ghosts across the road and slams to a stop against a home.\nBefore the day is done, Asch will fall. Hundreds of Nazis will surrender; roughly a hundred will die; four more Americans will join the first four in death.\nAnd Asch will be free, the first city in Czechoslovakia to be liberated by the U.S. Army.\nOf course there are thousands of stories like this–most now untold–that played out as the Allies crushed the six-year reign of the Thousand Year Reich. These tales didn’t make headlines or a newsreel. Just one more firefight, one more verse of death; one more small step to victory that made up the day-to-day reality of American soldiers through the ten long months from Normandy to V-E Day.\nI know the story only because it was dad’s–he wrote the unit history chapter on the liberation of Asch; eventually he told me it himself. And throughout his life I was reminded of it, as he would remind me “that’s my bad ear, Gary…” the ear that was never the same after Asch and that Panzerfaust.\nNor will I be the same, when an odd confluence of events led to my invitation to attend the 71st anniversary of the war’s end in Asch. I thought, perhaps, that the town square might still exist, where this bloody drama had played out. Perhaps, I thought, I could imagine how it might have happened. I conceived this pending ceremony in a distant, foreign land, would be touching, a bit perfunctory, and a tad generic. This was scarcely the first such ceremony, after all.\nLittle did I know of the Czech people, and how 6 years of Nazi oppression followed by 45 years of brutal Communist domination had bred a passion for liberty and remembrance which shames us modern Americans. Perhaps, though, you don’t know what you have until it is lost….\nAnd it was lost–not only under the Nazis, but while American troops seized a good part of western Czechoslovakia–all the way up to Pilsen–the Big Three superpowers had bargained away its freedom as they settled what post-war Europe would be. Just weeks after the war’s end American troops evacuated the nation and the Soviets moved in. For a smattering of months there was hope that Czechoslovakia would remain something of a free nation. But in 1948, the Iron Curtain slammed down–and any recognition of the American liberation in the western lands was violently suppressed. And absurdly suppressed, as the Communists taught children for the next 41 years that the black troops which liberated some towns were Soviet soldiers “in camouflage,” and that other Soviet soldiers had worn American uniforms to “confuse the enemy.”\nSo when freedom–true freedom–finally came to Czechoslovakia in 1989 in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall, those in Western Czechoslovakia lost no time recognizing their liberators, immediately, and systematically through time. After four decades of lies, the Czechs wanted the truth to be told, and told well.\nGwenn and I were welcomed to Asch by Deputy Mayor Pavel Klepacek, and met the man who facilitated and blessed our visit a thousand times over–Bohuslav “Bob” Balcar, a publisher, historian, and relentless advocate of freedom.\nAs Bob had promised, there were “festive speeches,” and we were made most welcome with official greetings and a medal and plaque commemorating the City of Asch. And to my delight, we were joined by Captain Michael Farenelli, Commander of Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 2d Squadron, 2d Armored Cavalry. Remarkably, the very same unit dad had served in in World War II was still stationed in Vilseck, Germany, a short drive from Asch. And yes, they still wear spurs with their dress blues–the horse heritage continues….\nThen Mayor of Asch, Dalibor Blazek, joined us to lay a wreath at the memorial to the men of the 2d Mechanized Cavalry–the liberators of Asch, 20 April 1945.\nI guess, then, it began to hit me. I knew the story of Asch, but thinly. Now, some of the reality began to seep in–eight had made the supreme sacrifice on that April day…a sacrifice well-honored by the citizen of Asch today.\nWe moved from the monument to the town square and the old town hall–I’d hoped to see this square, and imagine what might have happened.\nI got more than I bargained for–the first surprise being that two young artists, concerned that the younger generation was not learning of the American liberation, took it upon themselves to author and distributed a comic book based on dad’s account of the battle.\nAmazingly, the comic book was incredibly accurate–so much so, that we were walked foot-by-foot and minute-by-minute through the engagement that played out over about a 500 meter stretch of road:\nHere, we’re looking from the German perspective–town behind us, Americans advancing towards us. The three oblivious Germans walked around the curve, and you can see the result–two dead Germans–on the right side of the comic book. Note that a few of the stone road shoulder markers remain from the war era. Many of the buildings extant during the fight were heavily damaged and later razed–trees have grown up–but the authors showed me where they had depicted the remaining buildings, and created the comic book art by relying on prewar photos. The only error I noticed was the figure discharging the rifle in the lower right corner–that is what dad did to scare the cussing German civilian back indoors–but he used a .38 revolver that he’d picked up, not his M1 Garand. Every other detail looked to be spot-on.\nAnd so we walked down the same street where, 71 years before, dad had fought and four Americans died to liberate Asch. Here’s a panoramic view (note the distortion–the road is actually straight) taken at about the point that dad shot at the cursing German civilian, who emerged near the yellowish house.\nLooking from the American perspective below, the car is approaching right about where the Germans were killed. The tank would have been about midway between the car and where I’m standing when it was hit, and it ran forward into a house which was subsequently razed.\nAnd immediately to the right, a small tunnel where some civilians had taken cover including a local businessman who spoke English–he became the interpreter for the Americans once he was coaxed out of hiding.\nAnd so, when I’d hoped to perhaps see the town and imagine what might have happened, I found myself looking down at the very cobblestones dad had crossed, knowing that 71 years and two weeks before, my dad fought for this town’s freedom.\nA cacophony of emotions came over me–longing that dad could have made this trip himself; pride in his service; heart-rending gratitude to the men and women of Asch who remember with such passion and care.\nAnd increasingly, a love for the Czech people who bore 45 years of Communist oppression without ever forgetting their American liberators. In the coming days I’d learn that Asch was scarcely unique in that regard–all over Western Bohemia, the region liberated by the Americans are dozens of memorials–many to the 2d Cav and to General Patton specifically–and this being May, the month of liberation, every one would be marked with red, white, and blue garlands and flowers….\nOver the coming days I’d talk to numerous Czechs about the liberation, and every time mention would be made of how frustrated they had been to be silenced for 40+ years. Every monument I saw had been erected in 1989 or 1990–and when we visited Pilsen I learned from a local that when the city was finally free to celebrate the American liberation in 1989, that city of 180,000 residents hosted one million people at its celebration.\nThere are really no words to express the gratitude I felt for their gratitude–and the incredible desire to speak and live truth–a passion that carried across generations of Czechs who lived under the Soviet heel. As the days would pass, this burning love for freedom and phenomenal courage would be found again and again: village by village where the 2d Cav had operated. In Prague, where Jan Palach fell, burning in protest at Soviet oppression, and in an ancient church crypt where 7 Czech freedom-fighters died, trapped below ground, after successfully ambushing the Nazi architect of the “final solution,” Reinhard Heydrich. And at monument after monument throughout the streets of Prague, marking where the liberators of 1945 and the protestors of 1968 fell.\nSo it seems fitting to end at the Asch town square, to show what it once was, before the superpowers sold Czechoslovakia down the Nazi river under the disgraceful Munich Agreement:\nAnd this is what the square looked like under the enlightened solicitude of the Soviet Union, circa 1960:\nAnd this is what it looks like today, given the blessings of freedom and the leadership of Mayor Blazek, his able Deputy Mayor Kelpachek, and the efforts of the great citizens of Asch….\nSo I close with redoubled thanks to each who so blessed Gwenn and me on this most memorable visit–who so carefully guard the memory and celebrate the liberation–thank you, my new and beloved friends….\nAnd to quote my father’s prayer, inscribed a few days later on the town register of the small village of Myslív, “May God grant us a long and lasting peace.”\nLeave a Reply", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lisalandcooper.com/lone-star-texasan-idea-born-georgia/", "date": "2023-02-06T03:42:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00810.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.959123432636261, "token_count": 679, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__189900222", "lang": "en", "text": "The little of town of Knoxville, Georgia is so small you wouldn’t have heard of it even if you drove right through it. It’s the county seat of Crawford County, but it only has about 800 people living there.\nEven John Pemberton, the inventor of Coca-Cola left town as a young boy and moved to Columbus.\nWho knew that small, unassuming Knoxville, Georgia would be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable state icons in the nation…dare I say the world?\nAlso, who knew that particular state icon would be the brainchild of a seventeen year old girl?\nFirst, let me set the stage a bit. The state icon I’m referring to is the Lone Star flag belonging to the state of Texas. Few know that Georgians were very instrumental in Texas independence, the Texas Republic, and the eventual statehood of Texas.\nColonel James Walker Fannin, Jr., Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, Thomas J. Rusk, and William Ward are just some of the pivotal names in Texas history who had ties to Georgia.\nIn fact, in 1836 it was Colonel James Walker Fannin, Jr. who oversaw the formation of the Macon Volunteers with the assistance of William Ward. On their way back to Texas they picked up a few more Georgians in Columbus and Milledgeville.\nAs they moved through the Knoxville area on the return trip to Texas Johanna (Joanna) Troutman was moved by the romanticism of the moment and the fervor for independence, so much so she took one of her silk white petticoats and fashioned a flag.\nYes, the FIRST Lone Star flag.\nA San Antonio newspaper from 1934 mentions, “…on each side of the flag, in the center, was placed a large azure star of five points. Above the star on one side was the inscription, ‘Liberty or Death,’ and on the other the Latin motto Ubi libertas habitat ibi patria est or Where liberty dwells, there is my country.\nTroutman presented the flag to Colonel William Ward and it was raised high about the American Hotel at Velasco, Texas on January 8, 1836. Later it flew as the Georgia Battalion flag at Goliad.\nColonel James W. Fannin raised it as the Republic of Texas flag upon hearing the Texas Declaration of Independence had been signed.\nTroutman never set foot in Texas, but an article by A.C. Greene advises two pieces of silver belonging to Santa Ana was sent to her after his capture in appreciation for her efforts.\nWouldn’t you like to know where the silver is today?\nShe died in 1879 and was buried next to her first husband near Knoxville. In 1912 her body was moved to the Texas State Cemetery where a bronze statue stands to honor her.\nJohanna (Joanna) Troutman’s portrait also hangs in the Texas State Capital.\nThe town of Knoxville has a monument to Troutman here.\nImage Source: http://www.thegagenweb.com/gacrawfo/Biographies/jtroutman/JoannaTroutman-age52.jpg", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://blog.zigya.com/2016/02/the-invincible-gorkhas.html", "date": "2022-05-24T14:41:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662573053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524142617-20220524172617-00730.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9646875858306885, "token_count": 622, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__164211484", "lang": "en", "text": "The relationship that the two neighboring countries like India and Nepal enjoy is unique and unparalleled in the world. The treaty of friendship signed by the two countries in 1950 is a testimony to the same. This allows citizens of either nation to cross over to the other nation without any diplomatic formalities.\nThe progeny of the Himalayan nation, the Gorkha, has been acting as sentinel of India since centuries. The name has been trailed from the Medieval Hindu Warrior Saint Guru Gorakhnath. The name Gorkha has originated from the Hill town of Gorkha from which the Nepalese kingdom expanded.\nThe Indian Army sustains seven Gorkha regiments composed entirely of Gorkhas, who are recruited majorly from Nepal and it’s the most revered regiment of the Army. Post independence, India successfully retained regiments 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 GR whereas 2, 6, 7, and 10th GR joined the Brigade of Gorkhas in the British Army.\nBoth nations bestow the Honorary rank of General on each other’s Army chiefs in their respective nations. The biggest military setup of the Indian Embassy is in Kathmandu. Gorkhas were incorporated into the Indian forces in 1815 and on April 24, 2015 they completed 200 years of soldiering. The Gorkha’s valour in Anglo-Nepal war startled the British, which subsequently prompted them to integrate the Gorkhas into the British army. Initially the Gorkhas\nwere referred as the Nasiri Regiment; later it got christened as 1st King George’s Own Gorkha Rifles. The Regimental insignia of the entire Gorkha Rifles consists of a pair of crossed Khukris, which is their signature weapon and symbol of gallantry. Their resounding war cry ‘Joi Maa Kali Aayo Gorkha’ had been reverberating in the battlefield since centuries. This literally translates into “Hail Goddess Kali, the Gorkhas are here”.\nThe Gorkhas are the one of the most dreaded soldiers in the world. As the former Field Marshal Manekshaw had exclaimed “if a man says he is not afraid of dying he is either lying or is a Gorkha”. The display of valour flaunted by Gorkhas during the 1962 Operations was exemplary, especially at Leh and Namka Chu. Again, during the 1965 War, the Gorkhas fought concertedly with their comrades where they blew Pakistani Raiders in Kashmir, as well as in the Punjab. The rendition of the Gorkha regiments during the 1971 War, in Operation PAWAN, on UN Missions and in counter insurgency Operations in J&K and the north-east, has been superlative.\nGorkhas had been decorated with 3 Param Vir Chakras; the highest gallantry award in India, 33 Mahavir Chakras, 84 Vir Chakras and 5 Ashok Chakras. The current Army Chief, General Dalbir Singh Suhag also haisl from the Gorkha Rifles.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/parthian-turan-an-anti-persian-dynasty/", "date": "2023-06-06T09:37:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00771.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9094334840774536, "token_count": 2481, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__191347963", "lang": "en", "text": "Pre-publication of chapter XII of my forthcoming book “Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey” (the book consists of 33 chapters)\n— — — — — — — —\nParthian Arsacid times in Western and Central Asia (250 BCE – 224 CE) have also been distorted enormously by colonial Orientalists, who undertook a systematic de-Turanization of the material record, and of the interpretation effort, across this period of Late Antiquity.\nThis evil method begins with the continuation of the use of Ancient Greek and Latin terms for an immense part of the Earth that was never Greek or Roman. The use of Ancient Greek and Latin terms for any Oriental civilization, for any part of Oriental History, for any Orientalist discipline is erroneous, deceitful and misleading; even worse, this deliberate method keeps the average reader far from the historical realities, the linguistic originality, and the proper, direct approach to the Orient, and in this case to Iran and Turan.\nIn reality, there is no Achaemenid dynasty; it’s called ‘dynasty of Hakhamanesian’ (هخامنشیان).\nIn fact, there is no Arsacid dynasty; it’s called ‘dynasty of Ashkanian’ (اشکانیان).\nAnd the same concerns the so-called Sassanid dynasty; it’s ‘dynasty of Sasanian’ (ساسانیان). In all three dynasty names, the accent is on the last syllable.\nThe same concerns the names of various Oriental nations’ kings and emperors, and those of the Iranian kings of kings. There is no ‘Arsaces’! The founder of the Parthian Ashkanian dynasty is named Ashk (اشک, Ašk) in Middle Persian and Arshak (Aršak, ارشاک) in Parthian. By mentioning the Ancient Greek or Latin deformation of the original name of the founder of Iran’s longest dynasty, pernicious Orientalists prevent people from easily understanding the name’s Turanian origin. By this, I don’t mean that the names of all Ashkanian monarchs are of Turanian origin, but many of them truly are. About:\nVologases is another case of substantially deformed (in Ancient Greek and Latin) name of Parthian ruler; it is also mistakenly vocalized by Iranologists as Walagaš. One has to have a certain background in Parthian language and Pahlavi writing to realize that the proposed term ‘Walagaš’ is a pure Orientalist reconstruction and that the name’s pronunciation was reconstructed (or rather faked) in this manner in order to dissimulate this Parthian royal name’s Turanian nature and meaning. Pahlavi Iranian – Turanian writing system was established on the basis of Aramaic, i.e. the world’s most widely used lingua franca (: international language) before the use of modern Western languages – which is due to the colonization of the world by the Western European colonial powers.\nFrom NW Africa to China and from Siberia to Africa’s southeastern coasts, Aramaic eclipsed by far Latin and Ancient Greek, being historically the world’s second international language after Akkadian (Assyrian – Babylonian), which was the language and writing system in which all the 2nd millennium and 1st half of 1st millennium BCE Oriental monarchs communicated among them. After the diffusion of Islam, the adhesion of many Aramaeans to the faith preached by Prophet Muhammad, and the subsequent, determinant role played by the Aramaeans in the establishment of imperial administration, letters and sciences for the early caliphates, Aramaic was superseded by Arabic. However, Arabic language was in reality an Aramaic dialect, whereas Arabic alphabet is merely a cursive derivative of the Syriac Aramaic alphabet. Actually, one has to add that, long before the Aramaeans provided imperial administration, letters and sciences to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, they had delivered exactly the same highly valuable services to the Achaemenid Iranians.\nBut pretty much like the earliest form of written Arabic (before Islam and also during the times of Prophet Muhammad), Aramaic was an alphabetic writing system in which only consonants were written; this is so because in Semitic languages the distinction between consonants and vowels is phonetically different than in Indo-European languages. At this point, I must add that aleph (a), yodh (i or y) and waw (u) are viewed not as vowels but as consonants in the Semitic languages. Similarly to the Aramaic alphabet, all Pahlavi Iranian – Turanian writings systems involved only consonants (and several Aramaic archaisms: logograms or hozwarishn). Because of this situation, the vocalization of each word (or name) is nowadays a matter of modern scholarly reconstruction, and when preconceived schemes and Orientalist forgery can occur in this effort, the end result is totally distorted and absolutely misleading.\nIn the case of the imperial Parthian Ashkanian name ‘Vologases’, the erroneous Orientalist reconstruction (Walagaš) seems even to disregard the way Ancient Greeks and Romans vocalized the name. If W+l+g+š became ‘Vologases’ in Ancient Greek and Latin, then we have surely to deduce that the most probable Parthian vocalization would be Ulugaš (: Ulugash), which consists in a very common physical description that may eventually suit as personal name of Turanian military leaders and emperors (Ulugaş: ‘big eyebrows’ in Turkmen). However, biased in their methods and partial in their approaches, colonial Orientalists preferred to vocalize the Parthian emperor’s name after posterior sources in Middle Persian (Wardakhsh) and Farsi (Balash), instead of taking into consideration the contemporaneous Ancient Greek and Latin way of rendering the Parthian royal name. The end result is a ludicrous interpretation and a deplorable confusion of the average readership.\nSimilarly, Orodes (Urud) is another Parthian imperial name that seems possible to have had Turanian etymology. I cannot fully expand at this point, but it seems that a) several unsuccessful Turanian – Iranian tribal and royal intermarriages and b) a strong religious polarization and confrontation between Zendism (a successive form of Zoroastrianism that was the Parthian court religion) and the Magi priests of Mithraism created progressively an explosive situation that risked to bring the empire to its knees. About:\nNames of historically known Parthian tribes and confederations of tribes (a fact that suggests Turanian nomadic and not Iranian settled environment) have also been obscured, misinterpreted and distorted by colonial Orientalists. The Dahae are an example; there have been many variants of this tribal name in historical sources (Daae, Dahae, Daai, Dai, Dasai, etc.). In Persian, the Dahae are known as داهان (Dahan); in Ancient Greek they are called Δάαι (Daae) or Δαι (Dai), and in Chinese texts, they are named 大益 (Dayi). Located in the area of today’s Turkmenistan (also known as Chorasmia / Khawarism), i.e. north of Parthia’s mainland, the Dayi were a confederation of Turanian tribes (Parni, Xanthii, Pissuri) with an evidently Turkic name (Dayı).\nWhat a name like that may mean for a nomadic Turanian confederation is easy to grasp; they probably stated in a most marked manner that, among them and in contrast with the Iranian tribes, prevailed a system of agnatic seniority. This practice of royal or tribal succession involves a patrilineal concept of inheritance as per which the order of succession prefers the monarch’s or the tribal leader’s younger brother over the monarch’s or the tribal leader’s own sons (in case of elective succession this practice is called lateral or fraternal system of succession). This was attested among Turanians in many different periods from Siberia, Mongolia, Central Asia and China down to the Ottomans. In striking contradiction to agnatic seniority stands the practice of agnatic primogeniture. Indicatively, in 17th c. Ottoman Empire, Mustafa I succeeded his brother Ahmed I and later Suleiman II and Ahmed II succeeded their brother Mehmed IV. About:\nIt is interesting to note a very subtle falsification undertaken in this regard by Wikipedia: they offer entries about the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasus Albania, and the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, which were descendants of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, but the entry about the Parthian dynasty is not named ‘Arsacid dynasty of Parthia’ but ‘Parthian Empire’! In addition to it, they offer an independent entry which is named ‘List of Parthian Kings’. About:\nDownload the chapter in Word doc.:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kwcblog.net/the-tudors-2/", "date": "2014-10-21T15:04:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444493.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00008-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9799550771713257, "token_count": 1418, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__11090436", "lang": "en", "text": "During the 2012 Winter Term (January 3-19), Professor Tamara Coy taught a travel class called The Tudors. Three students took the class, which included a 10-day trip to England to learn firsthand about life during the Tudor period (1485-1603). This page describes their trip through updates and photos from the students’ perspective.\nPhoenix Jenkins, a senior psychology major\nAshley Hatcher, a junior psychology major\nJessica Hannah, a junior vocal performance major\nJanuary 8, 2012\nON OUR WAY!!\nAfter a long overnight flight, we finally arrived in London and checked into our hotel that afternoon. We relaxed, went through orientation and got London Underground passes for the week, along with English cellphones!\nWhen William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, he built the White Tower and fortress, which also served as a royal residence. It later became better known as a site of imprisonment and execution and home to the crown jewels.\nAll: We were so surprised that the Tower of London was a huge collection of buildings. We thought it was on its own, but it had a palace and lots of buildings where the Beefeaters/Yeoman Guards lived. Our Beefeater guide was great – he really liked his job!\nPhoenix: It was more than I expected. I had read about the executions, but to be on the grounds and to get a sense of so much history and where these great people died was amazing. And the crown jewels were off the chain!\nAshley: For me, the Tower of London was history coming to life. It allowed me to appreciate the sacrifices people made for their beliefs.\nJessica: I’ve always heard about the Tower and wanted to see where all these people had lost their lives. It was amazing to finally see it.\nPassing under London Bridge, we then walked to The Globe, a replica of William Shakespeare’s original theater. The original site is covered by another monument and cannot be excavated. The Globe Theatre in Shakespeare’s day would have been open air, and performances were in the afternoon. (Candles tended to burn places down!) Although Elizabeth I was a fan, it was James I who was a devoted patron of the arts and made Shakespeare and his company the “King’s Men,” elevating the status of theatre and having performances at court.\nShakespearean theatre was limited to a highly decorative stage and limited props. There were the ‘heavens’ in which angels and actors could drop down, and a stage trap door in which the actors could descend into the depths of hell. They had to be careful in the magical aspects and make clear that it was all make-believe — the drunken one-penny crowd who gathered in the ‘mosh pit’ of the standing area was comprised of superstitious laborers who could turn on the actors if the action seemed too real. Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus—which we read for class– must have been a terrifying specter.\nPhoenix: The stage was outside and had elaborate designs on it which was like their “scenery”—very different from modern theatre and all the props they use\nAshley: I like how they did so much research to try to make it as accurate as possible. It was very insightful and educational.\nJessica: It was great that they performed plays there today true to the way they would have been performed in Shakespeare’s time. It helped me better understand some of the plays like Taming of the Shrew which we read in class, and how all the women’s parts would have been performed by men!\nThe castle is one of Queen Elizabeth II’s favorite residences (she has many houses!) and you know she is at home if the British flag is flying. Back in the 16th century, Windsor Castle was Elizabeth I’s retreat from the plague. The castle itself is over 900 years old. Only part of it is open to the public, but you can walk around the grounds and visit the beautiful St. George’s Chapel which houses the remains of Henry VIII, Jane Seymour, Charles I and others.\nThe decorative ceiling of St. Georges contains much of Henry VIII’s legacy, but no monument. The Chapel is setting to many famous events and home to St. George’s school which provides the Queen’s private choristers.\nSt. George’s houses the final resting place of numerous people, not least Henry VIII.\nALL: We were all so surprised that Henry VIII is just buried under a SLAB in the floor with Jane Seymour and Charles I (with his head!) and a bunch of rubble on top of the coffins, which have “shoulders.” The chaplain showed us a picture from the 19th century when they opened the tomb — it’s just a hole with the coffins there under lots of stones that have fallen on top. The coffins are wood with lead lining, but it is nothing special. Everyone just walks over Henry VIII and there are all these other tombs and monuments of people we’ve never even heard of that have gorgeous statues. And he’s just under a slab! All those executions — karma will get you!\nJessica: I finally saw where King Henry VIII was buried along with his favorite wife — she gave him King Edward — Jane Seymour. It was amazing to me that a king who left such a legacy is just buried under a plain marble slab. You can see his crest and the Tudor rose throughout the Chapel. And there is a seat where Henry sat when he was Duke of York.\nPhoenix: Looking at Henry’s marble slab made me realize you treat people how you want to be remembered. It was crazy because we also got to see the words of his will. He had expected an elaborate tomb. I just can’t get over how he didn’t get the proper respect.\nAnd then after we left the castle, I did what any royal female would do — we went SHOPPING!\nAshley: It’s hard to fathom that the castle serves as a home as well. The gardens were beautiful and green, like a postcard. History came alive for me within St. George’s Chapel. So many people are buried there. It was great when a man that worked there showed us the picture of what is beneath the floor of Henry’s slab. Four coffins have Henry, Jane Seymour, Queen Anne’s infant and Charles I.\nWe finished the day with a quick stop to see the Nutcracker at the Royal Opera House!\nAlthough no Tudors are in Paris, the temptation to visit the beautiful city — which is only four hours away — was too great. Bonjour France!!!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dsthcac.org/history/", "date": "2024-02-28T12:04:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00654.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9204617142677307, "token_count": 366, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__123886832", "lang": "en", "text": "Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. extended its span of service and established the Henrico County Alumnae Chapter on Sunday, March 26, 2000 at two-thirty in the afternoon. Forty-nine sorority members signed the charter with the assistance of Soror Mary Bennett Sutton, 1999-2003 Director of the South Atlantic Region and Soror Mamie Brown of the Richmond Alumnae Chapter. The ceremony and reception were held at Confederate Hills Recreation Center in Eastern Henrico County. Guest representatives of the Richmond, Chesterfield, Williamsburg, Petersburg, Delaware, Philadelphia and Virginia Beach Alumnae Chapters were present.\nSeveral sorors assisted the charter members with the chartering process. The 1997-1999 South Atlantic Regional Director, Soror Dorothy White, was the group’s initial, tireless guide in successfully chartering the new chapter. Soror Phyllis Booth and Mamie Brown, president and past president of the Richmond Alumnae Chapter, respectively, assisted in the new chapter logistically and the 1999-2003 Director of the South Atlantic Region, Soror Mary Bennett Sutton, facilitated the chartering process. The Henrico County Alumnae Chapter is ever grateful for their selfless support and service.\nThe chapter will serve Henrico County (east of Interstate-95), New Kent County, and Charles City County excluding Hanover County and the City of Richmond. The members of this chapter bring a variety of professional, organizational, social, and recreational interests; all of which will assist the chapter in its mission to perpetuate the Sorority’s founding goals, values, and principles. The Chapter will maintain a continual thrust toward community educational development and the strengthening of the family, while being ever mindful of its pledge of mutual love and respect.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hadene.co.uk/portfolio/mereworth-castle/", "date": "2021-11-29T16:53:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358786.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129164711-20211129194711-00345.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9762803912162781, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__133142466", "lang": "en", "text": "Mereworth Castle Kent\nFor the past 20 years Hadene have been helping to maintain the castle, with regard to the gas boilers, plumbing and building works, such as tile replacement, small renovation projects and reactive works. Hadene has great pleasure in trying to keep the castle maintained for the future.\nMereworth Castle was built in the 1720s for John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland. The designs were by Colen Campbell and the house is modelled closely after Palladio’s Villa Rotunda. Mereworth served as a POW camp during WWII, before becoming the property of artist Michael Lambert Tree, after inheriting the house from his uncle in 1949.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://opvp.navajo-nsn.gov/navajo-nation-president-buu-nygren-navajo-nation-council-speaker-crystalyne-curley-express-sympathy-at-loss-of-late-president-peterson-zah/", "date": "2023-10-01T13:09:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001105617-20231001135617-00153.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9777023196220398, "token_count": 992, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__305685585", "lang": "en", "text": "WINDOW ROCK, Ariz. — It is with great sadness and deep sympathy that Navajo Nation President Buu Nygren and Navajo Nation Council Speaker Crystalyne Curley officially announce the passing of the late Navajo Tribal Chairman and Navajo Nation President Peterson Zah. He was 85.\n“The Navajo Nation lost one of its iconic leaders last night, Dr. Peterson Zah,” President Nygren said. “He was the first president of the Navajo Nation and he was a good champion even in Washington, D.C., in the 90s and the 80s.”\n“It’s a big loss for the Navajo Nation. I want to let Indian Country know, as well. He was a huge tribal advocate across Indian Country and America. Thank you to his family for letting us have him lead the Navajo Nation.”\nPresident Zah had been ill for some time. He was at home yesterday when his family took him to the Tséhootsooí Medical Center in Fort Defiance last evening. He passed away with his family around him.\nPresident Zah was born in the Keams Canyon, Ariz., area on Dec. 2, 1937. He was Kinyaa’áanii (Towering House), born for Táchii’nii (Red Running Into Water). His maternal grandfathers were Tódích’íi’nii (Bitter Water) and his paternal grandfathers were Tó’áhaní (Near The Water). His father was Henry Zah, known in Navajo as Ólta’í yázhí, “the schooled short person.” His mother was Mae Zah.\nPresident Nygren today proclaimed all flags on the Navajo Nation be lowered to half-staff beginning March 9 and ending March 15th in honor of President Zah’s life of accomplishments and service to the Navajo people.\n“We are saddened and heartbroken by the passing of a great leader, and most importantly, a loving and compassionate grandfather and father,” Speaker Curley said. “I will always cherish and honor Mr. Zah’s guidance and support that he provided me throughout my academic and professional journey. His legacy reaches far beyond our rural communities and the Navajo Nation. His leadership, service, and contributions were known across the country. On behalf of the 25th Navajo Nation Council, I offer condolences to his wife, Rosalind, his children, grandchildren, the community of Low Mountain, and his lifelong friends. May we all take comfort in knowing that he is now with our Creator.”\nNavajo Nation Council Delegate Carl Slater, who grew up knowing President Zah closely through the friendship between the President and his own late grandparents, Robert Roessel, Sr., and Ruth Roessel, offered these thoughts.\n“Shida’í, Mr. Zah, molded our people to think as a nation, and, despite his age and health, he never quit in his mission to see us become who we ought to,” Delegate Slater said. “We are stronger because of his leadership, compassion, intelligence, and gift for elevating the ordinary deliberations our society into echoes of our future.”\nPresident Zah served as Chairman of the Navajo Nation from 1983 to 1987. He was the first Navajo Nation President from 1991 to 1995.\nHe described himself to the late historian of Navajo history, Peter Iverson, as “an ordinary man with extraordinary experiences.”\nAmong his accomplishments as chairman was the establishment of the Navajo Nation’s Permanent Trust Fund with the then-controller, which continues to produce revenue to fund direct services and projects throughout the Navajo Nation to this day. He also served as an advisor to the President of Arizona State University for 15 years.\nHe was considered one of the 100 most important Native Americans in the last century, recognized as a key leader in Native American government and education.\nAmong his other accomplishments as a leader of the Navajo Nation, he:\n- Led the effort to close open uranium mine sites, clean-up tailing pond spills and compensate families of uranium mine workers.\n- Renegotiated oil, gas and coal leases, pipeline and electric transmission rights-of-way to increase royalty and tax revenues.\n- Led the national effort to include tribes in the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act , the Clean Air Act and Superfund.\n- Led a national effort in 1994 to amend the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 to protect the right of all Native Americans to use peyote as a sacrament.\nPresident Zah received honorary doctoral degrees from Arizona State University, Colorado College and The College of Santa Fe. He was the 2008 recipient of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Servant Leadership Award.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mrdowling.com/mansa-musa-the-wealthy-king-of-mali", "date": "2022-10-04T03:36:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337473.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004023206-20221004053206-00762.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9683743119239807, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__258743790", "lang": "en", "text": "Mansa Musa captured the attention of the Arab world when he left his home in the West African kingdom of Mali to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Unlike his grandfather Sundiata, Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. A Muslim is a person who practices Islam. Islamic law requires that all faithful Muslims make a hajj, or holy visit, to the city on the Arabian Peninsula where Islam developed.\nMansa Musa was a very rich king. He was said to have taken more than 500 people with him on the hajj, each carrying a staff of solid gold. When Mansa Musa passed through the Egyptian city of Cairo, legends say he gave away so much gold that the price of gold fell, and the economy was affected for more than twenty years. The appearance of a wealthy king from a faraway land made a deep impression on the people he encountered, causing Mali to appear on maps throughout the Middle East and Europe. For the first time, sub-Saharan Africa became well-known north of the great desert, as well.\nThe kingdom of Mali eventually weakened, and the neighboring kingdom of Songhai developed into the last black empire of pre-colonial West Africa. Songhai was destroyed after a bloody war with Morocco. Morocco’s sultan wanted West African gold, so in 1590, he sent an army of 3000 men south across the Sahara Desert. The spears and lances of the Songhai warriors were no match for the cannons and muskets of the Moroccan army, but the fighting continued long after the Songhai government had been destroyed. After ten years, the Sultan lost interest and abandoned his army in Songhai. The Moroccans were either killed or absorbed into the local population. The Moroccan invasion destroyed Songhai and the trade routes that had brought prosperity to the region for hundreds of years.\nDownload this lesson as Microsoft Word file or as an Adobe Acrobat file.\nMr. Donn has an excellent website that includes a section on African History.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://atlantictravels.tumblr.com/post/23657312224/the-schomburg-center-a-division-of-the-new-york", "date": "2014-10-21T18:20:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444657.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00327-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9475032687187195, "token_count": 103, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__120093838", "lang": "en", "text": "The Schomburg Center, a division of the New York Public Library, was established in 1926. It is one of the world’s leading research institutions for documenting the history and culture of the African diaspora.\nHere I will mostly be working with the Richard B. Moore papers. Moore was a Barbadian civil rights activist and communist, and he remained active within Caribbean political circles while living in Harlem. Hopefully his papers will give me more of a grassroots perspective on transnational anticolonial politics.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sstp.org/news-item/national-museum-of-nuclear-science-history-2", "date": "2018-08-17T05:43:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211719.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817045508-20180817065508-00002.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.889738142490387, "token_count": 108, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__13568258", "lang": "en", "text": "News ItemNational Museum of Nuclear Science & History\nMar 3, 2014 –\nThe National Museum of Nuclear Science & History has achieved accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums (AAM), the highest national recognition for a museum. Accreditation is a rigorous process that examines all aspects of the Museum’s operations, and out of the nation’s estimated 17,500 museums, only 1,005 are accredited. The National Museum of Nuclear Museum of Nuclear Science & History is one of only eleven museums accredited in New Mexico.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.districtsix.co.za/Content/Exhibitions/Permanent/index.php", "date": "2017-04-26T23:20:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00149-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9501656889915466, "token_count": 727, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__255164541", "lang": "en", "text": "The museum represents a living memorial and is more than just a static display. Through this space we have created an arena which enables us to reaffirm our identity, celebrate our heritage and confront the complexities of our history.\nVincent Kolbe, ex-resident and founding member of the Museum\nUsing this guiding principle, the Museum has produced many diverse exhibitions involving a multitude of talented individuals. Visual artists, conceptual artists, sculptors, painters, musicians, curators, teachers, academics, youth and writers have all left their indelible mark on these creative expressions.\nThe current permanent exhibition, Digging Deeper, was launched in 2000 and builds on the conceptual narrative of the initial Streets: Retracing District Six exhibition which launched the Museum in 1994. It is a rich visual experience documenting various aspects of District Six life. In 2004 an extension to the core exhibition entitled Memory Traces was introduced. It marked the transition between Digging Deeper and the future work of the Museum as a site museum of consciousness.\nVisitors are invited to navigate deeper into the lives of ex-residents, giving insight into their social, cultural, economic and political identities both past and present.\nDigging Deeper was chosen as the title and organising framework for the exhibition that opened in the newly renovated and restored District Six Museum building in Buitenkant Street in September 2000.\nThe 170 year-old building, formerly the Methodist Mission Church, was closed for 18 months for restoration and alteration. The exhibition has attempted to 'dig deeper' into the Museum's collections, processes, and meanings. Digging Deeper engages with the multiple ways in which the collections, resources and spaces of the museum are used, and expresses the central intention of the Museum to enquire into the pasts of South African society and the workings of memory. The documentary material, oral histories and themes of the exhibition emerge from the collections of the museum.\nThe form of the exhibition is both multi-media and interdisciplinary, combining simple direct techniques (the immediacy of material, hand-mixed colour and hand-generated processes), with documentary, digital and sound elements. The voices of narrators and transcribed life histories of ex-residents are the major resource and departure point for the choice of exhibition themes. The title Digging Deeper has multiple implications. We have sought to deepen our knowledge of District Six, to ask deeper questions, and to begin to look beyond the geographic space of the District. We wish to keep alive the symbolic value of District Six's name as representative of other instances of displacement and forced removal throughout South Africa. The space is a living one, dedicated to working with memory: in remembering the events of forced removals, in considering the varied impacts of apartheid legislation on the lives of people and in choosing to focus on historical experience and subjectivity as ways of creating community and shaping society. We believe that the work of remembrance, within the context of the present, has a continuing significance for all South Africans.\nThe exhibition attempts to provide a framework for interpretation and for the active engagement of visitors, in particular ex-residents of places affected by forced removals, and their descendants. The aesthetic form of the Museum and its displays are rooted in the visual, verbal and material contributions, interventions and rituals of visitors. Some elements such as the large painted map in the central space and the street signs are permanent aesthetic features that signal the actual space of the District. But much else of the visible surface of the Museum will continue to shift and grow and be layered with new knowledge.view gallery", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://urtesasoiak.com/?page_id=1616&lang=en", "date": "2019-06-15T21:28:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9820922017097473, "token_count": 842, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__157791814", "lang": "en", "text": "In our farmhouses it was customary in the whole of our territory to breed domestic animals, fatten them up and slaughter them to be eaten. Amongst the livestock raised for meat there were pigs, lambs and sheep, goats, rabbits and fowls (hens, cockerels…). The fresh meat of cows, calves and other cattle was reserved for wedding receptions or other extraordinary family celebrations.\nThe slaughtering of domestic animals took place at different times of the year so that meat and lard supplies would last throughout the year. Otherwise, and as the saying goes: “Zerririk ez bada tegian, koiperik ez zartagian” (If there is no pig in the sty, there will be no lard in the pan). Lambs and young goats were butchered in spring; sheep and pigs in autumn or beginning of winter; and birds and rabbits according to need.\nNevertheless, pig slaughter has surely been the most popular of them all, and until not so long ago! Still in the 1960s at least a pig was killed in every farmhouse. To rear and slaughter a second pig was a sign of wealth, and in those cases, the first pig was taken from the sty and put to death in November and the second in February generally.\n“Txerriaren bizitza ona baina laburra da” (The life of a pig is good but short). Pigs are fed edibles from the cultivated fields: potato, cabbage, turnip, beetroot, pumpkin, acorn…, and whey in sheep farms. In the region of Bizkaia the mixture of vegetables and tuberous crops prepared to feed the pig receives the name ozala.\nAlthough nowadays pig slaughter was normally conducted in November, around Saint Martin’s Day, in the olden days, and particularly in some localities, the custom used to be observed in December with a view to cater the Christmas dinner table with abundance of ribs, loins, black pudding… Besides, the belief that the pig should be slaughtered with a descending moon was widespread and still prevails.\nNeighbours and relatives were called for the special event. There were enough jobs for all wanting to help, men and women alike. No matter how much work was waiting to be done though there was always a little time for entertainment after lunch; say playing cards or just chatting.\nThe pig was slaughtered early in the morning. The help of four or five men was required: the animal was taken from the sty, laid on a table and held by all. While the slaughter man did his job, a woman collected the blood for making black pudding or blood sausages to a vessel, stirring continuously the blood with her hand so that it did not curdle.\nThe bulk of the work came next. Let us give a brief insight into the next procedures. The dead pig is covered with fern and burned, the charred remains are washed away with water, the animal is cut open from the head down to the rear side and the innards removed. Next it is hung from a tall spot and kept there for several hours until the meat cools down. The above-mentioned steps are similarly followed nowadays. However, meat preservation has notably evolved since past times. This is in short how our ancestors did it.\nThe following day the pig was butchered and lean meat was cut and ground to produce various sausages. When hams, shoulders and bacon sides shed most of the water, they were stored for five to six days in chests filled with salt; then they were soaked and finally hung for them to dry cure slowly. Bones, hams, ears and snout were kept in salt all year round.\nLoins and rib racks were sometimes introduced in brine or salt for twenty-four hours after having been hanging for some days, and chops and ribs were afterwards preserved in lard.\nPig slaughter provided meat and edibles for months to come. Chests were full of salt-cured meat and farmers were prepared to face winter.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hiddenvalleyhomesbywendy.com/community/id/1534319/area/Lower%20Lake/", "date": "2023-12-10T09:46:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00369.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9458473920822144, "token_count": 504, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__102359874", "lang": "en", "text": "Historic Lower Lake is located at the southeastern end of Clear Lake where two major Native American trails crossed. Founded in the late 1850s, the town soon became the center of commerce for the region. Lake County was created out of the northern portion of Napa County in 1861. Lower Lake vied with Lakeport to become the county seat, succeeding in winning that distinction from 1867 to 1870.\nThe town features some of the oldest buildings in Lake County and prospered in early years from nearby mining of sulfur, borax, and quicksilver. The first jail in Lake County, a stone structure of just one room, is said to be the smallest in the United States. It is California State Historical Landmark #429.\nThe Lower Lake Historic Schoolhouse Museum, built in 1877, served as a schoo l house until 1935. Due to the hard work of a grass-roots organization, the schoolhouse was restored and reopened in 1993 as a fine museum. The building has a distinctive Mansard roof, remodeled in 1906 after the great California earthquake damaged the bell tower. The 16-foottall ceilings and nine-foot windows give the museum its true historic character. Displays include a schoolroom, Victorian parlor, gems and minerals, and Native American and pioneer artifacts. The upper floor auditorium serves as a venue for cultural and community events.\nOther historic sites in Lower Lake are the Pioneer and Lower Lake Cemeteries, the Odd Fellows Hall, built in 1868, and the United Methodist Church, built in 1884. Anderson Marsh State Historic Park, just north of town, features a ranch house, archeological sites, and nature trails.\nLower Lake offers hometown shopping with a variety of businesses, including coffee shops, BBQ, pizza, wineries, a picturesque recreation of a Tuscan village, and antique stores. Featured on Memorial Day Weekend is a Renaissance Faire presented by Tuscan Village, and the community presents Lower Lake Daze with a parade and festival. Lower Lake offers visitors an opportunity to truly step back and “stroll around” enjoying history in rural America.\nLower Lake Properties\nBased on information from Bay Area Real Estate Information Service (BAREIS).\nThis information is provided for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. © 2023 Bay Area Real Estate Information Services, all rights reserved.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.liveistria.com/?p=5106", "date": "2017-03-28T08:07:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00033-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9744558930397034, "token_count": 2711, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__121900701", "lang": "en", "text": "Of all the towns along the Istrian coast, Vrsar is probably my favourite. Set on a steep hillside, over-looking its harbour, it is a beautiful sight. With its old buildings and narrow streets, this small town is a wonderful place for an afternoon stroll, soaking up the atmosphere and admiring the glorious views. I’ve been many times, but for this visit I went with my friend Natalija from the Vrsar Tourist Office, to discover more about this Adriatic gem.\nUp we go …\nUntil the 19th century, Vrsar only covered the top of the hill and was safely tucked behind city walls. Today, it cascades down the hillside to the harbour below, which was where we started our walk. After a stroll by the sea, admiring the fishing boats (and the gin palaces), we headed to the old town, up one of Vrsar’s two impressive stone staircases. Running straight up the hillside, these were built to link the harbour with the town on the hill-top.\nAfter a climb, which reminded me how unfit I am, I was delighted to pause and catch my breath. “It must keep you fit living here,” I gasped, as we admired the view below. “It’s why all Vrsar women have such good legs,” laughed Natalija, who climbs these stairs every day.\nMy heart rate settling back to normal, we prepared to enter the old town. Originally, there were three gates through the wall: only two remain and we went through the ‘small’ gate. But before we did, we stopped to admire the pretty church of St. Anthony, standing close-by. “There was a church next to each gate,” explained Natalija. “Every evening, after mass, the town gates would be closed and anyone arriving after this would have to spend the night in the church.”\nLike its gate, St. Anthony’s is small and, with its stone porch, is an excellent example of the 17th century churches dotted all over Istria. “The porches, or loggias, were extremely important,” explained Natalija. “Not only were they where people stood who could not fit inside during services, they were also where you stood if you were carrying arms. At other times, they were meeting places for conducting town business, such as court trials and council meetings. And of course, it’s where all the business deals were done!”\n… to the old town …\nHaving caught our breath, we went through the arched 13th century gateway into the town’s main square. Originally the stout gates were made of hard Istrian oak. Bound with iron, they were strong enough to withstand a pounding. Today, they’re a ragged remnant, incapable of closing, let-alone protecting the town!\nVrsar has been occupied since prehistoric times and traces of Palaeolithic and Neolithic settlements have been found near both gates. By Roman times it had become an important market and harbour town, with its port shipping produce all over the Roman world.\nOver the centuries a maze of narrow streets and small squares developed, making it a lovely place to roam and explore today. Look closely and you’ll spot a wide range of architectural styles and interesting features.\nNatalija grew up in one of the tall houses near the square and her two children were born here. “These houses are beautiful to look at,” she said, “but oh so impractical for modern life. We had no air-conditioning, so in summer we lived with the windows open – and Vrsar’s a classic Mediterranean town, with lots of comings and goings, so it was always noisy. I love visiting the old town, but I’m so glad I don’t live here anymore.”\nWe gradually wound our way up the hill and came out next to the main church and Bishop’s Palace, where we stopped for a drink and a dose of history.\n… with its wealth of history …\nFor over six hundred years, Vrsar belonged to the Bishop of Porec and the bishops built a summer palace here: a place they could retreat to in the heat of the summer, or to escape outbreaks of plague and disease in Porec. It started as a simple building in the 12th century and over the years, each bishop added to it so that by the late 18th century, it was a large imposing structure.\nThe bishops liked Vrsar so much that several of them chose to live here, rather than in their official palace in Porec. As the Bishop of Porec was an extremely important person, second only to the Pope, Vrsar became an important and influential town.\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries, when Istria formed part of the Venetian Republic, Vrsar remained the Bishop’s property. It was exempt from Venetian taxes and laws, and developed such a reputation as a refuge for people on the run from Venetian law, it was known as the ‘Refugium Banditorum’ or outlaw’s refuge.\nThat didn’t mean Vrsar was a lawless place. As Natalija explained, it was quite the opposite. “We have a long document from 1609,” she said, “which shows it was a strictly regimented and policed society. For example, all the inns were regularly checked to ensure they served good quality wine, and people could only stay in the town if they were invited by a resident.” While Vrsar might not have been the refuge for brigands its nickname suggested, it certainly must have been an irritation to Venice!\nBeing part of the Bishopric wasn’t all good news, though: while the Vrsari might have been exempt from Venetian tax, they still paid it to the Bishop; also, as a document from 1577 shows, ‘The peasants of Vrsar are obliged to carry the Bishop’s luggage, without any charge, whenever the Bishop is coming to the castle or leaving it.’ It’s hard enough climbing up Vrsar’s steep hill: imagine doing it carrying all the Bishop’s paraphernalia and getting nothing for your toil!\nToday the Bishop’s Palace has come down in the world. “By the turn of this century, it was in a terrible state and nearly fell down,” said Natalija. “There were hopes to restore it and use part of it as an art gallery, but unfortunately this never happened. Instead, it has become expensive apartments … but at least it’s still standing.”\n… and stunning views\nLying next to the Bishop’s Palace, you’d expect the town’s main church to be equally ancient: but St. Martin’s is a relatively modern building, which runs across the site of the old town walls and a Romanesque gate. It’s a rather bland, uninteresting building, which I feel the people of Vrsar weren’t totally committed to – it certainly took them long enough to finish. While the foundations were laid in 1804, it wasn’t consecrated until 1935. And the bell tower next door (which was in the original plans), wasn’t actually built until 1991!\nHaving walked all the way up to the church, you may be tempted to call it a day – especially if it’s hot (which is what I’d done on my first few visits) – but please, please go on. For me, the area beyond the church, past the Bishop’s Palace, is Vrsar’s crowning glory – going left takes you along the rim of the hill and then back round into the town through some characterful narrow streets; right takes you through a beautiful mish-mash of stone cottages and little gardens. And while it might have been quite a hike up the hill, it’s worth it for the stupendous views over the sea from the top, behind the church. The crystal blue sea is dotted with green islets: to the left, you can see the marina, full of sails; while below and to the right, on the edge of town, is the lovely wooded Montraker headland.\nToday this high part of Vrsar is a very desirable place to live, but it wasn’t always so, as Natalija explained. “Originally this area, outside the town walls, was where the animals were kept in barns and stalls. In the mid-1950s attitudes started changing and the area was discovered by the educated, professional classes from the cities – doctors, lawyers, etc., who converted the barns into holiday homes. Artists and wealthy foreigners followed, and today it is one of the most expensive areas of real estate in the whole of Istria.” It just shows how values change!\nAn award-winning marina …\n“The marina’s an important part of Vrsar,” said Natalija, “and we’re all very proud of it.” Built in 2001, it has 200 moorings and regularly wins the award for the best marina in the the Adriatic. Not surprisingly, all the moorings have long since been sold and there is a long, long waiting list.\n… and highly-prized stone\nVrsar’s other big claim to fame is that Montraker supplied much of Venice’s decorative stone. “Because of its whiteness and exceptional quality, it was highly prized for carving,” Natalija explained.\nToday, the quarry is totally overgrown and the attractive, rocky promontory is Vrsar’s main beach area, but its past isn’t forgotten. “Every year, in the first two weeks of September, we celebrate it with a sculpture school in the old quarry,” she said. “Art students come to learn and, while you can’t take part, you can watch. I love going: it’s fascinating watching the sculptures emerge from the stone.”\nThe finished works are displayed all over the town, with new ones added each year. The first place you’ll probably notice them is on the harbour-front, where they’re used as bollards, but start looking and you’ll find them scattered all over the town: there’s now nearly 100 in total.\nSo many reasons to visit\nAs well as the sculpture school in September, there’s always something happening in Vrsar. Here’s just a sample:\n- Casanova Fest: Casanova visited Vrsar twice and is the inspiration for this three-day festival, at the end of June.\n- Montraker Live: three-day rock concert in late July. I attended last year – see what I thought (it was fantastic!)\n- Summer music: there’s ‘Sea and Guitars’ in the old church near the sea, every Thursday; concerts in the main church on Wednesdays, and various other small out-door events in beauty spots around the town.\nIf all this walking has given you an appetite, Vrsar has plenty of restaurants to choose from, mainly gathered near the harbour. Vrsar has great fresh seafood and I’d recommend seafood specialists Srdela. Alternatively, why not try either Fancita, with dynamic chef Paolo, or up and coming Monte Carlo, both with top-class cuisine. As you’ll see from our reviews, we’ve eaten in all three of these restaurants and had fantastic meals.\n… and more\nNatalija’s also keen to stress Vrsar is a great place to stay. “The town’s so compact, everything is easily accessible on foot, so you don’t need a car,” she said. While I don’t have specific recommendations, there’s a good selection of campsites, hotels and self-catering accomodation. For details, look on the Vrsar Tourist Office website, which also a great place for more information on the town and things to do in the area.\n“And when you arrive, do pop in and see us,” concluded Natalija, with a smile. “Our office is next to the small gate, on the edge of the old town. We’re here to help you make the most of your stay and ensure you have a wonderful time in Vrsar!”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://chittlintalk.blogspot.com/2007/03/authoritative-40-acres-and-mule-order.html", "date": "2018-03-19T14:41:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00341.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.946108341217041, "token_count": 418, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__98951753", "lang": "en", "text": "IN THE FIELD, SAVANNAH, GA., January 16th, 1865.\nSPECIAL FIELD ORDERS, No. 15.\nI. The islands from Charleston, south, the abandoned rice fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. Johns river, Florida, are reserved and set apart for the settlement of the negroes now made free by the acts of war and the proclamation of the President of the United States.\nII. At Beaufort, Hilton Head, Savannah, Fernandina, St. Augustine and Jacksonville, the blacks may remain in their chosen or accustomed vocations--but on the islands, and in the settlements hereafter to be established, no white person whatever, unless military officers and soldiers detailed for duty, will be permitted to reside; and the sole and exclusive management of affairs will be left to the freed people themselves, subject only to the United States military authority and the acts of Congress. By the laws of war, and orders of the President of the United States, the negro is free and must be dealt with as such. He cannot be subjected to conscription or forced military service, save by the written orders of the highest military authority of the Department, under such regulations as the President or Congress may prescribe. Domestic servants, blacksmiths, carpenters and other mechanics, will be free to select their own work and residence, but the young and able-bodied negroes must be encouraged to enlist as soldiers in the service of the United States, to contribute their share towards maintaining their own freedom, and securing their rights as citizens of the United States.\nNegroes so enlisted will be organized into companies, battalions and regiments, under the orders of the United States military authorities, and will be paid, fed and clothed according to law. The bounties paid on enlistment may, with the consent of the recruit, go to assist his family and settlement in procuring agricultural implements, seed, tools, boots, clothing, and other articles necessary for their livelihood.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.brrc.net/BRRC_website/BRRC_History.html", "date": "2023-09-22T00:38:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506320.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922002008-20230922032008-00445.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9613117575645447, "token_count": 632, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__257037681", "lang": "en", "text": "Other BRRC web sites:\nWe are proud members of the\nClick on the icon to\nsee the RRCA website\n(Click on above icon for membership registration)\nBLOOMSDAY ROAD RUNNERS' CLUB HISTORY\nNo other road runners' club in the country began quite the way the Bloomsday Road Runners' Club (BRRC) did. In the spring of 1978, the Lilac Bloomsday Run was battling with local AAU officials over the need for sanctioning. While AAU officials were insisting that Bloomsday be sanctioned and that all participants purchase AAU cards, Bloomsday organizers refused to cooperate. Bloomsday, they said, was a fun run in which top runners also competed, not a competitive event under the AAU's jurisdiction.\nIn the midst of the battle, Bloomsday founder Don Kardong was encouraged to contact Jeff Darman, president of the Road Runners Club of America. Jeff had defended the rights of RRCA member clubs on the sanctioning issue. Darman pointed out that the AAU's own rules said that an event in which all participants were members of the same club did not need to be sanctioned. He suggested we form an RRCA chapter club in Spokane and automatically make every Bloomsday runner a member of the club. That way Bloomsday would sidestep the need for sanctioning. Thus began the BRRC, 5,000 members strong in its first year!\nIn subsequent years, the BRRC went to court with the AAU over the sanctioning issue, and won. As the years passed, the AAU battle faded into obscurity, and the BRRC developed into a solid group of running enthusiasts devoted to the promotion of a variety of running events. BRRC and USATF work well together in our area to promote long-distance running.\nIn 1980, the BRRC hosted the RRCA National Convention in Spokane(the first convention held in the West), and the club has been active in the RRCA ever since. Past BRRC president, Sylvia Quinn, received the Rod Steele Award as the outstanding club volunteer for the country in 1981, and she later served on the RRCA's Board of Directors. Bloomsday founder and BRRC club member, Don Kardong co-authored the RRCA Children's Running Booklet edited an edition of the RRCA Handbook, and served as RRCA president from 1996 through 2000. The club newsletter, “Running Briefs”, won the national award for medium-sized clubs in 1995. In that same year the BRRC was selected to send a team to the Jimmy Stewart Relay in California, and in 1999 the club hosted its second RRCA National Convention. Dori Robertson was preented the Scott Hamilton Outstanding Club President award in 1997.\nToday, the BRRC is one of the larger member clubs of the RRCA. It remains committed to the promotion of grass-roots running.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.mormonhistoryassociation.org/history", "date": "2015-03-02T04:59:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462710.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00198-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9609614014625549, "token_count": 10828, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-11__0__127119002", "lang": "en", "text": "Did you know your Internet Explorer is out of date?\nThis website makes use of features only available in more recent versions of Internet Explorer. You can quickly and easily upgrade your browser for free by visiting BrowseHappy.com\nHistory of the Mormon History Association\nBelow are three essays that give perspective on the founding and early development of MHA.\n1. Leonard J. Arrington, \"Reflections on the Founding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association, 1965-1983\" Journal of Mormon History 10 (1983): 91-103.\n2. Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, \"Entre Nous: An Intimate History of MHA\" Journal of Mormon History 12 (1985): 43-52.\n3. Leonard J. Arrington, Adventures of a Church Historian (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 58-61.\nBy Leonard J. Arrington, 1982\nJournal of Mormon History, 10 (1983): 91-103.\n\"Reflections on the\nFounding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association, 1965-1983\"\nLeonard J. Arrington was sustained as Church Historian at the LDS General Conference, in April 1972. Since his release in October 1980 he has been director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History at Brigham Young University and holds the Lemuel Redd Chair in Western History at BYU. He was founding president of the Mormon History Association.\nDuring the years after World War II, partly because of the assistance given returning veterans by the G. I. Bill of Rights (Public Law 346), graduate research in the field of Mormon history began to flower. Whereas only a handful of historians had written doctored dissertations on topics connected with Mormon history before 1946, several dozen were completed in the late 1940s and early 1950s—twenty in the 1950s alone. A sizable group of scholars spent their summers working in the Church Archives in Salt Lake City and became intimately acquainted with each other and with each other's projects. We shared research finding. Perhaps more importantly, we shared strategems by which we could overcome the reluctance of A. William Lund, watchdog of the Archives, to allow us access to the rich materials housed there.\nIn the years that followed the granting of our degrees, as we prepared books and articles for publication, we continued to visit the Archives to fill in gaps in our research. We also kept in touch with each other by attending historical conventions, often staying up half the night in someone’s room discussing facts and interpretations of the Latter-day Saint past. Virtually all of us were practicing, believing members of the church, and we shared also our experiences in our various wards and branches. We hunted up persons we had not met who had written on the Mormons; and we speculated about the trends in church politics. We also made it a point to become acquainted with professional his-[p.92]torians who were members of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and spent some evening discussing our common heritage with them. Some of us talked about the founding of a journal of Mormon history, even toying with possible names for the journal, such as Latter-day Saint Quarterly, LDS Historical Review, or Journal of Mormon History. These discussions were temporarily ended by the founding of BYU Studies in 1959. Although the first editors of Studies were anxious to run sound historical essays, we were taken aback when an interpretive article by one of us was published in the first issue, creating such an opposition on the part of one zealous general authority that the journal was suspended for a year.\nThrough these activities a community of LDS historians was developed. Our interrelationships at annual meetings of the American Historical Association, Organization of American Historians, and Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association, were strengthened with the formation of the Western History Association in 1963. They were buttressed by meetings in Utah of the Utah State Historical Society, Utah Conference on Higher Education, and Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. On our various campuses there were also smaller study groups of historians and social scientists engage in Mormon studies. At Utah State University where I was teaching, for example, George Ellsworth, Eugene Campbell, Wendell Rich, and myself met once a month with our spouses to read and critique papers we had prepared on aspects of LDS history. We also shared with graduate students the excitement of seminars conducted by George Ellsworth on the sources and literature of Mormon history.\nThe dullest meetings Utah educators had to attend were the annual September sessions of the Utah Conference on Higher Education. At these sessions administrators from Brigham Young University, the University of Utah, Utah State University, and the various junior colleges in the state harangued us on administrative problems and policies. In anticipation of the conference to be held on September 9, 1965, at Logan, Utah, a group of us decided to hold our own “rump session” to discuss the formation of a Mormon History Association. Professors Ellsworth, Campbell, Rich, and myself arranged the meeting, to be held in the Hatch Room of the Merrill Library at Utah State University. We had strong letters of support from Davis Bitton and John Sorenson, both then at Santa Barbara, California. We also had verbal support from several scholars around the nation, as well as from many at BYU and elsewhere in Utah. In anticipation of such a meeting some of us had acquired information about the American Catholic Society which might be helpful. The following agenda was provided those expected to be in attendance:\nAGENDA FOR A “RUMP” SESSION OF MORMON HISTORIANS\nHatch Room, USU Library\nSeptember 9, 1965 – 1:30-5:30 P.M.\n1. Should we organize formally? If so, what is an appropriate name? Organization of Mormon Historians? Mormon Historical Association? LDS History Association? Or what? [p. 93]\n2. Do we need a constitution? If so, maybe one of you would write a draft of one. At least, we ought to have a chairman or president or secretary who can serve as a focus for communications. Nominations for such a person or persons are now open!\n3. Would it be desirable to publish a newsletter each quarter? If so, how to finance it? Assess each person $1 a year? There is good precedent for this in some of the professional organizations.\n4. What stand should we take with respect to the new proposed journal Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought? Should we support it, at least temporarily, or make plans to sponsor our own journal?\n5. What kind of arrangements should we make for meeting with other Mormon historians at the time of the American Historical Association meetings in San Francisco December 28-30? Someone should reserve a place and time for meeting and arrange for a program.\nAny other business that any member would like to propose?\nAs the result of the meeting, the following letter went out to a wide circle of historians and social scientists interested in Mormon history.\nUTAH STATE UNIVERSITY\nSeptember 15, 1965\nLetter No. 1\nIn line with the suggestions of many persons, a group of Mormon historians met in the Hatch Room of the Utah State University Library the afternoon of September 9, 1965, to discuss the desirability or forming a Mormon history association. Fourteen persons were in attendance, and they included historians from Brigham Young University, Utah State University, and the L. D. S. Institute of Religion in Logan. The following actions were agreed upon.\n(1) To arrange to go to the annual meetings of the American Historical Association in San Francisco December 28-30 as a group. Professor Thomas Alexander of Brigham Young University will attempt to arrange a time and place for Mormon historians to meet at the time of that convention, Professor Richard Bushman of Brigham Young University, with the assistance of James Allen, agreed to arrange for a program. Professor Stanford Cazier of Utah State University will attempt to coordinate the transportation so that all of us can obtain group air rates from Salt Lake to San Francisco for ourselves and wives.\n(2) To suggest to the Mormon historians gathered there the formation of an organization. The group was evenly divided between two names: Mormon History Association and Association for Mormon History.\n(3) Professor Eugene Campbell of Brigham Young University accepted the assignment of preparing the draft of a constitution and by-laws to present to the assembled Mormon historians in San Francisco.\n(4) Professor Leonard Arrington agreed to serve as a focus for inter-communication and to send out a newsletter to prospective members. If all of you will send a paragraph mentioning the research interests which you have and research projects on which you are currently working that have any connection with Mormon history, these will be included in the newsletter. For the purposes of supporting financially the preparation and mailing of the newsletter, each prospective member is asked to send $1.00 to me. [p. 94]\n(5) We discussed at some length the problems connected with organizing the group. We agreed that it ought to be intended primarily for professionally trained historians interested in Mormon history. We assumed that most of the members would be Mormons, but there might be others who would want to participate. We also assumed that there would be Mormon members whose primary field of interest is something other than Mormon history, but who would want to belong because of professional kinship. We mentioned the following possible objectives:\na. To sponsor a session at the annual meetings of the Pacific Coast Branch, Organization of American Historians, and American Historical Association. While these would be partly social, we thought it would be useful to have two or three papers on subjects connected with Mormon history.\nb. To encourage publication on Mormon history topics. After considerable discussion we agreed to recommend that Mormon historians support the new journal of Mormon thought, Dialogue – at least, for the time being. We are hopeful that we might induce the editors of Dialogue to publish frequent articles on Mormon history subjects and/or to devote at least one annual issue to Mormon history. We think Mormon historians will be among the most frequent contributors, as well as enthusiastic supporters, of Dialogue.\n(6) After this discussion the group listened to an interesting paper by Jim Allen on \"The Historical Significance of Joseph Smith's First Vision.\"\nLeonard J. Arrington\nWithin the next few weeks I received letters from many persons - perhaps thirty-five or forty. Most of them enclosed $1.00. This enabled me to send out the following Letter No. 2 on November 10, 1965.\nMORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION\nLetter No. 2 November 10, 1965\n1. For those of you who just joined our mailing list, it is proposed that as many of us as can – our wives, friends, and others interested – meet for two or more hours at San Francisco in December in connection with the annual meetings of the American Historical Association. Tom Alexander has arranged for us to meet from 7:30 to 10:00 P.M. on Tuesday, December 28, in the Monterey Room of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel, corner of Taylor and Center, San Francisco. There should be no convention conflicts. The room seats in excess of 60 persons, and should therefore hold all those interested. Jim Allen and Richard Bushman have arranged it program as follows:\nConducting: Leonard Arrington\nDiscussion of purposes and procedures: 10 minutes\nDiscussion of proposed name and constitution: Eugene E. Campbell 20 minutes\nElection of officers for the coming year: 15 minutes\nDiscussion of projects and programs for the Association: Richard Bushman: 30 minutes\nDialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought –Its possible relationship to the Association: G. Wesley Johnson – 30 minutes\nPanel and discussion – “The Writing of Mormon History: Prospects and New Approaches.” Truman Madsen, Ralph Hansen, Alfred Bush – 30 minutes\n2. Many of you responded to our first letter by sending $1.00 to provide money for stamps and paper, and secretarial help in connection with getting started. To this date, I have received $30.00. Of course, this will be considered your dues for the first year. [p. 95] Most of you also appended a note giving enthusiastic support to the idea of forming the Association. Several of you added names to our list of those interested. (The list now has 80 names.) Several of you made extended comments about purposes and procedures. (This is a very exciting thing. both intellectually and emotionally, to be in touch with all these kindred spirits.) On one point, may I respond that the original list was only a beginning, and was drawn up by thinking of those who would be most likely to attend the San Francisco meeting of AHA. No attempt was made to exclude Reorganized historians, non-Mormons, lapsed Mormons, persons who are not professional historians, or anyone else.\n3. I have omitted mentioning \"the doings\" of some of the members in this letter because of the bulk of organizational items which must be included.\nLeonard J. Arrington\nThe organizational meeting was held in San Francisco in connection with the annual meeting of the American Historical Association (their first meeting in the American West), in the Monterey room of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel. Minutes of this founding meeting were as follows:\nMINUTES OF THE FORMATIVE MEETING OF THE\nMORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION\nSan Francisco, California, December 28, 1965\nThis meeting was held in connection with the annual meeting of the American Historical Association. Leonard J. Arrington conducted, and fifty-two persons were in attendance. Among those present were representatives of the Church Historian’s Office, major western universities, L.D.S. Institutes of Religion, the Idaho Historical Society, and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. At least one prominent non-Mormon historian was present.\nI. Meeting: commenced at 7:30 P.M.\nII. Invocation by Earl E. Olson.\nIII. Introductory comments by\nLeonard J. Arrington included the following:\nA. Welcome and personal introductions of all present. Each person was asked to introduce himself and indicate his interest in the Association.\nB. Dr. Arrington discussed the background of the organization, indicating that for some years various people interested in Mormon history had been talking about some kind of formal organization. Last fall in Logan, Utah, a group of historians got together during the Utah Conference on Higher Education and made definite plans which resulted in this meeting. Dr. Arrington was assigned to write the newsletter and do the necessary mailing; Eugene Campbell was assigned to write a proposed constitution; Thomas G. Alexander made arrangements for the meeting place; and Richard Bushman and James B. Allen arranged the program.\nC. Dr. Arrington reported that only yesterday he had met with the board of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Society. The Pacific Coast Branch agreed to allow the Mormon History Association to become affiliated with this organization and to be included in the program of its annual meetings. The only stipulation was that the Mormon History Association remain a professional organization interested primarily in scholarly research and writing. Dr. Arrington was charged personally with keeping the Pacific Coast Branch assured that this was the case. The next meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch will be held on August 30, 31, and September 1, 1966, in Portland, Oregon. This will be our first annual meeting, and we will work to make it most rewarding. Chairman of the session will be Dr. James Clayton and arrangements are under the [p. 96] direction of Davis Bitton. A question was raised concerning the reason for having our organization meet at the same time as the Pacific Coast Branch – why not in connection with some other meeting? It was explained by Dr. Arrington that the location of most of the members of the association made it most convenient for the largest number to attend this meeting. It is planned, however, to also have meetings in connection with other associations, but this one will be the official annual meeting.\nD. It was announced that three annual awards of $25.00 each will be announced in the next meeting in August. These will go to the author of the best book on Mormon history published in the preceding twelve months; the author of the best article on Mormon history published in the preceding twelve months; and the author of the best thesis or dissertation on Mormon history approved during the preceding twelve months. Awards in all three categories will not necessarily be made every year. For the present, judges will consist of the officers of the Association. Nominations for the awards to be given in August 1966 are welcome.\nE. LeRoy Hafen raised a question concerning membership in the Association –is it restricted to Mormons? Dr. Arrington explained that the original thought was that it should include all persons who are interested in Mormon history, regardless of their church affiliation. It should also include professional historians who may not be doing actual research and writing in Mormon history, but who have a kinship of interest. It was seemingly the consensus of the group that there should be no restriction of this nature on membership.\nIV. Eugene E. Campbell discussed the proposed constitution, and general discussion from the floor was held on each item. A modified version of the constitution was adopted, and accompanies these minutes. One of the most serious items raised concerned the term of office of the officers. It was suggested that a two-year term would be more meaningful than a one-year term. Dr. Campbell explained that those involved in writing the constitution agreed with this, but felt that it should not actually be written in, in case the people constituting the nominating committee saw the necessity of changing an unsatisfactory officer. It was assumed, however, that the nominating committee would work this out and would probably re-nominate the president and other officers for a second term. It was felt best, however, not to make a constitutional fiat in this respect. The group accepted this explanation. In connection with Article IV of the constitution, dues were raised from $1.00 to $2.00, and all present members were asked to pay their additional $1.00 as soon as possible.\nV. Eugene Campbell, as chairman of the nominating committee, nominated the following people as officers of the Association:\nPresident: Leonard J. Arrington, Utah State University\n1st Vice President: Eugene E. Campbell, Brigham Young University\n2nd Vice President: James L. Clayton, University of Utah\nSecretary/Treasurer: Dello G. Dayton, Weber State College\nCouncil Members: Alfred Bush, Princeton University\nRobert Flanders, Graceland College\nDavis Bitton, University of California at Santa Barbara\nMerle Wells, Idaho State Historical Society\nDr. Campbell explained that these nominations generally reflected the names which had been mentioned most frequently on the ballots that had come in. Nominations from the floor were called for. There being no further nominations, these officers were installed by acclamation.\nVI. Richard Bushman discussed the general topic: “Projects and Programs.”\nA. He indicated that his discussion was only to present ideas of what we might be doing, in addition to our regular meetings and research, but certainly not in-[p. 97]tended to commit the Association to any of these programs, or to call for immediate action on them.\nB. Since Truman G. Madsen, who is director of the Institute of Mormon Studies at B.Y.U., could not attend because of illness, Dr. Bushman gave a brief report on some of the things the Institute might do, and which this Association might be interested in. He explained that the Institute was still involved primarily with doing special research projects of interest to church leaders. Some of these projects, however, would involve some historical research, and money may be available to scholars who are interested in working on such projects.\nC. Dr. Bushman suggested that we should be looking forward to the possibility of preparing for a new comprehensive history of the church which could be published in connection with the 1980 sesquicentennial. The administration of B.Y.U. and the Institute of Mormon Studies are interested, and some money is available for appropriate projects. Several things might possibly be done in cooperation with the Institute.\nD. It would be important to collect ideas on areas which need to be worked on – a broad survey which would include not only new ideas, but a way of collecting all the materials already being worked on. It would hopefully include a broad listing from many universities, libraries, etc. The Institute of Mormon Studies would volunteer to collect materials, and to dispense one-page summaries of items submitted. The Mormon History Association could contribute by collecting problems, materials, etc.\nE. In discussion from the floor, objection was raised to the possibility of an official connection between this Association and the Institute of Mormon Studies. It was generally felt that this Association should stand alone, not being dependent upon any other group for its projects or its activities. Dr. Bushman explained that he did not intend to suggest an official connection, and agreed with the general feeling. He was merely presenting ideas about what needed to be accomplished\nVII. Wesley Johnson, one of the managing editors of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, reported on the plans for this new publication, the first issue of which will appear in early 1966.\nA. He indicated that it will include articles, a book review section (including essay reviews), and bibliographical essays.\nB. The present thought is to put out three regular issues each year, plus a special issue on a particular topic or theme. He made an informal proposal that the Mormon History Association take over the third issue as the first of these special theme issues. Leonard Arrington was appointed guest editor for such an issue.\nC. He expressed his hope that Dialogue would stand for the spirit of free but responsible inquiry. They have had a wide response from people in all parts of the country with a wide variety of backgrounds.\nD. He indicated that Dialogue wanted to stimulate good writing as well as responsible scholarship. The editors invite all interested to submit good articles, and to help obtain good articles from others. Perhaps a series of annual prizes can eventually be awarded by Dialogue.\nE. In response to a question about the relationship of the non-Mormon to Dialogue, he indicated that it was intended that basic control of the publication remain with church members. Articles, however, were solicited from all sources, regardless of church affiliation, and there would be absolutely no discrimination on the basis of church membership. The only basis for selection would be good scholarship, good writing, and appropriateness of material.\nF. When Dr. Johnson finished, Dr. Arrington asked that all members submit to him ideas for articles to be included in the third issue which, it was generally assumed, the Mormon History Association would take over. He asked that mem-[p. 98]bers submit articles by June 1, 1966 and that we also inform others who have good material of this deadline, encouraging them to submit their work.\nVIII. A panel discussion was held on the general topic of ideas for new approaches to Mormon history. Participants on the panel were Ralph Hansen of Stanford University and Klaus Hansen of Utah State University. James B. Allen was moderator.\nA. Ralph Hansen emphasized the need for more research in primary sources. He suggested the possibility of a more concerted effort to collect more manuscripts and place them in depositories where they would be readily available for research. He decried the fact that so many valuable manuscripts were still highly restricted in their use, and suggested that the best insight into Mormon history can be obtained only when they are available.\nB. Klaus Hansen suggested that many non-Mormons are now taking Mormon history very seriously and that Mormons ought therefore to take themselves a little less seriously. By this he implied that Mormons ought not to write their history with the idea of regulating the future, as some have done. An important function of the historian is that of critic. We need to clarify our criticism, and evaluate the past critically, but we should not see ourselves in the role of priest and prophet. That is, we should not assume that our history gives us all the answers. We need to explode a few myths, but we do not need to try to create a new society. We should take ourselves a little tongue-in-cheek, but we ought to consider ourselves as the memory, not the prophets of the future.\nC. A brief discussion ensued.\nIX. The meeting adjourned at 10:20 p.m.\nJames B. Allen\nSecretary Pro tem\nThe following constitution was adopted.\nMORMON HISTORY ASSOCIATION: CONSTITUTION\nArticle I—In order to foster scholarly research and publication in the field of Mormon history, and to promote fellowship and communication among scholars interested in Mormon history, an international organization is hereby formed with the name: “Mormon History Association.”\nArticle II—The officers of the Mormon History Association shall be as follows:\n1st Vice President\n2nd Vice President\nCouncil – 3 year term – East: To arrange meetings in connection with the American Historical Association.\nCouncil – 2 year term – Midwest: To arrange meetings in connection with the Organization of American Historians.\nCouncil – 1 year term – Far West: To arrange meetings in connection with the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association.\nCouncil – 1 year term – Far West: To arrange meetings in connection with the Western History Association.\nCouncil – 1 year term: Immediate Past President\nArticle III – The officers shall be nominated by an official nominating committee consisting of the president and any two of the council members. Nominations shall be listed in the newsletters preceding the annual meeting of the Association. Suggestions for nominations may be submitted to the nominating committee by any member, and [p. 99] additional nominations may be made from the floor at the elections to be held at the annual meeting. The term of office of the president, vice presidents, secretary-treasurer, and past presidents shall be one year. The term of office of each council member, beginning with those elected in 1966 shall be three years. All of the officers shall comprise the Executive Council of the Association.\nArticle IV – Annual dues of two dollars shall be assessed all members. Such dues must be paid within a month after the annual meeting in order for a member to remain in good standing for the ensuing year.\nArticle V – The annual meeting shall be scheduled in conjunction with the annual convention of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association. Other meetings shall be promoted by the officers in conjunction with the annual conventions of the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the Western History Association, and at the call of officers or at the request of members.\nArticle VI – Membership in the Association shall consist of charter members who have paid dues before February 1, 1966, and others who indicate their desire to join by the payment of annual dues.\nArticle VII – Amendments to this constitution may be proposed from the floor at the annual meeting or by petition signed by five members and forwarded to the president. Voting on proposed amendments shall be by secret ballot sent to each member. The proposed amendment shall become part of the constitution when a majority of the members who submit their ballots before the established deadline shall vote in the affirmative.\nSubsequent correspondence invited the submission of articles to be published in the MHA issue of Dialogue; informed members of planned get-togethers at meetings of the Organization of American Historians, Western History Association, American Historical Association, and Pacific Coast Branch: and announced that eighty charter members had paid their dues by February 1, 1966, of which two were Reorganized Church historians and three were non-Mormons (Merle Wells, Jan Shipps, P. A. M. Taylor). The memberships included a liberal sprinkling of professors outside of Utah, LDS Institute instructors, and persons not affiliated with academic or archival institutions (e.g., Juanita Brooks, David L. Wilkinson,Ward Forman). Suggestive of the important role women would play in the organization, there were five women charter members of Mormon History Association. The roster of members included persons living in all sections of the United States and at least two in foreign Countries. Some were professors or students specializing in Western American history. Others were in ancient, medieval, modern European, Latin American, and American history. Some were in such other fields as literature, economics, sociology, and anthropology. Others were \"amateurs\" who wished to deepen their understanding of Mormon history and to support the various undertakings of the Association.\nIn the three years that followed, 1966-1969, MHA held its annual meeting in August in association with conventions of the Pacific Coast Branch. In 1970 the official meeting was in Los Angeles during the April meetings of the Organization of American Historians. In 1971 the business meeting was held in October in Santa Fe, in connection with the convention of the Western History Association. During these years meetings were also held in association with the Organization of American Historians in April, Pacific Coast Branch in August, [p. 100] Western History Association in October, and American Historical Association in December.\nFinally, in 1972, the officers decided to hold three-day conventions in the spring in chosen settings separate from other historical groups. The flowering of scholarship was such that there was a need for dozens of persons to present papers, and also for the hundreds of interested nonprofessional historians to hear the papers. This move also coincided with the creation of the LDS Historical Department and the appointment of a group of professional historians to do sponsored research, writing, and publication in the field of Mormon history.\nSince 1972 the custom has been for MHA to hold meetings one year in historic Mormon settings (Palmyra, Kirtland, Nauvoo, Independence, and Winter Quarters) and the next year in the Far West (Logan, SL George, Rexburg, Ogden, Provo, Salt Lake City). Officers have conscientiously sent out newsletters, arranged programs, and conducted other business appropriate for the Association. In 1974 the organization, with almost one thousand members, felt itself strong enough to begin the annual publication of the Journal of Mormon History. In addition to MHA business and announcements, the Journal has contained papers presented in the annual meeting and other submitted articles.\nIf one of the purposes of MHA was to stimulate research and the exchange of ideas among historians, the organization has been remarkably successful. The number of papers presented at our meetings now runs into the hundreds, and the vast majority of these have been published in refereed journals. In addition to its third issue sponsored by the Association in 1966, Dialogue has also published other issues specializing in historical topics. For its part, BYU Studies has carried a section in each issue entitled \"The Historian's Corner,\" which carries short articles, notes, and documents of interest to historians. Each summer a special issue is devoted to articles on some historical theme. The number who attend the annual conventions now averages in excess of five hundred persons.\nSome reflections on the functioning of MHA in encouraging\nsound scholarship seem to be warranted. All who profess to be Mormon historians\nsuffer from a certain amount of tension because of a dual loyalty. On the one\nhand, virtually all of us are loyal, believing, practicing Latter-day Saints.\nWe love the Church and want to render service on behalf of it, On the other\nhand, we are seekers and writers of historical truth, and are therefore loyal\nto the best ideals of our profession. We would be ashamed if we, consciously or\nunconsciously, distorted events as they actually happened to fit the demands of\ndenominational or political prejudice. No one would suggest that our members from\nBYU or Graceland, or LDS Institutes or seminaries, or the Church Historical\nDepartment, or those who write for the Ensign\nor Saints' Herald, are\nany more orthodox or loyal than our members at non-Church universities, or who write for Dialogue, Sunstone, Exponent II; or Courage. Clearly, all of us have our place; all can honestly search for truth and make important contributions to our common culture. We all believe in vigorous, open-minded, and creative historical thinking and writing.\n[p. 101] This tension between our historical training and our religious commitments manifests itself in several ways. Our testimonies tell us that God intervenes in history, and we see abundant evidence of this both in our personal lives and in our historical research. But our historical training tells us to be skeptical; we may be imagining this, or our religious beliefs may he intruding beyond their proper limits. We see evidence that God's love and power have frequently broken in upon the ordinary course of human affairs in a direct and self-evident way. But our caution in declaring this is reinforced by our justifiable dis-approval of chroniclers who take the easy way out and use divine miracles as a short circuit of a causal explanation that is obviously, or at least defensibly, naturalistic.\nThe professional in us fights against religious naivete believing too much. The religionist in us fights against secular naivete believing too little. And if this internal warfare weren't enough, we have a similar two-front war externally against non-Mormons who think we LDS historians believe too much, and against super-Mormons who think we believe not enough. There is no alternative to this encounter with the four kinds. If we are to succeed as Mormon historians, we must have deep within us a faith, counted to us as righteousness I trust, that a person may be a converted Latter-day Saint and a competent and honest historian. That others support us in this calling, even while criticizing some products of our labors, is suggested by the remark of President Kimball to me before: his recent illness, \"Our history is our history, Brother Arrington, and we don't need to tamper with it or be ashamed of it.\" A similar statement was made to me before his death by his predecessor. President Harold B. Lee. \"The best defense of the church,\" he said (in a statement similar to the one made earlier by Pope John XXIII), \"is the true and impartial account of our history.\"\nLet me suggest four principles to help guide us in our struggles to \"do the right thing\" in writing the history of our people. First, we should rise as far as humanly possible above all parochialism of time and place that might narrow or distort our historical vision. We must judge the people we write about by their own standards rather than by those of our own day.\nSecond, granted the inevitability of having to make judgments of men, women, organizations, policy-decisions, and programs, we should obtain and weigh all the relevant data before judgment is inferred. Those of us who have been in the field for many years recognize that the result of a long and honest attempt to get at all the historical evidence about any disputed event or personality is an overwhelming sense of the complexity and relativity of the issues. In trying to be fair, we tend to show mercy. To take a concrete case, any historian who writes about the Prophet Joseph Smith is sooner or later forced to take up an attitude toward him. Our ideal must be to see him as nearly as possible as the Lord saw him, in his weaknesses and his strengths, his compromises and his triumphs, his creative decisions and his forced compliances with circumstances beyond his control. In the resulting judgment justice is tempered with mercy.\nThird, we should be realistic. We must deal with the competition of individuals and groups for wealth and power, the game of power politics, the cruel-[p. 102]ties which poverty forces on people, and the awful destruction of earthquakes and wars. At the same time, however, we see instances of unexpected and unexplainable triumphs in human nature Although we must be realistic, our realism must be balanced by a certain wonder and appreciation of the potentials of goodness and greatness in human beings.\nFourth, we must be relativists; that is, understand that all policies and procedures, standards and expectations, arc subject to change. But while man is immersed in history, he may also, with God's help, transcend history. In giving economic, political, and intellectual factors their due, we must also give faith and religion their due.\nIn a way, we LDS historians have certain advantages in writing the history of our people. We have an obligation to apply in our professional work the doctrine of consecration and stewardship. The work of historical inquiry is a way of sanctifying ourselves—a way of exercising our stewardship. This means that we have an added incentive to be diligent, hardworking, and honest, even when honesty (i.e., fidelity to the documents] forces us to speak contrary to the usual ideas on the subject. Historical research conducted with the usual rigor is for us not only a professional requisite but a spiritual adventure as well. Research into the history of the church is not only a vocation, but capable of becoming a religious experience.\nIf we members of MHA do our work properly, we will come to\nbe associated in the minds of our nonmember colleagues with a certain attitude\nreward history, with the quality of our concern about it, with the sense of\nreverence and responsibility with which we approach our assignments. To say this\nanother way, our self-image and our public image will be influenced by the quality\nof our individual religious faith and life. There will be a certain reverence\nand respect for the documents we work with, a certain feeling for human tragedy\nand triumph in history. We will try to understand before we condemn, and if we condemn we will do it with the sense that we, too, being human, are\ninvolved in any judgment we may make of others. We will not use history as a storehouse\nfrom which deceptively simple moral lessons may be drawn at random. We will not\nknow it all, and will submit our analyses as tentative and\nsubject to refinement We will neither sell our fellow human being short, nor overrate them. Behind the personal decisions and the vast impersonal forces of history we will also see divine purposes at work. We will look for the working of God both in the whirlwinds and in the still small voices.\nOne of the things that excites me about our work is the way\nin which it enables us to have an encounter with our fellow Saints of former\nyears. LDS history is more than the establishment of certain objective facts -\ndates, places, numbers, and names. It is a history of Saints, in their mutual\ntheir conflicts and contacts, in their social intercourse and in their solitude and estrangement, in their high aspirations and in their errors and corruptions. In fulfilling our obligations as scholars we must be responsible to the whole amplitude of human concerns -- to human life in all its rich variety and diversity, in all its misery and grandeur, in all its ambiguity and contradictions.\nI trust that we will all, as members of MHA, resolve that our histories will he marked by thorough research, superior writing, and the display of the true [p. 103] spirit of Latter-day Saintism, and that our history will give us and our readers new understandings of Mormon experiences in the past and present.\nI will shortly he\nturning over my file of MHA early documents to the MHA official\narchives at the Utah State Historical Society. The documents included here, together with\ndocuments supporting all the historical statements will be found there.\nWith respect to my reflections in the last half of the article, I have profited from reading the following: C. T. McIntire, ed. God, History, and Historians: An Anthology of Modern Christian Views of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); Frank E. Manuel, Freedom From History and Other Untimely Essays (New York: New York University Press, 1971); Christopher Dawson, Progress and Religion: An Historical Enquiry (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1929), and The Historical Reality of Christian Culture (New York: Scribner’s Sons, Publishers, 1950); E. Harris Harbison, Christianity and History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956); Page Smith, The Historian and History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954); Arnold Toynbee, An Historian’s Approach to Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Robert N. Bellah, Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World (New York: Harper & Row, 1976); and George Santayana, The Life of Reason: Reason in Religion (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, Publishers, 1936).\nLatter-day Saint essays, which deal with these problems include: Richard L. Bushman, \"Faithful History,\" Dialogue 4 (Winter 1969): 11-25; Leonard Arrington, \"The Search for Truth and Meaning in Mormon History,” Dialogue 3 (Summer 1968): 56--66; Richard D. Poll, \"God and Man in History,\" Dialogue 7 (Spring 1972): 101-109; Robert B. Flanders, \"Some Reflections on the New Mormon History,” Dialogue 9 (Spring 1974): 34-11; Rodman W. Paul, \"The Mormons as a Theme in Western Historical Writing,\" Journal of American History 54 (December 1967): 511-523; Louis C. Midgley, \"A Critique of Mormon Historians: The Questions of Faith and History,\" typescript, paper delivered at the Western History Association, San Antonio, Texas. October 15, 1981; Philip L. Barlow, \"Since Brodie: The Writing of the Mormon Past, 1945-1981,\" 1981, typescript, copy provided the writer by the author; Davis Bitton, \"Ten Years in Church History: A Personal Memoir,\" typescript, 1982, copy provided the writer by the author, Thomas G. Alexander, \"Toward the New Mormon History: An Examination of the Literature on the Latter-day Saints in the Far West,\" in Michael P. Malone, ed. Historians and the American West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 344-368; James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company 1976); Leonard Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience (New York: Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1979); Boyd K. Packer, \"The Mantle is Far, Far Greater Than the Intellect,\" BYU Studies 2l (Summer 1981): 259-278; LeAnn Cragun, \"Mormons and History: In Control of the Past\" (Ph.D. diss., University of Hawaii, 1981); and Clara Viator Dobay, \"Essays in Mormon Historiography\" (Ph.D. diss., University of Houston, 1980).\nMaureen Ursenbach Beecher, 1985\nJournal of Mormon History 12 (1985): 43-52.\nEntre Nous: An Intimate History of MHA\nMaureen Ursenbach Beecher is a senior research historian at the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History and Associate Professor of English at Brigham Young University. This paper was delivered as her presidential address honoring the twentieth anniversary of the Mormon History Association, May 5, 1985, in Independence, Missouri. [Footnotes in the published article are represented in brackets in this transcript at the place they appeared in the original publication.]\nI have spent the past few months “where angels fear to tread,” researching through documents and interviews of the Mormon History Association. That a student of comparative literature should deign to write history is foolish enough, but that she should choose to write a history of a group of historians, using as sources their own descriptions of their activities, and then deliver her findings to those same historians as audience - that is the ultimate idiocy. The only justification I can claim is the meaning that the exercise has had for me; on some very basic levels it has been a venture into a past I shared, a past I acknowledge as intensely mine. So now I offer, in acknowledgement of this, its twentieth year, an intimate history of the Mormon History Association.\nFor the purposes of this work, I have set aside my conviction that the historical past begins where my memory stops and have replaced the search for any sense of historical absolute with the more literary value of tenuous subjectivity. The usual sources for historical research, the dusty documents neatly flied in gray fiberdex boxes, were in this case those already collected at the archives of the Utah State Historical Society and some few still in the hands of their originators. They tell as much of the MHA story as is revealed in newsletters, convention programs, and correspondence files. But there is missing in those sources an essential element the je ne sais qua that makes this organization different from all other organizations. So in search for that essence, and with the incomparable assistance of Gordon Irving, I have interviewed, in greater or lesser length, as many of the past presidents of the association as possible, considering my time and that of secretaries and staff. The documents thus created, and others yet to be added, will in the long run prove the most significant contribution of this presentation.\nThe group I have chosen to focus on, the past presidents, is simply a handy collection of those MHA members who represent the geographical spread. The nominating committees of MHA have consciously chosen presidents from a variety of places and institutions; people who have come from various specialties western history, European history, economics, religious studies, philosophy, even law; and people who have represented in some way the various \"constituencies\" of which we are so aware. More than that, they have demonstrated, at least at some point in their careers, commitment to the Mormon History Association. The past presidents are simply a handy group; another eighteen people similarly selected would have served almost as well.\nThose informal chats, which had they been conducted by a more qualified practitioner would be termed oral histories, have in themselves been an education in historical humility. Lawrence Durrell, English novelist, demonstrated in fiction a principle I have found deeply imbedded in these accounts of events viewed simultaneously by different observers, His Alexandria Quartet (1957-60) related a series of happenings through the accounts of four of the participants in the events, each telling creating its own novel. The varied tellings, independently convincing but mutually contradictory, finally wove together in the final resolving novel to suggest not only that truth is a matter of point of view, but also that that is truth which most contradicts itself. So it is with these accounts of shared real-life events and explanations of their causes and effects. The difference is that where the literary genius can weave his own story, make his own determinations, the historian must re-create the reality from external evidence, not all of which are available. Just as well, I suppose. No one can legitimately alter a novelist's \"truth\"; a historian's truths are always subject to revision.\nIn my re-creation here, then, of some of the\nevents of our shared history, I will surely present events not exactly as they\nare remembered, even by those\nindividuals whose accounts I have as sources. Be humble, historians, and remember\nthat we all commit the same offense upon our sources, alive or dead, and that\n\"the truth\" is not singular and simple, but multifaceted and complex.\nThe lesson of literature is to glory in that rich texture as we identify its\nLeonard Arrington told the basic story of the beginning of the Mormon History Association in his account published in our 1983 Journal of Mormon History. [Leonard J. Arrington, “Reflections on the Founding and Purpose of the Mormon History Association,” Journal of Mormon History 10 (1983): 91-103.] His account is of the Mormon History Association as an organization. My interest here is in the MHA in the lives of its members, in those interrelationships it has fostered that in turn have enhanced the MHA and had impact on the field of Mormon historical scholarship. If these observations partake of the nature of celebration, so be it. “Ourselves we sing” is a mode made comfortable by writers contemporary with our Mormon beginnings.\n“The old boys’ club” is a sometimes pejorative term\nfor what I see more positively as the network on which MHA is built. The\nlinking of scholar to scholar is the lively force behind its generation and\ndevelopment, and the most satisfying aspect of its being. There is no surprise to the revelation that\nthe building of that network is Leonard Arrington's work, but how deliberately and\nwith what energy and persistence he built is not so well known. Almost\nwithout exception every president has been brought to the organization by some\nconnection with Leonard. His files would provide a \"how-to\" for the academic entrepreneur: letters congratulating a scholar on a publication; letters inviting a colleague to present a paper; letters noting a professor's anticipated presence in Logan, accompanied by an invitation to dinner and an evening's talk (in this light, let us herewith pay tribute to Grace's culinary skill and southern hospitality, and acknowledge her co-parenthood, with Leonard, of MHA, a role now assumed by Harriet). Such letters preceded by several years the auspicious one inviting his correspondents to attend a 1965 meeting to begin the organization itself.\nThe Logan connection, then, was Leonard. All the signs were propitious. As he observed in his own account, there was flourishing a rebirth, since the war, of scholarship on Mormon history. Serious historians were meeting during summers in the Historian's Office of the Salt Lake church—and, presumably, also in Independence at the RLDS archives—where, overcoming official tightfistedness with documents, they were sharing both materials and strategems for obtaining materials. [Paul Edwards notes the strangeness of the sharing of materials: “I was raised in graduate school to understand that you didn’t say what you were doing, because someone would steal it. And you certainly didn’t share sources.” The MHA people, he noted, “were passing information back and forth, Xeroxing their own work and sending it to you—unbelievable, just marvelous.” Paul Edwards Oral History, interviewed by Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, 1983, typescript, p. 21.] Dissertations were coming at the rate of two or three a year (in 1952 there were five), Mormon history was no longer polemic; it was academic. Not that everyone recognized this: an LDS educator challenged Jim Allen's use of Great Basin Kingdom in a syllabus, accounting the work to be anti-Mormon. Wendell Rich, in Jim's account, \"just jumped in dramatically. I've never seen Wendell quite so excited about defending somebody.\" Several scholars had anticipated the need for publication outlets, and BYU Studies had begun publication in 1959. [Arrington, however, relates the near doom of that publication when one piece in the mode of the current scholarship caused offense and the journal was suspended for a year. Arrington, “Reflections,” p. 92] Even as MHA was aborning, it was being twinned by Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, in what was to prove it most beneficial symbiosis.\nIn Logan the field was white, ready for harvest. There George Ellsworth was becoming the resident expert on historical scholarship. The young Turk of his Utah State University department, he was seldom privileged to teach in the area of his first Jove, the history of Greece and Rome, and so had created seminars on historical method. And, as Jan Shipps later discovered when she attended USU, the only materials out of which to learn proper research there were Mormon. George taught his seminars, and Leonard, already a faculty member in economics sat at his feet.\nThe \"underground church,\" as Leonard calls it, flourishes wherever the organized church exists. Study groups, collections of like-minded Saints in need of a closer brotherhood based on special interests or attitudes, gather to share and compare. In that pattern, Leonard and Grace, George and Maria, together with Eugene Campbell a", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://aviationnewsexpertadambadger.blogspot.com/2009/10/florida-air-museum-receives-grant-to.html", "date": "2018-07-20T14:32:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591683.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720135213-20180720155213-00345.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.914290189743042, "token_count": 124, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__258717979", "lang": "en", "text": "Sunday, October 18, 2009\nFlorida Air Museum Receives Grant to Fund a February 2010 Aviation Adventures\nThe Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida has revived a grant to fund a February 2010 Aviation Adventures lecture by Florida documentary filmmaker Jon Anderson in observance of Black History month. Jon Anderson will lecture on \"Silver Wings & Civil Rights: The Fight to Fly,\" which focuses on the Tuskegee Airmen. The lecture by Jon Anderson will be on February 19, 2010, 7PM in the Florida Air Museum on the Sun 'n Fun campus on Lakeland Linder Regional Airport in Lakeland, Florida.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://taalikibnrad.myeweb.net/rich_text_35.html", "date": "2019-04-26T09:10:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578762045.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426073513-20190426095513-00054.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9833306074142456, "token_count": 1800, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__183994839", "lang": "en", "text": "DID PROPHET MUHAMMAD REALLY EXIST? a commentary\nA COMMENTARY WRITTEN BY:\n|Agnosticism / Atheism|\nDoes God Exist?What is Atheism?What is Agnosticism?Myths About AtheismQuestions About AtheismAdvice for AtheistsAtheist Activism & PoliticsSkeptics, Critical ThinkingEthics and MoralitySecular, Religious HumanismEvolution & CreationismChurch/State SeparationReligious Right, ExtremismReligion & TheismBible Analysis, Commentary\n|Islam FAQ |\nNot very much is known about Muhammad's early life, although he is widely believed to have been born in 570 C.E. in Mecca. The earliest accounts we have of him date to 750 C.E. with the book Life by Ibn Ishaq, more than one hundred years after Muhammad's death. Although this is the first and most basic source for information about the life of Muhammad for all Muslims, it does not present a very flattering portrait of him.\nEven then, we don't have any original copies of Ibn Ishaq's work - we only have a later recension by Ibn Hisham (a recension is a critical revision of a text which incorporates plausible elements which can be found in varying sources). Because Hisham died in 834 C.E., that means that our earliest sources appear two hundred years after Muhammad died. Not even the evidence we have from the Sufyandi period, 661-684, makes any mention of Muhammad.\nSurviving papyri of that era say nothing, and the coins invoke only Allah, not his Prophet. As late as the second century of the Muslim era, scholarly opinion on Muhammad's birth date differed by as much as 85 years, demonstrating that even at that point there was a great deal of variation in what people knew about Muhammad.\nThe focus on Mecca is also questionable. Muslim tradition teaches that Mecca was an important crossroads for trade caravans, but the location of Mecca today is not a natural stopping place for the incense route from south Arabia to Syria. Contemporary non-Muslims sources also don't make any mention of such a city, which is very strange if Mecca was indeed important for commerce and religion.\nBy and large, it appears that the Muslim belief that we have accurate eyewitness reports for every aspect of Muhammad's life is not unlike similar beliefs among Christians regarding Jesus and Orthodox Jews regarding Moses. The motivation lies more in a need to believe than in a sound foundation based on confirmed historical evidence.\nGiven that, the following description of Muhammad's life is based almost entirely upon the traditional beliefs of adherents and not upon historically confirmable fact. However, where such confirmations exist, they will be noted.\nBy the time of Ibn Hisham's writings, Islam had entered into extended contact with Christianity, and some scholars suggest that Muhammad's biography was deliberately constructed in an effort to offer a contrast to the gospel stories of Jesus. Indeed, for the first two hundred years of Islam, the Arab conquerors were a minority ruling a non-Muslim majority. Some scholarship estimates that by the middle of the eighth century, Muslims constituted only eight percent of the subject populations, vastly outnumbered by Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and others.\nThe accounts we do have suggest that Muhammad was an honest and moral man because, for example, the rich widow fifteen years his senior who had put him in charge of her trade business offered herself to him in marriage. Whatever his early life might have been like, tradition has it that as he grew older, he became more distressed at the state of society around him and regularly retired to the cave Hira' outside of Mecca. Here he would sometimes spend days at a time, contemplating life.\nDuring one of these retreats in the year 610 C.E., at about the age of forty, Muhammad experienced \"the Call,\" a common event for religious reformers and revolutionaries. According to his own reports, he was in a dream or dream-like state when he received instruction from God (through the angel Gabriel) on what he must believe and what he must do. These instructions were not a one-time event, however, and lasted throughout his life.\nThe first instruction was that there existed only one god, and that strict monotheistic belief was required of all people. The second involved socioeconomic justice for all, and the third involved the existence of a final judgment for both the just and the unjust.\nMuhammad's preaching of his new revelations was not especially welcome among his fellow citizens of Mecca. Muslims today believe that this was due largely to the fact that Muhammad emphasized economic and social justice too much for the rich and greedy traders there. Even if that is true, and the preaching of these ideals did impede his efforts at first, the doctrine of zakat, or alms for the poor, was important in the development of a tightly knit community of believers - and, ultimately, of Islam's success.\nAfter thirteen years of preaching, the small band of followers he gathered was simply not powerful enough to take control of the city of Mecca. Nevertheless, even if his standing among the city's leaders was not especially good, he must have had a good enough reputation for the city of Medina (located 200 miles north) to approach him and offer him the position of ruler there.\nHe thus moved his group to Medina in 622, an event which is called the hijra and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. In Medina he established a charter which guaranteed freedom of religion for the local Jews - but evidently he expected them to quickly convert to Islam once they heard what it had to offer, and he was disappointed when they didn't.\nIt is at this point where we have the only really secure date for early Muslim history, 622 C.E., which has been confirmed on coins as a the beginning of a new era. What exactly this new era meant is unclear, and there is no indication that it is the hijra of tradition. The only information that we have about it is from documents 676 and 680 C.E., two Nestorian documents which refer to 622 as the year of \"the rule of the Arabs.\"\nAt this time, then, Muhammad changed the nature of the salat, the daily prayers which each Muslim must recite. Previously all Muslims had faced Jerusalem when saying the prayers, but now they all faced Mecca. This was surely connected to his disappointment with the Jews, but it may have also been connected to his hope of eventually winning over the city to his new religion. Some scholars also take this as a sign of his desire to create a national/ethnic religion for Arabs.\nThere are normally three reasons offered for Muhammad's interest in taking Mecca. The first was that it was supposed to be an important religious center for Arabs at the time - for his new religion to become widespread, he needed that city. Second, it was supposed to be the seat of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh. If they could be won over, he could use them and their allies to further spread his message.\nThe third was that the Meccans simply didn't like him very much and continued to harass him and Medina in an effort to repress his efforts. The property and possessions of all of those who left with him had been seized, and a genuine state of war existed between Mecca and Medina.\nVarious skirmishes eventually lead to a major battle at Badr, where 300 Medinians are supposed to have defeated one thousand Meccans. Because of this, Muhammad was able to sign a treaty with several Bedouin tribes and gain their aid; but he lost it again after a defeat to the Meccans the next year.\nDuring all of this, Muhammad accused local Jewish tribes of conspiring to aid Mecca. After Badr, the Medinese Jews were attacked and forced to emigrate to Syria. After the defeat at Uhud, the Nadir tribe of Jews received the same fate. Two years later, after a failed Meccan siege of Medina was over, the Qurayza tribe of Jews was attacked and all the men were killed.\nEventually, eight years after the hijra, Mecca was forced to negotiate a peaceful surrender to Muhammad and almost all citizens became Muslims. Thereafter Mecca would remain a center of devotion for Muslims all over the world. During the next two years, Islam swept across Arabia with most cities voluntarily joining, but a few remained stubborn and had to be brought in by force.\nOn June 8, 632 (eleven years after the hijra), Muhammad died. By the 640s, Arabs possessed most of Syria, Iraq, Persia, and Egypt. Thirty years later they were conquering parts of Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.gvwsg.com/2013/03/reminder-memorial-lecture-eileen-wheeler-march-7-2013/", "date": "2015-12-01T02:02:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00059-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9492138028144836, "token_count": 512, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__56939141", "lang": "en", "text": "This year’s Memorial Lecture will be presented by Eileen Wheeler. Ms Wheeler is a researcher and writer in the social history of textiles, with a particular interest in the relationship between textiles and women’s history. She is a published author and has presented her work at international textile conferences. This is going to be a fascinating talk. Come early to make sure you have a seat.\nEngaging Women’s History through Textiles: Narratives of Memory by Eileen Wheeler\nThis lecture explores how ‘textile narratives’, stories imbedded in women’s long association with textiles, are historical sources that can help ‘clothe’ women’s history. With examples drawn from an imprisoned suffrage embroiderer, a World War II Latvian refugee knitwear designer, and a Japanese-Canadian textile artist, we see how women have negotiated particular historical circumstances that include political resistance and dislocation to give ‘voice’ to their history, culture and identity. These textile narratives, expressions of agency, can be used to enhance women’s history and its stories, too often marginalized in the past.\nTime: Mark your calendar for 7:30 p.m. Thursday 7th of March. This event is free and is open to the public as well as Guild members.\nRefreshments: The Guild members are asked to bring a plate of finger food as a contribution to the post-talk refreshments. Thank you.\nLocation: Kanata Co-operative Community Building, 7155 Blake Street, Vancouver, BC\nDriving Directions: From the east and north: Get yourself onto Boundary Road travelling south. Go straight on Boundary, crossing 49th Ave and turn right at Arbor St., the first traffic light south of 49th Ave. Turn right at Matheson Ave and continue. Follow the curving road along until the road straightens out. On your right is a small parking lot beside the Community Building.\nFrom the west and south: Travel east along 49th Avenue to the corner of Tyne Street. The Salvation Army has a building on the north east corner of this intersection you can use as a marker. Turn right down Tyne and continue past 54th Avenue. At this point Tyne becomes Champlain Crescent. Turn left at the second street on your left after 54th Avenue. This is Blake Street. The Community Building will be on your left about halfway up Blake with the parking lot adjacent to it.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://williamtellsspot.blogspot.com/2007/11/salute-to-our-veterans.html", "date": "2018-07-16T22:07:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589470.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716213101-20180716233101-00278.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9823392629623413, "token_count": 126, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__57744876", "lang": "en", "text": "We want to pay honor to our veterans today and show them respect for the dedication and sacrifices they have made for the love of our country. Veterans have always had a special place in our heart.\nA part of what makes my hometown special is our WWI Doughboy statue. It stands in front of our public library. It is one of less than 150 doughboy statues in our country and we're very proud that our little hometown has one.\nSo here's a big thank you for the men and women who have served our country. We're very proud to be able to pay tribute to you on Veteran's Day!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.bluenc.com/national-coming-out-day", "date": "2014-08-21T02:22:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500813887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021333-00249-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.969683051109314, "token_count": 308, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__117669012", "lang": "en", "text": "Today was National Coming Out Day. An event that was started over 2 decades ago. Today at NCSU hundreds of students got their I <3 Diversity shirts from the NCSU GLBT CA and about 100 of them came over to my Democracy NC table and registered to vote. The free expression tunnel was painted in recognition of this event. There are a whole week of celebratory events. It was a good day for democracy and equality.\nNational Coming Out Day (NCOD) is an internationally observed civil awareness day celebrating gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc. people and communities. The name coming out describes their process of publicly identifying their sexual orientation. It is observed annually by members of LGBT communities and their straight supporters on October 11.\nA little more wikipedia history:\nNCOD was founded in 1988 by Robert Eichberg, a psychologist from New Mexico and founder of the personal growth workshop, The Experience, and Jean O'Leary, an openly-gay political leader from Los Angeles and then head of the National Gay Rights Advocates. The date of October 11 was chosen because it was the anniversary of the 1987 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.\nIt is also the anchoring event of LGBT History Month:\nLGBT History Month is a month-long annual observance of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender history, and the history of the gay rights and related civil rights movements. It is observed during October in the United States, to include National Coming Out Day on October 11", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://lcfanfic.com/faq_history.html", "date": "2024-04-17T17:58:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00517.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9755954146385193, "token_count": 914, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__100505194", "lang": "en", "text": "Frequently Asked Questions About the History of the Lois & Clark Fanfic Archive\nThis FAQ page last updated Oct. 14, 2023\nThe very first Lois & Clark fanfic story was \"Lois and Clark Meet the X-Files,\" written by Zoomway. She said her L&C/X-Files crossover story was written in 1994 and that it was a joke-type story \"inspired by the fact that the same actor who played 'Deep Throat' on the X-Files that year also played farmer Wayne Irig in the episode 'Green Green Glow of Home' on Lois & Clark.\"\nYou set the bar very high, Zoom! Thank you.\nLois & Clark fanfiction has been around nearly as long as the show itself — from the very first season, fans were putting pens to paper (or fingers to keyboard!) and creating wonderful stories about our favorite couple.\nIn the early days of the fandom, there was an email distribution list to get the stories out to the fans. Beginning in 1994, Rhen Brink ran the listserv and every few months would compile an index of all the stories that had gone out. By 1995, past stories were archived on an automated majordomo server, and readers, after consulting Rhen's index of filenames and story descriptions, could send a command to the majordomo site via email, requesting that stories be sent to them. Then Rhen moved the stories into an FTP archive, which let readers more easily download stories.\nIn the spring of 1996, LaurenW came up with a Web-based front end to the FTP archive that allowed people to read stories from the FTP archive simply by clicking on a link. This website — which at the time was a huge innovation! — was the first incarnation of the Lois & Clark Fanfic Archive.\nIn the summer of 1997, Rhen decided to retire from fanfic, and L&C fanfic found itself at a crossroads — how would fans continue to get new stories? Fortunately, the answer came quickly. Demi emailed a group of people who were active in fanfic at the time with a proposal — why not form a committee to take over the running of the archive? By spreading the workload (which at that time was increasing rapidly) among several people, no one person would be have to shoulder all the work by themselves, as Rhen had done for so many years. (Sadly, Rhen passed a few years later, but she left FoLCdom with a wonderful legacy. Without her, L&C fanfic would not be what it is today.)\nBy September 1997, the new team was in place — including Kathy Brown in the newly created \"Editor in Chief\" position — and the L&C Fanfic Archive began to see a number of big changes. New stories were now uploaded once each weekend rather than sporadically as they came in. A new header format was added to each story, making it easier to find the author's name, email address, submission date, and — something else brand new to the archive — a G, PG or PG-13 content rating. Perhaps the biggest change to the way the archive operated, however, was the creation of a team of \"General Editors\" who began reviewing each story in order to correct grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. All of these changes helped form the archive into the entity it is today.\nIn April 2001, Kathy Brown stepped down as Editor in Chief, passing the reins on to LabRat, who held the position for 22 years. The current Co-Editors-in-Chief are KSaraSara and SuperBek. Since its beginning, the archive has grown to include more than 4,000 stories, with still more being uploaded every year. The archive continues to be extremely popular, getting thousands of hits every month. And be sure to look out for the upcoming implementation of our newest feature — a keyword search function that will allow readers to generate lists of stories based on their specific tastes!\nMy most sincere thanks go to everyone who has contributed to the success of the L&C Fanfic Archive, either with their time or with their donation to our fundraiser. The outpouring of support that the archive has received over the years proves once again why FoLCdom is a wonderful place to be. :)\nL&C Fanfic Archive\n(updated with new info in 2023)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://akissonthechic.typepad.com/laura_mccollough_scrapboo/2011/03/happy-st-patricks-day-.html", "date": "2022-12-04T08:55:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710968.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204072040-20221204102040-00633.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.98344886302948, "token_count": 1170, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__28735029", "lang": "en", "text": "A little TRUTH about good ol' St. Patrick...\nThe REAL St. Patrick ~ by Ted Olsen from Christianity Today\nMeet Patrick ~\nAllow me to introduce myself. You may have heard of me. My name is Patrick. But before everybody celebrates another day, I decided to come back 1,500 years to set the record straight about who I am and what I've done.\nYou see, people say all kinds of strange things about me. They draw these pictures of me with a green hat and a red beard, short and putting out my fists or holding a mug of beer. As if I were a leprechaun. They think I carry around three or four leaf clovers. And then there's that legend that I got rid of all the snakes in Ireland. Well, how would you like your memory to forever be associated with slithering reptiles?\nFirst, a few misconceptions about Patrick:\nPatrick isn't really a Saint with a capital S, having never been officially canonized by Rome. And Patrick couldn't have driven the snakes out of Ireland because there were never any snakes there to begin with. He wasn't even the first evangelist to Ireland (Palladius had been sent in 431,about five years before Patrick went). Patrick isn't even Irish. He's from what's now Dumbarton, Scotland (just northwest of Glasgow).\nPatrick was 16 years old in about the year 405, when he was captured in a raid and became a slave in what was still radically pagan Ireland. Far from home, he clung to the religion he had ignored as a teenager. Even though his grandfather had been a priest, and his father a town councilor, Patrick \"knew not the true God.\" But forced to tend his master's sheep in Ireland, he spent his six years of bondage mainly in prayer. He escaped at the suggestion of a dream and returned home.\nPatrick was in his mid-40s when he returned to Ireland.Palladius had not been very successful in his mission, and the returning former slave replaced him. Intimately familiar with the Irish clan system (his former master, Milchu, had been a chieftain), Patrick's strategy was to convert chiefs first, who would then convert their clans through their influence. Reportedly, Milchu was one of his earliest converts.\nThough he was not solely responsible for converting the island, Patrick was quite successful. He made missionary journeys all over Ireland, and it soon became known as one of Europe's Christian centers. This, of course, was very important to fifth-century Christians, for whom Ireland was one of the \"ends of the earth.\"\nWhy the Shamrock?\nI got this image from http://www.vbs.blog.com\nThe shamrock is a symbol both for the Holy Trinity and St. Patrick (389-461). The shamrock is a clover plant with a yellow flower and leaflets made up of a stem with three small green leaves. The plant is very common and widely distributed throughout Ireland.\nSt. Patrick was a zealous missionary to the Irish, a people who upon his arrival in 432 had heard little or nothing of Jesus and his gospel. St. Patrick was an energetic traveler, a determined evangelizer, and a courageous preacher, and as he canvassed the countryside he was assailed by bitter opponents who threatened his life and undermined his message, but undeterred, he made hundreds and thousands of converts.\nWhether St. Patrick was speaking to local pagans who knew nothing of the Christian faith, or to neophytes, newly-baptized disciples who were not well-grounded in the truths of the faith, he was faced with the daunting task of explaining profound mysteries such as the Trinity which are so difficult to understand.\nThere are several popular legends about how St. Patrick used the shamrock to explain the mystery of the Trinity. According to one story, St. Patrick went to Connaught where he met two of King Laoghaire’s daughters, Ethne and Fedelm. St. Patrick had been unable to persuade the king to convert, but he convinced the king’s daughters. During their time of instruction St. Patrick used a shamrock to visualize the mystery of the Trinity, how a single plant with three leaves is analogous to the one Triune God with three separate and distinct Persons (Thurston, H. J., ed., Butler’s Lives of the Saints, Vol. 1, 615).\nAccording to another legend, St. Patrick used a shamrock to help explain the Trinity in a sermon he preached directly to King Laoghaire.\nAccording to a third legend, St. Patrick was traveling and happened upon a number of Irish chieftains along a meadow. The tribal leaders were curious about the Trinity and asked St. Patrick for an explanation. So he bent down, picked a shamrock, and showed it to them, and explained how the three leaves are part of the one plant, and how similarly the three Persons, Father, Son, and Spirit, are part of one Supreme Being.\nSo, some very interesting FACTS about Maewyn Succat. YES, that's most likely his REAL name, though Patricius was his Romanicized name, and he was later came to be familiar as Patrick!\nHave a WONDERFUL day celebrating!\nAnd... take a moment to think about the missionaries around the world spreading the Gospel and also YOUR FAITH, and how blessed we are that so many AMAZING people before us went through SO much to share the LOVE OF GOD!\nHere's a FREE vintage image from Vintage Holiday Crafts", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cobb-vantress.com/en_US/news/remembering-tony-barnes-former-president-of-cobb-vantress-llc/", "date": "2023-12-05T21:00:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00469.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9624815583229065, "token_count": 174, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__24237189", "lang": "en", "text": "Remembering Tony Barnes, former President of Cobb-Vantress, LLC.\nTony Barnes, the Englishman who helped lay the foundation for Cobb-Vantress to become one of the world’s leading poultry breeding companies, passed away on November 19, 2022 in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, USA.\nAs the company’s president from 1983 to 1996, he brought the Cobb500™ broiler breeder from the UK to the United States. He also stewarded the company’s move from its original home in Concord, Massachusetts to Northwest Arkansas in 1986.\nHe eventually was appointed as President of Cobb Inc. and helped oversee the acquisition of Cobb-Vantress by Tyson Foods in 1994. He retired from Cobb in 1996.\nA service of remembrance will take place on Monday, November 28 in Siloam Springs.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ls.tum.de/en/ls/about-us/history/", "date": "2023-10-02T11:50:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00322.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9629584550857544, "token_count": 1526, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__58790388", "lang": "en", "text": "The St. Stephan church on the hill dates back to the early 8th century. When St. Corbinian arrived in Freising in 724, he established a cell at the site, which became the hub of his theological activities. In 843 the collegiate monastery of St. Stephan was formed by bishop Hitto, which was later destroyed by the Hungarians in 909, as was the nearby monastery St. Veit.\nThe first documented use of the name ‘Wihanstephan’ (Weihenstephan) can be found on a deed of donation to the two monasteries dating from 1003. St. Stephan was turned into the Benedictine monastery Weihenstephan by Bishop Egilbert in 1021 and remained so until German secularization in 1803.\nUntil the early 19th century, scientific education in Freising took place at Domberg (Cathedral Hill), also known as “Lehrberg” or “wisdom hill”, while Weihenstephan remained the site of the brewery – hence its nickname “Nährberg” or “nutrient hill”.\nChronology: Weihenstephan as a site for science and teaching\n- 1803 Founding of the “School of Agriculture” and the “Central Tree Nursery for the Electorate Weihenstephan”. First lecturer, Max Schönleutner\n- 1807 The Napoleonic Wars (1792 – 1815) force the closing of the school\n- 1822 Re-opening of the School of Agriculture in Schleissheim\n- 1852 Relocation of school to Weihenstephan\n- 1855 Founding of the Bavarian Agricultural Experiment Institute by Justus v. Liebig\n- 1895 Weihenstephan becomes the \"Royal Bavarian Academy for Agriculture and Beer Brewing”\n- 1928 - 1930 The Weihenstephan Academy is incorporated into the Technical College of Munich (later to become the Technische Universität München or TUM)\n- 1970 Planned development of the campus, canteen and central auditorium buildings with practical training facilities\n- 1998 Relocation of the TUM Department of Biology to Weihenstephan\n- 1999 The Forestry Department of the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich now becomes part of the TUM\n- 2000 Establishment of the Wissenschaftszentrum für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt (TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan): the four departments on campus are united to become a single school\n- 2020 Transformation into the TUM School of Life Sciences (SoLS). This makes the TUM School of Life Sciences the first of seven TUM schools with a modern governance structure.\nThe French Bishop Corbinian first arrived in Freising in 724 on his way to Rome. According to legend, a hungry bear ate his mule. Having, now, no animal to carry his pack, the bishop tamed the bear, which then carried Corbinian’s baggage to Rome, where it was released. Freising’s coat of arms depicts the bear with Corbinian’s pack.\nCorbinian was the first bishop of Freising and is considered the founder of the diocese – though the diocese and bishop’s see were only officially established by Boniface in 739. Saint Corbinian is still patron saint of the archdiocese of Munich and Freising.\nAsam Hall is one of the last remaining rooms of the old monastery and served as a dining hall for guests in former times. The hall’s fresco and elaborate stucco date from the period 1705 – 1710, when the room was restructured. The stucco, depicting shells, angel heads and palm leaves, is the work of artist Nikolaus Liechtenfurtner, who also decorated the Maximilian chapel in Freising’s cathedral.\nIts ceiling fresco was painted by Georg Asam, father of the famous Asam brothers. It is possible that the young Cosmas Damian Asam worked on it together with his father. The ceiling frescos consist of a large middle painting and four smaller corner paintings, depicting scenes from the life of St. Benedict. As an act of self-punishment, St. Benedict is said to have rolled in thorns, which then turned into roses.\nMax Schönleutner was the first teacher at the agricultural school after its establishment in 1803. Schönleutner's teaching methods sought to convey theoretical knowledge in combination with hands-on experience. In the wake of the Napoleonic wars and subsequent conscription of numerous farmers to the cause, there were no longer enough students to keep the school alive. In 1807, the school was forced to close its doors. Schönleutner became administrator of the crown lands of Schleißheim and Fürstenried, as well as the Weihenstephan brewery.\nSchönleutner was a pioneer of scientific cultivation in Germany. He was convinced that the application of scientific expertise alone could foster agricultural progress. Among other things, he introduced crop rotation, bred different seed types, planted fruit trees along the roads and encouraged new technical agricultural developments. Moreover, he published several reports and books on the management of the crown lands he administered. Due to his early death in 1831, resulting from a stroke, he was not able to complete some of the work he had planned.\nCorbinian’s fountain is located on the site of the former Corbinian chapel, or Asam Chapel, as it is sometimes called, having been decorated by the Asam brothers in 1720. Asam chapel, the second chapel to have stood at this location, was demolished in the wake of German Secularization in 1803. The first chapel was built at this pilgrimage site in 1608 on the spot where a spring is said to have emanated from the earth. According to legend, St. Corbinian awakened the spring during one of his visits to the St. Stephan church. To help some thirsty craftsmen, Corbinian thrust his stick into the earth – and the spring gushed forth. The spring water is supposed to heal a variety of ailments, among others fever, leprosy, respiratory and eye problems.\nIn 1715 a hospital with two wards was built over the chapel – and spring – at the same level as the monastery gardens. According to legend, the spring ran dry when Corbinian’s bones were moved to Mays and buried in the church of St. Valentine after his death in 730. Apparently the spring only re-appeared after Bishop Arbeo returned the mortal remains of Corbinian to Freising in 765. The ruins of the Asam Chapel are the only remaining church ruins of Secularization in Bavaria.\nThe TUM School of Life Sciences today\nSome 70 professors currently teach and research at the TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan. Today the “green” campus represents a unique combination of tradition and modernity, of local and global. Hundreds of scientists perform interdisciplinary research to meet the existential challenges of food provision across the globe, diminishing raw materials and climate change. Here, thousands of students prepare for the careers of the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thearabweekly.com/tozeur-tunisias-oasis-town", "date": "2020-04-03T20:32:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518622.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403190006-20200403220006-00091.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9603314995765686, "token_count": 1144, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__198253656", "lang": "en", "text": "Tozeur, Tunisia’s oasis town\nTozeur - Lying on the edge of the Sahara is the Tunisian oasis town of Tozeur, a charming traditional village that beckons visitors to savour the country’s mysterious desert terrain.\nAbout 430km south-west of Tunis, Tozeur has a rich history dating to before the Middle Ages when it served as a crossing point for Sahara-bound caravans. In subsequent centuries, it was influenced by the passage of civilisations — the Romans to the Byzantines to the Muslims and Berbers, each of which added to the town’s culture and heritage.\nTozeur was an important Numidian town on the route between Algeria and the Gulf of Gabes on eastern Tunisia’s Mediterranean coast. When the Romans arrived, Tozeur served as an important outpost and metropolis. After the rise of the Hafsid dynasty, Tozeur was used as a slave market.\n“Tozeur, being a source of water in the desert, has always attracted people who eventually settled there,” said Karem Dassy, president of the Association of the Safeguarding of the Old Medina of Tozeur. “This contributed to the personality of those who settled in Tozeur and their open mindedness.\n“It also influenced their lifestyle and deepened the values of tolerance that can be strongly felt in this part of the south of Tunisia. It has been very open to different cultures and to the passing of tribes and travellers.”\n“The type of Islam that is popular here is moderate Islam and it is very tolerant and encloses all different sects of Islam,” Dassy added. “These elements of history explain Tozeur’s peaceful present. It has never witnessed terrorist or violent events. It is against the nature of the people there.”\nTozeur’s peaceful character has reinforced its image as a resting place. Since ancient times, travellers and caravans have stopped in the area to rejuvenate and refuel before continuing their journey deep into the Sahara.\nToday, visitors are fascinated by the town’s historical sites, such as the medinas of Tozeur.\n“Tozeur has more than one medina,” Dassy said. “The most famous medina — Ouled Hadef — is a relatively modern neighbourhood that goes back to the 15th century, while the original old town of Tozeur goes back to the medieval times. The oldest medina is the one known today as the oasis town around the mosque.”\nDassy added: “When the Turks came in the 1800s, they destroyed the old town of Tozeur and it has since changed. The focus has shifted from the medieval town of Tozeur to the newly built one but the remains of the medieval town still exist. Now the neighbourhood that is known as the old town of Tozeur is the neighbourhood that was built between the 15th and the 18th centuries.”\nWalking through the old medina’s narrow streets is an enchanting experience. Its architecture showcases beautiful brick façades and intricately patterned yellow brickwork, all in the traditional style of Tunisia’s south. Decorated with a range of geometric shapes, the brick designs bear similarities to motifs found in artefacts from the ancient Berbers, whose tribes settled in Tozeur in previous centuries.\nTo maintain the town’s distinct architectural style, the local government has mandated that builders conform to the traditional brickwork.\n“The uniqueness of the town’s architecture is based on the use of old bricks that are unique to the Djerid region,” Dassy said. “This style was used during the antiquity period too, as it can be found in some archaeological sites.”\nThe town’s oasis contains beautiful palm trees and red-dirt paths, stretching across the landscape like a green paradise in the middle of the desert. The oasis can be reached by Tozeur’s main street and has many resorts.\nAmong the historical monuments in Tozeur is the Mosque of Sidi Abid, which dates to 1030 and “has one of the first scriptural inscriptions in the town”, Dassy said.\nDassy pointed out the town’s train station, which was built in 1913.\nA few kilometres outside the town is the majestic statue of renowned Tunisian poet Aboul- Qacem Echebbi, who was from Tozeur. Another popular destination for visitors is the Museum of Art and Popular Tradition, which houses early artefacts, such as jewellery and ceramics.\nWithin the town limits is the Desert Zoo of Si Tijani, named after a famed Tozeur snake-handler. The zoo contains various rare animals, including desert monitors, raptors, scorpions, fennec foxes, camels and sand and horned vipers.\nTo celebrate its cultural heritage, the town holds the International Festival of Oases of Tozeur each November and December, paying homage to the artistic and folkloric heritage of the Djerid region.\nTozeur has also been the set of several famous Hollywood films, such as the Star Wars saga and The English Patient.\nVisitors can reach the town via collective taxis, trains, buses and the Tozeur-Nefta International Airport.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oac.web.ox.ac.uk/exeter-college", "date": "2023-09-27T22:29:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00244.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.958430290222168, "token_count": 264, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__177189207", "lang": "en", "text": "Exeter College was founded as Stapeldon Hall in 1314, by Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter and later Treasurer to Edward II. Money from the rectory of Gwinear, Cornwall provided funds for 12 scholars and a chaplain. The early history of the college can be traced through the rector’s accounts kept by the head of the college and the college estates records. The college was re-founded in 1566 by Sir William Petre, a statesman who served four Tudor monarchs. He gave estates in Oxfordshire and other counties to fund 8 additional fellowships. From this date institutional records become more extensive, with information on buildings and accommodation, election and activities of rectors and fellows. Records of the undergraduate body in the nineteenth century include tuition, sports clubs and societies and photographs. Personal papers from some rectors and fellows (notably EA Barber, rector 1943-56) can also be found in the archives.\nEnquiries about the archives can be sent to email@example.com\nOr by post to Victoria Northridge, Archivist and Records Manager, Exeter College, Cohen Quad, Walton Street, Oxford, OX1 2HE\nAll appointments must be made in advance either by email or post.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://crowncemetery.ca/", "date": "2018-04-25T04:44:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00635.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.986825704574585, "token_count": 941, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__174929304", "lang": "en", "text": "Crown Cemetery Puslinch is located north of Morriston at Brock Road and 401 Highway. We are a non profit cemetery operated by a volunteer board of managers and a secretary-treasure and we welcome all Faiths for burials.\nTo contact us call Darlene Harrietha at (519) 822-0874\nHistory of Crown Cemetery Puslinch\nIn response to a petition of the Presbyterians of Puslinch to the Crown Lands Department, Toronto in 1837, lot 28 Concession 8, was granted to certain trustees and their heirs and assigned forever to be used for a burying ground. In this way the early desire of the first settlers to bury their dead in a place set apart was met. The early years marked a growth in size of the cemetery, but there was little organized effort directed to its upkeep, there was no charge, people chose their own plots and buried their loved ones at various angles.\nAfter fifty years the cemetery had taken on a neglected appearance, and a meeting in 1886 of all interested parties was called to face the situation. All the former trustees had died or moved away, and 5 new ones were appointed in1887. By-laws governing the cemetery were approved at a public meeting. A subscription list was circulated, money raised, Maple trees were planted in 1888 and spruce in 1890, a house was built for a caretaker and in 1893 the roads were graded and graveled.\nSteps were taken in 1889 to clarify the title of the property. Since the land had been granted, there had been a disruption in the Established Church, to whom the property was deeded, and later a reunion of the Presbyterian Churches in Canada. So it was that when the trustees wished to dispose of a part of the property, they were in doubt as to what to do with the proceeds and sought the advice of the Presbytery of Guelph. In 1889 an act of the Provincial Legislature made the manner of holding the property clear in the following terms:\n“It is enacted that, as soon as two trustees are nominated and appointed by each of the two congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in the Township of Puslinch, shall be held by them and their successors in office, in trust, for the purpose of a burial ground for the use of members and adherents of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in the Township of Puslinch, and other denominations upon such terms as the Presbytery of Guelph of the said church may from time to time determine”\nIt became the custom to augment the board of four thus fixed, by others chosen by the plot-holders, to form the Board of Managers.\nAgain in 1929, the unsatisfactory condition of the cemetery awakened a renewed interest, and men and teams were employed to level the plots and generally improve the appearance of the cemetery. Again in 1934, work was commenced on the front part of the cemetery, filling up a depression and cutting away part of the grade.\nIn 1937 the Centenary Memorial Committee appealed for funds and built the memorial gates at front entrance in honor of the pioneers. The gates were erected only a few feet in front of where the original log church stood.\nIn the late 1930’s a system of Perpetual Care was initiated. There were many plots where all relatives have died, and there was no one to care for the plot. At this time a plot of ground ten feet by twelve was given care in perpetuity, for the sum forty dollars.\nSince 1937, the Crown Cemetery has continued to be well kept. In 1953, five thousand trees were planted and in 1960 an area of 110 feet x 600 feet was purchased from the adjacent farm to the north, the former James Tawse farm, for future burial grounds. In 1981 and 1982 several work bees were held to cut trees and brush and to level an area at the rear of the burial ground. It was seeded in time for the first memorial service held on June 10, 1984 with over 200 people in attendance. Surveying or the plots was completed in 1985.\nIn January 1985, a motion was made at the Plot Holders’ Annual meeting to proceed with plans for a mausoleum and chapel. On July 31, 1985, the excavation began. On August 2, the mausoleum walls were poured. The work was completed in the spring of 1986.\nWith the generosity of Plot Holders the Board continues to improve the property, plant trees, point the 1937 stone pillars and replace the wrought iron fence. Any and all donations are very welcome.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://dlib.org/dlib/september14/summerlin/09summerlin.html", "date": "2017-04-30T08:49:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00522-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9624343514442444, "token_count": 4929, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__8488344", "lang": "en", "text": "Volume 20, Number 9/10\nTable of Contents\nSelecting Newspaper Titles for Digitization at the Digital Library of Georgia\nDigital Library of Georgia\nNewspapers have been a significant target for digitization over the last decade, and libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions must decide how best to utilize their limited funds to digitize a select number of newspaper titles for public consumption. This case study examines the Digital Library of Georgia's newspaper digitization selection process and how it incorporates national standards with its own project-specific criteria. The article includes a discussion of the roles played by user demand, content significance, funding, copyright, optical character recognition, and microfilm holdings in the decision making process, with the ultimate goal of creating highly used, well-regarded, and cost effective online newspaper archives.\nNewspapers have been a significant target for digitization over the last decade. The wealth of information these materials provide serves multiple audiences and disciplines, making them a particularly valuable resource to make more widely available. Libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions must decide how best to utilize their limited funds to digitize a select number of newspaper titles. Grant-driven digitization efforts, like the Library of Congress' National Digital Newspaper Program (NDNP), provide clear and useful selection criteria for their participants. Organizations working to digitize newspapers outside of those programs share many of the same considerations, but they also deal with additional concerns unique to their situation. One such institution is the Digital Library of Georgia (DLG), whose newspaper digitization selection process will be examined as a case study in this paper.\nIn 2007, the DLG initiated a project to digitize the Red and Black, the student newspaper of the University of Georgia, from the microfilm holdings of the Georgia Newspaper Project. The venture served as a pilot project for a larger initiative to digitize the state's historical newspapers. Once a process was established, a set of criteria was needed to determine future newspaper digitization projects after it completed the Red and Black Archive. Accordingly, the DLG, GALILEO, and Georgia HomePLACE collaborated to create a selection strategy that addressed that need, resulting in the digitization of over a half million pages during the first five years of the project and unprecedented usage numbers. That strategy incorporates demand, historical significance, funding, and availability, along with restrictions including copyright and technical concerns. These factors, in the context of the project, are discussed below.\nThe main resource for those researching selection criteria for newspaper digitization is the guidelines set forth by the National Digital Newspaper Program. Their publications are both practical and well-organized, with particular attention paid to the technical aspects of microfilm selection. The technical guidelines are updated annually and cover microfilm selection, scanning, OCR, and the creation of metadata. Although not all of the criteria covered in their publications are applicable to those working outside of the grant, the NDNP guidelines are a valuable starting point for establishing a method for newspaper title selection.\nMolly Kruckenberg of the Montana Historical Society published guidelines for its Montana Newspaper Digitization Project Selection Advisory Board. She sets forth criteria specifically addressing the history and geography of the state, in addition to coverage, availability, copyright, and other more general factors. The recommended process results in the ranking of papers by priority, with the highest ranked titles examined for technical feasibility before being included in the final list of titles to be digitized.1\nRoss Harvey has discussed the newspaper selection approach as an effort to find balance between preservation needs and user demands. He concludes that the physical safeguarding of the materials through digital preservation should take precedence over demands for popular newspaper titles, but he asserts that compromise can and should be established in the newspaper digitization selection process.2\nWhile drafting standards for deciding which newspaper titles to digitize, the goal of the DLG was to create a selection method that would result in highly used, well-regarded, cost effective, and legally sound online newspaper archives. While no specific factor was necessarily given priority over another, some criteria were non-negotiable including copyright and title availability, due to their prohibitive nature. The overall intention was to find a balance among the considerations listed below in order to pinpoint the most suitable newspaper titles for digitization. As the DLG continued its digitization work, some of the criteria were given more emphasis to create balance over time.\nOne consideration not discussed in this paper is digitization as a method of preservation. Many organizations identifying archival materials for digitization incorporate physical concerns, including the condition and need for preservation of the documents, into their selection criteria.3 The newspaper digitization efforts at the DLG, however, utilize microfilm copies of the publications. The Georgia Newspaper Project (the source of newspaper microfilm copies used by the DLG for digitization) conducts their microfilming with preservation as the primary concern. This frees the DLG from integrating physical considerations into its selection criteria, putting the focus instead on concerns related primarily to access.\nIn order to optimize access, project organizers deemed the needs of the user a major consideration when selecting newspaper titles for digitization. The NDNP doesn't include user demand in their content selection guidelines, focusing instead on research value to drive usage. While the DLG also included content significance in its decision making process, as discussed below, the organization found added value in ensuring that newspapers were digitized to meet the demands of their users. Luckily, user interest often coincides with the research value of the newspaper titles. This interest in regard to newspapers frequently differs from that of other types of research materials, as the emphasis is more often on geographic rather than subject-based considerations. For this reason, it was necessary to examine user demand specifically in relation to newspapers. Fairly early in the process, Georgia HomePLACE, in conjunction with GALILEO, conducted an informal survey of librarians from around the state and requested information on which newspapers their users most often requested access to. Two general trends emerged. First and foremost, users are interested in the newspapers from where they live, regardless of their size or historical significance. Secondly, they want access to newspaper publications from the largest cities in Georgia. The findings confirmed conclusions drawn from previous interactions with librarians and users.4\nThese user predilections led the DLG to place early emphasis on the most populous cities in the state, including Atlanta, Athens, Columbus, and Macon. The digitization of titles from those cities would, according to the survey, draw heavy usage from both residents of those population centers and researchers from other parts of the state who are frequently interested in the history of those larger cities. This approach would seem to preclude the digitization of smaller city newspapers due to the potential for limited use, but additional considerations and approaches were taken into account to compensate for the inclusion of other cities and titles.\nSince most newspapers of the nineteenth and early twentieth century carried similar content, including national and local news, agricultural columns, serial literature, and ads, the historical and geographical importance of a city and its newspaper titles became one of the top content considerations for planning future projects. This approach required planners at the DLG to examine the history of the state and how that might affect what researchers are interested in using.\nMuch of Georgia's early colonial growth occurred in various locations along the state's fall line, the farthest navigable point up rivers. Some of Georgia's oldest and largest cities developed according to this geographical pattern, including Macon, Columbus, and Milledgeville. Because of their long histories as commercial centers within the state and their newspapers' coverage of some of the most significant events in the state's development, titles from those cities were among the first chosen. Moreover, organizers examined the political history of the state and its effect on nineteenth century journalism. The state of Georgia has had several capitals since its establishment and those cities, including Atlanta, Milledgeville, and Savannah, were also given high priority due to their historical importance.5\nMilledgeville is an example of a city that was selected for digitization due largely to its historical significance. The state government established the city on the Oconee River along the fall line and it served as the capital of Georgia from 1804 until 1868. Milledgeville was a population center for much of the nineteenth century and hosted the state's government during a significant time in the state's history, which included the rise of plantations and slavery in the antebellum period, the Civil War, and a portion of Reconstruction. In addition, the city hosted Georgia's secession convention, served as a temporary headquarters for General William T. Sherman during his March to the Sea, and housed the largest mental hospital in the state. While its modern day population is modest, its importance as the state capital before and during the Civil War outweighed concerns about local usage. This assumption by project planners proved to be correct, as use of the site surpassed that of all previously released sites.6\nFigure 1: Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive\nSince 2007, the DLG's newspaper digitization project has been funded by Georgia HomePLACE with LSTA funds administered by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through the Georgia Public Library Service. To supplement the project's financial support, organizers decided to give consideration to projects that include a measure of local or additional resource support in accordance with the DLG's collection development policy. The decision was not meant to usurp practical and historical considerations; rather, it was intended to help materially support projects that were already considered significant and provide opportunities for digitization that would not normally be available. This approach is another example of a difference between the selection criteria of the DLG and the National Digital Newspaper Program. The NDNP need not include funding in their list of considerations due to the fixed nature of the grants provided to its participants.\nFunding considerations have helped guide the DLG's decision making process in interesting and beneficial directions over the project's first five years. A project to digitize newspapers published in Athens received supplemental support from the local community, which allowed the DLG to add an additional twenty thousand newspaper pages and three additional titles to the online archive. Supplemental funding has also had the added benefit of allowing the project to digitize papers that cover underrepresented populations and time periods. The Southern Israelite archive, for example, was privately funded by the Bremen Museum, which also aided the DLG in obtaining permission to digitize the mid-twentieth century publication produced for the Jewish community in Atlanta. The permissions, along with the private funding granted on that project, presented the DLG with an opportunity to digitize a valuable newspaper covering an underrepresented minority within the state which had not previously been within the purview of DLG's digitization efforts.\nIn addition to community interest and historical considerations, more concrete concerns were also taken into account. Since a majority of the projects' newspaper image scans would be derived from the Georgia Newspaper Project's microfilm collection, the availability and quality of their holdings had to be considered when deciding which projects to undertake. This limiting factor was discussed in conjunction with previously mentioned factors to ensure that not only were the digitized papers important and in demand, but also that there were enough issues in the collection to warrant undertaking such a project.\nWhile the microfilm collections of the Georgia Newspaper Project are extensive, they sometimes contain omissions and gaps in title availability because either the paper copies of specific titles were inaccessible or were preemptively filmed by a commercial organization. Without a significant number of microfilmed issues of a historical newspaper title available for digitization, the viability of creating an online archive for that title is reduced, regardless of its historical significance. The city of Louisville, for example, served as Georgia's capital in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and was one of cities in the path of General William T. Sherman's March to the Sea during the Civil War.7 Despite the city's historical significance, the Georgia Newspaper Project holds less than three full reels of microfilm for the city, which hardly warrants its own archive. For this reason, early consideration was given to other cities, including Macon, Columbus, and Milledgeville, because of the completeness of their microfilm availability.\nCompensations were made for this limiting factor in later newspaper archive instances. Project organizers made plans to create both city and regional newspaper archives after priority was given to titles with greater microfilm availability. The archive sites containing an entire city's worth of newspaper titles allowed for the cobbling of several small but significant title runs from a large city to create a significant sized database, as was the case with the Atlanta Historic Newspapers Archive. The DLG was also able to digitize the publications of smaller cities by creating regional newspaper archives. This configuration allowed for the digitization of newspapers from Albany, Valdosta, Bainbridge, and several other cities which were combined into a South Georgia newspaper archive.\nThe DLG scans newspapers from negative silver halide master copies of microfilm and the condition of that microfilm also carries weight in the decision making process, including the optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy that can be achieved from scanned images of the microfilm. This factor holds great significance because of user demand for keyword searchability in online archives. If OCR page readings are highly inaccurate, those pages might as well be invisible to the casual user. Taking this issue into consideration, the DLG decided that a publication's OCR accuracy must be tested before it is definitively selected for digitization. The project managers determined that readings should exceed ninety percent accuracy to be deemed appropriate for selection. If the OCR tests of a title produce results consistently below that threshold, that title is rejected in favor of a title with greater accuracy for full text searching.\nThe National Digital Newspaper Program has published significantly detailed guidelines in reference to microfilm and the technical specifications required to select a newspaper title for digitization. They suggest that reduction rates, density variations, and resolution should all be examined in conjunction with the testing of OCR before selecting a title for digitization. Unfortunately, this can result in the delay and possible rejection of the digitization of valuable materials. The DLG, during the planning stages of their South Georgia newspapers archive, considered digitizing several titles from the city of Brunswick, ultimately selecting one title in favor of another due to superior OCR results produced during testing.\nCopyright law also must be taken into consideration when deciding which newspaper titles to digitize. According to United States copyright law, all works published and copyrighted before 1923 are now in the public domain.8 While copyright restrictions for many post-1923 newspaper publications have also passed into the public domain due to the publisher's failure to renew the copyright, confirmation of this fact would require the staff to conduct extensive research and the online publication of these materials could lead to take down notices. For this reason, project planners decided to initially concentrate almost exclusively on titles published before 1923 and priority has been given to titles with a larger nineteenth century presence. As the available nineteenth century titles are digitized and put online, the DLG can focus on researching the rights of more twentieth century titles.\nThis decision was complemented by the organization's desire to digitize newspapers of historical importance to the state and avoid the densely published titles of the early twentieth century; however, it limits the project's ability to cover significant events that occurred both nationally and within the state in the decades that followed, including the effects of the Great Depression, the early years of the Masters golf tournament, President Franklin Roosevelt's numerous visits to Georgia, World War II, and the three governors controversy. Copyright law has also restricted the DLG's ability to digitize newspaper titles published by racial minorities in the state, because with a few notable exceptions (the Cherokee Phoenix and the Colored Tribune), most of those materials were produced and published in the mid-twentieth century.\nChronological Density and Completeness\nWhenever possible, the DLG placed emphasis on selecting titles with large date spans in relation to page count. Mid-nineteenth century Georgia newspaper titles were often circulated weekly in a four page format. The Macon Telegraph, for example, published a weekly edition from 1826 to 1895 with four pages before the Civil War and eight pages after, which amounts to between two and three years of issues on a reel of microfilm. This kind of chronological density gives a digitization project more to offer users in an efficient way.\nDaily newspapers published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are often less feasible options for immediate digitization, particularly if the desire exists to digitize a complete run of a newspaper title. When the DLG examined Savannah newspapers for possible digitization, chronological density was an immediate concern. The Savannah Morning News, currently the city's largest newspaper, accounts for nearly two hundred reels of microfilm covering daily issues between 1868 and 1922 in the Georgia Newspaper Project holdings. Organizers took the large reel count into consideration and eventually selected titles from earlier in the nineteenth century, including the Savannah Republican whose weekly publication between 1808 and 1865 amounted to less than fifty reels of microfilm.\nAs mentioned earlier, DLG also considered the completeness of a newspaper run when selecting titles for digitization. Newspapers can have gaps in their microfilm accessibility either due of a lack of availability of issues for microfilming or because portions of the title run were digitized by a commercial entity, making those issues unavailable due to copyright considerations. Luckily, the Georgia Newspaper Project's holdings are by and large comprehensive for cities and titles of historical and geographical significance. An exception is the Macon Telegraph online archive which has title gaps in the mid-1860s and early 1900s. Despite these interruptions in availability, the title was selected for publication due to its historical importance and user demand.\nRepetition of Work\nFor obvious reasons, a major priority of the project was not to repeat the work of others. This consideration required the DLG to research the online newspaper landscape before coming to a final decision on which newspapers to digitize. Prior to the creation of the DLG's first newspaper archive, commercial entities had already digitized both the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the Augusta Chronicle. For that reason, those two titles were avoided completely and the digitization of other titles from those two cities was delayed until titles representing some of the areas of the state with no digitized newspapers were added.\nInitially, the DLG digitized newspapers one city at a time, and as a result, geographical distribution was not an immediate consideration. As the project addressed newspaper titles from some of the most populated and historically significant cities it became apparent that the southern portion of the state was being underserved. In the nineteenth century, South Georgia (aside from Savannah) was a rural and sparsely populated area of the state that was devoted almost solely to agricultural enterprises and this situation largely persists today. For this reason, newspaper journalism got a late start in the region and began to blossom in some of the larger cities by the mid to late 1850s.9 This left the DLG with few options for newspaper titles from the area with long chronological runs that could support an archive by themselves.\nIn response, organizers planned a regional newspaper archive to include newspapers from several South Georgia cities. This archive would have the benefit of including a comparable number of newspaper pages to other archives from larger cities farther north. It would also draw similar user interest by attracting researchers from cities over a large portion of the state. The venture has proved successful and has led to work on a North Georgia newspaper archive that will include titles from smaller cities and towns in the mountainous areas of the state. This regional approach has allowed the DLG to address newspaper selection with geographical distribution in mind.\nNot surprisingly, the Atlanta archive is the most frequently used newspaper site in the Digital Library of Georgia, as Atlanta is both the capital of Georgia and its most populous city. The South Georgia archive is the next most used site due largely to its inclusion of newspaper titles from ten different cities. Those ten cities were added to the archive gradually, leading to constantly renewed interest in the site, which has undoubtedly boosted its visitation numbers. The Athens, Macon, and Milledgeville archives share similar numbers as the third most visited sites. Athens and Macon are among the largest cities in Georgia and share significant roles in the history of the state. Milledgeville is significantly smaller than the other two cities, but its unique history as the state's capital during the Civil War increases interest in its newspaper content.\nThe Columbus newspaper archive does not garner as much attention as the sites mentioned above. This low usage is particularly surprising, because Columbus is the second largest city in Georgia. Although no concrete evidence exists as to the reasons behind the site's low visitation numbers, it could relate to the city's inconspicuous role in the Civil War, which is of particular interest to Georgia researchers. Many of the DLG's other newspapers websites, including the Southern Israelite and Mercer Cluster archives, also have lower visitation numbers due largely to their specialized content.\nUser interest in the Savannah newspapers archive has yet to be determined. It has only recently been released to the public, so its visitation numbers are not yet comparable to the other sites. Early results, however, suggest that it will be among the most popular newspaper archives in the DLG. Furthermore, Savannah is one of the largest cities in the state and has a long and storied history as Georgia's first capital and primary port. For these reasons, it should be of particular interest to users going forward.\nThe newspaper digitization efforts of the DLG have been successful due in large part to the careful selection of newspaper titles. This process shares much in common with the procedures followed by organizations participating in the National Digital Newspaper Program, including factors related to content significance, copyright law, title completeness, and technical considerations related to microfilm. The selection approach differs in several key respects, however, including emphasis on user demand and supplemental funding. The selection criteria established by project planners at the DLG has helped the organization achieve the goals set forth by the initiative, but this procedure will continue to change and adapt as demand for newspaper digitization increases in the years to come.\nThe Digital Library of Georgia's newspaper digitization projects can be found online at http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/MediaTypes/Newspapers.html.\n1 Molly Kruckenberg. Plan For Selecting Newspapers To Be Digitized. 2009.\n2 Ross Harvey. \"Selection of Newspapers for Digitization and Preservation: A User Perspective,\" International Newspaper Librarianship for the 21st Century. Hartmut Walravens, ed. (Müchen: K. G. Saur, 2006).\n3 Bart Ooghe and Dries Moreels. \"Analysing Selection for Digitisation, Current Practices and Common Incentives.\" D-Lib Magazine. September/October, 2009. http://doi.org/10.1045/september2009-ooghe\n4 Historical Newspapers Survey Report. GALILEO and Georgia HomePLACE. January 2009.\n5 Ed Johnson, correspondence with the author, 27 August 2010.\n6 Robert J. Wilson. \"Milledgeville.\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. 6 December 2002; James C. Bonner. Milledgeville: Georgia Antebellum Capital (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978).\n7 Carol Ebel. \"Louisville.\" New Georgia Encyclopedia. 2005.\n8 Peter B. Hirtle. Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States. 1 January 2014.\n9 Louis Turner Griffith and John Erwin Talmadge. Georgia Journalism, 1763-1950 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951).\nAbout the Author\nDonnie Summerlin is the Digital Projects Archivist at the Digital Library of Georgia, where he oversees the ongoing effort to digitize the state's historic newspapers. He has a B. A. in history from the University of Georgia, a M. A. in history from Georgia College & State University, a MLIS from Valdosta State University, and has been a certified archivist since 2010.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gildedagestage.com/margaret-the-incredible-molly-brown", "date": "2024-04-19T06:26:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817289.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419043820-20240419073820-00255.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9735158085823059, "token_count": 116, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__24599693", "lang": "en", "text": "\"MARGARET: The Incredible Molly Brown\"\nWritten & performed by Erin Kelley\nHannibal, MO native Margaret Tobin Brown is perhaps best known as the most famous survivor of the Titanic, however she was oh, so much more: activist, philanthropist, political candidate, and performer who made her mark on the world.\nErin Kelley brings this stellar fixture of American and women's history to life in a dynamic one hour performance which is entertaining, educational, and family friendly. Contact us to book the show for your group, organization, or event!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.connectingrentals.com/vacation-rental/id.127534", "date": "2023-12-10T05:42:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00840.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9464987516403198, "token_count": 12553, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__228423078", "lang": "en", "text": "Mani house - Ktima Kriviana\nHELLENIC TOURIST ADMINISTRATION LICENCE MHTE\n-Mani House is located near Gythio town on the Mani Peninsula, at Laconia, an area of the Peloponnese rich in history.\nIts residents, the Maniots, were forceful men and Mani has maintained its independence throughout the years.\nOverlooking the “SKOUTARI” Gulf, 500 meters away from the sea, offers a stunning view of the sea along with the opposite slopes of the mountain \"Taygetos\".\nThe house of 441.32 sqm is built on a stone-fenced plot of 5015.41 sqm, with a living space of 275.75 sqm and 165..57 sqm for auxiliary space including a garage of 80 sqm and 2.7 height.\nThe traditional buildings of Mani were built of stone following a fortress-like design; many vendettas amongst the Mani families meant that people built homes to protect themselves. Elements of this traditional style are reflected in the design of Mani House.\nThe stone walls are combined with a modern interior focused on comfort. The traditional albeit unique property features all modern conveniences including, among others, a sound system for different areas of the house; satellite TV, BBQ, and wood oven as well as an infinity pool with breathtaking views.\nThe main entrance to the property is from the pool terrace. The infinity pool is large with dimensions: Length 12.80m x 5.45m width, 1.35m high in the shallow and 3.00m in the deep water. The wooden door leads to a bright and spacious central living area. Each part of this central living space fits beautifully into a perfectly designed interior.\nThe colours are simple, creams and stone, with a flagged floor that runs throughout. The shutters are painted in pale pistachio and bright magenta has been introduced throughout the soft furniture and dining chairs which give a contrast of brilliance to the colour scheme. Large French style doors lead from every area to the pool terrace which offers a perfect place to relax for every part of the day.\nEnjoy your stay at Mani House using the sun loungers that surround the pool, the shaded areas to dine or sit under the shade of the huge oak tree whilst playing a game of chess or backgammon.\nThe kitchen is located at the rear of the large central living space and is fully equipped with all modern conveniences. It offers direct access to a patio at the back of the house which takes on a traditional, cafe-style appearance featuring pretty, metal chairs and tables and a BBQ and bread oven to conjure up the flavours of Greece.\nOn the same level but in a separate wing are three bedrooms. One has a double bed with an en-suite bathroom including a bathtub and a large dressing area. Next, there are two twin bedrooms, each one featuring an en-suite bathroom with shower. All bedrooms have direct access to the pool terrace.\nThe next floor features a bedroom with en-suite bathroom and shower and a comfortable double bed, along with an office desk. This room benefits from a balcony overseeing the pool terrace and sea view.\nFinally, on the basement level, the guests can benefit from indoor parking for 2-3 cars.\nOn the same level, and for our guests’ comfort, the Mani house caretaker is based. He looks after the property and stays in a self-contained, totally independent apartment, on the basement level. He is very discreet and tends to the engine room located at the same level, as well as the pool, usually twice a week, very early in the morning or very late at night, leaving guests to enjoy their privacy unless he is needed.\nThe Mani House is located on a large piece of land which has been planted with colourful indigenous plants, shrubs, and trees. The stone paths, steps, and walkways meander through the property can lead to our old oak tree for the most wonderful shade in the heat of the day.\nThe property is very well located in terms of accessing the beach and taverns, shops and cafes which are all a short drive away.\nThe Mani House is really exceptional and is situated in a part of Greece that is truly beautiful, unspoiled and wild.\nWe look forward to welcoming you soon.\n|Nearest Airport||Kalamata||90.3 km|\n|Nearest Bar||21 km|\n|Nearest Beach||Skoutari||4 km|\n|Nearest Bus||Gytheio||21.5 km|\n|Nearest Ferry||Gytheion||21.5 km|\n|Nearest Restaurant||Ageranos||3 km|\n|Nearest Train||Kalamata||90.3 km|\nUpon Arrival in Kalyvia Village:\nYou will be met upon arrival by George, at the village of Kalyvia. Please call number, +30 6972090333 and we will come and meet you.\nDirections from Athens Airport by Car: (292Κm)\n1- From Athens Airport take signs of the motorway towards Corinth (Κόρινθος)\n2- Once on the E94 keep going, past Corinth to E65 in the direction of Tripoli (Τίπολη)\n3- Eventually you will see the city of Tripoli on your right-hand side. You now need to start looking out for your turn-off, for the road towards Sparta.\n4- You will now turn right to join the national road to Sparta, (Σπάρτη) (make sure you are not going towards Kalamata!!).\n5- After 45Km you will come down the mountain meeting Sparta\n6- Keep going straight forward, till you meet the sign of Gythio (ύθειο).\n7- Turn left to the direction of Gythio town.\n8- Driving for 30Km now you have to watch so you won’t miss your turn off on the road towards “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη).\nTurn right as soon as you meet the Areopolis exit, and keep\ndriving till you meet the Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvia sign\nΚότρωνας Σκουτάρι Καλύβια). At this spot a Greek\nOrthodox Church will be on your right-hand side. Turn left at\n“Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvia” sign, till you find the next sign with\ndirection to “Skoutari/Kalyvia/Paganea” (Σκουτάρι\nΚακύβια Παγανέα). Turn left at the sign indicating the direction to “Skoutari/Kalyvia/Paganea”. Keep driving just following the road, without turning left or right, (be sure that you do not turn\nright to Skoutari village). This road once followed, will lead you\nstraight to Kalyvia (Καλύβια) village. Once you enter the\nvillage, keep driving through. You will drive past a small stone\nbuilt square with three trees, and a phone booth, where the main\nroad is following a 180/o turns to the left, sea view will be in front of you. Please park your car and Call on 0030 6972 090333.\nthe villa is 3 minutes by foot from this point.\nDirections from Kalamata’s Airport by car: (90,3Km)\n1- Leaving the airport gate, turn left. At the end of the road turn right joining E65 of “Kalamata Tripoli”. (Καλαμάτα Τρίπολη) Keep driving on the same road which changes name to “Iroon Politechniou” (ρώων Πλυτεχνείου)\n2- At the end of the road turn right at “Artemidos” (Αρτέμιδος)\n3- At the next turn, left at “Likourgou” (Λυκούργου) street.\n4- Keep driving. Once crossing “Psaron” (Ψαρών) street the road\nname changes to “Kritis” (Κρήτης). After counting 7 streets on your right-hand side, on the 8th “Akrita street ”, (Ακρίτα) you\n5- This street leads to the sea water-front.\n6- Turn left and follow the coastal road “Navarinou”\n(Ναβαρίνου) straightforward till you meet the national road of “Areopoli\" – (Αρεόπολη) \"Kalamata”, (Καλαμάτα) then turn\n7- Keep driving till you meet the sign to “Gythio”, (Γύθειο) few meters out of “Areopoli” town.\n8- Turn left following the Areopoli-Gythio (Αρεόπολη-\nΓύθειο) road for 20Km.\n9- When you meet the sign to “Kotronas/Skoutari/Kalyvi\nLocal amenities // Surrounding area // Beaches // Taverns // Bars // Places of interest // Days out:\nGroceries – fruits - vegetables - bakery shop. At Vathy village (Βαθύ), - (5.9 to 6.4 Km-12 min drive), are located two mini markets where you can cover your first needs. Besides, at the second one, you can find as well, fruits and vegetables.\nJust opposite to it, fresh fruits and vegetables are offered as well, in an open-air shop. These fruits and vegetables are grown by local farmers. On the way between the two, you can find a bakery shop.\nFor more reasonable prices, it is suggested that you make your regular shopping from the supermarkets in Gythio or Areopolis.\nDrive out the village, turn right, to the road down to the sea, follow the way until you meet, on your right-hand side, an old stone built, bridge. Turn right, (do not try to use the bridge). Keep driving in the direction of Ageranos, (do not turn right to Kamares village). Past Ageranos, continue on the main road till you reach, on your right-hand side, a mini market where you can park your car, and make your shopping, or continue driving for another half kilometre to meet the bakery shop and the next mini market.\nA note has to be made that the water in the house is not potable, so do not forget to include table water among your shopping.\nButchers are situated in Gythio (22Km) in “Ermou” (ΕΡΜΟΥ) street, and in Areopoli (22Km) which is famous for its excellent - local organic meat, on the main town square, and not far from there, on the national road (highway) οf Areopoli/Mani to the direction of Mani.\nFishmonger – the local fishmonger visits the village at least twice per week, usually around 10 am Fresh fish can be bought in Gythio (22Km) on the main street of Vassileos Georgiou.\nNearest petrol station: 6Km away from the villa, on the way to Gythion town.\nPost Office: – at Gythion city just opposite the city school, on “Ermou” street.\nAll other amenities can be found in Gythio town. (22Km drive).\nDrive to the direction of Skoutari (Σκουτάρι) village meet the main road, turn right and continue driving until the end of the road. In front of you is a Greek Orthodox church. Turn right with direction to Gythio (Γύθειο) Keep driving straight forward till you meet the main national road which connects Gythio town with Sparta city. Turn right in the direction of Gythio.\n* National Bank of Greece\n* Alpha Bank\n* Piraeus Bank\nTaverns and bars near and around the village:\nVassili’s (Thalami-Θαλάμι): Fish tavern At Ageranos (Αγερανός-4,8Km 9 min drive) village\n( Mainly open all day).\nGrilled fresh fish, fried small fishes, squid, octopus e.t.c. Grilled meat, and traditional Greek oven, Italian pasta etc.\nLocated at Ageranos village is a pleasant place to sit and have your lunch in front of the sea view.\nDriving out of Kalyvia, turn right with direction to Vathi/Kamares/Ageranos” (Βαθύ Καμάρες Αγερανός). The road will lead you down to the sea level and drive with slow speed, you will meet on your right hand, an old stone built the small bridge (be careful you don’t miss the spot). Turn to the right, (don’t use the bridge), just follow the road (avoid to turn right to Kamares/Καμάρες), Soon the road climbs up to a small hill. At the very top, of the hill, the Taverna is the first building to meet from the village, which climbs on your right-hand slope.\nGeorge’s Tavern: Located at \"Drossopigi\" village, (Δροσοπηγή-9.7Km 11.5 min drive) at the upper spot of a small mountain Open mainly at evening, A good inexpensive grilled food, some local dishes, eggs with “Syglino” (Smoked pork or pork sausage with aromatic herbs such as thyme, or oregano, mint, e.t.c, stored in lard with orange peel), traditional Greek oven dishes, such as, Mousaka, Pastitsio, stuffed vegetables etc.\nDriving out of the village follow the direction to Skoutari (Σκουτάρι) village. When you meet the highway to “Areopolis/Gythion”, you turn right. Keep driving at low speed, observing for the sign to Drossopigi (Δροσοπηγή) village, on the left-hand side of the road. Turn left and\nsoon after that, as soon as you meet the sign (Δροσοπηγή) turn to the right following the sign, leading up to the mountaintop at the main square of the village where you park your car.\nSkoutari (Σκουτάρι-4 Km 7 min drive) fish tavern (Kalamakia/Καλαμάκια): Located on the sandy beach of Skoutari village serves inexpensive fish they catch with their own boat and Greek dishes. It is a nice place for having lunch after a bath in the crystal clear sea waters, of the Skoutari gulf. It is as well recommended for an evening drink or meal. Follow the road to Skoutari village out of Kalivia. Turn left at the first road you meet on your left-hand side. Follow the sign to “Kalamakia” parking. Park your car and walk on foot to the direction of the beach.\nKotronas (Κότρονας-15.5 Km 19 min drive) is a picturesque fishing port and small seaside resort on the edge of a bay. It is a lovely place by the sea, for a coffee or a drink. You even can have your dinner or lunch, at the fish tavern located on the main square of the village.\nDrive straight ahead, out of Kalivia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet the highway. Turn left, and keep following the road which leads you to “Kotronas” village.\nDo not miss “Helias” tavern in Karvellas (Καρβελάς-14.3 Km 19 min drive) village. Every Saturday serves baby spit- roast pork. Try as well “Makarounes” and “Siglino” with eggs, which are both traditional dishes of “Mani”.\nDrive straight ahead, out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet the national road (highway). Turn right in a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox church. Turn to the right. just follow the road at low speed looking for the sign to “Karvellas Panitsa” on your left-hand side at a turn of the road, Follow the road up to the village. You will meet the tavern a few meters before you turn right to meet the main village square, where you can park your car. Walk on foot down, to the direction of the tavern\nFish Taverna “Takis” Limeni village\nDriving down the slope of the mountain, “Limeni” (ΛΙΜΕΝΙ-19.8Km 25 min drive) suddenly appears inside a small cove with old stone houses hung on the Rocky hillside with cypress. The side of the sea with its deep blue colour is a unique landscape that you rarely meet elsewhere. The turquoise waters of the seashore are not salty because they are coming through subterranean flows from the rocks. It does worth to watch the sunset from “Takis” tavern. The superb fresh fish at this small restaurant in Limeni, the port of Areopoli, draws locals from as far away as “Kalamata”, so be sure to make a reservation if you want a seaside table. This is not the place to eat if you are squeamish about seeing fish prepared a few feet away from where you are eating. On the other hand, the seafood here is so good that you may find yourself coming back for a meal after meal while you are in Mani. The seafood's price is not cheap; be sure to ask for prices unless the price is not an issue.\nThe lobster “Diavolo” (lobster with spaghetti in a tangy sauce with green peppers) is among the memorable \"fancy\" dishes, but a plain grilled fish is equally delicious.\nDrive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη) Before entering the town turn right at the sign to “Limeni” on your right-hand side. Keep driving down till the sea level, before the last left turn of the road, leave the main road turning to the left\nGytheio: (Γύθειο-21.5km 24 min drive) Taverna “Saga”: This is a good traditional Taverna by the sea in Gytheio. There you can find fresh fish, octopus, calamari, (squids), and other fish dishes.\nDrive straight ahead, out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the right. Keep driving till this road becomes quite larger, with 2 lanes in each direction. Then drive slowly looking for a sign on your right hand, with direction to Gytheio. Gytheio is signed with two different directions. The one indicates straightforward drive while the other direction indicates turn to the right. Follow the first choice, driving straight forward. Entering the town of Gytheio, you continue driving down the road to the sea. Around the corner on the south side is the coastal road lined with fish taverns which end by the small island called Kranai”. Just opposite the small island “Kranai” park your car, and enjoy your food at the Taverna.\nIn Gytheio, you can find a variety of restaurants and taverns along the walk of the coastal road.\n“Areopolis” and mainly ¨Gytheion” are the nearest towns where you can find a variety of bars and coffee shops.\n”Paralia Skoutariou” (Παραλία Σκουτάρι 4 Km 7 min drive),\nis the nearest and most lovely sandy beach, just 4 minutes by car. It is there where “Kalamakia” fish tavern is located by the beach.”\nFollow the road to Skoutari village out of Kalyvia. Turn left at the first road you meet on your left-hand side. Follow the sign to “Kalamakia” parking. Park your car and walk on foot to the direction of the beach.\n”Paralia “Kamares”, (Παραλία Καμάρες-3.4 Km 8 min drive) is as well, close to the house, not more than 5 minutes by car, a sandy beach extended to 1.5Km long. Visiting that beach, it is recommended that you chose its upper end in “Kamares” village. Driving out of Kalyvia, turn right, down the road to the sea. Continue driving till you meet on your right-hand side, the old Stone Bridge. Turn right to the direction of the bridge. (Do not use the bridge). At the sign to “Kamares”, turn again right and follow this road until its end. Park your car and after swimming, you can choose between two local taverns for lunch.\nParalia “Vathy”, (Παραλία Βαθύ) 5.9Km 11 min. drive. It is a sandy beach nearby hotel “Belle Helene”. Turn right driving out of the village to the direction of “Vathy /Ageranos/Kamares”. Follow the road down to the sea, continue till you meet on your right-hand side the old stone bridge, (do not use the bridge). Turn right and follow the road to “Ageranos” village (without turning right to Kamares village). Once past “Ageranos” village, keep driving down the road. At your right is now “Belle Helene” hotel. Park your car, and pass through the hotel’s entrance to the beach.\n”Paganea” (Παγανέα-1.7 Km) seashore, is 2 min. drive from the cottage. This is a small port for fish boats. Leaving the entrance of the villa turn left, following down the road.\nAt the first turn to the right. Keep driving down till you meet the sea. Beyond “Paganea” seashore, within a distance of 3 minutes’ drive, there are two more picturesque little gulfs, 5 minutes away from each other, very quiet and calm, out of the crowds, for only a few admirers, ideal for those who seek tranquillity and isolation.\nLeaving the entrance of the villa turn left, following down the road. At the first roads cross keep driving straight ahead. Drive slowly since the road becomes narrow and difficult. Meeting the first choice to turn right drive till you meet the beach\n”Petalea” (Πετελέα 15.2 Km 18 min drive) beach: is located at “Mavrovouni (Μαυροβούνι) bay”, is a sandy beach organized with umbrellas, chaise long, coffee and bar service at the beach and a restaurant for those who want to have lunch after swimming.\nDrive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn right with a\ndirection to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the right. Keep driving till this road becomes quite larger, with 2 lanes in each direction. Then drive slowly looking for a sign with direction to Gytheio. Gytheio is signed with two different directions. The one indicates straightforward drive while the other direction indicates turn to the right. Follow the second choice, by turning right. Keep driving carefully since the road is an old one, and is full of turns right and left. When meeting the beginning of a straight road, turn right at the wooden sign indicating \"Petalea”. (Be careful so you will not miss the turn off the road). Keep driving to the sandy beach, where you park your car.\nUseful Telephone numbers:\n-Emergency Call 112\n-Doctors SOS 1016\n-Road assistance 10400 (ELPA)\n-Taxi Grafakos 0030 6944534282\n-Health Centre (ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ) is located in Gytheio town.\nTel: 0030 27330 22001 / 3.\nLeaving Kalyvia village drive straight forward following the road (without turning right or left), till you meet the highway. Turn right with direction to Gytheio. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine Orthodox Church, turn right. Keep following the signs to Gytheio town.\n-Sparta Hospital (Νοσοκομείο Σπάρτης) Tel 0030 27310 28671 / 5\nSouthern Mani peninsula\nFirst, stop Areopoli / «Αρεόπολη» (20,1Km south of Kalyvia village 24 min. drive) has an austere look and plenty of towers and churches. Its name (town of Ares, ancient God of war) was bestowed for its efforts in the war of independence. You can enjoy your coffee at the main square which is the centre of life in the town and a great place to watch people.\nThe town sights are plenty. Its narrow alleys and cobbled streets are\na photographer’s dream and, being a historic town, there are a number of places worth visiting. (Kapetanakis tower, Mavromihalis Tower museum, (four-storey tower), Church of Taxiarhon (17th century). Drive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church.Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” Αρεόπολη).\nDrive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn right in a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη) Following the map out of Areopolis, on the road to Diros caves (Σπήλαια Δυρού) (31 Km 39 min. drive). (Tel: 0030 733052222). They are among the most important natural sites in Greece and of great archaeological significance. The tour inside the cave is done with small gondolas.\nLeaving the “Diros Caves”, drive to “Gerolimenas” / «Γερολιμένας» (44.1Km 49 min.drive) picturesque small coastal village at the southern end of the Mani Peninsula, Τhe name, which means \"Old Harbor\", is thought to derive from the ancient \"Ιερός Λιμήν\" (Ieros Limen), meaning \"Sacred Harbor\" One of the remotest settlements in the Peloponnese, with pebbly beach, and fresh fish taverns. Do not miss to visit for a coffee, the hotel “Kirimai” which is the result of restored old store buildings, used at old times to cover the transportation needs of the port.\nVatheia (Greek: Βαθειά, Greek pronunciation: [Βάθεια], also Vathia52.6 Km 1 hour drive) is a little town in Laconia, Greece, on the Mani Peninsula. It is part of the municipal unit Oitylo. Rarely is such a beauty encountered: a traditional residential district of Manι, full of towers. Vathia has located 65 Km from Kalyvia village and it is one of the most dramatic villages in Mani. It is famous for its grand towers (Pyrgoi). Vatheia is situated in a hilly setting and is linked with the road running north to Areopoli and Kalamata and south to Cape Tenaro/Matapan. To the north, hills and mountains overlook the town. Farmland and sparse forest cover the valley areas. On the hilltops are abandoned homes, which are coloured with earth and topaz along with its rooftops which are like fortresses and were built out of the stone south of the place (Plateia). Modern buildings exist in the centre. Now Vatheia is a tourist attraction in spring because of its wildflowers that cover the nearby hills and its breathtaking views. Not far away from Vathia, the villages Lagia (17 Km) and Alika (4 Km) are worth a visit.\nThe seaside villages of Archangelos (81.8 Km 1 hour and thirty-eight min drive) and Plitra are peaceful fishing villages with many beauties, sheltered port and sandy beaches with crystal clear waters. Both are an ideal place for relaxing holidays all year round, sea sports and fishing.\nIn Plitra (74 Km 1 hour and 27 min. drive) was an ancient city that was destroyed by an earthquake in 375 AD.\nMonemvasia (Greek: Μονεμβασία 87.1 Km 1 hour and 42 min. drive), is a town and a municipality in Laconia, Greece. The town is located on a small peninsula off the east coast of the Peloponnese. The peninsula is linked to the mainland by a short causeway 200m in length. Its area consists mostly of a large plateau some 100 meters above sea level, up to 300m wide and 1 km long, the site of a powerful medieval fortress. The town walls and many Byzantine churches remain from the medieval period. The seat of the municipality is the town Molaoi.\nThe town's name derives from two Greek words, \"mone\" and\" emvasia\", meaning \"single entrance\". It's Italian form, Malvasia, gave its name to Malmsey wine. Monemvasia's nickname is the Gibraltar of the East or The Rock.\nThe town is built on the slope to the south-east of the rock, overlooking Palaia Monemvasia bay. Many of the streets are narrow and fit only for pedestrians. A small hamlet of about 10 houses lies to the northwest.\nThe town and fortress were founded in 583 by people seeking refuge from the Slavic and the Avaric invasion of Greece. A history of the invasion and occupation of the Peloponnese was recorded in the medieval Chronicle of Monemvasia.\nFrom the 10th century AD, the town developed into an important trade and maritime centre. The fortress withstood the Arab and Norman invasions in 1147; cornfields that fed up to 30 men were killed inside the fortress. William II of Villehardouin took it in 1248, on honourable terms, after three years of siege; in 1259 William was captured by the Greeks after the battle of Pelagonia and in 1262 it was retroceded to Michael VIII Palaiologos as part of William's ransom.\nIt remained part of the Byzantine Empire until 1460, becoming the seat of an imperial governor, a landing place for Byzantine operations against the Franks, the main port of shipment (if not always production) for Malmsey wine, and one of the most dangerous lairs of corsairs in the Levant. The Emperors gave it valuable privileges, attracting Roger de Lluria who sacked the lower town in 1292. The town welcomed the Catalan Company on its way eastward in 1302. In 1397 the Despot of the Morea, Theodore I Palaiologos, deposed the local dynasty of Monemvasia, who appealed to Sultan Bayezid I and was reinstated by Turkish troops. In 1419, the rock appears to have come into the possession of Venice, though it soon returned to the Despot. About 1401, the historian George Sphrantzes was born in the town. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Monemvasia held out against the threats of Sultan Mehmed II in 1458 and 1460 when it became the only remaining domain of the Despot of the Morea, Thomas Palaiologos, claimant of the Imperial throne. He had no forces to defend it; he offered it to the Sultan and finally sold it to the Pope.\nBy 1464 the inhabitants found the Pope's representative feeble and the Pope unable to protect them; they admitted a Venetian garrison. The town was fairly prosperous under Venetian rule until the peace of 1502-3, in which it lost its farmlands, the source of its food supply and of Malmsey wine. The food had to come by sea or from Turkish-held lands, and the cultivation of wine languished under Turkish rule. The rock was governed by the Venetians until the treaty of 1540, which cost the Republic Nauplia and Monemvasia, her last two possessions on mainland Greece. Those inhabitants who did not wish to live under Turkish rule were given lands elsewhere. The Ottomans then ruled the town until the brief Venetian recovery in 1690, then again from 1715 to 1821. It was known as \"Menekşe\" (\"Violet\" in Turkish) during Ottoman rule and was a sanjak (province) centre in the Morea Eyalet.\nThe commercial importance of the town continued until the Orlov Revolt (1770) in the Russo-Turkish War, which saw its importance declined severely.\nThe town was liberated from Ottoman rule on July 23, 1821, by Tzannetakis Grigorakis who entered the town with his private army during the Greek War of Independence.\nIn 1971, Monemvasia became linked with the rest of the outside world through a bridge on the western side that connects to GR-86.\nIn more recent history, the town has seen a resurgence in importance with increasing numbers of tourists visiting the site and the region. The medieval buildings have been restored, and many of them converted to hotels.\nMystras and Sparta on Mountain Taygetos\n(Μυστράς 59.8 Km 1 hour and 27 min.drive) the Byzantine city-state (59Km). Go on to the national road towards Gytheion, then, Sparta and Mystras.\nMystras occupies a steep foothill on the northern slopes of Mt. Taygetos, 5Km NW of Sparti. The castle on the top of the hill was founded in 1249 by the Frankish leader Wiliam Villeharduin. The whole of Mystras is an open-air museum, a reminder of the glorious era of power and culture.\n“Taygetos” or “Pentadactylos” is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese, stretching between the river Evrotas - Megalopolis and Messinia. The top of a height of 2407 meters and is called, “Prophet Helias”. It presents a wide variety of flora and fauna due to the large size of only 25 endemic species while a passage for migratory birds. On the slopes of Taygetos are numerous small villages with great local colour and operates at an altitude mountain resort 1,600 meters.\nClose to “Mystras” is “Trypi” village (ΤΡΥΠΙ 63.2 Km 1 hour and 10 min.drive).\nTrypi is a small village of almost 300 inhabitants. Its main attraction is the steep ravine of \"Kaiadas\", where the Spartans were said to abandon their weak and deformed infants as well as the criminals, traitors, and war prisoners. “Kaiadas” is a very scenic gorge and may result a bit frightening for those who are aware of this tradition.\nYou can find the Byzantine churches of “Agioi Theodoroi” and “Koimisi tis Theotokou” in “Trypi” as well as the abandoned monastery of “Agios “Ioannis Prodromos”. Have also in mind that Saint Nikon lived and taught in the area and visit his cave.\nApart from historical attractions, “Trypi” is surrounded by beautiful scenery. It has many streams, among which we find the springs of “Karvasaras” and “Vasiloneri”. If you love nature, there are many hiking trails and a climbing park in the “Laggada gorge”.\n”Trypi” also has some useful facilities. There are good restaurants with delicious local appetizers and traditional meals at moderate prices. It is recommended to experience Greek coffee prepared on the stove.\nOitylo - Stoupa\n”Oitylo” (Οίτυλο 23.2Km 28 min.drive) is located 31Km from Kalyvia and 11Km from Areopoli and it is the hub transport of the area. It is a traditional village with long history, situated on the place of the ancient city as mentioned by Homer. The church of Saint George and the Monastery of Dekoulon with frescoes since the 18th century are worth a visit.\nDrive straight ahead out of Kalyvia village. Follow the road without turning left or right, till you meet with the highway. Turn left with a direction to Gytheion. At the end of this road, just in front of you the Saint Constantine’s Orthodox Church. Turn to the left to the direction of “Areopoli” (Αρεόπολη). Before entering the town turn right at the sign to “Limeni” on your right-hand side. Keep driving down, following the road, and then up to the hill.\nSouth of “Stoupa” (Σούπα 50.5 Km 51 min.drive) on the coast is the picturesque fishing village of “Agios Nikolaos”(47.8 Km 47 min.drive) / «Αγιος Νικόλαος» (4Km from Stoupa) still often called by its older Slavic name, “Selinitsa”. There are three exits off the main road to the coastal road that links Selinitsa to and “Trahila”. Alternatively, there is a gentle coastal path from Stoupa which takes less than an hour on foot (see the maps of both villages, where the walk starts and finishes – you cannot get lost in between). Life is centred on the harbour- a great place to sit, eat and drink while watching the boats coming and going. In the summer, the road is closed to vehicles, as taverns make use of the space to put tables and chairs right on the water’s edge. The beach is roughly a kilometre further south; about a 10-15-minute walk.\nTo reach the place, just follow the direction to “Areopoli” - “Limeni” - “Itilo” - “Agios Nikolaos”, then Stoupa.\n“Elafonissos” is a very small island, just 19 square km on the southern eastern Tip of Peloponnese.\nThe distance from the mainland is a mere 570 meters of crystal clear water on top of the thin white sand. (22 nautical miles, far away from Gytheio). There is a boat sailing to the island three times a week from the port of Gytheio.\n“Kithira” island in a distance of 35 km from\n“GYTHION”. The same boat sailing from Gythio to Elafonissos reach the port of Kythira three times a week from the port of “Gytheion”.\nCythera (Greek: Κύθηρα), also transliterated Kythera, Kythira,\nKithira. The Italian Cerigo can be used in speaking of late medieval and early modern Cythera.) is an island in Greece, once part of the Ionian Islands. It lies opposite the South-eastern tip of the\nPeloponnese peninsula. In Ancient Greek mythology, Kythira was considered to be the island of celestial Aphrodite, the Goddess of love, (cf. Cyprus, the island of Astarte, the Goddess of Love).\nSince the late 20th century, the Kythirean economy has largely focused on tourism, and in the process, has become dependent this provides the majority of the island’s income, despite the fact that Kythira is not one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece. The popular season usually begins with the Greek holiday of Pentecost at the end of May and lasts until the middle of September. During this time, primarily during August, the island's population will often triple due to the tourists and natives returning for the vacation. The largest villages are Potamos, Agia Pelagia, Chora (The capital of the island), Ano livadi, Kalamos, and Livadi\nΕπίδαυρος, Epidavros-213 Km 3 hours and 20 min. drive) was a small city (polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros (Επίδαυρος): Palaia Epidavros and Nea Epidavros. Since 2010, they belong to the new municipality of Epidavros, part of the regional unit of Argolis. The seat of the municipality is the town Asklipieio.\nEpidaurus was not independent of Argos and not included in Argolis until the time of the Romans. With its supporting territory, it formed the small territory called Epidauria. Reputed to be the birthplace of Apollo's son Asclepius, the healer, Epidaurus was known for its sanctuary situated about five miles (8 km) from the town, as well as its theatre, which is once again in use today. The cult of Asclepius at Epidaurus is attested in the 6th century BC when the older hill-top sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas was no longer spacious enough.\nThe \"Asclepieion\" at Epidaurus was the most celebrated healing centre of the Classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the right cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the enkoimeteria, a big sleeping hall. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health. Found in the sanctuary, there was a guest house for 160 guestrooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity which may have been used in healing.\nAsclepius, the most important healer god of antiquity, brought prosperity to the sanctuary, which in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC embarked on an ambitious building program for enlarging and reconstruction of monumental buildings. Fame and prosperity continued throughout the Hellenistic period. In 87 BC the sanctuary was looted by the Roman general Sulla, and in 67 BC, it was plundered by pirates. In the 2nd century AD, the sanctuary enjoyed a new upsurge under the Romans, but in AD 395 the Goths raided the sanctuary.\nEven after the introduction of Christianity and the silencing of the oracles, the sanctuary at Epidaurus was still known as late as the mid 5th century, although as a Christian healing centre.\nThe prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theatre was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view of a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people.\nThe theatre is marvelled for its exceptional acoustics, which permits almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or skênê to all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seating (see Ref., in Greek). Famously, tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of a match struck at centre-stage. A 2007 study by Nico F. Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology indicates that the astonishing acoustic properties are the result of the advanced design: The rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and amplify high-frequency sounds from the stage.\nOlympia (Greek: Ολυμπία Olympía 206Km 3 hours and 8 min. drive), a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history.\nThe Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.\nOlympia among the main Greek sanctuaries\nThe sanctuary, known as the Altis, consists of an unordered arrangement of various buildings. Enclosed within the temenos (sacred enclosure) are the Temple of Hera (or Heraion/Heraeum) and Temple of Zeus, the Pelopion and the area of the altar, where the sacrifices were made. The Hippodrome and later stadium were also to the east.\nTo the north of the sanctuary can be found the Prytaneion and the Philippeion, as well as the array of treasuries, representing the various city-states. The Metroon lies to the south of these treasuries, with the Echo Stoa to the East. To the south of the sanctuary is the South Stoa and the Bouleuterion, whereas the Westside houses the Palaestra, the workshop of Pheidias, the Gymnasion and the Leonidaion.\nOlympia is also known for the gigantic ivory and gold statue of Zeus that used to stand there, sculpted by Pheidias, which was named one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Antipater of Sidon. Very close to the Temple of Zeus which housed this statue, the studio of Pheidias was excavated in the 1950s. Evidence found there, such as sculptor's tools, corroborates this opinion. The ancient ruins sit north of the Alfeios River and Mount Kronos (named after the Greek deity Kronos). The Kladeos, a tributary of the Alfeios, flows around the area. It is located in the part of Greece which is called Peloponnese. In Ancient Greece, Olympia was sacred ground to the Greeks.\nFor a history of the Olympic Games, see Olympic Games or Ancient Olympic Games.\nRemains of food and burnt offerings dating back to the 10th century BC give evidence of a long history of religious activity at the site. No buildings have survived from this earliest period of use. Also, the charred remains of a Homo Heidelbergensis body were found at Olympia.\nGeometric and Archaic periods\nRuins of the Temple of Hera\nThe first Olympic festival was organized on the site by the authorities of Elis in the 8th century BC – with the tradition dating the first games at 776 BC. Major changes were made to the site around 700 BC, including levelling land and digging new wells. Elis' power diminished and at the beginning of the 7th century BC, the sanctuary fell into the hands of the Pisatans in 676 BC. The Pisatans organized the games until the late 7th century BC.\nThe earliest evidence of building activity on the site dates from around 600 BC. At this time, the Skiloudians, allies of the Pistans, built the Temple of Hera. The Treasuries and the Pelopion were built during the course of the 6th century BC. The secular structures and athletic arenas were also under construction during this period including the Bouleuterion. The first stadium was constructed around 560 BC, it consisted of just a simple track. The stadium was remodelled around 500 BC with sloping sides for spectators and shifted slightly to the east. Over the course of the 6th century BC, a range of sports was added to the Olympic festival. In 580 BC, Elis, in alliance with Sparta, occupied Pisa and regained the control over the sanctuary.\nThe classical period, between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, was the golden age of the site at Olympia. A wide range of new religious and secular buildings and structures were constructed.\nThe Temple of Zeus was built in the middle of the 5th century BC. Its size, scale and ornamentation were beyond anything previously constructed on the site. Further sporting facilities, including the final iteration of the stadium, and the Hippodrome (for chariot-racing) were constructed. The Prytaneion was built at the north-west side of the site in 470 BC.\nIn the late classical period, further structures were added to the site. The Metroon was constructed near the Treasuries c.400 BC. The erection of the Echo Stoa, around 350, separated off the sanctuary from the area of the games and stadium. The South Stoa was built BC at the southern edge of the sanctuary at approximately the same time.\nRuins of the Philippeion\nThe late 4th century BC saw the erection of the Philippeion. Around 300 BC the largest building on the site, the Leonidaion, was constructed to house important visitors. Due to the increasing importance of the games, further athletic buildings were constructed including the Palaestra (3rd century BC), Gymnasion (2nd century BC) and bathhouses (c.300 BC). Finally, in 200 BC, a vaulted archway was erected linking the entrance of the stadium to the sanctuary.\nDuring the Roman period, the games were opened up to all citizens of the Roman Empire. A programme of extensive repairs, including to the Temple of Zeus, and new building, took place. In 150 AD, the Nympheum (or Exedra) was built. New baths replaced the older Greek examples in 100 AD and an aqueduct constructed in 160 AD.\nThe 3rd century saw the site suffer heavy damage from a series of earthquakes. Invading tribes in 267 AD led to the centre of the site being fortified with robbed material from its monuments. Despite the destruction, the Olympic festival continued to be held at the site until the last Olympiad in 393 AD, after which a decree from the Christian emperor, Theodosius I implemented a ban. Apparently, the Temple of Zeus was destroyed around 426 AD following an edict by Theodosius II enforcing the ban on pagan festivals. The workshop of Pheidias was turned into a Basilica and the site was inhabited by a Christian community. Olympia seems to have prospered during the 5th century AD until Justinian's plague and two Earthquakes devastated it by the mid-6th century. Repeated floods ensured that the settlement was finally abandoned altogether in the early 7th Century. Archaeological evidence suggests that small-scale Olympic events (possibly in Christian guise) were still being secretly held until an earthquake in AD 551 finally destroyed the place of worship, burying it under mud and debris.\nDiscovery and early excavations\nOver time, the site was buried under alluvial deposits, up to 8 meters deep, long thought to be the result of river flooding. Modern research hypothesizes instead—based on the presence of mollusc and gastropod shells and foraminifera— that the site was buried by ocean waters resulting from repeated tsunamis.\nThe exact site was re-discovered in 1766 by the English antiquarian Richard Chandler. The first excavation of the sanctuary at Olympia was not carried out until 1829, by the French \"Expedition Scientifique de Moree\".\nSince the 1870s, the excavation and preservation of Ancient Olympia have been the responsibility of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. The first major excavation of Olympia began in 1875, funded by the German government after negotiation of exclusive access by Ernst Curtius. Other archaeologists responsible for the dig were Gustav Hirschfeld, George Treu, Adolf Furtwängler (who worked alongside architects), A. Boetticher, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, and Richard Borrmann. They excavated the central part of the sanctuary including the Temple of Zeus, Temple of Hera, Metroon, Bouleuterion, Philipeion, Echo Stoa, Treasuries and Palaestra. Important finds included sculptures from the Temple of Zeus, the Nike of Paeonius, the Hermes of Praxiteles and many bronzes. In total 14,000 objects were recorded. The finds were displayed in a museum on the site.\nThe excavation was continued in a more limited way by Dörpfeld between 1908 and 1929, but a new systematic excavation was begun in 1936 on the occasion of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin under Emil Kunze and Hans Schleif. Their excavation focus was on the area to the south of the stadium, the South Stoa, bath complex and gymnasion.\n1950 to present\nBetween 1952 and 1966, Kunze and Schleil continued the excavation joined by architect Alfred Mallwitz. They excavated Pheidias' workshop, the Leonidaion and the north wall of the stadium. They also excavated the southeast section of the sanctuary and out of approximately 140 debris pits found many bronze and ceramic objects along with terracotta roof tiles.\nMallwitz took charge of the excavations between 1972 and 1984 revealing important dating evidence for the stadium, graves, and the location of the Prytaneion. From 1984 to 1996, Helmut Kyrieleis took over the site and the focus shifted to the earlier history of the sanctuary with the excavation of the Prytaneion and Pelopion.\nThe Olympic flame of the modern-day Olympic Games is lit by the reflection of sunlight in a parabolic mirror in front of the Temple of Hera and then transported by a torch to the place where the games are held. When the modern Olympics came to Athens in 2004, the men's and women's shot put competition was held at the restored Olympia stadium.\nThe town has a train station and is the easternmost terminus of the line of Olympia-Pyrgos (Ilia). The train station with the freight yard to its west is located about 300 m east of the town centre. It is linked by GR-74, and the new road was opened in the 1980s; the next stretch N and NE of Olympia opened in 2005. The distance from Pyrgos is 20 km (12 mi), about 50 km (31 mi) SW of Lampeia, W of Tripoli and Arcadia and 4 km (2 mi) north of Krestena and N of Kyparissia and Messenia. The highway passes north of the ancient ruins. A reservoir is located 2 km (1 mi) southwest, damming up the Alfeios River. The area is hilly and mountainous; most of the area within Olympia is forested.\nPanagiotis Kondylis, one of the most prominent modern Greek thinkers and philosophers, was born and raised in Olympia. When Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the International Olympic Committee, died in 1937, a monument to him was erected at ancient Olympia. Emulating Evangelis Zappas, whose head is buried under a statue in front of the Zappeion, his heart was buried at the monument.\nRate periods unavailable. Questions?Send Inquiry\n|Other Charge Type||Price||Charge Type|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lvmh.ru/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B/moet-hennessy-strengthens-its-global-portfolio-of-exceptional-wines-with-the-acquisition-of-joseph-phelps-vineyards-one-of-the-most-respected-and-acclaimed-wine-properties-of-the-napa-valley-in-calif/", "date": "2024-04-15T06:01:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816942.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415045222-20240415075222-00806.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9423004984855652, "token_count": 612, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__109795077", "lang": "en", "text": "Moët Hennessy, the world leading luxury wines and spirits division of LVMH, is pleased to announce the addition of Joseph Phelps Vineyards to its portfolio. This acquisition follows Moët Hennessy’s development strategy, which aims to satisfy its consumers and distribution partners’ aspirations with an increasingly diversified and comprehensive portfolio, adding Houses with strong values of excellence, craftsmanship and heritage.\nFounded by Joseph Phelps in 1973, the Napa and Sonoma-based wine collection is one of the most respected and acclaimed in the United States. It has made its way to the best tables and cellars across the country, and its legendary Insignia, a Bordeaux-style Napa-grown blend, is considered one of the most sought-after and desirable fine wines in the world.\nMoët Hennessy plans to build on the admirable legacy established by Joseph Phelps, his children and grandchildren, maintaining the shared values of quality, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship and a focus on sustainability.\nAfter the closing of the acquisition, the entirety of the Joseph Phelps collection of exceptional Napa and Sonoma Valley wines will be welcomed by Moët Hennessy’s customers, alongside its outstanding multi-centennial Champagnes and its growing offer of exceptional still wines from Europe and the New World.\nPhilippe Schaus, Chairman and CEO of Moët Hennessy declares: «We are delighted and very proud to welcome Joseph Phelps Vineyards to our portfolio of luxury wines and spirits. Through the combination of the wonderful vineyards of Joseph Phelps, the unrivalled experience and excellence of the Joseph Phelps team, and the support of our global distribution organization and unique expertise with premium, family-owned brands, we will continue the wonderful journey initiated by the founder fifty years ago and pursued by his heirs today. Joseph Phelps has been to the Napa Valley what Nicolas Ruinart, Joseph Krug and Claude Moët were to the Champagne region, and likewise we will continue to develop this new House in the respect of the founder’s heritage and vision.”\nThe Phelps Family commented, “Our father founded Joseph Phelps Vineyards in 1973 with a passion for innovation, an unwavering commitment to quality, and joie de vivre. Nearly 50 years later, we’re proud to have grown from a 600-acre cattle ranch and early pioneer of the Napa Valley to a critically acclaimed and internationally known producer of iconic wines. As we plan for the next 50 years, we believe that passing the care of this crown jewel of the Napa Valley and Sonoma Coast to Moët Hennessy will build on our family’s legacy well into the future. During our discussions with Moët Hennessy, it was abundantly clear that they value and embrace all of our brilliant and dedicated team members and, most importantly, are committed to ensuring that our founding mission and values remain at the heart of Joseph Phelps Vineyards.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.toquaht.ca/our-culture/", "date": "2023-12-03T03:16:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100484.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203030948-20231203060948-00476.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9757803082466125, "token_count": 667, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__281461803", "lang": "en", "text": "The Toquaht are the people of Toquaht Bay, Mayne Bay and western Barkley Sound, and are one of the Nuu-chah-nulth Nations who have lived along Vancouver Island’s west coast for over 10,000 years. As marine peoples, the Toquaht have always lived in respectful harmony with the sea and coastal environment. Our main summer village was Du Quah, situated at the mouth of Ucluelet Inlet, which was a strategic defence position.\nLike other Nuu-chah-nulth communities the Toquaht Nation’s cultural focus was on whaling, but we were also hunters and gatherers. Salmon was foremost in fishing, along with sea mammals and shellfish.\n“The whale hunters used to come from this area and they sited here in Macoah. There was a village here….and that was very important because of a big waterfall. This is where Chief Bert Mack and I lived. In the winter times, [you can get] winter springs. They were so plentiful because the small herring would come over here. All around, no matter where you are from, you can live year round on fish… there are fish all around us. If you want clams, it’s over here so there’s no shortage of anything at all. If you wanted some deer you could go up the river and there they were. That is why I always say water is very important whether you are an animal or you’re a human being. So I mentioned we have our cleansing areas. We have our waterfalls which are meaningful and have a great history to them.”\n– Archie Thompson (1923-2009)\nThe Toquaht people relied heavily on red and yellow cedar. It was used to house and clothe the population. Large canoes were carved for whaling and fishing, as well as moving the community from one village site to another at different times of the year. Cedar was also used in basket weaving and box making to store everything from personal possessions to food and hunting gear. Planks were pulled off living cedars for house construction. Cedar bark was used in making clothing and mats for house floors. Berries, shoots and camus bulbs were gathered in the spring and summer.\nHaving been greatly impacted by disease and warfare throughout the 19th century, the Toquaht Nation is now one of the smallest of the Nuu-chah-nulth Nations. Despite our small size, we have been a leader within the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council and the Central Region First Nations through active political leadership, business initiatives, cultural events, and as a proponent of the Maa-nulth First Nations Final Agreement. Implemented on April 1, 2011, it is the second treaty to be implemented under the BC treaty process.\nAbout 40 people live in the Toquaht Nation’s main community of Macoah, which is accessible off Highway 4 along Kennedy Lake. The rest of the citizens live in Ucluelet, Port Alberni and other cities along the coast. The Nation has about 175 citizens in total.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://debbieherd.blogspot.com/2011/09/buy-nothing-new-month-october-2011.html?showComment=1347406486007", "date": "2019-01-16T22:07:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657907.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116215800-20190117001800-00561.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9932876825332642, "token_count": 1360, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__15338552", "lang": "en", "text": "Friday, September 23, 2011\n'BUY NOTHING NEW MONTH' OCTOBER 2011\nI spent a wonderful afternoon last Sunday out at what was originally my Great Grandparents farm. My Great Grandparents migrated to Australia from Paisley in Scotland in 1854 and were a pioneering family and the first people to take up the land when the first allotments were sold off to the settlers. Two of my cousins were at the farm, so I was able to scan my Grandmothers hand written cook book as it is still kept in the kitchen drawer with the tea towels. The same place it has been for most of my life. Grandma had a new kitchen built around 1966 when the house was renovated and electricity was first connected. Before that Grandma had a small kitchen off the veranda and the breakfast room as it was called, a large room with a big open fireplace where Grandma cooked in pots that hung from iron chains. The room also had a large table where the family ate and an old fashioned rocking chair that Grandma sat by the fire in. An old clock ticked away on the mantelpiece and the old miner’s couch that sat at one end of the table had one arm worn flat where the kids climbed over it to get to the table to eat. My Grandmother had seven children over a period of 25 years and with no modern conveniences, I doubt that Grandma had a lot of spare time to sit when the family was all at home. Like many people who lived with little money to spend, most thing were reused and the cook book had apparently been used before as it had 'sheep book' hand written on the cover, then the year 1957, two years before I was born. Grandma Herd was born on the 4th April 1890 and died just before what would have been her 87th birthday in 1977 when I was 17 and was the only grandparent that I ever really got to know as the others had all passed away before I began school. Grandma was a tiny woman and none of the grandchildren were very old before we were as tall as her. Like most other women of her era, Grandma had little education and I am not certain if she received her ' Merit Certificate' But she was incredibly well informed about world and local happenings, had an amazing memory that she was well known for, and crossword puzzles, the larger and more difficult were her favorites. A dictionary sat beside her chair and was so well worn that it was held together with a fowler’s vacola rubber band. You were frowned upon if you gave her recycled magazines that someone else had begun the crossword in! It is difficult to imagine what her life was like as she had never ventured more than a 50 km radius from where she was born. My father commented often that his mother was a fabulous cook as she could make a family meal out of nothing. Because that is what they had some times, meaning very little. Grandma would go up into the sheep yards and pick stinging nettles to cook if they were the only available green vegetable. My father's youngest brother never married and returned home to the farm during the Second World War and lived there for the rest of his life. The original part of the house, three bedrooms and the lounge room was built out of mud brick in1907. The timber for the house was sourced locally and the door jams, skirting boards, architrave's and window frames were all hand cut using an adze. The trendy term now would be a \"hand made\" house. My uncle along with all of the rest of the family was a very simple type of person. Consumerism did not run in this family. Uncle Mac had about three changes of clothes, a pair of pajamas reserved for hospital stays and a suit to wear to funerals and not one other possession to his name that he did not need, use, or had not been passed down to him from his parents. The only changes in the original interior of the house apart from the electricity were that all of the rooms except Grandma's bedroom were re wallpapered in the 1930's. Four of the seven children were born in the that room, delivered by Grandmother's mother Julia, who acted as the local midwife.\nIn 2002 I took this photo of my son Coen standing in front of Grandmas bed, the bed that my father had been born in 90 years before. My cousin Yvonne commented to me after Uncle Mac passed away, how little there was in the house and that the kitchen dresser's bottom cupboards was only full of old washed jam jars, ready to be reused. Which by the way I am now using when I make jam. My oldest cousin Lindsay has celebrated his 80th birthday and I am the second youngest. We are blessed that as a family we can return to our Grandparents house and nothing much has changed, it is always the same as we remember it. Daniel Thomas in the catalogue of drawings by the artist Grace Cossington Smith says of ‘Cossington’, the artists family home ' The artist's own house, which like any long-inhabited home, had become a tribal sacred site for Smith family memories.' To the Herd family this farm and house are definitely our 'tribal sacred site'\nThis is a photo of my Grandmother sitting on the gate at the side of the house. I am not certain how old she would have been at the time but her oldest son was born just before the house was finished in 1907. The gate is still there and Rod was doing some welding on it to fix some problem with it while I was there on Sunday.\nI took this photo of Coen down at the original orchard that my Great Grandparents had planted, and earned a living from. Coen is wearing a jumper that I knitted for him. I bought a cream coloured hand knitted jumper at an op shop for 50cents and un pulled it and dyed the wool to recycle into the jumper for him. It is amazing really how the world changed in the years after the Second World War. Manufacturing and consumerism rule now. Yvonne, Julia and I all agreed on Sunday that we were born at the wrong time, life for our parents was much simpler, there was more of a sense of community and having less is actually a LOT MORE!\nI noticed after I scanned these photos that the bed on the scanner must have some of the flour that fell out of Grandma’s cook book onto it still. Somehow I think that it is nice to just leave the photos how they are.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.northstarsheepfarm.com/fiber", "date": "2019-09-17T16:54:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00418.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9518032073974609, "token_count": 140, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__92412049", "lang": "en", "text": "Our Sustainable Farming Philosophy Delivers Natural, Maine-Made Yarn\nAll our wool is shipped to Bartlett Yarns in Harmony, Maine where it is turned into some of the best yarn you can buy.\nThe vintage woolen mill sits on Higgins Stream and holds the last remaining working spinning mule in the United States. It was founded in 1821 with the original spinnery being powered by an undershot water wheel. This was eventually replaced by a water turbine and then converted to electricity.\nBartlett Yarn's vintage machinery is some of the last of its kind in the USA.\nWatch the video below for more about our partnership with Bartlett Yarns.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://swbv.ca/portfolio/gasson-hall-boston-college/", "date": "2024-03-04T21:36:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00317.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9764515161514282, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__186984814", "lang": "en", "text": "Built in 1909 in the heart of Boston College, Gasson Hall had developed problems with its aging masonry: cracks, chipping of the cast stone, crumbling mortar and general wear and tear had degraded the structure and its appearance.\nThis century building needed major restoration, planned over six years, starting with disassembly, piece by piece, of the top of the tower and followed by reconstruction of the spires.\nMore than 3 000 pieces were removed from the building, identified, designed, then sent to the BPDL plant. New wet cast concrete components were fabricated to the highest quality standards and sent back to the jobsite for installation. The restoration of Gasson Hall was one of the largest restoration projects in North America.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://arealamericanbook.com/tag/tour-of-duty/", "date": "2023-02-09T13:06:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00351.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9787300825119019, "token_count": 921, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__68998605", "lang": "en", "text": "In our last episode, Tim and his brother Kevin bought G.I. Joe issue #94!\nPart one of the NINJA COMMANDO’s spotlight reveals more about Snake-Eyes’ origin, and how he first crossed paths with the Baroness, and why she holds a grudge. (Played out in general that she’s on the Cobra side and he’s a Joe, and specifically that she goes after him in Switzerland while he’s anesthetized.) The flashback is Saigon, 1968. And Vietnam was of interest for me. Why?\nMy father subscribed to several military magazines, and those sat on our coffee table next to hardcover books on jets, and near novels and histories like God is My Co-Pilot, Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, and Time Life’s WWII set. And while Dad was more interested in The Second World War than Vietnam, the latter was still fresh on the minds of many Americans. Saigon fell just two months after my brother was born. The Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial, “The Wall,” was dedicated the same year Real American Hero debuted. And President Reagan’s rebuilding of the Armed Forces was still palpable. Mom worked for Senator Dodd. Dad worked for NASA. Neither of those related to Vietnam, the place or the war, but as an “inside the Beltway” family the TV news was on every night for two hours, so though we didn’t have anyone in the family serving in the military, we were aware of it.\nThe Vietnam War, or I guess The Vietnam Conflict, since America still doesn’t technically consider it a war (if my 12th grade history serves me), was recent. Americans were coming to terms with it. College classes were now being taught on it. Stone’s Platoon and Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket were earning box office dollars and winning accolades. At the same time, CBS was running a great TV series called Tour of Duty. This show only lasted for three years, and had the unfortunate timeslot of Saturdays at 10pm. (Not quite the kiss of death that it would be now, but still not great.) (This meant I would watch “The Golden Girls” with my mom at 8, Tour of Duty at 10 with my brother and father, and PBS’s broadcast of the BBC Robin Hood at 11. [Yes, I watched The Golden Girls because it was a well-written, well-acted, funny show.]\nTour of Duty was an hour long drama about the regular soldiers of Company B serving in Vietnam. Season 1 was filmed in Hawaii, so it looked great, and benefited from writing that portrayed the ups and downs, and the shades of grey the average Army grunt experienced in country. That this show came along when G.I. Joe was in full bloom, combined with my brother and father’s interest in war history and military armament, was a coincidence. But it only enhanced our appreciation of the military themes in G.I. Joe.\nThe show lasted three years, and was about as gritty as the accepted standards of the time. It was violent, but not overly so, and the violence was tastefully done. This was before TV ratings, back when a “Parental Discretion is Advised” disclaimer was rare, and a big deal. (The show didn’t have it. ABC’s 1989 broadcast of Robocop did, for comparison. And that was quite edited from the theatrical cut.) More importantly, Tour of Duty dealt with racism, ethnic divisions, moral ambiguity and the fog of war, and the hopelessness of the day-in, day-out slog. It, like G.I. Joe, was told from the grunt’s point of view. There were no cutaways to the White House, the Pentagon, or the Paris Peace Talks.\nSo with all this swirling around in the cultural ether — TV shows and movies and government — it was quite exciting when Marvel’s G.I. Joe veered into Vietnam via flashback.\nMoreso, those three months of checking the spinner racks at the Montgomery Mall Waldenbooks, where we went from G.I. Joe issues 90 to 92, and then to 94, offered something even more focused: An entire comic book series about Vietnam.\nWhat was it called? Tune in next week to find out!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.woodbridgeglassva.com/about-us", "date": "2018-03-22T15:19:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647892.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322151300-20180322171300-00688.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9560943841934204, "token_count": 100, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__249605606", "lang": "en", "text": "Located in Woodbridge, Virginia\n, Woodbridge Glass Company\nwas founded by Edward and Elmetta Nethercutt in 1964. A veteran of WWII, Edward Nethercutt has always cherished hard-work and family and has incorporated these values into his business. Family owned and operated, Woodbridge Glass Company has grown from a small glass shop\nto a major contributor for local residential and commercial needs.\nContact us at 703-494-5181\nand speak with one of our specialists.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://federalcircuithistoricalsociety.org/journal_vol3.html", "date": "2020-02-28T12:39:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147154.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228104413-20200228134413-00409.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9558730721473694, "token_count": 884, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__71439237", "lang": "en", "text": "Volume 3, 2009\nIn this third issue of the Journal, the Society celebrates the life and contributions of Judge Giles S. Rich on the tenth anniversary of his passing. One of the nation's most enduring and accomplished jurist, Judge Rich rendered unparalleled service to the development of the U.S. patent law both during his private practice career and in his work on the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (\"CCPA\") and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. He was one of the Judiciary's leading intellectual lights, and we remember him with respect, admiration and fondness in this Journal issue.\nPhil Swain, former law clerk to Judge Rich, and the Society's immediate past-President, undertook the editing role for this issue of the Journal, managing the collection of original papers and reprinted articles, speeches, and tributes, and providing a biography. Through this biography, we learn about the person, Giles Sutherland Rich, and begin to get an understanding of the stellar lawyer and judge he became. Rounding out this look into the personal side, Judge Rich's daughter, Verity Rich Hallinan, and niece, Eleanor Van Staagen Mitchell, have provided their reflections on this beloved family man.\nJudge Rich famously played a major role in the enactment of the 1952 codification of the patent law. The 1952 Act is the statutory foundation for the jurisprudence in that field through the last half of the twentieth century and still today. He was trained in the patent law and practiced in the field before his appointment to the CCPA in 1956. He was the first patent lawyer to serve as a judge on that court. Three years later, a second patent lawyer, Arther M. Smith, was added to the CCPA. Lynn Eccleston and Hal Wegner present a study of the impact on the patent law development under the 1952 Act during the \"Rich-Smith Years of the CCPA,\" the period from 1959, when Judge Smith joined the court, until his death in 1968.\nThe writings of Judge Rich that Phil Swain selected for this issue begin with the rare publication of a 1929 primer he wrote on “Patent Law and Procedure.” We are honored to have an introduction to this document by Federal Circuit Judge Alan D. Lourie, and it is a fitting lead-in to the collection presented here, which additionally includes commentaries on the patent law written by Judge Rich in 1936, 1970, and as late as 1998.\nAs a preface to the selection of speeches, Dale L. Carlson, Historian and President-Elect of the New York Intellectual Patent Law Association, notes Judge Rich’s long association with the New York patent bar. Representative speeches included here span a long period of time, starting in 1952, when Judge Rich addressed the New York Patent Law Association on the Patent Act passed that year.\nMany people have paid tribute to Judge Rich. We have included a transcript of the Special Session of the Federal Circuit held in 1999, which highlights the high regard and affection in which he was held, as well as the personal remarks of Senator Orrin Hatch and Federal Circuit Judge Pauline Newman. In “Turing the Corner,” “Remembrances and Memorial,” and “A Rich Legacy,” former law clerks John Witherspoon, Neil Smith and Janice Mueller, respectively, all of whom went on to have prestigious careers in their own rights, recall their personal experiences, impressions and lessons learned as a result of having Judge Rich as their mentor. Through all these tributes and remembrances, we come to better appreciate the force of the figure celebrated in these pages.\nFor additional information, please contact Maria Mirra at firstname.lastname@example.org.\nCurrent members of the Federal Circuit Historical Society will receive a free copy of the Journal and additional copies may be obtained for $25.00 at:\nPayment Options: (1) PayPal (below); or (2) Check, payable to The Federal Circuit Historical Society, mailed to the following address:\nGeorge E. Hutchinson\nThe Federal Circuit Historical Society\nc/o Finnegan Henderson\n901 New York Avenue, N.W.\nWashington, DC 20001-4413\nClick here to become a member.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.tslha.org/about-the-34th-infantry", "date": "2023-12-09T15:33:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100912.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209134916-20231209164916-00419.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.955315887928009, "token_count": 1649, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__316098369", "lang": "en", "text": "Attack, Attack, Attack\nAs the potential of U.S. involvement in World War II became more evident, initial steps were taken to prepare troops what for lay ahead through \"precautionary training.\" The 34th was deemed one of the most service-ready units, and Ellard A. Walsh was promoted to major general in June 1940, and then succeeded to division commander in August.\nThe 34th was subsequently activated on 10 February 1941, with troops from North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. The division was transported by rail and truck convoys to the newly constructed Camp Claiborne in Rapides Parish, Louisiana near Alexandria.\nThe soldiers started rigorous training including maneuvers in Alexandria starting 7 April 1941. The 34th then participated in what became known as the Louisiana Maneuvers and became a well-disciplined, high spirited, and well prepared unit. In the early phase of the maneuvers, General Walsh, became too ill to continue in command and was replaced by Major General Russell P. Hartle on 5 August 1941.\nOn 8 January 1942, the 34th Division was transported by train to Fort Dix, New Jersey to quickly prepare for overseas movement. The first contingent embarked at Brooklyn on 14 January 1942 and sailed from New York the next day. The initial group of 4,508 men stepped ashore at 12:15 hrs on 26 January 1942 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.  While in Northern Ireland, Hartle was tasked with organizing an American version of the British Commandos. During this organizational period, a unit of U.S. Army Rangers and the 168th Commandos were formed.\nOn 20 May 1942, Hartle was designated commanding general of V Corps and Major General Charles Ryder, took command of the 34th. The division continued training in Northern Ireland and Scotland until it boarded ships to travel to North Africa for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, in November 1942.\nThe 34th saw its first combat in French Algeria on 8 November 1942. As a member of the Eastern Task Force, they landed at Algiers and seized the port and outlying airfields. Elements of the 34th took part in numerous subsequent engagements in Tunisia, notably at Sened Station, Sidi Bou Zid and Faid Pass, Sbeitla, and Fondouk Gap.  In April 1943 the 34th assaulted Hill 609, capturing it on 1 May 1943, and then drove through Chouigui Pass to Tebourba and Ferryville. The Battle of Tunisia was won, and the Axis forces surrendered.\nThe 34th now stationed in Oran, trained intensively for the invasion of the Italian mainland, with the main landings being at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September 1943, D-Day. The 151st Field Artillery Battalion went in on D-Day, 9 September, landing at Salerno, while the rest of the division followed on 25 September. Engaging the enemy at the Calore River, 28 September, the 34th, as part of the VI Corps, relentlessly drove north to take Benevento, crossed the winding Volturno three times in October and November, assaulted Monte Patano, and took one of its four peaks before being relieved on 9 December.\nIn January 1944, the 34th was back on the front line battering the Bernhardt Line defenses fighting along the Mignano Gap.  The 34th took Monte Trocchio as the German defenders withdrew to the main prepared defenses of the Gustav Line. On 24 January 1944, during the First Battle of Monte Cassino they pushed across the Gari River into the hills behind and attacked Monastery Hill. The performance of the 34th Infantry Division in the mountains has been called one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war.\nThe unit sustained losses of about 80 percent in the infantry battalions. They were relieved from their positions 11–13 February 1944. Eventually, it took the combined force of five Allied infantry divisions to finish what the 34th nearly accomplished on its own.\nAfter rest and rehabilitation, the 34th landed at the Anzio beachhead 25 March 1944. The division maintained defensive positions until the offensive of 23 May, when it broke out and took Cisterna, raced to Civitavecchia and the Italian capital of Rome. The 34th, now commanded by Major General Charles Bolte, drove across the Cecina River to liberate Livorno, 19 July 1944, and then took Monte Belmonte in October during the fighting on the Gothic Line. Digging in the south of Bologna for the winter, the 34th jumped off the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, 15 April 1945, and captured Bologna on 21 April. The pursuit of the routed enemy to the French border was halted on 2 May upon the German surrender in Italy and the end of World War II in Europe.\nThe 34th Infantry Division participated in six major Army campaigns in North Africa and Italy. The division is credited with amassing 517 days of front-line combat,  more than any other division in the U.S. Army. One or more 34th Division units were engaged in actual combat for 611 days. The 34th was credited with more combat days than any other division in the war. The 34th suffered 3,737 killed in action, 14,165 wounded in action, 3,460 missing in action, and 1,368 men taken prisoner by the enemy, for a total of 21,362 battle casualties. Casualties of the division are considered to be the highest of any division in the theatre when daily per capita fighting strengths are considered. The division's soldiers were awarded ten Medals of Honor, ninety-eight Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, 1,153 Silver Stars, 116 Legion of Merit medals, one Distinguished Flying Cross, 2,545 Bronze Star Medals, fifty-four Soldier's Medals, thirty-four Air Medals, with duplicate awards of fifty-two oak leaf clusters, and 15,000 Purple Hearts.\n1 Johnson, Jack (Winter 2012). \"Allies\". Newsletter for Members and Friends of the Military Historical Society of Minnesota. XX(1): 1–3\n2 Army Navy Journal 77. Washington, DC: Army and Navy Journal, Incorporated. 1904. p. 38.\n3 Background of the Selective Service System. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June2013.\n4 Camp Claiborne Louisiana, Western Maryland's Historical Library. Retrieved 7 June 2013.\n5 Jeffers, H. Paul (2007). Onward We Charge: The Heroic Story of Darby's Rangers in World War II. Chapter 2: Penguin Books.\n6 Staab, William (2009). Not for Glory. Vantage Press. p. 69.\n7 Howe, George. \"U.S. Army in World War II, Mediterranean Theater of Operations – Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West. Hyperwar Foundation. pp. 423–437\n8 Howe, George. \"U.S. Army in World War II, Mediterranean Theater of Operations – Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West\". Hyperwar Foundation. pp. 423–437\n9 Atkinson, Rick (2008). The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. Macmillan. p. 260.\n10 Majdalany, Fred (1957). Cassino: Portrait of a Battle. Longman, Green and Co. p. 87.\n11 \"34th Infantry Division\". U.S. Army Center of Military History.\n12 \"History of the 34th Infantry Division\". Minnesota National Guard.\n\"The Red Bull in the Winter Line\"\nPainted by Donna Neary, c. 1988\nThank You to Our Generous Supporters\nLike any infantry section, we are only as effective as our support element. Thank you to those who help to ensure history is not forgotten.\nMr. John Maxton\nStore #1490 Rockford, ILL", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://conprocanada.ca/project/victory-building-heritage-envelope-rehabilitation/", "date": "2024-04-20T11:20:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817576.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420091126-20240420121126-00535.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9842633008956909, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__10805647", "lang": "en", "text": "To maintain the buildings heritage, we used historic stone repair techniques for the stone and brick masonry repair and conservation work. All new limestone was sourced from the same quarry as the original stonework.\nFlashing replacement, caulking repairs around the windows and building cleaning was also performed as part of this contract. All work was completed while the building was occupied, and special safety measures were taken for pedestrian and vehicular traffic.\nClassified as a Federal Heritage Building in 1990, the Victory Building was built under Canada’s Public Works Construction Act in 1934. It was one of the largest buildings constructed in Canada during the Great Depression era and it represents a new type of office building that efficiently housed several departments under one roof. It was also one of a very few buildings constructed in Winnipeg during the Depression era. Construction employed local contractors and labourers, created a demand for Manitoba materials like Tyndall limestone and was a key factor in stimulating the local economy. It is also know as the Federal Building and the Dominion Public Building.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://renerice.com/Rene%20Rice%20Website/6.%20Cremation%20tomb%20copy/iv.d.6.Cremation.html", "date": "2023-12-06T17:17:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100602.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206162528-20231206192528-00784.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9604010581970215, "token_count": 1406, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__240793097", "lang": "en", "text": "1. Vrina Plain Cremation tomb in April 2007\n2. Vrina Plain Cremation tomb post conservation in June 2010\n3. Vrina Plain Cremation Tomb: plan and elevation (BF)\n'The substantial remains of a masonry tomb can still be seen on the Vrina Plain, situated on a slight rise some 300m to the east of the settlement nucleus. The ruin was first recorded by Ugolini, along with other funerary remains in the late 1920's, more or less in the same condition it is to be seen today. The tomb survived the 1960's clearance of the Plain, and since it's exposure it has been employed as a sheep pen and as a shelter for shepherds on the otherwise exposed plain. A consequent and highly noticeable deterioration in the tomb's physical condition since the mid 1990's prompted a drawn, photographic and measured survey, in part as a heritage management excercise.\nThe tomb consists of two elements: a vaulted chamber with a solid tower-like superstructure above. Any traces of facing stones, or plastered outer surfaces, have long since disappeared. The surviving structure measures 2.85m wide across the vault and 1.80m along it's length. The vault walls average 0.57m in thickness and the entire lower section is 1.95m high. Above this, the superstructure is 1.40m in diameter and 1.24m high; the tomb presently stands 3.19m above ground level. Below ground it appears to be constructed on very shallow foundations.\nThe Tomb chamber itself is quite well preserved. This is a vaulted space 1.57m long, 1.50m wide and 1.06m high. In the centre of the eastern and western walls are two semi-circular loculi for cinerary urns. Each measures 0.44 x 0.42 x 0.56m.Their bases are raised 0.15m from the floor of the chamber. Both the northern and southern walls have largely been demolished to permit it's use as a shelter, though enough remains to show that the southern wall was once continuous. The access to the tomb chamber must, consequently, have been from the north, that is, from the side facing the lake. The surface of the interior (the vault, the floor and the loculi) is entirely covered with a layer of plaster up to 20mm thick. Limescale (sinter) covers much of the remaining plaster and may have contributed to it's survival. This does, however, make it difficult to discern whether the interior was ever painted.' ( Andrew Crowson and Oliver Gilkes: The archeology of the Vrina plain: An Assessment.)\nThe Vrina Plain is a flat treeless expanse prone to fierce Spring and Autumn storms which arrive swiftly with heavy rains and extreme lightning and thunder so it is no surprise that this vaulted masonry structure has been used as a shelter by man and beast alike. Nearby there is a modern memorial to a shepherd killed by lightning.\nFor conservation purposes the structure was first examined in the early summer of 2007 and the following major facts were noted:\n1.1. That a large piece of the masonry forming the upper western section of the vault was detached from the monument resulting in a substantial diminution of support for the 'tower-like superstructure'\n4. Illustrates: (a) the distance from the main mass of the fragment, (b) the source of the fragment and (c) the fragment itself (June 2007)\nThere is nothing to explain the distance from the monument at which the fragment now rests.\n1.2. Loculi to west and east both broken into, as was infill to north and south.\n5. Openings to all points of the compass (June 2007)\n1.3. Poor condition of interior plaster.\n5. Interior plasterwork. (June 2007)\nSubstantial sections of the inyerior plaster work remain intact. Although there is no obvious evidence of polychromy this plaster constitutes an important historic detail.\n2. Conservation Plan.\n2.1. To replace missing core work to the vault to strengthen support for the masonry above. At first it was thought that we could simply replace the missing section but this was found to be to heavy to lift carefully into place with the available equipment. it was also felt that to replace this section withouth the use of stainless steel pins to fix it in place would probably recreate the original instability that had caused the loss in the first place.The missing section was left to lie and replacement core was constructed from scavenged stones and lime mortar. The rebuilding of this section was felt to be a structural necessity.\n6. Work in progress to rebuild supporting vault (June 2007 René Rice pictured)\n2.2. To Fill openings to north and south and to prevent further damage to loculi to east and westby covering openings. The south opening had some of the original wall material in place and therefore it was decided to complete the rest of this opening with similar masonry. Preventing ingress into the monument's interior had to be a priority of our work. Barriers had to be strong and materially undesirable to avoid theft. The North opening had no original material and it was deceided to fill this with a single layer of concrete blocks, rendered over with a sympathetic roughcast mortar. The loculi were filled with core stone to match the surrounding stonework. All progressed smoothly except for the blockwork which was destroyed partially once by inquisitive hands and had to be rebuilt.\n7. Existing masonry in south opening (June 2007)\n8. Beginning of masonry infill (on plastic seperation layer) (June 2007) (Albana Hakani pictured)\n9. Interior of south opening infill (June 2007)\n10. South opening infill complete (June 2007)\nThe north opening was filled with concrete blocks and rendered over with a roughcast lime mortar.\n11. North opening blocked-in (June 2007)\n12. North opening roughcast rendered (June 2007)\n2.2.3. Loculi: east and west\n13. Eastern loculi opening blocked (June 2007)\n14. Western loculi opening blocked (June 2007)\n2.3. Conservation of interior plasterwork.\nFragile plasterwork was consolidated by filleting and strengthening broken edges and grouting voids where necessary,\n15. Plaster conservation (June 2007)\n16. Conservator (Albana Hakani) working on the interior plaster of the cremation tomb. (June 2007)\nThe conserved monument must be monitored at regular intervals to check the integrity of the blocked openings and prevent continued ingress of sheltering persons and beasts.\n17. Conserved Cremation Tomb June 2010", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://olivet.edu/News/2012/Olivet%E2%80%99s_Roaring_Tiger_Battalion_honors_those_who_have_served.aspx", "date": "2017-09-21T10:33:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687740.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921101029-20170921121029-00061.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9736313223838806, "token_count": 268, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__246537930", "lang": "en", "text": "Olivet’s Roaring Tiger Battalion honors those who have served\nPosted: Dec 06, 2012\n“Wars may be fought with weapons, but they are won by men. It is the spirit of men who follow and of the man who leads that gains the victory,” General George S. Patton once said.\nAt Fortin Villa, home of Olivet’s Roaring Tiger Battalion, U.S. Army ROTC cadets stood at attention while giving homage to those who have fought before them at a recent ceremony. Their respect was shown while the “Armed Forces Medley” was played and during the flag folding ceremony. The flag was presented to General Kotter, who was the guest speaker for the service.\nGeneral Kotter stressed that, “once a soldier, a soldier for life.” He sees service in the military as a worthy endeavor.\n“It’s another way for our appreciation. We serve our country. We enjoy those liberties because of them,” Gen. Kotter said.\nThe battalion was grateful for those who have led by example.\n“I think they’re a true inspiration; a sign of selflessness, people I aspire to be,” Cadet Davina Anderson said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.theturfcompany.com.ph/index.php/updates-blogs/81-the-turf-company-celebrates-with-the-toro-company-s-centennial-year", "date": "2019-05-24T09:53:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00317.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9590852856636047, "token_count": 534, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__79961763", "lang": "en", "text": "The Turf Company enjoys some of the most established relationships in the industry and as its marks 25-year history, it had the privilege of being a part of yet another milestone – the centennial celebration of one of its strongest brands and long-time partner, The Toro Company.\nFounded in 1914 in Minnesota, USA, The Toro Company established its legacy in turf and landscape maintenance by building market leadership through a relentless commitment to innovation. By understanding the needs of its customers, the company developed products and services including more than 1,500 patents to help its customers succeed worldwide.\nIn the Philippines, The Turf Company enjoys the distinction of being the exclusive distributor of the Toro brand of golf course maintenance equipment and irrigation systems which accounts for about 80 percent of the company’s turf management business.\nSince its founding, The Turf Company has maintained a solid partnership with Toro, one that continues to flourish to this day and benefits some of the country’s finest golf and sporting courses as well as upscale golfing estates. Turf is also proud of its excellent after-sales service and reliable technical support, a reputation Toro also shares on a global scale.<p/P<\n“To have Toro as one of our strongest brands since day one speaks volumes on the very fruitful and solid partnership that we have with them. We at Turf are very much honored to have witnessed and been part of such a momentous occasion in the history of Toro,” said Mario Lopez, General Manager of The Turf Company.\nToro centennial celebration\nA dinner reception at the Radisson Blu in Minnesota kicked off Toro’s week-long centennial celebration attended by distributors, dealers and retail partners from around the world.\nDelegates were given a tour around Toro’s manufacturing facility in Tomah, Wisconsin; the Windom Plant and the company’s headquarters in Bloomington, Minnesota where it all started. A product exhibit of the company’s history showcased some of its vintage products.\nHighlight of the event was the Worldwide Awards Banquet and Recognition at the St. Paul RiverCentre graced by Toro top executives including incumbent Toro CEO Michael Hoffman, past CEO Kendrick Melrose, Toro’s Managing Director Australia & Asia Pacific Richard Walne, and Distributor Operations Development (Global) Manager Billy Secord.\nDuring the awards night, red and green blazers were given to top sales people while gold bulls were presented to international distributors. Mario Lopez received the Bull Award on behalf of The Turf Company in recognition of the company’s 25-year partnership with Toro.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thepilgrimways.com/england/", "date": "2023-10-01T19:07:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00477.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9585646986961365, "token_count": 599, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__302796506", "lang": "en", "text": "The Pilgrims’ Way was one of the major routes to Canterbury, the spiritual capital of England and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its Christian heritage is owed to a famous Roman missionary, St. Augustine, who was sent from Rome in 597 AD by Pope Gregory to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The mission was a success: that same year Augustine baptized King Ethelbert of Kent. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, whose modern successor is the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.\nCanterbury is also important because of St. Thomas Becket, another Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in the cathedral in 1170 at the hands of the king’s knights. Miracles were reported around Thomas’ tomb almost immediately and it soon became one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Europe. A journey of pilgrims to Becket’s shrine served as the frame for Geoffrey Chaucer’s 14th century classic “The Canterbury Tales”.\nCanterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest Christian churches in England and it continues to play a central role in English Christianity. Dedicated in 602 AD by St. Augustine, it still functions as the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the symbolic seat of the Anglican Communion. The grandeur of the architecture reflects Canterbury’s historic and religious importance, as does the magnificent collection of medieval stained glass windows depicting biblical scenes and miracles experienced at Thomas’ shrine.\nCanterbury continues to be a popular destination, consistently one of the most-visited cities in the United Kingdom. Many historical structures fill the area, including a city wall founded in Roman times and rebuilt in the 14th century, the ruins of St Augustine’s Abbey and a Norman castle, and the oldest extant school in the world, the King’s School.\nGiven the importance of Canterbury, over the centuries several important tracks were pressed into the ground by the feet of thousands of pilgrims. The North Downs Pilgrims’ Way is an ancient track between Winchester and Canterbury Cathedral following St Swithun’s and North Downs Ways. The trail provides fairly easy walking through woods, over chalk grassland, minor roads and through orchards and farmland, especially in Kent. It follows a major chalk ridge past charming villages and historic churches.\nAn alternative route is the South Downs Pilgrims’ Way, also known as the Old Way. It is a medieval route to Canterbury beginning in Southampton connecting 78 churches, four cathedrals, three river sources and nine holy wells.\nA third major trail to Canterbury begins at London’s Southwark Cathedral and travels southeast past Rochester and through the Kent Downs before arriving at the famous cathedral. This is the trail that appears in Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”. It is a good option for people who are short on time but want to visit both London and Canterbury.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://druidhillstour.org/2017/02/2017-druid-hills-tour-homes-gardens/", "date": "2022-11-26T16:40:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708010.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126144448-20221126174448-00195.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8843334317207336, "token_count": 664, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__297778784", "lang": "en", "text": "14 Feb 2017 Druid Hills Tour & Events\nRyan Graham, Chairperson, Druid Hills Civic Association Tour Committee, announces the 2017 Druid Hills Tour of Homes & Gardens and Makers Market, April 21-23, 2017.\n“The vibrant tradition continues as the historic Druid Hills neighborhood welcomes neighbors and visitors alike to tour homes featuring architecture from renowned architects, experience award winning interior design, enjoy southern fare, hear local musicians, see Georgia artists and explore Emory Village. ‘History Happens Here’ through the vibrant community culture of Druid Hills where tour goers will find inspiration, celebration, and a focus on preserving and extending the vision of noted landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.”\nOne of the longest running and premiere tour of homes in the nation, the 2017 Druid Hills Tour of Homes & Gardens and Makers Market celebrates its 49th year with six homes and one garden that feature the work of master renovators and landscape designers:\n- 834 Lullwater Road, Honora and Dan Handley\n- 1250 Fairview Road, Stephanie and John Giegerich\n- 928 Oakdale Road, Charlie Andrews and Burt Tillman\n- 1017 Oxford Road, Drs. Shannon and James Hamrick\n- 1125 Oxford Road, Sarah and Scott Ellyson\n- 1371 North Decatur Road, Emily and Andrew Webb\n- 1022 Lullwater Road, Julia Roberts (Garden open for tours Saturday only)\nThe tour will also feature a series of events open to the public at Emory Village and throughout the neighborhood including:\n- Makers Market on Saturday 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM Slice & Pint Parking Lot\n- Local Bands on Saturday 6:00 – 10:00 PM, Slice & Pint Parking Lot\n- Patch Dash 5K Fun Run/Walk and Tot Trot on Sunday 8:00 AM (proceeds benefit Press On To Cure Childhood Cancer: www.pressonfund.org)\n- CDC Museum Tour on Friday, 11:00-12:30 (complimentary shuttle departs from Slice & Pint Parking Lot at 10:30; advance registration requested via the tour website and photo ID required)\n- Bike rentals and walking maps available at Will Call / Slice & Pint Parking Lot\n- Lullwater Preservation Garden Plant Sale\nThe tour events take place Friday, April 21, 1:00 – 5:00 PM; Saturday, April 22, 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM; and Sunday, April 23, 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM. Individual and discounted group tickets may be purchased in advance on the website: druidhillstour.org. Proceeds from the tour, events and merchandise benefit the Druid Hills neighborhood, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.\nAbout The Druid Hills Civic Association: The Druid Hills Civic Association was founded in 1938 to preserve Atlanta’s Druid Hills neighborhood and to protect its unique heritage of parks and architecture. The Association carries out these responsibilities by exercising vigilance in zoning matters, maintaining a liaison with local governing bodies, informing the citizens of community issues, and promoting the general welfare of the community for the enjoyment of its residents today and in the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://salemstjoseph.org/about-us", "date": "2024-04-13T07:02:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816586.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413051941-20240413081941-00777.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9799941182136536, "token_count": 1582, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__102126575", "lang": "en", "text": "The St. Joseph-Salem Heritage Society is an non-profit Ohio Corporation that is qualified by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax exempt Charitable Trust under Section 501 (c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.\nThe organization was founded in 2005 to:\nRecover, preserve and maintain the heritage of Salem, St. Joseph Parish Community and to show our appreciation for the 164 years of sacrifice our ancestors endured so that it may inspire future generations.\nThe History of St. Joseph Salem Catholic Parish\nIn 1831, Ezra Stewart, the first white man settled in what is now Salem Township, Wyandot Co., Ohio, on the edge of the Wyandot Indian reservation. Soon after his arrival other pioneers came, and by 1837 the portion of the township not included in the Indian land, increased rapidly the number of settlers. By 1845, after the Indians had left, over 50 persons had patented land within the township. It was named after the town of Salem in Massachusetts by Job Matheson, the first Justice of the Peace to serve as such, who came from there.\nChristian Brooks, a Catholic, was the first to buy government land in 1846 in Salem Township. In 1847, John Schumacher bought land and moved onto it with his wife and her family, Henry Eberle. These first Catholics settled in the forest and before the land could be cultivated trees had to be uprooted and carried away. There were Indians to be feared, for some Indians refusing to resettle in the Southwest remained to harass the white settlers. Isolated families of Wyandot Indians who had refused to go West with the Tribes in 1843 still camped among the brush. The pioneers could not be discouraged, however; and through three years of peril, darkness and strife they persevered in building up their land and their faith.. By 1849 there was a neighborhood of Catholics consisting of John Schuhmacher, Henry Eberle, Andrew Fetter, John Stumpf, Peter Pauly, John Best, all with their families; also Christian Brooks, Matthew Haut and Anton Eberle. All settled in the deep, thick woods. These Catholics located in the thick forests had to clear their land of trees before being able to cultivate it.\nThe year 1849 marks the beginning of the congregation and parish of St. Joseph Church in Salem Township. In the spring of 1849, Bishop Amadeus Rappe, first Bishop of Cleveland, made a visitation of areas of his diocese. He celebrated Mass in the log cabin of John Schuhmacher. This was the first gathering of a congregation and the beginnings of the new mission. During the same year a log chapel, 20x26 feet was built on the property of John Schuhmacher. Christian Brooks who was a skilled mason, designed and built the little chapel. In it an altar of bricks was constructed. After the chapel was completed, a Sanguinist Father from New Riegel came whenver possible to conduct services. Young Henry Damian Best served as altar boy, later becoming a priest.\nThe little settlement gradually augmented. Between 1851 and 1859 relatives of the first settlers, surnames of Davidson, Orians, Logsdon, Arnold, Draper, Balduf, Fleck, Keller, Messmer, Fox, Moll, Brodman, Frey, Link, Myers and Payne came from Germany to join their pioneer relations. During the fifties, people already living in the surrounding regions moved in to Salem Township. These latter were descendants of the colonial day Maryland Catholics. Some of these had sons and daughters who came with them. The older boys and girls were growing up and marrying. Some remained in the settlement, others moved away. The congregation was flourishing and growing.\nAfter ten years, they became dissatisfied with the log chapel and its location, since it was not close to the roads the county was laying out. By deed of November 13, 1858, Mr. and Mrs. Peter Pauly donated an acre of land a mile or so away at the junction of two roads. On May 7, 1859, Benjamin H. Draper and his wife, Martha, deeded about 2 ½ acres of land across the road for a cemetery. A new church 50x25 feet was built during the year 1859, a wood frame structure, at a cost of one thousand dollars.\nThe faith of the pioneers was kept at a peak by the hard working, self sacrificing Fathers from New Riegel. These priests thought nothing of walking the distance from their own settlement to Salem, that the pioneers might hear Mass. These priests had charge of the parish until 1875.\nIn the year 1875, the parish at Kirby, up to that time a mission of Upper Sandusky received its first resident pastor and St. Joseph’s congregation became attached to Kirby as a mission. The congregation at Salem now numbered over 38 families and the faithful came from Carey and Kirby to the services. The need for a larger church became evident. Construction began in August of 1883. The new edifice, completed and opened for services in early 1885, was a frame structure. It measured 40x80 feet and had a 128 foot tower. It was blessed on May 29, 1888.\nWood proved not to be the best building materials. This was found to be true in 1893 when a defective flue caused the frame structure to burn to the ground. This happened on a Sunday, shortly after noon. Rev. Henry Best, a son of the parish, held services that morning. Confirmation was held at St. Joseph’s the next day. The ceremony was held in the old church that still stood beside the charred remains of the new.\nThe burnt church was insured for $5,000 and the parishioners decided to add to this amount and build another church, this time of brick. On June 3, 1894 the cornerstone was laid for the new St. Joseph’s, the church which stands today in Salem Township. Though the church had been in use since December of the year it was begun, the formal dedication was not held until two years later. Much to the admiration and surprise of the Bishop, the entire cost of $11,000 was paid in full before the dedication took place.\nSt. Joseph’s celebrated its Diamond Jubilee on the Feast of Corpus Christi, June 19, 1924. The Centennial Celebration was on July 24, 1949. St. Joseph’s 125th Anniversary celebration was held on October 27, 1974. The Sesquicentennial celebration was held on July 4, 1999.\nThere was never been a resident pastor at St. Josephs. The Franciscan priests of Our Lady of Consolation Basilica, Carey, Ohio, assisted the parish through most of its 156 year history.\nBeing located in a rural district, the parish never had a period of great expansion. Neither was it ever forced to disband for lack of parishioners. Though the congregation was small in comparison to urban parishes, the faith is firmly rooted in the soul of each and every member.\nBishop Leonard Blair of the Toledo Diocese, through his agent - Father Kent Kaufman, closed St. Joseph Parish as of July 3, 2005. The church building and meeting hall are now owned and maintained by the St. Joseph-Salem Heritage Society to preserve and maintain the heritage of the Salem St. Joseph community and to show respect and appreciation for the 157 years of sacrifice their ancestors endured in service to the community and the Roman Catholic Church. The Society hopes to inspire future generations to live in the spirit of Christian community.\nCopyright © 2021 St. Joseph - Salem Heritage Society - All Rights Reserved.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kiss-me-hardy.livejournal.com/profile", "date": "2017-02-27T20:52:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173761.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00245-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9303730726242065, "token_count": 306, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__242713053", "lang": "en", "text": "This is a community for the discussion of actual history related to Age of Sail fandoms such as Hornblower, Master and Commander, and Pirates of the Caribbean. Other non-naval fandoms of the same period (especially rare lit fandoms, historical RPS, and other 18th/19th century military fandoms) may also be discussed.\nThis is a slash-friendly community, and content may be adult in nature.\nTopics of discussion may include, but are not limited to: tall ships and sailing, naval battles and tactics, costume, culture, etiquette, history of sexuality, crime and punishment, food and drink, literature and poetry, politics, religion, health and medicine, famous people, etc etc etc. History-related fannish meta is also welcome.\nLinks to fanfic etc are not welcome on this community unless they are accompanied with a discussion of the actual history relevant to the work. For instance, if you had to research the history of the grog ration for your Hornblower fic, tell us a bit about that along with your fic link. Keep it educational, in other words.\nNEW MEMBERS: Upon joining, please post an introduction as follows:\n* Your favourite historical fandom(s) - and tell us why * A book or website recommendation related to age-of-sail history * An interesting historical fact from the age of sail OR * A historical question you've been dying to know the answer to", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.fauquiercounty.gov/government/departments/CommDev/index.cfm?action=historic_resources", "date": "2016-02-13T15:12:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166739.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00125-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9384945631027222, "token_count": 930, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__101632920", "lang": "en", "text": "National Register Historic Districts\nMain Street, Remington: Built in 1918 for Luther Allison as a post office and grocery\nstore. It was the post office until 1957, now a variety store with apartments above.\nHistoric Maps reveal a lot about our past. They can confirm a hunch we have about the location of a cemetery, as well as show us the locations of old stores, villages and old road beds. For any novice or expert, consulting historic maps is a crucial first step in conducting sound historic research.\nVisit our collection today to start your journey.\nExtract from Fauquier County 1914 Map identifies the village of Upperville\nCivil War Education\nA Fauquier County brochure commemorates the 150th anniversary of the American Civil War titled: Strategic Battlefield Sites of the Civil War.\nIn 2006, Fauquier County initiated a long-term, citizen-based planning effort to document its significant Civil War resources. The initial focus was on twelve battlefields included in the top 384 most important battles of the Civil War, as determined by Congress in the late 1990s. In 2007, the County obtained a grant from the National Park Service American Battlefield Protection Program (ABBP) for a comprehensive, public education project to build and strengthen the capacity of community-level preservation planning involving property owners, interested citizens, and historians.\nThe grant, as well as donations from local organizations, helped to fund an all-day event at Fauquier High School, entitled Bivouacs and Battlefields in March 2009 Volunteers from an ad-hoc group, named the Battlefield Support Committee, helped organize the event. The group remains dedicated to offering educational tools to the community about all aspects of Civil Was history.\nOver 200 people attended presentations by historians, visited a soldier’s encampment, spoke with local preservation groups, and enjoyed viewing period-artwork by local school children. Brochures on each nationally-significant battlefield can be downloaded to give you a flavor of what significant events took place right here on Fauquier County soil.\nThe ABPP recently completed a statewide survey of Virginia’s most significant battlefields, including those in Fauquier County. (http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/CWSII/CWSIIStateReportVA.htm).\nA Fauquier Farm with deep roots: shrouded by the distant trees are\nbuildings that survived the Civil War. This was \"Dr. Hamilton's\"\nplace west of Remington, which was used as General Meade's\nheadquarters during the war.\nPreservation Groups & Projects Thanks to the creativity and enthusiasm of Fauquier County’s citizens and preservation groups, a number of notable projects are underway. You can make a difference in your community by participating in one of many groups listed below, or even form your own. We love to hear about your local preservation efforts!\nCitizen-based planning efforts, documentation, recognition programs, and increased levels of land preservation will undoubtedly continue to strengthen protection of historic resources.\nStatistics indicate that the County is steadily losing its historic building stock. According to the U.S. Census, between 1940 and 2000, the County experienced a loss of almost 35% of its 5,296 pre-1940 residential buildings. The County also lost a considerable number of its historical barns, silos, and other agricultural outbuildings during this same fifty year period.\nAnother 150 historic homes were demolished or came off the tax rolls between 2000 and 2006.\nDocumenting the Past, Preserving a Place In the 1980s, Fauquier County enacted zoning and land use policies to protect the County’s rural heritage from intrusive suburban development. In turn, these public measures have fostered increased amounts of private land preservation initiatives and historic property stewardship.\nNational Register Historic Districts and Virginia Landmarks Register Districts identify the County’s most distinguished set of historic resources. Fauquier County is proud of its twenty-one nationally-significant areas. These resources provide local residents a high quality of life, as well as attract tourists. The nominations documenting the historical information on each district and other properties listed on the National Register may be obtained from the Virginia Department of Historic Resources web site.\nFederal and State Rehabilitation Tax Credits are available to property owners of individually listed National Register Properties, as well as contributing resources within National Register Historic Districts for residential and commercial buildings. Please contact the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://baccaliterary.com/tag/jim-crow/", "date": "2023-06-03T18:52:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00062.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9848662614822388, "token_count": 5421, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__124996683", "lang": "en", "text": "Spin a blindfolded child and ask her to pin the tail in the middle of a map of Virginia and she could do a lot worse than Louisa County. East of Charlottesville and north of Richmond, Louisa County is about five hundred square miles of small towns, old family farms, and a tangled crisscross of streams and rivers.\nIn 1926, fourteen year old H. Spurgeon Moss faced a choice. Moss was a tall, bespectacled lad who loved to read but seventh grade was the end of the line for black children in the segregated schools of Louisa County, Virginia. The Virginia Constitution of 1869 had mandated the creation of free public education for all, provided that “white and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school but in separate schools under the same general regulations as to management, usefulness, and efficiency.” (Louisa Historical Society)\nSadly, the education of African-American children in the Jim Crow south seldom lived up to this mandate. The few schools that existed for black children were usually poorly equipped log cabins, church buildings, or rooms in private homes, funded by African-American churches and northern philanthropists. (Louisa County Historical Society)\nMoss’s family valued hard work and education. Grandfather Boykin (his mother’s father) had purchased five hundred acres beside the North Anna River in the northeast corner of Louisa County in 1877. How did Grandfather Boykin save enough to buy such a large plot of land? Mining gold? Or did he have a skilled trade? Either way, the land he purchased may still have had remnants from one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. The Battle of the North Anna took place along the banks of the North Anna River the first week of May 1864. Sixty-seven thousand Union forces against fifty-three thousand Confederates with a casualty count of forty-two hundred men.\nEconomic conditions in Louisa County were extremely difficult after the Civil War. Combined tax revenues in 1870 were one-fourth of what they had been in 1863, when property tax on slaves alone earned the county $58,389. (Louisa Historical Society) Grandfather Boykin purchased the land bordering the North Anna River, registered the deed for his land at the county courthouse, and hired an attorney to draw up a will so that when he died, the land would go to his daughter. Some neighbors thought it foolish to pay good money to a lawyer just to prove the land he was raising hogs on was actually his, but Grandfather Boykin had lived in Louisa County long enough to know that everything had to be written down, certified, and in the court house or some sheriff would come knocking on his door to take it all away. Sections were sold off over the years, a few acres here, a few acres there, some to pay for education, some to cover hospital bills, eventually whittling down the farm to 116 acres in 1926. (Daily Progress, July 26, 1970, A New Dam Brings an End to Old Ways.)\nFourteen year old H. Spurgeon Moss had grown up fishing on the banks of the North Anna River. He’d grown up raising hogs, chickens, and cattle. His precious few spare moments were spent reading under the large oak in his front yard. Moss wanted to further his education so he could help his people, but that meant leaving Louisa County. It meant leaving the farm his grandfather had built and moving one hundred miles north to Washington D.C. He packed his clothes, kissed his parents goodbye, and road in the back of a segregated Greyhound bus up to Washington DC for high school. Relatives met him at the bus station. He made the honor roll at Dunbar High School, (The Washington Post, February 24, 1929) and worked his way through school as a dishwasher then as a waiter, graduating from Minor Teachers College with a bachelor of science in education in 1934. (Miner Teachers College was the principal school to train black teachers in Washington DC for more than 70 years.) Mr. Moss would eventually take graduate level classes at Virginia State College, Virginia Union University, and Boston University, and earn a Master’s Degree in Guidance Counseling at the University of Virginia.\nHis first teaching job was at segregated Mount Garland Elementary School. He taught fifth and sixth grade. The arrival of this tall, handsome educator must have caused quite a stir. Mr. Moss was quickly promoted to principal. A couple of years later, in 1940, Louisa County consolidated white schools and converted some of the surplus white school buildings to black schools. Mr. Moss decided to go back to teaching at Plum Tree Elementary School. He transferred to the Louisa Training School, Louisa County’s only black high school (built in 1929, too late for Moss to attend.) He taught biology and chemistry, and served as assistant principal. In 1953, Louisa County closed the Training School and opened the A.G. Richardson High School with an enrollment of 293 students and eleven teachers. Mr. Moss was the social studies teacher and assistant principal. As the social studies teacher, he’d take busloads of students on field trips to the state capitol to see how state government functioned and to shake hands with their representatives. “Hitch your wagon to a star,” he’d tell them. Mr. Moss’s concern for his students was legendary. (Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018)\nTeaching full time didn’t cover the costs of raising a family and maintaining a one-hundred acre farm. Even with the added responsibilities as an assistant principal, Mr. Moss needed to supplement his income. For year he traveled to Atlantic City, New Jersey to wait tables during summer break. “I made more money there in the summer than I made teaching the rest of the year,” he said (Daily Progress, July 26, 1970, A New Dam Brings an End to Old Ways.) Former students remembered Mr. Moss with affection. “He was a very down to earth person, personable. He was so encouraging to students. In the summers, he always went to Atlantic City, New Jersey, to work, and he would bring a group of high school students with him. He secured jobs for these young people at the various hotels there along the Boardwalk. He gave them work experience and he was their chaperone during the time they were away from home, and he took very good care of them. He made sure they went and did what they were supposed to do while they were there in New Jersey.” ( Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018 via telephone)\nIn May, 1954, the Brown v. Topeka Board of Education case came before the Supreme Court. In a rare unanimous ruling, the Supreme Court effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson doctrine of “separate but equal” and declared racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional. Virginia Senator Harry S. Byrd was outraged. He proposed “Massive Resistance” to the court’s ruling and in 1956 the Virginia state government adopted a policy to block the desegregation of public schools. Schools shut down in Prince Edward County, parts of Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk. Unlike these places, schools in Louisa County never closed. Segregation remained deeply entrenched in the cities, but in the farmlands and outlying areas segregation was less pronounced. In areas that had only one grocery or hardware store, a kind of natural integration occurred, even friendships.\nMr. Moss came together with other educators to develop a plan to integrate the public schools. This was locally referred to as the “Freedom of Choice” plan and was sent to parents and announced in the local newspaper, The Central Virginian, on March 30, 1966. The intention was the elimination of segregation based on race, color or national origin. Students and parents had thirty days to choose the school the student would attend the next school year. (Louisa County Historical Society) Mr. Moss encouraged several of his students to choose white schools. The plan did not achieve total desegregation but it began the process. In doing so, Louisa County didn’t experience the anger, turmoil, or closing of public schools that many other Virginia counties and cities experience. Peace and civility were maintained largely due to the foresight of Mr. Moss along with other visionary educators such as Mr. Harry Nuckols. (https://www.culturaltourismdc.org/portal/miner-teachers-college-building-african-american-heritage-trail)\nBy 1968, Mr. Moss had taught school in Louisa County for thirty-six years. His wife, Ruth Moss, had taught for thirty-eight years. They’d put all three of their children through college. His oldest daughter taught English in Fairfax, his son taught industrial arts in Fairfax, and his youngest daughter, the wife of a former Army officer, was secretary to the Dean of the College of Dental Science at Howard University. He’d stopped going to Atlantic City every summer to wait tables and looked forward to retirement. He raised brood sows and would sell about forty young pigs each fall. He had eight cows as well as turkeys and chickens. His favorite animals were his six saddle horses. Farming was what he wanted to do for the rest of his life. He still sat under the large oak tree in the front yard to read. This was where he wanted to grow old. This was what his grandchildren called “Grandfather’s Zoo.”\nIn late February 1968, when the forsythias were starting to bud, two white men drove up the newly paved road to his farmhouse in a truck with the county seal on it. Chickens scattered when the white men drove up. “Mr. Moss,” one of the men called out, “the county sent us to survey this section of land. I just wanted to let you know we’ll be working on your property.”\n“What’s the survey for?”\n“I don’t rightly know, Mr. Moss,” one of the men answered. “The county says jump and we jump.” Mr. Moss smiled good-naturedly and waved the men on.\nThe white men were still on his property when he came home from work that evening. He saw their truck drive away just after sundown. They came the next day, waving to Mr. Moss as they drove by. After the second day of strangers on his property, Mr. Moss decided it was time for him to take a look at what they were doing. He saddled his favorite mare and rode the well-worn trail down to the river. Springtime was still a few weeks away and no place on earth was prettier in the springtime than his farm. He felt a deep pride in all his family had accomplished. Neither slavery nor Jim Crow could stop his grandfather from building the farm. In time, he would pass the land to his children and grandchildren.\nHe rode past the stretch of pines where the deer herds liked to settle down for the night. They left their imprint on the soft beds of pine straw. He was coming up on his cattle pasture when he saw the orange survey markers. Rows and rows of them, all the way down to the North Anna River. What was the county doing? Putting in a new road? Building a new bridge across the North Anna River? Either way, he didn’t much appreciate the county not sending him a notice that the surveyors would be on his land or what they were doing. He’d lived in Louisa County almost all his life, just stepping away to go up to Washington DC for his education. He’d paid his taxes and contributed his time and talents. The very least the county owed him was to tell him the truth.\nBy April, Mr. Moss was making real progress bringing black and white students together. He was guidance counselor for the newly integrated Louisa County High School. A.G. Richardson High School, where he used to teach social studies, had been converted to an elementary school and renamed Thomas Jefferson Elementary school, much to the disappointment of the African-American community. As Reverend Lewis would recall, “The only thing was that when they were renaming schools, we weren’t abreast of that so much that the names of our schools were maintained. That got away from us and that’s how Thomas Jefferson Elementary and Trevilians Elementary were renamed. Those schools were originally named for a black person because they were black schools during segregation. So we lost the names of those schools.” (Interview with Rev. Larry Lewis, November 26, 2018)\nFour days into the month of April, 1968, the news of The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination swept across the nation. Students came into Mr. Moss’s office with tears in their eyes. He’d listen to their fears, share his wisdom, and remind them that they were not alone. On the day of Dr. King’s funeral, four hundred Louisa County citizens, mostly African American, gathered at the First Baptist Church. A few clouds marred the morning sky. Daffodils beckoned and azaleas barely hinted at their true colors. The mourners clutched handkerchiefs and held hands as they waited for the pastor to call for their pilgrimage to begin. He gave the signal and they walked in silence the three blocks from the church to the Louisa County Courthouse. If they spoke, it was in reverential whispers. No music. No singing. No band played on this spring day, not at this memorial. They walked past the old confederate war memorial, erected in front of the courthouse before most of them were born. The single confederate soldier cast in bronze, holding his rifle at his side and nestled within a granite block, indifferent to the grief-stricken mourners.\nThe pastor of the Trinity Parish walked up the courthouse steps and addressed the crowd. He stood in front of white marble pillars and offered up a heartfelt prayer for peace, love and brotherhood. The pastor of the Church of Christ of Charlottesville spoke next. He acknowledged the fear that had gripped all who gathered. “We won’t be afraid anymore,” he said barely above a whisper.\nThose in attendance answered, “Amen.”\n“Our quest for equal rights will not be denied.”\nThe world was off-balance, as if the solid land under their feet had shifted. After the speakers, after the final prayers, they all left in silence. They returned to their homes and their jobs, and if Mr. and Mrs. Moss were among the mourners they returned to their farm. (Richmond Times Dispatch, April 10, 1968, Several Hundred Attended Memorial Service for Dr. King at Louisa Courthouse)\nSpring was a busy time for farmers. Mr. Moss took a few minutes extra with his favorite mare that morning, brushing her mane. She rubbed against him, as if she knew what troubled him. Mr. Moss had kept saddle horses all his life and still marveled at their strength and gentleness. He stopped and pulled a handkerchief from his back pocket. He’d felt so tense since he’d learned of Dr. King’s assassination. He was worried about his children and grandchildren. Worried about his students. Worried about the county’s tentative steps toward equality. Sometimes life was nothing but a truckload of worries. Only his farm gave him peace.\n“Spurgeon,” he heard his wife call from the farmhouse. “Spurgeon, you have a phone call.” Their neighbor from a nearby farm was on the phone. “He says it’s important.”\n“Tell him to hold on.” Mr. Moss put away the brush and headed to the house. Ruth handed him the receiver. “Hello,” he said.\n“Spurgeon, did you see the news? We’re about to be boiled out.”\nMr. Moss didn’t understand. He’d seen images on the television of buildings on fire, of the police with dogs and guns, of people running and screaming. “What? What are you talking about?”\n“Front page news,” the neighbor said. Moss grabbed his hat and car keys and was halfway out the door when he stopped. These were uncertain times and he didn’t like the idea of leaving his wife all alone. He kissed her on the cheek and told her to keep the doors locked.\nMr. Moss handed the drugstore clerk a dime and picked up the April 10, 1968 Richmond Times-Dispatch. The main headline was about Dr. King’s funeral. Thousands Attend King Rites. “My, my, my,” he murmured under his breath. Below the headline was the haunting image of black-clad mourners walking beside a mule-drawn wagon bearing the shrouded coffin. Jackie Kennedy was in attendance, the newspaper said, as was Bobby Kennedy. But it was the other, much smaller headline that mentioned Louisa County: Vepco Plans Louisa County Nuclear Plant.\nVEPCO, short for the Virginia Electric and Power Company, planned to turn part of the North Anna River into an 11,000 acre lake and to build on its shore a half-billion dollar nuclear generating plant. The power company said the plant would have a total output of four million kilowatts, which equal the present generating capacity of the entire Vepco system. The plant would be built in three or four units. The first would have a capacity of 800,000 kilowatts and would be completed in 1974, Vepco said.\nThe newspaper reported on a meeting between Vepco’s senior vice presidents, T. Justin Moore Jr., Vepco President John M. McGurn, and Virginia Governor Mills E. Godwin Jr.. Other Vepco officials sat down to a two-hour private meeting in Louisa with the county’s business and political leaders and told them of the plant and the lake. No one bothered to tell the affected landowners.\nMr. Moss walked out of the drug store without even realizing it. He was standing on the sidewalk reading the newspaper. Shoppers walked by but he didn’t see them. He felt the burning sting of betrayal. As Mr. Moss would later tell a reporter, “Then I read in the paper that county officials had given Vepco right-of-way, and assured them that the citizens of the county would cooperate 100 per cent. Surveyors had been on my land months before and when I asked them what they were surveying, they said they didn’t know. I wonder why the supervisors didn’t tell us. We didn’t know one thing about it until we read it in the papers or heard it on the television. It was a terrible bombshell.” (A New Dam Brings and End to Old Ways, Daily Progress, page C4, July 26, 1970, by Jerry Simpson)\nMr. Moss looked down Main Street. There was the police department. There was the hardware store. There was the County Courthouse with the statue of the confederate soldier in front. Did everyone know except him? He kept reading:\nBesides the boating and the recreation business the lake was expected to bring into the predominately-agricultural county, the plant itself was expected to add more than $900,000 to Louisa’s annual tax revenues. It would employ between 75 and 100 persons and add a payroll of $750,000 each year to the county’s economy. “It’s the biggest thing and has more potential than anything that has ever hit Louisa. It is terrific,” said one of the business leaders who attended the Louisa meeting.\n“The supervisors have assured Vepco that Louisa people will cooperate with them in every possible way,” said another leader, the Rev. Joe T. Carson, who heads the Louisa County Industrial Development Corp.\nFrom neighboring Orange County, R. Lindsay Gordon III, chairman of the county’s board of supervisors, call the lake “manna from heaven”. Most of the profits will come to Louisa and Spotsylvania, Gordon said, but Orange will benefit also. “Anytime that much money is being spent, some of it is going to rub off on surrounding areas,” Gordon said.\nVepco planned to form the lake by building a 75-to-100 foot high dam across the North Anna River near Smith’s Mill Bridge, just west of the Hanover County line. The dam would form a 17-square mile lake, with 100 miles of shoreline. Most of the lake site is wooded. A Vepco spokesman said no more than 75 homes would have to be evacuated to make way for the lake.\n“No more than seventy-five homes!” Smith’s Mill Bridge was only two miles from Mr. Moss’s farmhouse, as the crow flies. His property touched the bank of the North Anna River. Was his farm going to be flooded? What would happen to his pigs, his cattle, and his beloved saddle horses? What would happen to all the wildlife on his property? The deer and rabbits and wild turkeys? Today of all days, first Dr. King’s funeral and now this, it was a punch in the gut like he’d never felt before.\nThe generating plant itself would go up about five miles up the lake from the dam, on the Louisa shore. The plant would use an entirely new type of water cooling system. The plant would take in water from the lake, use it power the generating units, and then release it into cooling lagoons, a series of large ponds that would be diked off from the lake. As the water passed through the lagoons it would cool to normal lake temperature. Then it would be fed back into the lake.\n“Company officials gave no date for the completion of the second unit, and they said they had no idea when the final units would be added. However, it is believed the second unit is being planned for 1975 and 1976. Ragone estimated that the total cost of the dam, the lake site, and all the units together would probably come to more than $500 million.” (April 10, 1968 Richmond Times Dispatch, Vepco plans Louisa County Nuclear Plant)\nThe article concluded with a map of Louisa County showing the proposed dam and power plant sites. The proposed lake was right on top of Mr. Moss’s farm. How would he break the news to his wife? How would he break the news to his children? The land was their legacy. He folded the newspaper and returned to his car. He returned to his beloved farm and quietly handed the newspaper to Ruth. She read it with the same shocked disbelief he had felt.\nHis heart could barely take it, one piece of bad news after another. He walked down to the small creek on his property and sat on a fallen log. Small frogs jumped in the creek at his arrival. April was a beautiful month in central Virginia. Warm enough to enjoy the sunshine but cool enough to keep the mosquitoes away. Now he knew what his neighbor had meant when he said they were about to be “boiled out.” The surveyors had left orange markers all over his property, now it all made sense. They must be for the proposed dam, lake, and nuclear power plant.\nThe history of Mr. Moss is part of a larger work by author Carolyn O’Neal exploring the impact of the North Anna Nuclear Power Station on the citizens of Louisa County. She is also exploring the impact of Lake Anna, which was built to provide fresh water to the nuclear power station to keep the reactors cool. Many farms were condemned and much private land was confiscated to build the lake and power plant.\nIf you or your family were impacted when Virginia Electric and Power Company dammed the North Anna River and built the North Anna Nuclear Power Station, please share your story. Leave a reply below.\nThree schools in Virginia were named for Dr. Archie Gibbs Richardson: elementary schools in Culpeper and Blackstone, and A.G. Richardson High School in Louisa. Richardson was a prominent African-American educator and a prolific speaker and writer. His papers can be found at Johnston Memorial Library, Virginia State University. The Lexington native graduated from Virginia State University in 1927. He held a Master’s Degree from Butler University in Indianapolis, a Doctorate of Education from Columbia University and an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree awarded in 1957 from Virginia State University. Richardson served eight years as principal of the Mecklenburg Training School in South Hill. He worked for a year as director of academics at Saint Paul’s College in Lawrenceville. (Saint Paul’s College was established by former slave Russell Solomon James, a contemporary of Booker T. Washington, in1888.) In 1936 he was appointed Assistant State Supervisor of Negro Education with the Virginia Department of Education. When that post became obsolete with school integration, he was appointed Associate Supervisor of Elementary and Secondary Education. Then, in 1966 he was named Associate Director of Education, a position he held until his retirement in 1966. Dr. Richardson was the first African American to be named to the staff of the Virginia Department of Education.\n(Richmond Times Dispatch, October 19, 1979, A.G. Richardson, Educator, Dies http://louisaheritage.org/schools/agrichardson.htm A.G. Richardson history from the Louisa County History Society)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://blog.wholesalefloral.com/?p=95", "date": "2017-06-24T19:04:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00083.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9761796593666077, "token_count": 962, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__107835891", "lang": "en", "text": "Meaning and symbolism of the peacock feather\nPeacock feathers have captivated us humans for quite some time. Their stunning and unique beauty has done more than please our eyes but they have enriched our souls and ignited our minds. Many cultures hold the belief that such a dazzling feather, so easily discarded during their annual molt, must be a sort of gift from an enchanted beast.\nThe belief that the peacock is the earthly manifestation of the Phoenix, means that it’s most prize possession, it’s feathers, hold much power. The presence of shimmering mesmerizing color and the “eye” that adorns each feather is considered promote luck, enhance one’s protection, and boost awareness. Of course their uniqueness is also thought to symbolize beauty, love, and attraction. This is the reason peacock feathers are often recommended in Feng Shui as a cure for being single and help attract a desirable mate.\nFrom the earliest recorded times, peacocks were parts of royal collections. The Phoenicians are believed to be the first to have imported peafowl to Egypt. It is not surprising that the beautiful plumage made it a desired object for kings and the aristocracy, and to own a peacock became a royal monopoly. To possess even a small feather could only been as the result of a theft and the penalty for being caught with a feather was death. Because of the peacock’s assumed incorruptibility, the bird became a symbol of immortality and resurrection. This, in turn, led to the custom of the feathers being used at funerals, meaning that the deceased person was not really dead, the spirit survived and eventual rebirth was assured. It was even thought that the presents of the feathers actually helped in the life hereafter. This custom had a side effect. The feathers now became closely linked with death and people, forgetting the original association with immortality and rebirth. People started to dread the presence in their home of peacock feathers as they spelled death; they were no longer an assurance of life ever after but an omen of doom.\nGreek and Roman Mythology\nIn popular Greek and Roman mythology, peacock feathers were considered all seeing. This belief was perhaps enforced by the myth of Argus. Legend has it that the eyes of the peacock were those of Argus the hundred-eyed giant. He was a loyal servant of the Goddess Hera. She transferred the eyes of her servant to the tail of the peacock so that she would always have ‘an eye’ on Zeus, her unfaithful husband. When she realized Zeus had been with the maiden Io, Zeus cleverly turned Io into a cow to conceal her from Hera. When Hera saw through the disguise she requested the cow as a gift, and Zeus could not refuse her. Hera implored Argus to keep watch over Io, so she could not be changed back to human form and be with Zues. Zeus then sent Hermes to recover Io. Hermes knew that he could not escape detection from Argus’ 100 eyes so. He began to play sleepy lullabies on his flute and soon Argus’ eyes closed and he fell asleep. Hermes then cut off his head. When Hera found Argus, dead and headless, she removed his one hundred eyes and placed them on the tail of her favorite bird, the peacock. The peacock became sacred to both the Greek and Roman civilizations, which treasured it as the guardian of their temples, wifely virtue and conjugal rights. Only priests were allowed to handle the beautiful bird and any other ordinary person doing so could be put to death for such a sacrilegious crime. Possession of even one peacock feather defied sacred tradition and therefore, to have such a feather at home would create bad luck.\nPeacock feather are prominent in Hindu mythology. The feather and the bird appear in many Hindu stories and myths. The bird itself is said to have angel feathers, a devil’s voice and the walk of thieves. Several gods and goddesses are depicted at riding the bird, but Krishna was said to have worn the feathers of the peacock in his hair. Today many gurus use peacock feathers to deliver the blessing called Shaktiput to their disciples.\nAnd it doesn’t end there. Many more religions and cultures have placed special significance and power in the peacock feather. Muslims, Ancient Japanese Mythology, many ancient and modern Chinese traditions and even Christianity all recognized the symbolic stunning beauty of the peacock feather.\nTo view our selection of peacock feathers, check out: http://www.wholesalefloral.com/Peacock_Feathers_s/96.htm", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://travelingfoxx.wordpress.com/2017/01/26/boston-ma/", "date": "2018-01-17T18:10:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886952.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117173312-20180117193312-00691.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9659879803657532, "token_count": 485, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__123894080", "lang": "en", "text": "Remembered for its political and historical importance during the American Revolution, Boston, Massachusetts has knowledge to share with anyone who visits. This city is full of American history – with buildings, museums, and monuments galore – as well as having a popular shopping destination in Faneuil Hall.\n5 Things to do:\nIf you enjoy art, then you’d probably be interested in the fourth largest museum in the U.S. Founded in 1870, this museum contains more than 450,000 works of art and attracts more than a million visitors every year. It recently became part of Tuft’s University School of Arts and Sciences and has been claimed as a “must see” by reviewers on TripAdvisor.\nMuch like the Civil War trails that can be found and followed in Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia, the Freedom Trail marks 16 locations significant to American history. It makes for a casual 2.5 mile walk through downtown Boston, where you can visit historic buildings and locations that are now surrounded by modern day structures. Information about the trail can be found at the office of the National Park Service on the first floor of Faneuil Hall.\nThis floating museum offers thorough information on what happened around the event of the Boston Tea Party. They provide interactive exhibits, authentically restored tea ships, and will even let you throw tea into the harbor! With lively staff, knowledge and unlimited tea to share, this museum is a popular destination for history buffs and tourists alike.\nPutting American history aside for a moment, there’s also a beautiful memorial dedicated to the Jews who died in the Holocaust. Located in downtown Boston, this site was dedicated in October 1995 and is lit up and open to visitors 24/7.\n5. Bunker Hill\nBuilt to commemorate the Battle of Bunker Hill, this granite obelisk was completed in 1843. During visiting hours, anyone can climb to the top. Be careful – that hike includes 294 steps! (Local jogging enthusiasts can be seen including this trek in their daily run.) The site also includes a small museum commemorating generals and soldiers. Both of the buildings are free to visit.\nThese are just a few of the destinations to visit while staying in Boston. There are many other sites to see and places to shop, it might take more than one trip to see it all!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://salisbury.greenparty.org.uk/news/2018/07/13/cnd-60th-anniversary/", "date": "2019-03-20T16:15:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202433.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320150106-20190320172106-00375.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9724496006965637, "token_count": 220, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__152758278", "lang": "en", "text": "13 July 2018\nMembers of Salisbury Green Party were involved in the recent celebration of the 60th anniversary of CND.\nThe CND 60th Anniversary Symbol was photographed at Stonehenge and again, on 14th June, at the Salisbury CND AGM and talk at Sarum College.\nKate Hudson, General Secretary of National CND, was the guest speaker. Kate spoke to a well-attended public meeting on the global situation regarding nuclear weapons.\nOn the positive side there is now a UN treaty banning nuclear weapons that was agreed by 120 countries, including Austria, Ireland and the Holy See in Europe. But there is also increasing international tension and fears around the spread and use of nuclear weapons.\nThe Bulletin of Atomic Scientists have moved the Doomsday clock to two minutes to midnight, the closest it has ever been to nuclear apocalypse since the organisation was founded shortly after the second world war. It was last at 2 minutes to midnight in 1953 at the height of the Cold War.\nThere is still much for CND to do as it marks its 60th anniversary.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hercules.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2019-2020/resolutionintroduced/Senate/htm/2019-SIR-0052.htm", "date": "2019-12-11T15:08:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540531917.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211131640-20191211155640-00432.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9171746969223022, "token_count": 666, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__20967110", "lang": "en", "text": "Senators Bullock, Wojno, Horn, Bayer, McCann, Moss, Santana, Brinks, Alexander, Polehanki, McMorrow, Chang, Geiss, Hertel, Outman, Daley, Lauwers, MacGregor, MacDonald, Stamas, Runestad, VanderWall, Theis, Lucido, Victory, Johnson, Hollier and Ananich offered the following resolution:\nSenate Resolution No. 52.\nA resolution to commemorate May 23, 2019, as the 120th Anniversary of the Michigan Municipal League.\nWhereas, The origins of the Michigan Municipal League were initiated in 1899 when a group of mayors sought to collaborate with one another and form an organization to focus on ‘good government’ and to strengthen the concept of home rule; and\nWhereas, The original bylaws envisioned an organization whose purpose was “the affiliation of municipal officials and the general improvement of every branch of municipal administration…”; and\nWhereas, Michigan organized a state municipal league in 1899, following California, Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The organization was known as the League of Michigan Municipalities, and its founding members were: Adrian, Albion, Alpena, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Benton Harbor, Big Rapids, Cadillac, Charlevoix, Charlotte, Coldwater, Detroit, Dowagiac, Eaton Rapids, Flint, Grand Haven, Grand Ledge, Grand Rapids, Hillsdale, Holly, Hudson, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Ludington, Manistee, Marshall, Mason, Monroe, Muskegon, Niles, Owosso, Pontiac, Port Huron, Rochester, Saginaw, St. Louis, Stanton, St. Joseph, Traverse City, Wyandotte, and Ypsilanti; and\nWhereas, The League’s continuity was secured in 1928 by creating a permanent home in Ann Arbor, hiring a full-time employee, publishing a periodical, and establishing a clearinghouse of information. Harold D. Smith was the first director and built the League into a statewide organization by doubling membership his first year and doubling it again in his second year; and\nWhereas, In 1957 the League expanded its presence by establishing an additional consultation and research office in Lansing, and ten years later held its first legislative conference bolstering its advocacy and coverage of municipal issues at the state level; and\nWhereas, 120 years later, the mission statement reads: The Michigan Municipal League is dedicated to making Michigan’s communities better by thoughtfully innovating programs, energetically connecting ideas and people, actively serving members with resources and services, and passionately inspiring positive change for Michigan’s greatest centers of potential: its communities; and\nWhereas, The League continues its legacy of service to meet the challenges of Michigan’s 533 cities and villages; now, therefore, be it\nResolved by the Senate, That the members of this legislative body commemorate May 23, 2019, as the 120th Anniversary of the Michigan Municipal League; and be it further\nResolved, That a copy of this resolution be transmitted to the Michigan Municipal League as evidence of our esteem for being Michigan’s voice for local government over the last 120 years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tapthelinemag.com/post/legendary-spanish-director-carlos-saura-dead-at-91", "date": "2024-04-16T11:53:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00731.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9729670882225037, "token_count": 267, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__117992733", "lang": "en", "text": "NOTE: This article is a republication- Source: IndieWire (Christian Zilko).\nCarlos Saura, one of the most towering figures in the world of Spanish cinema, has died at the age of 91. The news was first announced by the Film Academy of Spain.\nBorn in Huesca, Aragón, Spain in 1932, Saura’s childhood in the shadows of the Spanish Civil War played a key role in shaping his creative worldview. When he began making films in the late 1950s, he rose to prominence for his willingness to criticize Francisco Franco for the effects his regime had on Spanish life.\nHis important early works included the 1966 drama “The Hunt,” which won Saura the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his portrait of Spanish Civil War veterans dealing with life after the conflict. He won another Silver bear in 1968 for “Peppermint Frappé,” a movie that was immortalized in film history when Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut interrupted its Cannes screening out of solidarity with protesting students and workers. His films “La Prima Angélica” and “Cría Cuervos” later won special jury prizes at Cannes in the 1970s.\nTo read the full article click here", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=5989&lid=4132", "date": "2023-12-10T04:42:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00546.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9639365077018738, "token_count": 3409, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__315323860", "lang": "en", "text": "Excellencies, distinguished scholars, ladies and gentlemen.\nI am pleased to join you all today at the inauguration of the International Conference on Gallipoli 2021. This is the first major commemoration of the Battle of Gallipoli to be hosted by any platform of national significance in India. Perhaps, it is only appropriate that it should be done jointly by two venerable, historic bodies – the United Service Institution and the Indian Council of World Affairs. Their coming together with international participation has provided an opportunity to not only reflect on the Gallipoli campaign, but also to assess India’s contribution to World War I. I know that the specific theme today is of Gallipoli Revisited; but this is also an occasion to revisit the larger issue of India’s global participation and presence.\n2. The contribution of Indian soldiers fighting in the First World War as part of the victorious Allied armies has been the focus of a joint project between India’s Ministry of External Affairs and the United Service Institution of India between 2014-2018.Prime Minister Narendra Modi has taken a personal interest in this issue, speaking about it during his official visits to Australia, France, the UK, and Israel. He had presented a silver replica of the statue of an Indian soldier of the 14th Ferozepore Sikhs to his then host, Prime Minister Tony Abbot of Australia in November 2014. I believe that the original stands at the Officers’ Mess of 4 Mech (1 Sikh), the linear descendant of this very unit that fought at Gallipoli. 16,000 Indians were part of the Gallipolimobilization, among the more prominent for any national group. One in every ten actually perished on the battlefield whose singularity is perhaps best captured in the words of a serving German General: \"Seldom have so many countries of the world, races and nations sent their representatives to so small a place with the praiseworthy intention of killing one another.”\n3. You are all aware that during World War I, over 1.3 million Indians served overseas at the cost of 74,000 casualties. Gallipoli was ofcourse not the only theatre where they distinguished themselves. From the trenches of the Western Front to the deserts of Mesopotamia, from Central Asia to East Africa, Indian valour and fortitude were in evidence across vast geographies of conflict. In fact, intrepid Indian aviators were even among the earliest aces in the skies of Europe. Our casualties are commemorated in numerous memorials and cemeteries around the world. 13,000 names are engraved on the stones of the India Gate that many of us pass every day in New Delhi. By rights, no account of this period should have ignored the contribution of Indian soldiers. Yet, that is not how it has always been in reality.\n4. It may be understandable that other powers had their own interest in depicting history to their advantage. After all, this is, at the end of the day, a hegemonic exercise that is part of a larger strategic assertion. However, for many years, in India’s case,hesitations of history made us reluctant to claim this aspect of our heritage. It has now done so by moving beyond traditional military occasions like Armistice Day and recognizing the political significance of Indian soldiering abroad. Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself set an example by visiting the Neuve Chapelle Memorial in France during his April 2015 visit and lauding Indian courage and sacrifice there. Two years later, during his historic visit to Israel, he similarly went to the Haifa Memorial that marks the sacrifices of Indian lives during its 1918 liberation. A less reserved Indian embrace of its past was naturally reciprocated by the world.\n5. In November 2017, King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium recognized the contribution of Indian soldiers to the defence of Belgium by placing a wreath at India Gate, and inaugurating an exhibition \"India in Flanders Fields” in New Delhi. In January 2018, Prime Minister Modi and his Israeli counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu participated in the renaming ceremony of the Haifa-Teen Murti Memorial in New Delhi. In November 2018, Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, inaugurated the Indian Armed Forces Memorial at Villers Guislain in France, on land donated by the French Government to mark the contribution of Indian soldiers to the freedom of France during World War I. I have no doubt that we will see many more such gestures in the future.\n6. In many ways, the Gallipoli campaign had a resonance far beyond its military significance. The British, French and Germans felt its political and strategic repercussions almost immediately. For Turkey, it holds a special meaning as the birthplace of its modern nationhood. The ANZAC legend too emerged from this gruelling experience, strengthening the national identities of Australia and New Zealand. Each one of the diverse contingents that were deployed obviously carried back its own memories and lessons. That for India perhaps requires more study and greater introspection. The Allied defeat shaped India’s further participation in the war and the subsequent deployment in Mesopotamia. The difference that it made to the strategic outcomes has contributed to the West Asia that we know currently. By 1918, Indian performance including at Gallipoli led to the creation of the King’s Commissioned Indian Officer. We also have some understanding of its implications for our National Movement and the quest for independence, subjects already explored by some noted scholars. Where we could do with more attention are the consequences for India’s emergence on the global diplomatic stage as a national actor.\n7. In the aftermath of Gallipoli, India was included in the Imperial War Cabinet even though it was not a Dominion. This, in itself, was a recognition of the importance of its military contribution to the Allied efforts. The consequence was the inclusion of India in the British Empire Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. India thereby obtained the right to sign the Treaty of Versailles and became a founder member of the League of Nations. Decades later, India’s contribution in the next World War similarly enabled its presence at the Washington Conference in 1942 with 25 othernations. The resulting Declaration by United Nations set in motion the contemporary structures of multilateral institutions that we are familiar with today, including the UN and its specialized agencies, the IMF and the World Bank. To those who have been reluctant to recognize the significance of the Indian war effort in the 20th century, we could well ask whether the early experience of global engagement could have come without participation in these conflicts. And that is necessary to stress because these diplomatic exposures were really the foundational lessons in the evolution of India’s world view.\n8. Insofar as World War I and the Gallipoli campaign were concerned, we should also remember that the war effort had the support of mainstream Indian political opinion at that time. It was hoped that by supporting Imperial Britain in its hour of need, India would place it under moral debt and thereby advance its own aspirations. This infactwas advocated by none less than Mahatma Gandhi himself. These disappointed hopes, as we all know, accelerated the movement towards complete independence. They also later shaped the Indian political attitude towards World War II. Each experience offers its own lessons in realpolitik. But cumulatively, they laid the basis for a suspicion of the West that was further reinforced by the decisions of the Cold War. Today, the rebalancing of the global order may have created new convergences.Greater national confidence with less ideological baggage has encouraged stronger interactions.But the past does explain some of the scepticism, especially on developmental issues.\n9. This conference is devoted in large measure to an exchange of comparative lessons from the Gallipoli experience. It is natural that this subject should be addressed by group of military historians assembled from across the world. And I’m equally conscious that lot of the discussion would be on the political, strategic and diplomatic repercussions of this. But I would like to take the opportunity, both as a Foreign Minister and a student of international politics, to share some thoughts about the political consequences of this campaign and that era. As you would note, there is so much food for thought from this extraordinary event that its ripples are felt even a century later.\n10. The most obvious question is that of soldiering for common good. It is worth recalling that Indian soldiers during the World Wars were motivated neither by conquest nor acquisition. Their driving force was infact a military ethic, honour and the dignity of a professional soldier. This shaped their self-perception and behaviour abroad, building an image of discipline and responsibility.The standards with which the Indian military is associated with at home and abroad, like so many things, has its history too.This is particularly relevant to an India that is now poised to enter a different phase of its evolution.But I would also submit that this holds points of interest for the rest of the world as well.\n11. The exemplary demeanour of Indian soldiers in World War I, on or off the battlefield, has set us on the long road to peacekeeping. With 50 missions and 2,53,000 soldiers – in addition to police personnel – India has been the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping.Indians have served with distinction in regions close to Gallipoli and continue to do so even today.The largest number of UN troops who have made the supreme sacrifice are also from India. Our soldiers bring with them a culture of empathy and fairness, seeing friends and partners rather than aliens or strangers. Indian peacekeepers are rarely perceived as an external imposition; indeed, they are easily woven into the fabric of local society.As a result, they can go beyond their assigned role to become catalysts of change.\n12. The story of the first ever all-female Formed Police Unit for UN Peacekeeping in Liberia in 2007 is noteworthy in that regard. The Unit was instrumental in combating sexual and gender-based violence in that country. The inspiring presence of Indian women in uniform encouraged a process of empowerment in Liberia. The number of women applicants infact to the Liberian National Police trebled in the next two months. Female enrolment in the Liberian Police Academy went up from four per class in 2006 to 30 per class in 2007, and to 100 per class in 2008. Recruitment of women in the Liberian Security Services rose from 10 to 17 per cent.So we have a case here where Indian women peacekeepers were seen as a force for good, worthy of emulation; just as the ramrod straight Indian soldiers doing duty in the cold, frosty battlegrounds of World War I Europe had won the respect of their peers and locals alike.These actually have been the best ambassadors that India could have had in contemporary times.\n13. In a world that is regrettably less multilateral than it should be, and wanted to be, common good is increasingly a national initiative. In our own region, India has stepped forward as the first responder when it comes to humanitarian assistance or disaster relief. We are seeing that often, whether it is the civil war in Yemen, the earthquake in Nepal, the cyclone in Mozambique or the mudslides in Sri Lanka.Some of the travails that the Covid-19 pandemic subjected us to were also addressed by Indian military deployments. Our military medical teams contributed to stabilizing public health situations in Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles and Comoros in the last year.Challenges, however, are not only in the times of crisis.The global commons, for example, struggle everyday with threats to maritime security.The dangers of terrorism or organized crime are ever present. Climate change is making natural disasters more frequent. And Human-made conflicts have not receded a century after Gallipoli.Ideally, every significant challenge should have been addressed by an agreed mechanism or regime. But the realities are far sadder and it is increasingly clearer that the responsibilities of the current times will have to be borne more by those who have the capability and willingness to do so. In that sense, the spirit of Gallipoli would continue to guide India’s contribution to global welfare.\n14. Soldiering for common welfare is obviously shaped by the attitudes of a society. One that has historically embraced the world, rather than kept it at a distance, has obviously a more willing stance. In contemporary diplomacy, that is also reflected in sincere, genuine support for multilateralism.Where that falls short, it is now expressed in plurilateral initiatives.India is today a vigorous proponent of multilateralism and an articulate advocate of its reform. Those resisting changes in the global order today justify their obduracy as adherence to the military contributions and outcomes of the last World War. But in truth, Gallipoli and other World War events underline that India was among the countries that was short-changed in this respect. Whether it is the past or the future, there is a strong case for global decision-making to be more truly representative.That Indian internationalism has, in fact, only become stronger with time strengths this case. And understandably it is expressed in dimensions beyond the military one. If India leads an International Solar Alliance or a Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure now, the instincts driving them are not that different.This is true as well of the widening development partnerships in agriculture, energy, digital or education that extend today from the Pacific Islands through Africa to the Caribbean.\n15. Gallipoli is, of course, but one - even though an important - example of India’s global military footprint in the modern era.The World Wars revived opportunities for far-off deployments of Indian power after a considerable gap in its history.But they do remind us of two underlying truths: one, the seamless nature of the world, and two, the global impact of India.Both realities were unfortunately obfuscated by recent history that divided the world into artificial compartments even while downsizing Indian power. However, the rebalancing of the world order and the ensuing multipolarity is driving a long-awaited correction.India is today in the midst of reclaiming history and re-asserting its interests beyond orthodox silos. It is evident in the Act East policy, the Indo-Pacific vision, reviving ties with Gulf and West Asia, and the outreach to Africa.It is equally clear that connectivity – a concept that Gallipoli so strongly symbolizes – has become even more salient in the 21st century Great Game. As Indians look at the world with fresher and clearer eyes, global battlefields where we have shed blood to determine momentous outcomes are both a reminder and an inspiration.\n16. History means different things to different people at different times. Gallipoli is no exception, and all its participants had their own take of it. But our understanding of its significance also evolved with the passage of time. The past naturally continues to cast its shadow in all countries, be it in terms of a larger outlook or a narrower policy. The relationship is always stronger with those when we have bled together.Sometimes, specific experiences shaped our thinking: like those of Indian soldiers on the Western Front in 1915 subjected to the use of chemical weapons. At another level, the camaraderie of the past is always a factor in the relationships for the future. This sentiment was very much in evidence when Prime Minister Modi was in France in 2015. As India braces for a multipolar world with new equations, these are building blocks of no small value. In India, if we have been selective in our reading of past events, the subjectivity reflected the politics of the day. For decades, a great tradition and a valiant record got less than its due, even though our current capabilities are built on those very foundations.Indeed, our historical assessments were tailored to serve more contemporary and immediate objectives.As we now finally move beyond, perhaps the time is ripe for objectively revisiting our global contributions.A confident nation can be equally confident about its past.At the very least, it would be helpful to a society that should be preparing seriously for what awaits it.\n17. Ladies and gentlemen let me conclude by once again expressing my appreciation for this laudable initiative at convening an international conference on Gallipoli.It is a timely message to us that India has always been relevant to global events and must continue to think in that mode. It is a reminder too that our interests and influences are much broader than competitors might suggest.And most of all, it is an affirmation of the value of India as a cross-roads ideal to encourage and hold meaningful and thought-provoking conversations.\nThank you for your attention.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stohrer.fr/about-us/", "date": "2024-02-22T20:12:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00267.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9572632312774658, "token_count": 713, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__190109604", "lang": "en", "text": "The oldest patisserie in Paris, since 1730\nStohrer, the oldest patisserie in Paris, was founded in 1730 by King Louis XV’s pastry chef, Nicolas Stohrer. Still located rue Montorgueil, this establishment has taken on mythical qualities over time. Now listed as a historical site, its lavish décor was designed by a student of Paul Baudry, who decorated the Opéra Garnier.\nCentury after century, this mecca for both sweet and savory delicacies, where everything is prepared in-house, has offered the best of classic French pastry. Rum babas (invented by Nicolas Stohrer himself), puits d’amour, old-fashioned religieuses, exceptional vol-au-vent…\nFaithful to traditions, the Dolfi family, who hold the reins of the House, wish to perpetuate the spirit of Stohrer by relying on an exceptional heritage and the know-how of its team of pastry chefs.\nNICOLAS STOHRER, THE LEGACY OF A VISIONARY\nNicolas Stohrer was pastry chef to Stanislas Leszczynski, Duke of Lorraine, former King of Poland, and father of Marie Leszczynska, who married Louis XV of France. He invented the rum baba, which has since become a legendary recipe. The story goes that Stanislas once complained that his Kouglof (a brioche from Alsace) was too dry, so Nicolas doused it with Tokay or Malaga wine (according to diverging accounts), which he later replaced with rum. Nicolas Stohrer was also the creator of many other classic French pastries, such as the Chiboust cream tart, the puits d’amour and the traditional-style religieuse.\nNicolas was a visionary in the way he went about his work as a pastry chef. When he set up shop on rue Montorgueil, he brought a modern vision to his commerce by offering chou pastries in a wide array of forms. He was also the first to bring together under the same roof different skills and techniques that were separate trades before: pastry making, of course, but also confectionery, cake-baking and wafer-, waffle- and spiced-bread making. Thanks to Nicolas Stohrer, pastry chefs ceased to be just makers of savoury “pies” and embraced all forms of sweet treats as well. But that doesn’t mean he stopped making his famous vol-au-vents, for which Parisians still flock to the shop at 51 rue Montorgeuil.\nStohrer’s repertoire is unparalleled and the shop continues to propose the best of what classic French patisserie has to offer: rum babas, Chiboust cream tarts and traditional-style religeuses – all invented by Nicolas Stohrer – as well as his exceptional vol-au-vents.\nA HISTORIC ALLIANCE, IN 2017\nThe Dolfi family took over Stohrer in 2017, marking the coming together of two histories and a new chapter for the rue Montorgueil shop. Stohrer now combines its classic excellence with the expertise of the Dolfi family, which over the years has become the “guardian” of expertise in sweet treats.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://verbasparsa.org/2017/05/21/streets-and-statues-truth-and-reconciliation/", "date": "2021-07-23T19:22:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150000.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723175111-20210723205111-00317.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9602910876274109, "token_count": 4890, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__188263538", "lang": "en", "text": "Especially for my friends in my home state, Virginia.\nMy Virginia friends of my generation know what it was like to grow up there in the 1960s. I remember writing “reports” for assignments in elementary school and junior high school. I remember making covers for them. I used stencils that we bought at the stationery store in downtown Hopewell to put the titles on the covers of my reports. And the cover needed a picture too. Seems to me the picture was more often than not a cut-and-paste (not digital, of course, but with real metal scissors and Elmer’s Glue) from a brochure picked up out at Battlefield Park—normally one of the Confederate generals, or a Confederate flag.\nNow, the elementary school where I was turning in these reports was segregated. When my middle school was integrated, and when I got to high school, I don’t recall ever asking any of my new African-American classmates how they felt about such symbols. I’m pretty sure I never asked them. The history was already learned, the culture engrained, before I ever met them.\nHow many Civil War battlefields did I visit as a child? Memories of the Confederacy were everywhere. There was a kind of sweet, sad, rich nostalgia for the lost elegance of the South—never mind that most of my own forebears were still somewhere in the hills of Slovakia or Switzerland or else up in Illinois the night they brought old Dixie down! Still somehow the Old South was my history, and my loss. The land, the rivers, the hills and valleys, the plantations—to have any sense of place, any connection to or rootedness in the soil all around us was to participate also in a certain veneration not only of the Revolutionary-era leaders but also of the Confederacy and its generals, who we knew were not only better soldiers and strategists but also at least in certain prominent cases (Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson) men of better manners and morals, and more devout Christians, than the dissipated riffraff who suited up as generals for the Northern cause (the corrupt and uncouth Ulysses S. Grant, the sadist-arsonist William Tecumseh Sherman).\nIt’s not that we didn’t know which side won the Civil War, or didn’t learn to respect Abraham Lincoln, or didn’t study the history—though in the history I learned, the main issue was not so much slavery but economics: the South’s heroic but doomed effort to hold on to a genteel, agrarian way of life over against the newfangled plagues of industrialization and urbanization. My home town—where Grant camped out before and during the siege of Petersburg—commemorated Northern generals along with the Southerners. When I was born my parents took me home to a house on Grant Street, and as a teenager I delivered papers up and down Sherman Avenue. Other streets in the neighborhoods I lived in had names like Hooker, Moultrie, Lee, Miles, Hill, Clark, Clay, Stonewall, Jackson—intermingling Northern and Southern generals—along with Norfolk, Portsmouth, Roanoke, Danville.\nThe most remarkable street of my childhood memories, the one most heavily suffused with reminiscences of the War, was over in Richmond. Monument Avenue featured (and still does) statues of Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. Stuart, Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, and Matthew Fontaine Maury. Sometimes when my family went over to Richmond to shop, or for my piano lessons at VCU when I was in high school, we would return to I-95 by way of Monument Avenue rather than Broad so we could see the statutes. As recently as this past November, when I flew down to Virginia and drove my mom to a cousin’s wedding in Richmond, I diverted down Monument Avenue—somehow I couldn’t not go there—and on the way down the avenue held my phone out the car window and snapped the photo displayed with this post.\nIf you think the names of Lee and Jackson and the soil around Manassas and the Crater exert a certain pull only on the hearts of openly racist rednecks who ride around in pickup trucks flying confederate flags, then I think you don’t know many Southerners of my generation very well. (Also, don’t identify such attitudes behavior too exclusively with the South: I have recently seen such a truck here in Michigan, on the country roads southeast of Grand Rapids.)\nSo why say all that? So that I can now commend to your reading the transcript of the recent remarks of New Orleans major Tom Landrieu regarding Confederate monuments. What he says seems to me entirely and undeniably true and right. There is no room any longer for the kind of nostalgia for and veneration of the Confederacy that was woven into my (Southern white) generation’s cultural formation and is still stamped onto the public landscape of many American cities. A century and a half has been enough. Reconciliation requires truth, and the subjugation and exploitation of the black race is not a matter for celebration with statues on pedestals in public streets and squares. Move them to a museum-park, and embed them in a truthful telling of the whole complicated—and yet not so complicated that the ugly central truth can legitimately be obscured—story of what those men stood for and fought for. Do not idolize them, do not demonize them, do not forget them. Remembrance enables self-knowledge, and self-knowledge can be a precondition of repentance and salvation.\nThe transcript of Landrieu’s speech: http://pulsegulfcoast.com/2017/05/transcript-of-new-orleans-mayor-landrieus-address-on-confederate-monuments.\n(I will also paste in the text below, in case this URL expires.)\nTranscript of New Orleans Mayor Landrieu’s address on Confederate monuments\nJust hours before workers removed a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee — the fourth Confederate monument to be dismantled in New Orleans in recent weeks — Mayor Mitch Landrieu gave a special address at historic Gallier Hall.\nHere’s a full transcript of Landrieu’s remarks:\nThank you for coming.\nThe soul of our beloved City is deeply rooted in a history that has evolved over thousands of years; rooted in a diverse people who have been here together every step of the way – for both good and for ill.\nIt is a history that holds in its heart the stories of Native Americans: the Choctaw, Houma Nation, the Chitimacha. Of Hernando de Soto, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the Acadians, the Islenos, the enslaved people from Senegambia, Free People of Color, the Haitians, the Germans, both the empires of Francexii and Spain. The Italians, the Irish, the Cubans, the south and central Americans, the Vietnamese and so many more.\nYou see: New Orleans is truly a city of many nations, a melting pot, a bubbling cauldron of many cultures.\nThere is no other place quite like it in the world that so eloquently exemplifies the uniquely American motto: e pluribus unum — out of many we are one.\nBut there are also other truths about our city that we must confront. New Orleans was America’s largest slave market: a port where hundreds of thousands of souls were brought, sold and shipped up the Mississippi River to lives of forced labor of misery of rape, of torture.\nAmerica was the place where nearly 4,000 of our fellow citizens were lynched, 540 alone in Louisiana; where the courts enshrined ‘separate but equal’; where Freedom riders coming to New Orleans were beaten to a bloody pulp.\nSo when people say to me that the monuments in question are history, well what I just described is real history as well, and it is the searing truth.\nAnd it immediately begs the questions: why there are no slave ship monuments, no prominent markers on public land to remember the lynchings or the slave blocks; nothing to remember this long chapter of our lives; the pain, the sacrifice, the shame … all of it happening on the soil of New Orleans.\nSo for those self-appointed defenders of history and the monuments, they are eerily silent on what amounts to this historical malfeasance, a lie by omission.\nThere is a difference between remembrance of history and reverence of it. For America and New Orleans, it has been a long, winding road, marked by great tragedy and great triumph. But we cannot be afraid of our truth.\nAs President George W. Bush said at the dedication ceremony for the National Museum of African American History & Culture, “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and corrects them.”\nSo today I want to speak about why we chose to remove these four monuments to the Lost Cause of the Confederacy, but also how and why this process can move us towards healing and understanding of each other.\nSo, let’s start with the facts.\nThe historic record is clear: the Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and P.G.T. Beauregard statues were not erected just to honor these men, but as part of the movement which became known as The Cult of the Lost Cause. This ‘cult’ had one goal — through monuments and through other means — to rewrite history to hide the truth, which is that the Confederacy was on the wrong side of humanity.\nFirst erected over 166 years after the founding of our city and 19 years after the end of the Civil War, the monuments that we took down were meant to rebrand the history of our city and the ideals of a defeated Confederacy.\nIt is self-evident that these men did not fight for the United States of America, They fought against it. They may have been warriors, but in this cause they were not patriots.\nThese statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for.\nAfter the Civil War, these statues were a part of that terrorism as much as a burning cross on someone’s lawn; they were erected purposefully to send a strong message to all who walked in their shadows about who was still in charge in this city.\nShould you have further doubt about the true goals of the Confederacy, in the very weeks before the war broke out, the Vice President of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens, made it clear that the Confederate cause was about maintaining slavery and white supremacy.\nHe said in his now famous ‘Cornerstone speech’ that the Confederacy’s “cornerstone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery — subordination to the superior race — is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”\nNow, with these shocking words still ringing in your ears, I want to try to gently peel from your hands the grip on a false narrative of our history that I think weakens us and make straight a wrong turn we made many years ago so we can more closely connect with integrity to the founding principles of our nation and forge a clearer and straighter path toward a better city and more perfect union.\nLast year, President Barack Obama echoed these sentiments about the need to contextualize and remember all of our history. He recalled a piece of stone, a slave auction block engraved with a marker commemorating a single moment in 1830 when Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay stood and spoke from it.\nPresident Obama said, “Consider what this artifact tells us about history … on a stone where day after day for years, men and women … bound and bought and sold and bid like cattle on a stone worn down by the tragedy of over a thousand bare feet. For a long time the only thing we considered important, the singular thing we once chose to commemorate as history with a plaque were the unmemorable speeches of two powerful men.”\nA piece of stone – one stone. Both stories were history. One story told. One story forgotten or maybe even purposefully ignored.\nAs clear as it is for me today … for a long time, even though I grew up in one of New Orleans’ most diverse neighborhoods, even with my family’s long proud history of fighting for civil rights … I must have passed by those monuments a million times without giving them a second thought.\nSo I am not judging anybody, I am not judging people. We all take our own journey on race. I just hope people listen like I did when my dear friend Wynton Marsalis helped me see the truth. He asked me to think about all the people who have left New Orleans because of our exclusionary attitudes.\nAnother friend asked me to consider these four monuments from the perspective of an African American mother or father trying to explain to their fifth grade daughter who Robert E. Lee is and why he stands atop of our beautiful city. Can you do it?\nCan you look into that young girl’s eyes and convince her that Robert E. Lee is there to encourage her? Do you think she will feel inspired and hopeful by that story? Do these monuments help her see a future with limitless potential? Have you ever thought that if her potential is limited, yours and mine are too?\nWe all know the answer to these very simple questions.\nWhen you look into this child’s eyes is the moment when the searing truth comes into focus for us. This is the moment when we know what is right and what we must do. We can’t walk away from this truth.\nAnd I knew that taking down the monuments was going to be tough, but you elected me to do the right thing, not the easy thing and this is what that looks like. So relocating these Confederate monuments is not about taking something away from someone else. This is not about politics, this is not about blame or retaliation. This is not a naïve quest to solve all our problems at once.\nThis is, however, about showing the whole world that we as a city and as a people are able to acknowledge, understand, reconcile and, most importantly, choose a better future for ourselves, making straight what has been crooked and making right what was wrong.\nOtherwise, we will continue to pay a price with discord, with division, and yes, with violence.\nTo literally put the confederacy on a pedestal in our most prominent places of honor is an inaccurate recitation of our full past, it is an affront to our present, and it is a bad prescription for our future.\nHistory cannot be changed. It cannot be moved like a statue. What is done is done. The Civil War is over, and the Confederacy lost and we are better for it. Surely we are far enough removed from this dark time to acknowledge that the cause of the Confederacy was wrong.\nAnd in the second decade of the 21st century, asking African Americans — or anyone else — to drive by property that they own; occupied by reverential statues of men who fought to destroy the country and deny that person’s humanity seems perverse and absurd.\nCenturies-old wounds are still raw because they never healed right in the first place.\nHere is the essential truth: we are better together than we are apart. Indivisibility is our essence. Isn’t this the gift that the people of New Orleans have given to the world?\nWe radiate beauty and grace in our food, in our music, in our architecture, in our joy of life, in our celebration of death; in everything that we do. We gave the world this funky thing called jazz; the most uniquely American art form that is developed across the ages from different cultures.\nThink about second lines, think about Mardi Gras, think about muffaletta, think about the Saints, gumbo, red beans and rice. By God, just think. All we hold dear is created by throwing everything in the pot; creating, producing something better; everything a product of our historic diversity.\nWe are proof that out of many we are one — and better for it! Out of many we are one — and we really do love it!\nAnd yet, we still seem to find so many excuses for not doing the right thing. Again, remember President Bush’s words, “A great nation does not hide its history. It faces its flaws and corrects them.”\nWe forget, we deny how much we really depend on each other, how much we need each other. We justify our silence and inaction by manufacturing noble causes that marinate in historical denial. We still find a way to say “wait, not so fast.”\nBut like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. said, “wait has almost always meant never.”\nWe can’t wait any longer. We need to change. And we need to change now. No more waiting. This is not just about statues, this is about our attitudes and behavior as well. If we take these statues down and don’t change to become a more open and inclusive society this would have all been in vain.\nWhile some have driven by these monuments every day and either revered their beauty or failed to see them at all, many of our neighbors and fellow Americans see them very clearly. Many are painfully aware of the long shadows their presence casts, not only literally but figuratively. And they clearly receive the message that the Confederacy and the cult of the lost cause intended to deliver.\nEarlier this week, as the cult of the lost cause statue of P.G.T Beauregard came down, world renowned musician Terence Blanchard stood watch, his wife Robin and their two beautiful daughters at their side.\nTerence went to a high school on the edge of City Park named after one of America’s greatest heroes and patriots, John F. Kennedy. But to get there he had to pass by this monument to a man who fought to deny him his humanity.\nHe said, “I’ve never looked at them as a source of pride … it’s always made me feel as if they were put there by people who don’t respect us. This is something I never thought I’d see in my lifetime. It’s a sign that the world is changing.”\nYes, Terence, it is, and it is long overdue.Now is the time to send a new message to the next generation of New Orleanians who can follow in Terence and Robin’s remarkable footsteps.\nA message about the future, about the next 300 years and beyond; let us not miss this opportunity New Orleans and let us help the rest of the country do the same. Because now is the time for choosing. Now is the time to actually make this the City we always should have been, had we gotten it right in the first place.\nWe should stop for a moment and ask ourselves — at this point in our history, after Katrina, after Rita, after Ike, after Gustav, after the national recession, after the BP oil catastrophe and after the tornado — if presented with the opportunity to build monuments that told our story or to curate these particular spaces … would these monuments be what we want the world to see? Is this really our story?\nWe have not erased history; we are becoming part of the city’s history by righting the wrong image these monuments represent and crafting a better, more complete future for all our children and for future generations.\nAnd unlike when these Confederate monuments were first erected as symbols of white supremacy, we now have a chance to create not only new symbols, but to do it together, as one people.\nIn our blessed land we all come to the table of democracy as equals.\nWe have to reaffirm our commitment to a future where each citizen is guaranteed the uniquely American gifts of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.\nThat is what really makes America great and today it is more important than ever to hold fast to these values and together say a self-evident truth that out of many we are one. That is why today we reclaim these spaces for the United States of America.Because we are one nation, not two; indivisible with liberty and justice for all, not some. We all are part of one nation, all pledging allegiance to one flag, the flag of the United States of America. And New Orleanians are in, all of the way.\nIt is in this union and in this truth that real patriotism is rooted and flourishes.\nInstead of revering a 4-year brief historical aberration that was called the Confederacy we can celebrate all 300 years of our rich, diverse history as a place named New Orleans and set the tone for the next 300 years.\nAfter decades of public debate, of anger, of anxiety, of anticipation, of humiliation and of frustration. After public hearings and approvals from three separate community led commissions. After two robust public hearings and a 6-1 vote by the duly elected New Orleans City Council. After review by 13 different federal and state judges. The full weight of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government has been brought to bear and the monuments in accordance with the law have been removed.\nSo now is the time to come together and heal and focus on our larger task. Not only building new symbols, but making this city a beautiful manifestation of what is possible and what we as a people can become.\nLet us remember what the once exiled, imprisoned and now universally loved Nelson Mandela and what he said after the fall of apartheid. “If the pain has often been unbearable and the revelations shocking to all of us, it is because they indeed bring us the beginnings of a common understanding of what happened and a steady restoration of the nation’s humanity.”\nSo before we part let us again state the truth clearly.\nThe Confederacy was on the wrong side of history and humanity. It sought to tear apart our nation and subjugate our fellow Americans to slavery. This is the history we should never forget and one that we should never again put on a pedestal to be revered.\nAs a community, we must recognize the significance of removing New Orleans’ Confederate monuments. It is our acknowledgment that now is the time to take stock of, and then move past, a painful part of our history.\nAnything less would render generations of courageous struggle and soul-searching a truly lost cause.\nAnything less would fall short of the immortal words of our greatest President Abraham Lincoln, who with an open heart and clarity of purpose calls on us today to unite as one people when he said:\n“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to do all which may achieve and cherish: a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://brittneythenerd.com/2010/12/26/greensboros-kwanzaa-collective-umoja/", "date": "2023-06-05T04:36:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00108.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.908919095993042, "token_count": 172, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__114336992", "lang": "en", "text": "Today is the first day of Kwanzaa, a week-long celebration of recognizing African and African-American heritage and traditions. Kwanzaa was created by Maulana Karenga and In 1966, the first one was celebrated. The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase matunda ya kwanza, meaning first fruits of the harvest.\nThis year The Greensboro Kwanzaa Collective, will present a week-long Kwanzaa celebration in Greensboro. This is the first ever week-long Kwanzaa celebration in the city of Greensboro. Join the families for libations, drumming, art, story-telling, and community at the Hayes Taylor (1101 E. Market St , Greensboro, NC 27401) today from 6:00pm – 9:00pm!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://chiamonline.com/News/InEnglish/2003/Feb/03chang.htm", "date": "2019-02-22T13:54:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00257.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.956096351146698, "token_count": 193, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__143210614", "lang": "en", "text": "Iris Chang has completed her long-awaited narrative history of Chinese Americans, to be published by Viking Penguin in May 2003. This will be the first Chinese American history written for a general audience that includes the story of the newest wave of immigrants, who arrived after normalization with the People's Republic of China. The book covers 150 years of Chinese contributions to America, drawn from interviews, archival research and synthesis of the scholarly literature. Chang is best known for The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (1997. She wrote her first book, Thread of the Silkworm (1995) on Tsien Hsue-Shen (Qian Xuesen), the Chinese American rocket scientist who was accused of being a Communist and deported to China during the McCarthy era. Ms. Chang was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by The College of Wooster on May 13, 2002. (Source: Committee Bridges, Fall 2002).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://laconcorde.co.za/our-story/", "date": "2020-08-07T01:17:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737050.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807000315-20200807030315-00092.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9726828932762146, "token_count": 587, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__151675573", "lang": "en", "text": "The founders of La Concorde Bakery, Rena and Michael Anousakis, left Greece in 1958 to start a new life in South Africa. They arrived in the country with nothing, except for the many years of experience that they had acquired working as bakers and confectioners. They soon found work at a restaurant, but set their minds to one day opening their own bakery. They had a simple vision for their future business: To introduce traditional, homemade, and authentic Mediterranean flavours to the South African bakery experience. At the time this style of food was not prevalent in Johannesburg bakeries, which fuelled their desire to share the unforgettable tastes that they grew up with.\nIn 1968, they were finally able to open their own restaurant with a bakery element. They named the business “La Concorde,” after the Place de la Concorde in Paris – where the world’s finest baked goods and confectionary could be found. Situated in the old Johannesburg CBD, La Concorde had an authentically European menu, store design and ambiance. It made a name for itself as the only restaurant offering traditional European and Jewish cuisine and baked goods.\nIn the 1970’s Rena and Michael decided to focus exclusively on their bakery, and so removed the restaurant component from the business. At this time there was a growing demand from wholesale customers requesting baked goods delivered to their premises. Unable to keep up with the large volume of wholesale orders, it was time for La Concorde to expand.\nAnd so, during the 1970’s and 1980’s Rena and Michael’s sons opened new La Concorde bakeries in Emmerentia, Bramley, Westgate, the East Rand Mall, Kilarney and Norwood. They kept with the traditional La Concorde heritage, but now also had the operational capacity to service the ever-growing demand from wholesale customers.\nThis business model remained successful until the 1990’s, when it became apparent that shifting customer preferences had transformed the demand for bakery products. It was clear that the future of baking was no longer in retail stores, but rather in wholesale. They decided to take advantage of this market opportunity by leveraging La Concorde’s existing wholesale capabilities. And so, in 2000, the decision was made to focus exclusively on wholesale. All retail stores were closed, and La Concorde was consolidated into one large wholesale factory, based in Linbro Business Park. The business now had capacity to service the wholesale needs of the entire Gauteng region, making it a market leader in the industry.\nIn 2005 the third generation of the family took over the management of La Concorde Bakery, and currently remain in this position. In 2017 La Concorde Bakery acquired a second factory, also based in Linbro Business Park, allowing it further opportunity to expand and to focus more extensively on mass production.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kirtland.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/1372080/afrl-nm-celebrates-100-years-of-af-science-technology/", "date": "2018-09-18T19:13:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155676.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918185612-20180918205612-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9718680381774902, "token_count": 527, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__183088996", "lang": "en", "text": "KIRTLAND AIR FORCE BASE, N.M. --\nOne hundred years ago on Dec. 4, 1917, the U.S. Army established a home for science and technology research at McCook Field, Ohio. The organization was dubbed the Aircraft Engineering Division and would ultimately become the Air Force Research Laboratory. On Nov. 9, the Air Force Research Laboratory's New Mexican directorates celebrated a century of evolving lineage from their ancestral unit at McCook.\nThe early pioneers at McCook understood that research was the key to military supremacy, a fact that was not lost on presenters at Kirtland's celebration, according to Dr. Kelly Hammett, director of AFRL's Directed Energy Directorate.\n\"When looking forward into the future, it's good to take a look back and know who you are, where you came from and what got you here,\" he said. \"Soon the role that this organization locally, and the role that the greater Air Force Research Laboratory has will chart the course of the Air Force for the next 50 years. So it's just important and special to pause for a couple hours and look back at the tremendous accomplishments we've made here.\"\nThe event lauded breakthrough technologies developed in the Directed Energy and Space Vehicles directorates, including harnessing lasers and high-powered microwaves, and composite applications like the Roll-Out Solar Array.\nAFRL NM also offered presentations on the \"Impacts of Generational Development in Science and Technology,\" and \"Agile Innovation,\" as well as the Counter Electronics High Power Microwave Airborne Missile Program.\nAFRL NM's Matt Fetrow said the day was also special because members of the community and Team Kirtland outside AFRL joined in the celebration.\n\"The Air Force has been around for 70 years, but our technology history dates back to 1917,\" Fetrow said. \"We are inviting the community and the rest of the base, and we are just thrilled to see civic leaders and other folks here to celebrate with us.\nThe celebration also served as an unveiling of the Heritage Annex, which includes historical memorabilia ranging from wooden bolts from the Trestle to parts from the MAX POWER counter-IED system. What was once a storage area near northeast corner of the intersection of Aberdeen and Kirtland Avenues, has become a showcase of AFRL history and a gathering place for Team Kirtland.\n\"This is now serving as a gathering place where we have a lot of informal meetings and it's really decked out. We are really thrilled to introduce this facility,\" Fetrow said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lakemartinrealty.com/property/236-east-st/23-38.html", "date": "2023-10-02T10:44:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00620.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8854754567146301, "token_count": 625, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__75839126", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to this enchanting piece of history nestled on a peaceful tree-lined street. Built in 1900, this captivating home exudes timeless elegance with its classic architecture and picturesque front porch adorned with intricate gingerbread trim. Step back in time while enjoying all the modern comforts that have been thoughtfully integrated into this well-maintained residence.As you approach the property, the inviting front porch beckons you to sit and unwind, savoring the gentle breeze and the sights of the neighborhood. The gingerbread trim showcases the exquisite craftsmanship of the era, adding a touch of whimsy and character to the home's exterior. Upon entering, you are greeted with a warm and welcoming ambiance that radiates the charm of yesteryears. The living spaces boast original hardwood floors, high ceilings and abundant natural light that gives the interior an airy and spacious feel. With three generously sized bedrooms, this home offers ample space for a growing family or those who desire extra room for guests or a home office. Each bedroom boasts unique details that preserve the home's historical character, while large windows invite scenic views and gentle sunlight. The home's two renovated bathrooms are a testament to the perfect blend of classic charm and modern design. Elegant fixtures, tasteful tiling, and luxurious amenities create a spa-like retreat, ensuring a tranquil escape from the world's hustle and bustle. Stepping outside, the lush backyard provides an ideal space for outdoor gatherings, gardening, or simple relaxation. The private sanctuary is surrounded by mature trees, offering a peaceful haven in the midst of the city. Located in a desirable neighborhood, this home is conveniently close to local amenities, schools, parks, and public transportation. Its historic appeal combined with modern conveniences makes it a rare find in today's market. If you are a lover of history and an admirer of meticulous craftsmanship, this charming home with gingerbread trim is a must-see. Embrace the past while enjoying the comforts of the present in this truly captivating property. Don't miss the opportunity to own a piece of history that will surely continue to charm for generations to come. Schedule your private tour today!\nType: Residential Single Family\nListing Status: Active (00/00/0000)\nLake Name: N/A\nFoundation: Crawl Space\nSiding: Wood Siding\nFloors: Tile, Wood Floors\nUtilities: Alabama Power, City Utilities\nSewage: City Sewer\nWater: Dadeville Water Co.\nHeating: Central (Elec)\nCooling: Central (Elec)\nExterior: Fenced, Porch, Shrubs\nCovenants Allow Rentals?: Y\nRental Term: Negotiable", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sheratonbetterwhenshared.com/the-truth-about-lottery-taxes/", "date": "2024-04-15T11:45:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816977.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415111434-20240415141434-00413.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9721055626869202, "token_count": 510, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__142457486", "lang": "en", "text": "The lottery is one of the oldest forms of social welfare, where the proceeds of ticket sales are donated to charitable organizations. Each state donates a certain percentage of its revenues, and the money raised is typically used for public sector initiatives. Lotteries have been around since the Old Testament, when Moses distributed land to the Israelites. Lotteries were also used by Roman emperors to give away slaves and property. They were brought to the United States by British colonists and banned between 1844 and 1859 by ten states.\nLottery games originated in the Netherlands and became popular there in the seventeenth century, when they were used to fund public purposes. As the lottery grew in popularity, it also became a popular way to tax people. The first lottery in the world is the Staatsloterij, which is still in operation today. The word lottery is derived from the Dutch word ‘lotterij,’ meaning ‘fate.’ But despite its popularity, many people consider it to be a form of hidden taxation.\nThe history of lottery games is ancient. Ancient Greeks and Romans used lotteries to settle legal disputes, assign property rights and even distribute unpopular jobs. In Europe, the first recorded lotteries were played in the circuses where emperors would throw numbered pieces of parchment. The winners were awarded articles of unequal value. Today, lottery games have evolved into worldwide phenomenons. Their popularity and benefits are well documented.\nStrategies for winning\nSeveral strategies for winning the lottery are available. These strategies are based on proven theory that identifies the most likely lottery numbers to be drawn. While it is impossible to beat the lottery’s odds, a lottery strategy can keep you motivated and prevent you from losing money. This article addresses some of the most common questions regarding winning strategies. We’ll also answer some common misconceptions about them. The key to successful lottery strategies is to be aware of your odds and understand how to calculate them.\nTaxes on winnings\nWinning the lottery is a dream come true for most of us, but the reality is that you will soon face a tax bill. In addition to the federal tax, you’ll face a state tax bill as well. If you’re the winner of a New York lottery prize, your tax rate will be 8.82 percent, while in other states it will be lower, perhaps even zero. Here are some tips to minimize the tax burden.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.phoenixrestorations.us/my-cars/7.1.2022_qa0h1zb4lj", "date": "2024-04-22T15:11:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818312.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422144517-20240422174517-00467.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9592866897583008, "token_count": 1332, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__118122052", "lang": "en", "text": "1966 Shelby GT-350\n289 4V Supercharged\nRed with White Stripes\n1966 Shelby GT-350 Supercharged, number matching, fully sorted showroom quality with documented history from day 1.\n1966 Shelby GT350\nVIN # SFM6S1108\n· Numbers-matching, original engine and drivetrain\n· All numbers confirmed by SAAC\n· Upgraded with period correct Paxton Supercharger\n· Factory red\n· Factory four-speed\n· Factory documentation\n· Listed in the Shelby Registry\n· Also has an alternative full 5-Speed set-up in the trunk\nSupercharged 289 CI HiPo V-8 advertised at 377 HP. Original four-speed manual transmission car, front coil springs and rear leaf spring suspension, power-assisted hydraulic front disc and rear drum brakes; wheelbase: 108\"\nWhen it debuted midyear in 1964, the Mustang created the \"pony car\", and it quickly became Ford's most successful model launch since the Model A. In order to make the affordable to the masses, Ford used the existing Falcon platform and borrowed common components already in production to keep the costs down. Despite its well received sporty appearance, performance was lacking, and when the first of the muscle cars began arriving on the scene, Ford wanted to create a package that would transform the Mustang into a proper sports car capable of competing with the Chevrolet Corvette at the race track.\nInitially, Ford was rebuffed by the Sports Car Club of America – the sanctioning body for amateur sports car racing - as the Mustang was a 2+2 design and thus not a true sports car. Ford then turned to former racer and resident performance expert Carroll Shelby to rectify the situation. The result was the 1965 Shelby GT350 purpose-built to homologate the Ford Mustang for SCCA racing. The original GT350 exemplified Ford’s “Total Performance” campaign and conferred an unbeatable high-performance image that the \"pony car\" lacked. Starting with a standard production Ford Mustang GT built at the San Jose plant, the Shelby was transformed into essentially a racecar for the street at the Shelby American facility in Venice, California. After numerous performance modifications and subtle styling changes to visually distinguish it from the base Mustang, the GT350 was ready for the competition. On the track, the GT350 immediately accomplished its mission and dominated the opposition to secure three straight SCCA B-Production championships for Shelby and Ford from 1965 through 1967. Just 562 of these potent performers were built for 1965 in order to homologate the Shelby as a production sports car for SCCA competition.\nInitially Ford viewed Carroll Shelby's operation as a specialty shop, and the success of the GT350 on the track and the favorable publicity it generated justified the expense in building a limited number of high performance sports car for competition use. However, the public response to the 1965 model convinced Ford's marketing managers that they could sell a lot more than a few hundred cars and the potential profits that would come with increased production. However, this would require making several changes in production thereby giving the car wider appeal and at the same time reducing production costs.\nAside from the elimination of a few Shelby-unique features, most of the changes for 1966 were cosmetic coupled with the addition of several new options including a choice of color. Most notably clear plexiglass rear quarter windows replaced the rear quarter vents and louvers, and functional side scoops were installed on the quarter panels in order to duct air to the rear brakes. The front grills were changed as well giving the GT350 a more distinctive look from the standard Mustang. The optional GT instrument cluster was installed, and for the first time Shelbys were available with an automatic transmission, a fold-down rear seat, and even an optional factory supercharger.\nThe GT350 offered here is one of 1,365 non-Hertz Shelby GT350s produced in 1966. It was assigned the Shelby number SFM6S1108. Upon completion at Shelby's LAX facility, the car was shipped to Reynolds Motors, Inc. in Syracuse, New York on March 22, 1966. A few months later, it was purchased by its first owner William S. Whitley of Endwell, New York for $4400 on June 29th of that same year. This Shelby is an original Candy Apple red car with factory white Le Mans stripes, and it was fitted with a fiberglass hood with a steel frame and 14\" aluminum 10-spoke wheels as documented in the Shelby Registry. At the time of purchase, Mr. Whitley specified that the dealer install 15\" steel wheels and an AM radio. The Shelby would remain in Whitley's ownership for the next 39 years until it was sold to James Clark in 2005 with just over 55,000 miles on the odometer. After his purchase, Mr. Clark commissioned a full rotisserie restoration of the car to exacting standards using NOS parts and a complete mechanical rebuild at which time a period correct Paxton supercharger was sourced and installed on the car. The Shelby was sold a few years later to Reid Jenson from whom Phoenix Restorations acquired the car.\nSFM6S1108 retains its original numbers-matching 'Hi-Po' engine and Borg Warner T-10 transmission. The hidden Ford VIN stamps have been verified by Howard Pardee and SAAC as corresponding with the Shelby number on file, and it is listed in the Shelby Registry. Additionally, the Shelby is documented by copies of the dealer invoice and shipping order as well as paperwork from the original owner, and the original owner’s manual remain with the car. This fully restored 1966 Shelby GT350 is a very correct and original example worthy of the show field, but with the added power from the Paxton supercharger, acceleration is exhilarating and begs to be driven.\nSpeaking to provenance there are multiple receipts down through the years from various owners. Reid had the engine rebuilt and installed roller rockers and generally “explosion proofed” the engine with high end components while retaining the original block and heads. Multiple point of sale documents accompany the car. In 2019 the underside of the car was detailed to correct original factory paint specs with red oxide primer, detailed upper and lower a-arms and a detailed engine bay.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.armyantbiology.com/history-of-games/", "date": "2017-05-25T01:13:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607960.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525010046-20170525030046-00558.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.971405565738678, "token_count": 638, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__242753500", "lang": "en", "text": "The historical evidence of video games dates as far back as the mid-1950s, when scholarly PC researchers started planning straightforward games and recreations as a component of their investigations. Video gaming did not achieve standard ubiquity until the 1970s and 1980s when arcade video games and gaming comforts utilising joysticks, catches, and different controllers, alongside illustrations on PC screens and home PC games were acquainted with the overall population. Since the 1980s, video gaming has turned into a famous type of stimulation and a piece of cutting edge mainstream culture in many parts of the world. One of the early games was Space War! Which was produced by PC researchers? Early arcade video games were created from 1972 to 1978. It was in the 1970s, when the first home console generation was evolved, including the prevalent game Pong and different “clones”. The 1970s was additionally the time of centralised server PC games. The peak time of arcade video games was from 1978 to 1982. Video arcades with vast, illustrations improved coin-worked machines were regular at shopping centres and well-known, moderate home consoles, for example, the Atari 2600 and Intellivision empowered individuals to play games on their home TVs. In the 1980s, gaming PCs, early internet gaming and handheld LCD games rose; this period was influenced by the video diversion accident of 1983. From 1976 to 1992, the second era of video consoles developed.\nThe third era of consoles, which were 8-bit units, rose up out of 1983 to 1995. The fourth era of consoles, which were 16-bit models, rose up out of 1987 to 1999. The 1990s saw the resurgence and decrease of arcades, the move to 3D video games, enhanced handheld games and PC gaming. The fifth era of consoles, which were 32 and 64-bit units, was from 1993 to 2006. Amid, this time, cell telephone gaming rose. Amid the 2000s, the 6th era reassures developed (1998–2013). Amid this period, web gaming and portable games got to be vital. The seventh era of consoles was from 2005 to 2012. This period was set apart by colossal improvement spending plans for a few games, with some having true to life representation.The dispatch of the top-offering Wi-Fi console, in which the client could control the diversion activities with genuine style developments of their hands; the ascent of easygoing PC games advertised to non-gamers; and the rise of distributed computing in video games.\nIn 2013, the eighth era of consoles developed, including Nintendo’s Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, Microsoft’s Xbox One and Sony’s PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita. PC gaming has been holding a huge piece of the pie in Asia and Europe for a considerable length of time and keeps on becoming because of computerised conveyance. Since the improvement and across the board buyer utilisation of cell phones, portable gaming has been a driving element for games, as they can contact individuals earlier uninterested in gaming, and those not able to bear the cost of or backing devoted equipment, for example, video amusement comforts.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.taborfuneralhome.com/obituary/Eileen-Meehl", "date": "2021-09-28T19:36:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060882.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928184203-20210928214203-00465.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.985165536403656, "token_count": 1018, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__231853793", "lang": "en", "text": "Eileen Meehl passed away unexpectedly at home on September 1, 2021. Up to that moment, she had been an active 93 year old, driving locally, attending church weekly, grocery shopping, meeting with friends and family, and living a full life. She was born on September 22, 1927, in Brighton, Colorado to Thekla (Barthel) and John Wall, and was baptized on October 9, 1927. She grew up in Brighton in a tight-knit family, with her four siblings Harlan, Norma, Les and Don. Her grandparents had homesteaded near Burlington in eastern Colorado in 1888, and later moved to Brighton in 1904 where her parents met and married. Eileen was a life-long member of Zion Lutheran Church, attended Zion Lutheran School, was confirmed April 6, 1941, and graduated from Brighton High School as valedictorian of her 1945 class. If she had been a member of a subsequent generation, she would have certainly attended university, but instead she learned bookkeeping and worked first in the office at Kuner’s Cannery in Brighton, and then in the office at Brighton High School. Before WWII, she had met Paul Meehl, an intriguing son of a dairy farmer who lived just up the road from the Wall farm on west Bromley Lane. Paul was also a member of Zion Lutheran Church. They were just acquaintances when Paul left to serve in the Air Force in WWII. On his return, Paul began dating Eileen, and they married on February 8, 1948. The first test of their marriage was a move out onto the eastern plains near the Hudson dryland wheat farm that Paul’s father had purchased for him with his WWII pay. They lived in a small house next door to a larger house where Paul’s parents, his brother Louis, and Louis’ wife lived. The catch was that the small house didn’t have indoor plumbing or running water. This was a major reduction to the standard of living to which Eileen had become accustomed. By early 1951 Eileen was pregnant and Paul and Eileen moved into a house (with running water and indoor plumbing) in what is now the northern edge of Commerce City where Paul had been hired as a “ditch rider” for the Burlington ditch. First son Jerry was born shortly after their move. Paul continued farming wheat near Hudson while doing his ditch company job, and Eileen looked after Jerry and kept the household going. The family, now larger with the arrival of son Mark in 1956, moved to their new home in Brighton where they would complete their family with the arrival of Janet in 1963. While raising Jerry, Mark and Janet, Eileen taught piano lessons in the new house as well, and Paul worked as a Water Commissioner for the State of Colorado. Over her long piano teaching career, she instructed numerous young students, and many would stop by to say hello long after they had grown up. Eileen loved classical music, was a talented pianist, and taught all three of her children to play the piano and enjoy music. She sang in the church choir for 50+ years and was an active member of the Lutheran Women’s Missionary League, Bethesda Auxiliary, and numerous women’s groups. Her spiritual and social networks were formed early and lasted a lifetime. She lived out her unwavering faith through her daily life and devotion to her family. Eileen was a strong, intelligent, devout Colorado native, a true “Woman of the West”, and hers is a life to be celebrated.\nEileen was preceded in death by her husband Paul and her brothers Harlan, Donald, and Lester, and her sister Norma Hahn, and is survived by her daughter Janet Fox (Pete), sons Mark Meehl (Jan, and sons Seth and Ben) and Jerry Meehl (Marla).\nThe funeral service is at Zion Lutheran Church at 10:30am, Monday September 13, followed by a reception in the Fellowship Hall. Given the resurgence of the COVID Delta variant, the family encourages attendees to be vaccinated and to wear masks, and to not attend if showing any COVID symptoms. If you are uncomfortable at all with attending, the service will be recorded and will be available for viewing on the Tabor Mortuary web site after the service (taborfuneralhome.com, click on link in her obituary).\nIn lieu of flowers, the family suggests memorials in Eileen's name to either cause that was important to her: Zion Lutheran Church Organ Fund (zionbrighton.org, click \"Give Now\" and select \"Memorial Fund\" or mail to 1400 Skeel St., Brighton, CO 80601) - or- Bethesda Lutheran Communities (bethesdalc.org, click \"Donate Now\" and check \"Tribute Gift.\")\nTo send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Eileen Meehl, please visit our floral store.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.azonica.com/en-gb/editorial/the-top-10-things-to-do-in-istanbul-in-2023", "date": "2024-02-21T12:56:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00862.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9607541561126709, "token_count": 653, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__195853738", "lang": "en", "text": "Istanbul is a vibrant city that spans two continents - Europe and Asia. It is a melting pot of cultures, where ancient and modern collide. With its rich history, stunning architecture, delicious food, and bustling markets, Istanbul is a must-visit destination for any traveler. In this article, we will explore the top 10 things to do in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2023.\nThe Hagia Sophia is a world-famous landmark and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Originally a church, it was later converted into a mosque and is now a museum. Its stunning architecture, intricate mosaics, and rich history make it a must-visit attraction in Istanbul.\nThe Blue Mosque, also known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, is another iconic landmark in Istanbul. It is famous for its blue tiles and six minarets. The mosque is still used for prayer, so be sure to dress appropriately if you plan to visit.\nThe Grand Bazaar is a sprawling covered market that is home to over 4,000 shops. It is one of the oldest and largest markets in the world and is a shopper's paradise. From handmade carpets to spices and jewelry, you can find almost anything here.\nThe Bosphorus is a strait that separates Europe and Asia. Taking a cruise along the Bosphorus is a great way to see the city from a different perspective. You can also see some of Istanbul's famous landmarks, such as the Dolmabahce Palace and the Maiden's Tower.\nTopkapi Palace was once the residence of the Ottoman sultans. Today, it is a museum that houses some of the most important artifacts from the Ottoman Empire, including the famous Topkapi Dagger and the Spoonmaker's Diamond.\nThe Spice Bazaar is another famous market in Istanbul. It is located in the Eminonu district and is filled with the smells of spices, herbs, and teas. You can also find other products, such as Turkish delight and dried fruit.\nA Turkish bath, also known as a hammam, is a traditional bathhouse that has been used for centuries in Turkey. It is a great way to relax and rejuvenate after a day of sightseeing. Some of the most famous hammams in Istanbul include Cagaloglu Hammam and Galatasaray Hammam.\nThe Chora Church is a medieval Byzantine church that is famous for its stunning mosaics and frescoes. It is located in the Edirnekapi neighborhood and is a must-visit for anyone interested in art and history.\nTurkish delight, also known as lokum, is a sweet treat that is famous in Turkey. It is made from sugar, cornstarch, and flavorings such as rosewater or lemon. You can find Turkish delight in almost any market or sweet shop in Istanbul.\nTurkish cuisine is a blend of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian influences. Some of the most famous dishes include kebabs, meze, and baklava. Be sure to try some of Istanbul's famous street food, such as simit (a type of sesame-covered bread) and kokorec (grilled lamb intestines).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hattonparishcouncil.org/hatton-sports/", "date": "2024-02-27T14:50:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00503.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9614657163619995, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__59105718", "lang": "en", "text": "Hatton Sports F.C (junior teams) together with T.L Darby F.C (senior teams) are part of Hatton Sports and Social Club, based at Scropton Lane Sports Ground Hatton.\nT.L Darby F.C was formed in 1973 and is they believe, the oldest formed club playing regular football in both senior and junior leagues.\nStarting at Hillfield Park in Stretton, in the early years the club played on various grounds around Burton including Shobnall Fields, Stapenhill Gardens and even Swadlincote Ski Slope (not literally).\nThe club moved to its present headquarters in Hatton in 1987 and now the social club on the Scropton Road playing fields is used as its headquarters and is central to all the activities involving the fund raising and social side of the club. The local parish council provide the pitches free of charge for the junior teams, appreciating the great effort the club goes to giving local youngsters the opportunity to play sport in a safe and organised environment.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dccg.upc.edu/irp2018/local-festivities/", "date": "2018-04-26T15:13:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948285.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426144615-20180426164615-00335.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9117653369903564, "token_count": 535, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__85950158", "lang": "en", "text": "Bank holidays during the period\n- May 1, labor day\n- May 21, pentecost\nLocal festivities that may interest you\n|Monday, April 23. Dia del llibre i la rosa\nOn Sant Jordi (saint Jorge’s day), the city of Barcelona is invaded by books and roses. The date coincides with the beginning of Spring, as well as with the burial of Miguel de Cervantes and the death of William Shakespeare (according with the Julian calendar; he died on May 3 according to the Gregorian calendar), in 1616. Traditionally, boys give girls a rose and girls give boys a book. As reported by the media, 1.6 millions books and 6 millions roses were sold in Catalonia in April 23, 2017. It is really impressive to see hoy many Barcelonians walk the streets visiting the book and roses’ stands placed along them. Do not miss visiting the streets Rambla de Catalunya, Passeig de Gràcia and La Rambla on this day!\n|Thursday, May 31. L’ou com balla\nOn Corpus Christi it is worth visiting l’ou com balla (the dancing egg) in the courtyards of many of Barcelona’s historical buildings. Particularly, in the cloister of Cathedral, and the courtyards of the Casa de l’Ardiaca, Ateneu Barcelonès, Archives of the Crown of Aragon (at the Lloctinent Palace), among many other places. The origin of this tradition, started in the XV century, is not totally clear. Find more information here and here.\n|Sunday, June 3. Sitges flowers festival\nAlso related to the Corpus Christi festivity, the catifes de flors (flowers carpets) cover the historical streets of Sitges. From 6pm on Saturday, the Giants Gather at Cap de la Vila. From around 8pm, flowers arrive and volunteers start sketching designs on the streets. They will be working on these until late into the night. From Sunday early morning, you will be able to visit them. More information here (sorry, no English version), here, and here.\n|Thursday, June 7 – Sunday, June 10. Tast a La Rambla\nGastronomic tapas festival. Located at the bottomost part of La Rambla, downtown Barcelona, it gathers 50 well known restaurants, tapas bars, and cake shops, who prepare small portions of their specialties. Further information here.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://goforthaysstate.com/s/947/index.aspx?gid=1&pgid=2545&cid=3987&ecid=3987&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=667", "date": "2013-06-18T22:50:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707435344/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123035-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9451217651367188, "token_count": 263, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__120739472", "lang": "en", "text": "Attention all Half Century Club members! Mark your calendar now for the 2013 Half Century Club Spring Reception to be held Friday, April 26 at the FHSU Memorial Union.\nPlease join us for a delightful day as we share nostalgic memories of FHSU days gone by and enjoy a University update provided by President Edward Hammond.\nReception at 11:00 a.m.\nBrunch at 11:45 a.m.\nProgram at 12:15 p.m.\nRegistration Deadline: Friday, April 19, 2013\nThe Half Century Club was established on October 18, 1969, as a way of telling graduates, “You are important to us. You are part of our past, and you play an important role in our present and future.” Now over 40 years later, the club has grown to include more than 1,600 living members.\nNo alumni group better personifies the history and legacy of the university than the Half Century Club. The addition of new members annually reaffirms the heritage of excellence. Graduates of the 50-year class are inducted formally during the Homecoming meeting, and FHSU faculty become members upon retirement. New members receive the Half Century Club pin, which symbolizes our lineage from the past and our foundation for the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/students/alphapsi/history.asp", "date": "2018-11-16T12:26:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133137-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9650861620903015, "token_count": 381, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__69522032", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1906, veterinary students at Ohio State University saw the benefits of fraternal life but were frustrated by the lack of a national organization for their profession. After much study and work, 22 juniors and seniors founded the Alpha Chapter of Alpha Psi Fraternity and by 1915 chapters had been established at 15 schools.\nToday, there are eleven active Alpha Psi chapters at veterinary schools across the country. If an honor roll were established for the all time leaders of the veterinary profession in the United States, it would be heavily weighted with Alpha Psi fraternity members. Certainly their accomplishments are the result of individual initiative and merit, but in some instances leadership and communication skills were strengthened by their fraternity experience.\nPreamble to the Alpha Psi Fraternity constitution\n\"We, students of the College of Veterinary Medicine of the Ohio State university, in order to promote a stronger bond between the veterinary colleges of the United States and Canada; to create a better feeling among the students of all veterinary colleges, and to infuse a deeper interest in the study of veterinary science, do hereby establish this constitution for the ALPHA PSI, the national veterinary fraternity.\"\nThe constitution was written in 1907 and the objectives stated then are appropriate today. Alpha Psi is a social-professional fraternity which restricts its active membership to students who are enrolled in a school of veterinary medicine. It provides an opportunity for the development of lasting friendships between individuals in different classes or schools and is dedicated to the development of these individuals to better serve the veterinary profession.\nHistory of Alpha Psi at VA-MD Vet Med\nIn early 1983, the Pi Chapter of Alpha Psi was founded at VA-MD Vet Med. Two individuals, Jim McDonald and Paul Howard, were instrumental in getting the chapter established. Members of the Lambda Chapter and National Officers of Alpha Psi conducted the first induction establishing 96 charter members of the Pi Chapter.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://remixd.co.uk/blogs/news/remixd-now-stock-xm-surf-leashes", "date": "2024-04-21T06:16:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00764.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9812459349632263, "token_count": 877, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__40055657", "lang": "en", "text": "It all started back in 1973 with Bob Nealy who was a life long waterman.\nHe surfed, swam, was an All-American waterpolo player at University of California at Irvine, and a lifeguard. Bob's military service was para-rescue---and there is a tie-in. Back in '73 Bob was surfing and was unhappy with the leather cinch strap on his leash. He went home and was looking at the Velcro on his old military rescue vest when a light bulb went off in his head. He thought \"I can make this leash so much better with Velcro\". So he went out and bought an old industrial sewing machine and the rest of the materials to make a leash (which pretty much consisted of webbing and Bungee cord). He made a few samples, took them over to Hobie's Surf shop to see what they thought and they immediately ordered 50.\nThis invention was revolutionary and enabled more people to enjoy surfing – even weak swimmers. If they fell, they no longer would lose their board and have to swim in after it. Any surfer, regardless of ability, could comfortably retrieve the board, paddle back out and catch more waves – “SURF MORE.”\nIn the mid 70's, there was some latex tubing leashes showing up as alternatives to Bungee Cords. However, they proved just as dangerous as the Bungee cord in the sense that they caused the board to come flying back at you. Bob perfected a way to put several extra feet of para-cord inside the latex tubing to create a limited stretch leash that would absorb shock and not snap back. He even figured out a way to have the first 10 inches of the board end to not have any stretch thereby not thinning out and cutting into the rail. Sort of the first Railsaver now standard on all leashes.\nSurf More was the first company to offer a leash that stood out and away from the ankle. Like most who used leashes back in the early days, Bob also was aware that they were easy to step on and in some cases get tangled up in. At some point in the later 70's Bob figured that if the cord was held out away from the ankle rather than dangling right off of the strap, the likeliness of a tangle up would be greatly reduced. So he set off to do something about it. He had a custom molded part made (the first of many dozens of different molds) that would allow a inner-core vinyl tubed leash to protrude 3 or 4 inches away. This evolved into the first XM leash which had a molded urethane strap and stem that worked on the new urethane cords which were becoming the industry norm by the early 80's. This feature is now standard on almost every leash made today. And once again, SURF MORE lead the way.\nThere was a time when leather straps and bungee cords were used as surf leashes, and to even wear a leash was considered uncool. The hard-core surfers called them “kook-cords”! If you fell, you “paid your dues” by swimming to get your board!\nLeashes have become essential to most recreational and competitive surfers, and XM | SURF MORE's original garage operations has grown into a world-wide leader in the surf industry! Meanwhile, XM | SURF MORE has contributed many significant changes to leash technology, such as:\n- Swivels to keep the kinks out of the cord\n- Pull Tabs to make it easier to release the strap\n- The XM stand-out stem on the strap to help prevent stepping on the cord\n- The basic bodyboard leash anchor to attach leashes to…\n- The EZ Fit™ bodyboard leash strap to provide easier entry\n- A dependable, lightweight Power Clip™ quick release for quick exits!\n- And the list goes on and on...\nThese are but a few of many contributions the original XM | SURF MORE leashes have provided surfers for the past 45+ years. We continue that commitment to provide the best product at a very reasonable price!\nA BLAST FROM THE PAST (SOME OF OUR OLD ADS)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.aquadentata.org/2012/06/event-fire-ipswich-05-07-12/", "date": "2018-11-13T18:09:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741340.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113173927-20181113195927-00465.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8765641450881958, "token_count": 181, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__83548699", "lang": "en", "text": "“As the Olympic Torch rests in Ipswich on its route from Mount Olympus to the East End of London, FIRE! marks the occasion with a night of live art.\nThe torch relay was devised for the Berlin 1936 Olympics (yes, that one) and echoes the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus stealing fire from the Gods. FIRE! explores this tangle of history, mythology and power through live music, film, performances, curiosities and experimental artworks.\nFeaturing, amongst others, S.E.T.I., Aqua Dentata, Tonesucker, Ypsmael, Brideburger, Menagerie, The Curiosity Collective. Part concert, part cinema, part exhibition, part pagan rite, FIRE! will give the Olympic Torch the send off it deserves.”\nThursday 5th July\nThe Town Hall, Ipswich\n8pm, £5 Entry", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bastille-day.org/event-2014-2/", "date": "2016-02-14T09:57:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701174607.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193934-00200-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9653586149215698, "token_count": 218, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__2376901", "lang": "en", "text": "The 70th anniversary of D-Day was the perfect occasion to celebrate the spirit of freedom and gratitude that has cemented the solid friendship between France and the United States. The musical stylings of Doc Scantlin with Chou Chou and the Palmettos, as well as costumed WWII reenactors, made for a true 1940’s feel throughout the night.\nChou Chou interacted with the crowd, guests took pictures on a 1940’s US Army Jeep, and a live DJ played music to end the night with a bang!\nThe wide selection of the area’s finest restaurants, hotels, and pastry shops at the event provided for a delicious and varied assortment of foods while multiple bars added to the fun where guests could enjoy numerous drinks.\nThe Online and Silent Auctions were a big success with guests bidding on items such as French language classes, exotic vacations, and a dinner cruise. Finally an end-of-evening raffle was awaited throughout the night, where one guest won a trip to Paris for two, courtesy of Air France!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.trombone.org/articles/view.php?id=302", "date": "2023-12-11T02:01:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00683.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9826204180717468, "token_count": 1050, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__65884796", "lang": "en", "text": "The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part Two, The Swing Era\nWells, who was born in 1907 and died in 1985, eventually moved away from Harrison's influence and developed a style all his own. His was an almost comedic style of playing \"full of blase yawns, dismissive grunts and sudden yelps of surprise.\" (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly). Wells was fond of employing glissandos and growls during a period in jazz history when trombonists were moving away from these effects used by Dixieland trombonists. His tone has been described as \"rugged, warm, and full.\" (Collier, 276).\nWells' bombastic style earned him work in several prominent New York bands, including Fletcher Henderson, Lloyd Scott, Benny Carter, and Charlie Johnson. In 1938 Wells began an eight-year period working with the Count Basie Orchestra. He left Basie in 1959 to work with Lucky Millinder and Sy Oliver. Wells began to slow down after leaving Basie, primarily due to his alcohol problems. In 1965 he quit music and took a day job on Wall Street. He stayed out of music until 1973, when his autobiography was published, providing him the opportunity to play again. He continued to work sporadically until his death in 1985.\nBenny Morton received his music education playing in the Jenkin's Orphanage Band. His early influences included church music and Dope Andrews, the trombone soloist with Mamie Smith's band. Morton's first break came in 1923 when he was hired by Clarence Holiday. In 1926 Morton started working with Fletcher Henderson where he collaborated with Jimmy Harrison. In addition to performing with Henderson, Morton spent six years playing for Don Redman and three years with Count Basie. In the 1940s Morton was employed by Teddy Wilson and Ed Hall while also leading his own band. When he was not playing jazz Morton worked as a pit musician for many Broadway musicals. Morton died in 1985. He was called by one jazz historian \"one of the most sophisticated trombonists of the swing era.\" (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly).\nMorton was highly regarded as a soloist. During his day he was one of a few soloists who employed chromatic passing tones, notes that did not fit in the diatonic scale (Schuller, 624-5).. He had a legato style, employed a terminal vibrato, and was technically deft (Collier, 401, 275).. Morton's phrases were usually sparse; he was fond of using fewer notes to say more (Collier, 275).\nThe Duke Ellington Orchestra\nOne of the most influential and successful bands in jazz got its start during the Swing Era - the Duke Ellington Orchestra. The three trombonists who played in this group for most of their careers were Lawrence Brown, Juan Tizol, and Joe \"Tricky Sam\" Nanton. These three trombonists each had their own individual style and, according to Gunther Schuller, could \"cover any possible stylistic approach to the trombone,\" yet also, \"blend chameleon-like into a single sonority.\" (Schuller, 47). Performing in Ellington's band made Brown, Tizol, and Nanton enormously influential. Each of their distinct styles and tonal colors were utilized the fullest by Ellington.\nLawrence Brown was born in 1907 in Kansas. He began his career with Charlie Echols and Paul Howard. In 1932 he joined Duke Ellington. His great technical command of the instrument, with its \"creamy tone, neurotic vibrato and range\" was featured with Ellington's band every year in compositions such as \"Blue Cellophane\" and \"Golden Cress,\" (Carr, Fairweather, & Priestly). Brown left Ellington's band in 1951 to join a band led by ex-Ellington sideman Johnny Hodges, where he stayed until 1955. After leaving Hodges, Brown took a position for CBS playing studio sessions for five years. Brown rejoined Ellington in 1960 and stayed with him until 1970. After leaving Ellington's band Brown quit performing for good. He died in Los Angeles on September 5, 1988.\nBrown fulfilled many roles in the Ellington Orchestra - as a balladeer, technical soloist, and section leader. His highly melodic ballad playing as well as his fast technical style inspired trombonists from Tommy Dorsey to Bill Harris. Trombonist Quentin Jackson said of Brown, \"Nobody ever heard a trombone player like that. I never heard nothing [sic] so fast. I never heard a trombone player like that, not like Lawrence was playing in those days.\" (Dietrich, 74)\nEllington admired Brown's soloing ability, but reserved his highest complements for Brown's manner of playing behind a vocalist, calling Brown an \"accompanist par excellence.\" (Dietrich, 78).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.kilebaker.com/3-big-things-didnt-know-4th-july/", "date": "2017-12-15T11:54:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948569405.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215114446-20171215140446-00439.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9678428769111633, "token_count": 911, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__180499038", "lang": "en", "text": "The 4th of July is here. It’s time for fireworks, hot dogs, red white and blue, and watching Will Smith punch an alien in the face. Yes that is an Independence Day reference. I dare say you can’t really celebrate the 4th without seeing this classic movie. If you just want to see the clip, you can watch it in all of it’s glory below. Either way don’t read on until you do so, it uh…sets up the rest of what you’ll be reading. Ok maybe not but it is awesome.\n[This Clip courtesy of Fandango Movie Clips]\nWith that out of the way here are 3 Big things you didn’t know about the 4th of July. Share them as some fun trivia with friends today. Enjoy!\n1. The Declaration of Independence wasn’t signed on July 4th, 1776.\nOn July 2nd, 1776 a vote was taken and passed by 12 of the 13 colonies whereby Congress officially adopting a position of declaring independence from Britain. However, it took two more days to revise and finalize the language of the Declaration of Independence (July 4th) and another month (August 2nd) for a majority of the 56 delegates to officially sign the document. Harvard research manager Emily Sneff of the Declaration Resources Project adds “It took several months, if not years, for all of the signatures to be added.”\n2. Three of the first Five Presidents died on July 4th.\nOn July 4th, 1826 two of the most famous figures of America’s Independence passed away. An eerie coincidence noticed by many, this date marked the 50th anniversary of the ‘signing’ of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson passed away at the age of 82 at his home in Monticello, Virginia of complications including: “exhaustion from intense diarrhea, toxemia from a kidney infection, uremia from kidney damage, and finally orthostatic old-age pneumonia. He might have lived longer under modern medical care, but likely not much longer if his fundamental problem was a late diagnosed prostatic cancer.” (Thomas Jefferson Foundation) . Likewise, John Adams passed away from congestive heart failure five hours later at the age of 90 at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Just five years later, James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, passed away from Tuberculosis at the age of 73 at his son-in-law’s home in New York City. As the New York Evening Post noted on July 5th, 1831 “Three of the four presidents who have left the scene of their usefulness and glory expired on the anniversary of the national birthday, a day which of all others, had it been permitted them to choose [they] would probably had selected for the termination of their careers,”\n3. The earliest 4th of July Celebrations included guns, funerals, and a reminder to fight.\nPrior to the summer of Independence in 1776, many of the colonists held birthday celebrations in honor of King George III, however after America’s declaration some of the colonists staged some celebrations of a more macabre nature. As a symbol of an independence they would soon fight for, some of the colonists enacted mock funerals for King George III as a symbolic way of celebrating their desired liberty from the King’s monarchy.\nJohn Adams prophetically quipped in a letter to his wife that he saw Independence day (which he argued was July 2nd, not July 4th) as later being “…solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more.” The following year, in the middle of the revolutionary war, the colonies did indeed celebrate with cannons, guns and explosives. Although some saw it as merely a moral boost to the soldiers fighting the British, it no doubt helped fuel the desire to pursue ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’. Although the fireworks may not have won the war, it no doubt reinforced the dream of a free America. Fireworks displays have been a tradition ever since, the U.S. Census bureau noted that in 2016 the U.S. spent almost $300 million in fireworks.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mexicasino.blogspot.com/2009/04/bird-cage-theatre.html", "date": "2018-07-18T22:10:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00507.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9783647656440735, "token_count": 345, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__129108903", "lang": "en", "text": "Long before the days of eBay themed slot machines, all-you-can eat king crab, and complimentary executive suites, Ariz. was home to one of the Wild West's most infamous gambling establishments.\nThe Bird Cage Theatre, located at 517 E. Allen Street in Tombstone, Ariz. now stands as a memorial to one of history's most rowdy, dangerous, and infamous places to play blackjack, poker and faro. The building, which originally opened in 1881, stayed open 24/7 for eight consecutive years, as a bar, casino, and brothel. Wild company and lawlessness lead to shootings, stabbings, and famous guests, including Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday.\nAs a place to drink, gamble, and sit in \"cages,\" to watch live entertainment, the Bird Cage Theatre was one of Tombstone's most popular attractions. The theatre was also the setting for a continuous poker game that was played every day for eight years, five months and three days. The minimum buy in was $1,000, which led to the Bird Cage Theatre taking in more than $1 Million dollars between 1881 and 1889.\nToday, tourists are able to see the poker and blackjack tables where some of the Old West's most famous figures tested the luck of the draw. With many of the pieces of furniture, and the entire bar still preserved, you can see your reflection in the same mirrors the Earp brothers and Doc Holliday saw their own.\nOf course, you might get more than you bargained for, as the Bird Cage Theatre was the site of 26 murders, and allegedly the restless spirits of the victims still haunt the establishment.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://researchwith.montclair.edu/en/publications/the-archaeology-of-native-north-america-second-edition", "date": "2024-02-22T20:23:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00612.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.946058988571167, "token_count": 284, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__139446958", "lang": "en", "text": "The Archaeology of Native North America presents the ideas, evidence, and debates regarding the initial peopling of the continent by mobile bands of hunters and gatherers and the cultural evolution of their many lines of descent over the ensuing millennia. The emergence of farming, urban centers, and complex political organization paralleled similar developments in other world areas. With the arrival of Europeans to North America and the inevitable clashes of culture, colonizers and colonists were forever changed, which is also represented in the archaeological heritage of the continent. Unlike others, this book includes Mesoamerica and the Caribbean, thus addressing broad regional interactions and the circulation of people, things, and ideas. This edition incorporates results of new archaeological research since the publication of the first edition a decade earlier. Fifty-four new box features highlight selected archaeological sites, which are publicly accessible gateways into the study of North American archaeology. The features were authored by specialists with direct knowledge of the sites and their broad importance. Glossaries are provided at the end of every chapter to clarify specialized terminology. The book is directed to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking survey courses in American archaeology, as well as other advanced readers. It is extensively illustrated and includes citations to sources with their own robust bibliographies, leading diligent readers deeper into the professional literature. The Archaeology of Native North America is the ideal text for courses in North American archaeology.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://keezhadi.tamilheritage.co.in/2018/05/13/digging-up-madurais-sangam-past/", "date": "2021-12-01T13:18:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00217.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9668481349945068, "token_count": 4400, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__43270937", "lang": "en", "text": "At Keezhadi, a village not far from the southern bank of the Vaigai river near Madurai, the Archeological Survey of India (ASI) is undertaking a massive excavation, possibly its biggest to date in Tamil Nadu. Already 42 trenches have been dug in two locations in a coconut grove at a place called Pallichandai Thidal in the village. K. Amarnath Ramakrishna, Superintending Archaeologist, ASI’s Excavation Branch VI, Bengaluru, is leading the excavation, which has thrown up quite a few surprises and is attracting many visitors, among them schoolchildren and tourists. Amarnath takes time off to explain to visitors the significance of the finds. One such is a “deep terracotta ring well with 13 rings” that promises to go down further. “Here we have a ring well in association with a structure built of big-sized bricks. This is a peculiarity,” he tells a few visiting archaeology buffs. He contrasts this with the ring well excavated at Vasavasamudram near Kalpakkam (near Chennai), which stood independent of any other structure. The same is the case at Arikkamedu near Puducherry, he adds.\nThe structure associated with the well is made of burnt bricks, and the floor is also paved with big bricks. In fact, trench after trench, each five metres long and five metres wide and several metres deep, has structures made of burnt bricks. No mud bricks have been used. One trench features two brick walls, looking imposing and meeting each other. One of the walls is ten bricks thick and set in mud mortar. Each brick is 36 cm long, 24 cm wide and 6 cm thick. Another trench features a rectangular brick structure that looks like an antechamber. Large-sized hand-made grooved tiles have also been found in this trench, suggesting that the structure may have had a tiled roof. One trench has a channel made of bricks, perhaps for releasing water. In most of the trenches, below a certain level, layers of river sand have been found, signalling the existence of paleochannels in the area many centuries ago. There are big storage jars, pots with spouts, twin pots, big decorated pots, black and red pottery, white-painted black ware, and so on, jutting out of the trench walls.\nThere are potsherds and artefacts, too. When this writer visited the site, K. Vadivel, a research scholar in the Department of History, Government Arts College, Krishnagiri, was showing them to schoolchildren standing around him. He is one of the five research scholars from the college, led by Assistant Professor P. Venkateswaran, assisting the ASI. The others are K. Vasanthkumar, D. Balaji, R. Manjunath and G. Karthick. “What do you see engraved on this potsherd?” Vadivel asked the children, holding aloft a potsherd that he picked up from one of the several boxes on the table in front of him. “It is a fish,” exclaimed one of the children. Vadivel took out artefact after artefact and held them up for the children to see —pearl micro-beads, a big quartz bead with a superb engraving, ivory dices, terracotta human figurines, a copper rod for painting eyelashes, bangles made of conch shells, potsherds with Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, arretine ware, and shining white-painted black pottery. At the end of it, the children appeared mesmerised. “Were all these that were shown now found here?” asked one of them.\nIn fact, all these and more found here point to this being a Sangam Age site. “This is definitely a Tamil Sangam Age site…. It was a habitation site. It was purely a Sangam Age site,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna. What is “impressive” is the discovery of big brick structures in the trenches. “We have got good structures. We have found big-sized walls.” Similar brick structures were found at Arikkamedu, Kancheepuram, Uraiyur, Kaveripoompattinam and Azhagankulam. “On the basis of a comparative study of Keezhadi with these sites and the availability of black and red ware at stratigraphically lower levels, we can say that this site belongs to the 3rd century BCE. This is tentative. We have not done carbon-dating yet,” the Director of Excavation said. The Sangam Age of the Early Historic period is datable from circa 3rd century BCE to 3rd century C.E. Keezhadi derives its importance from its proximity to Madurai, the capital city of the Pandya dynasty. The Pandya kings were known for their patronage in convening assemblies or gatherings, called Sangam, at Madurai, where Tamil literature was composed and compiled.\nV. Vedachalam, veteran epigraphist and domain expert for the excavation, said, “The excavation provides strong evidence that a habitation site belonging to the Sangam Age existed close to Madurai. This site is important because we have got here all the evidence that we normally get from a Sangam Age site. We have got intact a portion of a beautifully built house. Nearby there is a deep ring well. A number of brick-built structures have been unearthed. These must have been elite people’s residences.” He argued that educated people must have lived there because many potsherds had on them the Tamil-Brahmi script. The trenches also yielded black and red ware, Roman arretine ware, rouletted ware, hundreds of beads made of semi-precious stones, ivory dices, iron spearheads and so on. “We have got a rich haul of antiquities. They show the nature of the habitation site of the Tamil Sangam Age and provide evidence about the culture that existed then,” said Vedachalam, who retired as Senior Epigraphist, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department.\nK. Rajan, Professor of History, Pondicherry University, who visited Keezhadi, also asserted that it was an Early Historic site that had many urban components. “It was one of the urban centres on the Vaigai river basin. It was located between the capital city of Madurai and the port city of Azhagankulam of the Pandya country,” he said. Its urban components were indicated by its civic amenities, external trade, existence of a multi-ethnic society, a communication system, use of luxury items, occurrence of expensive pottery, and so on. The discovery of carnelian beads indicated Keezhadi’s external trade links—the carnelian stone came from Gujarat. Luxury items such as pearl micro-beads and ivory dices showed that the Early Historic residents of Keezhadi had surplus wealth. Potsherds with Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions showed the prevalence of a communication system. While Brahmi was the script used, the language used was both Tamil and Prakrit. The name “Tissa” inscribed in Brahmi script on a potsherd belonged to the Prakrit language. Rajan was sure that the Prakrit name signalled that Keezhadi had maritime trade with Sri Lanka.\nKeezhadi was a chance discovery. In 2013-14, the ASI conducted a survey of the Vaigai river basin, covering about 400 villages on either bank of the river in Dindigul, Madurai, Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga and Theni districts. The river, a major lifeline for southern Tamil Nadu, originates near Vellimalai in Theni district in the Western Ghats and traverses about 250 km through the aforementioned districts before debouching itself in the Bay of Bengal near Azhagankulam, a port city that belongs to the Sangam Age. Amarnath Ramakrishna led the survey, and the team included Vedachalam and the assistant archaeologists N. Veeraraghavan and M. Rajesh. The aim was to identify sites for excavation in order to help in the understanding of the cultural transformation that took place in southern Tamil Nadu during the various periods.\n“Despite having immense archaeological wealth, the Vaigai river basin remained neglected for an intensive excavation. Barring sporadic diggings in the pre-Independence era, no appreciable effort was made to explore and document archaeological remains along the Vaigai river valley,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna.\nIn the 1950s, K.V. Raman of the ASI Southern Circle undertook a village-to-village survey of Madurai, Melur, Periyakulam and Tirumangalam taluks and reported several archaeological sites and remains. The Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department excavated Kovalanpottal near Madurai. In 2006, Vedachalam, Rajan, S. Selvakumar and V.P. Yathees Kumar found several archaeological sites in the Vaigai valley, especially in its upper reaches.\n“In the Vaigai river basin, the excavations done were minor in nature. The only major excavation done was at Azhagankulam by the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department for six seasons in the 1980s,” said Vedachalam. Thus, there was a felt need to document the villages on the banks of the Vaigai for their archaeological remains and, therefore, choose a site for excavation. With ASI Director General Rakesh Tewari clearing Amarnath Ramakrishna’s proposal for exploring the Vaigai basin, the four-member team embarked on the survey within a 5-km distance on either side of the Vaigai. They were assisted by Professor Venkateswaran and the research scholars mentioned above.\n“We found archaeological remains in 293 sites in the form of urn burials, megalithic circles, dolmens, menhirs, hero stones, potsherds and gold bars with the Tamil-Brahmi script, Early Historic inscriptions, sculptures of the Buddha, Tamil Vattelluttu inscriptions and even inscriptions in Arabic,” said Amarnath Ramakrishna. Among the discoveries the team made were the ruins of a Siva temple and a dilapidated choultry, both at Kallikottai near Paramakudi in Ramanathapuram district. While the Siva temple, with important inscriptions and exquisite sculptures, belonged to the 13th century, of the later Pandyas, the choultry was built by Rani Mangammal of the 17th century, of the Nayaka period. “We were disappointed to find that many of the sites that had been discovered earlier had disappeared under the onslaught of urbanisation, cultivation and industrialisation,” said Vedachalam. For instance, the habitation site Uthamapuram, of the Sangam Age/Early Historic period, has vanished. In fact, expanding cultivation has erased many sites of the Sangam Age in the Cumbum valley. The habitation site at Dombichery has also disappeared. It is at Dombichery that a hoard of punch-marked silver coins of the Early Historic period was found. Called the Bodinaickanur hoard, it was important enough for the historian D.D. Kosambi to write an article about it.\nAs the survey was winding down, the team reached Madurai city proper. Around Madurai, its team members once again studied the Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions chiselled on the brow of natural caves situated atop hillocks at places such as Arittapatti, Keezhakkuyilkudi, Keezhavalavu, Kongarpuliyankulam, Mankulam, Melakkuyilkudi, Tiruvadavur, Varichiyur and Arittapatti. These Tamil Brahmi inscriptions are datable from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century C.E. The team documented the Jaina bas-relief sculptures, Jaina beds and Tamil Vattelluttu inscriptions of the 9th century in these sites. However, in Madurai city proper, the team found no evidence of any Early Historic habitation site because the entire cityscape had been built up.\nTruck driver’s tip-off\nAs the team members came down further, they reached Keezhadi. There a truck driver, who was loading coconuts into his truck, suggested to them in the course of casual conversation that they go inside the coconut grove and study the place. “The grove is littered with potsherds,” he told them. They went, and what they saw took their breath away. On the surface of a sprawling mound (Pallichandai Thidal), which had become a coconut grove, they saw hundreds of potsherds, some inscribed with graffiti, lying everywhere. Big fired bricks were scattered around. An earthmover was digging a pit in a vacant space among coconut trees. The team members could not believe their eyes when an ancient brick structure—two walls meeting each other—came into view inside the pit. There were other brick structures, too, in the exposed area, besides a lot of black and red ware. The team realised that it was on to something big and that this was an ancient habitation site. For, a few days earlier they had found an urn burial site at Konthagai, about a kilometre from Keezhadi.\nOf the 293 archaeological sites that the team located in the Vaigai river basin, about a hundred turned out to be habitation sites. On the banks of the Vaigai, each habitation site does not have a burial site of its own. A cluster of four or five habitation sites had one burial site.\nSoon, the team shortlisted three sites: Keezhadi, Maranadu and Sithar Natham for excavation. While Sithar Natham is 50 km from Madurai city, Maranadu is 30 km away. Keezhadi is only 12 km south-east of Madurai. In fact, it is located in Tiruppuvanam taluk, Sivaganga district, adjoining Madurai district. Besides, Vedachalam had, in 1978, documented Tamil inscriptions of the later Pandya king Maravarman Kulasekara Pandya I (regnal years 1268 to 1311) on the plinth of a small Siva temple in Keezhadi village itself.\n“After seeing the brick structures, we surveyed the Keezhadi site four times. It was impressive,” Amarnath Ramakrishna said. A contouring of the site was done. The area of the archaeological mound, that is, Pallichandai Thidal, was estimated at 80 acres and its circumference was 3.5 km. The mound’s height was 2.88 metres from the ground level. What was touching was the generosity of Sonai Chandran, the owner of the coconut grove, who readily handed it over for excavation. “I liked the way Amarnath spoke to me. We knew that the ASI will not take away our land permanently. Besides, we are getting important evidence that our village belonged to the Sangam Age. So I told Amarnath and Vedachalam that they can do the excavation in my grove for as long as they want,” Sonai Chandran said.\nPallichandai Thidal is surrounded by Keezhadi, Konthagai and Manalur. If these villages were to form a circle, it is as if Pallichandai Thidal forms the centre point of the circle. Keezhadi and Konthagai were together called Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam in the 13th century. The eastern portion of Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam was called Keezhadi. Kuntidevi Chaturvedi Mangalam later got corrupted to “Konthagai”.\nThe original credit for discovering archaeological artefacts at Pallichandai Thidal goes to V. Balasubramanian, who was the headmaster of the Government High School at Keezhadi. In 1978, Balasubramanian found 14th century terracotta artefacts at Pallichandai Thidal and informed Vedachalam. “I reached Pallichandai Thidal and saw the male, female and Ayyanar [a folk diety] terracotta figurines,” said the noted epigraphist. “Then, in the survey we did in 2014, we identified 293 sites with archaeological remains on either side of the Vaigai river. Of these 293 sites, I said Pallichandai Thidal was an important site. We went there, saw the mound, the brick structures exposed by the earthmover, and potsherds lying everywhere. So we decided to excavate at Pallichandai Thidal because there has been no major excavation in the recent past in the habitation sites in southern Tamil Nadu,” Vedachalam said.\nBurnt bricks and artefacts\nThe first season of excavation began on March 2, 2015, and ended in September. Forty-two trenches were dug and, astonishingly, many of them yielded structures made of large-sized bricks that typically belong to the Early Historic period. For instance, a trench dug in the highest point of the mound yielded a massive brick wall. They were all burnt bricks. Another trench yielded a pot with a conical bottom, whose occurrence was rare. Yet another trench yielded a small room built of bricks, whose floor had a spread of river sand. This led to a debate on whether it was a dry toilet. The centre of the mound revealed a lot of structural activity. Small brick-built rooms threw up plenty of pots.\nA bonanza of artefacts was found in almost every trench. What stood out was a big quartz bead with a superbly made engraving. “We can say with confirmation that it was made about 2,200 years ago,” Amarnath Ramakrishna said. “It was found at a depth of 180 cm,” he added. A perforated shallow dish was found as well. “This is a rarity in Tamil Nadu,” he said. Prized discoveries included gleaming pearl micro-beads and hundreds of beads made of semi-precious stones such as carnelian, agate, lapis lazuli and quartz. Glass beads were also found. From the surface of the mound, Vedachalam picked up a human terracotta figurine.\nOther artefacts found in the trenches included shell bangles with decorations, ivory dice incised with concentric circles, terracotta gamesmen and spindle-whorls with iron roads (indicating the existence of a textile industry).\nAmarnath Ramakrishna said: “The artefacts are a confirmation that Keezhadi was a trade centre and that a big town existed there [during the Early Historic period]. Stratigraphically, in the lower levels, we get all the material such as arretine ware, rouletted ware and white-painted black ware which are associated with the Early Historic period. A wealthy, cultured society must have lived there. Stratigraphically, we have found a lot of deposits which offer good evidence to correlate Madurai with the Sangam Age. This site definitely gives a clue to the date of the Sangam Age.”\nVedachalam also argued that the occurrence of brick houses, which were “elite people’s residences”, black and red ware, arretine ware, rouletted ware and russet-coated ware, hundreds of beads, ivory dices and so on revealed “the nature” of a habitation site of the Sangam Age. An irrigation tank, too, existed at Keezhadi. He said: “We did a complete exploration of the archaeological sites on both banks of the Vaigai river, right from the place where it originates to Azhagankulam, where it empties into the sea. Then we chose Keezhadi for excavation. The excavation at Keezhadi will help us to appreciate southern Tamil Nadu’s history and the life and culture of the people of the Sangam Age. Similar exploration should be done on the banks of every river in Tamil Nadu to locate archaeological sites, and excavations should be done in important sites to help us understand the settlement patterns in ancient times. Only then will we understand fully the sweep and magnitude of Tamil Nadu’s cultural antiquity.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://serica.ie/graves/soothill.htm", "date": "2021-10-23T23:34:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00602.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9641984105110168, "token_count": 278, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__44883434", "lang": "en", "text": "Hill Cemetery, Church Cowley Road, Oxford.\nGrave reference: B1 no.147.\nSoothill died on Tuesday 14 May 1935. His funeral was held at the Wesley Memorial Church in Oxford on Friday 17 May and he was interred at Rose Hill Cemetery. His grave is approximately 40 metres WNW of the cemetery chapel. It is marked by a simple rectangle of low granite kerbs, engraved as below. The letters are inlaid with lead, but about half of the inlays have fallen out, and the kerbs have sunk below their original level so that the inscriptions are partly obscured.\nThe first occupant of the grave was Soothill's wife Lucy, four years his elder, who died at the age of 74 and was buried on 30 March 1931.\n|S||LUCY · MISSIONARY · BELOVED WIFE OF THE REV W E SOOTHILL / 1856-1931|\n|N||WILLIAM EDWARD SOOTHILL MA · MISSIONARY · PROFESSOR OF CHINESE OXFORD UNIVERSITY / 1861-1935|\n|W||THE PATH OF THE JUST SHALL SHINE|\n|E||THEIR WORK ABIDETH|\n|Grave visited with Shen Jia\n沈迦 on 30 March 2009.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bubblemeter.blogspot.com/2009/12/cnbc-bubble-decade.html", "date": "2017-04-26T00:22:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00275-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9575696587562561, "token_count": 397, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__182240395", "lang": "en", "text": "In The Bubble Decade, a one-hour CNBC Original documentary, Correspondent David Faber reports on one of the most dramatic periods in the history of America’s financial markets. As the first decade of the 21st century draws to a close, Faber looks back at the tumultuous era, one marked by ambition and innovation, avarice and excess, and record highs – and lows – on Wall Street.It's hard to believe this decade is almost over. Each decade goes by faster than the last.\nThe sweeping story of the three economic bubbles that defined the decade begins with the tech bubble, its apex marked by AOL’s audacious takeover of Time Warner. The deal signified the heights and hope of the dot-com boom, a chapter that saw the creation of scores of high-flying internet companies, many of which would die an early death. The middle of the decade brought the housing boom and the formation of the real estate bubble. It was the age of easy money, with banks all too eager to fund new construction, and developers and homeowners all too eager to take on loans they couldn’t afford. The last bubble of the decade to burst was the credit bubble, exemplified by private equity firms awash in money and on the lookout for takeover targets. In some cases, these private equity deals and leveraged buyouts resulted in a lucky few making a fortune, with the targeted company loaded up with debt and ruined in the process.\nThe rollercoaster ride of the past decade is told through the people who lived it: some who made millions, some who lost millions, and some who did both. Faber profiles Internet entrepreneurs, real estate speculators, and corporate takeover specialists. In addition to reporting the taped segments, Faber will moderate two panels of key players who shaped the biggest financial stories of the decade.\n- Sunday, December 13th 10p ET\n- Monday, December 14th 8p ET", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.myhvar.net/the-ancient-roots-of-hvar", "date": "2024-04-18T11:43:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817206.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418093630-20240418123630-00122.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9342420101165771, "token_count": 501, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__94430624", "lang": "en", "text": "Nestled in the azure waters of the Adriatic Sea, the island of Hvar boasts a rich history that extends far beyond its sun-kissed beaches and lavender fields. Delve into the island's ancient past, where Greek settlers left an indelible mark, introducing not only their culture but also planting the seeds of Hvar's renowned wine culture.\nGreek Influence: The story begins over two millennia ago when ancient Greek colonists, seeking new horizons, established colonies along the Dalmatian coast. Among these venturesome settlers were the Greeks who landed on Hvar, bringing with them a wealth of knowledge in agriculture, trade, and viticulture.\nWine Cultivation: The Greeks recognized the island's fertile soil and ideal climate as a perfect canvas for vineyards. Harnessing their expertise, they introduced the art of winemaking to Hvar, forever altering the island's destiny. The cultivation of grapes flourished, and the hillsides of Hvar soon became adorned with terraced vineyards, each row bearing witness to the island's vinicultural legacy.\nStari Grad Plain – UNESCO Heritage: At the heart of this vinicultural heritage lies the Stari Grad Plain, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Originally plotted by the Greeks in the 4th century BC, this agricultural landscape is a living testament to ancient land division practices and, notably, the cultivation of grapes for wine production.\nLegacy of the Greeks: The legacy of the Greek settlers endures in Hvar's unique grape varieties and winemaking traditions. As you wander through the island's vine-clad landscapes and sip its exceptional wines, you're savoring a heritage that dates back to those pioneering days when the Greeks first recognized Hvar's potential as a winemaking haven.\nModern Winemaking on Hvar: Today, Hvar stands as a beacon of Croatian viticulture, and its winemakers continue to honor and build upon the foundations laid by the ancient Greeks. From the indigenous varieties like Plavac Mali to the modern cellars producing award-winning wines, Hvar's vinicultural journey is an integral part of its identity.\nConclusion: So, the next time you raise a glass of Hvar's finest wine, remember that you are toasting not just to the present moment but to an ancient legacy crafted by Greek visionaries who recognized the island's potential and planted the seeds that would blossom into Hvar's illustrious wine culture.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://weston.org/Calendar.aspx?EID=8516&month=3&year=2021&day=24&calType=0", "date": "2021-06-12T12:12:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00616.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9472272396087646, "token_count": 227, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__44022290", "lang": "en", "text": "March 24, 2021\nMassachusetts Chocolate History & Virtual Tasting\nWednesday, March 24, 2021\nMost students of American history know the story of the Boston Tea Party, but did you know that when the colonists stopped drinking tea due to taxation they turned to drinking chocolate? Boston and the state of MA have many historical connections to chocolate, including being the home of the very first chocolate factory in North America, the first roadside retail confectionary operation and the\nfirst forays into commercial white chocolate production. Learn more about our sweet history with this fascinating program hosted by chocolate educator and tour guide, Victoria Kichuk of Cocoa Beantown in Boston.\nThe final 30 minutes of the program will be a guided tasting of local chocolates led by Victoria. If you would like to participate in this portion, RSVP by March 17 and notify us at the time of registration. The cost is $12 for the chocolate tasting. Pick up will be at the COA on March 24, 10:00-10:30 before the presentation.\nContact the COA to register, 781 786 6280.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.snehabhavan.com/43", "date": "2019-11-17T16:18:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00072.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.965584933757782, "token_count": 1703, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__160846340", "lang": "en", "text": "|Milestones in the History of Our Church at Vellore|\nA Brief History of St. Luke’s Orthodox Church\nBy the abundant grace of God Almighty St. Luke’s Orthodox Church, Vellore is privileged to celebrate the 71 years of the beginning of our worship in Vellore . Here is a brief history of how it all began.\nA long time ago there was a small village in South India, set on the banks of a river, Palar, and surrounded by the edge of the eastern ghats. People living in and near the village referred it to as Vel-oor, the place of Velam trees. In the twentieth century this small village, Vellore, became world famous because of Christian Medical College, popularly known as C.M.C, Vellore. Another landmark which recently added to Vellore is VIT University.\nThe beginning of a New era:\nYoung Ida Sophia Scudder was the daughter of American missionary parents who lived in Vellore in late 1800’s. As she grew up she realized the need for medical help to the poor women and children and decided to study medicine in America. In 1900, she came back to Vellore as Dr. Ida S Scudder and started a clinic with one bed. Dr. Scudder’s vision and determined efforts helped this clinic to grow as the most renowned hospital of India, which at present serves over 2000 inpatients and 7000 out patients daily with devoted doctors, nurses and other staff members. Almost all the churches in India, including ours, have membership in the C.M.C. Council.\nOrthodox worship at Vellore:\nDr. Ida Scudder’s fondest dream, a medical school for women came true in 1918 and it became a medical college for women in 1942; men were admitted from 1947. The rapid growth from a clinic to a medical college led to the coming of a number of students from Kerala. Many of them were Orthodox Christians who upheld their Orthodox identity. They met together for prayers regularly as a congregation. On the request of the students, Madras Church sent priest to Vellore to celebrate the first Holy Qurbana in 1944. After the formation of the Indian Orthodox Mission by the Late Metropolitan H.G Alexios Mar Theodosius, Rev. Fr. Kuriakose O.I.C., of Bethany Ashram came to Vellore from Coonoor and celebrated Holy Qurbana once in a month in All Saints Church (SPG). He continued this service till 1954.\nOn Jan. 18th, 1954, His Holiness Baselius Geevarghese II (Kurichy Bava) came for a surgery in C.M.C. His Holiness’ stay in Vellore was the point of the Orthodox Church here. His Holiness realized the need for a resident priest and appointed Rev. Fr. C.E. George in 1954 itself. He conducted service in the All Saints Church and C.M.C. Hospital Chapel. As a pioneer priest Fr. George had to undergo difficulties with regard to living facilities and finance, nevertheless as ideal priest he served the parish with pleasure and extended spiritual comfort and love to the patients in C.M.C. Hospital. He was here till 1962. A part of the Church plot was bought on 25th April 1959. Late Dr.P.Koshy & Late Mr.G.Idiculla have rendered invaluable service in initiating the purchase of the plot and construction of the Church.\nRev, Fr. C.M, Philipose served the parish in 1962-63. He was succeeded by Rev. Fr.K.K. Mathews (1964-67). (later H.G. Mathews Mar Barnabas) who rejuvenated the parish with his extraordinary spiritual leadership and service conducted with humility.\nRev Fr. M.A. Varghese Panicker (1967-70) (later Very Rev. Cyril Ramban). The next Vicar, contributed greatly to the construction of the present church in 1969. His Grace Thomas Mar Dionysious (the Council member of C.M.C) laid the foundation stone of the church and also consecrated the church on 6th May 1970. Late Rev. Fr. V.K. Chacko was appointed the next Vicar (1970-74). The finishing touches of the church was done during his tenure. Late Rev. Fr. C.V. John succeeded him. It was during his time that the parsonage was constructed and consecrated. Rev. Fr. P.C. Philip, Rev. Fr. Thomas Thalackkel, Rev. Fr. V.C. Jose, Rev.Fr. Mani K. Varghese, Rev. Fr. Philip Abraham , Rev. Fr. Biju P. Thomas, Rev.Fr. Thomas Issac, Rev.Fr.Iype Alex, Rev.Fr.Sanjay Pappachan, Rev.Fr.Aji Varghese, Rev.Fr. Abraham Thomas, Rev.Fr. Abey M Chacko, were the Vicars later. Rev. Fr.Joby George is the present Vicar of the Parish.\nRanipet, Chittoor and Ambur are neighboring places within a radius of about 40 km. from Vellore. Members from these places came to the church with great enthusiasm. Prayer meetings are held once a month in, Vellore, Chittoor and Ranipet. The parish has 69 family members and many nursing, medical , paramedical and engineering students.\nThe parish is proud of our member of the parish Rev. Fr. P.A. Johnson, Chittoor, who is the presently serving in Brahmavar Diocese.\nThe spiritual organizations of the church include prayer meeting, Sunday School and M.G.O.C.S.M. The students meet on all Saturday evening in C.M.C. and alternate Sunday for M.G.O.C.S.M. in church.\n‘Snehabhavan’ a residential guidance center for patients who come to C.M.C. was first of its kind in Vellore. It is a part of the Madras Diocese’s charitable project. It was built by our first metropolitan His Grace Zachariah Mar Dionysious as a part of His Grace’s Shashtiabdipoorti celebrations.\nThe parish is now celebrating its 71 years of the beginning of our worship in Vellore and Silver Jubilee of Snehabhavan , under the leadership of Our beloved Diocesan Metropolitan H G Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros on Aug.9, 2015. We request your prayers for the success of all activities of our parish. May the Lord give the parish great strength and use it for the furtherance of His Kingdom.\n|Office Bearers 2014-15|\n|Trustee : Joncy Abraham\nSecretary : Dr C E Eapen\n|Church Building fund support|\nThe Vellore corporation has decided to widen & double lane the road connecting our parish & they are about to acquire about three meters[10ft] of the land from either side of the road, thus causing a loss of area &infrastructure for our parish. The proposed plan shall affect us badly which shall partially damage the existing parsonage & completely demolish the Cross Tower and compound wall. Hence we are forced to relocate the parsonage at a convenient place within the church premises at the earliest.\nThe church committee has decided to construct a two-storied building which includes a multipurpose mini hall, an office, parsonage, Bishop’s room[many Bishops frequent Vellore for treatment],at an estimated cost of forty lakhs. We are a small parish comprising of fifty families & student community [both CMC HOSPITAL&VIT UNIVERSITY] with a hand to mouth existence, so its difficult to garner this amount locally. Hence we call upon social philanthropists, church members & well wishers within & outside India to donate generously & bail us out from this crunch.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://news.canton.edu/blog/tag/kenneth-kirkey/", "date": "2020-09-27T06:21:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400265461.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927054550-20200927084550-00494.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9561695456504822, "token_count": 953, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__190379573", "lang": "en", "text": "The storied bravery and valor of North Country World War II veterans will be retold at SUNY Canton in honor of Veterans Day.\nThe College will be holding a Veterans’ Living History Ceremony at 7 p.m. Friday, Nov. 8, in the Richard W. Miller Campus Center’s Kingston Theater. It will be highlighting the recorded accounts of soldiers who served in all branches of the military in many notable battles. The Ceremony is free and open to the public and there will be a reception following the presentation.\n“It’s our honor to recognize the brave soldiers who served during the war that permanently changed the world, and influenced our entire culture,” said SUNY Canton Acting President Joseph C. Hoffman. “These men stormed the beaches of Normandy and witnessed the horrors of Nazi concentration camps. They struggled against German occupation in France and beyond. Then, they came home and went about their lives in Northern New York.”\nThe event was created as a way to celebrate Veterans Day at the College and to spread the word about an ongoing project to collect oral histories from area veterans through the Southworth Library Learning Commons, according to Assistant Librarian Michael Magilligan.\n“The project started when I was talking to a co-employee who has an 87-year-old neighbor who dropped out of high school to join the military,” Magilligan said. “I ended up interviewing 33 veterans from around the North Country. I feel as though I’ve captured the true experience of American servicemen during the Second World War.”\nMany of the veterans Magilligan interviewed will be attending the event. Selections from their interviews, and photos they shared will be shown in a multi-media presentation assembled by the assistant librarian.\nEach of the interviews will be housed on a database at SUNY Canton to provide future generations with a comprehensive understanding of World War II and how it\nimpacted the home front. The recordings will also submitted to the Library of Congress and the New York State Veterans’ History Museum in Saratoga.\nKenneth D. Kirkey, Massena, who was a radio operator and a paratrooper in the 82nd Airborne Division of the U.S. Army selected for a secret mission, relayed his experience for the project. Kirkey was the last one out of his plane as it was shot down. “We were sent into Normandy two days before D-Day [June 6, 1944],” Kirkey recounted to Magilligan. “We had carrier pigeons and radios half the size of a table.”\nIn another account, Charles H. Alexander of Canton, who served in the U.S. Navy relayed his experience ferrying soldiers to and from the beaches of Normandy on Landing Ship, Tank (LST) vessels. “It’s scary at first, the first day or two, the first two or three trips. There’s a lot of combat going on,” he said. “But it kind of moves away. You get used it. You get calloused.”\nArnold Newkofsky, Canton, was a gunner on an LST for the U.S. Navy in the Pacific Theater. Newkofsky said that when he heard the alerts he’d rush to his weapon and point it at the sun, waiting for Japanese planes to descend upon them. “Everyday was D-Day,” he said.\nMagilligan has recorded many other accounts portraying many vivid and intensely personal remembrances from numerous fronts and battles, including those by SUNY Canton Alumni Frank J. White, Canton, (class of 1938) and Otis E. Van Horne, Canton (class of 1942). Van Horne also taught in the Electrical Construction program at the College.\nAbout SUNY Canton\nSUNY Canton is Northern New York’s premier College for career-driven bachelor’s degrees, associate degrees and certificate programs. The College delivers quality hands-on programs in engineering technology, health, management, and public service to students in the North Country, New York State, and beyond. Faculty members are noted for their professional real-world experience in addition to their academic credentials. SUNY Canton OnLine offers hundreds of flexible and convenient courses as well as eight exclusively online bachelor’s degrees. The College’s 14 athletic teams compete in state-of-the-art facilities as provisional members of the NCAA Division III and the USCAA.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://highlandpark.suntimes.com/news/17584204-418/highland-park-synagogue-recalls-king-visit.html", "date": "2013-05-25T00:02:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705300740/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115500-00093-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9373154640197754, "token_count": 425, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__39846989", "lang": "en", "text": "Highland Park synagogue recalls King visit\nDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. arrives at Congregation Solel in Highland Park on June 30, 1966. | Submitted photo\nUpdated: February 19, 2013 1:07PM\nHIGHLAND PARK — Congregation Solel in Highland Park will honor Martin Luther King’s legacy with two services Friday, Jan. 18, and Friday, Jan. 25 — one remembering the congregation’s past ties to the civil rights movement, the other declaring education a pressing civil rights issue today.\nIn 1965, a delegation from the synagogue traveled to Selma, Ala., to join King on the historic march to Montgomery, Ala. In 1966, King spoke to an audience of about 1,000 at the synagogue in the midst of his fair housing campaign in Chicago. The congregation recently created an historical marker to remind future generations about the synagogue’s connections to King.\nThe service at 7:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 18 will feature Lew Golan, a founding member of the congregation who participated in the 1965 march.\nThe service at 7:30 p.m. Friday, Jan. 25 will feature Marian McEllroy, former civil rights lawyer and past president of the Lake County NAACP. McEllroy helped to create the Envision Scholars program to help promising Waukegan High School students pursue their dream of attending a four-year college.\nCongregation Solel has aligned with Envision Scholars, and dozens of its members are working closely with college-bound students to support their academic efforts and help them negotiate the college admissions process.\n“We are creating ‘bookends’ to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King’s transformational role on our society,” said Robin Shapiro, the congregation’s vice president of social justice. “We believe it is of vital importance to pay tribute to the past, and it is equally important to commit to the pressing issues of today.”\nCongregation Solel is located at 1301 Clavey Road, Highland Park.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://piktorialismus.smb.museum/index.php?lang=en", "date": "2024-03-04T03:58:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476413.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304033910-20240304063910-00594.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9409021139144897, "token_count": 1077, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__96597532", "lang": "en", "text": "The Pictorialism Portal aims first and foremost to enable research into the history of the imagery, publications, and exhibitions associated with art photography from around 1900 in the German-speaking realm. The portal also makes available the results of current research on Pictorialism in the form of papers that were presented at the international symposium “Inspirations – Interactions: Pictorialism Reconsidered,” held on November 21–23, 2013 at the Museum für Fotografie (The Museum for Photography) in Berlin.\nPictorialism Research Project\nThe Pictorialism Portal’s point of departure was a 16-month research project undertaken by the Kunstbibliothek – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (the art library of the National Museums of Berlin) to examine its own holdings of art photography from around 1900. At the heart of the project was the collection of Ernst Juhl, one of Pictorialism’s most important champions in Germany. In addition to this, indexing work on the Pictorialism research archive compiled by the photo historian Enno Kaufhold made it possible to contextualize the Kunstbibliothek’s own holdings in terms of other published and exhibited art photographs from the turn of the last century. The research project was made possible by generous support from the German Federal Commissioner for Culture and Media.\nArt Photography around 1900\nThe project’s focus is on one of the most varied chapters in the history of photography. Aesthetically, the current of art photography around 1900 – also known as amateur photography (or, in German, “bildmässige Fotografie,” a direct translation “pictorial photography” and therefore also called Piktorialismus) – was above all characterized by the reciprocal inspiration between photography, painting, and the other graphic arts. From the 1880s on, extremely ambitious amateur photographers began to appear on the scene, organized into local associations. Their goal was to achieve recognition for photography as an art form. Their exchanges were based on regular exhibitions, publications, and association periodicals. Unlike the established professional studios of the day, these art photographers held aesthetic convictions, experimented with elaborate printing techniques, and tried out new compositional means. The painterly and graphic textures of the Pictorialist photographers make it possible to recognize the proximity to painting and the influence, in particular, of Impressionism, Jugendstil, and Symbolism. The primary motifs of art photography around 1900 were portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes.\nThe Kunstbibliothek’s Collection of Art Photography around 1900\nThe research project’s point of departure was the collection of Ernst Juhl (1850–1915), one of the most significant supporters of the art photography movement in Europe. The independently wealthy Juhl came from a family of Hamburg businessmen and was active on behalf of photography’s “artistic emancipation” as a curator, exhibition organizer, editor of the Photographische Rundschau, writer, and jury member at international exhibitions, in addition to his significant activities as a collector. His collection, assembled between 1893 and 1911, encompasses some eight hundred works, making it one of the most comprehensive private collections of Pictorialism of its day. Portions of it were first shown in Berlin in 1910 in an exhibition at the Königliche Kunstgewerbemuseum (the Royal Museum for Decorative Arts). After Juhl’s death, two institutions purchased portions of the collection: the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Arts and Crafts) in Hamburg and the Bibliothek des Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseum (the Library of the Berlin Museum of Decorative Arts) – the forerunner of today’s Kunstbibliothek. Other parts of the estate were destroyed during World War II.\nTogether with the Matthies-Masuren Collection, the Juhl Collection, which has now been opened up to researchers and conservators, constitutes the core holdings of turn-of-the-century art photography at the Kunstbibliothek – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. From the 1890s on, the painter and writer Fritz Matthies-Masuren (1873–1938) was as energetic as Ernst Juhl in addressing the art aspirations of amateur photography. His collection first arrived at the Kunstbibliothek as a loan and then, from 1924 on, as a permanent part of the library. It was presented and published by Christine Kühn in 2003. In addition to these two major estates, there are numerous additional individual prints, pieces of job printing, albums, and groups of works in the Kunstbibliothek’s holdings that can be categorized as Pictorialist. Altogether, some 680 Pictorialist works from the Kunstbibliothek are available for examination on the Pictorialism Portal, including 162 from the Juhl Collection and 141 from the Matthies-Masuren Collection.\nClaudia Pfeiffer, Ulrich Rüter, and Lars Spengler", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.wichitasportshow.com/the-boat-shoe/", "date": "2020-01-24T05:48:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00549.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9830774068832397, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__43069973", "lang": "en", "text": "The Boat Shoe\nBoating shoes actually have a fairly short history. Traditional boat shoes were created by Paul Sperry in 1935. If you couldn’t tell by the name, Paul Sperry is directly tied to the “Sperry” brand.\nThese were and are leather or canvas shoes, designed for boating. Tread patterns on the sole of the shoe deterred slipping on boat decks.\nNow we see these shoes as popular in fashion or everyday use. We should not forget what they were really made for, and where they came from. Boats and Paul Sperry!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ctfbarrie.com/history", "date": "2019-09-21T09:21:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574377.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921084226-20190921110226-00097.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9693171381950378, "token_count": 735, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__150391116", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1987, John and Carol Arnott, Jeremy and Connie Sinnott and a number of others gathered to begin a new Vineyard church in Toronto. We met in the gymnasium at Bloorlea Junior School and then in the Silverthorn high school auditorium. Early on, God called us to healing of the heart, experiencing the love of the Father and hearing His voice.\nIn _____, we moved to the Dixie location, where the \"renewal\" broke out.\nIn January of 1994, a little church on the end of a runway at Pearson International Airport in Toronto came to the world's attention as a place where God chose to meet with His people. As a result of this divine visitation, the members of what was at that time the Toronto Airport Vineyard were thrust into ministry to thousands of people worldwide.\nThe Toronto Blessing is a transferable anointing. In its most visible form it overcomes worshipers with outbreaks of laughter, weeping, groaning, shaking, falling and \"drunkenness\". Of greater significance, however, are the changed lives.\nThe renewal came to what was then the Toronto Airport Vineyard through visiting pastor Randy Clark of St. Louis, Missouri. What was originally planned as a series of four meetings exploded into a marathon of services which were being held every night of the week except Mondays for twelve years.\nIn early September of 1995, cumulative attendance at what was later to become known as the Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship was about 600,000, including approximately 20,000 Christian leaders and 200,000 first-time visitors from virtually every country and denomination. Attendance at evening services then numbered in the thousands, and ministry was carried out by a trained, 45-member team. Within twenty months of the beginning of this outpouring of the Holy Spirit, 9,000 people had made a first-time commitment to Christ at the Toronto Airport Vineyard. Church membership tripled in size to about 1,000 regular members from 360 in early 1994.\nThe original 425-seat facility became overextended by the summer of 1994. Waiting lines formed at five o'clock outside the doors in mid-winter, which opened at seven. Later in November, a former conference centre on Attwell Drive, east of the airport, became available for rent.\nSenior pastor John Arnott signed a lease to rent with an option to buy, and the building was purchased on January 20, 1995, exactly one year after the first day of the renewal/revival. The new location, seating over 3,000, is equally accessible to the airport and closer to major hotels, some of which ran a shuttle service to renewal meetings.\nThe effects of the Toronto Blessing quickly became international in scope. Within a year of the outpouring, an estimated four thousand churches representing main denominations in the United Kingdom were touched by the renewal. The renewal arrived in England through authors Charles and Frances Hunter of Texas. Another catalyst was Eleanor Mumford, wife of Southwest London Vineyard's pastor, John Mumford. The renewal broke out in May of 1994 at an Anglican Church, Holy Trinity Brompton, where she shared her Toronto experience.\nThe \"Toronto Blessing\" has spread, not only to England, but to Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Finland, Holland, Japan, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Korea, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Guyana (South America), Cambodia, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Czechoslavakia, Russia, mainland China, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Romania, New Guinea, Kenya, Israel, and many other places.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.road-rash.co.uk/review/destination-unknown-uk-cinema-release/", "date": "2019-06-24T20:31:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999709.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624191239-20190624213239-00090.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.961146891117096, "token_count": 596, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__200043148", "lang": "en", "text": "Essential viewing for every generation.\nDirected by Claire Ferguson (known for editing Aileen: The Life and Death of a Serial Killer, Concert for George, The End of the Line, Guilty Pleasures, Up in Smoke) and produced by Llion Roberts (who has spent fourteen years accumulating the testimonies on which the film is based), Destination Unknown blends intimate testimony with immersive archive to bring the stories of twelve Holocaust survivors to the screen.\nThe film is released on the back of Holocaust Memorial Day (Yom HaShoah) where the film’s central character and Holocaust survivor Ed Mosberg attended ‘The March of the Living’ alongside thousands of participants in Poland last week. Ed Mosberg will visit the UK for the cinema release of the film on 16th June 2017.\nWith no narration and no expert interviews, the film relies on the survivors’ own words, to weave a vivid narrative of lives stained by genocide. A seamless mosaic of first-hand accounts, rare archive from the time, and family Super 8 footage from after the war, the film traces their journeys from the outbreak of war, through the misery of the ghettos, to the unimaginable horrors of the camps. The survivors share their memories, some for the first time, some for the last, bringing their experiences to a new generation.\nWe see those who survived in hiding, those who fought as partisans, and those who endured camps such as Treblinka, Mauthausen and Auschwitz-Birkenau. While a few managed to escape, most had to try to find a way to stay alive until the end of the war.\nTheir stories do not end with liberation. We see how they had to survive the chaos that came afterwards, and their attempts to build new lives.\nThe film includes an interview with one of the few escapees from the terror of Treblinka, and an exclusive interview with Mietek Pemper, who helped Oskar Schindler compile his List, as well as a revealing story about Schindler himself from one of those he saved.\nTo say that Destination Unknown is compelling viewing would be a massive understatement. Although the number of people involved in the Holocaust is well known, it can sometimes be difficult to consider all the individual experiences and this documentary brings that into sharp focus.\nTo see the bravery of these people as they deal with the aftermath of the Nazi occupation, revisiting the sites of all the horrors they were subjected to is quite humbling indeed.\nIt is a remarkable feat of filmmaking, with a very important message which must be heard and understood to ensure it can never happen again. It is essential that future generations do not forget what happened during the war and hopefully this film will help with that. It’s hard to watch but thoroughly inspiring nevertheless and something which everyone should see.\nDestination Unknown will be released in UK cinemas from 16th June.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.vignaluisa.com/rome", "date": "2024-04-15T14:54:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817002.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415142720-20240415172720-00511.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9359886646270752, "token_count": 847, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130616101", "lang": "en", "text": "Piazza di Spagna\nThe Piazza di Spagna is one of the most popular and busiest squares in Rome. The famous Spanish Steps with their 135 travertine steps are the work of Francesco de Sanctis. While the lower end of the Spanish Steps is adorned with the \"Fontana La Barcaccia\" fountain, it ends at the top with the French church \"SS. Trinità dei Monti\". Also impressive is the huge Egyptian obelisk that rises into the sky between the stairs and the church.\nThe area around the Piazza di Spagna, the Piazza del Popolo and the Villa Borghese is very extensive and you need a lot of time to see the most important sights, to enjoy the special atmosphere and to walk in the very large Villa Borghese.\nPiazza Navona & Pantheon\nThe Piazza Navona is framed by beautiful churches, houses and palaces: the Palazzo Braschi (Museo di Roma), the Church of Sant'Agnese and the Palazzo Pamphili. In the center of Piazza Navona is the monumental fountain Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, built by Bernini in the 16th century. The 4 giants of the fountain represent the four largest known rivers on earth at that time - Ganges, Danube, Nile and Rio de la Plata.\nPantheon - In the Middle Ages, this Roman temple dedicated to the gods became a church. The Pantheon, with its diameter and height of 43 meters and its huge dome, is a symbol of Rome and a marvel of Roman architecture. In the Piazza del Pantheon (Piazza della Rotonda) we find the Fontana della Rotonda fountain.\nFontana di Trevi\nThe Trevi Fountain is located near the Piazza di Spagna and is one of the main attractions of Rome, everyone wants to have their picture taken there and toss a coin in the fountain to make sure they will come back to Rome one day. The fountain is modeled on a large stage. Part of the Fontana di Trevi is integrated into the facade of the Palazzo Poli and has the shape of a triumphal arch.\nThe Vatican is a city-state, the seat of the Pope and the center of the Roman Catholic Church. This place attracts believers from all over the world and contains countless famous works of art and buildings. More than 20,000 people visit St. Peter's Basilica every day, for which the foundation stone was laid in 1506 and which took around 120 years to build. The spectacular 136 meter high dome that gives the basilica its majestic dominance was designed by Michelangelo. The view from the dome of St. Peter's Square, the Tevere River and the city is fantastically beautiful.\nVatican Museums and Cappella Sistina- The buildings, which now house one of the most valuable art collections in the world, were built as a palace for the Renaissance popes. The museum complex includes the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's Rooms and Loggias.\nTrastevere - The pedestrian bridge Ponte Sisto, connects the center of Rome with the Trastevere district. It is a lively district and has many beautiful streets, houses and churches. From the Trastevere district, if you climb the hill, you get to the Gianicolo Park.\nColosseum & Fori Imperiali\nThe Colosseum is the most famous building of the Roman Empire. The place of entertainment was 80 AD. opened with a hundred-day festival and offered space for 50,000 people. Right next to the Colosseum is the mighty triumphal arch that documents Constantine's victory over Maxentius.\nFrom here you can walk to the Roman Forum, along the Fori Imperiali and see the remains of ancient Rome. The Roman Forum was the center of political, economic and judicial life in ancient Rome\nENJOY ROME THE ETERNAL CITY", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.merriehansen.com/2012/04/v-is-for-vashti.html", "date": "2023-12-02T21:09:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00540.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.962553083896637, "token_count": 752, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__46682925", "lang": "en", "text": "Women of the Bible from A to Z series\n“Queen Vashti also gave a banquet for the women\nin the royal palace of King Xerxes.” Esther 1:9 nlt\nVashti, whose name means beautiful, probably was quite beautiful as she was married to the powerful King Xerxes I (aka Ahasuerus) who ruled over 127 provinces from India to Ethiopia. They lived in the citadel in Susa—one of several Persian Empire capital cities (an interesting study of its own).\nWe meet Vashti in the opening chapter of Esther when she and the king entertained many of the Persian dignitaries—princes, attendants, army officers, and nobles—for a seven-day gala. The finest white and violet linen draped the marble columns of the courtyard. The couches of gold and silver lined decked the mosaic pavement made of porphyry (a reddish purple rock), marble, mother-of-pearl and other precious stones. The distinguished guests drank an abundance of royal wine from golden goblets, while Queen Vashti held a banquet of her own for the wives of the dignitaries in the palace.\nAfter seven days of celebrating, Xerxes, in high spirits, ordered seven servants to bring Vashti. He wanted to parade her beauty before his distinguished visitors.\nBut the queen refused.\nThe king of Persia was furious. In his anger, he called the royal experts of the law and customs to discuss punishment options for her disobedience. The seven wise men of the province determined that according to law, she not only wronged the king, but also the princes and people because if her conduct became known in the land, other women might behave with contempt to their husbands.\nThey determined a law be written for all of Persia and Media, which could not be revoked or altered, that Vashti be banished from King Xerxes’ presence and that the king would choose another queen more worthy than she. Xerxes and his nobles were in agreement. He signed the decree, published it, and sent it throughout the vast empire.\nSome time later, when the king’s anger waned, he regretted his order. His personal servants suggested he begin the search for a beautiful young woman among the virgins of the kingdom.\nAnd so ends the story of Vashti. What a sad ending to a beautiful woman’s life.\nTo an American woman like me, it doesn’t seem fair. My society says she has the right to refuse her husband’s request. Yet, a part of me knows how she humiliated him and his status.\nWhen I compare her to the noble, virtuous woman of Proverbs 31, I question my society’s reaction. Because of this woman’s dedication, her husband was well known and respected among the civic leaders (verse 23). Therefore maybe the wise men of Susa were correct in their concerns that if Vashti were not punished wives across the land would treat their husbands disrespectfully.\nWhile you're here:\n- Check the What’s Up page for the latest goings on with my writing (1st of month)\n- Read an excerpt from my Fiction W.I.P. (15th of month)\n- Sign up from the side bar to be a\n- Fellow Sojourner (aka Join this Site)\n- Facebook follower (aka Join me on Facebook)\n- Or receive Email notifications (aka Follow LOL4J)\n- Mark the Reaction box(s) below you each blog\n- Better yet, Leave a Comment; I love hearing from you", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://neymarjr.info/42-days-to-go-uruguay-the-first-champions", "date": "2018-05-27T03:35:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00608.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9509996175765991, "token_count": 270, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__177560599", "lang": "en", "text": "The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ is getting closer – 42 days to go! Between now and the start of the World Cup, we will take a closer look at a different statistic from the history of the tournament each day.\nUruguay secured their place in history by becoming the first team to win the FIFA World Cup™ at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo on 30 July 1930, beating neighbours Argentina 4-2 in the inaugural Final.\nAlbicelestecentre forward Guillermo Stabile was the competition’s first Golden Boot winner with eight goals. Despite giving his team a 2-1 lead in the Final, he could not prevent Uruguay’s second-half comeback. Stabile had never played for Argentina before the 1930 World Cup and did not represent his country again after the tournament.\nFour European sides made the long journey across the Atlantic Ocean to Uruguay in 1930. Yugoslavia set off from Marseille while Romania, France and Belgium travelled together on the SS Conte Verde, which also counted FIFA President Jules Rimet among its passengers. In the opening match on 13 July 1930, Frenchman Lucien Laurent made history by scoring the first-ever World Cup goal, firing a volley into the back of the net to inspire his country to a 4-1 victory over Mexico.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://museums.goritzville.com/", "date": "2017-04-23T17:38:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118740.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00395-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9375790357589722, "token_count": 294, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__80910384", "lang": "en", "text": "12:00pm - 4:00pm\nTuesday through Saturday,\nMemorial Day through Labor Day, or by appointment\nRitzville, WA 99169\nWelcome to Ritzville, WA\nSituated in a prime location at the convergence of I-90 and US-395 in the heart of Eastern Washington's wheat country, Ritzville was once the largest wheat shipping point in the world. Settled in the 1880s, today it remains a community with a rich pioneer heritage.\nTake a step back in time. Spend the day and discover Ritzville's past with a walking tour of our downtown National Historic District. When you're done, visit our museums and grab a bite to eat.\nRitzville's Railroad Depot Museum is home to a collection of turn of the century memorabilia. Train lovers, young and old, will enjoy our newly restored Northern Pacific caboose No. 10425 as well as the fully functional telegraphy equipment complete with telegrapher.\nThe Dr. Frank R. Burroughs home was built in 1889 and extensively remodeled in 1902 when electricity came to Ritzville. A collection of vintage clothes and original furnishings await your visit.\nRitzville's Heavy Metal Tour is a collection of metal sculptures which are a glimpse of Ritzville's history as seen by the local artisans who created them.\nDon't forgot to visit our golf course and water park!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.apostolicchurch.biz/site/cpage.asp?cpage_id=180016161&sec_id=180001186", "date": "2019-07-19T18:51:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526337.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719182214-20190719204214-00284.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9806477427482605, "token_count": 415, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__143661837", "lang": "en", "text": "History of The Apostolic Church\nOpening services of Glory Tabernacle were held on Easter Sunday, April 21, 1946. 35 people gathered for service in a building on Sabine Pass Avenue, near Railroad Avenue (now Martin Luther King Parkway). Bro. Tracy Boutlier was the pastor. Light for the service was provided by coal oil lamps. In time, Bro. Boutlier bought land at 2650 Sabine Pass Avenue.\nIn October 1969, the church assembly voted unanimously for Bro. Marvin L. Cole to be their pastor.\nNovember 2, 1969, marked Bro. Cole’s first Sunday as pastor of the United Pentecostal Church of Sabine Pass Avenue (now The Apostolic Church of Beaumont), accompanied by his wife, Sis. Marie Barbee Cole, and children, Marvin Wendell and Ruth Michelle. There were 69 present in Sunday School that day.\nIn 1973, the church moved to Blackmon Lane, where two acres and larger facilities would accommodate the growth of the congregation. In 1977, the metallic sanctuary was built at that location, with seating for 400. In 1982, educational facilities, a kitchen, and fellowship hall were added to this facility.\nA total of five land purchases at this location has given the church 12 acres on which to expand as God’s blessings continue. On October 19, 1997, the Church family moved into their beautiful new church home near the old facility, at 3333 Eastex Freeway. The sanctuary has seating for 1,000, and the facility includes a spacious Fellowship Hall with commercial kitchen, large educational wing, bookstore, multiple nurseries, office suites, and many other beautiful features.\nRev. Jason Carr currently serves as Pastor of The Apostolic Church. Pastor Carr and his wife, Brenda, have been involved in ministry since 1992. He is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in Texas. His vision for The Apostolic Church is for it to become a thriving church, and a center for evangelism, from which new ministers and ministries are launched.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bulletproofshops.com/news/the-evolution-of-armor-weight-throughout-history_742.html", "date": "2023-12-07T12:44:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100674.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207121942-20231207151942-00837.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9217243790626526, "token_count": 523, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__138388128", "lang": "en", "text": "Writer： admin Time： 2023-08-25 16:13:20 Browse：\nThroughout history, warriors and soldiers have relied on armor to protect themselves in battle. As armor-making techniques advanced, the weight of armor evolved, impacting the mobility and endurance of the wearers. In this article, we will explore the evolution of armor weight from ancient times to the development of steel armor.\nIn ancient times, armor was crafted from materials like leather, cloth, and bronze. Ancient Greek and Roman hoplites and legionnaires wore relatively light armor, which allowed for greater agility in battle. Typical armor of this period weighed around 20 to 30 pounds (9 to 13 kilograms).\nMedieval knights and soldiers wore heavier armor to counter the advancements in weaponry. Suits of plate armor, made from metal plates, offered superior protection but also increased weight. A full set of plate armor could weigh between 45 to 60 pounds (20 to 27 kilograms).\nDuring the Renaissance, armor design underwent changes, and the transition to steel armor began. Steel offered improved protection at a relatively lighter weight than earlier materials. Full suits of steel armor typically weighed around 30 to 50 pounds (13 to 23 kilograms).\nIn the late medieval and early Renaissance period, full plate armor became popular among knights and nobles. Full plate armor sets weighed approximately 50 to 70 pounds (23 to 32 kilograms).\nWith the advent of gunpowder and firearms, the effectiveness of heavy armor declined on the battlefield. As warfare changed, armor weight decreased to improve mobility and maneuverability.\nDuring the late Renaissance and into the modern era, armor evolved into lighter combat gear, such as cuirasses and helmets made from steel or other materials. These provided essential protection without encumbering the wearer with excessive weight.\nIn modern times, body armor has further evolved to meet the demands of contemporary warfare. Advanced materials like Kevlar? and ceramic plates offer excellent protection at significantly lighter weights.\nToday, specialized armors cater to different military and law enforcement needs, such as bulletproof vests, bomb suits, and riot gear. These are designed to protect while allowing for enhanced mobility and reduced weight burdens.\nThe evolution of armor weight throughout history reflects the ongoing quest to strike a balance between protection and mobility. From ancient leather and bronze armor to the development of steel and modern body armor, advancements in materials and design have influenced the weight and effectiveness of protective gear. The progression towards lighter, specialized armors has allowed warriors and soldiers to maintain their agility and endurance in the face of ever-changing battlefield challenges.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.petroterminal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32%3Ahistory&catid=7%3Acorporate-profile&Itemid=98&lang=en", "date": "2015-12-01T20:04:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398471436.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205431-00311-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9301615357398987, "token_count": 442, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__56608130", "lang": "en", "text": "The origins of Petroterminal de Panama, S.A. (PTP) date back to the end of the 1970’s, when the production of Alaskan petroleum began with great volumes of crude oil; the production surplus needed to be transported to the eastern coast of the United States. Crude oil transportation would be a complex and expensive operation because supertankers had superior dimensions and drafts than Panamax vessels which transit the Panama Canal.\nOn April 10th, 1979 the Charco Azul Terminal started operations a year after its construction had started. In 1980 PTP and the Panamanian government reached an agreement to build the trans-isthmian pipeline and the Atlantic Terminal at Chiriqui Grande, Bocas del Toro. On July 1981 the American company Morrison Knudsen International, widely experienced in the design and construction of this type of facilities started the construction process to build a 130 kilometer pipeline.\nThe pipeline was constructed to facilitate the transportation of Alaskan North Slope Crude oil (ANSCO) from Valdez, Alaska to refineries on the Gulf coast of the US. The pipeline streamlined transportation by allowing the use of larger tankers and shortened the voyage between Panama and the US Gulf vs. transshipment of ANSCO through the Panama Canal.\nWith the opening of the trans-isthmian pipeline, PTP contributed with $17,000,000 to build the Chiriqui – Bocas del Toro road; this important road has enormously contributed to develop the occidental area of Panama.\nIn 1994 PTP shareholders and executives visualized the construction of a general cargo port at Chiriqui Grande which began operations on May 16th, 1997. Commerce, agro-industry and construction of the western section of Panama have benefitted from this pier through import and export activities.\nDue to changes in U.S. petroleum by-product legislation, Alaskan surplus oil production was no longer available for transportation through the pipeline. This measure caused pipeline operations to cease in 1996. In 2003 PTP entered into an agreement with Swiss based Castor Petroleum which allowed reactivation of pipeline activities.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.foxteethonline.blogspot.com/", "date": "2013-12-09T09:36:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163954634/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133234-00090-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.982568085193634, "token_count": 1553, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__155586860", "lang": "en", "text": "December 7, 1941\nThe first American casualties of WW ll did not occur at Pearl Harbor. Some say the first hostile action happened in the Yangtze River outside Nanking on December 12, 1937 where the USS gunboat Panay was sunk by Japanese aircraft, killing three and wounding 45. Others maintain that since WWll was not yet officially under way on that date, the first Americans to die in action were on October 17, 1941 when the USS Kearney, a Benson-Livermore Class Destroyer was attacked off the coast of Iceland, by the U-568 which was part of a wolf pack eviscerating a convoy that the Kearney was trying to protect. 11 US sailors were killed and 22 were wounded in the fight.\nAll of this is a reminder that great and terrible events do not happen in a vacuum.\nFor most of the 1930's, America in proud and defiant isolation caused in part by the Great Depression, watched as both Asia and Europe became engulfed in war and dictatorship. FDR eventually turned America into the Arsenal for Democracy after WWII began on September 1, 1939. Politically however Roosevelt had to walk a fine line with regard to American neutrality even as Churchill pressured him to join the fight and as anti-Japanese and anti-German feelings began to emerge domestically on the political left, particularly after Hitler invaded the USSR.\nOn October 16, 1941, the Japanese Prime Minister Prince Konoe resigned and General Hidecki Tojo assumed the post and the planning for an attack on the American Pacific Fleet was set in motion.\nSimultaneously, in Washington, Japanese Ambassador Nomura Kichisaburo continued his efforts to negotiate a peace treaty between the US and Japan, unaware of what Tojo and the Japanese military were planning. He continued his diplomatic efforts becoming more belligerent right up to December 7th when he was coldly informed by Secretary of State Cordell Hull that the attack had already begun.\nThe plan for the attack was the work of the Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isokoru Yamamoto who had studied in the US and privately was against the attack which had as its political aim to so cripple the American Pacific Fleet that Japan could go into the Dutch East Indies for the oil and rubber they urgently needed without fear of retribution. He believed the War that would follow would allow him to \"run wild for the first six months\" but he had no confidence as to the second and third years.\nOn November 20, 1941 Japan issued an ultimatum to the U.S. demanding non-interference for Japanese actions in China and Indo-China thereby escalating the tensions between the two countries.\nOn November 26th the Japanese Hawaii task Force left the Kurile Islands bound for Pearl Harbor. On the same day the U.S. Secretary of State demanded the Japanese Imperial Army leave China immediately. In Tokyo, Tojo declared this to be an ultimatum, cynically using it as justification for a sneak attack he had already set in motion. The next day the United States military was placed on high alert.\nAdmiral Husband Kimmel was the Commander in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. His Army counterpart was Lt. General Walter Short. In the days after the attack both men would come under intense criticism for their lack of preparedness and eventually would be forced out of the military. Both had determined that an attack on Pearl was extremely unlikely notwithstanding the heightened state of alert, Nor did they respond with alacrity to the sinking of a Japanese Midget Sub just before the first wave of the attack began or radar showing a large number of aircraft approaching Oahu.\nThe attack began at 7:48 A.M. on a beautiful tropical and peaceful Sunday morning when the first wave of 183 aircraft carrier based planes open fire. The 70 U.S. combat ships and 24 auxiliary ships were all lined up on Battleship Row providing excellent targets for the air forces led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. Likewise, were the 400 Army, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft lined up wing to wing on three nearby airfields.\nThe fist wave lasted until 8:30 A.M. and inflicted horrible damage on a half dozen ships including the Arizona, the Oklahoma and the California. The second wave came at 9:00 A.M. under the command of Lt. Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki and lasted for an hour. No third wave materialized.\nThe United States lost 3,600 men killed or wounded including 1,177 killed on the USS Arizona alone. 21 ships were sunk or damaged , 188 aircraft were destroyed and 159 were damaged out of 400 total. The Japanese lost 55 airmen and 9 submariners. The attack it should be remembered took place before any formal Declaration of War was ever issued by Japan.\nThere were numerous incidences of incredible bravery exhibited that day by both military personnel and civilians. 129 medals, including 15 Medals of Honor were awarded to American servicemen. 68 civilians were killed and 35 were wounded coming to the aid of their country.\nMess attendant Doris \"Dorie\" Miller won the Navy Cross for his actions that day. Miller was aboard the USS West Virginia when the attack began. He carried his wounded Captain to a safer place on the ship and while untrained, manned a .50 caliber antiaircraft gun until he was ordered to abandon ship. Two years later Miller died in action.\nPerhaps no one described the horror of that day better then Seaman Second Class Eddie Jones of the USS California who wrote the following:\n\"When that big bomb blew up and they put the fire out, I looked down in that big hole that went down three or four decks. I saw men all blown up, men with no legs on, men burned to death, men drowned in oil, with oil coming out of their eyes and their mouth and their ears. You couldn't believe it was happening. You could see it in front of your eyes, but you couldn't believe it. Here it was, a beautiful day -- a beautiful Sunday morning -- and you see everything blowing up and ships sinking and men in the water. And you think, we're at peace with the world. This can't be happening\".\nThe next day, December 8th, FDR called December 7th , \"a day that will live in infamy\" and asked Congress for a declaration of war against the Empire of Japan. Two days later Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war against the US playing right into Churchill's hands. In the days, months and years to come in the Pacific theater Americans would learn the geography of war in far away places with exotic names like Corregidor, Bataan, Wake Island, Tawawa, Kwajalien, Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Saipan, Guam, The Coral Sea, Midway, The Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, Peleliu, and Okinawa.\nNo one knew immediately after December 7th what the outcome of this titantic struggle would be save perhaps the architect of the attack, Admiral Yamamota who lamented \"I fear all we have done today is to awaken a great, sleeping giant.\" Thus America cast off the shackles of isolationism and became in time a superpower...but a superpower built on the patriotism and sacrifice of the Greatest Generation comprised of young men and women who left the villages, towns, cities and farms of America to go off to war against some of the most evil forces in the history of the world. In the words of the old WW II song we remember them today and say \"Bless them All\".", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.scholarships.com/financial-aid/college-scholarships/scholarships-by-type/september-11th-scholarships/needham-9-11-scholarship-fund/", "date": "2013-12-11T21:24:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164047228/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133407-00011-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9219263195991516, "token_count": 131, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__34675758", "lang": "en", "text": "Needham 9/11 Scholarship Fund\nCandidates for the Needham 9/11 Scholarship Fund must submit an application, which can be found on http://www.needhamco.com/911Fund.asp. The application contains a request for documentation.\nGenerally scholarships are awarded to surviving children of the victims of the 9/11 tragedies. Scholarship awards are based on need, academics and the individuals are children of 9/11 victims. Applications are accepted on an ongoing basis and are usually approved at the beginning of the school year or semester.\nFor details, go to http://www.needhamco.com/911Fund.asp.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.covenantmbc.net/", "date": "2024-03-03T16:00:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00433.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9660048484802246, "token_count": 886, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__148419781", "lang": "en", "text": "NEW COVENANT MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH, INC.\n606 SW Broadway\nOcala, FL 34475\n\"The Church With An Open Door\"\nNew Covenant is livestreaming the weekly 10:00 am worship service. Click on the link below to view.\nNew Covenant Missionary Baptist Church, Inc. is a Bible-teaching church whose doors are always open to welcome you with Christ's love and genuine warmth. Our membership is approximately 550 and still growing.\nBible Study is currently being posted on Facebook.\nWe hope that you will worship with us.\nNew Covenant Missionary Baptist Church was organized in the fall of 1899 at a regular monthly conference at Mount Moriah Baptist Church. The church was organized and in 1901, the first building (an unpainted wooden building wih belfry and bell) was erected and dedicated in 1902 under the leadership or Rev. Bachelor and some of the memberss that included Henry Chandler and family, Sallie Goins and daughter, Aquilla Scott, Shed Phillips, Alice Johnson, C. J. Johnson, Jack Lambright and family, Pasty Morgan and family, Patsy Sims and family, Lula Anderson and husband, Mother Graham, Geraldine Davis, the Agent family, and Duhart Murray.\nUnder the pastorate of Rev. A.E. Crumady, the chapel was built in the 1940’s.\nWith the pastoral leadership of Rev. Dr. O. Van Pinkston, who served for 49 years (1949-1999), another edifice and an educational building including day care for the children’s preschool and Vacation Bible School were built. The church’s organizational structure was changed with departmentalization. In April 1954, Covenant was the host for the 74th Annual Session of the General Baptist State Convention of Florida, Inc.\nDr. Pinkston served in our District and State Congress Conventions as well as our National Congress and Conventions. He served the Second Bethlehem Baptist Association as Moderator for 32 years and was Moderator Emeritus and was an excellent Bible Study teacher and Pastor/Teacher.\nDuring the 1960’s Covenant was a “beacon of light” and headquarters in the fight against racism and injustice shown against our people. These efforts produced many leaders who blazed the way and the people responded in mass numbers. Rev. Frank George Pinkston (son of Rev. Pinkston) was a very brave and victorious leader during this time. Covenant became active in all related organizations: District, State, and National Congresses and conventions and we still continue as active participants.\nRev. Stanley M. Jacobs, Sr. was called to serve as pastor of Covenant Missionary Baptist Church in July 1999. Under Pastor Jacobs’ leadership, the current church edifice was completed in May 2002 and the congregation has grown to nearly 600. Pastor Jacobs’ ministry has also given birth to the New Covenant Faith-based Community Development Corporation that provided affordable housing in our community. Renovations in 2016 were made in the educational building which relocated the church administrative offices downstairs to provide easier accessibility and the education classes were relocated upstairs. To accommodate church growth, renovations were completed in 2020 which expanded the seating capacity in our sanctuary and remodeled fellowship hall.\nCovenant has come through many trials, hardships and stormy weather, but it stands today as a monument of FAITH shown by these patriarchs who went forward trusting God. We have been instrumental in helping to mold the lives of many young men and women. Many have become leaders in various fields and organizations. With God’s blessings, all things are possible.\nThe focus of New Covenant Missionary Baptist Church is to transform our community by seeking the salvation of all people through\nPlease feel free to contact us, make a comment /request or send an encouraging word. Just email us at the address below or call us directly. Our office hours are Monday-Friday, 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.; however, you may leave a message after hours and we will contact you as soon as possible.\nNew Covenant Missionary Baptist Church\n606 SW Broadway\nOcala, FL 34475\nPhone: (352) 622-7877\nFax: (352) 622-7548", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.wirenn.com/post/cuban-independence-day", "date": "2023-12-09T08:10:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00138.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9514142274856567, "token_count": 354, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__181246982", "lang": "en", "text": "Michael R. Pompeo, Secretary of State\nOn Cuban Independence Day, I extend my warm regards and best wishes to the people of Cuba. The United States joins you in celebrating the anniversary of Cuba’s independence, 118 years ago today. The struggle of the Cuban people continues. Your democratic system was overthrown by a military dictator at the middle of the last century. But the revolution your forefathers fought for your rights, freedoms, and prosperity was hijacked by a communist dictatorship that has inflicted the worst forms of abuse on the Cuban people for 61 years.\nBoth Americans and Cubans alike value our independence and we seek to provide a better, more prosperous future for families, in realization of our God-given rights and dignity as individuals. We salute the brave Cubans who carry on this struggle despite the threats and abuses of the Castro regime: human rights defenders like José Daniel Ferrer and the Ladies in White; and journalists and truth-tellers like Roberto Quiñones, who by shining light on conditions in Cuba prevent the regime from hiding the truth. We salute those demanding the right to exercise their faith in peace, like Pastors Ayda Expósito Leyva and Ramón Rigal, who chose to provide their children with a faith-based home-school education but were imprisoned for doing so. These brave individuals, and many more who are unjustly imprisoned for their beliefs, or who daily face threats and abuse for standing up for what is right, are the true heirs to José Martí.\nThe United States stands with the Cuban people as you struggle to achieve your vision of a Cuba that is free and more just. The day when your dream of freedom becomes reality is decades overdue, but that day will come.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sacra-pizza-man.org/category/catholic/page/2/", "date": "2020-01-19T20:56:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00483.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9805770516395569, "token_count": 6588, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__93814233", "lang": "en", "text": "“I die the king’s good servant, and God’s first.”–Thomas More\n“Blessed Thomas Moore is more important at this moment than at any moment since his death, even perhaps the great moment of his dying; but he is not quite so important as he will be in about a hundred years time. He may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history. For he was above all things historic; he represented at once a type, a turning point and an ultimate destiny. If there had not happened to be that particular man at that particular moment, the whole of history would have been different.”\n–G. K. Chesterson, “A Turning Point in History”\nThere is much to learn from the story of how the head of one of the most revered men in England, Sir Thomas More, ended up on the chopping block on London’s Tower Hill in 1535. Few people in history have faced their trials and deaths as squarely, calmly, and with as much integrity as did More.\nMore’s road from his post as Lord Chancellor of England to the Tower of London owes its course to a Bible passage, a marriage of a long-dead prince, and the consuming desire of lustful and vain-glorious King Henry VIII to marry Anne Boleyn. Swept along with More, in this fateful confluence of writings, events, and people, was nothing less than the Reformation.\nHenry Finds Leviticus\nIn 1509, when the new eighteen-year-old king, Henry VIII, married a young Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon, the marriage came with the blessing of Pope Julius II, in the form of a dispensation from an injunction found in the Bible’s Leviticus. The dispensation was deemed necessary because Catherine had been briefly married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur, raising the question of whether Henry’s marriage violated Leviticus 20:21: “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing…they shall be childless.” The fact that Arthur remained ill throughout the six-month-long marriage until his death, and that therefore the marriage–if Catherine is to be believed–was never consummated, doubtless made the case an easier one for Pope Julius than it otherwise might have been.\nBy early 1526, however, King Henry’s affection had turned from Catherine to the beautiful Anne Boleyn. Reviewing Leviticus, Henry began to question the lawfulness of his marriage to Catherine. Even the least skeptical historian, of course, has considered the possibility that lust, together with a desire to father the healthy son that Catherine–now past her child-bearing years–could not, might have influenced his interpretation of the Bible chapter. Whether out of concern for his soul or for his sex life, Henry set in motion a process that would change the face of Europe.\nIn early 1527, Henry instructed his Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, to institute proceedings to resolve the issue of the validity of his marriage to Catherine. Henry’s request came at a tumultuous time in European history. Emperor Charles V pushed his troops toward Rome and, in May, wreaked havoc in the city. Troops raped women, killed children, and even disentombed the corpse of Pope Julius II and dragged it through the streets. (The living pope, Pope Clement VII, fled Rome for a castle in St. Angelo, where he was held prisoner–complicating Wolsey’s task of gaining a dispensation for Henry). Meanwhile, in an effort to counterbalance Charles’s power, Sir Thomas More, a loyal councilor of Henry’s, working in France, successfully negotiated a treaty between England and its longtime enemy.\nBy June, Henry had become sufficiently convinced that his 1509 marriage violated the command of Leviticus and he informed his wife that they had been unlawfully married for the past eighteen years. Faced with having her dignity as a married woman stripped and her surviving daughter labeled illegitimate, Catherine did not take the news well.\nWhen More and Wolsey returned to England in September, after traveling to France to ratify the new treaty, the king raised with More at Hampton Court the issue of his marriage. According to More, “his Highnes walkying in the galery, brake with me of his great mater.” More reported that Henry “layed the Bible open byfore me, and ther red the wordis that moved” him to conclude his marriage was unlawful. When More suggested a different interpretation of Leviticus, the King ordered him to “commune ferther” with royal advisers and read a report–then in preparation–that made the case for annulment.\nLater in the fall, Henry took the unusual step of visiting More at his home in Chelsea to take up again his “great matter.” In a scene memorialized in Robert Bolt’s great play, A Man for All Seasons, the King walked the gardens with his arm around the neck of his trusted councilor. Henry and More differed, in the end, over the matter of papal supremacy. The King argued that Leviticus made his marriage a crime in God’s eyes–and that no Pope had the power to waive the Biblical injunction. More, on the other hand, accepted papal supremacy as a matter of faith, and tended to view Pope Julius’s 1509 dispensation as conclusive.\nFrom Henry’s standpoint, the proceedings to gain the annulment of his marriage to Catherine continued at a frustratingly slow speed and with no tangible results. In the summer of 1528, as London confronted outbreaks of the plague and sweating sickness, the Pope dispatched Cardinal Campeggio from Rome to convene a legatine court in London that would decide the matter. For his part, Thomas More occupied himself aggressively pursuing heretics, who he viewed as a much greater threat to England’s well-being than the king’s marriage controversy.\nOn May 31, 1529, at the Dominican house of Blackfriars in London, an inquest into the King’s “great matter” convened. Three weeks later, on Midsummer’s Day, a remarkable scene took place–one that is slightly recast in Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII. In the real event, the proceeding opens with the cry, “King Harry of England, come into the court!” “Here, my lords,” the king replies. “Catherine, Queen of England, come into the court!” Without an answer, Catherine walked over to the King, then knelt and pleaded for “pity and compassion.” She proclaimed her loyalty to Henry and insisted that she never had relations with her husband’s brother. Henry, in response, stated that were it not for his love for her, he would have acted sooner on his religious doubts–and pledged to abide by the court’s conclusions concerning the lawfulness of his marriage. In a speech that followed, Henry made the case for annulment and acknowledged–at Wolsey’s request–that he, and not any member of the clergy, was the “chief mover” of the inquest. In a moment of drama that portended another date with the executioner’s block, John Fisher, the Bishop of Rochester and a main supporter of Catherine, rose to make clear that he had not, as the King had implied, joined with other bishops in signing a document urging the king to take the matter of his marriage to the Pope. The inquest produced no results; Catherine chose to make no more appearances, nor to recognize its authority to decide the validity of her marriage. Instead, in July, she appealed the matter directly to Pope Clement–who then announced that the decision would be made in Rome, not England.\nWhile the court at Blackfriars continued in session, Thomas More traveled to Cabrai, where negotiations involving major European powers to take place. More played England’s cards well, winning separate peace agreements with Francis and Charles V. The agreements, which would hold the peace in Europe for fifteen years, rank among More’s proudest achievements. More chose to remember the accomplishment on his tombstone at Chelsea along with just one other: he noted that he had always been “molestus” (troublesome) to heretics.\nThe failure of Cardinal Wolsey to secure a Church decision annulling his marriage did not sit well with King Henry. In October 1529, Henry ordered Wolsey arrested for treason and stripped him of the title of Lord Chancellor, the highest appointed office in England and a position he had held for fourteen years. In his place, Henry chose Thomas More. The choice was widely acclaimed. Wolsey called his replacement “the aptest and fittest man in the Realm.” More, despite having sympathies for Catherine and being well aware of the tension that might cause, accepted the post–primarily because it offered him an opportunity to defend his Church against what he saw as a growing plague of heretics. (During his tenure, More would ban heretical texts, search the home of heretics, and prosecute–and even burn–those persons he believed to be undermining Church authority.)\nThe King Takes on the Church\nBeginning in 1530, King Henry VIII took an increasingly aggressive posture on the matter of his marriage annulment. Thomas Cranmer, who would become a sort of scholar-in-residence for Henry, wrote a treatise, Collectanea satis copiosa, that demonstrated the unlawfulness of the marriage between Henry and Catherine. The King added his own handwritten comments in the margins. The report circulated to faculties of England’s universities which duly–under some pressure–issued declarations that the king’s scruples were probably justified.\nIn the middle of June, Henry convened a meeting of lords and prelates, who were persuaded to send a letter to Pope Clement asking that the King’s annulment be granted. More’s signature was conspicuously absent from the letter sent to the Pope. In the month after the meeting, the King’s attorney general charged fourteen prelates (including Bishop John Fisher) who had sided with Catherine in the dispute with violations of praemunire laws. Clement’s answer to the king’s letter could not have made Henry happy; the Pope reminded the King that his refusal to send a delegate to Rome was the principal cause of the delay in resolving his “great matter.”\nIn September, Henry issued a proclamation that prevented enforcement of any papal bull inconsistent with his own view of his marriage’s lawfulness. Henry’s direct attack on Vatican authority upset Thomas More, who openly expressed his disagreement with the king’s action.\nThe King’s movement away from Rome continued. Intellectual support for the move came in the form of an influential argument by a lawyer, Christopher St. German, who wrote that the law of the realm should trump ecclesiastical law. In November 1530, a man who would become an eager proponent of the St. German’s view, Thomas Cromwell, became a member of the King’s inner council. In time, Cromwell–cunning, cynical, intelligent, ambitious, resourceful–would prove to be More’s chief nemesis. (A case could be made for Cromwell. His efforts prevented mass bloodshed in England and his pragmatic nationalistic politics seem a better fit for the time than More’s campaign to preserve the medieval order.)\nHenry’s impatience became obvious in 1531. The angry King summoned the clergy to Westminster, where he demanded that they reimburse the Crown for the costs of sending a delegation to Rome on a failed mission to secure his annulment. But his demands did not stop there. He insisted that the convocation issue a statement recognizing him as “the sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy.” After a heated debate–and insertion of the phrase “so far as the law of Christ allows”–the bishops agreed to issue the statement of recognition.\nWhile a formal decision on his marriage hung in the balance, Henry took direct action. In May, at his request, a group of royal councilors met with Catherine and urged her to drop her opposition to the annulment. The mission failed. Henry, however, had waited long enough. On July 11, 1531, Henry and Catherine separated. By late the following year, Anne Boleyn was pregnant and, in early 1533, Henry and Anne Boleyn secretly married.\nWhile the King and Anne Boleyn shared a bed, Henry’s advisers stepped up pressure on Rome and domestic opponents of his annulment. In 1532, Thomas Cromwell presented a bill to Parliament that denied payment to Rome (in the form of “annates” by new bishops) and moved to limit the authority of the Church–and Thomas More–to punish heretics. A bill prepared for the king by Cromwell transferred powers of the Church to Parliament and denied to bishops their longstanding authority to arrest heretics.\nThomas More could not stomach the assault on his authority to continue his pursuit of heretics. The last straw, for the Lord Chancellor of the Realm, turned out to be the decision on May 15 of the clergy, submitting to Henry’s demand, and accepting that all ecclesiastical law required royal consent–an action that effectively made Henry the head of the Church of England. On the next day, More submitted his resignation. In the garden of Westminster’s York Place, More handed Henry the great seal, concealed in a white leather pouch, and bowed. Henry accepting the seal, told More, “For your service you have done me, you will find me a good and gracious lord.” The two men would never meet again.\nIn April 1533, Parliament officially declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine to have been invalid and Anne Boleyn proclaimed “Queene at Greenewych.” The coronation was a grand affair at Westminster Abbey. Thomas More, still serving as a king’s councilor even though no longer Lord Chancellor, did not attend the event, angering Henry.\nThe Arrest and Imprisonment of Thomas More\nIn the summer of 1533, Master Secretary Thomas Cromwell began an investigation into the activities of Thomas More. More’s former position and his wide respect made him easily the most prominent of the opponents to major portions of the King’s agenda. One aspect of Cromwell’s investigation focused on More’s relationship to Elizabeth Barton, a nun who claimed to have experienced visions about a dire future for England should Henry follow through on his plans to marry Anne Boleyn. More had met with Barton to discuss her visions, and the King’s men were aware of their association. A proposed bill of attainder drafted by Cromwell identified More as an accomplice of Barton. On the scaffold after conviction for treason, Barton confessed that her revelations were fraudulent, providing additional ammunition for those who would like to use her guilt to tar More.\nMore denied any conspiracy with Barton in an informal meeting with Cromwell in February 1534. A month later, in letters to both Henry VIII and Cromwell, More reaffirmed his loyalty to the King and his desire to see the king’s interests furthered. On the matter of Henry’s marriage, More adhered to a policy of silence. He continued to affirm his belief in papal supremacy, but was careful to do so by suggesting that his belief was based on the persuasive power of an earlier writing on the subject written by the king himself. More’s caution, however, did not prevent the pressure against him from increasing. Commissioners of the King summoned More to a meeting in which they threatened him and called him “a villainous servant,” but departed without taking action.\nMeanwhile, Parliament, sitting in an extraordinarily long session, enacted numerous bills proposed by Cromwell on the King’s behalf. The Act of Annates provided that bishops in England would be selected by the king, not Rome. The Act of Succession declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine void and established a line of succession through the children of Queen Anne. The Act also specified various new offenses to be treasonous, such as “derogating” the royal family. Most significantly for Thomas More, the Act required all of the King’s subjects to take an oath promising to maintain “the whole effects and contents of the present Act.”\nOn April 12, 1534, soon after leaving church at St. Paul’s Cathedral with his son-in-law William Roper, More was handed a summons to appear at Lambeth Palace the next day to take the oath of succession. More returned to Chelsea to spend with his family what he probably knew would be his last night as free man.\nThe next morning, More bid farewell to his family at the front gate, and boarded a boat for Lambeth with Roper and four servants. As they set off down the river, More–at peace with his decision–tells his son-in-law, “Son Roper, I thank our Lord the field is won.”\nWhen asked to take the oath at Lambeth Palace, More asked to see the texts of both the oath and the Act of Succession. After reading the documents, More told the commissioners that while he would deny nothing contained in the oath, his conscience would not allow him to take it. Indecisive as to how to handle More’s refusal, the commissioners sent More out to a room adjoining the Palace’s garden to wait while they discussed the matter. Summoned back, More refused for a second time–even after much cajoling and threats of imprisonment–to take the oath. He also refused to elaborate further on his reasons. The frustrated commissioners turned More over to the Abbot of Westminster, who kept him for four days before he was transferred to a cell in the Tower of London.\nMore spent the remainder of the year in the so-called “Bell Tower.” He used the time in his dimly lit cell to write a lengthy book called A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation. He also wrote letters to his beloved daughter, Margaret, comforting her and offering what explanation he could for the decision that led to his imprisonment.\nThe Trial of Thomas More for Treason\nIn November 1534, bills were introduced in Parliament that would eventually lead to More’s trial and execution. The Act of Supremacy, the law enacted in 1535 declared Henry to be the supreme head of the Church of England (formalizing the clergy’s earlier submission to this authority). The Treason Act made it a capital offense to maliciously wish, will, or desire, by words or writing” to deny to members of the royal family their “dignity, title, or name of their royal estates.”\nAfter enactment of the new laws, Thomas Cromwell and four other advisers to the King interviewed Thomas More in a room at the Tower of London. The men told More that Henry demanded to know More’s opinion of the Act of Supremacy. More balked at the request, saying that he refused to “meddle” in such affairs. Told that the King might yet be merciful if More acknowledged his consent to the Act, the prisoner was unmoved. My whole concern now, More told the men, was to live the best possible Christian life.\nIn May 1535, King Henry’s determination to crush his remaining opposition hardened. Within days after the King learned that the Pope–who had condemned Henry’s marriage to Anne and threatened him with ex-communication if he did not return to Catherine–had made Bishop Fisher, the most outspoken supporter of Catherine in England, a cardinal, the King’s men brought charges of treason against Fisher. As wryly noted by historians, Fisher’s head was off before his cardinal’s hat was on.\nMore faced intense questioning in a third interrogation before Cromwell and other councilors. Asked once again to give an oath–this time an oath to the supremacy of Henry as the head of the Church of England–, More retained his resolute silence. Stepping up the pressure, authorities sent Solicitor-General Richard Rich to More’s cell with instructions to remove his books and writing materials. (While Rich and More visited briefly in the Tower, a discussion about the King’s role might–or might not have–taken place. The question of what really happened would become a focus of More’s later trial.) Shortly after Rich’s visit, More faced official investigators again in what amounted to a preliminary hearing to determine whether he violated the Treason Act.\nOn June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Two days later, an indictment charging More with treason was presented to the commission. More would stand trial for his life.\nThe trial of Sir Thomas More for treason opened in Westminster Hall on July 1, 1535. Although a jury of twelve men would have the final say, More had to understand that a verdict of guilty was inevitable. Were the jury to have declared otherwise, they might well have faced imprisonment themselves. Reports described More as “weakened by his imprisonment,” but having “a cheerful and composed countenance.”\nThe attorney general opened the proceedings by reading the indictment, which consisted of four basic charges. The Duke of Norfolk then offered More a final chance to escape with his life: “You see now how grievously you have offended his Majesty; yet he is so very merciful that if you will lay aside your obstinacy, and change your opinion, we hope you may obtain pardon and favor in his sight.” More replied–“stoutly,” according to reports–that he appreciated the offer, “but I beseech Almighty God that I may continue in the mind I am in, through his grace, unto death.”\nSeated in a chair because of his weakness, More attempted to answer each of the charges against him. On the charge of opposing the Henry’s marriage, More freely admitted that he had, “according to the dictates of my conscience,” told the King his true opinion. To do otherwise, he said, would have “basely flattered” his Majesty and made him “a wicked subject” and “a traitor to God.” Giving the King an honest answer, when asked for it, can hardly be treasonous, More contended.\nOn the second charge of not swearing to recognize the King as the supreme head of the Church when asked about the matter during his Tower interview, that “no law in the world can punish any man for his silence.” When told that his silence was “an evident sign of the malice of his heart,” More quoted a legal maxim that held that “he that holds his peace, gives consent.”\nThe third charge against More was that, while in the Tower, he wrote letters to Bishop Fisher inciting him to violate the Treason Act. The letters in question, which authorities claimed Fisher burned, could not be produced. More insisted that the letters counseled no violations of law. The letters, he said, merely told Fisher that he had followed his conscience when questioned on the matter of Henry’s supremacy of the Church, and that Fisher should “satisfy his own mind”–whatever position that took him to.\nThe fourth charge, described by More as “the principal crime objected against me,” concerned his Bell Tower conversation with Richard Rich a few days before. The indictment alleged that More, responding to a hypothetical question posed by Rich, told his visitor that the Parliament had no more power to enact the Act of Supremacy that it did to pass a law declaring God not to be God. The court called Rich to testify, and the solicitor-general gave his account of the conversation, confirming the charge laid out in the indictment. More emphatically rejected Rich’s testimony, saying that if Rich’s version were in fact true “then I pray I may never see God’s face.” More’s striking statement, given his intense and sincere religiosity, leaves little room to doubt but that Rich was flat-out lying. More added that he was “more concerned about Rich’s perjury” than he was about his own “danger.” He said that he had long regarded Rich as a liar, “a great gamester, and of no good name and character.” How likely was it, More asked his accusers, that he would choose, among all the people of the Realm, Richard Rich to confide “the secrets of my conscience?” More’s powerful answer to Rich’s accusation prompted the attorney general to call to other men who were present in More’s cell at the time of the supposed conversation to testify. Although neither men would likely risk the King’s ire that might come if they supported More’s account, they did him the next best favor and testified that they were too busy stuffing More’s books and carting them away to have paid any attention to the conversation between Rich and the prisoner.\nThe jury deliberated for “scarcely a quarter of an hour” before returning with its verdict: Guilty. As the Lord Chancellor began to pronounce sentence, More interrupted to remind him it was customary to allow defendants to speak prior to the imposition of sentence. More, finally with nothing more to lose and free to speak his mind, told the court his indictment was grounded on a law “repugnant to God.” Further unburdening himself, More said that the Parliament lacked authority to enact any law inconsistent with the teachings of “Christ’s universal Catholic Church.” He added that he thought the recently enacted laws also violated the Magna Charta and the King’s Coronation Oath. The Lord Chancellor broke in to ask More how he reconciled his opinion with the fact that “all the bishops, universities, and most learned men of the Kingdom” found the Act lawful. More responded that if one were to take account of the views of all of Christendom, and not just England, his view would be favored by “ten to one.”\nFinally, sentence was pronounced on the man of unbreakable conscience: More should be “drawn on a hurdle through the City of London to Tyburn, there to be hanged till he should be half dead; then he should be cut down alive, his privy parts cut off, his belly ripped, his bowels burnt, his four quarters sit up over four gates of the City and his head upon London Bridge.”\nAfter the reading of his sentence, the constable escorted More to an awaiting barge, which carried him the short ways down the Thames toward the Tower of London. The party disembarked the barge at Old Swan Stairs. An armed guard led More, dressed in a coarse woolen gown, up Old Swan Lane and down Thames Street. As More and his guards approached the Tower, his daughter Margaret knelt to receive his blessing, then embraced and kissed him. More then was escorted through the large crowd back to his cell, where he would spend the last six days of his life.\nMore spent most of his final days fasting and praying. His famous wit stayed with him until the end. More declined an opportunity for a haircut, telling the barber, “The King has taken out a suit on my head and until the matter is resolved I shall spend no further cost upon it.” On the Monday following his sentence, More received a visit from his wife Alice, to whom he gave a final letter for Margaret composed with charcoal. At some point, although it is not known when, More learned that the King had commuted his sentence from disembowelment to beheading–in recognition of More’s years of service, it was said.\nSir Thomas Pope, a representative of the King’s council arrived in More’s cell at dawn on Tuesday, July 6, 1535. The representative told More that he must die at nine o’clock that morning and that the King had requested that he keep his words to a minimum at the execution. Shortly before nine, dressed in a plain gray robe and carrying on red wooden cross, the bearded More was led out of his cell for the 200-yard journey to the execution site on Tower Hill. More’s family was not among the crowd; the King had not granted them permission to attend.\nAn officer steadied More as he climbed to the execution block. Following the wishes of the King, More spoke only briefly to the large crowd that had gathered to watch the event. He told the bystanders to pray for him in this world, and that he would pray for them in the next. He told the crowd, “I die the King’s good servant, and God’s first.” He knelt down in front of the block and uttered the words of Psalm 51. Then he rose and kissed his red-robed executioner. “Be not afraid to do thine office,” he said.\nMore knelt down, laid his head upon the block, and stretched his arms out in front of him. One blow of the execution’s axe took off his head. The executioner raised the head for the crowd to see: “Behold the head of a traitor!” More’s head was boiled, impaled on a pole, and positioned on London Bridge.\nThomas More’s heroic efforts to preserve the unity of the Church ultimately failed. In the year after his death, Henry VIII escalated his attacks on Catholic institutions, draining monasteries of resources necessary for their survival. Europe became a religiously divided continent in the decades that followed. Today, Europe’s religiosity continues its long and steady decline–a decline that began in the days of More.\nThe Catholic Church, however, recognized the More’s contributions to the faith. On May 19, 1935, at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, Pope Pius XI presided at a canonization ceremony for Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher. The Pope said of More:\n[W]hen he saw the doctrines of the Church were gravely endangered, he knew how to despise resolutely the flattery of human respect, how to resist, in accordance with his duty, the supreme head of the State when there was question of things commanded by God and the Church…It was for these motives that he was imprisoned, nor could the tears of his wife and children make him swerve from the path of truth and virtue. In that terrible hour of trial, he raised his eyes to heaven, and proved himself a bright example of Christian fortitude.\nMore biographer Richard Marius reminds us why the life and death of Sir Thomas More remains relevant today. More, he wrote, is that rare and “magnificent individual whose life summarized an age in a way that few lives have been able to do.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.palacerestaurant.fi/en/restaurant/history/", "date": "2019-09-17T21:54:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573121.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917203354-20190917225354-00050.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9436955451965332, "token_count": 668, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__157238040", "lang": "en", "text": "Stylish and distinctive, the building housing the Palace restaurant at Eteläranta 10 was originally created to mark the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki and is these days often described as a calling card for the Finnish design industry.\nThe building’s facade is currently being renovated as part of an extensive refurbishment project. The works also extend to the 10th floor, where the restaurant and its dining areas will be given a new, National Board of Antiquities-approved look and identity that sensitively reflect our establishment’s unique and distinguished heritage.\nMimicking the kitchen’s classically modern style of cooking, the restaurant’s interiors will also be restored to their previous mid-century glory. A 1950s modernist look is the ideal fit for Finland as the country heads towards the 2020s. The restaurant interior’s sleek and pared down aesthetic will also extend to the way our dishes are presented to our diners. The restaurant’s iconic light sign has also been restored and will be returned to the building’s roof at new year.\nFrom its inception in 1952, Palace has led the way for gastronomy in Finland. The 10th floor housed the formal dining room, while the second floor was home to a more relaxed cafe, which was later to become La Vista and Palacen Ranta. In 1961, the legendary American Bar opened on the building’s 11th floor.\nThe Palace restaurant has always enjoyed a reputation for impeccable fine dining. At the beginning, the majority of the dishes would have been presented to diners by silver service staff at the table with popular dishes including:\n– Palermaa’s blinis, served with anchovies, honey and sour cream\n– Caesar sandwich, toasted rye bread with steak tartar, caviar, egg yolk and onion\n– Burbot à la Harry, burbot, beurre blanc and fennel\n– Rolled roast moose – Zander à la Walewska\n– Duck à la Palace, with red cabbage\n– Läskisoosi, pan-fried pork in gravy\n– Beetroot timbale\nIn the 1990s, the Palace Gourmet restaurant became famous for its Menu Surprise, a daily menu served blind complete with wine.\nPrivate dining at the Palace\nPrivate dining rooms at the Palace are named after notable figures associated with the restaurant, including the building’s architect and the restaurant’s former general managers and head chefs.\nViljo Revell (1919-1964). Architect who designed the restaurant building at Eteläranta 10.\nWilhelm Noschis (1919-1999). Hotel Palace General Manager from 1952 until 1985.\nAleksander Palermaa (1911-1997). The restaurant’s first ever head chef, 1952 – 1976.\nEero Mäkelä (1942-2008). Palace Head Chef. During his tenure, Palace became the first Finnish restaurant to be awarded a Michelin star.\nHeikki Tavela (1932-2013). Businessman, gourmand and Palace owner in the early 2000s. Founder member of the Läskisoosi Society.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.campervaninsurance.ie/blog/the-early-days-of-the-campervan-episode-2", "date": "2023-02-04T02:27:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500080.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204012622-20230204042622-00138.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9678176641464233, "token_count": 744, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__219961230", "lang": "en", "text": "02 Apr 2020\nThe Early Days of the Campervan - Episode 2< back\nAt Stuart Insurance Ltd, we provide our customers with comprehensive campervan insurance and we regularly blog about news, events and general goings-on in the campervan world. In this particular series, we look at the early days of the campervan and what transpired to make so many people in Ireland and around the world fall in love with life on the road.\nIn our first look into the history of the campervan, we took a rough overview of the entire timeline of this most recognisable of recreational vehicles. Here in episode two, we look specifically at the 1950s and what unfolded to bring the campervan that we know today into existence.\nThe Pressed Steel Van\nThe early 1950s bore witness to something of a seminal moment in campervan history, as it saw the first commercial pressed steel van come into production. With models like the VW Microbus rolling off the production line, the campervan market saw a real boost in popularity.\nBy 1952, German manufacturer of caravans Westfalia recognised the potential the VW Microbus had for conversion, leading to them creating a kit for making vans more habitable for longer. This kit was known as ‘the Camping Box’ and could be fitted to the VW transporter to turn it into something that could be lived in, in relative comfort.\nThe commercial success of this enterprise encouraged more companies to create new and improved conversion kits, however, it was an expensive business and VW standards meant that many did not make the grade. The evolution of the campervan, however, was far from over.\nUK Enters Market\nAround the same time, as the popularity of the campervan had gained momentum, British Manufacturer Bedford launched the Dormobile - another of the biggest names in the industry. What was basically a standard ten-base van was initially only designed to be slept in and whilst it was up against the might of VW, it achieved widespread success.\nNew converter kits became available to add seating and cooking facilities, as well as the famous extending roof which allowed two more berths to be created. During this time, a raft of new companies like Kenex, Pitt and Calthorpe lined up to create new converter kits for the Dormobile, with Kenex eventually being bought out by Dormobile.\nSince the very early beginnings of the campervan, it was perhaps the 1950s that saw the biggest foundations laid for campervanning as we know it today. The fun and freedom that can be accessed and enjoyed even by those with modest incomes in a campervan really started to take hold in the 1950s. We’ll take a look at the decade that followed in our next blog.\nProtecting Our Customers On the Road\nAt Stuart Insurances Ltd, we offer affordable campervan insurance, as well as insurance for you home and life. We’re proud to say that we protect our campervan customers on their journeys with comprehensive policies in case the worst should happen.\nIf you’d like a quote for your campervan insurance, give us a call on (01) 288 1779 now and a member of our team will do their very best to find the ideal policy for your needs. Alternatively, if you’d like to know more about our full range of products, visit us online at www.campervaninsurance.ie\nThat’s it for now. Check back soon with us for the third instalment of campervan memory lane. Until next time!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://blog.giftstarter.com/the-origin-of-mothers-day-and-why-we-give/", "date": "2018-01-17T04:50:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886815.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117043259-20180117063259-00427.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9731767177581787, "token_count": 984, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__14351635", "lang": "en", "text": "Maybe you’ve heard this before: “Mother’s Day—it’s just a meaningless, corporate holiday. Why celebrate it? We should show love to our mothers everyday!”\nWell, the cynics may have one thing right: we absolutely should show our hardworking, adoring mothers our appreciation for them every day of the year. But is Mother’s Day really nothing but a “corporate holiday” invented by Wall Street to lure the masses into a day of hollow, frenzied shopping? Let’s dig a little deeper.\nThe Origin of Mother’s Day and Why We Give\nMother’s Day actually has roots dating all the way back to the Greek and Roman eras, where communities would hold enormous festivals dedicated to celebrating varying goddess-mothers.\nLater, right up until the early 1900s, what we would later come to call Mother’s Day was celebrated by Christians in Europe as a yearly lenten tradition called Mothering Sunday. It was less about celebrating mothers, and more about spending a special Sunday morning in one’s “mother” church, or, the church that was located closest to their home. Basically, if a family typically attended church in another town, Mothering Sunday was the day they returned to their neighborhood church. Children also occasionally presented their mothers with flowers and small gifts on Mothering Sunday.\nThe American Mother’s Day, which we now celebrate each year on the second Sunday in May, was not, in fact, invented by Wall Street, but by a woman named Ann Jarvis. In the late 1800s, Jarvis was a strong advocate for women, leading organizations that were designed to help support mothers and connect them with one another. One of these organizations even proved crucial in helping unite the Union and Confederate armies after the Civil War.\nIn fact, countless outspoken and passionate women of the late 1800s and early 1900s played varying roles in laying the groundwork for the Mother’s Day we celebrate now:\nAnother precursor to Mother’s Day came from the abolitionist and suffragette Julia Ward Howe. In 1870 Howe wrote the “Mother’s Day Proclamation,” a call to action that asked mothers to unite in promoting world peace. In 1873 Howe campaigned for a “Mother’s Peace Day” to be celebrated every June 2. Other early Mother’s Day pioneers include Juliet Calhoun Blakely, a temperance activist who inspired a local Mother’s Day in Albion, Michigan, in the 1870s. The duo of Mary Towles Sasseen and Frank Hering, meanwhile, both worked to organize a Mothers’ Day in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some have even called Hering “the father of Mothers’ Day.” (History.com)\nAfter Ann Jarvis died in 1905, her daughter Anna worked with a local department store and the Methodist church to create a special day honoring mothers. Later, Anna decided that Mother’s Day should be a national holiday, believing that there were too many holidays already on the national calendar honoring men’s achievements. She began a letter-writing campaign, and by 1912, several states had adopted Mother’s Day as an official holiday.\nInterestingly, by 1920, card companies, florists, and department stores had begun to capitalize on Jarvis’ Mother’s Day, which deeply discouraged her. She never wanted Mother’s Day to become a corporate holiday—her whole idea was simply to set aside a day to honor mothers. Before she died in 1948, she even tried to encourage the government to take the holiday off its national calendar, before personally disowning the holiday all together.\nMother’s Day cynics—soften your hearts. The traditional American Mother’s Day is rooted in love, admiration, and appreciation for mothers (and women) everywhere. Consider the fact that Anna Jarvis herself never married or had children of her own, but was passionate about seeing women recognized for their strength and dedication to their families and communities.\nAnd that is why we give on Mother’s Day. Not because the commercial advertisements are luring us. Not because of guilt incited by our mothers’ expectations. We give on Mother’s Day to show the women in our lives that we notice them, love them, and because we know they deserve to feel joyful and appreciated.\nThis Mother’s Day, remember Anna Jarvis. Give with intention. Give thoughtfully. And if all you can give is a hug, some encouragement, and a few moments of your time, know that Anna would feel honored to know that Mother’s Day can persist as she first dreamed it.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://moodabidri.newskarnataka.com/citizen-corner/tulu-inscription-found-on-a-boulder-in-moodabidire-taluk", "date": "2023-03-27T03:14:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00004.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9598342776298523, "token_count": 227, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__59084457", "lang": "en", "text": "Moodabidire: On the right side of the Itala Sri Somanatheshwara temple in Daregudde of the taluk, a Tulu inscription on a rock called elephant stone by the locals was discovered by Prof. S.A. Krishnaiah, Director of Studies at the Oriental Collection Research Center, Udupi.\nKrishnaiah said that Vedamurthy Sagri Gopalakrishna Samaga of Udupi has guided him to study this place. Due to the restoration of the temple, soil accumulated around this rock, and currently only 5 to 6 lines of illegible Tulu script are visible in this inscription and the rest of the lines are buried in the soil.\nKrishnaiah said that additional study of this legislation will be done in the near future. Dr. Radhakrishna Bellur, Tulugiologist has done the preliminary study of the inscription. opined that the inscription belongs to the 12th-13th century on the basis of the script. Ravi Santosh Alva and local people have cooperated in the fieldwork research.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.glensidepld.org/hispanic-heritage-month/", "date": "2021-01-19T02:57:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00114.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.941088080406189, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__30592459", "lang": "en", "text": "Each year, Americans observe Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15th to October 15th, by celebrating the histories, cultures and contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America.\nThe day of September 15th is significant because it is the anniversary of independence for Latin American countries Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In addition, Mexico and Chile celebrate their independence days on September 16th and September 18th, respectively.\nIn celebration of Hispanic Heritage Month, we’ve curated books by Latinx authors for adults, teens, and kids. Check one out today!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://monmouthcountylib.org/programs-and-library-news/2444-manalapan-music-muster-the-civil-war-in-song.html", "date": "2017-04-28T18:00:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123046.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00034-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.910954475402832, "token_count": 291, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__46964576", "lang": "en", "text": "On Saturday, May 16 at 11 am, the Monmouth County Library Headquarters in Manalapan will be the site for the Manalapan Music Muster: The Civil War in Song. Saturday will be a day devoted to Civil War music and history. Dr. David Martin, author of over 20 books on the Civil War will deliver the keynote address on the importance of music to the war effort and to the people at home. Rich Mendoza of the Libby Prison Minstrels will emcee this very special event as seven musical groups take the atage to perform music of the Civil War.\nThe musical groups include the Libby Prison Minstrels, the Susquehanna Travellers, the Irish Volunteers Civil War Band, Steve Ball and Lisa Williams, Jed Marum, Helen Beedle and Joe Becton. Weather permitting, the Library will also be the site of a Civil War encampment with living historians in authentic period Civil War uniforms who answer questions about the battles, the solder's preparations, their food, their daily lives and how the music help create camaraderie among the soldiers.\nThis program is co-sponsored by the the NJ Civil War Heritage Association and made possible by a grant from the NJ Council for the Humanities. The program begins at 11am and runs until 4 pm. For more information, call the Library at 732-431-7220 Ext. 7222.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.chevydealersga.com/chevy-impala.html", "date": "2013-06-19T06:14:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142617/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9674533605575562, "token_count": 478, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__121630184", "lang": "en", "text": "Everything You Need to Know About New Chevy Cars and Trucks In Georgia\nAmerican car buyers have held the Chevrolet Impala in high esteem for over half a decade. To own an Impala has long been a badge of honor among those who hold quality and beauty in high esteem. From the day it rolled off the assembly line in 1958, the Impala changed the way auto buyers saw just what kind of high quality car the United States could forge. This car is a true example of how combining style, performance, function, and value can make the Impala a staple in garages and driveways of millions of Americans. The proof is in the numbers! Since it was introduced, 12 million Impala's have been sold between the years of 1958 to 2002. This proves that more Americans have made the Impala their car of choice over any other full-sized car in the history of auto making. In some professional's opinion, the Chevrolet Impala is said to be the car that gave birth to the muscle car. Chevrolet introduced this fine example in auto making as a top-of-the-line model, which fast grew into the symbol for performance in the 1960's.\nDescription A snapshot of the Impala's interior.\nAffordability, versatility, and power worked like a charm to turn the Impala into a lasting American symbol of quality. Impala was without a doubt best-selling Chevrolet car in its first full year on the market. In the coming year it became the best-selling car in all of America. The Impala held that coveted for almost ten years. In 1965 it set an industry sales record for selling over one million cars.\nThe Impala outsold other full size models which previously cornered the market distributed by Ford and Plymouth. The Chevrolet Impala maintained its position as the most popular full- size Chevrolet model through the mid-eighties. The Impala, which was named after the African antelope, has been easily distinguished by its three sets of taillights. Another trademark of the Impala is the SS nameplate, introduced in 1961. This craftsmanship was continued through 1969. It was given new life as it was revived in 1994 through 1996, only to be renewed again for the 2004-2011 model years. This revered symbol of the Impala is forever synonymous with power.\nBack to Georgia Chevy Car Gallery", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://majestyus-can.com/welcome.php", "date": "2023-12-07T07:11:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00050.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9188241958618164, "token_count": 115, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__282349487", "lang": "en", "text": "The Quality Royal Magazine\nEvery month Majesty gives its readers a colorful insight into the privileged lives of the royal families of the world. Personalities, lifestyles and fashion are all captured in exciting features and stunning photographs.\nMajesty records all the important royal engagements and takes an in-depth look at the dramatic history of Britain's monarchs. Month by month it builds into a beautiful and authoritative collection.\nRecent events in the Royal Family are going to provide some of the most interesting, and indeed, probably the most important changes in history - and Majesty will be there!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://todayinsg.com/latest-news/spore-uk-share-200-years-of-history-queens-death-a-profound-loss-president-halimah/", "date": "2022-09-26T02:54:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00305.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9459047913551331, "token_count": 434, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__59339188", "lang": "en", "text": "SINGAPORE – Singapore and the United Kingdom share two centuries of history and Queen Elizabeth II’s death is a profound loss, said President Halimah Yacob on Friday.\nIn a Facebook post, the President said: “Deeply saddened by the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her Majesty was a symbol of unity, greatly loved and trusted by people from across the Commonwealth. She pledged her life to service and will be remembered for her grace, warmth, and wit.”\nIn a separate Facebook post, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that Queen Elizabeth has left a significant mark on Singapore’s history and ties with the United Kingdom.\nPM Lee said: “On behalf of the Singapore Government, I extend my sincerest condolences to King Charles III and all members of the royal family, Prime Minister Elizabeth Truss and the British people.”\n“Deeply saddened by the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Her Majesty was the heart and soul of the United Kingdom,” he said, adding: “Her Majesty also left a significant mark on Singapore’s history and our longstanding close relations with the United Kingdom. Her passing is greatly mourned by everyone in Singapore.”\nThe Prime Minister’s Office said in a statement: “As a mark of respect, State flags at all government buildings will be flown at half-mast on the day of the funeral. Parliament will observe one minute of silence at the beginning of its sitting on Monday, Sept 12, 2022.”\nOn Thursday, Queen Elizabeth, who was Britain’s longest-reigning monarch, died peacefully at Balmoral Castle in Scotland at the age of 96.\nIn his post on Friday, PM Lee shared a photo of him shaking hands with the Queen during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in London in 2018.\nPM Lee said: “Her Majesty’s reign saw one of the longest periods of peace and prosperity in the history of the United Kingdom. Throughout her life, she steadfastly served the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oldrectory-lanreath.co.uk/house-history", "date": "2024-02-28T15:27:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474737.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228143955-20240228173955-00001.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9854604005813599, "token_count": 4471, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__184412084", "lang": "en", "text": "A History of Lanreath and The Old Rectory\nFor those with a little time to spare!\nThe village of Lanreath is ancient. The name itself derives from the 11th century name of Lanredoch (Lan meaning the site of an ancient Church so the name literally meant Redoc’s Church site). In the 16th Century the name was softened to Lanreatha and the final ‘a’ was dropped sometime after that. It is pronounced Lan~reth. More than two thousand years ago, Cornwall was as much a Celtic nation as Wales and Scotland. Iron Age Celts spread all over England, down through northern France, into Middle and Eastern Europe. These peoples shaped the hill fort that still dominates nearby Bury Down (approximately half a mile to the north-east) and it is likely that the area sheltered at least one settled community.\nIn AD 43 the Romans invaded, and though their initial arrival may not have touched what they called Dumnonia (Devon and Cornwall) they did slowly come nearer, travelling down the ancient tracks that still run along the spine of Cornwall, constructing a camp near the spot now occupied by Bodmin town. After an occupation lasting four centuries the invaders retreated and in the vacuum left by their departure tribal warfare broke out once again. In addition, along the southern and eastern coasts of Britain hordes of Angles and Saxons were beginning to swarm ashore.\nThe end of Celtic Britain was in sight, but it was not something that was going to happen over night. For fifty years a ferocious struggle raged across the breadth of what is now England. Gradually the British leaders fell back towards Wales and the South West. The legend of King Arthur belongs to this period and if Arthur did exist, in some form at least (and many modern historians believe he did) it’s certainly possible that his final stronghold was to be found in Cornwall. King Mark, often associated with the Arthurian stories, is said to have ruled the area around Lanreath and a few miles away, on the other side of the Fowey River, an ancient memorial stone commemorates the existence of Mark’s nephew, the even more celebrated Tristan.\nMystery surrounds the wars and the rulers that shaped Dumnonia during this period, but one powerful influence of the time is fairly well documented - Christianity. It is through this early Celtic Church that the prefix ‘’Lan’ was used to describe a monastic settlement, often set within a circular enclosure. It is reasonable to suppose that here in this valley, perhaps on the very spot where the parish church now stands, there dwelt a small community of Celtic monks. Saint Marnarch (pronounced in the same way as Monarch), patron of the church, was probably their founder, but like many Cornish saints he is an obscure figure and though he is thought to have spent some time on the north coast nothing at all is known about the origins of his connection with Lanreath.\nSeveral centuries were to elapse before the Anglo-Saxons’ final conquest of Dumnonia. Eastern Cornwall and the area around Lanreath, would have been one of the first to come under direct Anglo-Saxon influence and in 1066, when Norman William invaded, the village was held by a Saxon known as Aelfric. Saxon dominance was short-lived and by 1087, when William’s clerks compiled the Domesday Book, the whole of Cornwall had been handed over to Richard, Count of Mortain, half-brother of the Conqueror and one of the most powerful men in England. The parish, at that time, extended to an area of something like one hundred and forty acres. There were forty acres of woodland (in which pigs would have routed for acorns); thirty acres of pasture supporting three head of cattle and sixty sheep, and enough arable land, according to Domesday Book, to provide work for eight ploughs, though there were only three ploughs in the village. It is likely that these ploughs were shared between the fifteen or so resident families. The Count of Mortain built a stone castle at Launceston and soon there were others, at Restormel near Lostwithiel, at Trematon by the River Lynher, and at Tintagel. Celtic monasteries and narrow Saxon churches were being pulled down to make way for sturdy Norman structures. There is no doubt that the present day parish church of St. Marnarch was originally a fairly typical example of Norman workmanship. A large part of that building still stands to-day, though during the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries there were to be a number of alterations and additions.\nThe coming of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, caused a stir all along the southern coast of Cornwall; but it was not until the seventeenth century that Lanreath itself came into direct contact with great events. At that time the area belonged to the Grylls family, and in 1609 Charles Grylls, counsellor-at-law (who with his wife and eight children is commemorated by a remarkable monument in St. Marnarch’s chancel) decided to build himself a new house. The lovely Jacobean manor he created, now known as Court Barton, is not open to the public, but its mellow north front may be seen from the centre of the village. The Grylls family must have been pleased when their fine house was completed, and no doubt Charles’s nephew Francis, who was soon to become Rector of the parish, joined in the celebrations. Meanwhile, across the country storm clouds were gathering and in 1642 the Civil war began.\nCornwall was staunchly loyal to the Royalist cause and for several years Cromwell’s Army found it impossible to gain any sort of foothold west of the Tamar. The County gentlemen fought with conspicuous gallantry and when, in the summer of 1644, the Parliamentarian Lord Essex attempted to seize Launceston and Bodmin the King himself led an army into Cornwall. A second Royalist force, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, advanced from the west and after a battle at Braddock Down, just south of Middle Taphouse, Essex found himself cornered with what was left of his troops, in the town of Lostwithiel and the triangle of land just west of the Fowey River. The King, accompanied by his fourteen-year-old son (the future Charles II), his entourage and his Generals, stayed first in Liskeard and then at the great mansion of Boconnoc, four miles north of Lanreath. As the siege went on the area between the Fowey and Looe Rivers must have teemed with Royalists troops. Some were definitely quartered in Lanreath, and there is a tradition that on one occasion at least King Charles himself visited the village, spending an hour or so at the courthouse, now the Punch Bowl Inn. The whole Grylls family are thought to have been ardent Royalists and Francis, who by this time had been Rector for nearly thirty years, was no exception.\nLord Essex’s army was worn down and scattered but the power of Parliament could not be held at bay for ever and on August 17th, 1647, the last Cornish fortress to hold out (Pendennis Castle, near Falmouth) reluctantly surrendered to General Fairfax. Eighteen months later King Charles I was executed. The ensuing decade of Parliamentarian rule was not popular in Cornwall, but it had to be endured. It is not known whether the Grylls family were at any time involved in helping Royalist fugitives to escape but it has been suggested that the underground tunnel, entrances to which can still be seen beneath the Old Rectory, may date from this period. Soon, in any case, Francis was replaced as Rector by a man whose views were more in tune with those of the Government and in order to avoid sequestration of their estates his relations were ordered to pay crippling fines.\nBy 1660 the Commonwealth was running out of steam and with the Restoration came almost immediate relief. Barely six months after the King’s return another Francis Grylls was instituted as Rector of Lanreath. In this same year we find the first written reference to his parsonage house. Listed on the new Hearth Tax Rolls, Lanreath Rectory is described as having eleven hearths. Whether this second Francis altered or improved the property in any way we don’t know but nineteen years after his institution in 1679, in the Ecclesiastical Records for that year, is a detailed description of the Rectory. The building contained a hall, a ‘parlour with boarded floor’, a kitchen ‘with great range and two ovens’ - and an amazing number of rooms devoted to the pursuit of self-sufficiency, among them a bread house, bake house, brew house, buttery, pantry and dairy. Outside there was a barn, a stable, a calves’ house ‘with hay store above’, an ox house, a malt house, ‘four small rooms for hogs and a dove house of stone’. The gardens included ‘the Pigeon House garden’, two kitchen gardens and a place for ‘flowers and sweet herbs’.\nThe second Francis Grylls survived until 1691, out-living Charles II by six years.\nOne after the other, three more members of the Grylls family (William, Nicholas and Richard) were to become Rectors of Lanreath. Richard, the last of this clerical dynasty, was presented to the living in 1719. In 1726, during Richard’s incumbency, there appears in the Ecclesiastical Records another description of the Rectory, and this time there is greater emphasis on living accommodation. In addition to the ‘parlour with boarded floor’; there are said to be six rooms with plastered or partly plastered walls (one ‘handsomely plastered’), and the hall is now described as ‘a great hall, open to the roof’. The hall may have been much the same fifty years earlier, but by 1726 a ‘great hall open to the roof’ was becoming more of a rarity and consequently would have been more likely to get a mention. Richard Grylls seems to have taken a great interest in his garden and glebe land, planting numbers of ash and sycamore saplings (perhaps explaining the large number of these trees in and around the garden of the current building), putting new apple trees in the Pigeon House Garden and building a high wall round the vegetable garden, which lay on the western side of the house, bordering the main village street. The southern part of this wall is still standing, and though its no longer within the Rectory grounds it can be seen by anyone standing in the street, some fifty yards or so above the Punch Bowl Inn.\nRichard Grylls remained Rector until 1736.\nThe next Rector was Hele Trelawny. Hele’s term did not last long, and in 1740 he was replaced by Joshua Howell, a young man who is said to have been wealthy. Little else is known about Joshua (apart from the fact that he had a number of children) but he is supposed to have had building work done at the Rectory. In 1785 Joshua Howell died and his place was taken by Edward Pole, an even more shadowy figure than his predecessor. He was Rector for fifteen years and during his time the Napoleonic Wars began, bringing with them new fears of invasion. For some years a close watch was kept upon the coast and naughty children were threatened with abduction by 'Boney'. While the war was in progress something of a blind eye was often turned upon the smuggling trade. Throughout the eighteenth century smuggling had been endemic in Cornwall and many country gentlemen became involved; among them one of the Rectors of Lanreath. The Punch Bowl Inn was definitely a centre of activity, and when this kind of work was in hand the Rectory’s ‘secret passage’, originally constructed for other purposes, could have come in very handy. Edward Pole died in 1800, and the new century brought a new family into the life of Lanreath Rectory.\nFor several hundred years the Bullers had been respected landowners. A number of their sons had gone into the Navy, and during the eighteenth century one had achieved distinction as an Admiral, adding a good deal to the family’s prestige - “Bullers Quay” in Looe is named after him. By 1800 their seat was at Morval, near Looe, and it’s there that Richard Buller, Rector of Lanreath from 1800-1827, was probably born. He does not appear to have been a remarkable figure, but his incumbency saw the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the end (almost) of Georgian England. His wife probably read the new novels of Jane Austen, provided Richard didn’t disapprove. He, no doubt, travelled about the parish in a serviceable dog-cart. His life may have been comfortable but it is unlikely that he was particularly well-off for when he died, in 1827, the Rectory seems to have been in a bad state of repair. The next incumbent, Stephen Worsley, was instructed by his Bishop to put things right, and it may be for this reason that he chose to reside in Blackheath, near London, leaving a curate in charge while essential work was carried out. We don’t know how extensive the repairs were, or exactly how long they took. Soon after the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837, another Richard Buller was instituted as Rector, and an important era had begun.\nWhen he arrived to take control of his new parish the Reverend Richard Buller, Rector of Lanreath from 1829-1883, was thirty-three years old. His wife, Elizabeth, was the same age and they had two children, Rhoda aged five and Alexander aged three, with a second daughter, Emmeline, soon to be born. They were wealthy, had excellent connections, and Elizabeth planned to continue to do a lot of entertaining. The existing Rectory would not be adequate for their needs and so, they engaged an architect (probably Thomas Lee, who designed Arlington Court, near Barnstable) and embarked upon a series of elaborate alterations, finally adding a southern section which almost doubled the size of the house. This later extension formed the separate Master and Mistresses Bedrooms, a first floor Study or Dressing Room (now the Living Rooms of Fowey and the Living Room and Bedrooms of Daymer) and on the ground floor a large handsome Drawing Room and Dining Room (these now form a large part of the owners apartments). The thickness of the walls by the entrance to each room testifies to the strength of these walls. All this meant that the building contained something like twenty-five rooms. Although the Victorian age had begun there was not yet a Victorian style, and in character the new work was utterly Georgian. Efforts seem to have been made to create a harmonious whole, and the portico added to the west front may have been intended to camouflage what might otherwise have been a noticeable join. (This portico has since been removed and the entrance hall has become part of the owners kitchen).\nThe gardens were also considered to be in need of attention. The Bullers are said to have planted innumerable trees and shrubs. The magnificent wisteria on the western side of the house probably dates from this time, though it may be older. As a finishing touch, they created a circular entrance driveway that approached the Rectory through the space now occupied by the bungalow just beyond the current driveway – and when all this was completed, one can imagine the excitement with which Elizabeth Buller awaited her first dinner guests. Richard’s cousin Charles, renowned for his good looks, was Member of Parliament for Liskeard and a friend of William Makepeace Thackeray, who had once come down to help him with an election campaign (‘he made the people laugh’); and it may not be too much to imagine that the famous novelist may sometimes have come to dine at Lanreath.\nIf he did, it seems certain that he would have found a happy, lively household. Rhoda, Alexander and Emmerline were followed, in time, by Jane, Henry, Ann and Alice. There were usually half a dozen servants, plus, of course, a nurse for the children and later a governess. The children’s bedrooms now form the two bedrooms of the apartment called Epphaven and the nurse/governess would have used what is now the bedroom of Gorran apartment.\nThe facsimile of Richard Buller, displayed inside the Church, reveals the quintessential Victorian parson. From his comfortable Rectory he must have watched the spread and development of the British Empire; and when, round about 1850, Alexander followed family tradition by going into the Navy he probably reflected with satisfaction that little now menaced a Service which had already subdued the world. The girls all seem to have married fairly young and their weddings, no doubt, were celebrated by the whole village. When, at last (an elderly widower with a young curate to help him and Alexander’s daughter to keep him company) Richard Buller looked back upon his life, it must have been with a great deal of quiet gratification.\nJohn Buller-Kitson became Rector in 1883, and like the Grylls’ of long ago must have felt the Rectory was almost a family home. His incumbency saw the end of the Victorian era and the beginning of the First World War.\nJohn Buller-Kitson was succeeded by Leonard Williams, but Mr. Williams’ term was short, and four years later his place was taken by Reginald Murley, who was to see Lanreath through the troubled period of the Twenties and Thirties. When he died, in 1939, he was succeeded by Charles Girling, the last Rector (though not the last clergyman) ever to occupy Lanreath Rectory.\nMr. Girling had a lively young family and was popular in the village. He was instituted on January 13th, 1940, at a time of desperate national anxiety, and one of his first acts was to order the digging up of the west lawn and the creation in its place of a large emergency vegetable garden. Lanreath Home Guard met regularly in his study and there their weapons were kept, stored in a cupboard so large that it has since been turned into the kitchen of Caerhays apartment! Soon Plymouth was being devastated by enemy action, and from time to time even the little town of Looe came under attack. Lanreath’s young men were far away and in danger (the Roll of Honour inside the Church lists those who were serving at this time) and there was a real fear that the invasion, if it came, might be launched on the beaches of Cornwall. No-one knew how it might all be going to end, but like clergymen up and down the country Charles Girling was an enduring source of strength, and when it ended he helped to co-ordinate the celebrations.\nThe Girling family remained at Lanreath Rectory until 1962, but some time before that date it had begun to be evident that the Rectory (as a rectory) did not fit into the modern world. It had been built to house a self-sufficient community, and such communities were now part of the past. In 1962, after Charles Girling’s death, the Church Commissioners put the old house up for sale. The purchaser, a private company, sought and obtained permission to convert its acquisition into eight flats. The Church had retained Richard Buller’s orchard and there a new rectory was being built, but the remaining gardens were still unnecessarily extensive and several pieces of land - constituting most of the current village east of the Punch Bowl Inn, were sold off as potential building sites. The circular drive was grassed over, the tennis courts were removed and part of the kitchen quarters were demolished), opening up the eastern side of the stable courtyard (these kitchens were originally sited adjacent to the wall between the current Courtyard car park and the garden. Inside the house several large rooms were partitioned and, finally, the great central staircase was taken away to make room for the kitchens and bathrooms of Fowey and Daymer apartments.\nThe house had changed dramatically; but survived with much of its character intact. There is every possibility that without this new use, the original building might have been pulled down to build further modern housing. Hundreds of families have spent happy holidays in the house, most of them going home relaxed, many returning again and again.\nThere is a lot to be discovered about the long history of the Old Rectory, Lanreath but it is not a house that now lives only in the past. The current work, renovating parts of the building and surviving grounds, repairing other parts of the building that had been neglected, should mean that The Old Rectory continues to exist as a family home and as a provider of employment to local people for many more years to come. However, we can all still listen to the magnificent pealing of the Church bells and for just a few moments, wonder how life might have been all those years ago........\nOld Aerial Photo of The Old Rectory", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://faridhaerinejad.com/2020/11/25/example-post-3/", "date": "2021-11-29T10:45:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358705.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129104236-20211129134236-00029.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9644690752029419, "token_count": 244, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__118358577", "lang": "en", "text": "BEHIND THE HIGH WALLS\nLife & Death in Iran’s Prison\nThey each remember the day they were arrested, the day their torture began.\nThey remember the long, lonely years of solitary confinement behind the high walls of Iran’s notorious prisons. In the years shortly after the 1979 revolution in Iran, an entire generation of bright, young people with promising futures languished and suffered in prisons, enduring physical torture, sensory deprivation, and sadism, all in the name of the Islamic Republic.\nThey wondered how their revolution, which was so well-intentioned, had gone so wrong—hi-jacked by clerics who thought the way forward was in going back to the antiquated fundamentals of their religion.\nThere are stories of lashings and hangings carried out in the name of Allah.\nThousands of young people have been brutally tortured and ruthlessly murdered. Many were buried in the most inhumane ways in mass graves. There are accounts of mountains of discarded shoes of those who died. Those who lived through the massacres, and mental torture, are left with indelible memories of life and death in the prisons of the first Islamic Republic. This is their story.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://concertedactivity.work/a-guide-to-the-third-reconstruction-who-really-won-americas-civil-war-and-why", "date": "2021-12-03T03:57:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362589.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203030522-20211203060522-00463.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9571473598480225, "token_count": 1915, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__133799412", "lang": "en", "text": "A Guide to the Third Reconstruction: Who Really Won America’s Civil War and Why It Matters to Workers Today\nMarch 25, 2021\nAmerica’s Civil War was ultimately a war between free and unfree labor. It was a war to decide whether the foundational principle of the country would be the liberty to enslave others or the liberty to sell one’s labor freely. Today, workers are still fighting this war. Since 1865, the government has maintained a system of superexploitation by way of an underclass, which does not have the liberty to sell its labor.\nFrom the moment the South surrendered, slavery — under another name — commenced under the Black Codes. Then, unsatiated with 4 million freedmen who could be robbed, cajoled, jailed, killed, and forced back onto plantations or into forced contract labor, our government sought out Chinese laborers as replacements in the mines and the railroads. During and after both World Wars, the Bracero program brought another group of foreign workers — Mexicans — as cheap labor to the agricultural industry... And here we are today, where the “undocumented” workers, like those who’ve come before, have no right to freely sell their labor.\nAt each historical moment, the arrival of this superexploited underclass has intensified competition among workers and fanned the flames of resentment and racist backlash among native-born workers. The government has always “othered” a subset of workers — from indentured servants, to chattel slaves, to Chinese and Mexican laborers, to the undocumented — to ensure that the ruling class can extract the most profit. We seem to be forever haunted by a democracy that nurtures and protects the exploiter and his freedom to exploit.\nThe government has always “othered” a subset of workers — from indentured servants, to chattel slaves, to Chinese and Mexican laborers, to the undocumented — to ensure that the ruling class can extract the most profit.\nBefore the Civil War, Southern slaveholders knew that, in order to survive, slavery had to expand. With the the Fugitive Slave Act (1850), the Kansas Nebraska Act’s repeal (1854) of the Missouri Compromise, and the Dred Scott decision (1857), the South seemed to ensure the spread of slavery westward forcing the North’s hand. With only about 400,000 of the 4 million slaves in 1865 being forcibly brought to the U.S., the slavocracy had long relied upon reproducing its slave workforce on their plantations. At the same time, the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade was so grossly violated that the slave trade was practically re-established and maintained. On the eve of the war, slave ships originally embarking from New York harbor brought up to 60,000 slaves annually. With its Northern allies and government acquiescence, the future of chattel slavery seemed secure.\nLincoln’s presidential win threw the South’s effort into doubt. While the expansion or containment of chattel slavery may have defined the sides at the beginning of the war, Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation made it so that it became a war to determine whether a central government would champion an economic system built upon chattel slavery and guarantee the property rights of slaveholders. But while chattel slavery was defeated, the dependence on unfree labor was not.\nAfter the war, the planter oligarchy class sought to replace its former slave workforce with one coerced by state power by way of the Black Codes. Labor control was now achieved through vagrancy laws that criminalized men out of work, or simply, not at work. Freedmen could be jailed for not working, or leaving the plantation, and subjected to forced labor. They could not rent or purchase land to cultivate themselves, organize for higher wages, and it was illegal to offer freedmen higher wages than that provided for in their current contract. Regardless of conditions, workers were tied to an employer for the entire contract term. They would forfeit all wages earned, if they left, since wages were typically paid at the end of a year’s contract. Prison labor euphemistically called convict-leasing incentivized the freedmens' arrest. Workers risked arrest if they were caught without their labor contract. Once jailed, the only way out was to sign a labor contract for whatever a planter was willing to pay. Nonpayment of contract wages was epidemic. It was slavery by another name.\nYet, even with the Black Codes in full force, plantation owners still sought out cheaper alternative labor in newly-arriving Sicilians and Chinese. Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, eyeing the end of slavery, sent an emissary to China in 1862 to seek the replacement to slave labor—the Chinese—to build the railroads and work the fields at a cheaper price than paying former slaves. Chinese laborers were brought in to break strikes. They were hated by industrial workers who decried the scheming Capitalists for reestablishing another form of slavery after the war, but contempt for their bosses didn’t prevent many from engaging in racist and xenophobic attacks and massacres of the Chinese, which included burning Chinatowns and expelling Chinese. By 1882 the government’s Chinese Exclusion Act banned not only future immigration but also the citizenship of the approximately 300,000 Chinese already in the US. There would be no great slave republic, but the destruction of Reconstruction ensured there would always be a place for foreign workers as a class of unfree laborers in order to ensure super profits and to undermine unity and progress for workers.\nWhile the Bracero program, which lasted from 1942 to 1964, brought more than 4 million workers, likely twice that number came as it fueled a demand for even cheaper labor among growers who sought out undocumented Mexican workers. The Bracero program, like the other aforementioned government policies, which created an underclass of labor, showed that legalizing guest worker programs enabled bosses to seek out an even deeper layer of exploited worker. Growers cemented the now mainstream stereotypes of:\n- The hardworking immigrant that happily does the work no American worker will do;\n- Without these workers the industry will go bankrupt. Meant to obscure the government’s role in facilitating this superexploitation, this racism aims to justify the conditions that workers endure by claiming they want to work under such conditions.\nSince the 1980’s, this “happy slave” stereotype has saddled the undocumented worker — the latest incarnation of the unfree laborer comes from a provision in the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, misleadingly named employers' sanctions. (See a previous post outlining how the employer sanctions provision criminalizes and divides the working class.) While the undocumented underclass toil in industries such as service, construction, and homecare, Black and white native-born workers are warehoused in the prison industrial complex or shut out from jobs from the opposing stereotype that promotes they are lazy and unwilling to work. Like the Southeastern slave-producing states, foreign countries now reproduce our underclass, raise them to working age, and then see them risk the journey to America to certain work and misery.\nAt every historical turn, there is the government’s not-so-invisible hand creating the super-exploitive conditions that pit workers against one another in order to rob more of the wealth workers create. The very laws it creates to criminalize the foreign worker and ostensibly “protect” native-born workers is the very same law that creates the incentive for employers to superexploit the foreign worker. Inevitably, these laws encourage workers to see the foreign worker as the enemy and shields the real driver of these conditions—the law stripping foreign workers of the same rights as native workers. This is no mere discrimination between and among workers and individual bosses, but systemic government control to legally deprive a group of workers of the right to sell their labor. If unfree labor is still a central driving force of our economy, then it would seem the South, in fact, did win the Civil War.\nWe can't end the legacy of slavery nor crush white supremacy, so long as we permit the government to promote such an abhorrent system that robs us and then would have workers see each other as the enemy.\nToday, Biden, labor unions, and immigrant advocates are seeking to strengthen this modern-day slave law. There is growing pressure on Biden to address the legacy of slavery, with calls for a Third Reconstruction. But a national reckoning of slavery is not enough — once we see that systemic exploitation is the very fabric of this “democracy”. The hypocrisy of “enforcing” employer sanctions echoes how the government willfully ignored the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade or used the Bracero program to traffick in the first era of Mexican undocumented.\nDo we have to imagine a Confederate flag flying above every investment house — every political and government office, business establishment and fraternity, where super profits are being extracted or protected by law — to see more clearly our current condition? Workers must rise up against this system and the state that protects the criminals and their liberty to exploit. Only a unified working class can finally win this country’s Civil War.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bodegasfrutosvillar.com/en/100-years-of-bodegas-frutos-villar-s-l/", "date": "2023-09-23T21:40:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00732.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9176089763641357, "token_count": 369, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__314931456", "lang": "en", "text": "100 YEARS of Bodegas Frutos Villar, S.L\nDuring this very special year, due to the alert situation that we have had due to COVID-19, our firm celebrates 100 years of existence, giving all our experience and know-how, so that you can enjoy all our wines, and especially MURUVE , than 100 years ago.\nIt was in 1920, when its founder Frutos Villar, began his journey from a town, Villavendimio (Zamora), passing his legacy to his three sons, Salvio, Jacinto and Quirino, expanding throughout the region and other neighboring provinces, his wine red MURUVE. Later, a new generation, made up of José Luis, Jesús and Mª Concepción, developed the company in other Denominations of Origin (Cigales, Rueda y R, Duero, Vinos de la Tierra de Castilla y León). Currently, there is a 4th generation, which has taken the reins of Bodegas Frutos Villar, S.L., Jesús Jáñez, José Miguel Villar, José Luis Villar, Daniel Jáñez. Elena Villar, Fernando Villar, Alberto and Javier Jáñez, Carlos Villar, Patricia Villar.\nTo commemorate this centenary, the winery has released a special wine MURUVE GRAN RESERVA 2014, with 5,000 bottles, presented in individual cases, and cases of 3 bottles.\nTo purchase this wine, you can do so: Telephone: 0034.9188.8.131.52, or by e-mail: email@example.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sherrylcaulfield.com/four-lives-price-australian-heritage/", "date": "2023-03-23T19:53:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00304.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9831975698471069, "token_count": 3216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__72468063", "lang": "en", "text": "Four lives – the price of my Australian heritage\nHello and thank you for stopping by my blog as part of the Australia Day Book Giveway Blog Hop. I recently released my debut novel, Seldom Come By, an epic adventurous love story set on the eve of the great war.\nIt was described in a recent review as: a great mix of romance, scenery, tragedy and history.\nIt’s true. I am attracted to all of the above. In celebration of Australia Day I will be giving away a copy of Seldom Come By – print or ebook – your choice – to someone who leaves a comment here to this blog. You need to comment by midnight AEST Tuesday 28 January. The winner will be announced towards the end of January.\nI’m sorry to say, this is a longer than usual blog. How did that happen! I have decided to write about my Australian heritage, how this line of Caulfields came to be in Australia, and the price they paid. It is a story of hope, sacrifice and heartache. I hope you enjoy it. When you have finished reading and commenting hop back on the blog tour of over 50 blogs, where there are more book giveaways to be found. 🙂\nI was born and raised on a farm east of the gold mining town of Gympie, in a place called Cedar Pocket, once home to large stands of one of Australia’s few native deciduous trees, the Red Cedar. As far back as I can remember, both sides of my family were farmers – small crops and dairy. For many years, what epitomised being Australian to me, were the women and men of the land, summers spent swimming in free-flowing creeks and the odd dunk in the briny sea.\nOn Sept 11, 2001, when I was living in New Zealand, I received a life-changing call from my older brother. “This is it,” he said. “I’m walking off the farm.” All Greg had wanted to do with his life was be a farmer. He left school at 16 years of age to pursue his dream, pelting his school shoes at the wall, announcing with certitude that he was never going back. Twenty years later, despite working across three paw-paw farms and capping mineshafts, he was unable to meet his mortgage payments. His news was monumental and heartbreaking. Before I could ask a single question, he said. “I’m off to work in the mines.”\nLittle did we know at the time he was continuing a lost family tradition. Twelve hours later that date woud be seared in history.\nFive years down the line, our father, at our urging decided to write his life story. One thing about our father, when he decides to do something he really does give it his all. Rather than write a simple memoir, he decided to trace the path of his forebears on the Caulfield side to understand how they came to be in Australia. His grandmother had died when he was two years of age; ten years later, his seldom seen grandfather, Charles, passed away. All he knew about his grandfather was he had a bunch of stepbrother and sisters; little more.\nIn January 2006 while holidayiing in Hervey Bay with my parents I typed the first chapter of my father’s story. In doing so I read the amazing details of the life of his great grandparents, James and Catherine. I was unprepared for the story he uncovered. I know they were not alone in the hardships they bore; yet they weren’t two historical figures to me. They were a young man and a young woman not in the prime of their life but in the promise of their life and this is their Australian story:\nMy great, great, great Grandfather, James Caulfield, lived near Dungannon, not far from the ruins of Castle Caulfield, the ancient Northern Island seat of King Colla da Crioch, whose descendants were named Caulfield. In the late 1840s he married Easter Canny and their first child, a son, also called James, was born in 1851. That same year, to escape Ireland’s ongoing, crippling, potato famine, they emigrated to Durham County, England.\nThere, in Tow Law, near Wolsingham, James found employment in the coal and iron ore mines, the extracts of which would be made into cannon balls for the Crimean War. Six short years later he was tragically killed in a mining accident, leaving Easter with three young boys, James (6), John (4) and Charles (a new born).\nHow she survived the next 15 years as a widow with three boys to rear, we do not know. All we know is that James went on to become an underground miner like his father. It was stated as his occupation on his June 1872 wedding certificate to Catherine McAninally. Their first child, a son born on the 10th May 1873, was also named James, following the family tradition.\nTwo years later, when their second son, Francis, was born, they took up the Queensland Parliament’s offer of employment in Queensland. Offers to those experienced in mining and related professions had been available in England for over decade and as an enticement included free passage to Queensland for their families.\nIt was no holiday. These migrant ships became known as Coffin Ships, due to the number of people who perished on the voyages.\nThe young Caulfield family left London on the 9th December 1875 aboard the Western Monarch, a new vessel launched only a few months earlier. On this crossing, 442 migrants were bound for Australia. On board were a surgeon, a Dr Harricks, and a nurse, Matron Randall. They were certainly needed. A bout of Enterin Fever – typhoid – went through the ship. Catherine and Francis, were two of its victims.\nWhen the Western Monarch anchored at the bar in Moreton Bay, Brisbane, on 15th March 1876, it was boarded by the Qld Health Officer, Doctor Challinor.\nFortunately by this stage Catherine and Francis were recovering, however one remaining case of typhoid fever was found. The entire ship was placed in quarantine. The occupants were deposited on sandfly-infested Peel Island, which had scant facilities to cater for such a large group of people. Outraged and alarmed, the ship’s doctor, Harricks, wrote to the Brisbane Courier Mail warning that passengers would perish as a result. He requested that Catherine and Francis be transferred to the Brisbane Hospital. Sadly his requests went unanswered.\nOn the 19th March, baby Francis Caulfield died; three days later, his brother, James. They were buried on Peel Island in sight of their new callous country, which their parents had hoped would be a land of golden opportunity for them.\nOn the 27th March 1876 the Western Monarch was allowed to disembark at the Port of Brisbane. James and Catherine could finally start their longed-for, now grieving, lives in Australia.\nThey took the railroad to Warwick where they lived on its outskirts in the town of Clifton, while James worked at Elphinstone Colliery. On the 20th August 1878 they welcomed a new, Australian-born son, Charles. Just over a year later, on 4th July 1879, their fourth son, Henry was born.\nAround this time tenders were called to extend the railway line 40 miles to the booming tin-mining area of Stanthorpe, a Latinised name meaning ‘tin village’.\nJames, because of his experience, was employed by a large construction firm, Overend & Co, managing a small team of men preparing the dynamite blasting of cuttings that would blow away the rock on the Stanthorpe to Warwick Rail line. Gangs worked night and day to complete the task.\nWhen not working on the railway line James was busy building a small hut on a freehold 40 acre parcel of land, at Killarney south east of Warwick so his family could move there in 1880.\nAt ten past eleven on Friday the 2nd April 1880 at Cutting 81, near Mineral Creek, fourteen miles south of Warwick, James along with three of his team were preparing three holes for dynamite. He lit two of the three charges and after they exploded James went back to light the third. When it did not explode he returned to replace it with another when it suddenly exploded shattering his right hand and wrist and tearing away the left part of his face. Michael Considine, one of his employees, raced to his aid, asking him if he could stand up. “Yes,” he replied. Then: “God help my wife and family.”\nHe was placed on a mattress on a spring cart and frantically transported along the railway line while a runner was sent to Warwick for a doctor. They were met at Rosentahal Creek six miles from Warwick.\nMeanwhile, Catherine had just finished packing up their rented home in Clifton to move to Killarney to the hut her husband had finished building. When she arrived in Warwick a day later, she asked about the whereabouts of her husband James.\n“That’s him in the funeral coffin in the street,” she was told.\nHe had died within minutes of seeing the Doctor.\nSomehow, someway, Catherine continued on to the meagre hut and farm her husband had prepared for her. I can’t imagine how she managed to survive those months alone, in the middle of nowhere, with two babies under two, curious aborigines peering through the cracks of her cobbled home, unable to read a single book for company. Six months later, her youngest son, Henry, died, leaving Charles – my great grandfather – the only suriving son of her late husband, James.\nIn the process of researching James’ history my father discovered his headstone on the Warwick Cemetery Heritage Trail. The column top was broken, not a mark of vandalism but symbolic of his life being cut short; it was lying on the ground having fallen out of its base. His infant son Henry had his inscription on the headstone as well.\nThis December just passed, as my father and I drove south to Tamworth for his sister’s funeral, we called in to the Warwick cemetery on a hot glaring day to visit the gravestone of my great, great grandfather, whose headstone my father had lovingly restored. James Caulfield, was 27 years old when he died.\nEight months later to the day, Catherine married a bachelor, Thomas Brennan, 20 years her senior, signing her second marriage certificate with an X.\nWith heartfelt thanks to my father, for his hours of research in documenting our family history.\nThank you for sharing this story with us. It was a beautiful post and I look forward to reading your novel.\nThanks for the great giveaway too.\nThank you Jess. You’re in the draw! 🙂\nCongrats on your amazing debut! a huge topic to start a series –\nevery good wish for it’s [and your] success! it sounds fantastic…\nThanks you so much for your kind words, faith hope & cherry tea\nOH MY GOODNESS Sherryl.\nWhat an amazing, though tragic story. I have been trying to trace my family tree on both side, but unfortunately have mostly names and dates, and very few stories.\nThank you for sharing, enjoy your Australia Day holiday.\nThanks Karen for visiting and reading my blog. Yes, very tragic. I’ve added your name to the draw.\nWhat a rich family history. Happy Australia Day holiday!\nThanks Eleni. Will have to research the other side one day. Love your Avatar. Enjoy the last day of the long week-end. We are off to have a BBQ with friends.\nThank you for this interesting post. Isn’t it fascinating delving into the lives of our predecessors….\nYes! Regan 🙂 Makes me want to be a time traveller!\nWhat an amazing story. I teach year 5 and we will be researching life in the 1800’s especially in Queensland. The story you have shared is a wonderful insight into life at the time and I am eager to share it with my class. Thanks for allowing a glimpse of your family history in this poignant tale.\nLouise, thanks for your comments. Yes, I think it is important to understand that perhaps the setbacks we encounter in our 21st century lives pale in comparison to our ancestors a century or two earlier. We don’t fully appreciate the advances of modern medicine and transportation because it is all we know. Feel free to share with your students. This is an abridged version – I can send you more detail offline if you are interested.\nI would love that – does my email show up for you to use?\nLovely post. I think many of us wonder at the strength of our forebears who came on the long voyage to this country. Thanks for sharing. Happy Australia Day, and thanks to Book’d Out for organising this great way for authors to celebrate with readers. Cheers, Noelle Clark (Journeys with Noelle).\nThanks for coming by. It’s been a great way for authors to meet other authors, I’ve still got lots of sites to visit – hopefully tomorrow.\nThanks for sharing\nThanks for reading my blog and leaving a comment bn100.\nWow, what a sad story yet it shows how strong Catherine was.\nLike your day I have been doing my family history for many years and love uncovering little things along the way.\nHave a wonderful weekend.\nLovely to hear from you Ann-Marie… She really had to keep moving forward didn’t she? Have fun with your family history project.\nAmazing story – thank you for sharing. My day has got somewhat better for reading that!\nTa for you comment Paul. I’m glad your day got better!\nThanks for the very interesting blog Sherryl… it was great reading it.. Thanks for the giveaway as well 🙂\nThanks Brenda. You are in the draw!\nWow, what a powerful and moving story. Thanks so much for sharing, it helps us, especially the younger generations, know how far we have come and what has been sacrificed for us today. Thanks for the giveaway and happy Aus Day! 🙂\nThanks Amanda. Life certainly was a struggle for some people back then. I will add that by the time she remarried, Catherine’s sister had joined her in Australia. I hope her presence was of immense comfort to her.\nShows how much we have to be thankful for today.\nCertainly does Dale. Thanks for popping by.\nWhat a sad story! Three of my grandparents were born overseas and migrated in the wake of WW2, but my mother’s father’s family were early settlers, mostly of the convict variety. A lot of sad stories there – very few people emigrate for happy reasons, after all – but I think your Catherine’s story is particularly tragic.\nThanks for visiting Catherine. True – most people are fleeing something in the hope of something better. A few moment’s of reflection reminds us to be ever so grateful of our lot – and modern medicine. Enjoy your long week-end 🙂", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.beverlypatterson.com/in-progress", "date": "2023-10-02T17:17:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00043.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9851061701774597, "token_count": 104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__121545598", "lang": "en", "text": "(NOT) Business as Usual was an exhibition organized by City College students in December 2019 to protest the sudden cancelling of 300 classes. Its purpose was to call attention to the class cuts and bring about change. While ultimately some classes were restored and Chancellor Mark Rocha was fired, the City College art program has continued to be systematically dismantled. In May 2020 the Fort Mason campus was shuttered, a huge loss for the community.\nBeverly contributed three paintings, two sculptures and a visitor engagement piece.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.vinhoweb.pt/detail.aspx?section=Port&idc=47&ido=32474&vat=1", "date": "2022-08-19T20:37:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00289.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9814801812171936, "token_count": 848, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__204492888", "lang": "en", "text": "Warre’s has been leading the Port trade since it was established as the first British Port House in 1670. A pioneer of a great tradition with over 300 years of history, Warre’s legacy is built on the superb quality of Warre’s Vintage Ports and on an unwavering commitment to quality and successful innovation.\nThe firm that became Warre’s was established in 1670. Two Englishmen, William Burgoyne and John Jackson opened offices in northern Portugal as Burgoyne & Jackson - initially a general trading company, exporting wines, olive oil and fruit, as well as importing dried cod and English woollen goods.\nOver time, the company admitted new partners and its name changed accordingly; in 1718 it traded as John Clark, then in 1723 it was known as Clark & Thornton and finally in 1729, it became Messrs. Clark, Thornton & Warre, with the arrival of the first Warre in Portugal. This was William Warre, born in India (1706), where his parents and grandparents were long established members of the East India Company.\nBy the close of the 18th century, Warre’s had become one of the leading companies as illustrated by the total shipments of Port for 1791. In that year, 21 companies exported a little over 30,000 pipes of Port, of which Warre & Sons accounted for 2,937 pipes, i.e. 10% of the total.\nThe Warres: one of the great Port families.\nOn arriving in Portugal in 1729 William Warre (1706 - 1773) was to start a family Port dynasty that would make a unique and unmatched contribution to Port and to the life of its adopted city and country. In 1745, he married Elizabeth Whitehead, sister of John Whitehead, the distinguished British Consul responsible for designing and building the magnificent British Factory House (1790). Their eldest son, also William, would himself serve as His Majesty’s Consul. The 5th sibling, James Warre, became a prominent figure in the Port trade for over 50 years and would father the most illustrious member of the family, another William Warre (1784 - 1853). This William was destined to have an outstanding military career which was to mark him as one of the most distinguished and historically important figures to come out of the many Port families in the long annals of the Port trade.\nWilliam Warre: A heroic figure in the history of Port\nCommissioned as an officer in the British Army, the young Porto-born Captain Warre played a central and decisive role at virtually all of the key battles throughout the Peninsular War (1808 – 1812), during which joint British and Portuguese forces fought Napoleon Bonaparte’s successive invading armies. Captain Warre’s knowledge of the language and the country, despite the fact that he was aged only 24 at the outbreak of war, made him invaluable to his commanders, Field Marshall Beresford and the Duke of Wellington. To the latter William recommended and supplied Port from his family’s company. In a letter to his father, dated 15th May, 1810, written from Army Headquarters at Fornos d’Algodres, he wrote:\n“My Dear Father,\nI have been much flattered lately by Ld. Wellington’s reception of me, and lately remained two days at his Hd. Qrs. At Celorico, 2 leagues from here. He has applied to me to procure him one hogshead of very fine old Port. He does not care about the price, and wishes me to get you to take care of it for him in London. At Oporto it is impossible to get any old wine, and I therefore told him I would write to you, and beg your assistance.”\nHe would eventually rise to the rank of Lieutenant - General, receiving several awards for gallantry and titles from both Portugal and England in recognition of his substantial contribution towards the recovery of Portugal’s independence.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.aerolifeaviation.com/Resources/TheLongestFlightintheWorld", "date": "2023-02-04T05:57:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00384.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9816405177116394, "token_count": 2970, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__87590172", "lang": "en", "text": "The longest flight in the world\nDid you know there are several world records that were set for flight?\nThere are multiple world records set for flight. Some of them were with pilots, some without, some being refuelled and some not. The latest record-breaking was Qantas Airways landing in Sydney. This record was achieved at 7.45 am Sunday October 20th, 2019 after its continuous journey from New York of 19 hours and 16 minutes in air. Feels like its alot right? How about 1558 hours and 19 minutes! It was 1958 when two Las Vegas pilots, Robert Timm and John Cook, set this record. Let me tell you their incredible yet funny record breaking flight.\nEarly years of aviation; way back when\nBack in the 1900’s flight endurance was limited by how much fuel a plane could carry but this was all about to change with the initiation of mid-air aircraft refuelling which increased an aircraft’s endurance to an unbelievable 1558 hours and 19 minutes. In 1923, the US Army Air Service set the first refuelled endurance record by staying in the air for more than 37 hours. It had 9 refuelings that pumped 687 gallons of gas with 38 gallons of oil into its tanks. Of course this record was broken multiple times; close to a dozen actually. 1929 claimed to have the highest number of record breaks as it was reset 5 times!\n2 decades later, in 1949, a solid endurance record was set by two former Navy pilots in an Aeronca Sedan for 46 days and 9 hours. This record was set in a successful attempt to convince the government to reopen the Yuma Army Airfield. This record stood solid for almost a decade until about 9 years later, in the year 1958, two more pilots decided to set a new endurance record. This was about 2 years after the debut of an incredible aircraft; the Cessna 172, which was getting quite popular. After some slight modifications to the Cessna 172, which they named ‘The Old Scotchman’ for their mission, they set a record of 50 days in flight.\nHowever, another group was just starting their journey, ‘Hacienda’ was ready to break this record in the deserts of Las Vegas.\nThe initiative for the ‘Hacienda’ journey..\nDoc Bailey, an entrepreneur, built his first ever family oriented hotel and casino the ‘Hacienda’ in Las Vegas in 1956. This 265 room hotel did not do well.\nHacienda was considered to be one of the ‘low rollers’ because of its undesirable location and it catered to locals and families.\nThe 265 room ‘Hacienda’ Hotel and casino in Las Vegas\nDoc tried many things to boost his business but was soon convinced to step forward and engage in something much more ambitious.\nAll the popular casinos were over a mile north of Hacienda.\nRobert Timm, a slot machine mechanic who’s been described as a bear of a man, approached Doc with an idea. Doc was known to listen to and consider all ideas no matter where they came from. He was easily convinced that the best way to boost Hacienda’s visibility was to publicize that they were going to attempt to break the manned flight endurance record. The driving force behind this was the fact that Timm was an experienced aviator and had great passion for flying. He suggested they should feature the name Hacienda Hotel on the side of the aircraft which would draw the attention of many.\nRobert Timm, the slot mechanic\nDoc was inspired by Timm’s initial idea. He put together a fundraising activity in support of a Cancer Research Foundation to garner goodwill for the stunt without merely using the flight as a public display stunt for Hacienda. People could try to win a cash price of $10,000 by guessing how long the flight endurance would be after contributing a small amount to the cancer foundation. This wasn’t gambling; it was helping a noble cause.\nWith Doc’s money committed to the stunt, they now needed a co-pilot and an aircraft with Timm serving as the primary pilot.\nModifications to a Cessna 172 to make it endurance-ready…\nTimm reached out to one of his friends, Iru Kuenzi, who was also a mechanic at Alamo Aviation in Las Vegas. “He told me about this project he was going to get involved in and wanted to know if I’d be interested in helping him. I told him ‘sure’.”\nTimm and Kuenzi chose N9217B, a Cessna 172 with 1500 hours total time on the airframe. Although it already had a Narco Omnigator Mk II and a Mitchell autopilot, these two spent a year modifying it to be stunt-ready.\nTimm and Kuenzi bought N9217B - a Cessna 172\nThey installed a 95 gallon Sorenson belly tank on the plane to supplement the 47 gallons of fuel the wing tanks could carry. This was then fitted with an electric pump to transfer the fuel to the wing tanks.\nThey re-plumbed the oil lines so they could change the engine oil and oil filter without shutting down the engine. Then they removed everything from the interior except for the pilot’s seat. They put a small mattress in place of the co-pilot's seat so they could take turns resting. They also installed a small stainless steel sink in the rear to wash and shave during the flight.\nThe co-pilot’s side door was also removed and replaced with a folding, accordion style door. A small platform was designed that could be lowered out this door to provide more footing during refueling operations.\nThen, the two mechanics decided to replace the aircraft’s current 450SNEW engine with a brand new one from Continental Motors. Timm had explained to them the plan and was delighted by the idea of receiving a ‘special engine’ for the purpose. Years later Kuenzi discovered how this ‘special engine’ was given to them as a mere sales strategy by Continental Motors.\nTimm made one additional modification, over the objection of Kuenzi who did not approve, installing a primer-like system designed to squirt alcohol into the combustion chamber of each of the engine’s six cylinders. He believed that this design would reduce the build up of carbon from combustion.\nThe first flight ...\nEverything was set and ready for flight. The aircraft and pilot were ready although there are no records who the first co-pilot was who accompanied Timm during the early attempts.\nThey took to the sky three times and each was cut short by mechanical problems. Timm mentioned in one of his diaries ‘the entire sky lit up’ on their third attempt later realizing he has witnessed one of the atomic bomb denotations in the Nevada testing area. The three flights never lasted longer than 17 days. Timm was frustrated by the vast amount of mechanical problems and also was not getting along with his co-pilot, eventually dismissing him.\nDuring this time, ‘The Old Scotchman’, who had held the endurance record previously, showed back up and set a new record frustrating Timm even more. Now they needed more than 50 days in air to come in even with the ‘The Old Scotchman’ record!\nIntroducing John Wayne\nIt didn’t take long until Timm found the perfect co-pilot in John Wayne Cook. Cook was a steady 33 year old with hours of flying experience who was also working at Alamo Aviation. It turned out that Cook has also spent time working on N9217B and Cook replied with ‘Sure, I’ll try’ when Timm requested him for the 4th attempt in the sky.\nJohn Wayne Cook was a lanky, single, 33 year old airplane mechanic with experience flying for the airlines\nExperienced airline pilot John Wayne Cook\nDuring the time Timm was on the lookout for his co-pilot, Kuenzi removed their ‘special engine’ and reinstalled the old 450SNEW engine while also disabling Timm’s primer-like system without his knowledge and this decision turned out to be spot on!\nThe fourth and final attempt\nWith less publicity than Doc originally desired, Timm and Cook lifted to the skies from Las Vegas with special permission from the FAA to lift off at 350-400 pounds above the maximum takeoff weight. They were even chased by a car who painted white on the aircraft wheels so that the duo did not cheat by secretly landing the aircraft when nobody was watching.\nEncouragement from a speeding Ford Thunderbird\n‘Hacienda’ flew close to Las Vegas for the first few days until they made sure it did not have any mechanical shortcomings this time. Then they flew South, spending most of their time flying over the deserts of Blythe, California and Yuma, Arizona which had flatter, lower altitude terrain.\nHow did they refuel Hacienda?\nTheir primary support vehicle was a Ford truck loaded with fuel tank, pump and other necessities, donated for the purpose of accomplishing the mission. Hacienda flew 20 feet above a highway the government closed temporarily for the purpose and refueled twice a day using a hose. One of the pilots stood on the platform and winched up a fuel line to pump fuel into the belly tank. This took about 3 minutes. So, doing the math... 64 days with two refuelings each makes for 128 refuelings in total!\nRobert Timm and John Cook didn’t do air to air refueling or use a solar powered airplane. They matched the speed of the Cessna 172 with a Ford truck and pulled up a fuel line for about 3 minutes to fill the tank.\nRe-fueling the airplane\nIt wasn’t easy. Weather got in the way sometimes and interrupted their schedule. They made plans on meeting in new locations and times. They even had to deal with a non-functioning fuel pump at one point and managed to haul up 5 gallon fuel cans using a rope!\nRefueling the Cessna 172 airplane\nFood, water, towels and other basic necessities were also sent during these transfers. What do you think they ate? Chinese? Certainly not. Doc has taken lead in instructing chefs from the hotel to prepare them food with the finest, fresh ingredients which were stuffed into thermos jugs to send up to the pilots.\nEndurance routines of the pilots...\nYes, they had a schedule for everything. Each of them took turns flying for 4 hours each. When they were not flying they tried their best to sleep. They attended to little chores to keep the aircraft off the ground and washed or exercised when they weren’t sleeping.\nAccording to Cook’s diary, their hygiene activities were particularly uncomfortable.\nOn one occasion Timm was going through his daily hygiene routine so had undressed, lowered the platform and stepped out of the co-pilot’s door with his toothbrush when Cook realized they were too low and would not be able to clear a ridge that was just in front of them. Panic stricken, Cook screamed to Timm to pull up the platform. Later, Cook told about his experience seeing a bare naked Timm struggling to pulling up the platform.\nYou might even wonder how they used the bathroom. Well, you know the standard Cessna 172 does not come with a bathroom. It doesn’t even have enough room for it. So they created their own method in the form of a camping toilet and plastic bags, which were then disposed of in unpopulated areas of the desert.\nEven though the first few weeks of the flight sailed smoothly, Cook starts writing about their hardships in flight later on. They were constrained with a lack of exercise, burdened with constant engine noise and had difficulty completing even routine daily chores. They lacked sleep. They even escaped a tragic end when Timm accidentally dozed off in the pilot's seat at about 2:55 am about halfway through their mission. They later disclosed to a reporter,“It was 2:55 AM and he [Timm] was fighting sleeplessness. On auto pilot fell asleep 4000 FT over Blythe Airport found himself halfway to Yuma Ariz 4000 ft. Very lucky. We must sleep more in the day time”\nFlying by the record\n39 days were gone, Hacienda’s generator, heat, light and electric pump had all failed. They had blankets to combat the miserably cold weather. A wind generator was installed on a strut, but only provided very little output and was just enough to power up some Christmas lights. For the failed electric pump, they used a hand pump and we found Cook’s diary summing up the torture,\nProgressing towards the 50 day record that was recently set by the two former Navy pilots at that time, Timm and Cook were determined to break the flight endurance record. They decided not to land once they finally broke the record; they kept on flying for as long as they could. They really wanted to ensure that they had set the record bar high enough.\nHolding the record after great difficulties encountered along the way, the pilots finally made the decision to land on the 7th of February 1959. Making sure not to forget having the white paint on the wheels of the aircraft checked before they landed, their efforts had paid off. It is amazing to be able to tell you that they flew 150,000 miles which is about 6 complete circles around the earth. Their extra effort in extending the record was worthwhile because up to today the record is still theirs.\nOn February 7th 1959, the two pilots set their record on the record books\nSome final thoughts\nSeveral years later, Steve, the son of Timm commented on how much skill and determination his dad and Cook needed to survive for 64 days 22 hours and 19 minutes in the air, let alone setting a record.\nMany years after the fact, when reporters asked Timm if he would ever consider replicating the stunt he replied,\nThis incredible Cessna 172 aircraft now hangs from the ceiling of McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas after it spent some time in the McCarren museum.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://candycrate.blogspot.com/2013/11/happy-veterans-day.html", "date": "2018-05-21T10:42:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864063.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521102758-20180521122758-00464.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9706882834434509, "token_count": 200, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__154120156", "lang": "en", "text": "World War I – known at the time as “The Great War” - officially ended when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles outside the town of Versailles, France. However, fighting ceased seven months earlier when an armistice, or temporary cessation of hostilities, between the Allied nations and Germany went into effect on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. For that reason, November 11, 1918, is generally regarded as the end of “the war to end all wars.” http://www.va.gov/opa/vetsday/vetdayhistory.asp\nAlthough, like many holidays, Veterans Day has evolved into a day of celebration of our military past and present the original November 11th celebration was a relief as the unofficial ending of World War I. Today, 95 years later we say THANK YOU to our United States Military, past and present.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sekouodinga.com/art/RGB-postcard.html", "date": "2019-02-23T08:38:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249495888.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223082039-20190223104039-00163.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9685843586921692, "token_count": 171, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__200668081", "lang": "en", "text": "Sekou Odinga grew up in Queens in a family of nine. He is a father of eight, a grandfather of nineteen+ and a great-grandfather. He is a former member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and the Black Liberation Army (BLA). He is a Muslim, New Afrikan and a Prisoner of War unjustly held in the u.s. prison system for the past 30+ years for defending Black people against this country's war on Black Liberation.\nU.S. Political Prisoner & Prisoner of War\n\"These are people who dedicate their lives to the transformation of this country, who put the benefit of their communities ahead of themselves, who belieed that transformation was not only possible, but was worth dying for to end brutality, racism, economic discrimination, imperialism, war.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ziviatelje.dk/atelier/", "date": "2023-12-02T08:43:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00124.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9824597239494324, "token_count": 214, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__262765989", "lang": "en", "text": "Vera’s atelier was always referred to as an “open atelier” where artists, architects, craftsmen and women, writers, journalists and people from all walks of life came for a coffee, rakia and conversation. The impromptu gatherings became recurrent and Saturday mornings became a sort of “salon chez Vera.” Ideas were exchanged and joint projects were erected in those 60 years that Vera occupied and created within her atelier in Ilica 110.\nShe first obtained use of the atelier as a master student of sculptor at the Art Academy across the street. Originally the atelier had been a bakery that many years later, with the help of architect friends and workers, she turned into her workspace where she created sculptures, jewelry, graphics, and reliefs in ceramics, galvanoplastics, bronze and plaster.\nToday her atelier is undergoing transformation so that it can be used as the working space of several artists, in what we call the Creative Collective Space.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://smart-car.tech/blog/2015hondaaccord/", "date": "2020-10-21T21:02:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107878633.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021205955-20201021235955-00415.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9818404912948608, "token_count": 2641, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__153008101", "lang": "en", "text": "There was a time when the world was introduced to cars to carry people from one place to the other, and there was also a time when style started becoming constant. Among a mighty league of car manufacturers, is one such brand that is known for its presence in both, two and four wheeler segments. Honda, a Japanese automobile giant was founded in December 1995. There is one such car that is considered a blend of Luxury and sportiness wrapped in a Sedan. Yes, the Honda Accord is on of the most sought after sedan cars that are available in most countries. This car directly competes with Toyota Camry and carries a long history (but I’ll try my best to keep it short, I promise ) History of Accord: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-Rkj6-L0YQ The name itself grants power, status or recognition to its owner. It was considered a boring car in the United States of America; hopefully the all-new 2015 Accord would manage to run over that accusation.[caption id=\"attachment_2627\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"559\"] Image Source: www.pattypeckhonda.com[/caption] 1976-2014 A journey of 38 years: Similar to our lives, the Accord has had its share of ups and downs. Lets accelerate through 38 years (approximately) with the Honda Accord. It stated off with the successful but diminutive Civic that was one of the most preferred cars in America, but that was replaced by the Accord that made an ever-lasting impression in America, the sales were pretty good right from the very beginning. With more space, came greater power and more economy (America was facing fuel crisis) and more so hassle free parking. The Accord was initially available as a 2-door hatchback with comfortable seating and logical control/gauge placements as well as high quality switchgear. The car was known for its generous standard equipment list that included AM/FM stereo radio, rear defroster/ wiper/washer and remote hatch release. The Accord had a 1.6 liter four cylinder engine that had 68-horse power. During ’76 American V8’s were struggling with the 140 horsepower producing engines, Honda’s CVCC head design was produced that was not only clean, it also provided an efficient combustion. During 1978, an LX version of the Accord was launched that had lady luxury’s grace, the upholstery, air conditioning, digital clock were majorly responsible for the growth in the sales of the Accord cars. During 1979, the accord family saw a logical expansion phase that added a four-door sedan as the Toyota Corona’s major adversary. It was 9 inches longer than the opponent due to its three-body box style. The engine advanced to a 1.8 liter, 72 hp engines; there were a few more advancements such as oil cooler, power steering as well as a tachometer. Not many changes were incorporated in the year 1980, however the year 1981 was an exciting one for Honda. There was an introduction of the luxury trim level sedan called the SE, this was no ordinary sedan, this accord had style, and it was the babe on the roads. With uber chic features like leather seating, power windows, door locks, alloy wheels, a sound system with cassette deck, this was a way bigger deal than owning a super car now. Adding to the glory of Honda, the Accord was revamped in the year 1982 with a 3inch increase in its wheelbase and its length by 2 inches. The new version was more spacious and it provided more room space for rear seat passengers. The all new body and plush interiors were quite delightful and modish. The new 1.8-liter engine had increased hp (75) During 1982, Honda started producing Accord’s in the US, and by 1991 the Marysville Ohio plant produced over 3,50,000 cars for American Consumers. Improvements were a must and the Accord kept getting bigger and better, the year 1983 was when Honda accord was given a four-speed auto unit that replaced the three-speed unit. The second generation Honda Accord’s came to an end in the year 1985. But just before bidding farewell, a special four-door version was offered to celebrate its success, it was called the SE-i. This indicates the engine's induction was by fuel injection unlike the other Accords. This limited edition was one of a kind and generated a lot of interest. In 1986, Honda took a big leap with the newly introduced version that was built on a better theme than before, the wheel base was increased by 6 inches and the vehicle length was elongated by 3 more inches. The slender looks were given a major priority. The new accords were bigger and heavier than before and so, their engine’s had also evolved to 2 liters and managed to produce 98 HP with the DX and LX trims and 110 HP in the fuel-injected versions. That was exactly when; the new suspension named “wish bone” was added to the Accords to provide better handling and better comfort. There was a heated up battle between the family sedan producing cars in the US, especially Toyota and Honda and it was evident that race enthusiasts chose Honda ( the Toyota was termed as the poor man’s BMW ) With a few minor changes, the Honda Accords were introduced till 1989. But, 1990 was a revolutionary year for yet another breed of Accords. The all-new 1990 Accord underwent a major overhaul and it was bigger in size and quite powerful, terming this car the best selling car in America. This lasted for a period of 3 continuous years (1990-1992) Only sedans were available and the hatchbacks were completely out, the wheel base of the new cars were increased and measured a total of 107.1 inches, the accord had gained weight too, it was close to 3000 pounds. Styling was given equal importance and the car looked sportier than ever. Fuel injectors were standard and the engine also went through a major upgrade, the 2.2 liter engine had the power of 125 ponies in both the DX and LX versions and the EX version was as powerful as 130 horses. Auto transmission and electronic controls were added. In 1992, the accords were equipped with drivers side Airbags and got rid of the shoulder belts that were mandatory according to the government’s safety norms. Not many changes were incorporated in the years that followed, the engines were upgraded and so did the horsepower. [caption id=\"attachment_2628\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1500\"] Image Source: sterlingtowing.com[/caption] ARRIVAL OF THE V6: During 1995, the first V6 engine powered Accords were rolled out and were made available in LX and EX Sedan variants. The new engine was adapted from the 1991 Acura legend and had 170 HP mated to a 4-speed auto transmission, the engine was quieter and smoother than the 4 cylinder versions. There were a few upscale features like the moon roof and CD deck added to the cars. Honda kept on increasing and the cars got bigger and better, the cars looked better, slender and more desirable every time. The new VTEC system was added to Honda cars with a 2.3 liter inline four engine that had 150 HP as well as the newly launched V6 version that had a 3 liter engine and produced 200 Hp. Owing to interior and exterior changes in the previous years, the 2002 Honda Accord had marked the fifth year of the generation cycle. Honda had introduced an SE trim level model which was available in a coupe format too, the audio systems were upgraded, the drivers sear and the power adjustments were improved, there was the introduction of the keyless entry too. The 2003 models had an exciting theme, which was much needed from Honda, and so, the Accord’s engines were more powerful and the design was just the thing to boost up its reputation. The new engines had V6 power and the 2.4-liter engine produced 160 hp whereas the 3-liter version produced 240 hp. There was an introduction of a five speed automatic and a 6 speed manual transmission. That was the exact year when the 3 models were made available again; the DX base model, LX (equipped) model and Luxury EX model which had all the top notch features such as; Heated leather seats, power passenger seat, dual-zone climate control, power moon roof and alloy wheels, there was also a navigation system (optional) During 2005, the Accord made a grand debut with a super high fuel efficiency goal, the V6 engine now produced 255 Hp and its performance was brisk and it could cover 0-60 in 7.5 seconds. The new Accord gave an average of 23.8 mpg which was disappointing as compared to the estimated 29 mpg (city) and 37 mpg (highway) the Honda had new looks, new tail lights and illuminated steering wheel controls, the front seat side airbags and head curtain air bags were added. Honda did not stop, it kept the tradition going, and the 2006 model had a few evident changes such as the revised front and rear fascias and new taillights. The sedan was now made available in 6 speed manual transmission, the suspension settings were revised and the car had 17-inch alloy wheels, the Air conditioning was revised and cruise control was added. The journey post 2008 had incorporated new design aesthetics in the new Honda Accord models, the size of the car got roomier and more powerful, keeping the fuel economy in sight, the styling was quite aggressive (it was adopted form the Acura TL) and it was quite desirable. The new 2.4 liter 177 hp producing engine was better than before, the EX model has a 190 hp producing engine and there was another model that produced 268 hp with a 3.5 liter engine. The 2009 model wasn't too different; the V6 engine produced 271 hp. There weren't many noticeable changes. But all of that is finally going to change with the all-new 2015 Honda Accord. THE ALL-NEW HONDA ACCORD (2015) The 2015 Honda Accord is going to be one of the best mid size sedans to hit the market. Being one of the most preferred Family sedan world wide, previous versions of the Accord have carried minimal complaints and owners have been happy with the performance. The all-new Accord is set to carry the same legacy ahead, it might also be one of the most competing and preferred cars in 2015. WHAT'S NEW? [caption id=\"attachment_2624\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"] Image Source: www.2014carsnews.com[/caption] The car looks almost like the previous version but new features have been added to make it more desirable. The interiors have been modified so well that they would definitely spoil the customer, even the dashboard has a complete new look and has high quality plastic additives. Being a Japanese by birth, this Honda car is going to have an abundance of technology, the all new climate control, Bluetooth enabled system, USB connectivity, rear view mirror cameras, collision warning, blind spot guidance, air bags as well as a dedicated monitor.With a little extra money, you could also fit in the \"World Pandora\" music, Digital photography assistance, high quality LED lights. [caption id=\"attachment_2629\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"] Image Source: carsrelease2014-2015.com[/caption] ENGINE: The car will be available in a 2.4 litre variant that would generate 185 HP and for those who like to live life on the edge, there is a 3 liter V6 engine variant that produces 278 Bhp (if you are willing to pay that much) [caption id=\"attachment_2626\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"615\"] Image Source: www.2015newcarsmodels.com[/caption] LAUNCH & PRICE: The Honda Accord would strike the American market with a well thought out price ranging from $ 25,000 to $ 40,000. This car would compete directly with the upcoming Toyota Camry 2015. There is going to be a certain price difference between both. The Accord should launch by the 3rd quarter of 2014. [caption id=\"attachment_2625\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1280\"] Image Source: www.xhza.com[/caption] BOTTOM LINE: Honda is one of the most trusted automobile brands world wide. The all new Accord is going to be better than ever and it is certain to attract buyers who like cars that can do more than just carry a person from one place to the other. Let's find out which of the two cars (Honda Accord and Toyota Camry) performs better.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://choosewashingtonstate.com/success-stories/oberto-sausage-company/", "date": "2024-02-23T19:31:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00357.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9765406250953674, "token_count": 631, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__872098", "lang": "en", "text": "The pepperoni-powered American Dream.\nThe story of the Oberto Sausage Company originates in Italy in 1918. It was there that a young Constantino Oberto, like many immigrants at the turn of the century, dreamed of a better life for him and his family. Heeding the advice of his Uncle John, Constantino moved to America, eventually arriving in Seattle, a place, his uncle told him, where a hard working entrepreneur couldn’t help but succeed.\nRelying on traditional family recipes, Constantino and John set up a small salami and sausage shop on South King Street. The company grew steadily over the years until tragedy struck the family unexpectedly in 1943. Constantino died, leaving the task of running the company to his wife Antoinetta and a young son.\nArt Oberto was just 16 at the time and the future of his family and the company depended on him. He could have easily sold the business and few would have blamed him if he did. The country was in the midst of war and that meant meat rationing. A little sausage maker in Seattle was low on the priority list, so much so that a sympathetic meat inspector talked other butchers into giving the teenager some of their meat to keep the Oberto Sausage Company in business.\nBut quitting wasn’t something Art knew how to do. Instead, he rose to the task, opening the factory each morning before he headed off to school. After class, he’d load up the company’s delivery truck and make the rounds, selling the company’s sausage, salami and coppacola to anyone who would buy.\nNot only was Art a natural born salesman, but he was also a resourceful entrepreneur. It was he and his wife Dorothy who came up with the idea for a new product for Oberto, something a local distributor had shown them. Soon, Beef Jerky started to flow from the Oberto Sausage Company and even today, it’s the company’s biggest seller.\nOberto has gone on to become a national brand that is still locally loved. Its product line includes other familiar brands, including Lowrey’s Meat Snacks, Pacific Gold Meat Snacks and Smokecraft.\nBut it’s the jerky and pepperoni that keeps customers coming back. So much so that the company announced plans to open a new plant in 2013 in Nashville to keep up with demand. The new facility joins the 170,000 square foot Oberto plant in Kent, Washington.\nThough Art isn’t involved in running the business on a day-to-day basis any longer, you’ll still find him out and about, serving as its front man and biggest cheerleader. A true Washington original, Art has been part of the fabric of the community for the last 85 years, including being a longtime sponsor of the Oh, Boy! Oberto hydroplane, which not only captured the sport’s national championship several times but also served as the company’s fastest, most recognizable billboard.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.loftmodern.com/collections/nemo-italianaluce", "date": "2023-09-27T18:11:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00161.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8803412318229675, "token_count": 195, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__325799407", "lang": "en", "text": "Established in Milan in 1993 by Franco Cassina, Nemo stands as a hallmark in Italian design, rooted in a lineage of pioneering innovations. Under the ownership of Federico Palazzari, Nemo proudly presents 'The Masters' collection, a distinctive array of lamps envisioned by twentieth-century luminaries like Le Corbusier, Charlotte Perriand, Vico Magistretti, Franco Albini, and Kazuhide Takahama. Additionally, Nemo collaborates with contemporary visionaries such as Mario Bellini, Jean Nouvel, Andrea Branzi, Bernhard Osann, and Arihiro Miyake to craft modern icons. In 2020, the acquisition of Turin-based Ilti Luce led to the birth of Nemo Studio, dedicated to pioneering architectural lighting solutions for museums, retail spaces, and outdoor environments. Today, Nemo's global presence spans Milan, France, and the United States, boasting distribution networks across 40+ countries.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dominionpress.bigcartel.com/product/wotan-s-awakening", "date": "2023-12-09T21:18:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00718.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9327587485313416, "token_count": 504, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__163951503", "lang": "en", "text": "Wotan’s Awakening: The Life and Times of Guido von List, 1848–1919\nby Eckehard Lenthe\nTranslated by Annabel Lee\n488 pages, 6” x 9”, high-quality interior stock, sewn signatures, bound in burgundy cloth with foil stamping and inlaid portrait.\nThis is the ultimate biography of the Austrian occultist and rune-mystic Guido von List (1848–1919), a key figure in the esoteric Germanic revival who was occupied with questions of language, the occult, mythology, history, and national identity. This was a tumultuous time in central Europe, spanning from the era of industrial and democratic revolutions to the catastrophe of the first World War and the complete dissolution of the Austrian Empire.\nGuido von List dedicated himself to researching, defending, and nourishing archaic Germanic traditions. He was an adventurer, mountaineer, and renaissance man who expressed his ideas in various ways, among them as a playwright, editor, journalist, and author. His life intersected with other important figures of the day: philosophers, pagan theologists and theosophists, artists, politicians, and writers.\nList sought to understand the spiritual landscape that lies under the visible one, and he anchored the present to the past by drawing attention to the magical landscape of his native land, unlocking the secrets of its place-names and hidden symbols. List’s special interests included mythology, heraldry, etymology, history, and folklore—disciplines in which he rediscovered ancient Germanic themes and brought them once more into the light.\nIllustrated with numerous rare images, this biography was written with great care and detail and represents a unique and sympathetic insider’s view. Much of the information in the book derives from the author’s extensive personal archives, which are the harvest of decades of research. Beyond the fascinating story of List’s life, Wotan’s Awakening contains extensive appendices and bibliographies, making it a primary sourcebook on fin-de-siècle Austria and Germany, and the lesser-known spiritual, cultural, and political currents of the age.\nWotan’s Awakening is impeccably designed in the style of the original publications of the Guido von List Society and is now available in a deluxe limited edition of 400 copies. Each book also includes a few special enclosures.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://emory.prestosports.com/sports/mswimdive/2023-24/releases/20240205m4f30r", "date": "2024-03-01T16:54:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475422.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301161412-20240301191412-00717.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9854716658592224, "token_count": 413, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__204090749", "lang": "en", "text": "Emory University swimming legend Andrew Wilson has been inducted into the inaugural College Swimming and Diving Coaches Association (CSCAA) Division III Hall of Fame as announced by the organization on January 30th. The inaugural induction ceremony is set to take place at the CSCAA Annual Awards Celebration on May 6, 2024, hosted at the illustrious Hyatt Regency in downtown Indianapolis.\nWilson is one of 38 outstanding swimmers, divers, and coaches to be inducted into the inaugural class. Each member of the class was selected for their remarkable achievements and profound impact on collegiate swimming and diving. Few swimmers had their presence felt more than Wilson, first as he dominated as an Eagle and then as a member of Team USA on the world's stage.\nWith Emory, Wilson put together one of the greatest careers of any Division III athlete in any sport. Over the course of his career, Wilson was a two-time CSCAA and UAA Swimmer of the Year, a 10-time national champion including six as an individual, and 17-time All-American. He established five Division III records and was a two-time Academic All-American of the Year. He led Emory to its first-ever men's national championship after returning to school after spending the previous year trying to qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympics.\nAfter graduating in 2017, Wilson continued to swim professionally and went on to make history as he became the first-ever Division III swimmer to represent the United States at the 2020 Olympic games. In Tokyo, Wilson captured a gold medal as part of the men's 4x100 Medley Relay and finished tied for sixth in the 100 Breaststroke. He also competed in the 200 Breaststroke where he placed 17th and competed in prelims of the first-ever 4x100 mixed Medley Relay.\nWilson was a recipient of the NCAA postgraduate scholarship as a senior and went on to complete his master's degree in Applied Mathematics at the University of Oxford in England following his retirement from swimming.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oatens.com/", "date": "2023-06-02T02:24:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648245.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602003804-20230602033804-00548.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9256572723388672, "token_count": 441, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__222233068", "lang": "en", "text": "50 YEARS IN BUSINESS\nVisit our showroom to see the difference.\nSPEND OVER $500 IN-STORE AND YOU’RE IN THE DRAW!\nTERMS & CONDITIONS APPLY. NSW Permit #TP/02407 See website for details.\nOaten’s has come a long way. From humble beginnings in 1973, Oaten’s has evolved into a modern 2002m² showroom which boasts one of the largest displays of exclusive fine furniture and household products between Port Macquarie and Tweed Heads.\nFamily-owned and operated, the Oaten’s team has a strong reputation across the Northern Rivers region for their service and knowledge.\n1973 | Bill & Colleen opened the Kyogle Appliance Centre, selling electrical appliances.\n1979 | The business expanded into furniture\n1979 | Moved business to the Roxy Theatre building in Geneva Street. Bill & Colleen owned the Roxy for about 5 years.\n1980 | Opens a store at Casino Fair in Walker Street. W.A. OATEN PTY LTD – trading as Oaten’s\n1980 | Bill was joined by his older brother, Earl who lived in Casino.\n1981 | Mark (second child), joined his father in the family business after finishing school.\n1983 | Moved the Casino store from Casino Fair to 150-152 Canterbury Street Casino.\n1984 | Moved the store in Kyogle from the Roxy Theatre the to the Main Street in Kyogle.\n1987 | The Kyogle business was moved completely to the Casino.\n1989 | Bill & Colleen bought the land and building at 150-152 Canterbury Street Casino.\n2003 | A major remodelling project doubled the showroom floor to 2000m2 making Oaten’s home to one of the largest displays of fine furniture and quality household goods from Port Macquarie to Tweed Heads.\n2023 | Celebrate 50 years of business.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mytravelbay.com/treasures-of-england-tour-package-2012-go-collette-europe-guided-travel/", "date": "2018-05-21T11:09:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864063.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521102758-20180521122758-00629.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8678407669067383, "token_count": 322, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__94908374", "lang": "en", "text": "Experience leisurely stays in England’s beautiful countryside. Enjoy a classic English “Cream Tea” as you ride a restored steam train through the Cotswolds. Sail the picturesque Lake District, made famous by poets and artists, on a genuine Victorian steam yacht. Visit the elaborate 1st century Roman spas of Bath. Learn more about the ‘fab four’ at the “Beatles Story” museum. Visit Glastonbury Abbey to view the reputed resting place of King Arthur and explore Tintagel, believed to be the original Camelot Castle. See the spot from where the Pilgrims set sail. Tour the famed Wedgwood China factory. Enjoy time for lunch in the Cornish fishing village of Padstow. Experience British tradition during an overnight in a Manor House hotel. From Liverpool to rolling landscapes, from Salisbury Cathedral to Stonehenge, these are England’s treasures. See photos, itinerary map, and more tour details for England’s Treasures tour package:\nSubscribe to Collette’s Official YouTube Channel for Travel Destination Inspirations:\nVisit Collette’s Website:\nConnect with Collette on Social Media\nCall 0800 804 8705 for more information on Collette.\nThe next article was originally published to Treasures of England Tour Package 2012 | Go Collette | Europe Guided Travel and is courtesy of My Travel Bay. Find more on: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvXjGdmL4-Y", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ourindonesiatoday.com/landscape-of-the-soul-indonesias-forgotten-history/", "date": "2024-04-24T16:43:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819668.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424143432-20240424173432-00063.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9800629019737244, "token_count": 1434, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__93893733", "lang": "en", "text": "“By Ron Witton”\nIn the 1960’s I completed BA and MA honours degrees in Indonesian and Malayan Studies from the University of Sydney and then went on to gain a doctoral degree from Cornell University focusing on Indonesia. Since then I have taught Indonesian social sciences and have also worked as an Indonesian interpreter and translator. I have continued visiting Indonesia since my first visit in 1962 and taught for a while in post graduate social sciences at Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. With that background, I thought I had fairly good grounding in Indonesian history and society.\nHowever, this confidence was profoundly shaken when, by chance, I was in the NSW country town of Coffs Harbour and happened to visit the town’s art gallery. There I was confronted by an exhibition entitled “Landscape of the Soul: A Mixed Media Exhibition Illustrating the Experience of European Dutch and Eurasian People in Indonesia During the Japanese Occupation, the Revolution and After”.\nWhat I learnt was that soon after Indonesian independence was declared on 17 August 1945, there occurred the most horrific massacres of men, women and children who were of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, a profoundly important historical event but one that has hardly entered academic, let alone popular, historical consciousness. Since then, I have begun reading about what happened in that period. I have come to realise that the main reason I was unaware of those events is that it is only in the in the last ten years that academic scholarship has begun to examine those events and their significance. At the end of this article, I have listed some of the materials that have helped me begin to understand what moved Frances Larder to create the wall hangings that artistically re-create this forgotten period of Indonesian history.\nIn my readings about this period I was soon introduced to two terms: Binnenkampers and Buitenkampers. Binnenkampers (i.e.in-campers) refers to the over 100,000 Dutch nationals who were held from 1942 to 1945 in Japanese internment camps while Buitenkampers (i.e. out of-campers) refers to the over 250,000 Dutch nationals who remained outside the camps for the duration of the war. The majority of this latter group were those of mixed Indonesian and European descent (“Eurasians”). It should also be remembered that among the Eurasians there was a comparatively small number who were of mixed Chinese-European descent.\nDutch colonial law provided for the Dutch citizenship of the father to be passed on to children of mixed Eurasian parenthood, and so the majority of Eurasians were considered to be Dutch nationals. Before the war, while there was very little racial strife, the “Indos”, the somewhat derogatory term used to refer to Eurasians, had a sharply demarcated social position within the colonial society of the Dutch East Indies. Having often had more schooling than native Indonesians and being fluent in Dutch, they generally had relatively good employment prospects compared to most Indonesians. However, they were generally restricted to inferior or limited positions such as clerks, petty officials and NCOs. Nevertheless, they generally felt themselves to be part of Dutch society, albeit colonial society, and had a high level of loyalty to the Netherlands.\nIronically, some Eurasians had in fact been party to a very early nationalist attempt in 1911 to form a political party to promote an independent country free from Holland. However, the Dutch government refused to recognise the party and exiled its leaders. As Indonesian nationalism grew in the 1920s and 1930s, Eurasians increasingly saw their fortunes linked to the colonial order.\nThis then is the background to the events immediately following the declaration of Indonesian independence when there occurred what has been described as a “brief genocide”. The Japanese had trained many young Indonesians in martial arts and had instilled in them the idea that the “enemy” were the Americans, the English and the Dutch. With the surrender of the Japanese and the immediate declaration of Indonesia’s independence by Sukarno and Hatta, the prospect of the re-establishment of Dutch rule resulted in an intense level of paranoia of the Dutch and anyone who supported the Dutch, whether that was the British troops who landed and were ordered to restore Dutch rule or local Dutch nationals who were often characterised as spies and supporters of NICA, the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration.\nIronically the Dutch who were in internment camps were to a certain extent protected from such attacks, particularly as they could return to such camps which provided them with a level of protection. However, many, many thousands of Eurasians had no protection at all and were brutally massacred by rampaging Indonesians who saw this as a way of expressing their support for Independence. It is significant that as a student of Indonesian history I was taught about Dutch soldiers such as Raymond “Turk” Westerling who massacred many thousands of Indonesian civilians in support of Dutch counter-insurgency efforts against the Indonesian nationalist movement. However, we were never taught the names of Indonesians, such as Sabarudin, who helped coordinate and carry out the massacre of Eurasian men, women and children. While there has been some attention paid to the atrocities carried out in such locations as the Simpang Club in Surabaya, there are many sites of massacres that have been lost to the historical record. The parallel with the little known locations of many of the 1965 massacres that occurred throughout Indonesia need hardly be stressed.\nIt is clear that only in the last 10 years has there begun to be a body of scholarship examining this period of Indonesian history and Frances Larder’s exhibition helps one to begin to comprehend the historical trajectory of events before, during and after the Japanese occupation. Of particular concern has been the effect that those horrific events had on the children of Eurasians in that period, and indeed Frances Larder was a child during that period. Such children are now quite elderly but remain the only eyewitnesses. Their vivid recollections of that terrifying period and the effect it had on their lives is what makes the Dutch documentary (with English subtitles) Buitenkampers , so heartbreakingly moving.\nFrances Larder’s exhibition, through her wonderful wall hangings, supplemented by historical mixed media materials, records Eurasian colonial life, the privations of the Japanese occupation, the killings following the Japanese surrender, the exodus of some 100,000 Eurasians to Indonesia after independence, their alienation and isolation in Holland, and the subsequent migration of some of them to Australia.\nI am pleased that the Sydney’s Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre was the second gallery to host her exhibition, and that an exhibition in Melbourne is already being planned. This is an exhibition that deserves to travel from gallery to gallery across Australia to help further Australia’s understanding of both the diverse heritages that migrants have brought here and the particular experience of Australia’s Indo-Eurasian citizens.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://basketballjoy.com/is-basketball-in-the-olympics/", "date": "2022-10-06T13:40:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00019.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9742832183837891, "token_count": 1527, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__68716906", "lang": "en", "text": "Since basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, it has become a global game marked by American dominance.\nEven though the first modern Olympic games were held five years after basketball began, it took the invention of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (FIBA) in 1932 to move the game into the Olympics.\nIs basketball in the Olympics? Basketball has been in the Olympics since 1936, and women’s basketball was introduced in 1976. There are also basketball competitions in the Paralympics, and in 2020, the Games included a new format of basketball (3 x 3).\nHistory of Basketball in the Olympics\nThe 1936 Olympics in Berlin was the first time basketball was included, and the teams played it on an outdoor tennis court. In 1948, it was held in an indoor stadium and has been ever since.\nFor the next 20 years, the United States dominated the sport without losing a single game and without fielding a single NBA player. Instead, the Olympic basketball team was made up exclusively of college players.\nIn 1972, the U.S. suffered a controversial loss to the Soviet Union but reclaimed the gold in 1976. Also in 1976, the Olympic Games included women’s basketball for the first time.\nSince 1996, the United States’ women’s team has gone undefeated. Sue Bird and Diana Taurasi have five Olympic gold medals, the highest number of Olympic gold medals for any basketball player of any gender.\nTypes of Basketball Played at the Olympics\nThere are six different basketball events in the Olympic Games:\n- Men’s Basketball\n- Women’s Basketball\n- Men’s 3×3 Basketball\n- Women’s 3×3 Basketball\n- Men’s Wheelchair Basketball\n- Women’s Wheelchair Basketball\nMen’s basketball has been played in every Olympic games since 1904. The International Olympic Committee admitted women’s basketball in 1976, and that competition has been included ever since. The 2020 Olympic Games featured men’s and women’s 3×3 basketball for the first time.\nSince 1960, the Summer Paralympics featured men’s wheelchair basketball. In 1968, the Paralympics added a women’s wheelchair basketball competition.\nIt’s interesting to note that the Paralympics included women’s basketball before the standard Summer Olympics.\nWhat Is 3 x 3 Basketball?\nA quick overview: 3 x 3 basketball features two teams that start with three players and one alternate each. The teams play for 10 minutes or until one team hits 21 points.\nThe game is played on a half-court and was widespread globally in an informal way. Since 2007, FIBA has offered multiple tournaments and set standardized rules for the competitions.\nIn 2020, the women’s U.S. team won gold, the Russian Olympic Committee won silver, and China won third. The men’s competition resulted in Latvia taking gold, the Russian Olympic Committee taking silver, and Serbia taking bronze.\nWhat Country Has the Most Basketball Olympic Medals?\nThe U.S. men’s team has the most gold medals (16) and the most overall medals (19). The Soviet Union has the most silver medals (4) and the most bronze medals (3).\nThe U.S. women’s team has the most gold medals (9) and the most overall medals (11). Australia has to most silver medals (3) and the most bronze medals (2).\nEven though basketball is a global sport, America and Americans’ influence on the game is undeniable. From its roots in the winter of Massachusetts to Tokyo in 2020 and beyond, basketball is a sport with a worldwide presence and elite levels of competition.\nNBA Players In the Olympics\nFor many years, players from the National Basketball Association were barred from playing in the Olympic Games since the Olympics were meant to be for amateur athletes.\nHowever, other countries would get around this rule by giving players “allowances” instead of “wages.” Some Eastern Bloc countries listed their Olympians as being in the military when they were, in fact, just paid by the state to be athletes.\nThus, in 1989, FIBA decided that NBA players would, in fact, be allowed to play in the Olympics. This decision led to the renewed American dominance in the sport and the formation of the so-called Dream Team.\nThe 1992 U.S. Dream Team\nEleven players made up the basketball team that headed to the Olympics. Ten of them were NBA players, most at the peak of their careers, and one was a college basketball player.\nThey came from across the league, with eight NBA teams sending players. Additionally, a college player was chosen to honor the tradition of the U.S. Olympic team featuring college players.\nChicago Bulls: Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen\nThese two had led the Bulls to the first two of their championship three-peat just weeks before the Olympics. Michael Jordan was instrumental in building the Dream Team.\nThere are even rumors that he made sure that his rival Isiah Thomas didn’t make it onto the team. However, instead of using his fame to be the poster child of the Dream Team, Jordan supported Magic Johnson and Larry Bird being co-captains.\nBoston Celtics: Larry Bird\nAt 35 years old, Larry Bird was the oldest player on the Dream Team. His storied career was marred by a back injury that caused him to miss 37 games in his final NBA season (1991-1992).\nDespite the injury, Larry Bird played phenomenally in the Olympics. Playing on the Dream Team was a wonderful swan song for the basketball legend, who retired after taking home the gold.\nLos Angeles Lakers: Magic Johnson\nMagic Johnson had already been diagnosed with HIV, and he had retired from the NBA in 1991. Due to his diagnosis, he and the team faced scrutiny.\nThe Australian Olympic Committee said they would boycott due to concerns that Magic would infect other players. In 1991, HIV was highly stigmatized, but this treatment of Magic Johnson actually garnered him more support. The Australian team did show up, walking back on their previous threats.\nSan Antonio Spurs: David Robinson\nThis was actually the Admiral’s second Olympic appearance, since he played on the 1988 Olympic team. Although he graduated from the United States Naval Academy and was drafted in 1987, he had to complete obligatory military service.\nSince he hadn’t started playing professionally yet, he was allowed to play in the Olympics in 1988, the last year that active NBA players weren’t allowed to participate.\nThe rest of the players came from the following NBA teams:\n- Utah Jazz: John Stockton and Karl Malone\n- New York Knicks: Patrick Ewing\n- Golden State Warriors: Chris Mullin\n- Philadelphia 76ers: Charles Barkley\n- Portland Trail Blazers: Clyde Drexler", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bikecurious.blog/category/fleet/", "date": "2018-07-15T22:45:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589022.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180715222830-20180716002830-00064.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9644566178321838, "token_count": 545, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__110048781", "lang": "en", "text": "You may have seen the ‘before’ pics of this bike here. It’s an early Colnago Saronni – that is to say, it’s a Colnago Super. rebranded and badged by Ernesto to honour his ‘favourite son’, Beppe Saronni. In due course the brand expanded and was eventually sold off, so the later bikes were made by other Italian builders like Technotrat. Great bikes in their own right, but not Colnagos, despite what unscrupulous eBayers will tell you. The term Saronni is now associated more with the deep metallic burgundy colour of the bike Saronni rode (see my Colnago Super for an … Continue reading Colnago Saronni in red, but not Saronni Red!\nThe iconic Colnago Super. I’ve had a few over the years, and refined it down to this one. Simple, classic, clean, bloody good looking and in the iconic ‘Saronni Red’. Now, ironically, I also have a red Colnago Saronni which isn’t in this red. I collected this one on a trip to Italy a while ago and it will be heading back there with me for Eroica in October 2018 – and very possibly to Flanders for the Retro Ronde in June. Continue reading Colnago Super – in Saronni Red\nThis is my Practical Superbike – a steel framed Colnago Tecnos, dating from 2002. According to Laura Paolini at Colnago (the source of all available serial number information on Colnagos) it was originally “color AD10, I think it has later been repainted in AD14”. AD10 was the light blue version of the same Art Deco colour scheme and yellow was the primary colour of the team that owned it before me. It’s an ex-team bike, from a German domestic outfit but these days is fitted with a much more friendly Campagnolo triple crankset. In fact, it’s Campagnolo throughout, but a bit … Continue reading Colnago Tecnos\nIn the late 1980s and early 1990s while steel still reigned supreme, the frame builders of the world were waiting for the next big thing. Vitus in France had been making their bonded aluminium frames since the 1970s, while in … Continue reading Raleigh DynaTech 300\nHere’s a quick gallery of the Family Fleet as it stands today. Click on each image for a little more about each bike, Continue reading N+1", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kooga.co.nz/napier-old-boys-marist-rfc/", "date": "2019-02-19T07:12:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00315.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9715324640274048, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__164134356", "lang": "en", "text": "Merge two of Hawkes Bays most successful clubs and the result is Napier Old Boys Marist, a powerful force in Hawke’s Bay Sport.\nThe new organisation was formed from the amalgamation of Marist and Napier Old Boys clubs in late 1990. Both clubs have a proud history of sporting success since being founded in the early 1900’s. They are in fact among the Bays most successful clubs, with a total of some 26 Maddison Trophy titles between them within a 60 year period. Napier Old Boys, established in 1910, won the first of their 15 inter town championships in 1930, while Marist, founded in 1908, first became champions in 1936 and finished with 11.\nAnyone around during the heady days of the 1960’s and early 1970’s will relate tales of titanic battles between the two clubs for inter town supremacy. Games between the McLean Park based clubs often attracted crowds of 4000 to 5000 , more than for most Bay Rep matches these days.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://networkingarchives.org/research/", "date": "2021-08-03T06:20:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154432.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803061431-20210803091431-00048.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9232994914054871, "token_count": 749, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__96707820", "lang": "en", "text": "During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries Europeans accessed increasingly effective and economical means of exchanging letters within and across boundaries. In their most political functions, correspondence networks gathered information necessary for the consolidation of state authority. At their most esoteric, they were devoted to the exchange of ideas within a trans-national community of learned men and women known as the ‘republic of letters’. Although handled in separate historical literatures, these two types of ‘intelligencing’ overlapped: on the one hand, ‘men of letters’ possessed the linguistic, rhetorical, diplomatic skills, and networks required to obtain the information vital to emerging states; on the other, states possessed the abundant resources and the best infrastructures for collecting and disseminating information.\nThe study of both kinds of early modern intelligencing has been hindered because scholars have lacked both large quantities of high-quality epistolary data and the tools and quantitative methods needed to analyse the networks documented by them.\n‘Networking Archives’ addresses these challenges by bringing together the data, tools, methods, and expertise of two existing projects to perform four conceptually distinct but chronologically overlapping tasks.\nUniting existing data. The first task will be to unite the existing resources created by the two projects: Early Modern Letters Online (EMLO) the published union catalogue created by the Mellon-funded ‘Cultures of Knowledge’ project in Oxford, and the unpublished epistolary data extracted from the 16th-century Domestic and Foreign State Papers Online collected by the AHRC-funded ‘Tudor Networks of Power’ (TNoP) project in Queen Mary University London and Cambridge.\nCurating new data. The second task will be to combine the editorial tools and expertise of the two projects to curate a third dataset: the records of letters in the Stuart State Papers Online. Added to EMLO, this will create a consolidated meta-archive of c. 450,000 letter records provide the materials for a fresh wave of research into the early modern ‘intelligencing’ networks and the role of intelligencers between the accession of Henry Tudor in 1509 and the death of Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch, in 1714.\nAnalysing the meta-archive. The third and principal phase of work will combine quantitative network analysis of this data with traditional research approaches to discover what the ‘meta-archive’ reveals about the ways in which ‘intelligence’ was gathered and transmitted in the early modern period, in the service both of consolidating of state authority and open intellectual exchange within the international ‘republic of letters’. To explore the utility of the data, software, and methods in pursuing this objective, the project team will undertake a series of collaborative, interdisciplinary ‘laboratories’ in which experiments will be conducted on the newly curated and merged datasets.\nPropagating methods. The fourth programme of work will expand these laboratories into two training schools and a colloquium designed to introduce a cohort of colleagues in early career through the process of data-cleaning, data-formatting, network analysis, and critical methods for incorporating their findings into historical scholarship.\nThe research outputs from all these activities will be presented in a variety of traditional and non-traditional humanities publications, including large-scale datasets, technical papers, peer-reviewed scholarly articles, a popular history on espionage and surveillance in the early modern world, a collaboratively researched case study of intelligencing at the centre of the meta-archive, and an edited collection of essays emerging from the project’s training schools and colloquia.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wiskfoods.com/ae-en/artisans/cottage-delight-jams-marmalades-chutneys-curds-honey-UAE", "date": "2023-12-05T23:00:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00673.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.920891284942627, "token_count": 143, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__151169580", "lang": "en", "text": "Jam artisan, founder of Cottage Delight\nPassion for quality and taste\nIn 1974, Nigel Cope could be seen first creating fabulous fudge in his kitchen at home in the Staffordshire Moorlands, founding the Cottage Delight brand. Over the years, Nigel’s passion for quality and taste expanded the Cottage Delight range to include juicy jams, dreamy curds, chunky chutneys, marvellous marmalades, and so much more. After four decades, Nigel has retired but his ethos remains at the core of Cottage Delight, which still resides in the heart of the Staffordshire Moorlands and still create Nigel’s fabulous fudge recipe.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://serendipityandfamilyhistory.com/2019/05/27/a-memorial-day-miracle/", "date": "2023-03-29T06:34:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00210.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9898010492324829, "token_count": 1242, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__120966055", "lang": "en", "text": "In 2014, I had the opportunity to accompany my husband on a work trip to Hilton Head Island in South Carolina during the week before Memorial Day. The weather was great, the ocean was beautiful, and I had plenty of time to catch up on some projects. I had never been to South Carolina, and I figured it would be unlikely to have another opportunity to visit there any time in the near future, if ever. A week in a beautiful place with just my husband and lots of relaxation? Yes, please!\nI had been asked to give a short talk about Memorial Day during our church services on the upcoming Sunday, so I spent a good deal of time gathering my thoughts and trying to determine how best to approach the topic of Memorial Day and honoring our fallen veterans.\nSince I love family history, I thought it would be a great time to share a few family stories in my talk. I could honor some of my veteran ancestors, and hopefully get others excited about family history, too. One of the ancestors I selected to highlight was my 3rd great-grandfather, Samuel Madison, a Civil War veteran.\nOn Thursday of that week, while my husband relaxed a bit after his last full day of class, I continued to peruse several resources to piece together an outline of Samuel’s service.\nSamuel Madison enlisted in Co. A of the 21st Michigan Volunteers in Jackson, Michigan, on September 10, 1864. He had a wife, Miretta, and two children, Frank and Alzina. The family stayed in Eaton, Michigan, following Samuel’s enlistment. Although I would love to know what enticed Samuel, who was about 39 years old at the time, to enlist three full years into the war, we can only speculate. Unfortunately, the records do not include that type of information.\nSamuel’s service in the war was short. In November and December 1864, his unit participated in the March to the Sea in Georgia and also the Siege of Savannah. It is very likely that Samuel participated in these events to some degree, because we know from his records that he died from acute dysentery at 1 Div 14 A.C. hospital in Savannah, Georgia, on January 10, 1865. Like many others, he contracted the illness while in service. His Compiled Military Service Record may give more details on his activities prior to his death and could be a great source for future research.\nSamuel was buried in Laurel Grove cemetery in Savannah, and later was re-interred at Beaufort National Cemetery in South Carolina.\nAs I pieced together and analyzed the data and clues from Samuel’s military service, the location of his burial caught my attention. He was buried in Beaufort? South Carolina? We were in South Carolina that very day and would be flying home to Michigan the next day. Was the cemetery close enough that maybe we could visit?\nSure enough – Beaufort National Cemetery was about one hour from our hotel. It was only 5pm by this point so there was plenty of time to drive over there. When my husband heard about my discovery, he immediately said, “Well, let’s go!” And so we did. Within a few minutes we were out the door, GPS at the ready, and on our way.\nIt was a beautiful sunny evening. The cemetery, like all national cemeteries, was peaceful and reverent. We searched in the grave locator on site to double check the grave location: section 41, site 4740. My husband and I were both excited – it was an unexpected opportunity at the end of our week in Hilton Head. My husband loves everything military and I love everything family history so it was a perfect adventure for us. I was also very humbled – because I was still stunned at the sudden turn of events that led us to this discovery.\nWe found his stone and spent time reflecting on Samuel’s service and the sacrifice of all the people buried there. We soaked in the peace and beauty of the area; how the stones were arranged neatly in curved lines, each one representing a life lost, and how the sun sprinkled light through the trees and over the rows of white.\nWe noticed a small group of people, including some Boy Scouts, who were placing flags at the graves for Memorial Day. We asked if we could get a flag so we could place it at Samuel’s stone, and the Scouts very kindly obliged.\nMy husband placed Samuel’s flag carefully, honored to give this small act of service back to my 3rd great-grandfather who had given his life in service to his country. How long had it been since a family member had visited his grave? How long since someone made a point to say thank you for your service and sacrifice in person? Considering his family for the next several generations stayed in Michigan, I would guess it had been a very long time.\nThat experience and the sequence of events that led up to it have stayed with me. I know that we were led there. I could feel it. By chance, I had been asked to talk about Memorial Day. By chance, I selected Samuel Madison as a person to spotlight in my talk. By chance, when I pieced together the details of his service, I happened to be one hour away from his final resting place, where my husband and I could take the time and make the effort to pay our respects for my Civil War ancestor that paid the ultimate sacrifice. And by chance, we happened to visit the cemetery on a Thursday evening at the exact time that we could place the flag at his gravestone, in honor of his service, for Memorial Day.\nIf I had waited even one day to dig into that research on Samuel Madison, the opportunity would have been lost. And what a disappointment that would have been! Instead, my husband and I had what felt like a surreal experience as we were led exactly where we needed to go, exactly when we needed to be there.\nAnd that, friend, is serendipity.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.bitworking.com/london-in-1851/", "date": "2013-05-18T10:21:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382261/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9775688648223877, "token_count": 120, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__174089248", "lang": "en", "text": "London in 1851\n1851 is the year, and London is the place, where the first modern chess tournament was held. Adolf Anderssen from Germany won the first chess tournament. Chess is two-player board game played on a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. It originated in northwest India during the Gupta empire. The earliest evidence of this board game is found in the Sassanid Persia around, where the game came to be known under the name chatrang. Chess is also known as the “King’s Game”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://poweranddixon.com/", "date": "2018-03-19T01:16:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00653.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9857683777809143, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__237814556", "lang": "en", "text": "Continuing the legacy of Power and Dixon, P.C. as one of the most respected and oldest Black-owned law firms in Chicago, Berve Power, Jr. Esq,\nbecame managing partner in 2002, as his uncle and one of the founders of the firm, Robert C. Power successfully transitioned the firm's leadership to him.\nAttorney Power has honored the tradition and advanced the practice through focused, community-driven work and service.\nPracticing law since passing the bar at the age of 23, the former intern of the US Attorney's Office, has a keen focus on civil rights. Power has been part of internationally noted cases, including The Ryan Harris Case, in which a 7 and 8 year old were wrongly accused of murder. The criminal case was dismissed due to lack of evidence against the Chicago youth. The civil case against the City of Chicago on behalf of the youth who were falsely accused, was settled in 2005 for $6.2 million.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.jeep-caribbean.com/history/1970s.html", "date": "2022-07-04T22:04:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104496688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704202455-20220704232455-00641.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9193053245544434, "token_count": 903, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__71796652", "lang": "en", "text": "The Jeep® Brand's 4x4 leadership continues in the 70's with the introduction of the first full-time 4x4 system. The sporty two-door full-size Cherokee (SJ) sweeps the 4x4 of the Year awards. Six models help elevate sales to all-time highs.\nTHE AMC YEARS\nIn 1969, Kaiser Jeep started a “Jeep® Great Escape” advertising campaign showing the variety of recreational uses of Jeep vehicles. Kaiser Jeep sold the company to American Motors (AMC) in 1970 for approximately $75 million. Four-wheel-drive vehicles were becoming very popular – by 1978, AMC was producing 600 vehicles a day. In 1972, the Quadra-Trac® 4x4 System was introduced, the first automatic full-time four-wheel-drive system. In 1976, the Jeep Brand introduced the CJ-7.\nDARING ADVENTURES BEGIN HERE\n1970-1984 DISPATCHER JEEP® (DJ)\n1974-1987 JEEP® J-10 PICKUP\nHONCHO MEANS “BOSS”\nIn 1971, the Jeep® Trucks dropped the Gladiator name. Later offerings were called J-10 (119-inch) or J-20 (131-inch). Improvements included front disc brakes, a new front axle, six-stud wheels and heavier frame cross members. The J-10 J-Series pickup truck line included the Honcho, Golden Eagle and 10-4 trim packages.\nAll trucks shared the same body design as the Jeep® Wagoneer and Cherokee from the cab forward, and were offered with traditional slab-sided or step-side bodies. The 10-4 trim package was produced from 1974-1983. The1978 package consisting mostly of color choices and detailing, the 10-4 package also offered an optional, factory-installed CB radio.\nThe Honcho included gold striping on the bedside, fenders and tailgate, wide 8x15-inch spoker wheels and off-road tires, Levi’s denim interior, and sport steering wheel. The Laredo package replaced the Honcho in 1983. Produced in 1977-1983, the 1977 Golden Eagle package included a grille guard, driving lamps, pick-up bed roll bar, eight-inch wheels, Levi’s seats, accent stripes and an eagle hood decal–all for a $749 premium.\n1974-1987 JEEP® J-20 PICKUP\n1955-1983 JEEP® CJ-5 UNIVERSAL\n1972-1983 JEEP® CJ-5 RENEGADE\nSPECIAL EDITION 4X4S\nRenegade models typically featured a 304-cubic inch (5L) V8 engine, stouter drivetrain, alloy wheels, and a Trac-Lok® limited slip rear differential. For 1976 AMC reintroduced the Super Jeep® (also offered in 1973). This unique CJ-5 featured special striping on the hood and seats, chrome front bumper, roll bar, 258 OHV inline six, black rubber lip extensions on the fenders, and oversize Polyglas white-walled tires.\n1975-1983 JEEP® CHEROKEE (SJ)\n1975-1978 JEEP® CHEROKEE CHIEF (SJ)\nIn January of 1975, the Cherokee Chief was introduced. The Wide-Track option was available with key upgraded interior and exterior features: exterior stripes, larger wheels, three-inch-wider axles, larger front and rear wheel cutouts, Dana 44 front and rear axles, and a nicer interior. The package retailed for $349 more than the “S” model.\n1976-1986 JEEP® CJ-7\nIn 1978, Mark Smith, who is widely known as the father of modern four-wheeling, took a group of 13 modern explorers from Tierra del Fuego, Chile to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska in their Jeep® CJ-7 4x4s. The 21,000-mile trip took 122 days to complete and included a remarkable crossing through the Darien Gap, a stretch of hostile jungle that had only once before been crossed by the British military in 100 days with the loss of eight men. Smith and his men crossed the Darian Gap in 30 days and lost no one.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://savoybrown.com/biography/the-early-years/", "date": "2024-03-04T17:31:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00103.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9175293445587158, "token_count": 429, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__19836545", "lang": "en", "text": "The History of Savoy Brown\nDefining the British Blues Boom music scene in London in the mid ‘60’s\nThe British R ‘n‘ B boom of the early 1960’s led directly to the British Blues Explosion in 1968.\nThe London R n B boom led by, for example, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, The Pretty Things and to some extent the Beatles quickly moved into mainstream pop and left a vacuum in the London clubs.\nThis vacuum, in London, was filled in the mid 60’s by John Mayall’s Bluesbreakers featuring Eric Clapton and Savoy Brown’s Blues Band featuring Kim Simmonds.\nBoth these bands became headliners at major London clubs such as The Marquee establishing a “blues night” amongst the mainstream soul and popular music in the charts at that time.\nAs headlining pioneers of the new blues movement Savoy Brown gave a platform to emerging bands in other areas of the U.K. Ten Years After and Jethro Tull both were opening acts to Savoy Brown on blues night at the Marquee.\nChicken Shack from Birmingham also came to London and along with the early Fleetwood Mac established themselves on the scene.\nJohn Mayall, Savoy Brown, Fleetwood Mac, Jethro Tull, Chicken Shack and Ten Years After became the “big six” blues bands at that time.\nIn fact a 45 single was released by The Liverpool Scene called “I’ve Got These Fleetwood Mac Chicken Shack John Mayall Can’t Fail Blues” and the second chorus has Savoy Brown and Jethro Tull to round off the full song story.\nHits soon followed for these bands (Savoy Brown cracking the USA in 1969) and the blues movement quickly gave way to the heavy rock of Black Sabbath, themselves a blues band when they started.\nThe British Blues Boom was a phenomena never to be repeated again and remains one of the foremost U.K. music movements of all time.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://littletalky.com/bape-hosts-30th-anniversary/", "date": "2024-02-28T08:10:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474700.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228080245-20240228110245-00253.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9261319041252136, "token_count": 946, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__192208190", "lang": "en", "text": "A Bathing Ape, commonly known as Bape Hoodie, has achieved an extraordinary milestone in the world of streetwear by celebrating its 30th anniversary. To mark this momentous occasion, the iconic Japanese brand hosted a spectacular runway show in the heart of New York City. This event not only showcased Bape’s evolution over the past three decades but also reaffirmed its position as a pioneering force in the fashion industry. In this article, we will take a closer look at the significance of the 30th-anniversary runway show and explore the mesmerizing journey of Bape.\n30 Years of Bape – A Legacy Unfolded\nFounded in 1993 by Nigo, Bape Hoodie has been a driving force in the streetwear culture since its inception. Its distinctive camo patterns, bold designs, and playful graphics have revolutionized the fashion landscape, captivating a diverse audience ranging from streetwear aficionados to A-list celebrities.\nThe 30th anniversary marks a significant moment for the brand as it reflects on its storied history while looking ahead to the future. Throughout these three decades, Bape has continuously pushed boundaries, blending street style with high fashion and collaborating with global brands and artists. The runway show in New York City is a testament to the brand’s worldwide influence and its ability to transcend cultural and geographical boundaries.\nThe Extravagant Runway Show\nBape‘s 30th-anniversary runway show was a dazzling spectacle that took place in one of New York City’s most iconic venues. Fashion enthusiasts, celebrities, and industry insiders gathered to witness the culmination of three decades of innovation and creativity. The show was a harmonious fusion of streetwear and high fashion, with each look showcasing the brand’s signature aesthetic.\nThe runway was transformed into an immersive experience, featuring elaborate sets that paid homage to Bape’s most iconic designs and collaborations throughout the years. From the signature camo motifs to the iconic ape head logo, every element of Bape’s legacy was thoughtfully integrated into the show’s presentation.\nCelebrating Diversity and Inclusivity\nBeyond the celebration of its own legacy, the 30th-anniversary runway show also emphasized Bape’s commitment to diversity and inclusivity in the fashion industry. Models from various backgrounds, ethnicities, and identities graced the runway, showcasing Bape’s designs on a global and inclusive stage. The brand’s dedication to representing a diverse range of perspectives aligns with the ever-evolving landscape of fashion and reflects its appeal to a broad and diverse audience.\nUnveiling Exclusive Collections\nIn addition to the retrospective celebration, Bape’s 30th-anniversary runway show also unveiled exclusive collections that pay homage to its legacy while embracing contemporary trends. Limited-edition pieces featuring collaborations with renowned artists, designers, and global brands were among the highlights of the show. These collections are a testament to Bape’s continued commitment to pushing the boundaries of streetwear and embracing creative collaborations that captivate its global fanbase.\nImpact on the Future of Streetwear\nAs Bape marks its 30th anniversary, it cements its position as an enduring and influential force in the streetwear and fashion industry. Its journey from a small store in Tokyo’s Harajuku district to a global powerhouse symbolizes the power of creativity, innovation, and dedication to one’s unique vision.\nWith the runway show serving as a glimpse into the brand’s future, Bape shows no signs of slowing down. It continues to inspire and shape the streetwear landscape, capturing the hearts of new generations while holding a special place in the hearts of loyal fans.\nIn conclusion, Bape’s 30th-anniversary runway show in New York City was a breathtaking celebration of the brand’s legacy, innovation, and enduring influence on streetwear culture. From its humble beginnings to becoming a global phenomenon, Bape’s journey exemplifies the power of creativity and authenticity.\nAs Bape continues to evolve and expand its creative boundaries, its impact on the world of fashion and streetwear remains unparalleled. The 30th-anniversary runway show served as a testament to the brand’s ability to bridge the gap between street style and high fashion while celebrating diversity and inclusivity.\nAs we eagerly await the brand’s future endeavors, it is evident that Bape will continue to shape the fashion industry for years to come, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts and wardrobes of fashion enthusiasts worldwide.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.gold-coin.com/goldcoin/Gold-Coin-Found-By-Construction-Worker-in-Sonora-California/", "date": "2017-04-28T08:06:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00632-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9640519618988037, "token_count": 525, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__139106292", "lang": "en", "text": "Gold Coin Found By Construction Worker in Sonora, California\nApril 9, 2013 - Recently, Eberardo Rodriguez of Moreno Valley was putting in high-speed internet cables in downtown Sonora, to link the traditionally sleepy town to the fast-paced internet age. Rodriguez was trenching the asphalt at Green and Bradford Streets in Sonora, shoveling dirt with his digging bar when he discovered a dime-sized gold coin predating both the Gold Rush and the statehood of California.\nThe gold coin was minted in 1844 in Charlotte, NC, and according to its markets had a $2.50 denomination at the time of its minting.\nThe Numismatic Guaranty Corporation’s statistics indicate that the Charlotte Mint stuck only 11,622 examples, though it is not currently known how many of those original examples survive. At current market prices, the gold in the coin Rodriguez found is worth $195.01, though features of the numismatic coin such as its minting and current condition ultimately determine its value.\nA Sonora resident and coin collector, Gerald Howard, said the coin may have a special mintmark, which would make it very valuable. Gary Carter, owner of DD’s Antiques N Such in Jamestown, offered to buy the coin from Rodriguez for $300, but Rodriguez declined to sell it.\nCarter inspected the coin and noticed it had been worn down on both sides, partially an effect of the coin’s being in the streets of Sonora. He stated that if the coin was in excellent condition it would have booked for $900 and up.\nSharon Marovich, chairwoman of the Tuolumne County Heritage Committee, said downtown Sonora’s streets weren’t paved until around 1922 and until the 20th century people panned for gold in the dirt streets.\nMine tailings, or the refuse dirt from local mining operations, were unloaded onto the roads in order to smooth them over and during periods of rain it wasn’t uncommon for people to sift through them in search of gold.\nFor Marovich, Rodriguez’s discovery of the gold coin is significant because it shows the history of the town of Sonora, which is encapsulated and coating all of downtown.\nCollectors in the modern market are well aware of the high value of gold coinage at current market prices and stories of gold holdings being found, usually by surviving relatives, are often read as a piece of history getting handed down in modern times.\nSenior Staff Writer - Gold-Coin.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ycwywsjd.cn/cynthiarose8417", "date": "2021-09-25T08:56:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057615.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925082018-20210925112018-00189.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9168729782104492, "token_count": 749, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__250966113", "lang": "en", "text": "This summer, the Nova Scotia Museum’s 27 sites across the province will provide families with experiences that are entertaining and educational. “Museums offer excellent ways to spend quality family time together,” said Leonard Preyra, Minister of Communities, Culture and Heritage. “I encourage everyone to visit our museums in the summertime to take advantage of special programs, exhibits and learning experiences.” At the Museum of Natural History in Halifax, visitors will be treated to Out of This World: Extraordinary Costumes from Film and Television. Featuring more than 40 costumes and objects from science fiction films and TV programs, this exciting exhibition shows visitors how costume design uses colour, style, scale, materials, historical traditions, nature and cultural cues to help actors and audiences engage with the characters being portrayed. Also in Halifax, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic hosts Cable Ships: Connecting Halifax to Titanic and the World. Researched and developed by museum staff, the exhibit explores the history of cable ships, from their contribution to establishing global communications, to the role of Halifax-based ships during the recovery operations after the sinking of RMS Titanic. At Ross Farm Museum in New Ross, visitors can explore 60 acres of rolling farmland to discover what life was like over 100 years ago. From historic Rose Bank Cottage, where the Ross family lived, to daily activities such as wool spinning, candle making and ox shoeing, the museum gives visitors the chance to experience yesterday’s traditional farming methods, while learning sustainable ways of living for today. In Barrington, visitors can step inside the preserved Barrington Woolen Mill to learn how machinery and water power helped revolutionize life in rural Nova Scotia. Established in 1882, the mill industrialized the process of turning raw fleece into yarn and cloth, forever changing the way local fishing and farming families produced warm, wool clothing. At the Museum of Industry in Stellarton, visitors of all ages can push, pull, lift, drop and laugh as they enjoy exhibits and interactive displays that highlight how technology, and people, worked throughout this province’s history. Featuring 30,000 artifacts, the Museum of Industry is the best place to find out what “Made in Nova Scotia” really means. Visitors eager to experience Nova Scotia’s Gaelic culture, heritage and hospitality need look no further than the Highland Village Museum. Located in scenic Iona, Victoria Co., the village is North America’s only living history museum for Gaelic language and culture. The 43-acre site features historic buildings, rare farm animals, lively interpreters and a breathtaking view of the Bras d’Or lake, now a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. At Uniacke Estate Museum Park in Mount Uniacke, visitors can explore one of Nova Scotia’s grandest homes. Built in 1816 by prosperous Irish politician Richard John Uniacke, this country mansion features treasured family belongings such as fine furniture and exquisite portraits. Outside the picturesque estate, there are several walking trails, ranging from easy to challenging, that offer recreational opportunities for people of all ages. In Lower West Pubnico, visitors to Le Village Historique Acadien de la Nouvelle-Écosse will be able to enjoy the site’s new nature trail, which was opened on June 5. Stretching along the shoreline of the village’s 17-acre property, the trail will feature strategically placed interpretive panels that highlight the area’s natural beauty and historical significance. For information on the 27 museums sites, scheduled events, locations, admission rates and hours of operation, visit http://museum.gov.ns.ca .", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://breezyhillturning.com/slideshow-5/index.html", "date": "2021-07-31T16:12:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00583.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9748638272285461, "token_count": 343, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__250767672", "lang": "en", "text": "These photos show some of the segmented work I have completed. Hundreds of pieces of wood are cut and assembled to create the patterns that you see. Woods from all over the world are used for their natural colors and properties. Each piece requires careful planning and meticulous attention to detail to construct. I have enjoyed the challenges they present.\nFibonacci Sunburst was inspired by my investigation of the Fibonacci series of numbers. While not organic as some of the carved pieces, the Fibonacci series is reflected in the numbers of elements (types of wood, number of spirals, numbers of layers....).\nSkyphos was based on a piece of Phoenician pottery of the geometric era, about 1000 BC, that I saw in the Boston Museum of art. Interestingly, a piece of pottery of this same shape and design was also done by a Navajo potter.\nI was on a trip to the Maine seacoast and got inspired by some jewelry that featured 4 dolphins in a ring which formed a Celtic cross. Researching the story behind the design led to really interesting history and the inspiration for the piece, St. Brendan’s Cross. I wrote a very brief biography of the story behind the cross and the monk which can be found here.\nI completed the piece All American shortly after 9/11 as a tribute to the victims of the disaster. Looking into the piece there is a suggestion of stars and stripes. All the wood in the piece is from the US, hence the name.\nGolden Urn was a gift to my parents for their 50th wedding anniversary. It was the first turned piece that I tried my hand at doing some carving on.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://mongol.tech/soviet-era-bombs-found-in-mongolia/", "date": "2020-11-28T07:10:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195198.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128070431-20201128100431-00163.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9490501880645752, "token_count": 490, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__30803828", "lang": "en", "text": "In response to emergency call from Soum’s police sergeant B.Soronzonbat, on April 29 night, Explosive Search and Destroy team, appointed by Chairman of Mongolian Staff of Armed Forces, deployed to Bayanjargal soum of Tuv aimag, Mongolia.\nThe emergency team deployed to “Ulaan-Ukhaa”, a place 23 kilometres from Soum center, found “OFAB-250”, “FAB-250” model airplane bombs and 30 mm combat bullets. The team exterminated the found military objects and ensured safety of local people. In order to check the place for more objects, the emergency team of the Ministry of Defense is planning to survey the area surrounding the found objects.\nLocals say, in socialist era, a Soviet air unit used to station around this area.\nIn the twentieth century, Soviet army entered into Mongolian (then People’s Republic of Mongolia) territory four times, respectively in: 1921, 1939, 1945 and 1967. All these military movements were in response to the region’s security and in the name of defense of Mongolia.\nBy the end of 1960’s North group of People’s Army of China stationed near Mongol-Russian border. This group included 33 steppe division, 11 mechanical division, 9 army, 4300 tanks, and 10 000 artillery. On top of that, 30 civilian infantry divisions have been set up and started training against possible enemy that is Soviet Union. In response to this threat, Far Eastern district of Soviet Union increased preparedness of its Southern Baikal group. In the framework of this action, Soviet Union regrouped its Far Eastern and South Baikal military groups, and transferred troops from Leningrad and Baltic military groups.\nIn this effort Soviet Union sent one army corps comprised of 2 divisions as its pioneers of 39th army. Construction troops of Soviet Union in Mongolia participated in building of railway road and civilian buildings.\nBy the beginning of 1970, Soviet Union’s 39th army moved into Mongolia. This army is comprised of 7 sections. Each section had up to 330 tanks, and were deployed near Chinese border.\nAs progress of that story should take more attention, it’s better to discuss that history in another post. Legacy of Soviet armies in Mongolia is still founding in many places in Mongolia.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://aberdeenlordprovost.wordpress.com/2018/07/05/piper-alpha-tragedy-30-years-on/", "date": "2022-12-08T03:56:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711232.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208014204-20221208044204-00269.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9426906108856201, "token_count": 1136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__2538933", "lang": "en", "text": "The Piper Alpha tragedy, which saw 167 men lose their lives, was 30 years ago yet the events of that night are just as shocking today, three decades on. It will forever be imprinted in the memories of the people of Aberdeen.\nFinal preparations have been put in place in the Piper Alpha Memorial Garden in Aberdeen’s Hazlehead Park ahead of a special service tomorrow (7pm on Friday 6 July) to commemorate the 30th anniversary.\nAberdeen City Council, with the support of the Pound for Piper Trust, has installed new benches and refreshed the garden in readiness for the service.\nThe Act of Remembrance has been organised by Reverend Gordon Craig, Chaplain to the Oil & Gas Industry of the United Kingdom.\nReverend Craig will lead the service for families, friends and representatives from industry in honour of the 167 men who tragically lost their lives in the Piper Alpha disaster.\nIt will be a very sad and humbling occasion, but we must never forget the men who died – dads, sons, brothers, uncles, nephews, partners, friends and colleagues who never returned home.\nThat is why it is so important that the City of Aberdeen and industry come together for this Act of Remembrance. And, by doing so, I hope that those affected will know that our thoughts are with them at this time and forever.\nThe memorial garden, which includes the Piper Alpha memorial statute, is a very special place for the people of Aberdeen, the wider oil and gas industry, and particularly for those whose lives have been affected by this tragedy.\nTo enable those offshore or unable to attend the Act of Remembrance the service will be broadcast live on Facebook @TheUkOilGasChaplaincy\nThe order of service is:\n- Bon Accord Silver Band starts playing at 6.30pm\n- Rev Craig will begin proceedings at 7pm\n- Industry representatives will begin the roll-call of those who lost their lives\n- A lone piper will play a lament followed by a minute’s silence\n- Wreaths will then be laid by the Lord Provost on behalf of the City of Aberdeen, Oil & Gas UK Chief Executive Deirdre Michie on behalf of the industry, and Steve Rae, one of the trustees from the Pound for Piper Trust, which provides funding to help the city council maintain the Memorial Garden\n- Families, friends, colleagues and well-wishers will then be invited to lay flowers or wreaths\n- Light refreshments will be available in Hazlehead Park Café, from 6pm onwards, courtesy of the Pound for Piper Trust.\nAll are welcome to attend.\nWhile the Act of Remembrance is the key event marking the anniversary of the disaster there are other opportunities for those wanting to reflect and pay their respects. These are:\nOil Chapel at the Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting\nThe Oil Chapel at the Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting in Aberdeen will open on 6 July between 12 noon and 4pm where people can visit to view the original Book of Remembrance or light a candle;\nRev Craig will conduct ‘Daily Prayers’ that day in the Kirk starting at 1pm and lasting around 15 minutes.\nFerryhill Parish Church\nOn Saturday 7 July Ferryhill Parish Church will keep its Church Sanctuary open from 10am to 4pm providing a peaceful space in which to remember those who lost their lives and who were affected;\nFerryhill Parish Church also has the Memorial Chapel, home of the Piper Alpha stained-glass window. The designer of the window, Jennifer-Jane Bayliss, will be in the church from 11am and 12 noon and 2pm and 4pm on Saturday.\nThe church is also home to the Lord Provost’s Book of Remembrance, and visitors will be able to read the names of loved ones, survivors’ names and official letters of condolence from all over the world.\nA short film with some memories from survivors of the disaster will also be available and there will be an opportunity to light a small candle in remembrance.\nAberdeen Maritime Museum\nTo mark the 30th anniversary of the Piper Alpha tragedy there will be an opportunity to see in detail the Piper Alpha Memorial banner, commissioned by the Victorian Trade and Labour Council in Australia, and gifted to the City of Aberdeen, at Aberdeen Maritime Museum this weekend.\nMade by textile artist Julie Montgarret the banner commemorates those who lost their lives in the Piper Alpha Disaster 30 years ago.\nThe banner usually hangs in the museum’s education suite but it will be taken down off the wall to allow visitors to see both sides of this very special tribute.\nPiper Alpha Memorial Banner Aberdeen Maritime Museum, Shiprow Friday 6 July, Saturday 7 July, 10am-5pm Sunday 8 July, 12noon-3pm\nAberdeen Central Library\nRemembering Piper Alpha exhibition\nTo mark the 30th anniversary of the tragedy the Local Studies section has put together an exhibition showcasing items from its reserve stock. The exhibition will be on display in the Information Centre.\nExhibition runs 5 July – 14 July\nAberdeen Central Library, Rosemount Viaduct\nThe images are of the Piper Alpha Memorial statue, created in bronze, by renowned Scottish artist Sue Jane Taylor. The statue was unveiled on 6th July 1991 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. The plinth under the Piper Alpha statue states: Dedicated to the memory of the one hundred and sixty seven men who lost their lives in the Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster 6th July 1988.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://100thregiment.org/about/", "date": "2023-12-09T04:58:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00187.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9658352732658386, "token_count": 797, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__26467039", "lang": "en", "text": "The 100th Regiment Historical Society was incorporated in 2013 as a non-profit organization located in Ottawa, Ontario.\nThe Society’s purpose is to:\n- Promote and commemorate the memory, contributions, and achievements of the 100th (Prince Regent’s County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot in the defence and development of Canada.\n- Encourage historical interpretation & research in the community.\n- Operate a program for youth that stimulates an interest in history, research, 19th century music, and effective speaking while developing a sense of pride and discipline through their involvement as historical interpreters.\n- Advance education by hosting events, displays, exhibitions and performances; supporting programs offered by museums, historic sites, and all levels of government; and by producing educational material.\nThe Historical Regiment\nThe 100th (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot was raised in Ireland for service during the Napoleonic Wars. It arrived in North America in late 1805 and during the next 13 years spent its time in garrison posts from what we know today as the Maritimes to the western end of Ontario.\nOn May 4th, 1812, the War Office approved that the regiment’s name would in future be styled “The 100th (or His Royal Highness the Prince Regent’s County of Dublin) Regiment.”\nDuring the War of 1812, the 100th Regiment played a critical role in defending Canada participating in actions in both Upper & Lower Canada, and the United States. Several companies also acted as marines aboard ships on the Great Lakes.\nSome of the regiment’s actions include:\n– Battle of Sackets Harbor (May 1813)\n– Capture of vessels Growler & Eagle (June 1813)\n– Murray’s Raid (July to Aug 1813)\n– Capture of Fort Niagara (Dec 1813)\n– Raids on Buffalo & Black Rock (Dec 1813)\n– Battle of Chippawa (July 1814)\n– Siege of Fort Erie (Aug to Sept 1814)\n– Skirmish at Cook’s Mills (Oct 1814)\nOn May 27th, 1815 the regiment was awarded the battle honour of ‘Niagara’ for their distinguished conduct in the capture of Fort Niagara by assault on the night of 19th December 1813.\nOn February 23rd, 1816, the War Office gave notice that the 95th Regiment would in future be styled the Rifle Brigade and taken out of the numbered Regiments of the Line. All following regiments had their unit number altered with the 100th Regiment to be renumbered the 99th retaining the title of H.R.H the Prince Regent’s County of Dublin Regiment.\nThe 99th (late 100th) Regiment was disbanded in 1818 and members were offered a choice between land in Canada or transport back to England with many accepting grants of land. The largest concentration of the regiment’s discharged soldiers was in the military settlement of Richmond. The village of Richmond is now part of the City of Ottawa.\nConnection with Ottawa Ontario\nIn 1818, many of the disbanded members of the regiment chose to stay in Canada. Of those who decided to stay, a large portion took their land grants in a new military settlement on the Jock River in North Eastern Upper Canada. There they established the Village of Richmond which is now part of the City of Ottawa.\nThese new settlers landed near the area where the Canadian War Museum now stands and setup camp. There they left their families and proceeded towards their new settlement cutting the Richmond Road.\nToday you can visit the area where the settlers first landed, drive the Richmond Road, and visit the Village of Richmond where many of the streets are named after officers of the regiment. Many descendants of the original members of the regiment still live and work in the Ottawa area.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.truevacationtravel.com/vacation-experiences/family/", "date": "2017-07-21T14:50:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00452.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9061124920845032, "token_count": 426, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__58681144", "lang": "en", "text": "- Family: 2 adults; 2 kids 10 & 14\n- Looking for something more enriching than an amusement park\n- Has passports and wants to explore culture\nOur Family Vacation Solution\nSpend 9 days in South America, exploring the ruins of an ancient civilization and then — through the celebrations and traditions of their ancestors — get a first-hand glimpse into what life was like in the time of the Incas. The Peru vacation, which includes a Machu Picchu tour, is a vibrant and festive adventure that spotlights a unique culture.\nPachamanca Feast and Inca Dancing\nEnjoy a traditional Andean feast known as Pachamanca. Learn the history behind this event, then watch Teatro Sol y Luna perform the dances and stories of the Incas.\nUrubamba River Rafting\nHold onto your hat as you raft down the Urubamba River. Local experts describe the fascinating cultural and natural history as you glide along this scenic route.\nMoray and Maras\nTake the ancient Incan path into these ancient ruins and venture into the Sacred Valley as you visit the fascinating salt pan terraces.\nPrivately Guided Machu Picchu Tour\nSpend the afternoon exploring these 15th-century Incan ruins and stunning views of the magnificent structures surrounded by green peaks glazed by a soft mist.\nAt the Center for Traditional Textiles in Cusco, master weavers demonstrate their intricate art, as well as how to spin and dye alpaca wool.\n- JW Marriott Hotel, Miraflores\n- Sol y Luna Lodge and Spa\n- Libertador Palacio Del Inka Hotel Cusco\n- 8 Breakfasts\n- 6 Lunches\n- 5 Dinners\n- VIP Inclusions:\n- The services of two Adventure Guides\n- VIP access and private events\n- Outstanding accommodations\n- Most meals during trip\n- Admission fees to attractions and performances\n- Cultural experiences with local experts\n- Family activities and special thrills just for kids\n- Transportation within your vacation\n- Luggage service", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://clarehedges.com/2017/01/reproduction-antique-double-tassel-tie-back/", "date": "2021-09-26T16:42:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057882.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926144658-20210926174658-00453.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9765740633010864, "token_count": 326, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__9144383", "lang": "en", "text": "I really enjoy the challenge to recreating old textiles, whether it is decoding the pattern of an old piece of weaving or, as in this case, working out how these antique double tassel tie backs were made. The originals were in a very poor state with most of the wooden moulds at best cracked and at worst badly damaged by wood worm. Most of the red silk thread which had been covering the moulds was long gone but it was possible to see the decorative striping.\nThe first job was to work out the component parts so that new moulds could be created\nThen I covered each mould with red thread before the decoration was added\nI confess the looped decoration was a new technique to me – but that is the joy of having to recreate something, you have to learn new ways of doing things.\nNext came the new ruff and skirt\nThen it was time to start reassembling everything. I made a new rope and formed it into the traditional tie back shape but without making a knot in the actual rope since one of the moulds would acting as the “knot”. The rope was simply tied around with linen to stop it slipping once inside the mould and then threaded through the central hole of the mould.\nI attached the wires to the rope ready for attaching the moulds. Then it was simply a case of threading each mould onto the wires in the correct order!\nLastly the ruff and skirt. A wooden button fixes the wires in place\nThis final photo shows the old, extremely shabby, tie back and the new one side by side", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.normandydirect.com/propertylisting/-38.html", "date": "2017-11-24T07:41:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807146.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124070019-20171124090019-00084.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9366693496704102, "token_count": 1998, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__200021266", "lang": "en", "text": "Head north to the \"Mother-of-Pearl Coast\". Although traditionally renowned for its locally produced oysters, it is probably more widely known for its involvement in \"Operation Overlord\". Here remains one of the man-made docks, constructed to provide a landing for the thousands of vehicles and hardware during the D-Day Landings of World War II. The strategic \"Mulberry Harbour\" has since become a historic landmark. There are several museums in the area, all providing poignant reminders of events of June 1944. In addition, you can visit the heroic sites of the Beaches, including Omaha & Utah, or ponder at the American Cemetery at Colleville-St-Laurent.\nStanding majestically between the bocage and the bay of Le Mont St Michel. Visitors will find a variety of attractions in this modern town, including mini-golf with terrace-bar, museum and public gardens. You will be reminded of its strategic position during the 2nd World War, not least by the sight of General Patton's tank, \"Thunderbird\"; the first to reach the town following the 1944 D-Day Landings, sitting proudly on a roundabout in the town!\nSituated in the Andaines Forest, this spa town is said to have once housed the Knights of the Round Table. A beautiful setting, with a small lake nestling among the pine forests of the Normandy/Maine Regional Natural Park.\nNot far from Bayeux, you will find this wonderful chateau; which is the best example of Louis XIV architecture in Normandy. Occasionally you will find the surrounding skies graced with a colourful array of hot-air balloons from one of the rallies held nearby. Several other well-preserved chateaux can be found in the region, including Combourg near Le Mont St Michel. Built between the 12th & 15th centuries, it is still owned and occupied by a descendant of the famous Romantic writer, Chateaubriand.\nA charming town which hosts the famous 11th century Tapestry. Study for yourself Queen Mathilde's embroidered depiction of the famous \"Battle of Hastings\", whilst she awaited her husband, William-the-Conqueror's return. Take in the sights of the impressive Gothic Cathedral, or the museum dedicated to \"The Battle of Normandy\". Several bars and restaurants available.\nEast of St Malo, a pretty, seaside village and a must for oyster-lovers.\nThis coastal resort has been described as \"the most beautiful kilometre in France.\" As the horizon changes with the tides, there is a spectacular view across Normandy and Brittany to the bay of Le Mont St Michel. It has long been a source of inspiration for painters. In addition, it is a popular attraction for bird-watchers, with a large variety of birds nesting on the cliffs.\nA short drive will bring you to one of the best zoos in Normandy. See a wide variety of animals, birds and reptiles, amongst the beautifully kept gardens and woodland; and enjoy a picnic as the children tire themselves out in the extensive play area.\nFor the more adventurous, take a day-trip from Granville; or visit neighbouring Jullouville, and hire yourself a catamaran. Weekly training courses are available.\nApart from its annual Jazz Festival, there are many attractions; public gardens, shops and restaurants. Enjoy a leisurely aperitif or sample the traditional local cuisine, whilst admiring the majestic twin towers of the13th Century Notre-Dame Cathedral.\nD-Day Landing Beaches\nThe D-Day Landings took place on 6th June 1944. \"Operation Overlord\" on the Normandy coast was the largest operation of combined military forces in the history of mankind. General Omar Bradley & the 1st American Army was to land between Ste-Honorine & St-Martin-de-Varreville, on the beaches code-named \"Omaha\" and \"Utah\". Commanded by General Dempsey, the 2nd British Army & the 3rd Canadian infantry division were to land on the west coast of Calvados, between Colleville & Le Hamel, on the beaches code-named \"Gold\", \"Juno\" & \"Sword\". Colonel Rudder was in command of the 2nd Ranger batallion, attacking at Point du Hoc & suffering tremendous losses in the process. The historic 5-Beach Assault & surrounding battles have been depicted in several films, including \"Saving Private Ryan\" and \"The Longest Day\". By 4pm on June 6th, Bristish tanks began arriving at Arromanches from \"Gold\" Beach; & on 7th June, along with the 47th Royal Marine Commando, began development of the famous artificial harbour known as \"Mulberry B\" or \"Winston Harbour\". This enabled 2,500 000 men, 54 000 vehicles plus 104 000 metric tons of supplies to be transported in 100 days via Arromanches. Bayeux was liberated on June 7th by the British 56th Independent Brigade. Caen, however, was not liberated until July 20th, following bitter fighting. Cherbourg found liberation on June 26th, following assaults by three American divisions. Val-Saint-Pere was liberated at the beginning of August by the G.I's of the U.S. Vlllth Corps coming from Avranches. Several Military Cemeteries are sited in Normandy, covering British, American, Canadian, Polish and German losses. The famous Cemetery at Colleville-St-Laurent between Arromanches and Grandcamp has 9 386 American graves, and the British Cemeteries total over 17 000 graves. The German Cemeteries in the region total nearly 78 000 graves.\nA pretty town with sandy beaches, coves and rock-pools\nOnce the \"romantic capital\" of Alienor of Aquitaine and Henri II Plantaganet. At the Romanesque granite chapel of Notre-Dame-sur-L'Eau, Thomas Beckett is said to have taken mass on Christmas Day 1166. Your journey will take you through the rolling hillsides, valleys, and cider-apple orchards of the region, where you can unwind with a taste of the locally produced cider or \"calvados\" .\n\"Monaco of the north\": a quaint, picturesque fishing port. Spend a lazy day with a picnic on one of several beautiful, unspoilt sandy beaches. Explore the pretty harbour as the local fishermen return with the day's catch; or sample fresh \"moules frites\" in one of the excellent sea-front restaurants. Offering stunning views from the summit of this historic town, there are a variety of shops & restaurants as well as the casino and the former home of Dior, whose gardens are open to the public during the summer months. (Please check for availability and timetable.)\nKarting de Mortain\nFor slightly older children and adults; a short drive will bring you to the Karting Circuit in Mortain. Please check timetable in advance. Address: La Tête à la Femme, 50140 Le Neufbourg Phone:02 33 59 60 33\nLe Mont St Michel\nOne of the most spectacular sights in France, this wonderful landmark can be viewed from our local Church on a clear day. The original site dates back to around the year 500 A.D. A granite pyramid with its winding cobbled streets leads you to the village, Abbey and Church; described as \"one of the most fabulous constructions of the Middle Ages\". Sample one of the fine restaurants and bars, with breathtaking views across the bay. Music festivals, concerts and laser-shows celebrating Saint Michel.\nLe Moulin de Jean Restaurant\nJust 10 minutes' drive away, this \"Michelin Guide 2015\" restaurant is ideal for that \"special celebration\". An old watermill set amongst willow trees and a small stream, it offers a memorable taste of exquisite French cuisine.\nChildren and adults alike will enjoy exploring the pretty \"Cascades\". Amongst an abundance of greenery, the Grande Cascade reaches a height of 20 mtrs, whilst the Petite Cascade leads to a deep gorge. Visit the ancient 12th century \"Abbaye Blanche\", which is still inhabited, or the 13th Century Gothic Church.\nPony trekking / Walking / Cycling\nSt Sever Forest. Here you can enjoy relaxing walks, picnics, pony-trekking or cycling in complete tranquillity, whilst experiencing the sights and sounds of the forest. These include local deer, badgers, woodpeckers, cuckoos and various birds of prey. Wild primroses and orchids decorate the roadsides. The walks are colour-coded, according to the distance and duration your prefer.\nThe Grand Aquarium, on the Emerald Coast of Brittany, is adjacent to the autoroute. It presents an excellent family day out including the 360 degree glass-walled \"shark-ring\", and the mechanical submarine \"nautibus\".\nFor an exhilarating family day out, try L'Ange Michel theme-park. Attractions include aquasplash, quadbiking, bumper boats, tourist train, dry-slope sledging and pony rides. There is also an amusement park for smaller children.\nA Medieval town with several tourist attractions. It has a modern indoor swimming-pool with slides and toddlers' pool, and a number of popular crêperies. Since the first small foundry was established, dating back to the son of William-the-Conqueror, the town has become a worldwide exporter of its famous copperware and brass bells.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.history.ac.uk/2017/10/3d-history-at-the-ihr/", "date": "2024-04-20T20:03:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420184033-20240420214033-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9419211745262146, "token_count": 848, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__170613310", "lang": "en", "text": "On History Day, on 31 October, IHR Digital will demonstrate its new 3D printer and 3D imaging equipment. This will be the first public outing of our new kit which we’ve purchased in conjunction with the School’s Institute of Classical Studies. Together we’re setting up a ‘3D Centre for History and Classics’. From 2018 the Centre will run courses on how and why to use 3D technologies in historical research. At History Day you’ll be able to register you interest for one of these courses at the IHR stand.\nThe IHR has recently taken possession of a high performance computer on which staff and researchers can practise high quality photogrammetry; that is, the creation of three-dimensional representations derived from digital photographs of 2D images or physical objects.\nToday’s photogrammetry software will run well enough on a regular desktop computer, and is able to convert images taken on a standard digital camera. However, the IHR’s hi-spec workstation allows us to create exceptionally high-quality images, as well as complex visualisations that can be experienced through the ‘immersive technology’ of virtual reality (VR). Our purchase of a 3D printer means we can also create physical models from these images, using an additive process by which—layer-by-layer—the printer builds up an exact scale representation.\nPhotogrammetry, virtual reality and three-dimensional printing may at first seem far removed from historical study as practised at the IHR. But 3D is now an important way to undertake and present research, especially in areas such as architectural, urban and topographical history, or histories of material culture. It similarly creates opportunities for new forms of archival and object-based teaching, which permit otherwise rare artefacts to be viewed closely and remotely ‘in the round’, or handled and used as three-dimensional models.\n3D technology also helps us to assemble and explore what was hitherto lost. Examples include the recreation of historical built environments, as depicted in the Virtual St Paul’s website or the recently completed St Stephen’s Chapel project. There’s also the opportunity to reconstruct severely damaged documents, of which a prime example is the Great Parchment Book of the Honourable the Irish Society: compiled in 1639, destroyed by fire in 1786, and now readable again as a flattened 3D representation.\nIt’s no surprise that museums and galleries make good use of three-dimensional technology to promote their collections. Notable here are the 3D Petrie Museum, at University College London, and the British Museum, while artefacts from many other institutions appear on digital platforms such as Sketchfab. Within universities, three-dimensional technology (while increasingly compact and affordable) is often reserved for those studying engineering, the medical and physical sciences architecture and archaeology.\nCritical engagement with 3D images or printed objects is much less common for undergraduate and graduate historians, often because the equipment remains the preserve of other departments. Now that we’ve acquired this technology for the IHR, we’re looking to establish the Institute as a centre for historical applications of imaging, modelling and virtual reality; one where historians can gain new skills and to which they’ll bring research data to model and share in new ways.\nWe hope these options will be on display at the IHR’s forthcoming Winter Conference—Home: New Histories of Living—on 8-9 February 2018. In keeping with its focus on new research practices, the conference will include papers from historians using 3D technologies to recreate and experience, for example, the early modern home from data gathered in probate records.\nFollowing the Winter Conference, we’ll invite historians to try out the IHR’s imaging and printing equipment for themselves. In doing so, we hope that a technology of the late 2010s and 2020s will help rekindle a Pollardian ambition fostered in the 1920s: of the Institute as a national ‘historical laboratory’—a place for experimentation and training in new approaches to the past.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://glassancientbeads.blogspot.com/2009/11/filigrana-or-not-filigrana.html", "date": "2018-03-20T17:37:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00639.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9623329043388367, "token_count": 1653, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__29746694", "lang": "en", "text": "Saturday, November 28, 2009\nAncient Bead Decoration With \"Cable\" or \"Filigrana\" Canes\nThe modern glass term filigrana refers to glass canes wherein one or more colors appear in helical form around a cane of different color. Many writers simply call this \"cable decoration.\" The decorative cane may be made in different ways: 1) two or more different canes joined by heating, then drawn and twisted while still soft; or 2) a drawn cane wrapped or trailed with threads of one or more different colors.\nExamples A and B here are wound beads, on which short pieces of cane were laid and trailed threads added, then well marvered so the decorations are flush with the rest of the bead. Here the canes' white threads appear wrapped around transparent glass, rather than suspended within the cane. It is possible that some transparent glass has weathered or worn away, so the present appearance may not be as originally made.\nExample C was made quite differently, although the cane that has the red and yellow threads appears also to have had the colored threads wrapped around a more transparent glass that is now quite degraded. This bead was constructed as a \"rolled pad,\" the striped cane pieces and the double-helix cane prepared before a strip of the combination was rolled around a mandrel, the strip's ends fused, and the perforation ends somewhat rounded.\nExamples A and B may have been made circa 100 CE, with the possibility that they were made a few centuries earlier -- or later. An example similar to B is depicted in the Greater Washington Bead Society's \"Bead Timeline of History\" together with beads made perhaps about 100 BCE, but that bead is not discussed in the accompanying publication (James W. Lankton et al., A Bead Timeline, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1200 CE; Washington, DC: Bead Society of Greater Washington, 2004, fig. 6.6, p. 56 and fig. 6.0, p. 53, in group number 602). The same bead seems to have been photographed also in a different group (between numbers 39 and 40) in the Timeline placed in a time period roughly around 900 CE. The group is categorized in \"Europe,\" but no comment is offered for the group or for this bead (Timeline fig. 8.0, p. 74).\nExample C is hard to judge, but could have been made about the 8th century CE or even later. Some beads with such decoration have been found in northern European Frankish sites.\nThe Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York, has several beads with such cane decoration around their equators (Acc. no. 72.1.22A-D). They are large oblate spheroids. Three are opaque white glass with undulating trailing of translucent turquoise glass, the additional trailed cane being turquoise glass spirally wound with yellow glass. A fourth is said to have been core-formed, translucent turquoise glass with an undulating opaque white trail, the added cane of white, spiral-wound with yellow glass. Size given is 3.3 cm x 2.6 cm. The beads are attributed to northwest Iran, ca. 6th to 1st centuries BCE, Achaemenid or Parthian periods (Sidney M. Goldstein, Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in The Corning Museum of Glass; Corning, NY: The Corning Museum of Glass, 1979, catalog nos. 232-235, beads A, B, C, D, pp. 114-115).\nSome beads decorated with such helical-thread or \"cable\" decoration have been found in England, and a few in Ireland, in sites securely datable at various times between 100 BCE and 100 CE. There is some evidence from distribution of find sites that the beads were made in England, although the origins of the glass components are not certain and workshops not found. These beads are discussed by Margaret Guido in The Glass Beads of the Prehistoric and Roman Periods in Britain and Ireland (London, UK: The Society of Antiquaries of London, 1978), pp. 76-79, 182-187. The cables inventoried as bead decorations are all strictly two-color. The bead forms are annular and oblate spheroids as well as fragments. In the annular examples the cables are often wound around the bead body parallel to the perforation.\nGuido also inventories one annular bead, \"Translucent light greenish bottle-glass with opaque white around perforation and circumferential bands of finely twisted white, red and blue.\" The bead, 2.5 cm in diameter, 1.1 cm long, with perforation diameter 1 cm., was found in excavation of the Roman fort (called Arbeia) on the Tyne River, South Shields, Durham. The fort was occupied circa 122-369 CE. At times Spanish, Palmyrene and Tigris elements had been at the fort (op. cit. p. 232, drawing p. 101, fig. 38, no. 10). It is possible that the bands are not whole canes marvered in, but are segments of cane; the drawing depicts four narrow bands side-by-side, with surface color-alternation in diagonal stripes placed so that the directions alternate, chevron-fashion, similar to the effect of spheroid beads made later at Fustat, Egypt as well as probably elsewhere. In the latter, the cane segments are fused aligned with the direction of the perforation, not placed circumferentialy. In the Durham bead, the individual bands appear to be each about 1.5 mm wide or less, narrower than the Fustat-type cane segments. This bead is located in the South Shields Museum.\nSome beads with such decoration, the 'cables' opaque white and translucent blue, have been found in early Christian sites in Ireland, circa 8th century CE (Julian Henderson, \"An Archaeological and Scientific Study of 47 Glass Beads,\" in David Freke, ed., Excavations on St Patrick's Isle, Peel, Isle of Man 1982-88; Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2002, p. 356). One similar to the Irish type was found in a circa 10th century, CE burial at Peel in a group that probably constituted a necklace, with disparate types of glass and probably varying ages (see discussion by Henderson, and inventory of the beads found in \"Beads: Context and Catalogue,\" ibid., pp. 339-348).\nIt should be borne in mind that the Canaanite-Phoenicians had traded in England for tin, some centuries before the Roman invasion, and may have introduced some design inspiration, glass-working technology and even prepared glass. Both moving populations and trade, beginning well before the Roman era, may have moved glass, prepared canes, and beads with such decoration into the British Isles from places as far-flung as the eastern Mediterranean basin and northern and eastern Europe.\nBead A here is 12 x 10 mm, B is 11 x 12 mm, and C is 13 x 10 mm (diameter x length through the perforation).\nGiven the very small scale of these decorative canes, they could not have been drawn after the helical threads were added. Those in the Corning Museum examples cited above appear to be about 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Those in examples A and B here are about 4 mm. diam., and in C about 2.1 mm diameter. The process of marvering those in A and B would have somewhat flattened and broadened the decorative canes. Since these appear to be smaller in scale than those used in glass vessels of the Roman Empire era, they may have been made specifically for decoration of small objects such as beads.\nArchaeologically excavated workshops have not been reported that could document when and where such canes were made.\nImages copyright (c) 2009 by the blog owner.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://typewriter.umwblogs.org/about/the-invention/", "date": "2019-03-19T01:40:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201882.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319012213-20190319034213-00198.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9526152610778809, "token_count": 1581, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__100691718", "lang": "en", "text": "GOAL: “A machine by which it is assumed that a man may print his thoughts twice as fast as he can write them, and with the advantage of the legibility, compactness and neatness of print…” -Anonymous 1\nSholes, Glidden, & Soule. “Typewriting Machine Patent” United States Patent Office, 1868, http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00079265&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D0079265.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0079265%2526RS%3DPN%2F0079265&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page (accessed March 30, 2011).\n“It looked something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table” -Richard Current2\nThe first American patent for a writing machine appeared as early as 1829 by William Burt, and for the typewriter appeared in 1843 by Charles Thurber. Their machines however, were not the successful story we know today. Thurber’s machine was too slow and did not have any success. Just as important as the inventors are, promoters are needed for technology to be successful, and Christopher Latham Sholes was able to find an able partner in James Densmore. After reading about a typewriting machine being invented by James Pratt of Alabama, Sholes began to improve upon his latest model. He ended up building between twenty-five and thirty models total and demonstrated the most recent model in 1873. The very first model of the typewriter Sholes created indeed did look like a piano, but nevertheless it was the first practical writing machine. Its development began in Miklwaukee in the Winter of 1866-67. 3 Sholes was assisted by Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden, both amateur inventors. The original only wrote in capital letters and its structure prevented the operator from seeing the line that she was writing.” 4 Densmore presented their completed machine in 1873 to E. Remington & Sons. Zellers quotes Henry Benedict, a director of the Remington Company, “‘That machine, is very crude, but there is an idea there that wil revolutionize business. We must on no account let it get away.’ A contract for manufacture was signed on March 1, 1873, and eventually E. Remington & sons acquired complete ownership.” 5 Thus, the Remington Company took a risk, as most companies must do for a new piece of technology to prevail.\n“QWERTY Keyboard” http://home.earthlink.net/~dcrehr/IMAGES/Q.78pat.jpeg (Accessed March 30, 2011).\nThe keyboard is the main component to the typewriter, as it has all the letters. And there were many variations to this piece of the machine. One of the main issues with early typewriters, and early writing machines in general, was that they “did excellent work, but which could not compete against the pen in speed.” 6 It also only had uppercase letters and no lowercase. Wershler-Henry states that “Originally the tendency was to arrange all letters…in alphabetical order for easy reference. It was assumed that if people knew their alphabet, and most people did, it would be easy to locate the letter required.” But this was not efficient for the typewriter, because, “the ‘ABC’ arrangement caused his up-strike machine to jam when any speed was reached.” 7 rather it was efficient only for the typer.\nSholes was also the creator of the QWERTY keyboard that we know and still use today (with a few modifications). The problem with the original machine’s keyboard was that the arms would get stuck together as one was going up to type the next letter and the other was coming down. As a solution, Wershler-Henry explains, “Sholes’s parter [James Densmore] delegated his son-in-law…to draw up a list of the most common two-letter sequences in the English language. Sholes then designed the keyboard so that these pairs were separated, thus introducing a tiny delay between the activation of one letter and the next.” 8\nWhether or not this was more efficient is debatable. On one hand, the key arms were no longer sticking together, but on the other, typists were not used to this arrangement of letters. “Sholes’s arrangement is a keyboard ‘considerably less efficient than if the arrangement had been left to simple chance.'” 9 So why then did it remain persistent all the way through present day?\nThe most popular alternate keyboard to the QWERTY was created by August Dvorak and was patented in 1936, as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard. 10 This keyboard featured a greater utilization of right hand keying, a minimization of awkward fingering sequences, and a larger home-[middle] row vocabulary (3000 vs. 100 common words). In addition, the typist can learn this keyboard in a third amount of time it took to learn the QWERTY keyboard. 11 But why did QWERTY prevail? The answer, simply because people wanted things to stay the same, no one wanted to learn a new keyboard all over again, and just as many technological advances occur, the superior product does not always become the standard.\n- “Typewriting Machine” Scientific American 17, no. 1 (July 1867): 3. <http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=scia;cc=scia;rgn=full%20text;idno=scia1017-1;didno=scia1017-1;view=image;seq=00011;node=scia1017-1%3A1> (accessed March 30, 2011). ↩\n- Richard Current, The Typewriter and the Men Who Made It (Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1954) 9 ↩\n- John Zellers, The Typewriter: A Short History, on its 75th Anniversary 1873-1948. (New York: The Newcomen Society of England,1948), 10. ↩\n- Ibid, 13. ↩\n- Ibid, 12. ↩\n- Ibid, 9. ↩\n- Darren Wershler-Henry, The Iron Whim: A Fragmented History of Typewriting (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005) 155. ↩\n- Ibid, 156. ↩\n- Ibid, 156. ↩\n- Ibid. ↩\n- Ibid. ↩", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://rapidroofing.com/roofing-contractors-sterling-heights-mi/", "date": "2024-04-17T11:24:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817153.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417110701-20240417140701-00097.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9393620491027832, "token_count": 192, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__41163916", "lang": "en", "text": "In 2024, Rapid Roofing proudly expanded its operations to Sterling Heights, marking a new chapter in our history of service excellence. Founded in Southeast Michigan in 2000 by Bill and Mike Beaty, our journey into residential roofing services began with a profound legacy of hard work and integrity passed down by their father. Over the years, this legacy has shaped our mission: not merely to repair roofs but to ensure the peace of mind of each homeowner we have the privilege to serve. Achieving an A+ rating and earning accolades such as the Angie’s List Super Service Award since 2009, Rapid Roofing has evolved beyond its roofing origins. Today, we’re a comprehensive exterior service provider, passionately upholding our founders’ values of quality, integrity, and a customer-first approach. Embedded within the Michigan community, we’re committed to enhancing the lives of our neighbors with unmatched service and craftsmanship.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thememoirofawriter.com/2020/05/07/ghost-soldiers-by-hampton-sides-review/", "date": "2023-06-10T02:01:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656869.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609233952-20230610023952-00234.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9885097742080688, "token_count": 2089, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__179068463", "lang": "en", "text": "During a time where death was welcomed and at times begged for, there were still soldiers holding on to life by the skin of their teeth. These soldiers were the forgotten soldiers in Hampton Sides Ghost Soldiers. When I grabbed Ghost Soldiers off of a shelf at a local Goodwill, I had no idea what it was about but was intrigued by the interesting title. Two dollars lighter and one book heavier, I was the new owner of a beat up copy of a story about a mission during War World II. Quite honestly, I didn’t have any intention of actually reading it, but that changed the moment I read the first page.\nI wasn’t expecting Hampton Sides gift for detail, which had me cringing yet wanting to know more. Sides offers a thorough account of the American soldiers surrender to the Japanese while at the Battle of Bataan, and the march they had to take to their own prisoner of war camp. This walk was later dubbed the Bataan Death March due to how great the death toll was for the captured soldiers during this march. Sides also gives a detailed record of the quality of life within the prisoner of war camp while maintaining the attention of the reader by bringing to light a plan of rescue for the imprisoned soldiers.\nThe story begins by diving right into the middle of the action with the American soldiers still fighting in the Battle of Bataan against the Japanese army, their life hanging by a thread as many troops were riddled with disease and supplies were few—if any. As the men lay in their foxholes they took to singing a chant, originally written by an American newsman, “We’re the battling bastards of Bataan, no mama, no papa, no Uncle Sam. No aunts, no uncles, no nephews, no nieces—no pills, no planes, no artillery pieces…and nobody gives a damn.” In just a few short lines it shows the hopeless attitude the troops had adopted. Though this battle took place during World War II and was quite a few years before my time, Sides not only captured the forlorn thoughts of these soldiers, he brought it to life as if this travesty happened only yesterday.\nThe American soldiers fought for their country, their fellow comrades, and their life only a short three months in Bataan before American General Edward P. Kings gave the orders to the 75,000 American troops in Bataan to surrender themselves to the Japanese. These orders were against American General MacArthur’s, who was a fellow commander. This in turn forced MacArthur’s hand and he himself had to withdraw from his position by orders of President Roosevelt. Stricken with guilt, MacArthur swore he’d come back for his troops. At first glance, instinct makes MacArthur look like a pushover, but as the story progresses Sides shows the loyalty of MacArthur by proving his promise was not vain.\nWhen the U.S. General met with the Japanese General to make the surrender of the American troops known, the Japanese began planning for the prisoner intake that would occur. They had to make provisions and figure out the way in which they would get so many soldiers to the actual prison camp, which was near the city Cabanatuan. What the Japanese didn’t realize until it was too late was that there were a lot more American soldiers that had surrendered than they had counted on. The march was sixty miles long and through torturous heat. Many soldiers, already extremely ill, did not make it far. Even so, the ones that could walk were rarely given food or water. The Japanese, easily angered, would kill any soldier that walked too slow or fell. If they stopped by a source of water, death was the result if any prisoner attempted to drink. With so many factors working against the American soldiers it is easy to see why it is named the Bataan Death March.\nOnce the prisoners reached the camp, Hampton Sides did a remarkable job describing what life was like behind enemy fences for the American soldiers that were imprisoned there. The prisoners worked hard, laborious tasks on an incredibly small amount of food and water. These already diseased men fell into even more sickness. Death was rampant, claiming men daily. Their pain was described in great detail and not easy to read about, but it illustrated the amount of hardship these men had to go through and only few survived. The men were forced to live with lice, malaria, and beriberi with limited medication. They worked daily, whether it was building landing strips or digging trenches; they were always wearing their already worn bodies out.\nEscaping the camp was at the forefront of each man’s mind; at least until they realized getting too close to the fences would bring deadly consequences. If one soldier ever attempted an escape the entire camp would be punished. Though the men in this camp experienced some of the most inhumane practices, Sides wrote about the hope these men clung to as if it was their ship home. Even though the soldiers had been disappointed by their own countries military and were put on the government’s last priority list they still stayed optimistic about being rescued. When one soldier would be on the brink of breaking physically and mentally a fellow soldier would convince him it was a time to keep living. The soldiers weren’t always in harmony; there were points when survival depended on how much they were willing to be selfish because food quantity eventually dropped even lower. It was the survival of the fittest—or rather the survival of the men who could still use their limbs.\nGhost Soldiers was told in shifting perspectives and also showed the reader what was going on with General MacArthur and his hard work and determination to free his soldiers. It was a nice touch to be able to read both sides of the story, which made reading about the more gruesome details more bearable because it gave you a sense of hope that these men might survive and make it back home to their loved ones. You aren’t only reading about horrifying details of the prisoners of war but also about the determination the men planning their rescue had.\nColonel Mucci was the chosen front man to lead the handpicked Rangers, who were soldiers that stood out and were specifically chosen to train for the mission of bringing the extremely decreased number of around 600 soldiers home. Three years passed with the soldiers in captivity and by that time it wasn’t just American soldiers they would bring back to safe ground, there were British as well. The Rangers themselves had to face many difficulties during their own march to the camp, like ducking and lying flat on the ground every time they heard a noise, thinking it could be enemy planes. When the Rangers were close enough to the camp they were afraid of getting caught, but they were fortunate enough to team up with local guerrillas.\nThe Rangers finally freed the weak, barely capable of walking prisoners from the camp. But making it to the camp and getting the soldiers out safely wasn’t the end. They still had to get out of enemy territory and most of the freed men were carried or put onto carts. The most powerful part of this story was the reaction the Rangers had towards the very men they rescued. They called the once prisoners “heroes” and refused the term for themselves. It was a moving moment of recognition and selflessness. The ghost soldiers may have felt forgotten and in many minds they were, but to MacArthur, Mucci, and the Rangers they were the true heroes of the war.\n“The forgotten epic story of World War II’s most dramatic mission”, is what the book is described as. It can no longer claim to be forgotten, for it will always be remembered for those who read this chilling story. There were times where tears were on the brink of overflowing and I had to put the book down. Hampton Sides knows how to tell a true story that isn’t all about facts and numbers. It was about the American soldiers and who they were and what they went through. Sides lets the reader experience the story as if their grandpa was sitting them down and telling them about his time in the war.\nHe didn’t just tell the story of prisoners of war and their rescue, he took each soldiers story and cared about them and every single soldier that was introduced had a conclusion. Even if that conclusion was that they were never heard of again. Sides made sure everything coincided and that the entire story had an end.\n“Today the site of Cabanatuan Camp is a modest park covered in tropical fruit trees. A memorial wall of white marble lists the names of 2,656 Americans who perished there.”\nThis book was published in 2002, I read it in 2012 and I wrote this in 2015. I decided to publish it here, because…why not?\nIt’s hands down one of my favorite books on a subject that I love learning about. Specifically, I like learning about the lesser known occurrences of WWII – so if you know any like books, recommend them!\nI’ve posted reviews before and anyone who has read those and made it through this clunker will see the difference in style. My more recent reviews hit more on technique and what worked and what didn’t. This is more of a traditional review.\nDo you want to see more like this?\nThe Battle of Bataan, fought two years before I was born, and the rescue of the surviving prisoners is a story I have seen on film, read, and I even talked to a survivor about when I was ten years old. Yes, Hampton Sides does a particularly fine job of bringing it back to its reality. Your review does the book justice. Thank you. Warmest review Ed\nLikeLiked by 1 person\nThat’s so cool that you were able to talk to a survivor. I’ve met a few WWII vets and it’s always an interesting experience.\nI was fortunate the one I talked to when I was ten was willing to talk. Most of them clammed up for decades. Warmest regards, Ed\nLikeLiked by 1 person", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://turkishgoldminersassociation.org/turkish-gold/turkish-gold-history", "date": "2017-04-24T01:27:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00451-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9579821825027466, "token_count": 569, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__119914324", "lang": "en", "text": "Gold has captivated the imagination and passions of civilizations for thousands of years, forming the basis of early currency and trade all over the world. It is surprising how the earliest Anatolian civilizations demonstrated advanced knowledge of metal ores and mining practices dating back to the Neolithic period ca. 9,000 BC.\nThe earliest Anatolian gold artefacts were discovered at Alacahoyuk (modern Corum), which dates to the early Bronze Age, ca. 3,000 BC. By this time, the inhabitants of Anatolia (modern Turkey) had developed sophisticated technology for manufacturing metals.\nGold played a major part in the advance of many Anatolian civilizations and evidence can still be seen to this day through ancient mine workings across some of the countries largest modern day deposits.\nIn Turkey fine native gold is often found in quartz veins in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. Early civilizations lacking knowledge of extraction techniques, and an understanding of geology, sourced gold from placer deposits in streams or rivers. One such river, rich in alluvial gold, is the Gediz (River Hermus of antiquity) which drains the region of the Boz Sira Mountains to the east of Izmir. As the second largest river draining the Anatolian plateau into the Aegean, the Gediz is steeped in legend from King Midas through to the great riches of King Croesus and the earliest minted gold coins of Lydia (ca.650 BC).\nAs the alluvial deposits in Anatolia were exhausted of their gold, oxidized zones of gold-quartz and sulphide deposits began to be exploited. Where bedrock quartz deposits were used, the separation of native gold from quartz, was accomplished by hand picking, crushing, milling and finally washing of the residues.\nIn the 1980s there was renewed interest in Turkish gold deposits, as both geologists and archaeologists began significant research into the location of gold sources from over 2,000 years ago. The gold hoards of Galatia, Phrygia, Lydia and Troy stood as testament to the rich geology that lay beneath western Turkey. Today, gold is being extracted once more and Turkey is now the leader in European gold production.\nIt is notable that the focal point for exploration and mining has been the provinces of western Turkey, where many of these great archaeological finds were made. The first modern gold mine is Ovacik (1 Moz), which lies 100 km north of Izmir and just kilometres from modern day Bergama (ancient Pergamon). The second mine is Kisladag (5.5 Moz), located 180 kilometres east of Izmir , near the town of Usak.\nThe major gold deposits of Turkey run across the following three regions;\nWebsite developed by Alkimi", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://davisbiotech.com/online-resources-new-online-archives-offer-insight-into-more-than-a-century-of-american-history/", "date": "2022-06-25T20:00:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00498.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9381680488586426, "token_count": 492, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__229542155", "lang": "en", "text": "From Cooper Union:\nThe Cooper Union Presents Great Hall Voicean extraordinary new public resource that tells the story of New York and the nation through the words of the people who helped shape it from the stage of the legendary Great Hall. Great Hall Voice is a digital archive, free and accessible to all, and generously supported by the Robert David Lion Gardiner Foundation. This growing collection features all known sound and video recordings made in the historic Cooper Union Great Hall since 1941 and continuing to the present day, as well as 8,900 objects, such as photographs, tickets and flyers, related to over 3,000 great hall programs. dating from 1859.\nGreat Hall Voice houses recordings of some of America’s most renowned thinkers and leaders from all disciplines, including Presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton; Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall; feminist, journalist and activist Gloria Steinem; nearly every New York City mayor from the 1950s to the present; Congressional leaders like John Lewis and Adam Schiff; cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead; architect Louis I. Kahn; psychologist and writer Timothy Leary; and poet and author Carl Sandburg. The digital archive is searchable by date, speaker and 20 different themes such as anthropology and sociology; architecture and urbanism ; Environment; work and economy; New York; politics and activism; racial justice and human rights; and Women, gender and sexuality.\nIt took nearly four years for a team of archivists and designers to create the archive which consists of the new digital platform and a collection compiled from multiple sources. Many historic recordings had languished in Cooper Union Audio Visual Department storage for decades. With the start of this project, they have been relocated, conserved and cataloged. Additional recordings were transferred from the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, the Cooper Union School of Art, and the WNYC New York Public Radio Collection of the New York City Archives. Many recordings made in partnership with WNYC from 1968 to 1970 were syndicated nationally by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters. Ultimately, the archive project grew into a larger cause to consolidate all available information about the Great Hall at Cooper Union into this formalized resource. The born physical and digital records represented on the site are archived and available in the Cooper Union Library Archives and Special Collections.\nDirect to the Voices of the Great Hall Online Archive\nLearn more, read the full announcement", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://villapnai.com/explore/historic-sites/", "date": "2024-02-23T00:56:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00781.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9445633292198181, "token_count": 4818, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__153293997", "lang": "en", "text": "It is impossible to overstate the historical importance of northern Israel and the Galilee, and the multitude of deeply significant sites that can be visited in this beautiful part of the world: Bronze Age settlements from the time of King David (e.g. Tel Hazor, Tel Beit She’an); Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine cities (e.g. Beit She’an); the places where Jesus lived and ministered (e.g. Nazareth, Capernaum, Mount of the Beatitudes); Crusader fortresses and citadels (e.g. Nimrod, Akko); and much more.\nThe Galilee contains many important places of pilgrimage for Christians.\nHowever, it should be remembered that Jesus was a Jew and is recognized as a prophet by Muslims.\nEveryone, irrespective of their religion or beliefs, is welcome at these sites, which offer wonderful and restful locations, often with stunning views, for contemplation, meditation or prayer.\nThe “Bible Walks” website (www.biblewalks.com) provides a comprehensive historical description of a vast array of sites, together with visitors information and excellent photographs.\nWe highly recommend a recent edition of “The Holy Land: An Oxford Archeological Guide”, Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Oxford University Press (We have a copy in the Villa, for guests use) Below, we have highlighted some of our favourites sites listed below in ascending order of distance from Rosh Pinna.\nTel Hazor is of one of the largest and most important biblical sites from the Canaanite and Israelite periods (18th to 9th Century BCE) when this mighty city was the gateway between Egypt and Mesopotamia.\nDescribed as the “head of all of those kingdoms” (Joshua 11:10) Hazor was the largest and most important fortified city in the region. It was noted for its bronze making industry.\nThe upper city is situated at the top of the Tel and is protected by massive walls, towers and gates that enclose an area of 10 hectares. Gate towers dating back to the time of King Solomon have been partially reconstructed.\nInside the walls are the excavated remains of a Canaanite palace (14th to 13th Century BCE) and temple, an Israelite citadel (9th to 8th Century BCE), and numerous other imposing structures including civic and commercial buildings.\nA very significant and impressive system to store and supply water was constructed in the 9th Century BCE, including a vertical square shaft descending 46 metres into the ground, accessible by 123 steps carved into the rock.\nThe much larger lower city is some 75 hectares in area, protected by a surrounding rampart.\nComparatively little has been excavated, yet it is known to contain the remains of various structures dating from 18th to 13th Century BCE. The lower city is not open to the public.\nHowever, it can be clearly seen from the northern side of the upper city. Worth bringing binoculars! http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Hazor.html\n“Old Korazim” was a small town established early in the 1st Century CE.\nAccording to the Christian gospels, Jesus visited Korazim did not “repent” and was cursed.\nKorazim was destroyed by an earthquake in the 4th Century CE, though it was subsequently restored and prospered until the 8th Century CE.\nSet on a promontory on the northern slopes, the excavated town is approximately 10 hectares in size.\nIn the centre is an important synagogue, partially reconstructed, that dates to the 4th Century CE.\nThere are fine carvings on the lintel and on other stones, including a stone bench (a “cathedra of Moses”) with a Hebrew inscription. Nearby is an underground Mikveh.\nThe town’s water supply was a nearby spring, and a complex network of covered gullies and cisterns distributed and stored the water. An oil press can be seen on the western side of the town. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Korazim.html\nCentred about the octagonal Church of the Beatitudes, beautiful and serene gardens and expansive lawns offer wonderful views over the Lake.\nIt is believed that here Jesus preached the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1-7:28) to a very large crowd of Galileans. The sermon contains the eight Beatitudes, including, for example, “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.”\nThis is truly a wonderful place to sit, think, contemplate and meditate.\nWith plenty of shade, it is a delightful place even in the heat of the mid-Summer.\nNearby are the ruins of a 4th Century CE Byzantine church. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Beatitudes.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount\nBelow the Mount of the Beatitudes, on the shore of the Lake, is the Church of the Multiplication built, it is believed, on the site where Jesus performed the miracle of the “five loaves and two fish”, also known as the “feeding of the five thousand” (Matthew 14:13-21, Mark 6:31-44, Luke 9:10-17 and John 6:5-15).\nA very large crowd of 5,000 men plus accompanying women and children had followed Jesus from nearby Bethsaida. As evening approached, the crowd became hungry, yet the only food available was five loaves of bread and two fish.\nJesus gave thanks and broke the bread. Miraculously there became more than enough food to feed the entire crowd.\nThe beautiful and serene modern church is built on the site of the original 4th Century CE church and contains many of the original features, including a series of the original floor mosaics.\nThese stunning figurative mosaics and are the earliest know examples of their kind in Israel. A limestone block, under the altar, is venerated as the stone on which the miraculous meal was laid. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/tabcha.html\nA short walk from the Church of the Multiplication is the Church of the Primacy of Peter.\nSituated on the shore of the Lake, the modern Franciscan chapel is built on the foundations of a 4th Century CE church, still visible at the base of the modern walls.\nThe modest chapel, quiet and reflective, houses a large rock set into the floor, the “mensa Christi”, on which Jesus and the disciples had breakfast.\nOn the lake side of the church are some carved stone steps (2nd Century BCE?) that lead down to a small beach.\nEarly in the morning it is still possible to see fishermen casting their nets into the Lake. Warm springs flow into the Lake close to this point, attracting large numbers of fish to this place.\nNearby, a small jetty, shaded by an awning, has some picnic tables – an ideal location for contemplation and a spot of lunch. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/tabgha-church-of-primacy-of-peter\nCapernaum was a fishing village on the north shore of the Lake, inhabited from the 2nd Century BCE to the 11th Century CE.\nAn important Jewish centre, it was the centre of Jesus’ public ministry and is mentioned on numerous occasions in the Gospels (Matthew 4:13, 8:5, 11:23, 17:24, Mark 1:21, 2:1, 9:33, Luke 4:23, 31,7:1, 10:15, John 2:12, 4:46, 6:17, 24,59).\nThe narrow network of streets and buildings that formed the village has been excavated.\nAt the centre is an octagonal church built over an ancient house believed to have been the house where the apostle Peter lived.\nA modern church is built on pillars over this site, with a glass floor through which the remnants of this ancient church can be viewed.\nThere are also the remains of a 4th Century CE synagogue, one of the most magnificent ancient synagogues in Israel.\nNearby is the Church of the Seven Apostles, a beautiful modern Greek Orthodox church. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/capernaum.html\nThis rarely visited archeological site is located in Jordan Park Nature on the north-east of the Lake, just east of the Upper Jordan River.\nThe site is the probable location of the town of Bethsaida (“Beit Tsaida”) where Jesus healed a blind man (Mark 8:22) and the birthplace of the apostles Andrew, Peter and Philip (John 1:44). Though now some 1.5 km from the Lake, it once have sat on its north-eastern shore until earthquakes shifted the course of the Upper Jordan and raised the northern banks.\nRecent excavations have revealed an extensive walled town dating from the 3rd Century BCE, that has yielded a multitude of archaeological treasures, including a fisherman’s house, a winemaker’s house amongst other structures and artifacts.\nYou can walk the network of cobbled streets, flanked by shops, houses and a temple.\nHowever, the excavations also revealed that beneath this Hellenistic and Roman town lies a much older Bronze Age city, likely the city of Geshur.\nKing David’s third wife, the mother of Absalom, came from here (2 Samuel 3: 3). Archaeologists have reconstructed the massive city gate complex at the southern end of the city.\nTel Beit Tsaida is a tranquil refuge with wonderful views over the Lake and the Upper Jordan.\nHard to find, access to the site is from the gate to the Jordan park. Right after passing the gate, turn left and reach the parking lot on the north side of the ruins.\nWe recommend combining a visit to this archeological site with a visit to the nearby Bethsaida National Park Reserve (see î Bethsaida) http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Bethsaida.html\nFurther round on the western shores of the Lake, are the excavated ruins of the Byzantine church and monastery of Kursi, commemorating Jesus’ so-called “miracle of the swine” (Mark 5:1-20, Matthew 8:28-34, Luke 8:26-39).\nDating back to the 5th Century CE, it is the largest Byzantine monastery in Israel. According to 1st Century CE Jewish records, Kursi was a gentile town, hence the keeping of pigs.\nKursi is a beautiful place to visit, lush and green and with wonderful views over the lake. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Kursi.html\nThe Montfort is a 13th century Crusader fortress built during the times of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.\nThe ruins of the fortress is perched majestically on a narrow and steep cliff above the southern bank of Nahal Kziv (Kziv River). The fortress is a fantastic family outing combining striking natural scenery and historical insight.\nUnlike many other crusader fortresses in this region, this fortress had not been originally built for military purposes but begun its way as an agricultural farm, prior to its becoming one of the finest examples of fortified building architecture in crusader states.\nThe fortress is only accessible by foot, but the hike to the fortress is fun and beautiful and does not take very long. The hike is of medium difficulty and suitable for children ages 4+. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/Montfort.html\nNimrod Fortress is a very important Crusader-era castle, the largest in Israel, built between 1229-1290 AD to defend the route from Damascus to Jerusalem.\nA mountain-top citadel, impressive in its own right, Nimrod commands fantastic\nviews up to Mount Hermon and down the steep ravines to the Hula valley below.\nSome 65 dunams in area, the outer walls connect a series of defensive towers, each containing various rooms and halls in which the defending soldiers would have lived and from where they would have fought.\nA large underground reservoir, fully accessible, would have provided enough water to sustain the castle through a prolonged siege.\nThe central Keep (Donjon), the strategic heart of the castle, likes on the highest point of the castle and offers some of the best views of Nimrod as a whole and of the surrounding landscape.\nAt 800 m above sea level, the site can be pleasantly cool in the heat of mid-Summer, but can therefore be cold in the Autumn and Spring.\nIt is not somewhere to visit in Winter! https://www.touristisrael.com/nimrod-fortress/6010/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Fortress\nThe nearby Witches’ Cauldron restaurant is a great place to have a hearty lunch or evening meal, particularly when the weather is cold. The restaurant has magnificent views over the beautiful crater lake of Birkat Ram. http://www.the-witch.co.il/home.asp\nThe drive to Nimrod, once you have passed through Kiryat Shimona and start the climb into the Golan Heights, is beautiful.\nIt is well worth taking your time and stopping at the various viewing points along the road.\nIt is also worth considering visiting some of the Druze settlements such as Majdal al-Shams (less than 10 km away) whilst you are in the Heights. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort_Castle\nA small town in the time of Jesus, Nazareth became a major Christian stronghold during the Byzantine period.\nIt has been continuously occupied ever since.\nCentred about the Old City and its market (mainly dating to the 19th Century CE), Nazareth today is a bustling mixed Christian, Muslim and Jewish city.\nFull of fascinating and beautiful corners, its 30 churches, many mosques and ancient synagogues are testament to its history and spiritual significance.\nAt the heart of the city is the Basilica of the Annunciation, commemorating Gabriel’s visit to Mary.\nA stunning modern church, it is built over the grotto believed to be Mary’s house, now an important shrine. The floor contains a 5th Century CE mosaic.\nThe adjacent St Joseph’s Church is built over a grotto believed to be Joseph’s carpentry workshop.\nSt Gabriel’s Church, close to Mary’s Well, is a Greek Orthodox church that commemorates the Annunciation. The 12th Century CE Synagogue Church, built by the Crusaders, is built on the site of an ancient synagogue where it is believed that Jesus prayed and studied as a boy.\nOther churches worth visiting include the Greek Catholic Church, Christ Church, Our Lady of the Fright, Mensa Christi, and the Convent of the Sisters of Nazareth.\nNo visit to Nazareth would be complete without a visit to the bustling market, a traditional Arab souk in many respects, selling food, spices and fabrics as well as artwork and souvenirs and with many nearby cafes and restaurants.\nMount Tabor, 9 km east of Nazareth, was a strategically important fortress dating back to the Bronze Age and has numerous references in the Old Testament (Joshua 19: 22, Judges 4: 6-14 and 8: 18, 1 Samuel 10: 3, 1 Chronicles 6: 77, Psalms 89: 12, Jeremiah 46: 18, and Josiah 5: 1).\nThe summit of the Mount (575m) has extensive Roman and Crusader ruins, clearly visible today.\nIt is here that Christians believe that Moses and Elijah appear to Jesus who had become “transfigured” (Matthew 17: 1-13), commemorated by the Church of the Transfiguration.\nA modern church, it built over the remains of a Crusader church, including 3 accessible grottoes. There is also Greek Orthodox church and monastery.\nWe recommend taking the short hike (2.5 km) from the Gate of the Wind parking lot beside the wall and begin to climb on foot up to the Franciscan monastery.\nThe walk along the hillside paths reveals a wealth of magnificent scenery: plowed fields, ponds and communities hidden amid the tangle of greenery are disclosed one after another cumulating to a wide panorama from different successive angles.\nA gentle breeze blows on the hill in both winter and summer. From the summit there are fabulous views over the Jezreel valley and is a wonderful place for a picnic.\nMount Tabor is also a popular launch site for hang-glider enthusiasts. http://www.biblewalks.com/Sites/tabor.html\nAkko, also known historically to Arabs as عكّا (‘Akka) and Westerners as Acre, lies on the northern edge of the coastal valley in the Bay of Acre.\nAkko possesses a long history of various cultures: Canaanites, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Crusaders and Arabs. Akko is a holy city in the Bahá’í Faith and has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as a site of extraordinary significance to the world’s cultural heritage.\nAkko boasts beautiful seashore, a marina and a fishing port. Old Acre, which is situated on a peninsula, is one of the few cities along the shores of the Mediterranean whose surrounding walls have remained intact, aside from two openings that now provide access to motor vehicles.\nAkko is our favorite city in the north; there is plenty to see (and hear and taste and smell) above ground and below.\nAkko also makes a great place to spend a Saturday, as the Old City doesn’t close down and all the sites are open. It is a city brimming with history and bustling multicultural livelihood. One day-trip to Akko may not suffice to enjoy the multiple attraction Akko has to offer, below is a list of our favorite:\n- Visit the Hall of the Crusader Knights at the Citadel. Archaeological excavations revealed a complex of halls built and used by the Hospitallers Knights.\n- Descend into the Templar Tunnel, which was built by the Knights Templar to provide underground passage between their fortress and the port on the south-eastern side of the city.\n- Visit Or Torah synagogue, a Tunisian synagogue, meticulously handcrafted spectacle of stained glass and tile mosaic entirely unique to Akko. (Located a 3-5 minute walk outside the Old City from the Land Gate)\n- Shop, eat and linger in the market. There are very good fishmongers (but arrive early) as well as spices, olives, baklava, soap and fresh loofas from the sea. There are some excellent humus eateries in the market.\n- Walk atop the city walls, the section from Weizman St. to the Land Gate at the sea shore dates back from the rule of Ahmed Al-Jazzar, This section also houses the Treasures in the Wall Ethnographic Museum.\n- Visit the Turkish Bazaar – Newly renovated bazaar in the old city, where several up-and-coming chefs have opened small restaurants.\n- Explore Tel Akko – the remains of the ancient city of Acre before it was resettled on the piece of land currently known as the “Old City”. Tel Akko offers incredible views of the Old City, Haifa and the sea. The hill, or “Tel”, results from multiple ancient cities built on top of each other from the Early Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. Excavations are on-going, and since few tourist know about it, is well worth a visit if you’re craving some peace and quiet.\n- Swim in fine Mediterranean water and relax on one of Akko beaches adorned with soft, fine sand from the Nile Estuary.\n- Marvel and contemplate in the Shrine of Baha’u’llah – the holiest place for the Baha’is. The Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh is composed of a central room that has a small garden at its centre.\nAkko has excellent fish & seafood restaurants, housed in authentic stone buildings, and some with fine views of the sea or the port.\nIf you are looking for something special try Uri Buri or El-Babour & the Sea (booking advisable).\nBeit She’an is one of the oldest cities in Israel, first occupied some 6,000 years ago.\nThe Tel (Tel el-Hisn) contains evidence of Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlements, and became an administrative centre during the Egyptian occupation (15th Century BCE).\nSubsequently a Canaanite settlement, the Tel was later captured by the Philistines, who having defeated the Israelites at the battle of Mount Gilboa, hung the body of King Saul from the city walls.\nThe Israelites later captured Beit She’an under the leadership of King David.\nAt the foot of the Tel lies the deeply impressive excavated ruins of a Hellenistic, Roman and then Byzantium metropolis, once home to a population of 40,000 citizens and covering an area of 1,500 dunam.\nThe colonnaded Cardo is flanked by shops, baths and temples, and evokes a real sense of what it must have been like as a bustling commercial centre some 2,000 years ago.\nMore than that, there is a significant Roman theatre and a full-size a chariot-racing arena.\nFantastic views of the Roman city can be seen from the top of the Tel.\nBeit She’an continued to be an important city under the Arab caliphate and the subsequent Latin Kingdom. Nearby are the ruins of Crusader-era castle.\nBeit She’an can be best reached by driving down the eastern shore of the Lake on the 92.\nThe road passes the holiday resort of Kibbutz Ein Gev, which is an excellent place to stop for a rest and a meal.\nThe 92 also passes the ruins of a Byzantine Christian monastery at Kursi, commemorating Jesus’ so-called “miracle of the swine” (Mark 5:1-20, Matthew 8:28-34, Luke 8:26-39). Impressive in its own right, it is a beautiful location an offers another lovely place to break to the journey to Beit She’an.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mountmellickparish.ie/our-parish/presentation-sisters-history/", "date": "2024-02-28T00:35:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474688.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227220707-20240228010707-00764.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9836282730102539, "token_count": 3474, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__111750721", "lang": "en", "text": "Mountmellick – The Story of Our Community\nIn 1771, when Nano Nagle was making final preparations to bring the Ursulines to Cork, Mountmellick was raised to the status of a parish. Catholics were few, ignorance and poverty were rife and morale was at a very low ebb. Under the leadership of two zealous pastors the Catholic population increased in spite of oppression, famine and emigration. In 1833 Rev. Andrew Healy became the third P.P. of Mountmellick. He was deeply concerned for the welfare of his people and prayed earnestly for 20 years that the Lord would send Presentation Sisters to provide education for the “poor females” in his parish.\nBecause of poverty it seemed impossible to provide for a community of nuns – there was no way he could raise funds – but he so believed that the Presentation Sisters were the “right” ones that he refused an offer from another Congregation that would be self sufficient and hence not totally committed to the poor; so he kept on praying and trusting against all the odds until his heart’s desire was granted in 1854.\nAnna Maria Corballis was a talented young lady belonging to a wealthy and very religious Dublin family. After her two older sisters joined Fanny Ball in establishing Loreto Abbey, Dublin, Anna Maria entered first the Cistercians in England and later the Carmelites in Dublin. In both cases her health broke down. Eventually she discovered her true vocation when she entered with the Presentation Sisters in Bagenalstown. Before taking her solemn vows, as Sr. Charles, she disposed of her patrimony in favour of the Presentation foundation in Mountmellick, through Dr. Healy, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin.\nFoundation: On March 6th 1854, Sisters Charles Corballis (Bagenalstown), Aloysius Brophy (her cousin), Ignatius Taylor and Frances Kelly (all from Carlow Community) travelled by train to Portarlington, stopping off to visit the sisters in Kildare. They were accompanied by Fr. Hamilton, a professor in Carlow College, who, with the bishop, ardently supported the new foundation all along the way. There was consternation when no covered car could be procured at Portarlington railway station to bring the sisters on the last leg of their journey to Mountmellick. Fr. Hamilton thought it very undignified for “cloistered nuns” to have to travel in an open car and, with their unseemly luggage, remarked that “they were more likely to be taken for a group of strolling players”!\nA house had been rented in the centre of the town as a home for the new community. This big house, devoid of any furniture or convenience, except for two deal tables and three wooden chairs, provided little welcome on a cold bleak afternoon in early March. However, nothing could daunt the enthusiasm of this little group, who had left the security and companionship of their respective communities to embark on a very challenging mission. The sisters slept on pallets on the floor for some time and it is recorded that they carried their three wooden chairs from the refectory to the chapel and back several times daily for most of that first year!\nA major task on the evening of arrival was to set up an oratory using one of the deal tables as an altar. Next morning the Bishop offered Mass after which the Blessed Sacrament was reserved and the house blessed. Now, with Jesus in their midst, the first community of Presentation Sisters was officially established in Mountmellick on 7th March 1854.\nThe Sisters were somewhat disconcerted by the seeming lack of welcome on the part of Fr. Healy or his parishioners. In fact, he had told no one of their coming and so the Sisters were already installed before anyone was aware of their presence. Soon, however, they understood why Fr. Healy acted as he did when they became aware of “the old spirit of bigotry and Protestant ascendancy” which prevailed in the area and how easily hostility could be aroused.\n25th March 1854 was a very significant date in the history of the parish, when the Angelus bell rang out at 6 a.m. announcing again, after centuries of silence, the Good News of the Incarnation. We are told that, as Sr. Aloysius rang the bell, she held a little statue of Our Lady in her hand and prayed fervently that the Mother of God would send out blessings of hope and peace to all of her oppressed and deprived children.\nIn April 1854 the four rooms on the ground floor of their rented home were set up as classrooms, using desks obtained from a former national school, which had catered for 48 pupils. The Sisters were very happy when, on 23rd April, they eagerly opened their school doors, well prepared to accept 40 – 50 pupils. 300 young people turned up aged 4-19 years! The annals describe scenes from these early school days reminiscent of Nano’s first experiences in Cork. These young people, some of whom would just have survived the famine, had little experience of discipline or co-operation. Quarrelling, shouting and generally boisterous, they paid no heed whatever to the many efforts made to calm them. The Sisters felt helpless and sometimes frightened in those early days and it took much courage, patience, faith and commitment to persevere in such difficult circumstances. Their pupils had no knowledge of religion and very few had made First Holy Communion, so the Sisters provided evening classes to teach them prayers and catechism.\nIn May 1854 the Sisters set up a shrine to Our Lady in their garden and encouraged the pupils to take part in May processions and sing hymns to Our Lady. Afterwards, we are told that, when things got out of control in the classroom, it was enough to make the sign of the Cross and say a Hail Mary aloud to restore order and quiet! The proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, that year, was eagerly availed of as an opportunity to foster a lively devotion to their heavenly Mother in the hearts of the pupils.\nDuring all this time the Sisters kept a very low profile. Because of the prevailing anti-Catholic atmosphere they were seen as a threat. On the feast of Corpus Christi, two men in the grounds of the Sisters’ house deliberately fired a shot at Sr. Ignatius who was standing inside a window, narrowly missing her but leaving the window shattered. Fr. Healy had the two men arrested. During the court hearing, however, he stated that he did not wish them to be prosecuted, but, since the Sisters had come for the benefit of the people they should be respected. This produced a favourable result.\nIn a special solemn ceremony in 1855, the Bishop presented the Sisters with rings, now worn for the first time in the Order. (Pius IX had sketched the shield and cross with rays saying, when asked for a motto, that the “cross would supply for all”).\n1856 saw a number of improvements introduced. Overcrowding in the school was affecting the health of the pupils and their teachers and so the sisters acquired the only available site – a disused distillery yard with some ruined buildings in it, at the entrance to the town. The old distillery dwelling house was renovated as a new home for sisters and a two-roomed thatched school, well lit and ventilated, was built mainly from rubble on the site. A chapel in the new home, capable of holding 200, proved a huge asset in fostering a spirit of faith and devotion in many parishioners.\nIn September 1856 a very large number of children, adults and married women made their first Confirmation; they were confirmed in the parish church in Graigue. Immediately after the ceremony the newly confirmed, all dressed in white, walked in procession, followed by the congregation, right through the town and into the convent garden – a distance of one mile. No one had organised or foreseen this event, not even Fr. Healy – a striking witness to the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. (The convent garden is still a place that attracts the newly confirmed, newly-weds and past pupils -after almost 150 years.)\nA new convent was built in 1863. It was built at a time of real poverty, and with the help of very small donations, bazaars etc. – money often coming in ‘miraculously’ -the exact sum at the exact time! Two years elapsed before it could be occupied as there was no money to furnish it. A statue of the Immaculate Conception, placed at the highest point of the convent, caused quite a stir. It was just 7 years since the Sisters came to Mountmellick, at which time an orange pole and flag was permanently raised exactly opposite the site of the new convent and everyone entering the town had to pass under it.\nIn reaction to the erection of the statue, a delegation of the ‘local ascendancy’ brought a petition to Dublin Castle to have the offending statue removed. The petition failed when it was ascertained that it was legally distant from the public thoroughfare. Angry members then threatened to erect a statue of Queen Elizabeth right opposite – but it didn’t happen. The prominent position of Mary Immaculate was a heart warming sign of hope and security for the Catholics where religion was only struggling into life after a cruel persecution of nearly 300 years.\nIn 1866 St. Joseph’s ‘Benefit School’ opened for Catholic families who had become better off and were sending their children to Protestant Schools so as not to mix with the poor children! The school was set up in the house vacated by the Sisters and the subjects taught were English, French, vocal and instrumental music, painting and needlework. ‘Sunday school’ classes, which up to now were held in Graigue, were transferred to the convent.\nIn 1868 the first Parish Mission was preached by the O.M.I. Fathers. Many older adults needed to be instructed in the very basics before receiving the Sacraments. The Sisters gave this instruction each evening after school, teaching the Christian Doctrine by rote, since only one in twenty could read. We are told that it was pathetic to see old men hobbling in to get their first ever lessons in Catechism. The bishop came and administered the sacrament of Confirmation to hundreds of these adults at the end of the parish mission.\nBy 1869, twenty-five years after the foundation, it was clear that the foundation was already bearing much fruit with 18 sisters in community and 30 professed sisters (past pupils) elsewhere. The custom of mothers bringing their children to be offered to Our Lady, May Processions, “Holy Childhood”, “Holy Angels” and Children of Mary were firmly established in the parish. ‘Mountmellick Work’ and other forms of embroidery and hand work had become very popular and profitable. In 1882, an exhibition of needlework was held in Dublin with the intention of promoting home industry – the Sisters, having embroidered a beautiful large quilt in Mountmellick. Work for the occasion, received a certificate of merit.\nBy 1883 it was clear that developments called for a larger and more ‘modern’ school. The site of the Benefit school, which had been absorbed into the ‘National System’ was available. This year was one of great economic depression and the Sisters got little encouragement financially. However, putting their trust in God, Mary Immaculate and St. Joseph, as always, they set about raising the money. They decided, among other things, to run a bazaar. Their first request for a prize was made to Pope Leo XI11 who graciously sent a beautiful cameo of Our Lady and his Apostolic blessing! Thus heartened, they redoubled their efforts and the bazaar raised £650 clear! The rubble from the thatched school and St. Joseph’s was used to help in the building, while the Sisters taught in the open air and/or under canvas tents in all weathers for two years until the new school opened in 1886. This was to be the scene of their labours for the next 88 years – with the addition of 2 more rooms in 1930.\nIn 1921, after 67 years in Primary Education, the sisters were aware of a growing need for secondary education. This was especially a life long dream of Mother Patrick Clarke, a woman of great vision and zeal. So, when the Quaker boarding school (established in 1687) came on the market in May 1921, it was bought by the Sisters, through the generous financial aid of D.E. Williams of Tullamore, who had often expressed to the sisters a desire to help the young people of Mountmellick. On 25th October, the feast of Our Lady of Victories, the secondary school, although still in need of vast renovations, opened its doors to thirty day pupils and five boarders. With Mother Ita Fanning at the helm, M. Berchmans Curtin and Sister Martha Timmins formed the nucleus of ‘St. Mary’s College’ where, over the years, countless young girls were well equipped academically, culturally and spiritually for life. St. Mary’s College was destined to grow from strength to strength under the patronage of Our Lady of Victories and have a huge impact locally and nationwide. The fee in 1948 was £30 p.a. for the Boarding School. Pupils came from many counties. Both teachers and pupils worked consistently and tirelessly and achieved great results. The Sisters dedicated themselves totally to the apostolate in St. Mary’s College.\nIn 1953, Mother Michael Ryan led a foundation to Bicester, Oxon in England and later to Swindon and Acocks Green, Birmingham. In 1958, the Convent of our Lady of Victories was opened. The convent was blessed by Bishop Thomas Keogh, Kildare and Leighlin.\nIn 1967, a further step was taken when the College became co-educational and the boarding school was phased out. In 1986 it merged with the local Vocational School to form the current Community School. At the same time, the convent behind St. Mary’s College was closed and sold to the trustees of the new school. In 1990 the amalgamated schools underwent renovation and is now known as Mountmellick Community School. Some old dormitories were removed or converted for school use and a school gymnasium was built.\nIn 1971, two new schools were built on the same site on Davitt Road, Mountmellick, replacing both the convent primary school and the boys primary school. The girls school became known as St. Joseph’s Girls National School and the boys’ school as St. Patrick’s Boys Primary School. Until 1971, the boys had attended the convent school until they finished 1st Class and then continued their education in the boys’ school. This changed when the new schools were opened. The boys then started school in the new St. Patrick,s Boys School. For this reason, three Sisters worked on staff of the boys school. In time, the number was reduced to two and finally one. In 1973, the ‘old schools’ were demolished and the rubble was used as foundation for extended playground in St. Joseph’s GNS – an unbroken chain of significant recycling since 1856!\nIn July 1992, the establishment of a house in Kirwan Park began a new phase in the history of Presentation Sisters in Mountmellick. For two years this was a house of formation for young sisters. From 1994 to 1999, the house became the Ministries Office (later the Education Office) – a centre for administration and support to many primary and secondary schools in the Northern Province. Since 1999, the present interprovincial Justice community, are responsible for the development of a ministry which supports the congregational thrust towards Justice, Human Rights and Ecology.\nIn 2004, one hundred and fifty years after foundation, there were thirteen Sisters resident in the town. Three Sisters worked in Primary education, two Sisters in the Community School, three in Kirwan Park and others in a variety of parish based ministries.\nIn 2008 Ministries included Sisters on Board of Management of Primary and Secondary Schools, Voluntary teaching in Secondary School, Two sisters on Staff of Primary School, Ministry of Prayer – prayer groups, Homework ministry, Church sacristy, Home Visitation and Community Ministry, voluntary housing for the elderly. Sr. Mary Caulfield now (2008) lives in Wolfe Tone Court and initiates many activities for the residents.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shaktitv.net/a-historical-perspective-on-hijra-culture-and-its-depiction-in-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki/", "date": "2023-09-28T11:15:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00129.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9560961127281189, "token_count": 756, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__229169954", "lang": "en", "text": "Hijra culture, also known as the third gender or transgender community, has a rich and diverse history in India. Dating back to ancient times, the hijra community has been an integral part of Indian society, and has played a significant role in shaping its culture and traditions.\nThe term “hijra” refers to individuals who do not conform to traditional binary gender roles of male or female, and instead identify as a third gender. The hijra community has been recognized by Indian society for centuries, with references to the hijra community found in Hindu mythology, literature, and ancient texts.\nIn Hindu mythology, the god Aravan is said to have taken on the form of a hijra to marry Lord Krishna’s sister, Subhadra. Similarly, in the ancient Indian text Kama Sutra, hijras are mentioned as an accepted and respected part of society.\nDespite this acceptance in ancient India, hijras have faced discrimination and marginalization in modern times. In the 19th century, the British colonial government criminalized hijra practices, and labeled them as “unnatural” and “criminal.” This led to the hijra community being pushed to the fringes of society, and forced to live in isolated communities on the outskirts of cities.\nIt was only in 2014 that the Indian Supreme Court recognized hijras as a third gender, and granted them legal recognition and protection under the law. However, even with this legal recognition, hijras continue to face discrimination and prejudice in many aspects of Indian society.\nThe depiction of hijra culture in popular media has played a significant role in shaping public perception of the community. One such portrayal is seen in the Indian television series “Shakti: Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki,” which first aired in 2016. The series centers around the story of a young woman named Soumya, who is born intersex and raised as a hijra by the eunuchs in her community.\nThe show has been praised for its realistic portrayal of hijra culture, and for bringing attention to the struggles faced by members of the community. Through its depiction of Soumya’s experiences, the show sheds light on the discrimination and marginalization that hijras face in Indian society, as well as their struggles for acceptance and recognition.\nOne of the most notable aspects of the show’s portrayal of hijra culture is its depiction of the bond between members of the hijra community. The eunuchs in the show are shown as a close-knit community, who look out for and support one another in the face of discrimination and adversity. This portrayal is grounded in the reality of hijra culture, where community and support are integral to the lives of hijras.\nAnother aspect of the show’s portrayal of hijra culture is its depiction of the hijras as complex, multifaceted individuals. Rather than reducing them to one-dimensional stereotypes, the show presents hijras as individuals with their own hopes, dreams, and struggles. This humanization of the hijra community is a crucial step in combating the discrimination and marginalization they face in society.\nIn conclusion, the hijra community has a long and complex history in India, and their struggles for recognition and acceptance continue to this day. The portrayal of hijra culture in popular media, such as “Shakti: Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki,” has played an important role in raising awareness of the community’s struggles and humanizing their experiences. By recognizing the complexity and diversity of hijra culture, we can work towards a more inclusive and accepting society for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://glennonbrothers.ie/history.html", "date": "2017-03-25T03:52:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188785.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00604-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8425624370574951, "token_count": 460, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__307362309", "lang": "en", "text": "The following important dates demonstrate the company’s impressive record as a pioneer of innovation in the Irish timber processing industry. Many of the achievements listed below were firsts in an Irish context.\n1913 Glennon Brothers Timber Ltd founded.\n1938 Power supply changes from water to steam.\n1945 Sawmill power changes from steam to electricity.\n1969/72 Log harvesting and shipping operations from Scotland to Ireland.\n1976 Involved in sourcing the timber used to make Tim Severin’s boat for the \"Brendan\nVoyage\". 1977 Production of decorative panelling from Irish pine and fir.\n1978 Produced whitewood flooring from Irish spruce.\n1980 Profile chipper sawing line installed.\n1981 Sawdust fired drying kilns installed.\n1984 Computerised forestry and log inventory systems installed.\n1988 Telesales operation introduced.\n1988 Involved in sourcing the timber to build the “Dyflin Viking Ship” for Dublin’s millennium celebrations.1991 Production of CLS for the timber frame manufacturing industry.\n1993 Irish timber shipped to Japan for the construction of traditional houses.\n1995 Decorative pine flooring launched on the market under the Glenpine brand name.\n1998 Launched Glendeck, the outdoor decking product line.\n1998 Acquired Woodfab Fermoy from the Smurfit group.\n1999 Stage 1 of the refurbishment of the sawmill in Fermoy.\n2001 €20 million development in Fermoy (Linck sawline).\n2002 IT investment and launch of company website.\n2002 Certified for heat treatment.\n2003 Installation of new treatment facilities.\n2003 Import of Scottish logs.\n2003 New planing line installed in Fermoy.\n2004 Serious fire in Longford resulting in the destruction of the processing line.\n2004 High-speed handling equipment in Fermoy.\n2005 New log grader installed in Fermoy.\n2005 Launched Glenfence fencing range.\n2005 Strategic growth plan for the UK developed.\n2005 Scotland – established Windymains Timber Ltd.\n2006 Installation of AWS weighbridge.\n2007 Acquisition of Dempsey Timber Engineering.\n2008 Acquisition of Adam Wilson & Sons\n2008 Acquisition of Alexanders Timber Design", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thetimekit.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-alarm-clocks-a-journey-from-first-alarm-clocks-to-modern-ones", "date": "2023-12-01T23:42:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00497.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9730100631713867, "token_count": 1333, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__40224339", "lang": "en", "text": "A BRIEF HISTORY OF ALARM CLOCKS: A JOURNEY FROM FIRST ALARM CLOCKS TO MODERN ONES\nThere is no denying that waking up in the morning isn’t the best part of our daily routine for most of us. Even if we decide on a short nap, it is not very difficult to go overboard and lose track of time. All hail the mighty alarm clock, for otherwise making it to our destinations on time would be difficult. The blaring of the alarm clock isn’t very pleasant. But it is what we call a necessary evil.\nSo, it is only fair if we know a little bit about the alarm clock history.\nIf we turn over the pages of alarm clock history, the ones that we have now weren’t always around. But the need to wake up in the morning was obviously there. Then, how did people wake up before alarm clocks?\nBefore alarm clock invention\nIn the early days of human civilization, people relied on the bright morning sun to wake them up. Then there was the rooster, which was loud enough to wake up an entire village. In the earlier days, people often drank a lot of water before turning in for the night. The compulsion to use the washroom served as an alarm clock for them.\nPrecursor to the first alarm clocks\nThe concept of alarm clock has always been present in the history of mankind. The first alarm clocks or rather somewhat similar concepts go back to as far as the 4th century BC. This was when the Greek philosopher Plato used a water clock with an alarm sound like that of a water organ, to wake up for his lectures at dawn.\nDuring the Hellenistic period, Ctesibius, a Greek inventor and mathematician, added certain mechanisms to the water clock so as to produce sound at pre-set times. He did this either by dropping pebbles on a gong or by blowing trumpets.\nFirst alarm clock\nIn the year 725, the Buddhist monk and inventor Yi Xing created an astronomical clock that not only measured time but also the distance of planets and stars. He called it “Water-Driven Spherical Bird’s-Eye-View Map of the Heaven.” It had a water wheel that turned gears in the clock. Puppet shows were set or gongs rang from time to time. This was first recorded mechanism with close resemblance to the alarm clock we know today.\nFirst alarm clock towers\nIn the 14th century, clock towers were erected in various parts of Western Europe. These would chime at fixed hours every day.\nThe earliest mention of such clock tower was by the Florentine writer Dante Alighieri in 1319.\nSt Mark’s Clocktower in St Mark’s Square, Venice, is possibly the most renowned striking clock tower still standing. Its construction took place in 1493, by the famous clockmaker Gian Carlo Rainieri from Reggio Emilia.\nEvolution of modern alarm clocks\nDuring the industrial revolution, around 1850’s, as work routine became more stringent, people living around factories would wake up to the factory whistles.\nFurther, there was an entire profession called ‘knock-uppers’. Their job was to knock on doors and windows to wake people up. However, this profession faded as we entered the 20th century, owing to the alarm clock invention which were easier and more convenient to use.\nIn 1787, Levi Hutchins, an American, invented an alarm clock to wake him up at 4 a.m. Although made for personal use, this alarm clock is the first recorded mechanical alarm clock.\nIn 1847, Antoine Redier, a Frenchman, was the first to patent an alarm clock that was adjustable. This adjustable alarm clock came with a dial which had a hole for each number. The user just had to insert a pin into the hole of the hour he needed to wake up at.\nIn 1876, American Seth E. Thomas patented his own version of mechanical wind-up alarm clock that could be set for any time. His company mass produced such alarm clocks. Thus began the dawn of modern-day alarm clocks which was easily accessible to the common folks.\nAt the mention of an alarm clock, the classic picture that comes to mind is that of the double-bell alarm clock. One can trace back its birth to the 1880s. Westclox has been manufacturing this model since the 1920s. One of the longest lasting alarm clocks would be the ‘Big Ben’ by Westclox. It first came out in the 1900s and continued to be in production till 1960s and 70s. Without the exterior bells, its neat design helped it to gain popularity.\nAlarm clocks at the time of war\nDuring the World War II, the production of alarm clocks ceased in the United States. That was in 1942. But soon a shortage of alarm clocks led to resumption of their manufacture in 1944. Several new designs came out along with the ones existing before the war. Thus, the alarm clocks were among the first post war consumer goods to come out in the market even before the end of the war.\nJames F. Reynolds, in the 1940s, invented the first radio alarm clock. People could now choose to wake up to the morning broadcast of news or soothing music rather than the blaring sound of the alarm.\nFor the love of sleep, the snooze button came into being in 1956. Now people could, at their own risk, choose to stay in bed for few more minutes before the alarm went off again.\nLike most things around us, alarm clocks have come a long way. The present scenario is not unknown to us. With the advent of digital era, alarm clocks have found their way into our digital devices in the form of apps and web-based tools. More often than not, people now wake up to their phone’s alarm tone.\nMost of us have ditched the actual alarm clock as our mobile phones come with facilities ranging from basic alarm clock to such apps which will make you solve a puzzle before you can disable it. So much just to jolt us sleepyheads back to reality. And not just sleep. We need alarm clocks for so much more. Anywhere anything that needs to be timed, alarm clock is the answer. Hence, it is safe to say that the alarm clock is one such invention of mankind that is here to stay.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wgsmaine.com/about-the-wg/wgs-history/", "date": "2024-02-23T20:18:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00585.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9829489588737488, "token_count": 354, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__130104460", "lang": "en", "text": "Washington General Store History\nThe building that’s now home to The Washington General Store has an interesting history. It’s always been a large, central part of our small Maine town. However, it’s taken on a variety of forms since it was initially built.\nAfter the building was completed in the 1930s it was used as a lumber barn. At this time the large building’s three floors were filled with drying lumber that had just been milled on Washington Pond. In fact, lumber that was left in the 3rd floor drying room was used to make the bar by the front windows.\nAfter it the lumber ran out in the area, the building became Luce’s Bargain Shop. Luce’s was one of those fantastic places where you never knew what you might find. From antiques to junk it was all available at Luce’s Bargain Shop.\nThen, in 2013 the building went up for auction. After it didn’t sell, Sean and Amy Donaghy bought it. Then they began the labor of love that was turning the old, vinyl sided former lumber barn into the beautiful general store you see today.\nThe Donaghys made a point of incorporating pieces of the building’s history into their renovations. Found pieces including old doors, the tongue and groove wood siding, and the previously milled lumber were added to contemporary elements to create a new space with the feel of the past.\nNow that it’s become The Washington General Store we hope you’ll come by and say hello. You can even enjoy some of our food, drinks and other assorted sundries while having a look around the new, old building.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.stratisuk.com/kelvin-hall", "date": "2021-06-12T11:47:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00510.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9322914481163025, "token_count": 292, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__98799109", "lang": "en", "text": "Stratis was delighted to work alongside architects Page\\Park and contractors McLaughlin & Harvey at this stunning £24M redevelopment of one of Glasgow's most iconic buildings.\nThe stunning Domus Tex range was used to create a feature wall in the café.\nThis unique partnership between Glasgow City Council, Glasgow Life, the University of Glasgow and the National Library of Scotland saw this historic venue transformed into an exciting new centre of cultural excellence providing collections’ storage, teaching and research, alongside a state-of-the-art Glasgow Club health and fitness centre.\nSafe, secure and publicly accessible museum storage was created for the internationally-important Hunterian and Glasgow Museums' collections. Around 1.5 million objects, previously stored in various locations around the city, were relocated to the new facility. This included the only surviving complete suite of interiors by Charles Rennie Mackintosh for Mrs Cranston’s Ingram Street tearooms which will undergo conservation works in public view.\nThe venue has also become the new home for the National Library of Scotland’s Moving Image Archive resulting in improved access to the public to more than 100 years of Scottish history on film and video. Visitors now have access to over 60,000 film reels, videotapes and digital files as well as the National Library of Scotland’s other licensed digital collections.\nPhotos: McLaughlin & Harvey\nRead about this beautiful project on the Architects' Journal", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.thebookseller.biz/book/9781638788232", "date": "2023-06-06T02:32:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00784.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9405286908149719, "token_count": 816, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__86235558", "lang": "en", "text": "Black Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids: 51 Inspiring People from Ancient Africa to Modern-Day U.S.A. (People and Events in History) (Hardcover)\nMeet extraordinary black heroes throughout history—biographies for kids ages 8 to 12\nYou’re invited to meet ancient Egyptian rulers, brilliant scientists, legendary musicians, and civil rights activists—all in the same book! Black Heroes introduces you to 51 black leaders and role models from both history and modern times. This black history book for kids features inspirational biographies of trailblazers from the United States, Egypt, Britain, and more.\nDiscover where in the world they lived, and what their lives were like growing up. Learn about the obstacles they faced on the way to making groundbreaking accomplishments. You’ll find out how these inspirational figures created lasting change—and paved the way for future generations.\nBlack Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids features:\n- Fascinating biographies―Read about famous icons like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Harriet Tubman, as well as lesser-known pioneers like aviator Bessie Coleman and astronomer Benjamin Banneker.\n- Ways to learn more―Every biography includes an idea for a new way to explore the person and their work, like a book to read, website to visit, or video to watch.\n- Colorful portraits―Bring the historical heroes to life in your imagination with the help of full-color illustrations.\nBlack Heroes goes beyond other black history biographies for kids to highlight people from around the world and across time. Who will your new hero be?\nAbout the Author\nARLISHA NORWOOD ALSTON, PhD, is a historian, researcher, and social justice advocate. She received her PhD in history from Howard University. She has published several children’s books, including The Story of Ruby Bridges and Black Heroes: A Black History Book for Kids: 51 Inspiring People from Ancient Africa to Modern-Day U.S.A.\n“From the kings and queens of Africa to the movers and shakers of the present day, Black Heroes captures the true essence of the Diaspora and its impact around the globe. Whether you are a novice, a historian, or just a historian at heart, this text should be included in your personal library. Its colorful and detailed imagery captures the attention of the youngest of readers, yet its content is relevant for all.” —Samantha Knox, Ed.D., LPC, LCPC, NCC/Owner of Aya Behavioral Health LLC\n“There is such a need for this specific kind of learning for youth right now. This book essentializes African American leadership and activism in the way only a scholar rooted in Black institutional education can. Dr. Norwood has synthesized some names we know with many we should and illuminated the important linkages between them all. I am very excited to share this book with the young people in my family.” —Kimberly Brown Pellum, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of History at Florida A&M University and Author of Black Beauties: African American Pageant Queens in the Segregated South\n“As a teacher, many of the kids I teach are minorities. I can attest that this book is a game changer in the libraries of educators and families alike. It is filled with short bios of acclaimed individuals of highly melanated descent and—spoiler alert—some of them you possibly have never heard of! This book comes with easy-to-grasp passages and references for each individual to further educate you. I believe that this book will educate all of our youths, inspire their inventiveness, and instill a sense of pride to know that, just like those before them, they are all destined for greatness in the skin that they are in.” —Cambria Hammond, First Grade Lead Teacher", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://twigs.emeritus.net.au/", "date": "2019-04-19T21:20:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528058.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419201105-20190419223105-00487.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9700989127159119, "token_count": 307, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__213782122", "lang": "en", "text": "I’m Christine Sutton, Family Historian and Writer. Born in 1946 in Preston, England, I spent my early years in an environment where tales of my parent’s childhood and family myths were bedtime stories, and life’s lessons were handed down at the dining table and in the kitchens and sitting rooms of grandmothers and aunties. My interest in genealogy was sparked in 1982 when, at my mother-in-law’s funeral, I discovered cousins born in the 1940s who were of the same generation as my 1970s children. Like so many others, I asked myself ‘How?’ and ‘Why?’ and turned to research to find the answers. My family history focus has shifted over the past 35 years. From building a family tree, I’ve moved on to look closely at the people behind the names and dates.\nMy mantra is, “It’s not the tree that matters, it’s the fruit”. It’s the driver for discovering the “Who? When? Where? What? Why? And How?” of our family history. It has led me to look closely, down the generations at individuals, places, historical events, photographs and possessions that have had an influence on who the Amblers and Suttons are today.\nI live with my partner and our crazy labradoodle, Nicnak Tiger Woods, in a retirement resort in Beachmere, Queensland.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wonderland.cx/news/helesa/", "date": "2024-04-13T22:18:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816853.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413211215-20240414001215-00109.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9636828303337097, "token_count": 307, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__136356468", "lang": "en", "text": "Posted on: 28th February 2015\n“Helesa is a tradition, which was established hundreds of years ago. A sailor crashed onto the shores of a small coastal town. After running out of food to eat, the sailor and his men decided to carry the boat through the streets of the town and sing a chant while asking for donations. Today, this is known as the Helesa song. “\nshort documentary: culture & tradition\ndirector Yilmaz Vurucu\nstory teller Vural Etyemez\nproduced by Bahanur Nasya\nHelesa is 16min documentary about a beautiful tradition, established to help receive aid from the local fishing community in Sinop/TR some centuries ago. Over time, the custom grew into a street festival. Fishermen, as well as the locals, would fill the streets, travel from apartment to apartment, from one small shop to another, chanting the Helesa song. The donations made would be used for a good cause. For one night during the month of Ramadhan, the whole town would unite for a good cause. This beautiful event of the year, is increasingly under threat. Many youngsters even don’t know the lyrics of the song, so participation is decreasing.\nWe produced this documentary, in order to underline the importance of such fairytale like stories for local identity. We hope, it attracts attention and the tradition is carried in to the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://brightfirstnational.com.au/suburb-profile/2263/buckland-valley", "date": "2021-07-31T18:10:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154099.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731172305-20210731202305-00122.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9502320885658264, "token_count": 214, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__162676751", "lang": "en", "text": "A few minutes’ drive from Bright, this is the beautiful valley of the Buckland River. Nestled at the base of Mount Buffalo the valley is dotted with dairy and alpaca farms, vineyards, nut groves and orchards, as well as some of the best boutique accommodation in the North East...\nIn summer the river is a great place to cool off with a number of fantastic swimming holes and several well maintained, easily accessible bush camping areas.\nThe river is also an angler’s paradise, home to abundant stocks of trout and other fish species.\nIt’s hard to imagine now but this peaceful place was once a thriving gold mining township and the site of one of the most infamous incidents of the Victorian Gold Rush era. In 1857 a simmering resentment by European miners towards the thousands of Chinese in the valley boiled over into a full scale riot resulting in the expulsion of the Chinese from the Buckland goldfields. A memorial to the Chinese gold miners can be visited today at the historic Buckland Valley Cemetery.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.pewterreport.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=7249:buccaneers-great-lee-roy-selmon-gone-too-soon-at-age-56", "date": "2014-09-02T20:37:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922763.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044349-00153-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9824178218841553, "token_count": 411, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__159644035", "lang": "en", "text": "Forty-eight hours after former Tampa Bay defensive end and Pro Football Hall of Famer Lee Roy Selmon suffered a serious stroke, the Buccaneers legend known as “The Gentle Giant”, passed away Sunday afternoon at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Tampa. Selmon was 56.\nThe family released a statement this evening \"thanking the community for their thoughts and prayers\" and noted Selmon was surrounded by his family when he died.\nThe former Oklahoma Sooner earned six straight Pro Bowl nominations from 1979 to 1984, and collected 78.5 quarterback sacks during his career, which ranks first in team history. The 1979 NFL Defensive Player of the Year was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995, and became the first member of the Buccaneers’ Ring of Honor in 2009.\nSelmon's number 63 jersey remains the only number officially retired by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.\nAfter his football career, Selmon was involved in numerous charitable organizations, opened a chain of restaurants bearing his name, and served as the University of South Florida’s associate athletic director from 1993-2001, before taking over as the school’s athletic director until he retired in 2004 citing health issues.\nThe Glazer family released this statement this evening regarding the passing of the Buccaneer great.\n\"Tampa Bay has lost another giant. This is an incredibly somber day for Buccaneer fans, Sooner fans, and all football fans. Lee Roy's standing as the first Buc in the Hall of Fame surely distinguished him, but his stature off the field as the consummate gentleman put him in another stratosphere. Put simply, he was first class. He was the real deal. We are so blessed to have known this fine man and to have called him one of our own, yet so sad to have lost him so soon. Our hearts go out to the Selmon family at this time of their loss.\"\nPewterReport.com sends its sincerest condolences to the Selmon family.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://quanzhou.made-in-china.com/info/sight-seeing.html", "date": "2017-03-27T22:16:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189534.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00650-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9797267317771912, "token_count": 161, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__232187769", "lang": "en", "text": "Kaiyuan temple, first constructed in 686, was originally named the Lotus Flower Temple. The temple was later renamed several times until finally in 738, the Tang Emperor Xuan Zong, a devout Buddhist, ordered every large town in China to name one of its temples \"Kaiyuan,\" the title of his reign. The temple has since been known as Kaiyuan Temple.\nThe Kaiyuan temple is one of the outstanding examples of Chinese architecture and art. There are numerous other stone carvings in the temple - figures resembling the Sphinx, animal heads and birds, dragons and tigers. Interestingly there are columns here in ancient Greek style. Many of these rare art works were once religious decorations on other buildings in Quanzhou, later moved to Kaiyuan Temple.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://business.columbustexas.org/events/details/live-oaks-dead-folks-cemetery-tour-4830", "date": "2018-12-15T04:41:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826715.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215035757-20181215061757-00631.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8528813719749451, "token_count": 87, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__9279225", "lang": "en", "text": "Name: Live Oaks & Dead Folks Cemetery Tour\nDate: November 3, 2018\nTime: 6:00 PM - 10:00 PM CDT\nThe 14th Annual Live Oaks and Dead Folks Cemetery Tour\nFirst tour begins at 6:00 pm and the last tour will begin at 9:00 pm\nCome out and hear the stories of some of the \"colorful and interesting\" folks buried in the cemetery.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://buesingcorp.com/clients/sundt/", "date": "2021-09-26T02:54:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057796.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926022920-20210926052920-00267.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9703211188316345, "token_count": 322, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__147377390", "lang": "en", "text": "Sundt was founded in 1890 by Mauritz Martinsen Sundt, a Norwegian ship carpenter who immigrated to the United States as a teenager. The company's early projects were homes and farm structures in northern New Mexico. In 1929, the company ventured outside of New Mexico for the first time to build a Methodist Church in Tucson, Arizona. The project was directed by John Sundt, one of Mauritz's 12 children. John liked Tucson, and decided to stay. During the 1930s, he bought out his father's interest, relocated the company to Tucson, and renamed it M.M. Sundt Construction Co. In 1942, the company built Los Alamos, an entire town in New Mexico for a super-secret government project. In just 14 months, Sundt built homes, research buildings, and the infrastructure to support a community of military and technical personnel. In 1952, Sundt diversified its operations by entering the heavy construction field. Its first project of this type was a new 14,000-foot runway at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson. Over the ensuing years, M.M. Sundt has become one of the state’s leading heavy construction contractors. In 1966, the company opened a regional office in Phoenix, when it took its first steps to becoming an employee-owned corporation. Today, Sundt is 100 percent employee owned, celebrating its 120th anniversary this year, and is known as one of the 100 largest general contractors in the United States incorporating five divisions: Building, Concrete, Federal, Heavy Civil, and Mining and Industrial.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://databaser.ub.gu.se/alvin/164737", "date": "2023-12-09T11:10:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00702.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9300209879875183, "token_count": 161, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__86024865", "lang": "en", "text": "Alvin is a national platform for the long-term preservation and accessibility of digitised collections and digital cultural heritage material, but also a catalogue of material that has not yet been digitised. It is developed and operated by Uppsala University Library in collaboration with Gothenburg University Library and the University Library at Lund University. Several other cultural heritage institutions are also members of Alvin.\nThe database contains author and other personal archives, advertising posters, medical history, portraits, images from polar expeditions, botanical plates, letters, sketchbooks and much more.\nAlmost all digital material found in Alvin can be used freely. However, be aware that some of the more modern material may be copyrighted. The rights label under the heading \"Licensing of the work\" in each entry tells you what applies.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://cchic-news.com/Communiques-de-presse-Details.php?ID=269-Wally-Schirra-s-Omega-Speedmaster-Sells-For-Over-$1.9-Million", "date": "2023-12-11T20:32:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00247.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9669623970985413, "token_count": 586, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__19364032", "lang": "en", "text": "Sells For Over $1.9 Million\nAn OMEGA Speedmaster chronograph, previously owned and worn by NASA astronaut Walter “Wally” Schirra, has sold at RR Auction for US $1,907,000. The BA 145.022 model in 18K yellow gold is of particular historic value, and represents OMEGA’s enduring connection to the achievements of space exploration.\nThe watch is part of the iconic Numbered Edition series that was produced in 1969 to celebrate the success of Apollo 11. Model numbers 3 – 28 were given to the astronauts in NASA’s space programme, including those who were present at an “Astronaut Appreciation Dinner” on the 25th of November that year in Houston.\nSchirra was among the astronauts in attendance that night and, as such, he received watch number 8, with an encircled engraving on the caseback which states, “Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Mercury 8 – Gemini 6 – Apollo 7”.\nThe Speedmaster BA 145.022 is crafted from 18K yellow gold and famously includes a rare burgundy bezel, as well as a further inscription on the caseback that reads, “to mark man’s conquest of space with time, through time, on time.” The watch also houses the Calibre 861 – a direct descendent of the legendary Calibre 321 that accompanied astronauts on the moon.\nSchirra plays a symbolic role in OMEGA’s history of space exploration. On October 3rd in 1962, he wore his own personal Speedmaster CK 2998 during the “Sigma 7” mission of the Mercury program. This was the first time an OMEGA watch had been worn in space, and marked the start of the brand’s long and special involvement beyond Earth. Just a few years later, NASA would officially qualify the Speedmaster for all manned space missions, launching an OMEGA legacy that continues to this day.\nThe commemorative Numbered Edition series featured only 1,014 models - produced between 1969 to 1973. The very first of these was created for US President, Richard Nixon, with number 2 allocated to the US Vice President Spiro Agnew. These watches, however, were later returned due to the US government’s strict gifting protocol. Model numbers 3 – 28 were given to NASA astronauts, numbers 29 to 32 were offered to Swiss watch industry leaders and politicians, while 33 – 1000 were offered to the public. Each one remains a highly sought-after piece to this day.\nEarlier this year, the Speedmaster BA 145.022 presented to Apollo 11 astronaut Michael Collins, fetched US $765,000 at auction – yet again proving the popularity of this unique Speedmaster series.\nAll photographs are courtesy of RR Auction", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.aerlex.com/museum-of-flying", "date": "2018-04-25T18:25:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947939.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425174229-20180425194229-00237.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9024681448936462, "token_count": 222, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__21666139", "lang": "en", "text": "The Museum of Flying at Santa Monica Airport will host the fourth California Aviation Hall of Fame induction ceremony and dinner on Saturday evening, May 5, 2018.\nThis year’s Hall of Fame induction will honor four amazing individuals in aviation: inventor, educator and commercial airline pilot Angela Masson; test-pilot and astronaut Mike Melvill; high time commercial pilot and author Barry Schiff; and Dick Rutan, highly decorated air force pilot and record setter.\nThe Museum of Flying established the California Aviation Hall of Fame six years ago with a mission to commemorate and educate the public about the many individuals who have contributed to the birth and growth of aviation and aerospace in California. Ticket purchases for the event raise funds to support the Museum of Flying, a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization.\nThis year’s ceremony at The Museum of Flying will begin with a reception at 6:00pm and dinner at 7:00pm. A live auction will take place at 8:15pm, followed by the induction. To purchase tickets, click here for the Museum of Flying website.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.oregonlaws.org/ors/396.560", "date": "2020-04-07T01:11:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371662966.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406231617-20200407022117-00181.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9104965925216675, "token_count": 152, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__13046536", "lang": "en", "text": "Grants and donations for Oregon Military Museum\nThe Oregon Military Department may seek, solicit, receive and administer monetary grants or donations for the support and improvement of the Oregon Military Museum established under ORS 396.555 (Oregon Military Museum established at Camp Withycombe). Grants and donations so received are continuously appropriated to the Oregon Military Department for the purposes of this section and ORS 396.565 (Disposal of property). [1977 c.118 §2; 1989 c.360 §8; 2001 c.656 §2]\n3 OregonLaws.org assembles these lists by analyzing references between Sections. Each listed item refers back to the current Section in its own text. The result reveals relationships in the code that may not have otherwise been apparent.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bwdaz.com/our-long-history", "date": "2023-09-27T12:28:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510297.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927103312-20230927133312-00196.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9570645093917847, "token_count": 186, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__21606788", "lang": "en", "text": "We're over 75 years old! Our trade association has a long and colorful history dating back to December 1944. We began as the Arizona Wholesale Beer and Liquor Association, a non-profit corporation created to promote and protect the general business interests of beer and liquor distributors operating across Arizona. Ever since, our Association has been an active participant in the public policy arena to protect and preserve state-based regulation of beverage alcohol, with an orderly and effective marketplace.\nIn more recent years, as the beverage alcohol industry continued to grow and evolve in our state and nationally, we decided to change our name and narrow our organization’s focus to beer and wine distributorships, renaming the association as the Beer and Wine Distributors of Arizona (or “BWDA”). We are a full-service, professional trade association representing nine locally-owned and operated beer and wine distribution companies actively doing business in Arizona.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://studiohibernacula.com/ru/products/sigil-ameth", "date": "2024-02-22T03:38:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00579.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9311812520027161, "token_count": 247, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__48829357", "lang": "en", "text": "The Sigil of Ameth or “Sigillum Dei,” (The Seal of God) is a magical diagram from the late middle ages, credited to Renaissance mystic and scientist John Dee. This is one of the most complex and puzzling sigils I've transcribed. It is composed of a pentagram and three heptagons inclosed in a circle. These structures house the sometimes-complete and sometimes fragmented, abbreviated, and encoded names of god and his angels. The outermost circle is believed to be the cypher used to form the names of the spirits, thrones, and angels within it.\nAccording to its earliest description in the Liber iuratus Honorii, the Sigil of Ameth can grant the initiated magician command over all creatures and lesser angels. Though I make no such claims, this sigil remains an esoteric treasure, and is certainly impressive to behold. The original engraved tablet rests in the King Gallery of the British Museum beside Dee's Obsidian scrying mirror.\nThis is one of our largest amulets, measuring 30mm in diameter, and rests in a setting of hand-finished brass. Matching chains can be found in our Chains & Accessories section.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.c-venturesfund.com/en/how-adrian-cheng-is-rejuvenating-a-50-year-old-business-by-targeting-chinas-millennials/", "date": "2022-07-06T19:45:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00234.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.961514413356781, "token_count": 215, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__75004247", "lang": "en", "text": "When Adrian Cheng looks across Hong Kong’s harbor from Tsim Sha Tsui, he sees his family’s legacy writ large across the city’s skyline. There, from a balcony atop the new luxury apartment building of his Victoria Dockside development, he can view the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre on the opposite side of the harbor.\nWith its curved glass and massive sloping roof, the convention center is said to resemble a bird taking flight. His grandfather Cheng Yu-tung, founder of the family’s flagship property firm New World Development, came up with the ambitious plan for the building, which included a manmade island, back in the early 1980s when the market was in a slump and other developers had no interest. Undeterred, Yu-tung turned the convention center into a Hong Kong icon, showcasing New World’s capabilities. Yu-tung reportedly once said the convention center was one of the two projects of which he was most proud.\nFOR THE FULL ARTICLE PLEASE CLICK ON THE LINK BELOW", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://venderetimepieces.com/the-history-of-rolex/", "date": "2024-04-16T07:49:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817073.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416062523-20240416092523-00759.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9749755263328552, "token_count": 624, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__183989880", "lang": "en", "text": "Rolex is a brand that is synonymous with luxury, style, and prestige. Established in 1905, Rolex has been at the forefront of watchmaking innovation and has created some of the most iconic and sought-after timepieces in history. The brand has been able to maintain its reputation as the ultimate symbol of success and luxury for over a century, and its watches have become highly prized and sought after by collectors worldwide.\nThe early years of Rolex were marked by the ambition of its founder, Hans Wilsdorf. Wilsdorf was a visionary entrepreneur who believed that wristwatches would one day replace pocket watches as the preferred timepiece. In 1905, he established Wilsdorf & Davis in London, and in 1908, the Rolex brand was born. The name “Rolex” is believed to have been chosen because it was easy to pronounce in any language and because it sounded good.\nFrom the beginning, Rolex was dedicated to making high-quality timepieces. In 1910, a Rolex watch became the first wristwatch to receive the Swiss Certificate of Chronometric Precision, a highly coveted award that recognized the accuracy and precision of a watch’s movement. In 1926, Rolex created the Oyster, the world’s first waterproof watch, which was put to the test when a swimmer wore one while crossing the English Channel. The Oyster’s success led to the development of the Perpetual rotor, a self-winding mechanism that eliminated the need for manual winding and has become a standard feature in modern watches.\nThroughout the years, Rolex continued to innovate and develop new technologies, such as the first wristwatch to show two time zones simultaneously in 1954, and the first watch to be certified as a chronometer with a self-winding movement in 1988. The brand has also been associated with some of the most famous explorers and adventurers of the 20th century. Sir Edmund Hillary wore a Rolex watch when he became the first person to summit Mount Everest in 1953, and Jacques Piccard wore one when he descended to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest point in the ocean, in 1960.\nThe Rolex brand has become an icon of luxury and prestige, and its watches are highly prized by collectors and enthusiasts around the world. The brand’s enduring popularity can be attributed to its commitment to quality, precision, and innovation. Rolex watches are designed to last a lifetime, and many become treasured family heirlooms that are passed down from generation to generation.\nIn conclusion, the history of Rolex is one of innovation, precision, and enduring style. The brand’s commitment to excellence has made it one of the most respected and sought-after names in watchmaking, and its watches are considered to be some of the finest in the world. From the first waterproof watch to the latest high-tech timepieces, Rolex has always been at the forefront of watchmaking, and its legacy will continue to inspire and delight watch enthusiasts for generations to come.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://corneliustoday.com/wp/cleansing-history-at-confederate-monument", "date": "2017-04-30T01:25:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123635.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00183-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9569835066795349, "token_count": 778, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__309546457", "lang": "en", "text": "Aug. 7. By Dave Yochum. The last official Confederate Reunion may have been held more than 65 years ago in Cornelius, but the Civil War and how its dead are remembered is still the subject of discussion.\nVolunteers and trustees of the Mt. Zion Monument Association took scrub brushes and power washers in hand today to clean up the statue that sits on association property in front of Mt. Zion United Methodist Church.\nIt was vandalized last month, along with at least three other Confederate monuments in North Carolina in the wake of the tragedy at Emanual African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston in June.\nIt’s a larger discussion than who owns the monument, the church, of course, does not.\nUNC-Charlotte history professor David Goldfield said Confederate monuments are important because they demonstrate our link to and respect for the past.\n“They are also a statement of what we value most at present,” he said.\nThe Confederate Monument in Cornelius, includes the Confederate battle flag, was dedicated in 1910. A Confederate soldier stands at parade rest, with his rifle resting on the ground.\nForty five years after the end of the war, those who remained in Cornelius had to be keenly aware of the friends and loved ones they lost during the conflict.\nInscribed on the monument is this:\n“THOUGH MEN DESERVE / THEY MAY NOT WIN SUCCESS / THE BRAVE WILL HONOR THE BRAVE / VANQUISHED NONE THE LESS.”\nThat is about bravery, not slavery.\nGoldfield says the dedication ceremony for the Lincoln Memorial, now a symbol of national reconciliation, almost missed the point in 1922.\n“Only at the last minute, did the organizers of the dedication realize that it might be a good idea to include an African American speaker,” Goldfield explains.\nBut at the same time, monuments erected during periods of disfranchisement 45 years later symbolically reinforced those who held wealth and power. The Confederate monument cost $10,000 in 1910, the equivalent of roughly $250,000 today.\nThe average American worker made $200 to $400 a year. The average life expectancy in 1910 was only 47 years for a man.\nGoldfield says Confederate monuments and memorials had more than one meaning even when they were erected.\n“Yes, they are a tribute to those who fought and died—and many of those did not own slaves and were protecting their homes and families—but many of them were put up between the 1890s and 1920s to reinforce disfranchisement, Jim Crow laws, and the supremacy of the white race. So monuments are as much if not more about the present as they are of the past,” he said.\nNo one knows exactly what was in the minds of the Cornelius people who erected the statue 105 years ago. Even their children are dead.\nAt the University of Texas, Austin, a statue of Jefferson Davis has stood for decades. More recently, there is now a statue of Martin Luther King Jr. On Monument Avenue in Richmond, there is a series of statues and memorials to Confederate heroes. But at the end there is a statue of Arthur Ashe, the African American tennis great.\n“The worst thing we can do is to vandalize, destroy, or remove these Confederate icons. Burying history only makes it fester and creates even greater myths than the monuments themselves portray. Of course, building competing statues is expensive. An alternative is to have an explanatory plaque next to these monuments and memorials. For decades in the South, public space belonged to whites. It’s long past time to have public space belong to everyone,” Goldfield says.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.siuecougars.com/sports/m-tennis/mtt/demars_kent00.html?view=bio", "date": "2013-06-19T00:34:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707437545/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123037-00083-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9337133765220642, "token_count": 75, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__20832347", "lang": "en", "text": "Kent DeMars transformed the SIUE men's tennis program from club status to national powerhouse. DeMars coached players who earned 56 All-American certificates from 1974 to 1984. SIUE collected seven consecutive national championships under DeMars from 1978-1984. Three different players won NCAA Division II singles titles from 1977 to 1983. Four different doubles teams earned national titles from 1979 to 1984.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://g-boutiquehotel.co.uk/who-we-are/", "date": "2024-03-02T11:03:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475806.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302084508-20240302114508-00620.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9204602837562561, "token_count": 516, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__172445094", "lang": "en", "text": "Right on our doorstep we have the tennis courts at Canoe Lake Leisure, where the Wimbledon qualifiers are held each summer, the Model Village and internationally renowned Rose Gardens. A short stroll to the east and you arrive at the Golf course and the hugely popular Tenth Hole café – their cakes are the stuff of legend!\nWalk just a couple of minutes west along the south-facing seafront brings you to the Rock Gardens and the Pyramids Centre – which often hosts large concerts and private hire functions. Both of these are right next to the fantastic D-Day Museum, Blue Reef Aquarium, Southsea Skatepark and Southsea Castle. The open-air Bandstand has free shows running throughout the summer, and Castle Field hosts major outdoor concerts and events, including Portsmouth’s very own Victorious Festival.\nJust a little further along the seafront and you reach Mozzarella Joes – fab food right on the water’s edge where you can see the Hovercraft glide right up the beach taking passengers to the Isle of Wight. Lastly you reach Clarence Pier – which is the location for Southsea’s long-established funfair, amusement arcades and beach-front eateries.\nIf shopping is more your thing – a few minutes in a taxi gets you to Gunwharf Quays, the extremely popular shopping and commercial district. It mixes up-to-the-minute retail (like Ralph Lauren, Fred Perry and FatFace) with a swathe of modern waterfront eateries and hidden heritage gems like the Old Customs House and and quality favourites like Loch Fyne. Thrown in nightclubs, art galleries, Casinos and the bowling alley and it’s easy to see why people spend an entire day there.\nOf course, no visit to Portsmouth can be considered complete without a visit to the landmark Spinnaker Tower – viewing the city, the Solent and the historic dockyard from the top of the 115m tower is an unforgettable experience.\nAnd once you’ve glimpsed those battleships – both centuries old and brand new – you may well want to visit the Historic Dockyard. A fascinating journey through naval history including Nelson’s flagship HMS Victory, the first iron-clad HMS Warrior – and the staggering purpose-built museum housing Henry VIII’s ill-fated Mary Rose, raised from the Solent with a host of medieval treasures. The Dockyard, still functioning today, also houses Action Stations – with its mix of museums, function suites and a cinema.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ta152h.tripod.com/w3warbirdlist.html", "date": "2022-08-11T17:40:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571483.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811164257-20220811194257-00129.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9238780736923218, "token_count": 22211, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__203930179", "lang": "en", "text": "WW3 warbirds - the complete list\nA complete list of WW3 warbirds built in 1:72nd according to my speculative theme rules.\nThis page also features relevant snippits from the only vaguely alternative history that gives the modelling some background.\nPlease, read on...\nThe warbird model list\nThe fighting begins.\nThe seeds of the 1950-1991 war go back to the Second Russian Civil War, fought between 1927-1930. To the outside world, the key differences between the sides of Trotsky and Stalin was that whereas Trotsky beleived that the Bolshevik Revolution could only survive by spreading the revolution into the Western industrialised world, Stalin favoured a policy of \"socialism in one nation\", supported by buffer states as a hedge against invasion. That Trotsky was victorious (with Stalin fleeing to exile in Mexico) immediately made the USSR and Marxism/Leninism a greater danger to the west than if Stalin had won. Thus, although the West was forced to support Trotsky's workers' state during the Second World War in order to defeat Nazi Germany, by mid 1946 many Western nations were placing highly restrictive barriers on trade with the USSR.\nAgainst the usual back drop of border and colonial wars, what is known in the West as World War III, and in the so-called Soviet Bloc as the Great Ideological War, began. It started on June 25 in Korea (the same day that Communist lead general strikes in Britain, France and Italy began), when the Communist North invaded the capitalist South. Later that same day the USSR and the East German government enforced a blockade on air routes sustaining West Berlin (the city's land routes to the West having been blockaded since 1948). In response to Western belligerence over this issue, Red forces were soon advancing and sweeping all before them, the first land battles starting in Europe on the 28th of June. \"We have begun the struggle to help in the liberation our worker comrades in the capitalist nations of Europe,\" said Trotsky in a speech on Moscow Radio.\nGermany, France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Britain soon fell to a combination of Communist revolt and military defeat. Amid the chaos of general strikes and Troksyists uprising, millions fled ahead of the rapidly advancing Red Army to relative saftey in the USA, Canada and elsewhere.\nWith the USSR boycotting the United Nations (UN) over the issue of Communist China's membership when the war broke out, the organisation quickly became an anti-Communist grouping of countries. UN membership would be confined to those nations that had declared war against the common enemy. Free governments in exile were encouraged to rebuild their military strength and create new factories to to arm them using UN funding.\nMany nations, especially those emerging from colonisation in to the Third World, remained neautral. Some, whilst officially neutral, joined forces with the UN on specific issues and efforts and are known as Allied nations. A number of loose multinational alliances and movements would come and go over the years of WW3.\nSupermarine Spitfire F.XIVE (Fujimi), \"1015/B\" 5 Sqd, Pakistani AF, Peshawar, vs Afghanistan. Silver overall.\nMission: Sqd Ldr Wasim Alam engaged two Afghani Harvards during a CAP (combat air patrol) over disputed border territory, shooting down Harvard \"47\".\nNorth American Harvard IIB (Revell), \"49\" 2 Sqd, Royal Afghan AF, Sherpur, Afghanistan, vs Pakistan. Tan/mid-stone upper and lt. blue under surfaces. 4x60lb rockets and 2xtwin .30 cal machine gun pods.\nMission: Whilst on an armed recce of the disputed border area, Harvards \"47\" and \"49\" were engaged by two Pakistani Spitfires, \"\"49\" escaping at low level but \"47\" was shot down with both crew killed.\nBristol Beaufighter TF.X (Matchbox), \"166\" of Flottille 4F, French Navy, Kien An, French Indo China, vs Viet Minh. Dark sea grey (DSG)upper and neutral grey (NG) under surfaces. Donald duck nose art. 8 x 60lb rockets on WW2 style underwing launch rails.\nMission: Pre-planned strike against Viet Minh camp in northern Tonkin.\nRelated option: French Air Force Hawker Tempest II, 1950.\nGrumman TBM-3 Avenger (Hasegawa), \"886\" VA-805, Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Sydney, Yellow Sea vs North Korea. Type B roundels, DSG upper with NG sides and under surfaces. 8x5inch rockets, open bomb bay with 2x500lb bombs. SEE PHOTOS 1950s\nMission: Flying from HMAS Sydney steaming in the South China Sea, RAN Avengers and Sea Furies joined other UN aircraft in attacking airfields near Pyongyang.\nde Havilland Vampire FB.50 (Frog), \"16\" 1st Esc, 2nd Wing, Belgium AF, Florennes vs USSR. Black green (BG) upper and silver under surfaces. 4x60lb rockets under wing roots and 2 x 500lb bombs on underwing pylons.\nMission: With each Vampire flying several sorties during the day, the pilots of the 1st Esc undertook CAS (close air sipport)and BAI (battlefield area interdiction) missions in support of NATO troops trying to defend a line along the Rhine.\nPetlyakov P-10MB Butcher (Dragon Arado Ar234C-3), \"Blue 29\", Eskadra A, 1st Brigade, Polish Naval Air Arm, Gdynia vs UN. Gull grey upper and side surfaces with light grey under surfaces. Polish national markings below wings and on fin, with Soviet star on sides and upper wings. Wing tip tanks and radar(from Lancaster H2S)under forward fuselage and drop tanks (DTs - from Hawker Hunter) beneath twin engine pods; the radar operator sits in a windowless station behind the main wings, accessed via a ventral entry hatch. One 1,500kg armour-piercing bomb under each wing.\nMission: As the Soviet Baltic fleet breaks out in to the Atlantic, it is supported by Soviet and Polish aircraft in the first major naval battle of the war. This aircraft is one of two Polish Pe-10MBRs credited with placing bombs on the Royal Navy battleship HMS Howe, severely damaging the warship which was subsequently finished off with a torpedo dropped from a Soviet AVMF Pe-10T. The names of the two-man crew are unknown.\nRegia I.A.R.82 (Acamedy Bf 109G-14), \"Red 28\", 1st Fighter Regiment, Albanian People's Army Air Force, Durres vs Greece. Black green and tan upper and side surfaces with neutral grey under surfaces. Centreline drop top, tail, spinner and wheel hubs in red.\nMission: In Red 28 (a Romanian built Bf 109G-14 supplied in 1947), Colonel Amarildo Topalli today encountered a Greek civilian registered Beech 18 flying close to the Albanian coast, the aircraft clearly either on a spying mission or about to drop off subversive elements. Pulling up along side, Colonel Topalli could see uniformed men with cameras in the windows. Cleared to fire, he squickly dispatched the spy plane to the sea, all 5 men on board meeting their deaths. The next day, as Red troops invaded Greece, Albania's Stalinist leaders declared their nation's neutrality in the war that was raging all around them.\nAvia S-92R Turbina (Revell Me 262A-1/U3), \"White 29\", 1 Sqd,Yugoslav AF, Libijana. Lt Grey overall with black green (BG) patches on uppers and sides. Yellow neutrality bands on nose and rear fuselage.\nMIssion: With northern Italy exploding into civil war and Soviet forces thundering down from Austria, the government in Belgrade was desperate for intelligence on the goings on just across the border. With few recce aircraft available and only one recce modified Czech Avia built Turbina still airworthy (and that still finished in an experimental winter camoulflage that had been retained for the now aborted summer airshow season), it was the job of Major Nenad Bjekovic to take his jet in to hostile airspace. After having neutrality bands added, the aircraft was deployed from Belgrade to Lubijana to undertake a series of high speed photo flights. Beginning on the 4th and lasting the 19th of July, Bjekovic flew 10 solo \"red ink\" missions over Italy, this series of sorties going unchallenged and finally coming to an end when an engine fire forced the Turbina to be grounded. Although Bjekovic was rewarded with decorations for his heroism, his story remianed secret until 2002, when a Serbian historian uncovered documents revealing these remarkable missions.\nHispano-Messerschmitt HM-1101A2 (Revell Me-1101), \"30 - 8\", Esc 30, Spanish Air Force, Zaragosa vs USSR. Armour sand with dark green (DG) suiggles on upper and side surfaces and silver under surfaces. Each wing has 12 x 55mm (R4M) underwing air-air rockets outboard of wing DTs (from MB.339) with 30mm cannon in gonadola (adapted from Bf109)inboard; nose arnament is 4 x .50 cal machine guns.\nMission: At the hands of Major Sergio Sanchez, the Spanish Air Force achieved it's first air-air jet kill today. Flying a Messershmitt designed HM-1101A2 (a version sepcially armed for bomber interception), Major Sanchez shot down a Soviet Kalinin K-18 (Soviet built Arado Ar-555-1) bomber.\nS.N.A.S.C.O. NC901Ei (Dragon Ta-152C-1), \"24\" 16 Sormo, Italian AF, Latina, Italy vs USSR. Lt grey undersurfaces, desert sand and light olive uppers and sides. Centreline 75 gal. DT, 2 x 500ib bombs, 4x5 inch HVAR, 30mm cannon firing through propeller hub and 4 x 20mm Hispano short barrel cannons (2 in wing roots, 2 in fuselage upper deck).\nMission: Armed with this Italian ground attack version of the French post-WW2 produced Ta-152C copy, 16 Stomo deployed from Signella, Sicily, to bases in northern Italy at the outbreak of hostilities (quickly camofouflaging their aircraft on the way). Fighting their way back to Rome, the unit first undertook missions against armed Italian Communists, later encountering their Soviet liberators.\nOn this day, Capt.Fabio Cannavaro flew several sorties in \"24\" against Soviet armour and infantry as they encircled Rome. Ordered to fly with a centreline drop tank in case of an urgent need to divert to more distant airfields, this is exactly what happened, as each of the airfields close to Rome were shelled, bombed or captured during the day. By nightfall, Cannavaro was at Lamezia Terme in southern Italy, the remants of his unit by now scattered across central and southern Italy. At dawn today, 16 Stormo had 15 airworthy airframes; this had dwindled to just 7 by night fall.\nde Havilland Mosquito NF.XIX (Airfix), \"4-12\" 4 Storm, 9 Gruppo, Italian AF, Lamezia Terme, Italy vs USSR. Ugraded with 4 bladed propellers. 8 red star kill markings. Black under with DSG and BG upper surfaces.\nMission: With the highly sucessful team of Lts. Gianluigi Buffon and Stefano Fiore in the cockpit, \"4-12\" shot down a Soviet Li-2 transport making a night supply drop to Italian Communists active in central Italy tonight.\nVought F4U-5NL Corsair (Italeri), \"QE-J\" 4 Sqd, RAAF, Kimpo, South Korea. Red \"Struth!\" nose art, overall black scheme. 6x5inch rockets and 2x100lb incindery bombs underwing, centre drop tank (DT).\nMission: Nocturnal CAS sorties flown in support of Australian and New Zealand troops near Kaesong, North Korea.\nOTHER SIDE 1951:\nIl-28: Spanish Republican Air Force vs UN (red and yellow roundel in a purple background)\nYak-17: German Red Army Air Force vs UN (East German markings)\nYak-9: Afghan Air Force vs Pakistan\nNeutral and struggling to deal with passionate ideaologies and a desire to command it's region, Indonesia causes great concern to the West. Through both political and often low intensity military means, Indonesia confronts its neighbours over the coming decade.\nRepublic F-47D Thunderbolt (Hasegawa), \"19\" 316 Sqd, Royal Dutch AF, Merauke, Dutch New Guniea, vs Indonesian insurgents. \"Jeanie\" nose art, NG under with BG and DSG upper surfaces. Centre line DT and 2 x 500lb underwing bombs.\nMission: CAS in support of Dutch troops in contact (TIC) with Indonesian insurgence along the west coast of Dutch New Guinea, near Yapekopra.\nOTHER SIDE 1952:\nLa-9 or -11: Vietnamese Peoples Liberation Air Force (based in China)vs France\nBy 1953, the United Nations (UN) is growing in strength, the policy of arming members nations for direct involvement in the war paying off.\nGrumman F9F-2 Panther (Hasegawa), \"110-D\" 2 Esq, Grupo Aviacao Embarcada, Brazillian AF on Brazillian Navy aircraft carrier Minas Gerais, Sea of Japan vs North Korea and China. Oxford blue overall. 6x5inch rockets.\nMission: BAI sorties flown against enemy troop and armour concentrations near Kosan, North Korea.\nNorth American F-86F Sabre (Fujimi), \"NZ1098\" 14 Sqd, RNZAF, Osan, South Korea, vs North Korea and China. \"Teasin Tina\" and \"Margie\" nose art, with yellow fuselage band and large tiger motif. Silver overall. 8 red star kill markings. Underwing DTs. SEE PHOTOS 1950s\nMission: Flying Officer Peter McKenzie shot down a Chinese piloted MiG-15 in \"Teasin' Tina\" in MiG Allley today.\nIn September, 1953, the Middle East erupts in conflict. In Iraq a military coup ousts the Western backed Royal family, the UN's undermanned and poorly equipped oil protection forces being forced out of the country by the end of the month. Pushing on, Kuwait soon falls to Iraqi troops. Controversially, the Saudi Arabian government refused permission for UN troops based there, or requiring to transit through Saudi Arabia, to intervene in the Iraqi and Kuwaiti crises. Meanwhile in Iran a general strike against UN and British interference in the nation's affairs coincides with a Soviet invasion. Trotsky's Red Army quickly reaches the Gulf, strangling the West's supply of oil from the region.\nVictory Aircraft Thunderjet Mk.2NE (Academy F-84E/G), \"720\", 3 Sqd, Southern Rhodesian Air Force, Tabriz, Iran vs USSR. Silver overall with oxford blue on nose (up to canopy), wing tip tanks and on vertical and horizontal tail surfaces; roundels are of an RAF type with a single verical assegai (spear). Sharks mouth on blue nose, aft of the standard squadren blue nose ring. Two swastikas, a Japanese flag and a red star beneath the canopy and above \"Rozzie Deth II\" aircraft name, next to a red \"Hell's Angels\" girlie picture. Clear F-84E type bubble canopy, with F-84G suction doors on fuselage to provide air for Candian Orenda engine. Both wingtip fuel tanks have refueling probes fitted (also a boom recepticle on the port wing).316 gal Saudi made \"Bin Laden bomb\" (so-called because they were made by the Saudi Arabian based Bin Laden company for the Near East Air Force) napalm tanks on 4 underwing stores pylons with 8 x 5 inch HVAR under each wing. Single RATO rocket under each side of the rear fuselage.\nMission: The personal aircraft of Squadron Leader Ross \"Rozzie\" Finnis, \"720\" carries with it many clues to his flying history. Joining the RAF in 1939, Finnis flew P-40s with 112 Sqd in North Africa (shooting down a Bf-110 and He-111) before transferring to the China-India-Burma theatre in 1943, flying Hurricanes and doing an exchange stint with the Flying Tiger's Hell's Angels squadron (shooting down a Ki-84). Demobilised in 1946, Finnis joined the Southern Rhodesian Air Force in 1948, commanding 3 Sqd during he defence of Greece in 1950 whilst flying Meteor F.4s (and shooting down a Bulgarian Il-10). By Septembe 1953, 3 Sqd was re-equipped with the Canadian built Thunderjet Mk.2NE (NE for Near East) and stationed in Iran. Flying against targets in both Iraq and Iran throughout September, today it is the turn of the Red Army to feel the heat from his weapons as they cross the border in north eastern Iran, Finnis becoming an ace as he shoots down an Il-28 boming his airfield on his return from a morning mission against Soviet armour.\nNorth American F-51D Mustang (Italeri), 1 Sqd, Sultan of Oman's AF, Seeb, Oman, vs USSR. Over all silver. 2 x 500lb bombs and 6x5inch rockets. SEE PHOTS 1950s\nMission: Flown by a seconded RAF pilot, Sqd Ldr David Wilcox, this aircraft attacked a Red Army convoy approaching the coastal city of Bandar-e 'Abbas, making several sorties during the day.\nAvro CF-100 Canuck F.4BM (Hobby Craft), \"35\" 112 Sqd, RAF, Finner, Ireland, vs Warsaw Pact (WP). NG under and BG with DSG upper surfaces. Sharks mouth nose art. Wing tip 2.75 inch air-to-air rocket pods and 8x.50 cal machine guns in ventral position with 2xAIM-4A SARH guided Falcons on outer underwing pylons and DTs on inner underwind pylons.\nMission: Two Socialist French Tu-16s were shot down over the Atlantic by this aircraft today.\nDassualt Ouragan (Heller), \"12\" BA-9, Portugese AF, Kenitra, Morocco, vs WP. 1 red star kill marking and several mission symbols. Overall silver. 8x5inch rockets, 2 DTs.\nMission: An anti-flak stike logged today support UN bombing of Cadiz, Spain.\nde Havilland Canada Sea Hawk FB.60 (Airfix), \"22\" Flottile 4F, French Navy, aircraft carrier Delacroix, Atlantic, vs WP. 2x500 bombs, 2 DTs. DSG upper and duck egg blue under surfaces.\nMisson: During major airstrike on Cadiz, this aircraft bombed and straffed port facilities.\nDouglas A-1E Skyraider (Revell), \"A-UP\" 4 Sqd, RAF, Butterworth, Malaysia vs Malayan Communists (Malayan Emergency. \"Awesone Annie\" nose art. NG under and DSG with BG upper surfaces. Centerline DT, 2x750lb napalm, 6x500 bombs, 4x5inch rockets.\nMission: Working with an RAAF 0-1 FAC, \"Awesome Annie\" joined with single seat A-1s to attack a Communist camp in the Cameron Highlands, the front passenger seat being filled by a camera man whose film of this attack was subsequently inserted into documentary newsreels and the feature film \"Malay marauders\".\nCanadian Electric Canberra B(I)8 (Frog), \"3-RW\" 1st Esc, Free Belgium AF, Rathcoole, Ireland, vs WP. Mission symbols and \"Marlene, Nancy, Marion\" nose art. Black under with DSG and BG upper surfaces. Under fuselage 4 x 20mm cannon pack\nMission: A noctural intruder mission made up of 8 Canberras, including this aircraft, attacked a rail yard at Swansea, Peoples' Republic of Britain (PRB).\nMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17PF (Hasegawa), red \"133\", Normandie-Niemen regiment, French Red Army Air Force, Villacoublay, France vs UN. French Red Army AF markings are red stars with white outline and a French blue centre dot. Four white star kill markings. Black under with tan and olvie drab upper surfaces. Arnament of 2 x 23mm and 1 x 37 mm cannon undernose with UB-16-57 pods on inner underwing pylons armed with air-to-air 55mm rockets. Underwing DTs. Radar warning and ECM aerials on tail fin with scabbed on chaff dispensers on fuselage at the base of the tail; the extra weight of such defensive systems (plus a little ballast in the tail) re-aligning the aircraft's CG allow for the rentention of the 37mm cannon usually eplaced by a third 23mm cannon on MiG-17PFs.\nMission: Flown by a French Commuinst pilot known only be his code name \"Colonel Marquis\", this aircraft was credited on this night with shooting down a USAF RB-47 near Nancy. This mysterious pilot would go on to have 54 confirmed day and night kills before, apparently, losing his life in a mid-air collision with a F-100D in 1959 whilst flying a MiG-19.\nNorth American FJ-4C Fury (Revell), \"401\" 825 Sqd, Royal Canadian Navy, HMCS Magnificeant, North Atlantic vs WP. \"Foxy killer\" art work, 5 red star kills. Dark gull grey upper and LG under surfaces. Two DTs, 4 x AIM-Bs, air-to-air refueling probe (ARP).\nMission: Under heavy and sustained attack in the North Atlantic whilst protecting a UN convoy to the UK, \"Foxy Killer\" accounted for three Tu-16s, a Tu-95 and a My-4 during this day, flying several sorties at the hands of two pilots.\nNorth American F-100D Super Sabre (Hasegawa), \"KT-W\" 11 Esc, Free Belgium Air Force, Hacketstown, Ireland vs WP. Sharks teeth and eys nose art, many mission markings, 1 red star kill. BG and DSG upper and silver under surfaces. Two DTs, 4x M177 750lb bombs, ARP.\nMission: Attack against coastal fortifications at Holyhead, PRB.\nMcDonnel RF-101C Voodoo (Hasegawa), \"33-TF\", 3rd Escadren, 33rd Escadre, Free French Air Force, Decomimannu, Italy vs WP. Silver overall. 6 camera mission symbols. Under fuelage DTs.\nMission: On an eventful photo recce sortie this day that went southern France, \"33-TF\" was shot at by at least 6 SA-2 SAMs and avoided interception by several MiGs.\nDassualt Super Mystere B.2 (Airfix), \"26\", 201 Sqd, Mexican Air Expeditionary Force, Kenitra, Morooco vs WP. Tan, dark brown (DB) and BG upper and NG under surfaces. Puncho Pistola gung slining chicken nose art with 2 red star kills. 2 x AIM-9Bs and 2 DTs.\nMission: Cpt Valquez shot down a Spainish Republican MiG-19SFs today to bring his tally to 3. He would received credit for 16 kills before his death at the hands of a MiG-21 in 1965.\nIn 1960, Belgium de-colonises the Congo, leaving behind it a mess of rebel forces, both tribal and Marxist. The UN sends in a stabilisation force to ensure security in Central Africa.\nDassault Mystere IVA (Matchbox), \"565\" Columbian Air Force Expeditionary Force, UN Congo Satbilisation Force, Kinshasa, Congo vs rebel forces. Sharks teeth nose art on white/red/yellow/dark blue bands around intake. BG and DB upper and NG under surfaces. 2 x 500lb bombs and 6 x5 inch rockets underwing.\nMission: Bombing run followed by straffing against a tribal rebel group near the town of Bongo that had ambushed a UN road convoy.\nIndia decolonises Purtugese Goa by force and has a breif border war with China.\nde Havilland Sea Venom FAW.50 (Modelcraft), \"015\" 300 Sqd, Indian Navy, INS Vikrant, off Goa, vs Portugal. Overall light sea grey. 4 x 60lb rockets.\nMission: Attacked with rockets and cannon Portugese coastal gun emplacements prior to an amphibious landing by Indian forces.\nRELATED OPTIONS: Indian Aif Force Saab/HAL J-29F and/or MiG-17F vs China\nSu-9 Romanian Red AIr Force vs UN.\nCessna 0-1D Bird Dog (Airfix), \"B\" 4 Sqd RAAF, Bandar Sri Aman (Simanggang), Sarawak, Malaysia vs Indonesia (Indonesian Confrontation). Overall OD with white panels above wings and dark blue wheel hubs. Large RAF style high-viz roundels above and below wings with small RAAF kangaroo roundels on fuselage. Large shark's teeth nose art. Twin 2.75 inch smoke marking rockets on each inboard wing pylon.\nMission: During a FAC patrol along the border with Indonesia, insugencies were sighted and a flight of RNZAF (Canadian built)Hunters called in to work the area with napalm, bombs and cannon.\nAlthough the USSR formally retreated form Iran in 1960, there continues to be regular fighting along the Iran-Soviet border.\nMcDonnell Douglas F-101K Voodoo (Revell), \"M\" 85 Sqd, RAF, Doshan-Tappeh, Iran, vs USSR. \"Flying mermaid\" nose art on port and large, brown kangaroo on starbaord side. Sand and tan upper and LG under surfaces. 20mm M61 Vulcan cannon in under fuselage weapons bay, under fudelage DTs, 2 x AIM-9B under intakes and 2 x AIM-7D under wings. SEE PHOTOS 1960s\nMission: With RAF pilot Flying Officer Simon Watson at the controls and RAAF exchange Flying Officer Henry Price in the back seat, the \"Flying Mermaid\" uses a mix of AIM-9 and Vulcan cannon to to shoot down an ELINT An-12 Cub that strys across the border today.\nOTHER SIDE 1964:\nMiG-21F-13: Italian Red Army Air Force vs UN.\nOn this day, the UN finally makes its long anticipated land invasion of the People's Republic of Britain.\nBell 204 UH-1B Huey (Italeri), \"57\" 16 Sqd, South African Air Force, South African Navy Helicopter Tender 16, vs WP. Overall olive drab (OD). Rear doors removed. XM3 weapons kit with 48 x 81mm rocket tubes in 24 tube pairs with a fixed forward firing 20mm cannon mounted above the frame each side.\nMission: Throughout the day, the crew of \"57\" provided CAS to South African and other UN troops during their assault on Aberystwyth, Wales.\nConvair F-102C Delta Dagger (Hasegawa), \"29+01\" JG34, Free German Air Force, Donemana, Ireland, UK vs WP. \"Olga\" name on port intake art with small William Tell graphic alongside, 8 red star kills. BG, DG & DSG upper and LG under surfaces. IR seeker above nose. Two underwing DTs, open missile bay with 4 x AIM-4D and 2 x AIM-4F.\nMission: With Oberst Hans Shmidt at the controls, \"Olga\" saw action against a Soviet Tu-16 that was on an Elint mission over the North Sea. The intruder was splashed by Shmidt using a AIM-4F. This was the final combat by a NATO assigned F-102 in the North Atlantic or Europe theatres, the type having been phased out of service in favour of more modern types like the F-106 and F-4. The next day, the unit stood down to convert to F-4D.\nConvair F-106J Delta Dart (Hasegawa), \"248\", 3 Sqd,Japanese Self Defence Force Air Force, Misawa, Japan vs USSR. 4 red star kill markings under canopy. Overall NG. Underwing DTs, 2 x AIM-7D underwing, plus open missile bay with 2 x AIM-4D and 2 x AIM-26B, muzzle fairing for M61A1 Vulcan 20mm cannon on lower port side behind the radome. SEE PHOTOS 1960s (Vulcan not fitted at time of photography)\nMisson: Follwing the night shoot down by land based SA-2 SAMs of a USN EP-3B Orion off the Kurile Islands, \"248\" joined in the RESCAP effort to save the crew. Piloted by Lt. Takako Yoneyama, \"248\" and another F-10J were engaged by a pair of Su-15s that were attempting to deter the rescue. During the brief fight, Yoneyama claimed the lead Flagon with an AIM-26B shot. This was the aircraft's 5th confirmed kill and this pilot's 2nd. An earlier attempt to destroy the target by firing both AIM-7Ds failed when they both broke lock and went ballistic. The remaining Flagon retreated and the three surviving Orion crew members were rescued; the downed Flagon pilot was not.\nPakistan, neutral but Allied since 1962, has several conflicts with neighbouring India over the next few decades over territorial disputes.\nRepublic F-84F Thunderstreak (Italeri), \"834\" 19 Sqd, Pakistani Air Force, Chakala, Pakistan vs India. LG under surfaces and DG, BG and tan S-E Asian style uppers.\nTwo DTs and 2 x AGM-12B Bullpup.\nMission: In the hands of two pilots and flying from dawn to dusk, this aircraft logged 4 CAS/BAI sorties during the day. Mission using Bullpups was targeted against a bridge, this being the day's final sortie. On this mission, \"834\" and 3 other F-84Fs were jumped by 2 Indian produced MiG-19SF, \"834\" being the only survivor from the engagement.\nRELATED OPTIONS: Indian Air Force MiG-19SF\nBoeing Vertol HH-47B Chinook (Italeri), 12 Sqd, RNZAF, Udon, Thailand. Yellow \"Home James\" graphic beneath a picture of a stripping women next to open starboard forward hatch. Tan, DG and BG overall. Rescue hoist above starboard forward hatch and 3x0.50 inch Browning M3 MGs pointing menacingly from open windows, starboard nose mounted extendable air-air refueling probe and search light under nose.\nMission: Called in to action soon after dawn following the loss of a RAAF RB-47H in Laos, the crew of \"Home James\" headed north. With support from a RNZAF KC-130B and escorted by RAAF A-1s, the chopper \"Home James\" is directed to the pick up zone despite heavy ground fire. 3 survivors and 2 bodies troops are recovered from the scene by the crew of \"Home James\".\nDouglas A-1D Skyraider (Hobby Craft), \"98\" 2 sqd, RAAF, Vientiane, Laos vs Vietmanes & Laotion Communists. Tan, DG and BG uppers with LG unders. Centreline DT, with 2x BLU-1 finned napalm, 2x LAU-3 19 round 2.75 inch rocket pods, 2 x 7.62mm mini gun pods, 2x CBU-25 and 2x LAU-68 rocket pods (for 7x2.75 inch white phosphorus target marking rockets)under wing.\nMission: With Flight Lieutenant Willam Robert \"Buffalo\" Newton at the controls, \"98\" flew RESCAP support for the mission to rescue survivors from the downed RB-47H. Repeatedly taking on heavy ground fire to clear an area suitable for the attending HH-47B to affect the rescue. His aircraft damaged by small arms fire, he maintained an aggressive vigilance at the scene until the rescue operation was complete. Only after landing was it learnt that Newton had been severely wounded in his right leg during the battle, his aircraft running off the runway on landing as he collapsed from blood loss. For this, Newton was awarded a DFC (Distinguished Flying Cross). Note tha the squadren was using reclaimed former Royal Australian Navy A-1Ds as the RAAF was no longer able to replace Skyraider attrition with more recent models.\nLockheed F-104G Starfighter (Hasegawa), \"23\" 1 Sqd, SAAF, Rimmi-Miramore, Italy vs WP. \"Miss Behavin'\" nose art, bomb mission symbols, unit badge. DSG & BG upper and NG unders. ALQ-87 ECM pod on centreline, 2 x Mk83 Snakeye AND 2 X AIM-9D under wing, wing tip fuel tanks, plus ARP.\nMission: F-104G \"23\", flown by Squadren Leader Hansy Pattel, joined 3 other SAAF Starfighters to make a low altitude attack on a Triple A site near Vienna, Austria. The site was successfully pu out of action, but at the cost of one South African pilot who was shot down by an AA-2 missile fired by a Soviet MiG-21. The mission was associated with an airbourne assult planned for later that day, but the assault was scrubbed when 2 of the 4 US Army Ch-47C Chinooks taking part collided shortly after take off, killing several troops including the assault team commander. This was 1 Sqd's, and the SAAF's, last combat mission with the Starfighter before converting to the F-4E.\nEgypt and others support a rebel force based in Dhofa, Oman, fighting for control of the strategicaly positioned country. This fighting will continue from the late 1950s to the early '80s. With the US Army denied access to Oman by the Sultan, several OV-10 Mohawks and their crews are transfered to the USAF. Air Force Hohawks are permitted by the Sultan to operate over rebel infiltration routes.\nGrumman OV-10B Hohawk (Hasegawa), 363 Tactical Recon. Sqd, USAF, Thumrayt, Oman vs South Yemen & Omani rebels. \"Beach buggy\" nose art. Experimental overall sand/mid stone/DB wrap around camo. Underwing DTs and underslung SLAR pod.\nMission: Whilst udertaking a recce mission along the border with South Yemen, the crew of \"Beach Buggy\" (Cpt. Carl Graham and Lt. Steve Aldrin) reported that they were under fire from probable SA-7 Grail IR-guided SAMs. Although the SAMs were sucessfully avoided, this was just one of many engagements reported in the area that day, leading to a cross border strike by Omani Hunters and Iranian F-4Ds the next day.\nHaving previously worked on it's \"export\" aircraft in India, Saab moves to Israel in the early 60s.\nSaab/IAI 35 Dragon (Revell), \"287\" 200 Sqd, Israel Self Defence Force Air Force, Hazor, Israel, vs Egypt/Jordan/\nSyria. Armor sand, medium green and tan uppers with LG unders. Under fuselage DTs and 2 x AIM-9B underwing. SEE PHOTOS 1960s.\nMission: The co-called \"War of attristion\" started today and lasted until 1973, when open warfare between Israel and it's Arab neighbours again broke out. Flying \"287\", Colonel Yitzak Levi was credited with the destruction of a Syrian (Egyptian built) Mirage IIIESY over the Golan Heights today.\nDuring the course of the war, many target areas were attacked and fought over dozens of of times. The Romanian city of Constanta was one such little known but frequently visited target. On the Black Sea and with major road, rail and port facilities, the city was a heavilly defended Warsaw Pact held logistics centre in 1968. Amid the rubble from previous attacks, the Reds moved and housed men, machines, food, fuel, munitions and other war material vital to their operations in the Balkans.\nMcDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II (Fujimi), \"53-06\", 53 Stormo, 21 Gruppo, Italian Air Force, Grosetto, Italy, vs WP. BG, LO and tan S-E Asian style uppers and LG unders. Many bomb mission symbols. LORAN towel rack. 2 x SUU-30 munitions dispenders on 2 x Triple Ejector Racks (TERs)on inner wing pylons, DTs on outers, ALQ-101 (shallow) on port front Sparrow recess, 2 x AIM-7E at rear, with centreline Multiple Ejector Rack (MER) carrying 6 x 500lb Mk82. SEE PHOTOS 1960s & 70s\nMission: After a 3 month truce associated with the ongoing Geneva Peace Talks, the fighting started again today. On an pre-dawn LORAN mission and bombing through cloud, F-4D 53-06 served as a lead ship for other F-4Ds during an attack on port facilities in Constanta as part of a series of UN strike package hitting the city today. On egress from the target area, the attack formation was engaged by several Romanian and Soviet MiG-21s, Major Costantino Alberti (pilot)and Leutenant Marcello Pizzo (Weapsons Systems Operator) in \"53-06\" being credited with the destruction of a Soviet MiG-21PF. Two Sparrows were fired, the second one hitting the Fishbed of Yuri Balenco, who ejected with minor injuries.\nDouglas EB-66E Destroyer (Italeri), \"X\" ??? Sqd, RAF, Akrotiri, Cyprus vs WP. \"Huff\" fuselage art, camel mission markings. NG & BG upper and LG unders.\nMission: Operating as an EW platform, \"Huff\" supported the UN strike package attacking Constanta in Romania during the afternoon.\nFrom the late 1960s, South Africa became increasingly involved with fighting in it's own region, against nationalist insurgencies in South Africa itself and in South West Africa (Namibia) - occupied by South Africa - and with helping the white minority government in Rhodesia and the Portugese colonists in Angola and Mozambique fight their own wars against black nationalist forces. These were essentially counter-insurgency \"low intesity conflict\" or \"bush wars\" at the time.\nNorth American AT-28D Nomad (Heller), \"4215\" 8 sqd, SAAF, Windhoek, South-West Africa vs SWAPO. DG and tan uppers with LG unders. 2 x .50 cal gun pods and 2 x 7 round 2.75 inch rocket pods.\nMission: On this day, \"4215\" flew several sorties in the hands of several aircrew during an assault on Windhoek by SWAPO. The attack started in the early hours of the morning and lasted until late afternoon, SAAF aircraft such as this Nomad flying hundreds of CAS missions. Although SWAPO was defeated in a military sense, the attack was politically and psychologically significant, forcing the South Africans to withdraw many of their assets from assignments in Europe and the Middle East to meet the growing threats closer to home.\nOTHER SIDE: 1968\nSu-7BMK, German Red Army Air Force vs UN.\nIn April, 1970, South Vitenam and its UN allies crossed the borders of Cambodia and Loas in a major effort to attack Viet Minh santcuaries and supply lines. This operation, called Half Back Flanker, was just the start of a much larger campaign that would culimnate in Operation Full Forward, the invasion of North Vietnam. This would in turn result in a full scale Chinese invasion of IndoChina, driving the UN out of the region and back to a defence line along the Thai border (Chinese progagandists called this Opertion Full Back).\nLockheed OT-33A Silver Star (Hasgawa), 426 Sqd, RAAF, Da Nang, Sth Vietnam vs Vietnamese Communists. \"Miss fire\" and \"Norma\" nose art. Tan, BG & light olve (LO) uppers and LG unders. No internal guns for this fast FAC. 2x LAU-68 rocket pods.\nMission: Flying a mormning FAC mission, the crew of this aircraft (Flying Officer Greg Hogg and Pilot Officer Ian Bolte) suported Australian and New Zealand forces as the pushed across the border into Laos near the DMZ that seperated North and South Vietnam. During their sortie, the pair co-ordinted a series of air strikes against North Vietnamese positions that threatened the airmoble operation.\nMartin B-57G Canberra (Italeri), 17 Sqd, RNZAF, Udon, Thailand vs Vietnamese, Cambodian & Loation Communists. Overall black. \"Moon maid\" nose art. 4 x KMU-338 500lb Paveway I laser guided boms under wing and ALQ-87 ECM pod.\nMission: During the first night of Full Forward, Flight Lieutenant Harold Short and Flying Officer Henry Smith flew \"Moon Maid\" on an interdiction mission over Laos, working with an RNZAF AC-130H and RAAF F-4E Pave Phantoms to strike at North Vietnamese traffic moving along trails towards the invading Allied troops. North of Ban Dakchoun, Short and Smith were attacked by a several SA-3 SAMs, but managed to avoiding the missiles. Sveral tanks were destroyed during the sortie.\nHughes OH-6A Cayuse (Italeri), \"17\" Loatiion Army, Attapu, Laos vs Pathet Lao & Viet Minh. Overall OD. One forward firing M60 machine gun mounted on each side of fuselage. All doors removed.\nMission: After avoiding contact with all sides during the first day of Full Forward, the Loation Army undertook a series of engagements againt North Vietnamese forces near Attapu in Southern Loas. This Cayuse was involved in flying armed FAC missions throughout the day in the hands of Major Thonglith Abhay.\nBell 206A OH-58A Kiowa (Italeri), South Vietnamese Army, Chu Pha, South Vietnam. Overall OD. Forward doors removed and side armour installed on pilot and observer seats. Port mounted axial firing 7.62 mm Minigun.\nMission: Flown by Seargent Ly Dinh Cam, this Kiowa was used throughout the day in support of South Vietnamese operations across the la Krang Po river into Cambodia. During his third sortie of the day, the Seargent was engaged by a neutral Cambodian Air Force MiG-17F flying an what was later called an \"airspace sovereignty\" flight. No hits on the Kiowa were made. Three months later, the Seargent again became famous by being the last of many to land a Khelicopter on the decks of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne as Saigon fell to Communist troops; his passengers were 8 women and children.\nIn 1973, after a series of skirmishes over the preceeding years (known as the \"War of atrrition\"), Israel's Arab neighbours strike back. In a ferocious 23 day war, the Arabs are pushed back in the Sinai Peninsual to the UN controlled Suez Canal Zone.\nSaab/IAI 37 Slammer (Matchbox), \"87\", 101 Sqd, Israel Self Defence Force Air Fource, Hazor, Israel, vs Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Sand, tan and BG upper with LG unders. ALQ-101 (deep) ECM pod and AIM-9E on pylons either side of centreline DT, with 2x AGM-62A Walleye underwing.\nMission: Flown by Major Schlomo Rabin, \"87\" is a prototype Slammer brought in to active service by the pressing needs of the current total war with Israel's Arab foes. The mission, to drop Walleyes on an office block at Egypt's Helwan aircraft factory, is sucessful but proves controversial when several Turkish, French and Italian aircraft engineers are casaulties, their offices having been specificly targetted. Of the six Slammers carrying Walleyes involved in the raid, all but \"103\" return safely. Major Rabin is credited with the destruction of an Egyptian Mirage IIIEE2 during the egress.\nRelated option: .\nRELATED OPTIONS: Algerian Air Force HF-24E, Libyan AIr Force Fiat G.91R vs Israel.\nCanadian/British Aircraft Company Bucaaner S.2e (Airfix), \"65+59\", MFG 1, Free German Navy, Kinloss, UK vs WP. OD & DSG uppers with dark ghost grey (DGG) unders. Mission markings. Nose mounted ARP, bulged bomb bay fuel tank, 2x AJ.168 Martel on outer wing pylons, DT on right inner and a data link pod on left inner. TRAM turret undernose just behind radome with FLIR, LLLTV and laser designater.\nMission: Kapitanleutnant Erich Hess (pilot) and Kapitanleutnant Wilhelm Vonnegut flying \"65+59\" this day over the North Atlantic near Norway attack the Soviet Navy's 'KRESTA I' class RKR (Rocket Cruiser) Vitse Admiral Drozd and sink it with both Martels during a major air-sea battle.\nSu-15 Flagon F, Polish Air Force vs UN, Mig-21bis Norwegian Socialist Republic Air Force vs UN.\nBangladesh, born out of the 1971 Indian-Pakistani war, continues to struggle against domestic guerilla forces over the next decade.\nHawker Canada Hunter T.80 (Matchbox), \"708\" 2 Sqd, Bangladesh Air Wing, Dakka, Bangladesh vs rebels. Overall BG and DSG. DTs on inner wing pylons and 2 x Matra 155 rocket pods on outer pylons.\nMission: As part of low intensity conflict againt armed northern rebels, this aircraft is used against a rebel base north of Sylhet. Flown by Colonel Shafiuddin Rajshahi and leading two other Hunters (these three representing all the Hunter force available for sevrice on the day), the aircraft rocketed and straffed the target for several minutes.\nOTHER SIDE: 1977\nMig-25 German Red Army Air Force vs UN.\nFrom early 1975 to late 1989, Chad was in the grips of a civil war that was fuelled by Libyan, Sudanese and other foreign support for several guerilla armies. Shifting loyalties in this many sided conflict made it difficult for the UN to pick winners or good-guys. Indeed, with the USA reluctant to authorise a UN involvement in what it saw as a \"minor European colonial war by proxy\" (to quote one US Secretary of State, Dennis Nailor), it was left to the pro-Western African Defence and Progress Organisation (ADPrO) to join the fight. With the help of non-African ADPrO members such as France, Spain and Canada, the work of this always under funded force began in 1978 was finally completed in 1989 when a peace agreement with Libya and Sudan was signed and the forces of those nations departed Chad. This effort was not helped, however, by the attitude of the French, who continually made arms sales to Libya, the French observing that such sales were necessary due to the fact UN contracts produced little or no profit. (Anyway, neighbouring Algeria always supplied Libya with arms through the back door with arms that it couldn't procure itself directly.) So, with the French supplying both the ADPrO forces and Libya and the Italians supplying both Sudan and Libya, it is a neat earner (with commodity and resource deals often bartered for arms, although the oil-rich Libyans often paid cash). Although a residual counter-insurgency effort continued for many more years, it could be dealth with by the Chad military (ironically, now Libyan backed) and mercenary personnel.\nOn this day, ADPrO forces went on the first of many major offensives against Libyan targets on northenn Chad. With Libyan and Sudanese forces fighting each other in the East, the UN mounted a heavy attack on the Libyan logistical effort, striking at airfields and transport hubs. Combined operations using air power, paratroops, heli-bourne assualt troops and special forces set back the Libyan war effort but could not be sustained. Six months later, the ground captured in this operation was being fought over again with the ADPrO forces on the defensive after the Sudanese and Libyans, and the local forces they each backed, had joined forces. A note about this particualr offensive is that, although air-air refueling assets were plentiful for the small stike force on day 1, the decision by ADPrO commanders to insist on heavy offensive weapon loads in place of external fuel has always been controversial; 2 aircraft (a Helwan 79 and an F-4G)crashed having run dry for various reasons.\nHelwan 79E Escorpion (Kfir C-2) (Hasegawa), \"63\" Esc 464, Ala 46, Spanish Air Force vs Libya, N'Djamena,Chad. Lightning throwing scorpion nose art with Legionnaires type head gear. LG under with counter shaded NG and DGG upper surfaces. Laser rangerfinder and marked target seeker under nose. ARP, centreline DT, AS.30L on left underwing pylon and Martel ARM under right wing, plus 2x AIM-9J on outers.\nMission: Flown by Colonel José Paco, \"63\" is used to attack air defence sites near Zouar in Chad. Flying in a strike package that includes 4 Escorpions (2 single seaters and 2 Pave Spike equipped two-seaters), 2 Spanish F-4Gs, 4 French A-4FFs and 4 Canadian CF-4Es, they hit several radar sites (with Martel ARM fired by the Escorpions and Martel ARMs and Shrikes from the F-4Gs) and a C3I bunker (with the AS.30L). One aircraft is lost after it's refuleing probe is damaged, crashing before returning to N'Djamena, the pilot ejecting and being rescued the next day. Meanwhile, the Canadian CF-4Es providing fighter sweep and escort account for 2 Libyan (Turkish built) MiG-21bis interceptors.\nMcDonnell Douglas A-4FF Skyhawk (Fujimi), \"12-YE\", EC 1/12, French Air Force, Daka, Senegal vs Libya. Can-can girlie nose art. NG under surfaces, with light olive, DSG and European One green on uppers. Camel hump, black painted Agave radar nose and two internal 30mm DEFA cannon. ARP, centreline DT, 2 x Durandal on horizontal ejector racks on each inner wing pylon, Phimat pod on right outer and Barracuda ECM pod on left outer.\nMission: Making the long journey from Dakar with the aid of refuelling and navigational support from two Canadian CC-135Rs, four inappropriately camouflaged A-4FFs attack the Libyan held airfield at Zouar, Chad. Two are equipped with Durandal to break up the paved runway, the other two carrying Beluga CBUs to hit aircraft parked in the open. A Hip and a Hind are reported as destroyed and two Mig-23s and with a further Hip damaged. The runway is hit successfully and cut in two places. One of the Skyhawks is damaged by a SAM and diverts to Dirkou in Niger. Additional support for the attack is provide by Spanish Escorpians (SEAD and C3I bunker buster) and F-4Gs (SEAD), Canadian F-4Es (top cover) and a Canadian CEC-135R and CE-2C Hawkeye.\nNote: The A-4FF aircraft were normally based at Kinshasa, Congo (Zaire), but because the unit normally responsible for Northern African operations was currently withdrawn from combat status due to re-equipment with Jaguars, EC1/12 had to spread itself thin and deploy a detachment to Dakar.\nAermachhi MB.326LS (Supermodel), \"731\" Sudanese Air Force vs Libya, Al Junayah, Sudan. LG under surfaces with sand, mid-stone and OD uppers. 2 underwing DTs and 2 x Matra 155 rocket pods. SEE PHOTOS 1970s\nMission: After deploying forward from Khartoum to refuel at Al Junayah, Major Omar Khalid flies a solo in a two plane attack mission to Abeche in Chad, which has just been occupied by the Libyan Army. Their target is the town’s police station, where the Libyans are believed to be holding a Sudanese Army Colonel involved in intelligence operations; the idea being either to kill the Colonel before too much information was tortured out of him, or to provide a distraction to allow his escape. The attack is accurate, leaving the police station in flames. Much to the surprise of the Sudanese, the Colonel re-appears a week later, having evaded his would-be Libyan captors.\nHelwan HA-220G Aozou (HA-200 Seata)(MPM), 23rd (Brotherhood) Squadron, Libyan Arab Republic Air Force, Bardai, Aozou Strip, northen Chad. Light blue undersurfaces, with armour sand, chocolate and light earth uppers and sides. Libyan green roundels. 2 x UB-16-57 rocket pods on inner under wing pylons and 2 x 20mm Hispano cannon in gondolas underwing. Streamlined flare dispenser scabbed on undersides ahead of wings. Note that the nose guns have been deleted, to allow some space for deployment equipment, a must when frequently deploying to remote and frequently bare facilitis.\nMission: With Libyan intelligence accurately predicting the ADPrO offensive, aircraft were disperse away from the main airfield at Zouar. This saw four Helwan HA-220Gs (a COIN modified, Egyptian built, Spanish/German designed HA-200 Seata, locally known as Aozou and featuring Marbore VI engines, self-sealing tanks, armour and extra navigation euqipment)located out to Bardai to provide counter-insurgency and CAS work. With Bardai overlooked in the ADPrO offensive, these aircraft were thus on call when a Libyan infanty platoon encountered Nigerian special forces on the main road leading from Libya to Zouar. Taking off at 16.30 hrs, pilot Captain Muhamed Latiff (a Pakistani) and navigator/FAC Captain Al-Saad Omar (a Libyan) were joined by another HA-220G and engaged the Nigerians, who were holed up in a strong defensive position. Making several rocket and straffing runs, they quelled the return fire and made it possible for the infantry to capture the Nigerian position. During the engagement, flares and manouvering successfully saw one Nigerian Redeye SAM launch evaded.\nCessna A-37C Dragonfly (Academy A-37B), \"240\", Ethiopian Imperial Air Force, Kora Toro, Chad vs Libya. Camouflage grey undersurfaces with pale stone, mid-stone and desert sand upper and side surfaces. Single AGM-65B Maverick on each inner underwing pylon, DT on inner middle and Mk.20 Rockeye CBU on outer middle pylons. AIM-9E on outer right and AN/ASQ-173 LST/SCAM on outer left pylon. ALE-39 dispensers beneath fuselage.\nMission: Ably supported by Kenyan KC-30H tankers and French Foreign Legion OV-10DF+s, 8 Ethiopian A-37B \"Piglets\" (so-called because they were armed like a \"baby Warthog\") provided CAS/BAI services to ADPrO forces launching an assult on the Libyan occupied town of Faya-Largeau. This particular aircraft, piloted by Lt. Ismael Abubaker, was credited with the destruction of a Libyan tank and several trucks when he and another A-37C were directed against a Libyan column approaching Faya-Largeau from the north, forcing these re-enforcements to retreat. Although the town was taken by ADPrO, it was re-captured by the Libyans a several months later.\nRELATED OPTION: Chad Army Bell 212 UH-1N, Libyan Seatta (on the work bench, now)\nLate 1979 is not a good time for the West. In August, Iran falls to a popular Islamic fundamentalist regime, September, the leftist Sandinista's take power in Nicaragua and then in December the USSR takes control of Afghanistan and Vietnam invades Cambodia.\nAs the Samoza regime in Nicaragua faulters, international assistance from the Rio Pact nations props up the governemnt for its final months.\nNorthrop F-5E TigerII (Italeri), \"432\" 5 Sqd, Columbian Air Force, Manugua, Nicaragua vs Sandanistas. Two bomb mission symbols. DGG overall, counter shaded on uppers with light ghost grey (LGG). ARP, centreline DT, AIM-9J on wing tips.\nMission: With a Sandanista column on Managua's outskirts, the rebels fly two captured Cessna O-2As over the capital. One is shot down by Columbian F-5E, \"432\" flown by Captain Ricki Fernandez, who dispatches the small piston engined aircraft with 20mm fire during a low altitude chase over Manugua.\n1979 December: OTHER SIDE:\nVietnamese Peoples Liberation Air Force MiG-23 vs Cambodia.\nLTV A-7N Corsair II (Hasegawa), \"493\", 349 Sqd, Royal Netheralnds Air Force, Marham, UK, vs WP. European One style camo with wrap around DSG, DG and Euopean One dark green. Equipped with both USN type retractable ARP and USAF type boom recepticle, plus Pave Penny laser marked target sensor under intake. AIM-9L on fuselage pylons, DTs on inner wing, 2 x GBU-10 Pavway II 2,000lb laser guided Mk 84s, ALQ-131 ECM pod on right and AGM-45 Shrike on left outer pylons.\nMission: Colonel Franciscus Horst flies \"493\" on a nocturnal mission to attack SAM sites in Soviet occupied Poland. Flying in suppoort of an UN stike package with USAF F-4Gs and operating with Pave Tack carrying OF-4Es of the Dutch 323 Squadron, the night ops modified A-7Ns of 349 Squadren provide DEAD (Destruction of Enemy Air Defences)services to back up the SEAD (Supression of Enemy Air Defences) of the F-4Gs. With many Warsaw Pact SAMs in Poland operating from hundreds of hardened and semi-hardened sites, the big GBU-10s are proving useful for the DEAD mission. Tonight, Colonel Hort delivers his Paveways into a concrete bunker serving to co-ordinate a group of SA-6 sites near Poznah.\nSepecat Jaguar International SD (Hasegawa), 128, 725 Sqd, Free Danish Air Force, Chambery, France, vs WP. Overall NG. 2 x Magic AAMs on overwing pylons, centreline DT, inner wing pylons with MERs, each with 2XBLG 400 400kg LGBs, right outer with Phimat chaff pod and left outer with Barax ECM pod. 2 x ALE-39 counter measure dispensors under rear fuselage.\nRelated option: French Jaguar version with BAe recce pod Chadian Air Force, vs Libya, 1979.\nAugustaWestland Tonal (Italeri A129A based)HMA.2, “06” 385 Sqd, Royal Navy, HMAS Ocean, South Atlantic. Augusta A129A Mangusta airframe with AH-64 Apache General Electric T700 engine nacelles including Black Hole IR suppression. Apache stub wings with AAM rails at each tip, mast-mounted sea surveillance and targeting radar from AH-64D and Apache TADS in place of Mangusta M65 TOW turret. Ventral 30mm Chain gun under fuselage, 1 x AIM-9M on each wingtip, 1 x Sea Skua anti-shipping missile under each outer wing pylon with inner left 2 x AGM-114B Hellfire on modified quad mount with EFT attached to lower mountings and inner right, 1 x AGM-45F Maverick. M130 dispensers mounted on rear fuselage with ALQ-114 IR jammer between engine nacelles. Enlarged main wheels. Overall flat gull grey with two yellow (shared) ship silhouettes on left beneath canopy .\nMission: With pilot Lt Cmdr Earnest Jones and weapons operator Lt Martin Taylor flying, Tonal 06 patrols with Tonal 08 into the northern end of Falkland Sound. Their nocturnal mission is to interdict Argentine maritime vessels transiting through the Sound on their way to and from Port Howard and Port San Carlos. Backed by Sea Tomcats FRS.1As providing fighter cover and a Sea Viking AEW.2, they identify three of ships dashing towards Port San Carlos. Closing in, the crew of 06 prepares to launch a Maverick at the patrol ship \"Rio Iguaza\" when the fighter controllers on the Sea Viking calls out a warning of two approaching Argentine Navy Sea Harier FGA.81s from Stanley Airfield. Leaving the air defence task to the Tomcats, the Tonals continue their attack, the Maverick striking the \"Rio Iguaza\" and leaving it burning. Next, the crew of Tonal 08 sends a Sea Skua and a Maverick in to transport vessel \"Rio Carcarana\". 06 follows this with a Hellfire in to the trawler \"Narwal\", hitting ammunition and sinking the vessel within minutes. Determined to make sure the ship is sunk, 08 rakes the \"Rio Carcarana\" with 30mm fire around the waterline before both helicopters retreat for the long journey back to HMS Ocean. The end result: both the \"Rio Carcarana\" and \"Narwal\" are sunk, with the \"Rio Iguaza\" badly damaged and beached, never to sail again, with one of the two Argentine Sea Harriers destroyed by the crew of Tomcat FRS.1A “200” (the other making an emergency landing in a field for some ground loitering).\nComing soon: details of Tomcat FRS.1A \"200\"\nIn response to growing Palestinian and Lebanese guerilla activities, Isreal invades Lebanon, confronting Syria in the process. The Syrian Alpha Jets were Lebanese aircraft seized by the Syrians soon after their arrival in early 1981, this action following a coup attempt by Lebanese Army and Air Force leaders against the Syrian backed government.\nDassault-Dornier Alpha Jet A (Fujimi), Syrian Air Force, Homs, Syria vs Isael. Wrap around sand, dark tan and BG. Centreline 30mm DEFA gun pod, 4 x Mk.82SE on under wing pylons.\nWith Isreali and forces moving through Southern Lebanon, Major Farouk al-Sharaa leads an extremely low level flight with two other Alpha Jets against an Isreali Army column near Marjayoun. A pair of Turkish built MiFG-21MFs are assigned to fly escort. Soon, Isreali F-15As are on their case, taking out the MiGs and picking off the Alpha Jets, leaving Major al-Sharaa to go it alone. Hugging the terrain, he zips over the column of trucks and half tracks, dropping his bombs and turning up the Beka'a Valley to land at an emergency roadside airstrip established by the Syrians. At dawn the next day,Major al-Sharaa flew the aircraft to an airfield in northern Syria, again at low level, without any harrassment from the Isrealis.\nRELATED OPTIONS: Turkish Army Mi-24 vs Israel.\nEver since Vietnam's December 1979 invasion of Cambodia, the UN backed forces of ASEAN and ANZUS have maintained an economic blockade on Cambodia and Vietnam and a no-fly zone over Cambodia. Now, three years in to their effort, and with the anti-Vietnamese coalition on the brink on major defeats, the UN authorises a massive escalation in air strikes.\nDassault-Breguet Super Etendard (Academy Minicraft), \"01\" 16th Attack Sqd, Phillipino Air Force, ???, Thailand, vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. Medium blue grey (MBG) upper and NG lower surfaces. DT on right inner and AM.39 Exocet on left inner, Magic on outers.\nMcDonald Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk (Fujimi), \"A10-106\" 2 Sqd, RAAF, Korat, Thialand, vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. \"Razorback\" name on nose gear door. \"Shark grey\" camo of LSG under surfaces with sides and upper surfaces darkening to DSG via dark gull grey. Black 'roo national markings. Centreline DT, Pave Spike TV and laser designator pod on inner right and AN/AAS-38A Flir pod on inner left, with LAU-10 Zuni 4x5inch rocket pods on outers.\nGeneral Dynamics F-16B Fighting Falcon (Hasegawa), \"82-041\", 84 Sqd, RAAF, Korat, Thailand vs Vietnam and (puppet) Cambodian government. Girlie nose art with mission taly board and \"Batchelor son\" legend behind intake. LSG under with LSG and NG counter shaded on upper surfaces. black 'roo national markings. Rapport II ECM fairing on tail. DTs centreline and under inner wings, F-16 style TERs with 2 x GBU-12 Paveway IIs on centre wing pylons and AIM-9L on wing tips.\nFollowing the USSR's invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan becomes the major base for anti-Soviet rebel forces. The resulting tension leads to several Pakistani air strikes against Soviet targets in Afghanistan throughout the 1980s.\nDassault Mirage F.1EP3(Hasegawa), \"41\", 17 Sqd, Pakistani Air Force, Sargodha, Pakistan vs USSR and Afghanistan. Overall tan, dark broan and grass green. Laser marked target seeker and laser rangefinder under nose. ARP, 2 x BL755 on centreline, DTs on inner wing pylons with ALE-40 counter measure dispensers on pylons, AGM-45 Shrike on outer right with ALQ-119 on outer left pylon and AIM-9P3 on wing tips.\nFollowing Tito's death in 1979, neutral Yugoslavis starts to slowly break up. As civil war breaks out with, the UN, concerned about Soviet penetration of Yuguslav territory and air space, announces a no fly zone over parts of Yugoslavia. Both Yuogoslav and Soviet aircraft are engaged.\nMcDonnell Douglas F/A-18A Hornet (Hasegawa), \"4-11\", 4 Stormo, 9 Gruppo, Italian Air Force, Rimmi-Miramare, Italy vs WP and Yugoslavia. Low-viz shark eating Mig-23 art ahead of left intake and 2 red star kill below canopy. NG under and medium grey upper surfaces. Centreline and inner wing pylon DTs, Aspide AAM on right fuselage stations, Atlis II laser designater pod on left fuselage staions, BLG-1000 LGBs on outer underwing pylons, AIM-9M on wing tip stations.\nGrumman A-6E Intruder (Fujimi), \"158796\", 340 Mira, Greek Air Force, Andravidha, Greece vs Yugoslavia. Bomb symbol mission markings. LSG under surfaces with NG uppers. ARP, TRAM turret. Centreline DT, 2 x GBU.16 Mk83 Paveway II laser guided bombs on inners plus MERs on outers each with 3 x Mk83 LDGP bombs and 1 x AIM-9M on F-16 style outer Sidewinder pylon outboard under each wing.\nPanavia Tornado IDS(C) (Hasegawa), \"188702\", 410 Sqd, Canadian Forces, Cottesmore, UK vs WP. Green \"Norma Sue\" nose art and black bomb mission symbols plus low-viz grey national markings and low viz 410 Sqd cougar emblem. Wrap around variation of F-111 pattern camo with light olive, DSG and European One green. Laser marked raget seeker and laser range finder fairing on right under forward fuselage with FLIR fairing on left; left 27mm cannon removed. Under fuselage DT and AXQ-14 data link pod, 2 x GBU.15 EO-guided Mk84 2,000lb bomb on inner wing pylons with Skyshadow ECM on left and BOZ-100 chaff dispenser on rigt outer pylons.\nFederal Yugoslav AIr Force MiG-27 Flogger D vs UN, Croats, Bosnians etc.\nGeneral Dynamics F-16A ASF (Air Superiority Fighter) Fighting Falcon (Hasegawa), \"658\", 312 Sqd, Free Slovak Air Force, Istrana, Italy vs WP. 8 red star kill markings under canopy with \"low-viz\" black outlined William Tell aces symbol and a Tiger Squadron emblem on the tail. LSG under with gunship grey and NG and Gunship Grey uppers. ASF variant features IRST fairing on left ahead of canopy and low-level TV camera fairing on right ahead of canopy and AIM-7 compatability. Centre line ALQ-131, DTs on inner under wing pylons, 2 x AIM-7M on center pylons, 4 x AIM-9M on outer under wing and wing tip stations.\nOn the 12 September, 1987, Iraq launches a massive offensive against Iran as part of it's long running war with the Islamic fundamentalist nation. Aides by the West, Iraqi forces make deep penetrations in to Iran. In response, Iran, wanting desperately to force an end to the war, escalates its attacks on shipping in the Gulf, thereby precipitating combat with UN forces in the region as they try to protect oil convoys from Iraq and Gulf Co-Operation Council nations.\nNorthrop F-5F Tiger II (Testors), 27 Sqd, Iraqi Air Force, Kirkuk, vs Iran. Dark brown, tan and DG upper and LG under surfaces. ALE-38 dispensors under lower fuselage. Centreline DT, Belouga on inner pylons, 2xBLU-1 napalm on outers and 2x AIM-9J on wing tips.\nMission: This aircraft is involved in an unsually well documented cpmbat sortie today. At the controls is Colonel Sharar Haydar Mohammed, with documentary director/camera man Hashim Hassan in the rear seat filming the action. To add further images are the gun camera film and a video camera capturing the vision through the HUD. Part of a strike force of 6 ex-Saudi Tiger IIs, their target is dug in Iranian armour east of Bakhtaren in Iran. During the spectacular low altitude attack no Tiger IIs are lost, but Colonel Mohammed is engaged by Iranian F-1s and manages to shoot one down with a Sidewinder; his wingman also bags a kill in similar fashion. With all this captured on film, the sortie becoes a highlight of Hassan's next feature length propaganda movie, Tigers over the Tigris, which also makes Colomel Mohammed a star.\nOn this night, Iranian, U.S. and U.K. units clashed over the Gulf. The incident began as a U.S. Marine Corps helicopter patrol consisting of 2 AH-1Ws and a UH-1N+ reported taking fire from an Iranian oil platform suspected of involvement in attacks on shipping. The Americans returned fire, sending Hellfires, 70mm rockets and 20mm rounds into the structure, destroying it. The fact that this was in recognised Iranian waters appeared to pass the Americans by, who immediately began attacking other Iranian sea surface targets as they converged on the area to render assistance to the platform. In response, the Iranians launched several air attacks on UN shipping, using F-4Es and their missile armed F-1s. This in turn, this brought about British involvement, as their ships and F-15Cs in the area joined the mutual air defence effort. By day break, both sides had retreated and set about about recovering their dead and wounded.\nBell 412 UH-1N+ Griffon (Italeri), \"113\" HML/A-367, USMC, aboard USS Guam, The Gulf vs Iran. \"Defender of freedom\" nose art. NG overall. Inverted TADS optical & IR sensor/laser designator on roof top, AAN-16 FLIR under nose, open rear doors with pintel mounted .50 Cal machine guns, ALE-40 chaff/flare dispensors on tail boom and ALQ-144 IR jammer above engine. SEE PHOTOS 1980s\nMission:Part of the helicopter combat team that sparked the incident, \"113\" was tasked with provided FAC, targeting, immediate air defence and light fire support against the oil platform. The names of the crew have not been released.\nMitsubishi/Iranian Aircraft Industries F-1 (Hasegawa), 16 Sqd, Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, Lali, Iran vs US Navy. Tan, sand and medium green upper and LG under surfaces. Centreline DT, ASM-1 on left and ASM-2 on right inner wing pylons with PL-7 AAMs (Chinese Magic copies) on wing tips.\nMission: One of \"around 30\" (DoD estimate) locally produced F-1s in service with the Iranian Republic Islamic Air Force at the time, this aircraft was one of two tasked to hit U.S. Navy vessels in the Gulf near Bahrain. Escorted by F-4Es, both F-1s fired both of their missiles (acquired from Japan via Pakistan) at long range, hitting the frigates USS Palua and the USS Madden, sinking the latter. Although one of the F-1s was subsequently shot down, this aircaft, piloted by Lt. Ali Daei survived.\nMcDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle F.3 (Fujimi), \"DO - 888\", 43 Sqd, RAF, Al Dhafra, Sharjah vs Iran. Overall NG with DGG counter shaded on upper surfaces. \"RAF Desert Eagles\" emblem on vertical stabilizers, low-viz national markings and pink Spitfire art behind left intake. F-14 style Northrop TCS (TV Camera System)under the nose. Centreline DT, 4 x Active Skyflash AAMs on fuselage stations with 4 x AIM-9M on under wing stations; AAS-38A FLIR mounted beneath left pylon.\nPiloted by Sqd Ldr Alex Ramon, this aircraft was one of a pair of RAF Eagle F.3s patrolling over the Gulf that intercepted an Iranian strike package. Flying against 4 F-4Es and 2 F-1s, Ramon shot down 2 Phantom IIs whilst his wingman, F/O Dean Newman, shot down a single F-1 .\nIn 1996, the break-up of Yuogoslavia was formaliased by a UN backed peace agreement. This allowed for a cease fire and a means to determine borders. As part of the agreement, all sides were allowed to re-equip thier armed forces within the constrainst of a conventional arms control treaty. In terms of airpower, this permitted subsonic combat aircraft to be operated only, with the UN chiefly responsible for air defence over the break away states, plus Albania. However, ceasefire violations rose sharply during the first half of 1988 along with a growing conflict in Serb controlled Kosovo, leading to a determination by the UN to deal once and for all with what they saw as Serb aggression. In July, 1988, the U.N. was able to launch a sucessful offensive against the Soviet backed Serb forces. By cobbling together a colition of previously warring nationalities, they were able to take advantage of their air superiority in the region and retake ground that had long been fought over. By the end of September, they had forced Belgrade to surrender as U.N. ground troops probed at the city's suburbs.\nAs a result of the devastation wrought by the earlier Balkan war, the Yugoslav Air Force and much of the industry that supported it was left in tatters. With few flyable and salvageable aircraft and smashed factories, they had to import new equipment that met with the new arms control limitations. With UN type aircraft unavailable and deep concerns about the suitability of the local Orao design, the Turkish built multi-role Su-39S (Savasci = Fighter) Frogfoot came to be the combat vehicle of choice. Of the 27 delivered before July 1988, 2 were converted to test a locally produced all-weather fire control system, based around the Rečno Korito (River Bed) FLIR/EO turret. The system had been tested on the Oroa before the nation’s break up. The first Frogfoot converted was Black 43, which featured a non-standard nose mounting without the more aerodynamic fairing installed on the second test vehicle, Black 45.\nSu-39YNN (Yugoslav Noc Atak = Night Attack) (Zvenda), Black 42, 3 Sqd Yugoslav Air Force, Cacak, Yugoslavia vs UN forces. Small red star Yugoslav AF roundels. Flying witch on broom stick each side of nose. Black undersurfaces with upper and side surfaces black green, light olive, tan and uniform green. Locally developed Rečno Korito (River Bed) FLIR/laser turret mounted on nose with Kopyo-25 (Spear) radar on centre line. Tandem paired ASO-2 dispensers above rear of engine nacelles and UV-26 dispensers in vertical tail fairing ahead of L-166S Sukhogruz (General cargo vessel) active IR jammer. Large intake under the rear of each engine nacelle for improved IR exhaust cooling. One 30mm twin cannon in under fuselage fairing. Underwing, from outside inwards: 2 x R-73 (AA-11 Archer) AAMs, 1 x R-27R (AA-10 Alamo A) left and 1 x R-27T (AA-10 Alamo B) right, 2 x EFT, 2 x L-57-16 rocket pods, 1 x 8 pack of 9M120 Vikhr (Viking) laser guide missiles left, 1 x Danube ECM pod right.\nMission: Removed from their test duties and transferred to 3 Sqd the day before the UN offensive, Black 43 and 45 were deployed to Cacak to be ready for combat operations. The next night, though, only Black 43 was combat ready when Capt Milovan Djoric was ordered to escort a pair of An-32s to Pale, in the serb held Republika Srpska and back. This was part of a major operation to rescue Bosnian-Serb leaders from their capital before it was cut off and overrun by the UN. Flying low to avoid or reduce the chances of detection, Djoric reached Pale with little trouble only to find the airfield under attack from Egyptian Special Forces. Working with a ground based FAC and using cannon fire, rockets and firing Vikhr missiles, Djoric gave cover while the transport set down and were loaded with VIPs. One of the transports has hit badly and had to be abandoned, but the other took off and reached safety with the Bosnian-Serb President on board. Meanwhile, Djoric was engaged by a pair of Italian Squall F.1s (combat capable BAe EAP “iterim” fighters) which fired three Active Skyflash AAMs and a AIM-9M at him, causing some damage to his mount. In return, the Serbian pilot fired a R-27T and both R-77s and dispensed plenty of chaff and flares. Diverting to a small airstrip at Bajina Basta just across the border in Serbia, Djoric landed his damaged Frogfoot and was later awarded several decorations for his actions.\nMB.339KB (Supermodel) \"29\", Bonian Presidency Air Force, Zagreb, Croatia, vs Serbian forces. Light sea grey undersurfaces, on vertical tail and half-way up fuselage sides with flat gull grey on uppersurfaces and half-way down fuselage sides. Undernose LRMTS fairing with NF-5A style chaff/flare dispensors on rear fuselage and large tip tanks. AIM-9Ms AAMs on outer, RBL.755 CBUs on middle and Mk.82s on inner underwing pylons.\nMission: Flown by Capt. Jovo Radovic, this was one of 2 MB.339KBs to attack a Bosnian-Serb militia artillery site near Dojob, Bosnia. Flying with the support of an Egyptian FAC in a TIALD equipped Jaguar, the two MB.339KBs were credited with the destruction of two artillery pieces and several trucks.\nRELATED OPTIONS: Austrian HARM equipped AMX, Slovenian Hawk 100.\n1989: March: A MONTH IN AFRICA\nWith Zaire (freshly renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) following the death of it's long time leader) under attack from all sides in a civil war that has taken on international dimensions, a U.N. task force is fighting to regain territory and to stablise the nation with a new, U.N. backed leadership. However, significant regional forces are in opposition, with the Southern African Community (SAC) nations (Angola, Anzania, Bostwana, Mozambique, Namimbia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) resisting the UN and attempting to place their own preferred leader in to power.\nNorth American Aviation/Bombardier COV-10M Bronco (Hasegawa OV-10A kit), \"1903697\", Canadian Armed Forces, 104 Sqd, Kananga, DRC. NG undersurfaces, with European One green, dark sea grey and flat gull grey uppers and sides. LANTIRN attack and nav pods under fuselage, with AGM-114C Hellfire on single round launcher on left outer sponsons pylon and 7 round CRV-7 rocket launcher on outer right. Pave Penny LST on A-10 stle mounting on right forward fuselage and air refueling probe on left. AIM-92 A Stinger POST single round launchers on stub pylons attached to outside of each underwing station, with a DT on each pylon and an ALE-40 dispenser scabbed on to the inner on the pylon. ALQ-144 IRCM above rear fuselage and RWHRS fairings on fuselage nose and at rear top of each vertical tail. ALE-40 flush mounted also in each boom.\nMission: This aircraft and its crew is responsible for assisting in the defence of a Canadian fire base under sustained attack from Angolan forces during the night. Piloted by Major Steven Greig and with Capt. Luke Turkle as FAC, they call in other U.N. assets including a Cuban AC-130H to deal with the Angolans. Flying for over 4 hours, and with a refueling from an Cuban KC-130H, they help to force the attacker to retreat, themselves being credited with the destruction of a tank using their Hellfire.\nEMBRAER EMB-312FFL Tucano (Premier), \"24\", \"Easy money\", 3rd Esq, French Foreign Legion Air Corps, Lisala, DRC. NG undersurfaces with black, black green, chocolate brown and light olive on upper and side surfaces. Chaff/falre dispenser beneath central fuselage, ahead of ALQ-144 IRCM and MAWS fairing beneath rear. 2x .50cal MG pod on inner and 18x58mm Matra 155 RP on outer pylons.\nMIssion: On the same day, in the north of the country, the French Foreign Legion is tasked with maintaining control over river traffic along the Congo. Flying solo, American pilot George Adams (a Ret. USAF Capt.) and in company with another EMB-312FFL (flown by a South African) engage a barge that has fired on a DRC Army patrol boat, sinking the vessel. During the engage, two IR-guided SAMs are fired, both being evaded.\nDenel Kori A.1ZI (Yumu Soko G-4 Super Galeb) \"11888\", 8 Sqd, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Gerwu, Zimbabwe. Chocolate and BG upper and side surfaces, LG underneath. Aden 25 mm cannon pod (from BAe Hawk) on centerline, aft of small LMTS fairing. DTs on inner underwing pylons with Denel 250kg retarded bombs (Mk82 Snakeye look-a-likes) on outers, with PL-7 AAMs on wingtip launchers. Chaff/flare dispensers scabbed on to lower rear fuselage. Nose refueling probe (from A-37B). Single seat cockpit, with rear seat area covered for extra avionics space.\nMission: Developed from the Joint Anzanian-Yugoslav G-4 Super Galeb/Kori, the single seat Kori A.1 was a standard attack aircraft of the SAC nations by the late 1980s. Escorted by Zambian Denel Cheetah C fighters and refueled by Anzanian Chinese built An-12 tankers, 12 Zimbabwian Kori A.1ZIs attack the UN airfield at Kamina, destroying a fuel storage area and causing damage several aircraft, including a Cuban AC-130H. None of the attackers were damaged. The pilot of \"11888\" on this day was Capt. Vincent Pamire.\nBR>Also this week in Africa, an Army coup in the nation of Somalia sees the destruction of the last vestiages of quasi-civilian rule and a collapse into anarchy.\nHughes 500MD-TOW Defender (Italeri), \"214\", Somali Army, Mogadishu, Somalia Army vs Somali government. OD overall. 2x twin TOW launchers.\nMission: Colonel Mohammed Ali Mahdi of the Somali Army was at the controls of \"214\" alongside TOW operator Major Abd-i-rashid Ali Shermarke on a mission to eliminate the leaders of Somalia. Targeting a building in Mogadishu where a cabinet meeting was being held by the ruling joint military-civilian government, Major Shermarke fired 2 TOWs into the room where the meeting was being held and one TOW each into the adjoining rooms. A second Defender followed up the attack with Minigun and rocket fire before a special operations team loyal to the General Mohammed Ibrahim Egal stormed the building. By the time the operation was over the entire cabinet was dead. Hours later Egal appointed himself President. In the weeks that followed, the north of the country declared independence and Egal set about ruthlessly establishing his rule in the south against a backdrop of growing clan violence. When, in mid-June, Egal is himself assinated, the Somali Army breaks up into openly warring factions.\nIn late November, 1990, UN forces led by NATO invade Soviet occupied southern Norway, following the Soviet invasion of neutral Sweden, leading to a new ground war front. By the end of December, the battle front will broadened to include Sweden and Finland as the Soviet domination of the region falters.\nBell 406 OH-58D Kiowa Warrior (Italeri), \"913\" 655 Sqd, British Army, Finse, Norway vs USSR and Socialist Republic of Norway. BG overall, small type B roundel. ALQ-144 IR jamer above tail boom, 2 x AGM-114A Hellfire on right ordnance pylons with 1 x M260 7 round 2.75 inch rocket pod on left.\nMission: Major Tim Boyden (FAC) and Captain Will Donald (pilot)conduct a night armed recconnaissance in 913 and encouter a large armoured Soviet force heading south from Andalsnes. Hampered by low cloud and falling snow, and dodging the attentions of SAMs and Ka-50 Hokums, Boyden and Donald manage to call in a series of helicopter and fixed winged air strikes against the advancing enemy before leaving the scene to refuel. Twice they return to the fray, identifying and marking targets in conditions now worsened by fires and smoke. For their efforts, they are mentioned in dispatches.\nFairchild A-10D Thunderbolt II (Hasegawa), \"06\" VMA-531, USMC, Stravanger, Norway vs USSR and Socialist Republic of Norway. \"Speedwell\" nose art, 1991 Gulf War A-10 style kill list beneath canopy. Wrap around NG, DSG and LG. Terrain avoidance radar in front of right landing gear nacelle, ARP to right of cockpit with boom receptical ahead of canopy. AN/AAS-38B NITEHawk FLIR and laser designator pod on inner left under wing pylon, 2 x AGM-65D IR guided Mavericks on right mid and 2 x AGM-65E laser guide Mavericks on left mid under wing pylons, ALQ-184 ECM pod on outer right and 2 x AIM-9M on twin mountings with on outer left pylon.\nMission: Capt. Simon P. \"Speedwell\" Weller is one of those who render fire power support to Boyden and Donald's efforts to stop the Soviet advance tonight. Flying under their minimum safety limits, Weller and wingman Capt. James \"Jimbo\" Rutter manage to repeatly engage Soviet armour under the guidance of the British Army rotary FAC team. Weller manages to fire 3 AGM-65s (2 D and 1 E model) and several round of 30mm shells, being credited with destroying 2 tanks and an APC, before being forced to break off due to poor visibility. Several small arms rounds are later found to have hit is A-10D. During the engagement, Rutter is killed when a SAM hits his aircraft at low level and he augurs in to a hill. Rutter is credited with destroying 1 tank.\nOTHER SIDE: L-29ZA of the Swedish Socialist Republic Air Force vs Swedish patriots/UN, Su-24 Fencer Polish Air Force vs UN.\nAs the USSR teeters on the brink of internal dissolution and surrender, Finland, under pressure to allow greater Soviet military access to its territory and airspace, renounces the terms of its economic and military agreements with Soviet Union. Effectively but not formally this amounts to a declaring war on its larger neighbour. The December War lasts less than three weeks.\nMikoyan Guverich MiG-29 Flcrum A (Hasegawa), \"MG-130\", HavLv 31, Kuopio-Rissala, Finland vs USSR. LSG under with LSG and light ghost grey counter shaded on upper surfaces. Pouncing feline unit emblem on vertical stabilisors. 2 x white star (US), 1 x RAF type B roundel and 2 x red star (USSR) kill markings. 2 x AA-10 AAMs (one IR, one SARH) on inner wing pylons, 4 x AA-8 IR guided AAMs on outer wing pylons.\nMission: This is the personal aircraft of Colonel Jari Litmanen, the squadren leader of HavLv 31. The first 3 kill markings on this aircraft are those earned during his time as volunteer with USSR's Frontal Aviation, flying MiG-21Bis aircraft during the late 1970s. They represent a USAF A-7D, a USAF F-16A and an RAF Jaguar GR.1. The two red star kills are from the first night of the December War, 13/12/90, when Litmanen claimed two Soviet aircraft, an IL-76 and a MiG-29 Fulcrum C. On this, the next day, he would be credited with a further two victories, destroying an Su-24 Fencer and another Fulcrum C during Soviet attacks on the air base.\n1990-91: December - January\nAs the USSR disintegrates, Soviet troops under commanders wanted by the UN for war crimes seek refuge in neutral Turkey, Syria and in North Korea. Whole divisons move, vowing to fight on. Those in Turkey and Syria effectively hold their host nations to ransom as the UN demands their disarnament and surrender; in return, they threaten an assualt on Israel with weapons of mass destruction. Similarly in North Korea, the Soviets are less beligerant, but the North Koreans refuse to hand them over to the UN. With a deadline set for 15 January, 1991, the last acts of WW3 are set to play out.\nGrumman A-6E Intruder (Hasegawa), \"106 - E\", RAAF, Misawa, Japan vs USSR. LSG under and NG upper surfaces. Black 'roo national markings and \"Daphne\" art behind left intake. ARP, centre line DT, 1 x AGM-119A Penguin on left inner pylon with AGM-123A Skipper II rocket assisted GBU-16 Paveway II on right inner and 2 x AGM-84C Harpoon on outers.\nMission: On the fisrt night of the campaign against North Korea, this aircarft (crewed by pilot Flt Lt Ray Munro and WSO Flt Lt Mike Martin) engage two North Korean destroyers in the Sea of Japan, destroying both.\nRelated options: Japanese F-16D FAC?\nMcDonnell Douglas (R)F-4E Phantom II (Fujimi), Iraqi Air Force, H-2, Iraq vs Syria. Overall NG. F-4E with centreline PHARPS (TARPS derived PHanton Airborn Recconnaisance Pod), 2 x AIM-7E on rear fuselage stations, BOZ-100 chaff pod on right inner wing and 2 x AGM-122B ARMs on right inner station, with ALE-39 dispensers scabbed on each inner wing pylon and DT on outer pylons.\nMission: After the first night's attacks, this aircraft is dispatched to provide imagery along the Syrian-Iraqi border. After dodging several SAMs, imagery is returned confirming the success of several overnight air attackes on Syrian border positions.\nMcDonnell Douglas F-15E Eagle (Hasegawa), \"186\" 322 Sqd, Royal Dutch Air Force, Al Kharj Air Base, Saudi Arabia vs Turkey. Overall gunship grey. Garfield \"Flying standard\" nose art on left and Snoopy riding a bomb on right. 322 Sqd Eagle badge on vertical stabilizers. Underwing DTs, 1 x AIM-9M on inner rail and 1 x AIM-120A AMRAAM on outer rail on each wing pylon, LANTIRN navigation and targeting pods plus JP233 on centre line.\nMission: The main runway at the Turkish airbase of Malatya/Erhaç is the target of Capt Berthold Timmers and WSO Capt Petrus Timmins in F-15E \"186\" on the first night of the campaign against Turkey and Syria. Flying low over the airbase, they are engaged by a fierce air defence effort that destoys 3 other UN aircraft (another JP-233 equipped Dutch F-15E, a USAF F-19A Tornado on a SEAD/DEAD sortie, and an escorting RAF Eagle F.2B)over the next few minutes, but remarkably Timmers and Timmins complete their mission successfully and without a scratch.\nIn a side line to the operations in Kuwait and Syria, Greece and the Greek Cypriot government launches an attack on the Turkish half of Cyprus. With Turkey in a vulnerable position as the U.N. goes after the Soviet troops harboured there, the Turkish Cypriots are defeated and forced off the island, being airlifted and shipped by Greek forces to an area of Turkey temporarilly occupied by the Greek Army especially for the purposes of landing the refugees. The operation started on the 20th of January and is complete by February 7th.\nBell 209 AH-1W Super Cobra (Testors), \"34501\", Greek Marines, Rizokarpaso, Cyprus vs Turkish Army. DG, dark brown and light brown wrap around camo. A-10A 1991 Gulf War style kill list (tanks, trucks, APCs etc) behind canopy. 8 x AGM-114A Hellfire anti-tankmissiles, 2 x M261 19 round 2.75 inch rocket pods and nose mounted M197 20mm cannon.\nMission: In Cyprus since in the 23rd January launch of the campaign, this helicopter has been operated with considerable sucess from both ship and land bases by its crew of Capt. Vasilios Dimitriadis (pilot) and Lt. Yiannis Kalitzakis (gunner). On this day, they sortied against Turkish armour at Rizokarpaso, one of the last Turkish Army strongholds on the island, destroying 3 tanks, 3 APCs, a radar and several trucks.\nMcDonnell Douglas F/A-18D Hornet (Hasegawa), \"531\" 331 Sqd, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Elefsís Air Base, Greece vs Turkish and disident Soviet units. A-10A Gulf War style kill list of ground targets and 1 red star kill. DTs on inner wing pylons, 1 x AGM-65G-2 on outer left, 1 x CPU.123 UK 1,000lb Paveway II laser guided bomb on right outer, HER with 2 x CBU.59 Rockeye on centreline, 1 x Active Skyflash on right fuselage station with TIALD pod on left. AIM-132A ASRAAMs on wintips.\nMission: On a nocturnal interdiction flight working a kill box in eastern Turkey, pilot Maj Kennett Aanonsen WSO Lt Magnus Bersvendsen engange a Turkish Army (locally built) Mi-8 helicoper flying at low altitude. After damaging it with an ASRAAM round and forcing it to land, they finish it off with their 1,000 lb Paveway. This is the last \"air to air kill\" recorded of WW3 and comes just 2 days prior to the end of all related hostilities.\nGrumman EA-6B Prowler (Fujimi), \"03\" 835 Sqd, Royal Navy, HMS Nelson, The Gulf vs Turkey and dissident Soviet units. Bathing woman with beach ball nose art on right, Sea witch/Debbie on left with camel mission symbols. LSG under surfaces, NG around cockpit but mostly LGG on upper surfaces. Centre line DT, 2 x ALARM on inner wind pylons and standard Prowler ECM pods on outers. SEE PHOTOS 1980s\nMission: The honour of firing the last air to surface missile of WW3 went to the crew of Sea witch/Debbie, who launced an ALARM at an threatening SAM site in western Turkey on this day just at 00.2 hours local time, just a minute after the formal ceasation of hostilities at 00.1 hours. The Prowler was escorting RAF Globemaster T.1s on an humanitarian food drop (best done at night so as to avoid casualties amongst the starving Kurds) when an SA-6 related radar attempted to lock on to a Globemaster.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.meridiana.it/fr/destinations/destination_detail.aspx?code=lon", "date": "2017-04-28T06:25:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122865.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00269-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9546896815299988, "token_count": 416, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__88107188", "lang": "en", "text": "Fly to London from:\nLondon is the capital of Great Britain and England, and it’s one of the largest cities in Europe. Nowadays it is the major stock exchange in the world, as it recently became larger than the one in New York. With its five international airports, it’s the largest global air traffic hub in the world. Without doubt, London is a city that has immense influence on the rest of the world with its culture, art, communications, politics and economy.\nThe main tourist attractions are located in the city centre, including the “City”; the West End for cinemas, bars, nightclubs, shops and restaurants; Westminster with Westminster Abbey, the Royal Buckingham Palace, Clarence House, Kensington and Chelsea area, with its museums (the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum) and Hyde Park.\nOther important tourist attractions are: St. Paul’s Cathedral, the National Gallery, the Bank side of Southwark with the Globe Theatre, the Tate Modern and London Bridge, the Tower Bridge and London Tower, Tate Britain, the British Museum in Bloomsbury.\nIn 1987, Westminster Palace was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, this also includes Westminster Abbey and the small Medieval church of St. Margaret.\nWestminster Palace, known also as the Houses of Parliament, is where the two houses of British parliament hold their debates, (the House of Lords and the House of Commons). The palace is located on the north bank of the Thames river.\nAs far as museums are concerned, it’s certainly worth mentioning the British museum, with its countless treasures and the esteem of being the oldest public museum in the world. Over two centuries, the Museum has collected over six million masterpieces. Works of major interest are the Elgin marbles, the Egyptian mummies, the Rosette stele and the Mildenhall Treasure. The museum treasures include ancient Roman, Greek, and Egyptian collections as well as coins, medals, paintings and drawings.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.china-midwest.com/2021/05/25/", "date": "2024-03-02T03:07:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00462.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9616508483886719, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__27531889", "lang": "en", "text": "Series #3: The Warring States of China\nTuesday, May 25, 2021 from 9:00 AM to 9:40 AM\nWe celebrate the Asian American & Pacific Islander Heritage Month by offering a complementary preview of our cultural awareness workshops every last Tuesday morning at 9AM ET. Our topic this month is a reflection on the Warring States Period of China which was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state’s victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty.\nIt was also an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China that fostered the flourishing of the “Hundred Schools of Thought”, when a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and debated freely.\nJoin us in an exploratory discussion of this important period in China’s history and take a look at some of the greatest philosophers whose thoughts influenced generations and generations of people in East Asian countries and all over the world.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.worldstridesheritageperformance.org/sites/Philadelphia.php", "date": "2013-06-20T08:25:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711005723/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133005-00006-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9450611472129822, "token_count": 745, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__141032795", "lang": "en", "text": "Benjamin Franklin's passion for science and technology set the foundation for The Franklin Institute. This premier museum features interactive exhibits to fascinate everyone from children to world-famous scientists. Explore this incredible facility and enjoy its exhibits, activities, and shows.\nFels Planetarium was constructed in 1933 and today features state-of-the-art technology, including a unique Digistar projection system. Explore the vastness of outerspace during one of the many amazing shows under this enormous dome.\nEver considered riding a bike on a cable wire? Sky Bike is an amazing biking experiment where riders can wheel across a wire strung 28-feet in the air. The bicycle is weighted down to prevent it from falling. See how it works!\nBecome a star athlete at The Sports Challenge exhibit! Use virtual reality to transport yourself to a new environment and see if you can meet the physical challenge presented. As you enjoy this fun exhibit, you'll learn about the physics and physiology behind sports actions.\nTake an outdoor walking tour through Philadelphia's most historically significant sites like The Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Congress Hall, Betsy Ross House, and Christ Church. This 1.25 mile journey is led by an articulate and knowledgeable guide.\nSee Along The Way:\nThe Liberty Bell is inscribed with the passage from Leviticus 25:10, \"Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the Land unto all the inhabitants thereof.\"\nGet a look at actual objects owned by Betsy Ross at the Betsy Ross House, including her walnut chest-on-chest, her eyeglasses, and her quilted petticoat!\nSee the only U.S. Post Office that does not fly an American Flag at Franklin Court. Franklin Court pays tribute to some of the great contributions that Benjamin Franklin made to Philadelphia, including the establishment of the post office. When this post office was built in 1775, there was no American Flag to fly.\nEastern State Penitentiary\nEastern State Penitentiary held some of the most notorious criminals for almost 150 years. Tour the grounds and see where Al Capone lived for eight months and where \"Slick\" Willie spent 11 years. Take a guided tour through the crumbling halls and explore the dark past of this historic prison.\nDid You Know?\nThe Hollywood movie, 12 Monkeys, was filmed at Eastern State Penitentiary and starred Brad Pitt and Bruce Willis. The first official inmate at Eastern State Penitentiary was arrested for burglary. He was sentenced to two years at the prison.\nNational Constitution Center\nThe National Constitution Center is an interactive museum dedicated solely to the United States Constitution. With more than 100 multimedia exhibits and artifacts, this museum celebrates the history of the Constitution and applies its relevance to the world today.\nThe Constitutional Convention of 1787 was held in Philadelphia and lasted four months. During this time, delegates from several states gathered to discuss and debate the terms of the Constitution six days per week, with the exception of one 10-day break.\nBenjamin Franklin was in poor health at the time of the signing. He needed special assistance to put his signature on the Constitution.\nPhiladelphia Phillies Game\nCheer the Philadelphia Phillies to victory at Citizen's Bank Park. Enjoy the thrill of a baseball game as you enjoy the beautiful city skyline above center field.\nKnow Before You Go:\nThe Philadelphia Phillies are the oldest professional sports team to maintain one name in one city. The team was founded in 1883.\nThe Phillies captured the World Series Championship title two times: once in 1980 against Kansas City, and again in 2008 against Tampa Bay.\nThe Baseball Hall of Fame includes 11 players from the Philadelphia Phillies.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://minorityreporter.net/celebrating-the-legacy-of-the-great-dr-martin-luther-king-jr/", "date": "2023-02-06T06:22:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00537.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9379785060882568, "token_count": 1249, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__196453889", "lang": "en", "text": "Observed the third Monday in January, celebrating the life and legacy of the Civil Rights leader, as well as a commitment to service\nThe Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday celebrates the life and legacy of a man who brought hope and healing to America. We commemorate as well the timeless values he taught us through his example — the values of courage, truth, justice, compassion, dignity, humility and service that so radiantly defined Dr. King’s character and empowered his leadership.\nOn this holiday, we commemorate the universal, unconditional love, forgiveness and nonviolence that empowered his revolutionary spirit.\nDr. King wrote in a letter from a Birmingham, Alabama jail on April 16. 1963, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.”\nNPS – Engraved on the North Wall of the MLK Jr. Memorial\nThe eternal flame at the gravesite of civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., at the King Center in Atlanta, the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Georgia, Source: Library of Congress\nOn August 27, 1984, President Reagan established a commission (98 Stat. 1473 ) to assist in the first observance of the Federal legal holiday honoring Martin Luther King Jr., and on January 18, 1986, President Reagan signed Proclamation 5431 (100 Stat. 4396), marking the first observance of his birthday a national holiday.\nOn August 23, 1994, President Clinton signed the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday and Service Act (108 Stat. 1565), expanding the mission of the holiday as a day of community service, interracial cooperation and youth anti-violence initiatives.\nIn 1999, Title 4, United States Code, (113 Stat. 1285), was amended to add the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday to the list of days on which the flag should be displayed.\nThe following ia a Proclamation on Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 2022:\nOn a late summer day in 1963, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., stood on the National Mall before hundreds of thousands of demonstrators who had gathered to march for freedom, justice, and equality. On that day, Dr. King shared a dream that has continued to inspire a Nation: To bring justice where there is injustice, freedom where there is oppression, peace where there is violence, and opportunity where there is poverty. Today, people of all backgrounds continue that march — raising their voices to confront abuses of power, challenge hate and discrimination, protect the right to vote, and access quality jobs, health care, housing, and education. On this day, we reflect on the legacy of a man who issued a call to the conscience of our Nation and our world.\nDr. King pushed us to see ourselves in one another, recognizing that we are “caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.” He reminded us that we have a duty to uphold our founding ideals and work to perfect our Union. Through bus boycotts, restaurant sit-ins, freedom rides, and marches, the movement that Dr. King helped lead used non-violent protest and civil disobedience to advance the call for justice. He was jailed dozens of times for his efforts, but Dr. King’s commitment to justice never wavered. From a Birmingham jail, he reminded us that “human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability…injustice must be rooted out by strong, persistent, and determined action.”\nLiving up to his legacy, and what Dr. King believed our Nation could become requires more than just reflection — it requires action. We must protect the hard-fought gains he helped achieve and continue his unfinished struggle. That is why the Congress must pass Federal legislation to protect the right to vote — a right that is under attack by a sinister combination of voter suppression and election subversion.\nWe must confront the scourge of racism and white supremacy — a stain on our Nation — and give hate no safe harbor in America. We must strive to achieve not just political equality but also economic justice so that workers can earn a decent living, students can learn safely, the sick can access health care, the poor can climb out of poverty, the elderly can age with dignity, and everyone in America can live without discrimination or fear.\nJust as in Dr. King’s time, there are those who now say that change would be too disruptive and that these urgent needs can wait. But we must resist complacency, summon new resolve to advance the cause of freedom and opportunity, and do our part to bend the arc of the moral universe toward justice. This is the cause of our time. We are at an inflection point in our history — in the midst of a battle for the very soul of our Nation. We all must find the courage to keep pushing forward in our struggle to realize Dr. King’s dream for a freer, fairer, and more just society. We must keep the faith in that righteous cause — and in each other.\nNOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim Monday, January 17, 2022, as the Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday. I encourage all Americans to observe this day with appropriate civic, community, and service projects in honor of Dr. King and to visit www.MLKDay.gov to find Martin Luther King, Jr., Day of Service projects across our country.\nIN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fourteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-sixth.\nJOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://catherinesteacups.blogspot.com/2012/06/", "date": "2018-07-23T02:15:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594790.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723012644-20180723032644-00389.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9783067107200623, "token_count": 507, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__271609687", "lang": "en", "text": "St. Augustine, FL\nMy Beloved and I celebrated our 30th Wedding Anniversary early by traveling to a city we never had the pleasure of visiting before.\nHighlights were the following:\nEating at the Scarlet O'Hara Restaurant\nStaying at \"The Peace & Plenty B&B\"\nDining every morning with the most delicious breakfasts.\nThis is Cheesecake filled Crepes with home made blueberry syrup, fruit, and sausage.\nOne of the 3 rooms we enjoyed while visiting there...this was my favorite room with a Parisian influence called, \"Prosperity\"\nMe in the outside courtyard at the B&B...the Guest house is behind me, and we stayed in one of the rooms there also that had an Asian & Zen theme\nThis was just breathtaking - the cross you see behind is 200+feet tall and is made from Stainless Steel. This cross was erected to commemorate the first Catholic Mass ever held in the United States. The statue of the man in front of is in honor of the Priest who conducted that mass.\nCool drinks in the hot weather.\nThese were served at the O.C. White restaurant where we enjoyed Lobster tails...and they were delicious!\nThe carousel we were told was a must!\nThanks Claudie - it was - and I rode it too! ;)\nMultiple chandies to gaze our eyes on.\nThis one is in Flagler College - a must tour for everyone who visits this historic town.\nA carriage ride that my Beloved had already arranged prior to our arrival - our first ever!\nAnother view of the cross with a fountain in front of it at the Catholic church nearby.\nOur final night there was spent on a 2 hr Sail boat ride - another first for us.\nWe loved it too!\nWe met a lovely couple from NC where we used to live.\nWe took turns taking pics of each other so we'd have COUPLE shots! ;)\nI took this pic - and I love it...\nAnd this is the view of the 200+ feet high cross from the waters on the sail boat on our final evening there. A great way to end our lovely Anniversary trip.\nSt. Augustine is a must for anyone who loves shopping, great food, lovely historic views, and so much history. We'll definitely return - and the weather was PERFECT every day we were there.\nHugs to all my blogging buds!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.csi-professionals.com/post/happy-women-s-history-month", "date": "2024-04-16T23:32:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817112.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416222403-20240417012403-00077.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8669095635414124, "token_count": 116, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__156398631", "lang": "en", "text": "At CSI, we strive to acknowledge the contributions and possibilities of women while celebrating the bold, brave, and brilliant individuals who have shaped our past and inspire our future. Join us as we honor the remarkable legacies of trailblazers like Amelia Earhart, Marie Curie, Maya Angelou, and Malala Yousafzai. Their courage, brilliance, and resilience inspire us to break barriers, embrace our power, and pave the way for a brighter future. Let's celebrate their achievements and continue to amplify women's voices everywhere.\ntop of page\nbottom of page", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.disciplemakerministry.com/post/the-benefits-of-team-work", "date": "2023-12-04T13:41:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00182.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9760833382606506, "token_count": 1301, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__311859479", "lang": "en", "text": "The Valley Gate was repaired by Hanun and the residents of Zanoah. They rebuilt it and put its doors with their bolts and bars in place. They also repaired a thousand cubits of the wall as far as the Dung Gate. The Dung Gate was repaired by Malkijah son of Rekab, ruler of the district of Beth Hakkerem. He rebuilt it and put its doors with their bolts and bars in place. The Fountain Gate was repaired by Shallun son of Kol-Hozeh, ruler of the district of Mizpah. He rebuilt it, roofing it over and putting its doors and bolts and bars in place. He also repaired the wall of the Pool of Siloam, by the King’s Garden, as far as the steps going down from the City of David. Beyond him, Nehemiah son of Azbuk, ruler of a half-district of Beth Zur, made repairs up to a point opposite the tombs of David, as far as the artificial pool and the House of the Heroes. 17 Next to him, the repairs were made by the Levites under Rehum son of Bani. Beside him, Hashabiah, ruler of half the district of Keilah, carried out repairs for his district. Next to him, the repairs were made by their fellow Levites under Binnui son of Henadad, ruler of the other half-district of Keilah. Next to him, Ezer son of Jeshua, ruler of Mizpah, repaired another section, from a point facing the ascent to the armory as far as the angle of the wall. Next to him, Baruch son of Zabbai zealously repaired another section, from the angle to the entrance of the house of Eliashib the high priest. Next to him, Meremoth son of Uriah, the son of Hakkoz, repaired another section, from the entrance of Eliashib’s house to the end of it. Nehemiah 3:13-21\nTeam Work Makes Dream Work\nVerse 13 captures the repair of Valley Gate. Nehemiah began his inspection of the wall at Valley Gate. It was situated 500 yards north and west of the Dung Gate. Historically that was the later gateway across the city from the Gihon spring. A resident of Zanoah named Hanun repaired. Zanoah was a town in the low country of Judah. It was situated 10 miles west of Jerusalem. Hanun and the residents of Zanoah repaired a large portion of the gate all the way to the Dung gate.\nIn verse 16, the ruler of a half-district of Beth Zur named Nehemiah made repairs up to a point opposite the tombs of David. This is not the same Nehemiah the cupbearer. This Nehemiah was from Beth Zur which was a Judean hill country (Joshua 15:58). The name Beth Zur means “house of rock,” or “house of the god Zur.” It was situated approximately 4 miles north of Jerusalem.\nA ruler in the district of Beth Hakkerem named Malkijah repaired the Dung gate. The name Beth Hakkerem means \"house of a vineyard.\" The gate leads directly to the Western Wall of Jerusalem. The gate was so named because outside of it was the general dump heap of the city. Next, a ruler of the district of Mizpah named Shallun repaired the Fountain Gate. He also repaired the wall of Pool of Siloam. The name Mizpah means “watchtower.” It was located about 7.5 miles north of Jerusalem. The Pool of Siloam was a freshwater reservoir that was a major gathering place for ancient Jews making pilgrimages to Jerusalem. It was at the Pool of Siloam that Jesus healed the blind man (John 9:1-11).\nIn verse 17, the Levites joined the repair work under the leadership of Rehum. The name Rehum means merciful. He was one of the exiles that returned from captivity in Babylon. Then, individual district leaders made repairs on behalf of their district. These included Hashabiah (regarded by Jehovah). Binnui, which ironically means building along with Ezer which means helper, Zabbai which means “given by Jehovah, Baruch which means “blessed,” and Meremoth which means “bitterness.”\nThe spirit of cooperation and teamwork that prevailed during the rebuilding project is fascinating. People from surrounding communities came together to lend a helping hand wherever they were needed. These hardworking souls were not professional builders. But because of the leadership of Nehemiah and the commitment of the leaders among them, the repair moved along at a rapid pace.\nThese committed laborers teach us three important lessons for the way we should conduct ourselves when dealing with an overwhelming task. First, we have to cultivate a spirit of partnership and teamwork. We should always try to find common ground to work with others for a worthy cause notwithstanding our personal preferences. A worthy vision is always more important than personal ambitions.\nSecond, no task is beneath anyone, regardless of title or personal achievement. When the cause is just, and the vision is noteworthy, we should be willing to pitch in wherever we are needed. The district leaders were personally invested in the repair. They did not hide behind their titles or position. Instead, they each repaired a section of the wall. That sight must have motivated many average onlookers who may not have been too motivated to participate in the repair. We should not underestimate the power of influence. I think many of these district leaders were influenced by the fact that other district leaders were also doing repairs.\nThird, we should use our affluence to influence others for the greater good. That influence is action-based. These men did not say much. Their work ethic and their commitment to the work at hand made them very influential. So much so that their name is recorded in the Bible. The lesson they teach us is that when given an opportunity to do something that can enhance the kingdom or bring glory to God, we should not hesitate.\nBlessed Lord, may we be always ready to do the work for which you created us no matter how challenging that may be.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://srpskanews.com/vijesti/crime-during-operation-medak-pocket-without-punishment-croatian-society-awarded-executioners/1323", "date": "2024-03-02T04:23:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00162.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9756634831428528, "token_count": 746, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__164532844", "lang": "en", "text": "BELGRADE – A tribute for 88 victims was paid Friday at the St Mark Church in Belgrade in memory of the Serbs brutally killed by the Croatian troops during Operation Medak Pocket in the south-central Lika region of Croatia on September 9, 1993.\nParticipants of the commemoration said that the crime went unpunished and that the executioners later received recognition from the Croatian society.\nDragan Pjevac, head of the Coordination of Serbian Associations of Missing Persons’ Families from the Former Yugoslavia, told Srna that Davor Domazet Loso, the prime suspect in the brutal murder of the people of Divoselo, Pocitelj and Citluk, was recently appointed advisor to Croatian President Kolinda Grabar Kitarovic, the first accused Rahim Ademi was acquitted, while the second accused Mirko Norac was sentenced to six years in jail for “failure to act”.\n“My mother Boja was killed in Pocitelj a few kilometres away from home. She was found by my brother Nikola 18 days later, her head smashed and three fingers cut off. A year ago, the victims’ families lodged a 16-page criminal report against Domazet detailing the arguments and facts corroborating his responsibility for those crimes, but we haven’t received any reply yet,” Pjevac said.\nUnder such circumstances and in an environment where more than 50 percent of young Croats believe that the Ustasha were more positive than the partisans, he doubts that the responsible will be prosecuted and the search for the missing from the Medak Pocket and all other execution sites finished.\n“We are still searching for 14 bodies and it is up to us the families and the Serbian society as a whole to fight for our victims, both from WWII and the 1990s war, with the truth as a weapon. The victims need peace and respect, not politics,” said Pjevac.\nProfessor Mile Rajcevic, who fled Divoselo, said that in his village 30 residents were killed and everything else wiped out in September 1993, which made Operation Medak Pocket an act of genocide.\nDuring the crimes, the Lika villages where the pogrom occurred were under UNPROFOR’s protection for 18 months and the UN organisation “failed to protect the Serb civilians,” said Rajcevic.\n“The people who got there after the slaughter saw some disturbing scenes. Like those left by the Spanish Inquisition and even worse, because no one was spared. Everyone was killed,” said Rajcevic.\nHis home village is totally desolate now – no inhabitants, just the charred remnants and graves indicating that people used to live there.\nOperation Medak Pocket, also known as the Bloody September in Lika, was the Croatia’s third attack on the troops of the Republic of Serbian Krajina /RSK/ since the RSK territory was placed under the UNPROFOR protection.\nThe attack began on September 9, 1993 when the Croatian troops raided the Serbian villages of Divoselo, Citluk and Pocitelj, murdering 88 Serbs, including 36 civilians.\nSeventeen were women, 26 were over 60 years of age, while 14 are still listed missing.\nUNPROFOR Commander Jean Cot, who visited the site immediately after the atrocity, wrote this in a report: “I haven’t found any sign of life; no people, no animals. In several villages we passed through today the destruction is total, systematic and intentional.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.greenberetcd.com/aviator", "date": "2024-04-12T23:09:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00613.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.966446042060852, "token_count": 308, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__1256249", "lang": "en", "text": "Army Aviation Badges\nAn oxidized silver badge 3/4 inch in height and 2 1/2 inches in width, consisting of\nthe shield of the coat of arms of the United States on and over a pair of displayed\nwings. A star is added above the shield to indicate qualification as a Senior Army\nAviator. The star is surrounded with a laurel wreath to indicate qualification as a\nMaster Army Aviator.\nThe wings suggest flight and reflect the skills associated with aerial flight. The shield\nof the coat of arms of the United States signifies loyalty and devotion to duty.\nAn individual must have satisfactorily completed the prescribed training and proficiency tests, and must have been designated as an aviator in orders issued by the appropriate headquarters as outlined in AR 600-105.\nSenior Aviator: An aviator, who is medically qualified and instrument qualified may apply for the Senior Aviator Badge as long as the aviator has served seven years of rated aviation service, served 84 months in operational flying duty assignments and\naccumulated 1,000 hours of flight time.\nMaster Aviator: A Senior Aviator, who is medically qualified and instrument qualified may apply for the Master Aviator Badge as long as the aviator has served fifteen years of rated and aviation service, served 120 months in operational flying duty assignments accumulated 2,000 hours of flight time.\nThe Aviator and Senior Aviator Badges were approved on 27 July 1950 and the Master Aviator Badge was approved on 12 February 1957.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://babe-ruth.com/", "date": "2017-04-24T21:08:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00503-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9819607138633728, "token_count": 1522, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__230919110", "lang": "en", "text": "player. Born George Herman Ruth, Jr., on February 6, 1895,\nin Baltimore, Maryland. He was the first of eight children\nborn to Kate and George Herman Ruth, Sr. Most of the Ruth\nchildren died in infancy and only George Jr. and his sister\nMamie survived to maturity. Little George, as he was called,\ngrew up in a poor waterfront neighborhood in Baltimore, where\nhe lived above the family saloon.\n1902, the Ruths sent their son away to St. Marys\nIndustrial School for Boys, which was both a reformatory\nand an orphanage. Ruth developed a love for sports, particularly\nbaseball, which served as his escape from the strict environment\nat St Marys. From an early age he showed potential\nas an athlete, and in his late teens he had developed into\na professional candidate. His tough southpaw pitching attracted\nJack Dunn, manager of the minor league Baltimore Orioles.\nIn 1914, the Orioles signed Ruth to his first professional\nbaseball contract. He became the teams youngest member,\nand was befittingly nicknamed Babe.\nfive months, 19-year-old Ruth graduated to the major leagues,\nand signed with the Boston Red Sox. He remained with the\nteam for six seasons, alternating positions as pitcher and\noutfielder. With his great pitching, powerful bat, and winning\npersonality, he was quickly on his way to greatness, overshadowing\nplayers like Ty Cobb and Honus Wagner.\na controversy revealed that the Chicago White Sox conspired\nto throw the 1919 World Series, the sport of baseball was\nin need of a hero. The scandal had shaken the publics\nfaith in the game. However, in 1919, while still a part-time\npitcher for the Red Sox, Ruth made his home-run assault\non the record books. His 25th home run that year shattered\nthe modern major league record held by the now forgotten\nGabby Kraveth. By the end of the year, Ruths record\nwas an unprecedented 29 home runs, and he was credited with\nreviving faith in the game.\nDecember of 1919, the Boston Red Sox sold the invaluable\nplayer to New York Yankee owner Colonel Jacob Ruppert. Ruppert\nbought Ruths contract for over $100,000, which was\na staggering price at the time. In 1920, Ruth joined the\nYankees, who as yet had never won a pennant. For years they\nplayed in the shadow of the New York Giants. Without a baseball\npark to call their own, the Yankees were forced to hold\ntheir games at the Giants Polo Grounds.\nstarted as a full-time outfielder, hitting 54 home runs\nhis first year with the Yankees. Shortly after, he became\nbaseballs preeminent player, and such a drawing card\nthat New York built a new stadium for the crowds he was\nattracting. Yankee Stadium had its opening day on April\n4, 1923, with a total attendance of 74,000. The stadium\nbecame known as The House That Ruth Built, and\nthe period became known as the Golden Age of Baseball. On\nopening day, Ruth made the first home run in Yankee Stadium\nslugging percentages in 1920 and 1921 were .847 and .846.\nNeither figure has ever been approached. In fact, a slugging\npercentage higher than .704 has been achieved only 20 times,\neight by Ruth. In 1923, hitting .393, he was named the leagues\nMost Valuable Player, and capped off the year by ushering\nthe Yankees to their first World Series Championship. He\nalso led the American League in home runs from 1919-1924,\nand again from 1926-1931.\n1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, breaking his own record, and\nsetting a new one that would endure for decades (Roger Maris\nbroke it in 1961). With an exceptional year, he assumed\nalmost mythic status, and was nicknamed The Sultan\nof Swat, The Home Run King, and Herman\nthe field Ruth reveled in his celebrity status, enjoying\na wild and extravagant life. However, his high living and\nheadstrong behavior eventually began to take a toll on his\nperformance. He was still baseballs premier player\nbut fellow teammate and newcomer Lou Gehrig started to show\nsigns of greatness as well. The year 1931 was the start\nof Ruths 12th season with the Yankees, and it also\nmarked the great days of Lou Gehrigs career. Ruth\nwas still a force, but Gehrig was closing the gap. At the\nend of the season the two players were tied in home runs.\n1933, Ruths once great talent began to erode. Realizing\nthat his playing days were numbered, he threatened the Yankees\nthat he would quit if not given the opportunity to become\na manager. After they denied his request, he left the Yankees\nin 1934. Two years later, the Boston Braves offered to take\non Ruth as a part-time player, baiting him with an eventual\nassistant-manager position. He accepted, and his decision\nmet with mixed feelings among New York fans. Some thought\nthat he was deserving of the opportunity, and others felt\nthat he was selling out.\nthree months, Ruth became aware of the fact that the Braves\nonly wanted him for his drawing power. They had no intention\nof giving him a managerial position. He resigned from the\nteam, and made his last appearance as a player in May of\n1935, retiring with 714 career home runs (a record that\nwas broken by Hank Aaron in 1974).\n1936, Ruth was part of the first class inducted into the\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame, along with Ty Cobb, Honus\nWagner, Walter Johnson, and Christy Mathewson. He became\na coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938, but never achieved\nhis goal of managing a major league team.\nwas diagnosed with cancer in 1946. Although the extent of\nhis illness was kept from him, he knew that his time was\nlimited. He spent the remainder of his life making countless\nvisits to childrens hospitals and orphanages. In 1948,\nRuth made his final appearance at Yankee Stadium, celebrating\nthe 25th anniversary of The House that Ruth Built.\nHis number was retired, and April 27th was declared Babe\nAugust 16, 1948, Ruth died at the age of 53. At the time\nof his death, he held 54 major league records, including\nmost years leading a league in home runs (12), most total\nbases in a season (457), and highest slugging percentage\nfor a season (.847).\nwith the Red Sox, Ruth married 18-year-old waitress Helen\nWoodford, whom he had known less than three months. In 1929,\nRuths wife died in a fire. At the time, they had been\nseparated for three years. Her tragic death allowed him\nto marry Claire Hodgson, a former model and actress. With\nClaires daughter from a previous marriage and Ruths\nadopted daughter (with Woodford), they became an immediate\nfamily. Ruth and Hodgson remained together until Ruths", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://support.eurekamarket.net/hc/en-us/articles/360054798474-Organic-Trade-Association-OTA-", "date": "2021-07-27T02:12:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152168.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727010203-20210727040203-00619.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.960123598575592, "token_count": 220, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__35322124", "lang": "en", "text": "The demand for foods produced more “naturally” arose out of a response to the introduction of synthetic pesticides and herbicides in the 1940s and the resulting movement toward organic farming. By the early 1970s, the need for standardized organic labeling became apparent to the western leaders of the organic movement who worked to pass laws and create certification standards and processes. In 1973 the California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) organization was formed and in 1974, Oregon enacted the first organic state laws in the country. During that same period, the Western Alliance was formed among organic activists in the three Pacific border states. In 1985 the Organic Food Production Association of North America (OFPANA) was formed in Massachusetts and joined forces with the Western Alliance to work collaboratively on nationwide standards that would unify the language, practices, tools and certification requirements. Ultimately these original trade associations became the Organic Trade Association (OTA), a national organization of over 1,500 members representing businesses across the organic supply chain that addresses all things organic, including food, fiber/textiles, personal care products, and new emerging sectors.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://tynemouth.play-cricket.com/website/web_pages/237516", "date": "2019-01-23T08:57:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584328678.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123085337-20190123111337-00158.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9595567584037781, "token_count": 602, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__41829687", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the Play-Cricket Homepage of Tynemouth Cricket Club\nHome of the Croons!\nCricket Club, founded in 1847, has the distinction of being the oldest\ncontinuous playing club in Northumberland and we have played on the very same\nground off Preston Avenue, North Shields since 1885. The pavilion was opened in\n1902 after the previous wooden building was wrecked by severe gales. Now,\nalmost a century later, history has repeated itself, with the clubhouse and\npavilion being fully refurbished. Tynemouth CC has a long and proud tradition\nof encouraging all to enjoy the game of cricket.\nour long history, Tynemouth Cricket Club has been at the forefront of the\ndevelopment of cricket in the North East. As early as the 1850's the Club had\njunior members, was organising cricket tours and supporting representative\nmatches. We have a long tradition of playing and promoting high quality\ncricket. Tynemouth was closely involved in the creation of the present\nNorthumberland County Cricket Club in 1896. Tynemouth senior players have\nregularly represented Northumberland, and many of our junior players have\ngained similar honours since Northumberland Junior matches began in the 1970's.\nIn the previous decade Gerry Knox became the first Tynemouth player to play\nfirst-class county cricket, while in more recent times former juniors Nicky Peng\nand Gordon Muchall both went onto first class cricket with Durham CCC and\nrepresented England and more recently, Paul Muchall and Richard Coughtrie have\nmoved on via Durham Academy to Gloucestershire. Equally, the creation of\nnational club competitions has seen Tynemouth reach the U13 National Finals\nfive times in the last twenty years (from 1400 clubs) and the U15 National\nFinals in 2001 (from 1300 clubs).\nquality of our achievements and facilities saw the Club invited to be a\nfounder-member of the North-East Premier League in 1999, one of five leagues of\nwhich it is a member. The club runs six senior league teams, and junior teams\nfrom U7 to U18.\nis a very exciting time for the club as we have recently just completed on\nthree major projects:\nAs from the 18th January we became Tynemouth\nCricket Club Limited. This will have a minimal effect on you\nas members but provide peace of mind for us who serve on the\nin November we made an application to the SITA Trust for the much needed\nrefurbishment of our 3 lane outdoor nets. We now have a first class facility\nthat all of our playing members and coaches will benefit from.\nThe committee agreed a substantial budget to\nrefurbish the pavilion which will hopefully have a knock on effect in increased\nbookings but also provide an excellent facility to our current members.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.vividpublishing.com.au/michelides/", "date": "2017-03-29T15:16:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190753.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00637-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9372406005859375, "token_count": 225, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__170650055", "lang": "en", "text": "- About Vivid\n- Latest Books\n- In the News\n- Custom Publishing\n- For Booksellers\nThe Tobacco Pioneers\nThis remarkable history celebrates the business skills, energy and determination of brothers, Peter and Michael Michelides, not only in their pioneering of the tobacco and cigarette manufacturing industry in Western Australia in the face of overwhelming odds, but also their leading roles in the development and growth of a vibrant Greek community in Perth.\nRichly illustrated with photographs and documents from family archives and government and newspaper sources, the book is in two parts: Firstly their arduous journey from the small Greek island of Castellorizo via Egypt to Perth over a hundred years ago; the founding, growth and decline of their cigarette and tobacco empire, Michelides Ltd and their strong family and community involvement; secondly comprising dynamic biographies of their children, together with a detailed family tree.\nThis is a book of historical significance and rich heritage that details the struggles and triumphs of early Greek migration to Australia and for family and friends to reconnect with, or find their place in, the story of these two outstanding men.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thefunreader.com/5-facts-about-a-legendary-leader-swatantra-veer-savarkar/", "date": "2021-03-07T14:31:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178377821.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307135518-20210307165518-00086.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9862406253814697, "token_count": 420, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__144441164", "lang": "en", "text": "Today, 28th May is the birth anniversary of a Revolutionary freedom fighter ‘Swatantra Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’. Despite his lifetime contribution towards independence struggle in the colonial era, very few things are known about him in public.\n1) Advocate Savarkar Born in 1883, Savarkar studied from Fergusson College, Pune and went on to study law from prestigious Gray’s Inn in London. 2) The Author of 1857 Revolt Savarkar wrote a book on 1857 revolt of Indians against tyrannical British and named it First War of Independence. 3) The Great Escape While studying in London, he continued his independence struggle and thus was arrested by authorities. While being brought back to India, Savarkar escaped from clutches of British and jumped into the sea near France. Unfortunately, he was caught later, but this daring act became famous and his arrest was even disputed in International Court. 4) Imprisonment Savarkar was sentenced to ‘Life Imprisonments’ for his acts against British Raj and sent to Cellular Jail in Andaman then famously known as ‘Kalapani’ Here while performing tedious tasks as a prisoner, he created many poems on patriotism. He also organized protests and strikes against the torture of political prisoners. He authored a book “Majhi Janmathep” which gives details of his experiences at Andaman. 5) Anti-Caste Crusader After being released from dreaded Kalapani and confined to house arrest in Ratnagiri, Savarkar undertook various activities against caste discrimination. He organized entry of untouchables in temples and also had community meals with them. He also promoted their education this breaking social norms of those times. Very few people know that he was among first to call for complete Independence from British and also critic of Partition of India. A great revolutionary, a poet, a social reformer, a philosopher, we salute this ‘Veer’ for his service to this Mother India.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.royutah.org/departments/parks___recreation/parks/frank_tremea_roy_park.php", "date": "2023-09-30T00:27:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00134.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.924839198589325, "token_count": 232, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__262929951", "lang": "en", "text": "2700 W. 5525 So.\nPark Hours Year Round\nIt has 5.60 acres and has the following facilities: lighted baseball diamond, restrooms, and permanent bleachers.\nResolution No. 677\nA Resolution of the Roy City Council\nhonoring Frank Tremea and renaming Roy Park “Frank Tremea Park”\nWhereas, Frank Tremea began his career in 1959 with Roy City as the Recreation Director, and\nWhereas, Frank continued in that position for forty years until 1998, and\nWhereas, Frank was instrumental in the planning and development of Roy City’s park system, and\nWhereas, Frank developed programs which have influenced thousands of youth and adult coaches, and\nWhereas, the citizens of Roy have benefited and will benefit for generations by Frank’s contributions to Roy.\nNow, Therefore, Be it resolved by the Roy City Council that Roy Park be officially renamed “Frank Tremea Park” in honor of Frank’s dedicated service.\nPassed this 2 day of February, 1999.\nMayor, Roger Phil Burnett", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.finanzen.nl/aandelen/nieuws/the-apollo-moon-landing-50-years-ago-is-still-arguably-nasas-greatest-feat--see-how-the-us-pulled-it-off--7725516", "date": "2019-08-18T19:19:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313996.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818185421-20190818211421-00323.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9107447266578674, "token_count": 2298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__180493263", "lang": "en", "text": "Er is een fout opgetreden!\nThe Apollo moon landing 50 years ago is still arguably NASA’s greatest feat. See how the US pulled it off.\nApollo astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon 50 years ago, on July 20, 1969. Ten other NASA astronauts followed in their footsteps over the next three years, but no one has been back to the lunar surface since the Apollo program ended in the 70s. Here’s a step-by-step timeline of the historic moon-landing project. Visit Business Insider’s homepage for more stories. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy put a monumental goal before Congress: “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth,” Kennedy said. “No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.” It took eight years to reach the moon after that, and NASA burned through $25.4 billion dollars before the Apollo program was finished. But on July 20, 1969, as people throughout the world gathered around fuzzy television sets, astronaut Neil Armstrong announced: “the Eagle has landed.” Here’s how the US made it to the moon 50 years ago.The first planned crewed Apollo mission, Apollo 1, ended in tragedy in 1967. All three crew members died in a fire inside their capsule during a pre-launch test on the launch pad.Foto: From left, Apollo 1 astronauts Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee in front of their Saturn 1 rocket at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.sourceNASA NASA said design changes after the accident made the Apollo spacecraft safer for journeys to the moon.By July 1969, NASA astronauts had flown to the moon’s orbit twice, and the crew of Apollo 11 was ready to attempt a landing on the lunar surface.Foto: The Apollo 11 crew. From left to right: commander Neil Armstrong, command-module pilot Michael Collins, and lunar-module pilot Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin.sourceNASA/AP The first two crewed missions to the moon flew astronauts into the moon’s orbit (Apollo 8) and 50,000 feet above the lunar surface (Apollo 10.)The Apollo team practiced their moon-landing plan on Earth first. They flew this Lunar Landing Research Vehicle for the first time in 1964.Foto: The Lunar Landing Research Vehicle simulated the moon landings.sourceNASA The flights didn’t always go smoothly: Neil Armstrong was at the helm in 1968 when he had to eject himself seconds before it crashed.Armstrong also practiced what it would be like to step foot on the moon and how to get back into the lunar landing module, called the Eagle.Foto: Neil Armstrong practices getting to the first rung of the ladder on the Lunar Module in his space suit.sourceNASA In 1962, President Kennedy said the US was spending 50 cents per week “for every man, woman, and child in the United States” on the space program. It took another seven years after that statement for humans to land on the moon.On the morning of July 16, 1969, the 363-foot-tall Saturn V rocket launched from Complex 39 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.Foto: Apollo 11 blasted off at 9:32 a.m. ET on July 16, 1969.sourceNASAThe rocket used 7.5 million pounds of thrust to get the astronauts into space.Foto: The launch of Apollo 11 is seen behind an American flag on July 16, 1969.sourceNASA Source: NASAPeople camped out on beaches and roads nearby to see the rocket blast off.Foto: People camped out by Kennedy Space Center to see the launch.sourceNASAFormer President Lyndon B. Johnson and sitting Vice President Spiro Agnew were there to see the three astronauts off.Foto: Spectators at the launch of Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969.sourceNASAAfter launch, the three astronauts inside the spacecraft spent four days traveling to the moon.Foto: Buzz Aldrin in space on the Apollo 11 mission.sourceNASAFinally, command pilot Michael Collins lined up the hatches of the Columbia spacecraft and Eagle moon lander so that Aldrin and Armstrong could head down to the moon.Foto: The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle photographed in lunar orbit from Columbia. The long, skinny rods under the landing pods are lunar surface-sensing probes.sourceNASA Source: SmithsonianThings got a little chaotic during the landing: The guidance computer crashed, and Armstrong had to change the landing site at the last minute. But the astronauts landed on the moon safely after a few tense minutes. Aldrin snapped this shot of his crewmate Armstrong.Foto: Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11 commander, inside the Lunar Module while it rested on the lunar surface.sourceNASA Source: SmithsonianAt 10:56 p.m. ET on July 20, Armstrong stuck his boot into the soft gray regolith dust of the moon and uttered the famous words: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”Foto: A photo of one of the first footprints on the moon. It’ll be there for a long time because there’s no wind to smooth out the dust.sourceNASA Armstrong described the moon’s surface as “fine and powdery.” “I can pick it up loosely with my toe,” he said, mentioning that the regolith was kind of messy and adhered “like powdered charcoal to the sole and sides of my boots.” On Earth, mission control celebrated the successful landing.Foto: NASA officials and flight controllers celebrate the successful conclusion of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission in the Mission Control Center.sourceNASAMinutes later, Aldrin got out of the Eagle lander and joined Armstrong on the moon, joking that he was “making sure not to lock it on my way out.”Foto: Astronaut Buzz Aldrin steps out of the Eagle.sourceNASA Source: NASAThe two spent two and a half hours collecting samples, taking pictures, and of course, planting this flag.Foto: sourceNASASome of the equipment the astronauts brought to the moon was designed for experiments.Foto: Buzz Aldrin set out to plop the experiments on the surface of the moon.sourceNASAThe gear included a Swiss aluminum-foil panel for monitoring solar wind, four seismometers, and a reflector toward which scientists on Earth could shoot laser beams.Foto: Buzz Aldrin deployed the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, including the solar-powered seismic experiment to his right, and the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector beyond that.sourceNASA Source: SmithsonianAldrin called the moonscape a scene of “magnificent desolation.”Foto: Buzz Aldrin on the Moon.sourceNASA Source: NASAThis is the farthest the astronauts wandered from their lander.Foto: Neil Armstrong took this photo of the Lunar Module from the rim of Little West Crater.sourceNASAThe Eagle moon lander wasn’t built to fly back to Earth. Instead, the vehicle rocketed Aldrin and Armstrong back to the command module Columbia, where Collins was waiting for them in orbit. The three caught this glimpse of the moon as they headed home.Foto: When this picture was taken, the spacecraft was 10,000 nautical miles away from the moon.sourceNASA The Eagle lander was then left in lunar orbit after the astronauts hopped back in their main capsule. “It is assumed that it crashed into the lunar surface sometime within the following one to four months,” NASA said.On July 24, the Apollo 11 astronauts plunked down in the waters of the Pacific near Hawaii.Foto: A member of the US Navy, protected by a “biological isolation garment,” recovers the Apollo 11 crew from the re-entry vehicle, which landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969, after an eight day mission on the moon.sourceFile photo/APThen they waited for a helicopter to get them.Foto: All four men are wearing biological isolation garments in this image taken July 24, 1969.sourceNASABecause scientists weren’t sure what kind of “lunar contagions” the astronauts might have brought back, the three were quarantined for 21 days. But President Richard Nixon stopped by to say hi.Foto: President Nixon welcomed the Apollo 11 astronauts back to Earth on the USS Hornet.sourceNASA Source: SmithsonianSo did their wives, of course.Foto: The Apollo 11 crewmen, greeted by their wives.sourceNASAOn August 13, the day the astronauts were allowed back outside, they were showered with ticker tape in New York City.Foto: New York City welcomes Apollo 11 crewmen in a showering of ticker tape down Broadway and Park Avenue.sourceNASAThe New York Times said the confetti was “so dense that the astronauts could hardly see.”Foto: A ticker tape parade celebrated the astronauts in New York. Sitting atop the lead car, from the right, are Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin.sourceNASA Source: CBSThe US spent two and a half more years shuttling men to the moon. The last Apollo flight ended in December 1972. Since then, NASA has explored the moon as well as other planets, like Mars, using rovers and cameras, but not with any human crews.Foto: NASA’s Mars Curiosity rover.sourceNASA-JPLFor the past two decades, NASA has also invested $100 billion into the International Space Station.Foto: sourceNASA Source: Business Insider But many astronauts say the main reasons no humans have touched the moon (or any other planet) since 1972 aren’t scientific or technical challenges. Instead, it’s due a lack of cash and political waffling.Foto: Astronaut Buzz Aldrin walks the runway during the unveiling of a Mars-themed fashion collection at men’s Fashion Week, January 31, 2017, in New York.sourceAP Photo/Bebeto Matthews “American leadership is inspiring the world by consistently doing what no other nation is capable of doing,” Aldrin told Congress in 2015. “We demonstrated that for a brief time 45 years ago. I do not believe we have done it since.”Update: This story was originally published on July 20, 2018. The post The Apollo moon landing 50 years ago is still arguably NASA’s greatest feat. See how the US pulled it off. appeared first on Business Insider Nederland.\nLees het volledige artikel bij \"AFN\"\nLees het volledige artikel bij \"AFN\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://maitreyacenter.com/buddhism/kagyu-lineage", "date": "2022-10-03T18:17:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00390.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.950712263584137, "token_count": 902, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__23109652", "lang": "en", "text": "Lineage is the sacred trust through which the Buddha’s teachings are transmitted from one generation to the next, from master to disciple. Although different Buddhist lineages share in common the Buddha’s core teachings, each has developed a different emphasis or approach. As one of the main Vajrayana Buddhist orders, the Kagyu lineage (translated as the oral lineage or whispered transmission) gives importance to meditation instructions passed from master to disciple.\nThe roots of the Kagyu lineage begin in tenth-century India, where the master Tilopa collected the most advanced spiritual practices from renowned Buddhist teachers of his day. One of Tilopa’s female teachers, recognizing that he possessed a strong sense of pride, directed him to work at the humble task of pounding sesame seeds in a rustic village. By engaging in this method of purifying ego, Tilopa received the transmission on the mind’s nature directly from Vajradhara, the Buddha’s primordial aspect. Tilopa transmitted the practices he mastered to the scholar Naropa, who had resigned as the abbot of lndia’s most prestigious Buddhist university to meditate under Tilopa’s guidance. Naropa, in turn, transmitted these practices (now termed the “six yogas of Naropa”) to the Tibetan householder Marpa, who made three arduous journeys across the Himalayas to receive the Buddhist teachings, which he then translated into Tibetan. Marpa’s disciple Milarepa had great remorse for his misdeeds as a vengeful sorcerer and became a holy sage through his Dharma practice. Milarepa meditated in Tibet’s remote caves and mountains, wearing only a cotton cloth and meditation belt, and expressed the essence of his realization in songs, which the Tibetan people recite to this day.\nMilarepa passed the Kagyu practices down to the physician Gampopa, who integrated Milarepa’s meditation instructions with the teachings on the gradual path (Lamrim) and the monastic tradition dating back to the Buddha (Vinaya). One of Gampopa’s disciples, Dusum Khyenpa, became known as the 1st Gyalwang Karmapa, whose name means the victorious one who performs buddha activity. As Buddha Shakyamuni foretold, Dusum Khyenpa would take birth as an emanation of the bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokitesvara. Before his death, Dusum Khyenpa entrusted his disciple with a letter describing the circumstances of his next reincarnation and, in due course, the 2nd Karmapa was discovered in accordance with the prediction letter. The Karmapa’s reincarnation tradition and position as one of the foremost holders of the Kagyu lineage continues to this day, with the guidance of the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa.\nIn addition to upholding the Kagyu teachings brought to Tibet by Marpa, the KTC sangha practices teachings and meditations of the Shangpa Kagyu lineage. In the eleventh century, the Tibetan yogi Khyungpo Naljor received core Shangpa practices (such as the Mahamudra transmission, Six Yogas, and Five Golden Dharmas) from the Indian female masters Niguma and Sukhasiddhi, among other renowned teachers. Khyunpo Naljor transmitted the Shangpa practices to only one disciple, and for the next several generations the Shangpa lineage was preserved this way, in accordance with Niguma's instructions that the lineage be held closely and remain pure.\nIn subsequent generations, the Shangpa teachings were held by masters such as Thangtong Gyalpo, a renowned civil engineer who built iron bridges throughout the Himalayas; Jetsun Taranatha, one of the greatest scholars in Tibet's history; and Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye, who co-founded the non-sectarian movement in the nineteenth century and revitalized the Shangpa lineage.\nAlthough several Shangpa practices have been assimilated by other Buddhist schools, the tradition was primarily maintained in small retreat centers in the Himalayas. In the twentieth century, one of the main holders of this tradition, Dorje Chang Kalu Rinpoche, transmitted Shangpa Kagyu practices to students around the world, including students at KTC.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://haarlemphotoclub.nl/events/nieuwe-bavo-church-photo-walk/", "date": "2024-02-26T20:34:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00870.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9615821838378906, "token_count": 250, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__124297173", "lang": "en", "text": "A special walk again: Walking from the Vijfhoek, one of the nicest quarters in Haarlem, to the Nieuwe Bavo Church with a Haarlem’s Professional City Guide, who will also give us a guided tour OUTSIDE and INSIDE the church. The guided tour will be held by John de Laat, who was also our guide at the Proveniershof Photo Walk. He arranged again a special tour for us: the priest himself will welcome us in his church after the 12 h ceremony.\nThis neo-Gothic church was finished in 1930 and is dedicated to the city’s patron saint. Some 100 meters long, 42 meters wide, and 60 meters high, it’s a good example of the transition in church architecture from traditional to more modern designs. Highlights include the Cathedral Treasury. Other notable features are the fine stained glass, as well as sculptures and paintings by well-known Dutch artists. Also of note is the Willibrord Organ, built in 1923 with four manuals and 75 stops.\nCosts: € 10 including the guided tour and the church entrance fee (Cathedral and the new Cathedral Museum). To be paid cash at the meeting point.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.supreme-sports.co.uk/webshop/regimental-sportswear/scots-guards/", "date": "2022-07-03T11:18:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00384.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9585438370704651, "token_count": 134, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__130806890", "lang": "en", "text": "The Scots Guards are an infantry regiment steeped in history, with soldiers renowned for their discipline and courage in battle. We are Mechanised Infantry and train to use speed to cross the battlefield quickly and launch onto difficult objectives. Recognised as innovators, we are due to be one of the first STRIKE Mechanised Infantry units with a new fleet of impressive vehicles at the forefront of British Army capability.\nIn addition to our combat role, the regiment’s ceremonial company has the special honour of acting as guards at royal residences such as Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace. Our traditional uniform – a red tunic and bearskin hat – is famous the world over.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.norwich.anglican.org/about/who-we-are", "date": "2013-05-24T12:05:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704655626/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114415-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9559374451637268, "token_count": 261, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__103865926", "lang": "en", "text": "The Church of England plays a vital role in the life of the nation,\nproclaiming the Christian gospel in words and actions and providing\nservices of Christian worship and praise.\nIts network of parishes cover the country, bringing a vital Christian dimension to the nation as well as strengthening community life in numerous urban, suburban and rural settings.\nThe Diocese of Norwich is one of 44 diocese England is divided into. It is one of the oldest dating back to Dunwich (AD630), Elmham (AD673) and Thetford (AD1070). It was founded as the Diocese of Norwich in 1094 and covers 1,804 square miles with a population of approximately 879,000.\nThe Diocese comprises all Norfolk (the fourth largest county in England) except for an area in the west beyond the Great Ouse and marshland, which is in the Diocese of Ely. A small area of Suffolk, known as Waveney, is also in the Diocese of Norwich, namely the port of Lowestoft and the associated Deanery of Lothingland. The total average weekly attendance is 20,000 across the 567 Church of England parishes, with 183 benefices and 648 church buildings.\nPublished on: 11/04/2013", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.baatours.bt/?page_id=261", "date": "2024-04-16T10:07:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00587.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.918755054473877, "token_count": 1585, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__139987686", "lang": "en", "text": "Ura Yakchoe Festival (Festival Date30 April-4 May, 10 Nights/11 Days)\nDay01. Arrive at Paro (Altitude 2280 m)\nOn arrival at Paro Airport, You will be received by our representative and then drive to Thimphu. “The Capital of Bhutan” Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Thimphu.\nDay02. Thimphu Sightseeing\nAfter Breakfast, visit the National Memorial Chorten built in 1974 in honour of our late King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk( “Father of Modern Bhutan”) Then Visit to the Tallest Statue of Buddha in the World, sangay gang view point, Takin Preserve Centre, Dupthop Lhakhang one of the few surviving nunneries in Bhutan. After that visit the Institute for Zorig Chusum, commonly knew as the Painting School, Also visits the Folk & Textile Heritage Museums and the National Library which holds a vast collection of ancient Buddhist manuscripts.\nAfter Lunch, visit to the weekend marked and witness archery match. Then visit the Handicrafts Emporium to see exquisite artistry of traditional crafts and textiles. Evening visit to the Trashichho Dzong, seat of the national government and the Central Monastic Body, including the summer residence of the Je Khenpo (Chief Abbot of Bhutan)\nDay03. Thimphu-Punakha (75km, 2 ½ Hours)\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Punakha across Dochula Pass (3050m), we will stop there for few minutes, if the weather is clear, you shall have a good view of Higher Himalayas.\nAfter lunch, visit Chimi Lhakhang, also called the “Temple of Fertility” built in 1499 by Lam Drukpa Kuenley known as the “DIVINE MADMAN” then an excursion to Khamsung Yulley Namgyal Choling Monastery. On the way back visit to Punakha Dzong, built in 1637 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal and is situated between Pho Chu (Male River) and Mo Chu (Female River). Today the Dzong serve as a religious and administrative centre of the region. Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Punakha\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Gangety, on the way visit Wangdiphordang Dzong (from outside) built in 1638. Legend relates that as the people were searching for the site of the Dzong; four ravens were seen flying away in four directions. This was considered auspicious sign, representing the spread of religion to the four points of the compass. The Dzong is located on the hilltop above the confluence of the Punakha Chu and Tang Chu Rivers. Drive further to Gangtey, visit Gangtey Gompa, built in the year 1613 located at an altitude of 2900m. Today it serves as a meditation and home for the monks.\nExplore Phobjikha valley, famous for the Black Necked Cranes during winter. Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Gangety.\nDay05.Gangtey-Trongsa-Bumthang (200 km, 6 Hours Drive)\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Trongsa, visit Trongsa Dzong, the impregnable fortress, built in its present form in 1644 by Chogyal Minjur Tempa, the official who was sent by Shabdrung to unify eastern Bhutan and enlarged at the end of the 17th century by Desi Tenzin Rabgay. The Dzong is built in a traditional style with many levels into the side of the hill and can be seen from every approach to Trongsa exhibiting its strength as a defensive stronghold. Then visit the Ta Dzong, a watchtower, for the Trongsa Dzong.\nAfternoon, Drive to Bumthang, Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Bumthang.\nDay06. Bumthang Sightseeing\nAfter Breakfast, visit Jakar Dzong, meaning “The Castle of White Bird” It is the largest Dzong in Bhutan. Then visit Jambey Lhakhang, built by the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century to subdue the evil spirits in the Himalayan region. After that visit Kurjey Lhakhang, this comprises of three Temple. The one on the right was built in 1652 by Minjur Tempa, Trongsa Penlop. This temple is dedicated to Guru Rinpoche who brought Buddhism to Bhutan and had mediated there in 8th century. The middle temple is built on the site of a cave containing a rock with the imprint of the Guru’s body, and is therefore considered to be the most holy. The third temple was built in 1990s by her Majesty Queen mother Ashi Kesang Wangmo Wangchuk. Also visit Tamshing Lhakhang (Temple of the Good Message)\nAfter Lunch, visit Membartsho literally meaning, “The Burning Lake” then a short distance led to the Tang Valley. The Terton Pema Lingpa discovered several of Guru Rinpoche’s hidden Terma and relics here and visits to Mathra Factory & Cheese Factory. Dinner and overnight in Hotel.\nDay07. Bumthang (Ura Festival)\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Ura valley, then witness the Festival. In the evening drive back to Bumthang. Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Bumthang.\nDay8. Bumthang- Thimphu (268 km, Altitude 2320m)\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Thimphu, Lunch will be on the way. Dinner and overnight at Hotel in Thimphu\nAfter Breakfast, Drive to Paro visit Ta Dzong (built in 1656 and renovated in 1968), an ancient watchtower, it now houses National Museum of the kingdom and boasts antique thangkha painting, textiles and weapons & armours. On the way walk down the trail to visit Rinpung Dzong, meaning “fortress heap of jewels” , Afternoon drive to Drukgyel Dzong, a ruined fortress, Built in 1647 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. On the way back visit Kichu Lhakhang built by the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo. This temple marks the introduction of Buddhism in Bhutan.\nIn the evening visit to a Traditional Bhutanese Farm House which offers good insight into life style of local people and their culture\nDay10. Paro, Excursion to Taktsang Monastery\nAfter Breakfast, a short drive to satsam chorten. From there your hikes start to Taktsang Monastery one of the most famous monastery of Bhutan floating on the high cliff. It is said that Guru Rinpoche who brought Buddhism to Bhutan arrived on the back of a tigress and meditated at this monastery for three months hence it is called “Tiger Nest”. Lunch at Taktsang Cafteria.\nIn the evening free for shopping and photography in the town.\nDay11. Departure: Breakfast in Hotel, Drive to the Airport, Flight on Druk Air. TASHIDELEK", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.castleview.org/who-we-are/our-history/", "date": "2018-12-17T11:38:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828507.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217113255-20181217135255-00626.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9766162633895874, "token_count": 226, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__85052910", "lang": "en", "text": "During the past 115 years, our congregation has had three names and met in three different locations across the city of Indianapolis, yet one feature has remained constant – a devotion to Jesus Christ.\n31st Street Fundamentalist Baptist Church\nBack in 1897, a small group of 14 people formed a “mission station” on the near northwest side of Indianapolis. As the congregation grew, a new building was built on West 31st Street in 1901. The church emphasized Bible study, prayer and soul winning.\nDevington Baptist Church\nIn 1957, the growing congregation moved to a larger space at 46th Street and Arlington and was renamed Devington Baptist Church. It became known for an excellent Bible teaching ministry.\nIn the 1970’s, a 25-acre campus was developed in the Castleton area for the expanding church. Castleview Church, at 86th Street and Hague Road, was dedicated in 1978. In 2004, the worship auditorium was destroyed by arson but was rebuilt with other church renovations. The Castleview fellowship continues today as a vibrant community of believers dedicated to glorifying God by making disciples.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cpcames.org/about-us/history.cfm", "date": "2019-04-22T08:39:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578548241.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422075601-20190422101310-00063.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9701001644134521, "token_count": 550, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__180258718", "lang": "en", "text": "Collegiate Presbyterian Church was founded on February 21, 1911, when thirty some members met at the home of Thomas Sloss. By the end of February, the new church closed its charter-membership period with a total of 40.\nThe Synod of Iowa envisioned a church that would minister to both Iowa State and the greater Ames community. The idea of serving \"town and gown\" in a single congregation was innovative at the time.\nThe growth of the congregation was rapid. By 1914 a second pastor was added to the staff. The Rev. J.W. Innes, CPC’s founding pastor, became the college pastor, and the Rev. H.W. Johnston was installed as the community pastor. The original church building, the present sanctuary, was dedicated in 1917. Total membership was 400.\nIn the 1950's a great deal happened and the building was expanded:\nA second worship service was initiated\nWest wing addition for Christian education, library and choir room\nNew south wing for church and Chapel, with the second floor housing the Westgate Center's campus ministry facilities\nMembership grew to 1600; a second Presbyterian Church, Northminister Presbyterian was established in 1961 at the initiative of Collegiate Presbyterian partnership with the Presbytery of North Central Iowa.\nThroughout its history, Collegiate Presbyterian has emerged as a “mainline” Protestant church. It has grown and adapted with its times. As the nation struggled with issues of racial equality, poverty, and international conflict, its mission activities emphasized direct action on behalf of social justice and support for refugee victims of conflict.\nCollegiate Presbyterian has followed the denomination’s policies of inclusion on the ordination of women and LGBT persons. It has updated its facilities to make the church “accessible” to the disabled. Its adult education programs included “social issues” such as climate change, a candidates’ forum, and international issues. In 2001, a contemporary service was added.\nGreat music has been a long and much-valued feature of CPC life. The church has formed numerous choirs, an orchestra, small ensembles, hand bells, and praise band.\nCollegiate Presbyterian maintains wide-ranging educational programs for youth, adults, and university students.\nAll these things occur within the Reformed tradition of Christian faith and worship: Sunday worship services, fellowship time, Bible study and prayer groups. All nurture a faith centered on God and God’s Word, radiated throughout the church community, the larger church community, and to the world at large. Our mission to university students puts us perennially on the frontier of faith, reaching out in the tradition of the frontier evangelists.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.aerospeed.com/history", "date": "2024-02-23T11:17:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00527.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9581841230392456, "token_count": 274, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__447165", "lang": "en", "text": "The starting block -\nFounded in 1964 by Frank Almas as Aero Speed Mail Service, Inc. in Sacramento, CA, the company began providing retrieval of U.S. mail from customer's post office boxes and delivering to their doorsteps. This quickly morphed into providing messenger and small parcel delivery services. Prior to the age of computerization and email, company correspondence and paperwork moved via overnight courier, so a network was established throughout California and northern Nevada to accommodate the customer base. In 1984, an office was opened in Reno, NV via the purchase Parcel Delivery Service. At its peak the company boasted sales of $7,500,000.00, a payroll of over 170 people, and offices in Sacramento CA, Emeryville CA, Hollywood, CA, Newport Beach, CA and Reno NV.\nIn 2004, Frank Almas retired and the company was \"parted out\" and closed. The various divisions were sold and all operations in California ceased. Michael Almas, who had served in various positions in the California company, purchased the assets of the Reno, NV office and started Aero Speed Expedited Delivery Services, LLC, a Nevada Corporation.\nSo, the company's roots go back to 1964. It's Nevada roots to 1984. And its redue date of 2004. Lots of years have passed, but the focus remains - SERVICE!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.zestethiopiatour.com/lalibela-churches/", "date": "2019-06-17T05:24:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00350.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9635699391365051, "token_count": 184, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__206405270", "lang": "en", "text": "King Lalibela is credited with the foundation of the 11 rock-hewn churches in the 12th century. One of the world’s most incredible man-made creations, they are a lasting monument to man’s faith in God. Most travel writers describe these churches as the “eighth wonder of the world”. These remarkable edifices were carved out of a solid rock, in a region where the ragged landscape still protects the churches from mass tourism. The 11 man-made churches are found in and around the town of Lalibela. Other churches are reached by a 45-minutes drive by 4×4 vehicle, or a three hour ride on mule-back.\nThe venue for some of the most famous church festivals in Ethiopia, a visit during the great celebrations of Genna (X-mas) and Timket (Epiphany) is particularly rewarding.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.fjexpeditions.com/resources/salam/operation_salam.htm", "date": "2018-04-26T18:47:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948464.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426183626-20180426203626-00160.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9338340759277344, "token_count": 1428, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__197389029", "lang": "en", "text": "László Almásys most daring Mission in the Desert War\nKuno Gross, Michael Rolke & András Zboray\nHardcover, 412 pages, 21x27.4 cm, over 500 illustrations\nPrice (including shipping):\n15 May 1942: The previous day in the dunes of the Great Sand Sea the operation had nearly met catastrophe at the\noutset. Almásy completely revised the plan and plotted a new route during the night. One of his vehicles was unserviceable,\nanother damaged, and two men of his group were seriously ill. All were completely exhausted. He determined to\nsend the two men back to base in the damaged truck, and to continue the operation by the new route. There might be\nenough fuel and water to reach the Nile, but not to return and there were the desert patrols of the enemy!\n30 December 2008: A definitive account of Operation Salam was long overdue. After some correspondence, the three authors decided to write this book, as a monument to Almásys achievement. A patient three year research in archives and through personal correspondence uncovered much hitherto unknown information and details, enabling the authors to review, correct and where necessary to refute many of the stories, rumors and legends surrounding Almásy and his activities.\nThis is the story of one of the most daring secret operations of the Desert Campaign in the Second World War. A mission far behind the enemy lines, thousands of kilometers through the most arid corner of the Sahara desert, in order to deliver two German spies into the very heart of British-held Egypt. The German High Command did not count on success but they did not reckon with Almásys resolve, endurance, experience, and luck.\nThis book provides full details of this operation based on all known accounts, including MI5 files and the intercepted secret W/T messages deciphered at Bletchley Park. Supplementing a nearly complete set of original photographs made during the operation, photos of the authors taken when they retraced the route provide a vivid impression of the dramatic landscapes Operation Salam had to cross to reach its target and to return.\nThis book is dedicated as a monument to László Ede Almásy, sportsman, aviator, and one of the greatest desert explorers of the 20th century.\nForeword by Dr. Rudolph Kuper\nPART 1: EARLY MISSIONS\nThe first phases of the Desert War in Africa\nSecret missions of the Abwehr in North Africa\nMil.-Geo. and Almásy's involvement\n1st Operation Kondor\nPART 2: OPERATION SALAM\nThe Desert Campaign in late 1941/early 1942\nPrelude to Operation Salam\nVehicles and equipment\nFinally: Operation Salam begins!\nFrom Gialo to Assiut\nReturn to Gialo\nPART 3: THE AFTERMATH\nBritish Coutermeasures: Operation Claptrap\nAlmásy's departure from North Africa\nThe spy-mission: Operation Kondor\nFurther Abwehr missions in Libya\nEpilogue - summary and conclusions\nAPPENDIX 1: PERSONS, NOTES & EXPLANATIONS\nOther persons of interest\nNotes & explanations\nAPPENDIX 2: PRIMARY ORIGINAL SOURCES\nOperation Salam - diary 15 to 29 May 1942\nStanstede, Hans-Gerd: Unpublished Memoirs\nTranscripts of intercepted W/T messages\nAPPENDIX 3: REVIEWS, BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER SOURCES\nReview of publications on Operation Salam/Kondor\nMaps and sketches\nRelted movies and documentaries\nI had always hoped that some enterprising desert-wallahs would search for the answers to the remaining points concerning that epic of desert exploration: László Almásys wartime crossing of the Libyan Desert in May 1942 to deliver Rommels spies to the Nile. Now my wish has been granted in this magnificently produced volume. It is a delight to peruse its well designed pages, with beautifully reproduced photographs and maps, an essential accompaniment to the text. The authors achieved what no one else has managed, to retrace Almásys routes across the desert in 1942. They have not only unearthed the unpublished memoirs of one of Rommels spies but have discovered a hitherto hidden cache of photographs taken by members of the Salam commando. (read full review here)\nSaul Kelly, Kings College, London, author of \"Hunt for Zerzura\"\nI offer my utmost appreciation and congratulations for your outstanding achievement with this book!\nKuno, Michael, Andras, my dear friends, I have a copy of your book in my hands: your work is OUTSTANDING… this book is a breakthrough.\nMy wife and I congratulate you on this elaborate book. It arrived today, many thanks, we were very enthusiastic after turning the very first page.\nI am very impressed. It is a beautiful looking book, well laid out and the standard of production is uniformly high. I offer you and your co-authors my heartfelt congratulations. This book fills a space in an important chapter in the history of the war in North Africa in WWII. You can be proud of what you have contributed.\nThe book. Magnificent. Fantastic. Attention to detail remarkable. Well done. Brilliant pics.\nI have read your SALAM volume in three days, and I must congratulate the co-authors of this work. All the effort, all this research! I know this story from various sites and sources, but the plot is very well written, encouraging one to read on - like a good thriller. What was particularly interesting to me was the history and all the circumstances that led to SALAM. I can well imagine Almásy in his casual, sloppy Austro-Hungarian style (my father's generation). What he must have endured with these inexperienced men, even if some of them were willing! I can only raise my hat to all three of you, all from the post-war generation, who dared to tell this story, with a VERY GOOD conclusion. Thank you!\nThe wait was more than worth it. I would definitely rate this book as first class both in form and content for any serious reader.\nI congratulate the authors on the outstanding result of their five year thorough research in official and private archives and in the desert. It obviously needed their enthusiasm to discover and publish after seventy years the really true story of “Operation Salam”. My impression is that the authors have extremely thoroughly double and triple checked the facts before making use of them – a rare quality nowadays.\nWOW! What an epic publication! You and the otter authors must be so proud! Brilliant, absolutely brilliant! So detailed! The amount of research that must have been involved is evident in every page. Really forensic - but still a joy to read. I can't put it down at the moment!!!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://pointpleasantinn.com/", "date": "2017-04-27T16:40:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122619.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00611-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9300074577331543, "token_count": 145, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__147212420", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to Point Pleasant Inn\nStep back in time and enjoy life from another era. Surrounded by Narragansett Bay on Bristol Harbor, Point Pleasant Inn is situated in an historical 1938 mansion on 25 acres of grounds. In this serene setting, guests are offered a full gourmet breakfast on the waterfront terrace, an open bar, hors d'oeuvres at the cocktail hour, and all resort amenities, including tennis, bicycles, swimming pool, hot tub, sauna, fitness center, billiards and ping pong room, espresso/tea room, and snack closet. Point Pleasant Inn is located in historic Bristol, Rhode Island, just 30 minutes from Newport and Providence and 90 minutes from Boston.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.coinageinimperialspace.org/Speakers-Abstracts/", "date": "2017-10-18T16:39:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823016.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018161655-20171018181655-00230.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9186444878578186, "token_count": 3454, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__267652273", "lang": "en", "text": "During the two days of the conference the audience will hear 23 contributions prepared by international, top-specialists in the field of Achaemenid and Greek numismatics and history of the economy. Here is the list of the speakers with abstracts of their lectures:\nPeter van Alfen is a member of staff of the American Numismatic Society and Margaret Thompson Curator of Greek Coins, Curatorial Department Head. He is an economic historian working on problems of ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern monetary, fiscal and trade systems spanning the Late Bronze Age to the early Byzantine period. He has published on a variety of topics including Mycenaean administration, Athenian public finance and coinage, market regulations, Arabian monetization, and Late Roman amphoras. His interests also extend to European and US medallic art of the 15th–21st c. Currently, he is working on several research projects and is preparing a book on the political economy of archaic Greek coinage.\nTalk: “Payment, Profit or Prestige? The Rationalities of Coin Production in (Post-) Achaemenid Imperial Space”\nMichael Alram is the director of the Department of Coins and Medals of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. He is also vice-president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and President of the International Numismatic Council. The focus of his research is in the field of Iranian numismatics and history. The chronological framework extends from the 6th century BC, with the founding of the Achaemenid Empire, to the 7th/8th c. AD, when Iran fell into the hands of its Arab conquerors. He is involved in a number of research projects, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum and Sylloge Nummorum Parthicorum among others.\nTalk: Concluding remarks\nJarosław Bodzek is the v-ce director of the Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University and the director of the Coin Cabinet of the National Museum in Krakow. He specialises in Greek and Roman numismatics, with special focus on Archaic and Classical coin manufacturing in Asia Minor and at the Black Sea coasts. Other fields of his interest are: Greek sculpture and architecture of the Classical and Hellenistic period and sculpture and architecture of the Republican Rome. He is the Editor in Chief of two scientific journals – Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization and Notae Numismaticae-Zapiski Numizmatyczne.\nTalk: “King, Satraps, Local Dynasts and Cities in Achaemenid Imperial Space – Pseudo Aristotle’s Oikonomika and the Numismatic Reality”\nFrançois de Callataÿ is head of Department at the Royal Library of Belgium, Directeur d‘études at the École pratique des Hautes Études (Paris-Sorbonne) and professor at the Free University of Brussels. He is a specialist of ancient Greek coinages and finances with a special interest for Hellenistic royal coinages, from Alexander the Great to Mithridates Eupator. He is possibly best known for his many works about numismatic quantification, estimating the sizes of ancient coinages put into circulation, and the general link between monetary strikes and military purposes. His work also focuses on ancient economy on the long term and antiquarianism during the 16th-18th c. (mainly through numismatics).\nTalk: “Not civic but imperial: the abundant silver coinages in the name of Pamphylian and Cilician cities (c. 450-333 BC)”\nKarsten Dahmen is a classical archaeologist and numismatist specialising in Hellenistic and Late Antique coinages. He works as a curator at the Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin where he is involved in several research projects dealing mostly with Late Antique, Byzantine and modern coins and medals produced out of Germany. He is also responsible for the redaction of the Internet catalogue of Berlin’s coin collection.\nTalk: “Money and Legitimacy after Alexander”\nFrédérique Duyrat is the director of the Department of Coins, Medals and Antiques at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. She is the author of Arados hellénistique, étude historique et monétaires, BAH 173, Beirut, 2005 and Wealth and Warfare. The Archaeology of Money in Ancient Syria, NS 34, New York, 2016, as well as numerous scientific articles dealing with problems of production and distribution of coins in the Near East. Currently, she is working on Alexander’s gold coinage and the circulation of gold in the Greek world.\nTalk: “Money in Transeuphratene during the Achaemenid Period”\nAneurin Ellis-Evans is a Lecturer in Ancient History at Brasenose College and St. Anne's College, Oxford. His research interests include the regional history of Lesbos and the Troad (7th c. BC - 1st c. AD), the monetary history of this same region and also Hellespontine Mysia (6th - 1st c. BC), and Hellenistic history (with a particular focus on the social and cultural history of the polis).\nTalk: \"Persian Bimetallism: Fixed or Fluid?\" (co-authored with Jonathan Kagan)\nWolfgang Fischer-Bossert is a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and works in the Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture Documenta Antiqua Department. His main interests are the archaic and classical coinages of the Greeks including their barbarous neighbours in both the Balkans and the Levant. He leads a research project aiming at catalouging of all Archaic electrum coinage.\nTalk: “The Royal Lydian Coinage before Croesus: Walwet and Kukalim”\nHaim Gitler is the Chief Curator of Archaeology and the Curator of Numismatics at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. He acted as the President of the Israel Numismatic Society from 2005 until 2016. He has been a lecturer in numismatics at Tel Aviv University. In his scientific work, he focuses mainly on the Persian Period Coinages, Philistian, Judaean and Samarian but the spectrum of his interests is far wider - from the earliest known coins down to the Byzantine period. While serving at the Israel Museum, he organised many exhibitions among which the one entitled ‘White Gold: Revealing the World’s Earliest Coins’ (2012) deserves a special highlight.\nTalk: “Fourth-century BC Indigenous Coinages in Palestine. Towards an Understanding of Achaemenid-Macedonian Monetary Administration” (co-authored with Oren Tal)\nAlicja Jurkiewicz is a PhD candidate in the Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University in Krakow. She finished her MA studies in 2015, defending thesis about the iconography of the coinage of Seleucus I Nikator. She presented her research on many conferences and took part in several excavation projects e.g. on Cyprus, Egypt and Lebanon. She is interested in the coinage of Seleucid Kingdom as well as its separatist minorities. Her ongoing studies concern coinage circulation in Phoenicia in the Hellenistic Period.\nTalk: “Dynastic Myths and Legends in the Hellenistic East in the Case of Seleucid and Bactrian Coin Iconography”\nJonathan Kagan, an independent scholar, received his A.B. from Harvard University and his M.A. and D.Litt from Oxford University in Classics. He is a fellow of the American and Royal Numismatic Societies and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. His research is focused on Archaic and Classical Greek coinage and the History of Numismatics.\nTalk: \"Persian Bimetallism: Fixed or Fluid?\" (co-authored with Aneurin Ellis-Evans)\nEvangeline Markou is Associate Researcher at the National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Historical Research, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquity (KERA) of the National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF). Her interests cover history, numismatics and inscriptions of Cyprus from the Archaic and Classical periods, iconography of the Archaic and Classical periods, the economic politics of the kings of Cyprus and the relationships between Cyprus and the East. She is the scientific coordinator of the research project: “The Silver Coinage of the Kings of Cyprus: Numismatics and History in the Archaic and Classical Periods (6th to 4th centuries BC)” (acronym SilCoinCy)” funded by the Action ARISTEIA II and of the website Kyprios Character, dedicated to the history, archaeology and numismatics of Ancient Cyprus.\nTalk: “The Kings of Cyprus from Achaemenid to Hellenistic Rule: an Autonomous Royal Coinage ?”\nAndrew Meadows is Professor of Ancient History and Tutorial Fellow at New College, Oxford and a member of the International Numismatic Council. He was a co-founder of the nomisma.org project, is co-director of the Online Coins of the Roman Empire and of the Oxford-Paris Alexander Project. He has written and edited more than 100 books and articles, including three volumes in the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum series, and two volumes of Coin Hoards. His most recent publication (with T. Faucher and C. Lorber) is Egyptian Hoards I. The Ptolemies (Cairo, 2017).\nTalk: “Coinage in Imperial Space: Control, Convention or Chaos?”\nMariusz Mielczarek is professor in the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. He is working on problems of numismatics and archaeology of the Northern Black sea region (projects: “Ancient Nikonion” as well as “Greek poleis of the Northern Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean”) and Eastern Mediterranean, economy of ancient Greek world with special attention to coin circulation (including problems of Greek coin finds in Barbarian Europe) and trade relations. He is working on the history of Polish collections of Ancient Greek coins and publications of Polish collections of Ancient Greek coins.\nTalk: “Paying Mercenaries. In Imperial Space and not only”\nMarek J. Olbrycht is the Head of Department of Ancient History and Oriental Studies at the University of Rzeszów. He specialises in the history and culture of ancient Iran and Central Asia (Pre-Islamic period). His research focuses on such issues as relationships between ancient Greece and Rome with Orient, Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic epoch, Seleucid and Parthian Iran, Pontus and the northern coasts of the Black Sea (with special regard for Mithridates VI Eupator) and the history of warfare.\nTalk: “The India-related Coins of Alexander the Great: New Insights”\nUlrike Peter is a numismatists and a Senior Researcher at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Her research and publications focus on Thracian coinage and on the perception of ancient coins in the Renaissance. She studies the coins of the ancient city Philippopolis in Thrace with a special consideration of civic identities. She is one of the executive of the research project Corpus Nummorum Thracorum.\nTalk: „Die Umbrüche in der Münzversorgung in der zweiten Hälfte des 4. Jh. v. Chr. in Thrakien: Überblick und Diskussion“\nSelene E. Psoma is Associate Professor of Ancient History at the University of Athens. She is interested in history, numismatics, epigraphy, economy, history of law, institutions and topography (Greek cities in Thrace, Kingdom of Macedonia, Mainland Greece and Hellenistic Asia Minor). She published the corpora of the bronze coinages of the Chalcidians of Thrace and the Bottiaeans (2001), a SNG (Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum) Greece IV. The Petros Z. Saroglos Collection (in collaboration with I. P. Touratsoglou: 2005), the corpus of the inscriptions of Aegean Thrace (2005), the excavation coins from the two sites of Maroneia (2008), and more than 70 articles on numismatics, epigraphy and history.\nTalk: “The ΣΥΝ (symmachikon) Coinage of the Classical Period. Agesilaus versus Lysander”\nOren Tal is a Professor of classical and Near Eastern archaeology in the Jacob M. Alkow Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. He is the current Director of the Apollonia-Arsuf Excavation Project (since 2007). His research interests concern the material culture of the classical- and medieval-period Near East and its social, political and economic implications, that is from the mid-first millennium BCE to the early second millennium CE. He is also engaged in the study of the early indigenous southern Levantine coinages and the development of monetary economy in the Levant, as well as in ancient technologies.\nTalk: “Fourth-century BC Indigenous Coinages in Palestine. Towards an Understanding of Achaemenid-Macedonian Monetary Administration” (co-authored with Haim Gitler)\nChristopher Tuplin is a Professor of Ancient History at the University of Liverpool. The main focus of his work lies in Classical Greece and Achaemenid Persia, and the topics on which he has written include: literary and historical and historiographical issues in Xenophon’s Hellenica, Anabasis and Cyropaedia; classical Greek political and military history; the reality and perception of Media and “medism”; the civil and military administration of the Persian Empire; the Persian Great King’s grands projects, coins, inscriptions, misrepresentations, justice, nomadic habits, or ideological posture and head-gear; the Hellenistic legacy of the Achaemenids; the historians Ctesias and Berossus; Babylonian astronomical diaries; the orator Demosthenes; Delos in classical Athenian imperialism; slavery; and racism. He is currently working on Aramaic documents linked to the satrap Arshama and a commentary on Xenophon’s Anabasis.\nTalk: “Of darics, disks, staters and Samarians: some issues in Achaemenid imperial space”\nUte Wartenberg Kagan is Executive Director of the American Numismatic Society. Her research interests focus on the early Archaic coins and economy of Greece and the Achaemenid Empire, and in particular on the role of the earliest coins in electrum and silver in the 6th century BCE. She is currently working on a database of all known early electrum coins, which will be used as a basis for a new typology for Archaic coinage. In addition, she is trying to finish a book on the coinage of Pherae in Thessaly. Since 1991, she has been editing, with Andrew Meadows, Coin Hoards, which aims to record all known Greek coin hoards; this project is now moving to an online database. Apart from being a numismatist, she has also a strong interest in Greek papyrology, antiquarian numismatic literature, and 20th century medallic art.\nTalk: “A New Persian Coinage of the Archaic and Classical Period”\nBernhard Weisser is the Director of the Coin Cabinet in the Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. He specialises in coinage of the Roman provinces and the Parthian Empire as well as coin finds from Priene and Milet. He is responsible for the creation of interactive catalog of the Berlin’s Coin Cabinet, which is the most comprehensive online publication of a coin collection in the German-speaking world. He also extensively publishes on German medals produced during the First World War.\nTalk: “The Hoard of Demanhur and the Persian Empire. Remarks on Late Archaic and Early Classic Coinage”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.plansel.com/adega/en/history/tradicao/", "date": "2019-11-18T19:46:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669813.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118182116-20191118210116-00203.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9747361540794373, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__191813784", "lang": "en", "text": "The introduction of the Napoleonic Code in the Palatinate brought with it a new spirit of entrepreneurship among ordinary citizens. Since 1828, the family’s predecessors have been devoted to viticulture. In the century which followed, the company became one of the leading vineyards and businesses in the Palatinate. With the opening up of the borders for the importation of wine at the end of the 1960s, Jorge Böhm began importing Portuguese wine into Germany. In the 1970s Böhm started building up his own brand for imported Portuguese wines. With the rapid growth in the food trade, the pricing pressure exerted by fewer and fewer bulk buyers made doing business very difficult. Jorge Böhm withdrew from these trading activities and focused his efforts on promoting the family business instead. With that in mind, Jorge Böhm came to Portugal in search of new opportunities.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.accessibilite-patrimoine.fr/chateau-des-ducs-de-bretagne/?lang=en", "date": "2021-10-22T02:21:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585450.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022021705-20211022051705-00018.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9580664038658142, "token_count": 1311, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__195444725", "lang": "en", "text": "The Castle of the Dukes of Brittany has been the subject of sizable renovation works. Accessibility has been integrated into the scheme right from the start and considered at every step of the works. Access for all publics and the deployment of new technologies in the service of the cultural dimension of the project were main objectives of this vast renovation and modernisation programme.\nPrincipal access interventions:\n- Connecting castle and town\n- Rethinking the distribution of interior spaces and vertical circulation\n- Enrich the visitor experience with new interpretive tools\nAt the heart of the historic city centre of Nantes.\nThe original castle of which only a tower remains dates back to 13th Century. It has been substantially remodelled by King François II and his daughter Anne de Bretagne. Owing to Anne de Bretagne’s wedding to two Kings of France, the castle became a royal castle and Kings spent time in it until XVIIth Century. The city of Nantes acquired the castle during WW1, at which stage it became home to its museum collections.\nIllustrated case-study :\nFind out more :\nHeritage significance and attractiveness\n- Site classified national “Monument Historique”\n- Local history museum of Nantes\n- A new visitor trail on the castle’s ramparts created during renovation programme\n- Popular tourist destination : 170 000 visitors a year and more than 1 million online\n- the accessibility of the site (un espace en moins)\n- internal circulations: access to various floors via stairways\n- access to the collections\nBetween 2004 et 2007, important renovation works were carried out. Their purpose was to valorise the monument and to make the Duke’s 15th Century castle the new home of the museum, while respecting spaces, structure and monumental appearance. Access for disabled people was at the heart of the project : for the castle and museum are to be accessible to all.\nConsultation has played a major role, notably through the appointment of an Access Officer.\nConnecting castle and town\nThe castle is an enclosed fortress which had only one entry over a drawbridge for visitors prior to the start of the renovation works. Historical analysis of the castle revealed that there had earlier been two other ways of access : an emergency entry and an entry from the Loire riverside, which had been landfilled in XXth Century.\nThe emergency entry had been rebuilt for the benefit of visitors with mobility difficulties. A new horizontal footbridge, which connects the entry with the courtyard has been built where there had been one in the past. This is close to an accessible tram stop and car park, allowing for a seamless access journey. A single entry for all would have been preferable, but was not possible. The existing drawbridge links the castle with a historic town centre, which is almost entirely paved (with uneven stones and slabs). Today, however, the majority of visitors use the new entry as it allows an easy and seamless journey.\nThe renovation of the castle and museum was the opportunity of creating a new walkway on the ramparts. Up to this point, these had only been accessible via stairways, and only portions of it were accessible. A lift, un-conspicuously fitted against the Grand Gouvernement building, preserves the architectural integrity of the castle. A footbridge connects the lift with the ramparts, half the length of which has been made accessible. Full access to the ramparts for visitors with mobility difficulties was not possible, as several flights of stairs could not be removed.\nRe-thinking the interior distribution of spaces\nTwo buildings house the museum’s displays, the Grand Logis and the Grand Gouvernement. In between them is the smaller roofed and walled space called Les Jacobins. The Grand Logis and the Grand Gouvernement have a number of floor levels at differing heights. The spiral staircases which lead up to them are known to cause discomfort, also for visitors who have no mobility problems.\nThe Jacobins space, situated within a tower, had previously been destroyed. Its walls and roof had been restored. This vast central space has been preserved emptied of its floors to serve as a space for organising visitor flow. A lift now provides access to most floors of the Grand Logis. This new re-fit improves the legibility of the building’s architecture.\nThe lift could not provide access to all levels. A platform lift was therefore installed at the level of the attic and opens up access to the big mezzanine.\nUse of a platform lift required a dispensation (translator’s note : from meeting duties under French disability legislation). A platform lift is at times the only solution to provide access to floor levels of differing heights in a listed building.\nIt was not possible to provide a loop shaped route for visitors of the museum, given its spatial structure. Visitors explore one level at a time and come back to the central pavilion to visit the next one.\nOne of the aims of the exhibition design was to put earlier floor levels on show. A deeper lying older floor level, or “likely archeological level” can thus be viewed in some rooms. As they represent a health hazard, metal handrails have been installed in front of them.\nA visitor route with interpretation for all publics\nVarious interpretation tools are on offer for a more interesting visit by people with disabilities. They also provide a different experience to all publics. Several spaces combine to offer a sensory trail experienced via sound, sight, touch and smell available for all visitors.\nIn addition to these “visits for all”, specific tours and accessible formats have been developed to meet the requirements of several groups of visitors with disabilities. These include multi-media guides in French Sign Language, audio and tactile resources for people with a visual impairment and learning resources for visitors with a learning difficulty.\n- Client: the town of Nantes\n- Project manager : Pascal Prunet, chief architect of historic monuments; Jean-François Bodin, architect and museographer\n- Consultation: appointment of an Access Officer\nAt the castle of the Dukes of Brittany, a culture du compromises played a vital role. In order to persuade decision makers, it was key to show that the chosen design solutions improve the quality of experience and comfort for all visitors, not only visitors with a disability.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kitkatphoto.com/newborns/lest-we-forget2016/", "date": "2021-12-02T22:44:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362297.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202205828-20211202235828-00167.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9767045974731445, "token_count": 407, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__128519120", "lang": "en", "text": "I had the utmost pleasure in having a timely newborn session that deserved my sharing the story behind the images. During the pre-session planning, Mom and I chatted about her vision for her newborn baby’s portraits that I had been commissioned to capture. Mom spoke of a few items she would bring to use in some of the photographs. I was excited to have the chance to create some images that honoured the veterans in their family while also building a memory that focused on the newest generation.\nCase embracing his family’s military history. Memorabilia include Dad’s beret, Case wearing his combat scarf he wore in Afghanistan in 2003, medal, sniper badge from the 3 RCR parachute regiment.\nThe veterans; left, Great grandfather Robert and right, Dad Kurtis.\n1. Robert John Kirkwood\nGreat Grandfather Robert enlisted on October 2nd, 1942. He served in Canada, Britain, Central Mediterranean Area and Northwest Europe. He had an honourable discharge as a private on August 28, 1946.\nMedals and Decorations: 1939-45 Star, Italy Star, France and Germany Star, Defence Medal, Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with claps and War medal 1939-45 (lapel pin represents these)\nHe later joined the reserves and served until 1964.\nThe bracelet pictured above on top of the beret lists some of the places he went (including Bologna, Pisa, Naples)\n- Kurtis Nelson Manion\nKurtis joined the military in 2001 when he was 17 years of age. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Regiment 3rd Battalion. He was a sniper with the 3RCR Parachute Regiment. His time in the military included a tour of duty in 2003. He left the military as a corporal in 2006.\nPictured laid upon son Case is Dad’s medal he received from his tour in Afghanistan in 2003.\n(family photos and detailed information shared with permission by the Manion family)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.oursaviorslc.org/history", "date": "2024-02-27T00:32:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00820.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9752147793769836, "token_count": 646, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__184188745", "lang": "en", "text": "Our Savior’s is the oldest Lutheran Church in continuous existence in the Hartford area. It was founded by a group of Danish immigrants in the 1880’s, and by 1891 they had built a church for their use at the corner of Russ and Babcock Streets in Hartford. Thirteen pastors served the congregation in this location, serving the Danish families that continued to move to the area.\nIn the 1950’s, a highway was scheduled to be built through the neighborhood in which the church was located. Our Savior’s made plans to move to a site on West Hartford Road in Newington. In 1958, the education wing of the new Our Savior’s church was complete, and the congregation moved in under the leadership of Pastor Holger O. Nielsen.\nIn this same period, a group of Swedish immigrants were also looking to organize a Lutheran church in the area. In 1944, Pastor Robert Esbjornson was commissioned to survey Newington to see if there were enough families to begin a Sunday School. Within three months, 39 children were enrolled and five teachers were recruited. The congregation began worshipping in the Town Hall auditorium on the corner of Main Street and Bonair Avenue, and organized as Holy Trinity Lutheran Church in 1945. They selected a location at the south end of Main Street in Newington, and finished construction in 1948.\nBoth churches continued to thrive throughout the 1950’s, hosting a range of ministries for families and outreach into the local community and to missions around the world. In 1962, the national churches --the American Evangelical Lutheran Church, of which Our Savior’s was a part, and the Augustana Synod, with which Holy Trinity was affiliated—merged. Discussions began in 1965 as to whether the congregations should merge, and in 1967 they became one church, housed in the current location at 1655 Main Street in Newington under the name Our Savior’s.\nSince the merger, the community at Our Savior’s has had partnerships with many outreach ministries, including a Hispanic mission in Hartford, missionary work in Brazil, Habitat for Humanity, Heifer Project, and Lutheran World Relief, to name a few. Our Savior’s hosted a Deaf ministry for five years, and supported contemporary worship and a sacred dance group. Sunday school, confirmation, and adult education ministries continue to equip young and old alike to live out their faith. Youth ministry has been strong in recent years at Our Saviors, with groups of 15 young people attending National Youth Gatherings of the ELCA. The ladies of the church have made hundreds of quilts, which have been sent literally all over the world. Thus two communities formed to serve immigrant communities in America now reach people near and far with the Good News of God in Christ Jesus.\n50th Anniversary Celebration\nOn October 29th 2017 we celebrated Our Savior’s 50th Anniversary of the merger and the 500th year of the reformation. Indian Hill Country Club was a sea of red decorations and attire. Nearly 100 members and guests attended this event. We reminisced with old photos and old members. Letters from previous clergy were read.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://astrowing.over-blog.com/2014/01/berlin-golden-hat.html", "date": "2023-02-01T05:20:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499911.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201045500-20230201075500-00381.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9439008831977844, "token_count": 267, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__305601367", "lang": "en", "text": "Berlin Golden Hat\nAt the dawn of human civilization astronomical knowledge brought a lot of prestige. I was in Berlin the last few days to celebrate the Saint-Silvestre and thought that a visit to a few museums was warranted. But even while on vacation I stumble on Astronomy-related Archaeological artefacts or pieces of art.\nAt the Neues Museum in Berlin next to the “Troy treasures” is displayed the “Berlin Gold Hat”, which testifies to the importance of the priest/shaman in the Bronze Age Germany (1000-800 B.C.). The hat was used to calculate the calendar that was essential in the development of agriculture (e.g., when to plant the seed). The hat is basically a mathematical table. The level of mathematics that the priest needed to compute the days from observations of the lunar phases is pretty high (complex multiplications). Artistically the hat is beautiful, being made of a simple sheet of gold where circles designate days in the lunar and solar calendar system. The choice of gold was probably dictated by the importance of the hat. The accuracy of the marks was preserved over time by using a metal like gold. What strikes me is the form of the hat, a pointed form like the common view of magicians and witches’ hats.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kosubaawate.blogspot.com/2011/03/kinshasa-2011-service-quado.html", "date": "2023-06-01T18:49:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00288.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9119358658790588, "token_count": 227, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__112275106", "lang": "en", "text": "A familiar sight along Kinshasa’s streets is the informal tire repair operation advertised by a stack of tires and a hand-painted sign proclaiming “Service Quado”. This derives from one of the proprietors of the Maison du Pneu, a French businessman named Cohadon. In common speech, Cohadon transmogrified into “Quado”. The shop was on Ave. Tombeur de Tabora (now Tombalbaye) near the Congolese Hospital (Mama Yemo). Cohadon’s partner was an American named Paul Kirst who first came to Leopoldville in 1922 with the American trading firm, L.C. Gillespie and Son. From the 1930s until the end of World War II, he was the local agent for Texaco. He opened Maison du Pneu in 1945. Kirst died at 80 at Mama Yemo hospital in 1976.\n· Kolonga Molei, 1979. Kinshasa, ce village d’hier.:\nPost a Comment", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://edie.pink/jane-holzer/?replytocom=412", "date": "2024-02-22T03:50:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00803.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.96954345703125, "token_count": 307, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__192247485", "lang": "en", "text": "Jane Holzer, aka Baby Jane Holzer did 10 Screen Tests at Andy Warhol’s Factory, ST139 – ST148, between 1964 & 1965. This “Toothbrushing Screen Test” is ST147 from 1964.\n“Baby Jane” Holzer, as she was usually called in the 1960’s, was a successful model and trendsetter, married to the real-estate developer Leonard Holzer. After she was photographed by David Bailey in London in the summer of 1963, Holzer became one of the better-knows social celebrities in New York, thanks largely to the unpretentious enthusiasm with which she moved through the worlds of modeling and fashion, underground movies, art, and high society. Holzer’s appearance in the October 1, 1964, issue of Vogue was credited with creating the new fashion for big manes of long hair. Her pop fame reached its zenith in December 1964 with the publication in New York magazine of Tom Wolfe’s ironic essay about her, “The Girl of the Year.”\nAn independent woman, Holzer survived Warhol’s Factory as his circle spiraled into a dangerous zone, culminating in the 1968 shooting of the artist. Yet, she and Warhol became confidants, developing a deep friendship until his tragic death in 1987. This exhibition explores the rise of “Baby Jane” as an internationally known model and reveals the evolution of his first superstar and their enduring friendship.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.linformale.eu/covering-and-uncovering-history-an-interview-with-benny-morris/", "date": "2022-01-17T22:57:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117212242-20220118002242-00025.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9867801070213318, "token_count": 1795, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__35604358", "lang": "en", "text": "On the 5th of July, Haartez published an article by Hagar Shezaf with the sensationalistic title, “Burying the Nakba: How Israel systematically hides evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs”.\nIn the article, the author tells of how the Malmab, a department of the Israel Ministry of Defense, has progressively made inaccessible to the public a series of documents which had been previously open to scrutiny and already used by scholars to better understand what where the causes of the Arab-Palestinian refugee issue.\nOne of the foremost Israeli historians, cited in the article, who has devoted much of his research to this specific topic is, of course, Benny Morris.\nL’informale has interviewed him to put the record straight.\nProfessor Morris, in Hagar Shezaf’s article she writes, “Hundreds of documents have been concealed as a part of a systematic effort to hide evidence of the Nakba”. Do you agree with this statement?\nI wouldn’t have written it in that way. There are two stages of this story and, in her article, Hagar Sharif didn’t really relate to the first one. There are different types of documents which are supposed to be classified for different numbers of years, but essentially after thirty years, political documents are supposed to be open. Thirty years after the 1948 war the State archive and other archives began opening the documentation and what they did then was that some documents, a small number of them, were actually classified, they were not opened. There was a first stage of, if you like, censorship, when the documents were first opened, when certain documents where kept closed, and they were those documents which placed Israel in a bad light especially in connection to massacres and expulsion of Arabs. Hagar Shezaf has discovered that in the last twenty years, more or less, the state embarked in a second stage of censorship. In other words, things that were once opened after thirty years were again closed and classified and those are the documents she found which are no longer open and which were before.\nYehiel Horev, who headed the Malamb for twenty years has explained that the sealing of these documents is due to security reasons. If this is the reason, why have such documents which were available 15 years ago or previously, are to be sealed now. In the recent past the security reasons were not as relevant as today?\nHorev did not say it as simply as that. What he said was that the State law affirms that the State has the right to classify documents which, if opened, could damage Israel’s security or its foreign relations. This is what the law says, they have the right to close them. What they did is that they opened them for thirty years, in the Seventies and Eighties and Nineties and then Malamb went ahead and went over the documents again and closed those they thought could injure Israel’s security or its foreign relations. Now, the problem of the closure of documents in relation to foreign relations is that this is a very broad definition. You can say that anything that puts Israel into a bad light can harm its relations, let us say with Egypt and Jordan, two Arab countries with which Israel is at peace, so, if this is the case, the documents will be closed. What historians like myself think, is that closing these documents is stupid, because they have already been opened and scholars have already used them, so reclosing them doesn’t actually hide the truth. The truth is already known, and the second thing is that it is sort of immoral because democracies are supposed to open their documents. However, the Defense Ministry can counter this with a good argument, by saying that Israel, unlike other democracies, is still at war with its neighbors, with his Arab neighbors, with the Palestinians, and because this war is ongoing, and because propaganda is part of the battle, they are justified in closing things which might give their enemies ammunitions in terms of propaganda against the State. This is a strong argument but you also have to weigh this against what historians like myself say, that this goes against the liberal, democratic values of a society, and also that it produces much damage due to the fact that many of these documents have already been used by historians.\nSo you are against this state of affairs?\nI strongly disapprove it. I condemn it. It is stupid, because it is like closing the barn after the horses have already fled, because the historians have already written their books citing documents that were declassified and now are classified again. To close the documents now doesn’t make any sense.\nIn the Haartez article, Yehiel Horev makes a stunning statement. He candidly admits that the objective of Malamb is to “undermine the credibility of studies of the history of the refugee problem”. Doesn’t this bring grist to the mill of those who attack Israel by saying it was born in sin?\nI think this is of secondary importance. The problem in Horev’s words is that he says that if we hide the documents, the historians who write about these things will be opened to scrutiny, because they can’t actually point at the documents they mention and say, “Go and look at the documents”, because the documents are no longer available, they are closed. In this way they can undermine the credibility of the historians, that is what he is saying, and I find this quite disgusting. It is not the job of a government to undermine the credibility of historians.\nThere are many pro-Palestinians who are feeding on this article by Haartez. According to them this proves that there is a sort of conspiracy by the State of Israel to cover the so called ethnic cleansing of Arabs that, according to their narrative, went on during the war of 1948-1949. What do you have to say in relation to this issue about which you have written copiously?\nThe first thing I would say is that those who say this are completely hypocritical, because when you look at Arab archives they are all closed. They haven’t opened anything. So, here they are criticizing Israel for having opened certain documents and then having closed them again while the Arabs and the Palestinians have closed everything and have been hiding everything from researchers. They are not in the position of criticizing anything. That’s one thing. The second thing is about the picture of what happened in 1948. I think is pretty clear already, on the basis of the documentation which has been opened, including those number of documents which they closed again. We actually know more or less what happened. As you said, I wrote a number of books about it and what they show is that the phrase “ethnic cleansing” isn’t the right definition of what happened. What happened was that there was a war which the Arabs states launched against the Jewish community in Israel which was going to become a State in 1948. They attacked the State of Israel, and in repelling that attack by the Arabs the Israelis essentially drove out part of the Arab-Palestinian population. Part of it moved out of its own to the West Bank, to the Gaza Strip and out of the country all together. It wasn’t a systematic expulsion, it wasn’t a State policy. The phrase “ethnic cleansing” is problematic. For example, the ethnic cleansing which was carried out by the Serbs in Yugoslavia was systematic, was organized, was extremely brutal, there were ten of thousands of cases of murder, thousands of cases of rape. What happened in 1948 was essentially a war which was accompanied by a small number of massacres and almost no cases of rape, they were very rare. The term “ethnic cleansing” is wrong. What you can say is that at the end of the war Israel didn’t allow the Palestinians, the refugees, those that were uprooted, to return to their homes. In this sense, what happened, was an expulsion, but not an expulsion as a result of a systematic, planned policy based on ideology and a government decision. None of this ever happened. What happened was that in same places some officers expelled people, but in most cases the Arabs just run away and then, simply, Israel didn’t allow them to come back. This is a decision with which I agree completely, because what they would have been doing by allowing them back is that the Arabs would have attacked them and undermined the State of Israel from within. The government decision was therefore logical, as it is logical not to allow the five to six millions people who are classified as refugees to come back , because that will mean the end of Israel as a Jewish State.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://wvyoungrepublicans.org/about/", "date": "2017-04-29T15:31:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123530.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00221-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9546129107475281, "token_count": 394, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__2220773", "lang": "en", "text": "Young Republican Historical Perspective\nThe Young Republicans are the oldest political youth organization in the United States. The first organized effort of the Young Republicans began in New York City in 1859; three years after the Republican Party selected its first presidential candidate. A year later, the YRs played a critical role in helping elect President Lincoln.\nIn 1931 the YRs were organized nationally. West Point graduate George H. Olmsted began to attract the attention of the leaders of the national Republican Party, and he was invited to meet with President Herbert Hoover at the White House.\nPresident Hoover, so impressed with his visit with Olmsted, asked the young man to head the Young Republican division of the Republican Party, which Olmsted accepted. In 1935, the Young Republican division officially became the Young Republican National Federation, and Olmsted was elected the first president of our national organization.\nTaking The Next Step Forward\nThe YRs have a solid record of producing future Republican Party leaders – including Governors, Senators, Congressmen, nationally recognized campaign consultants, and community leaders.\nThe West Virginia Federation of Young Republicans are looking forward to working with all of you to build a successful organization for young adults here in West Virginia.\nA group of likeminded individuals, in which we will provide essential grassroots support for our Republican candidates and conservative issues, produce future Republican Party leaders, and provide a great opportunity for interaction among members that allows for the exchange of ideas, networking, and friendships that will last a lifetime.\nThrough recruiting, training and mobilizing people, the YRs present opportunities for ordinary people to do extraordinary things. Through community involvement in political issues, charitable projects, and participation in political campaigns, the YRs will work to improve our community.\nThe YRs will provide different opportunities for different people. No matter what your long-term goals maybe, the YRs will serve as the building blocks for a successful future in our great state of West Virginia.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://parnassusmusing.net/2020/08/20/john-lewis-biography-jon-meacham-excerpt/", "date": "2023-06-05T09:46:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605085657-20230605115657-00208.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.970289945602417, "token_count": 1496, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__237537553", "lang": "en", "text": "In many ways, John Lewis’ life speaks for itself. He was a champion of justice who risked his life in the name of freedom countless times, and continued on in public service until his very last days. But with lessons not only from the recent past but for our present day and beyond, the story and witness of John Lewis is one that bears telling — and hearing — again and again.\nIn the forthcoming biography His Truth Is Marching On: John Lewis and the Power of Hope, historian Jon Meacham lays out the arc of Lewis’ extraordinary time on this earth: from his early days as “the boy from Troy,” as Martin Luther King Jr. called him in their first meeting, to the front lines of the civil rights movement, to the halls of government, and finally to the pantheon of history. The book includes an afterword by Lewis himself, written not long before his death this past July.\n“He was as important to the founding of a modern and multiethnic twentieth- and twenty-first century America as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison and Samuel Adams were to the creation of the nation-state in the eighteenth century,” Meacham writes. “This is not hyperbole. It is fact—observable, discernible, undeniable fact.” Meacham also submits that John Lewis might meet the requirements of an even loftier title: saint.\nIn this excerpt, taken from the introduction, John Lewis has just visited the bridge above the Alabama River where he was beaten nearly to death years before, on the march from Montgomery to Selma.\nTaken together with sit-ins to integrate lunch counters and other public facilities and Freedom Rides to integrate interstate travel, the Selma march, Lewis recalled, “injected something very special into the soul and the heart and the veins of America. It said, in effect, that we must humanize our social and political and economic structure. When people saw what happened on that bridge, there was a sense of revulsion all over America.” Revulsion, then redemption: Is there anything more American? “Redemption—redemption is everything,” Lewis said. “It is what we pray for. It is what we march for. It is the work of America. In the ’60s, and now, and always.”\nIn the middle of the last century, he marched into the line of fire to summon a nation to be what it had long said it would be but had failed to become. Arrested 45 times over the course of his life, Lewis suffered a fractured skull and was repeatedly beaten and tear-gassed. It takes nothing away from the legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr., or of Rosa Parks, or of any of the legions who marched and worked and struggled for justice, to say that John Lewis was the fullest and bravest embodiment of the raw courage required to end a century of Jim Crow in America.\nHis plea was not rhetorical but real. He led by example more than by words. He was a peaceful soldier in the cause of a religiously inspired understanding of humanity and of America. And he bent history to his will—though he would insist the important thing was not his will, but God’s. No other American represented the harsh realities and the high hopes of the civil-rights movement more vividly over a longer period of time more than John Lewis; no other prominent American bore such steady witness over as many decades to the belief, grounded in scripture and in the American tradition, that all men are in fact created equal.\nThe world was one way before John Lewis came out of Pike County and into the maelstrom of history, and it was another way when he was done. Though, to be strictly accurate, he was never done. “In the final analysis, we are one people, one family, one house—not just the house of black and white, but the house of the South, the house of America,” Lewis said. “We can move ahead, we can move forward, we can create a multiracial community, a truly democratic society. I think we’re on our way there. There may be some setbacks. But we are going to get there. We have to be hopeful. Never give up, never give in, keep moving on.” Devoted to the ideal of a soul’s pilgrimage from sin to redemption, from the wilderness of the world to the Kingdom of God, Lewis walked with faith that tomorrow could be better than today, and that tomorrow was but prelude to a yet more glorious day after that.\nTo put complicated matters simply: John Robert Lewis embodied the traits of a saint in the classical Christian sense of the term. A complex concept, sanctity has at various times been applied to all believers or to a special few. In Greek, the language of the New Testament, sainthood is derived from hagaizo, which means “to set apart” or “make holy.” (The Latin is sanctus.) Generations of believers have held that some human lives are in such harmony with the ideals of God that they should be singled out. One need not embrace Catholic practice and doctrine to benefit from the contemplation of men and women who, in the words of an old hymn, “toiled and fought and lived and died for the Lord they loved and knew.” One test of a saint, closely tied to the test of a martyr, is the willingness to suffer and die for others. Which Lewis was willing to do—again and again and again, on the streets of America the day before yesterday.\nThis may sound sentimental and overly grand, and if one were saying it about virtually anyone other than Lewis, it likely would be. To see John Lewis as a saint and hero, however, is not nostalgic, nor does such an understanding flow from a kind of easy-listening historical sensibility in which the civil rights movement is white America’s safe and redemptive drama. It comes, rather, from the straightforward story of what Lewis did, how he lived, and why. He accomplished something on the battlefields of twentieth-century America, in the skirmishes in our streets and in our cities and in our hearts, that links him with the saints of ancient ages, with the revolutionaries of the eighteenth century, and with the abolitionists and Union soldiers of the nineteenth. In Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural, the new president appealed, eloquently but theoretically, to “the better angels of our nature.” John Lewis is a better angel. The American present and future may in many ways hinge on the extent to which the rest of us can draw lessons from his example.\nExcerpted from His Truth Is Marching On by Jon Meacham. Copyright © 2020 by Jon Meacham. Excerpted by permission of Random House, an imprint of Random House. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.\n* * *\nPre-order your copy of His Truth Is Marching On, then make plans to join us for a virtual event with Jon Meacham on Tuesday, Aug. 25!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://chateaumathias.com/the-chateau-bed-endbreakfast-lot-et-garonne", "date": "2024-03-03T01:54:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00223.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9633614420890808, "token_count": 102, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__124462432", "lang": "en", "text": "The château was built in 1878 for the nobleman Edmond de Blay and his wife Thérèse de Sevin.\nDuring the Second World War, the house was occupied by the Resistance. Traces of their presence can be seen to this day.\nSince acquiring the property in 2014, we have undertaken a complete renovation and restoration of the interior while maintaining its original appearance. We have redesigned the garden to create a perfect idyllic framework for the beauty of the house.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mayanprincesshotel.com/september-celebrations/", "date": "2019-08-20T02:03:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315174.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820003509-20190820025509-00334.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9556041955947876, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__67038056", "lang": "en", "text": "San Pedro in September is a town of celebrations and remembrance, of thinking back to our shared history and looking forward at the future.\nBelize was born on September 21, 1981, and on that day each year we celebrate our independence. But before we get to that date, on September 10 each year we also celebrate a pivotal moment in our history from the late 1700s: the Battle of St. George’s Caye.\nOf course, in true San Pedro fashion we never miss an opportunity for festivities, and celebrating history is no different. If you should find yourself in our neck of the woods – perhaps staying at a quaint and cute little pink hotel – we’d love to cheers some Belikens with you!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.schnitzerei.it/en/", "date": "2022-10-03T23:46:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337446.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003231906-20221004021906-00653.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9614315629005432, "token_count": 214, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__130030292", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the world of woodcarvings - South Tyrol\nThe profession of woodcarver and wood sculptor can be found in old documents of the history of South Tyrol. It contains numerous names for our profession – all of them refer to the processing of wood in order to create noble and stylish forms.\nIn different regions of the Alpine region there were and still are mask carvers, crib carvers, relief and picture carvers, and last but not least wood carvers. The production of wooden figures was first described in South Tyrol at the beginning of the 17th century. Since then, this handicraft has been passed down from generation to generation, with the aim of preserving its originality and constantly developing its high quality. No wonder, then, that our small and large wooden works of art are in great demand all over the world!\nDiscover the variety of our products from decades of experience in our online shop and let yourself be enchanted by them!\nFor information and questions, we are always available by phone or e-mail.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://rsv.org.au/events/bonding-in-world-of-minerals/", "date": "2024-04-23T23:56:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818835.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423223805-20240424013805-00627.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9423439502716064, "token_count": 307, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__166040007", "lang": "en", "text": "Dr Stuart Mills\nGeosciences Senior Curator, Museum Victoria\nWhy is 2014 the UNESCO International Year of Crystallography? And why is crystallography important to us?\nIn 1914, 100 years ago, Max von Laue won the Nobel Prize for Physics “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”. A year later, Australian father and son team Sir William Henry Bragg and Sir William Lawrence Bragg were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize after being not only the first people to solve a crystal structure – that of salt, but for also developing the first X-ray spectrometer. These gifted scientists launched a new experimental discipline which has since uncovered the atomic arrangements of hundreds of thousands of materials in mineralogy, biology and chemistry, and has been vital to discoveries such as the structure of DNA.\nSo 100 years on, what is the state of play? Dr Stuart Mills, Senior Curator of Geosciences at Museum Victoria, will take you on a journey through “Bonding in the world of minerals” and show you that minerals are not only beautiful, but also that amazing discoveries are constantly being made. In 2014, determining the structure of minerals is as important now as it was 100 years ago, when von Laue and the Braggs started it all.\nThis talk is part of the public lecture series celebrating the2014 UNESCO International Year of Crystallography (http://science.unimelb.edu.au/crystallography).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://love88688.com/new-orleans-reborn-the-2008-nba-all-star-game/", "date": "2022-12-01T13:53:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00769.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9677379727363586, "token_count": 919, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__223213303", "lang": "en", "text": "The 2008 all-star weekend held in New Orleans just recently is one of the most important events the town has held as it is one of the biggest, if not the biggest, event that was held there since the town was devastated by Hurricane Katrina. The spectacle’s success was remarkable, letting tourists know that New Orleans has been reborn.\nThe festivities started with the Rookie Challenge, sponsored by T-Mobile. The game featured fancy passes, spectacular dunks, and athletic feats that the younger generation boasts. But among these great plays, one Daniel “Boobie” Gibson from the Cleveland Cavaliers, with his deadly three-point accuracy, stood tall among other rookies and sophomores. He led the sophomores to victory with 33 points, all of them coming from beyond the arc.\nThe next day, the all-star weekend continued, and the 2008 Haier Shooting Stars started the night off, and what a way to do so, as the San Antonio team, consisting of Spurs forward Tim haier led tv 43 inch Duncan, Silver Stars guard Becky Hammond, and NBA Legend David Robinson, overcame the odds and won the event, despite it being an event that requires good shooting from the perimeter (both Duncan and Robinson were known for their inside presence).\nThe Playstation Skills Challenge was the second event of the night, and continued the string of upsets, as Miami Heat star Dwayne Wade, the event’s 2-time defending champion, bowed out of the competition early on, leaving Utah Jazz guard Deron Williams and New Orleans’ own Chris Paul fighting for the championship. Even though the crowd was clearly behind the hometown boy, and Paul being the better man stats-wise, that didn’t stop the Jazz guard from having a date with destiny, as he defeated Paul in the finals, beating the record for the fastest time lapsed in the event while doing so.\nBut just when people thought this would be a night of upsets, the Foot Locker 3-point shootout featured Toronto Raptors shooter Jason Kapono’s dominance in the event. He breezed through the eliminations, leading the competitors with 20 points, next to both Dallas’ Dirk Nowitzki and Daniel Gibson’s 17. Nowitzki surprisingly faltered in the final round, and while Gibson managed to get a respectable score, both were humbled by Kapono’s amazing shooting streak, and the champion successfully defended his title with a score of 25, tying the all-time record for the most points in a three-point shootout event that was held by Chicago’s Craig Hodges.\nEnding the night was the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest that featured Toronto rookie Jamario Moon, Memphis sophomore Rudy Gay, 7-foot-tall Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard and Defending Champion Gerald Green of the Minnesota Timberwolves. Despite being the tallest of all the competitors, Howard showed tremendous leaping ability, which the announcers mentioned all the time that the NBA has never seen anyone so tall with the high leaping ability like Howard possesses. After he successfully nailed an astonishing left-handed tomahawk follow-up dunk which sounds quite easy on paper, but the thing is he bounced it off the backboard, and by back I meant the back of the backboard; everyone was already predicting a win for Howard, and they’re right. And while his first dunk raised the roof of the joint, the second and third ones blew it away. No doubt that he was the clear-cut champion of one of the best slam dunk events of all time.\nThe last night of the weekend featured the main attraction, the 2008 NBA All-star game, featuring the leagues brightest stars today, showcasing their amazing talents; and it showed during the first 3 quarters of the game, including Howard and Cavaliers star LeBron James sharing eye-popping alley-oop passes to one another. But in the final 10 minutes of the game, the competition got stiffer, and the heat was on. The East led throughout the game, but the West clawed their way back. But the West fell short when James drove home with a jam over Nowitzki that not only drew tremendous applause from fans, players and coaches alike, but also served as the nail in the coffin for the game. And it’s just fitting that with the East’s victory over the West, the Cavs’ forward received the award as All-Star MVP, showing everyone that he was the star among stars that night.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sailorcraftknots.com/my-story", "date": "2019-09-22T11:57:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575513.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922114839-20190922140839-00176.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.968093752861023, "token_count": 212, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__90726155", "lang": "en", "text": "The Knot Guy in Charleston, SC\nI started tying knots in 1985 while working on off-shore oil rigs in Alaska. A few of the work crew started making Monkeys Fist key fobs and before you knew it, we were trying to out do each other with all kinds of knots and braids. This was a wonderful way to pass the time while on fire watch or when the seas were too rough to work on deck.\nAt home in Anchorage I found myself fumbling with a piece of cord while all the time making key fobs, zipper pulls, bell ropes and Turk’s head bracelets. After 20 years in Alaska I have relocated to Charleston, South Carolina; drawn to the lowcountry by its maritime history and scenic coast line.\nI have been a member of the International Guild of Knot Tyers since 1992.\nAs a member of The International Guild of Knot Tyers I am surrounded by Master maritime craftsmen who have helped me with all aspects splicing of line and knot tying and we enjoy sharing knotting techniques.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kjm.cz/history-of-kjm", "date": "2021-10-24T07:06:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585911.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024050128-20211024080128-00578.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.978607177734375, "token_count": 1130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__87354228", "lang": "en", "text": "Preparations for a construction of the Public library in Brno started after the issue of the Library Code in the year 1919. The library council assembled for the first time in the Brno city hall led by Žofie Zvěřinová, a business school director and a latter longtime chairwoman of the council, on the 5th of October 1920. The library council decided to work out a list of all society libraries in Brno and to write out an audition for a librarian. The Brno Public municipal library was founded on the 1st of February 1921 and at the same day the librarian Antonín Vančura - Jiří Mahen entered into that position.\nThe Library was given two rooms in the ground floor in the German ordinary school on Veveří Street Nr. 26. One room was for administration purposes and the second one for a delivery room and a stock.\nOn the 20th of November 1922 the central library was open. It contained 13,228 of books. Right after fourteen affiliated branches were added (however the greatest library branches Křenová and Královo Pole were added to the central library in the year 1923) and 3,700 book volumes were given there out of the head office. A public reading room situated in a building of the city school on Křenová Street initialized its activity with 67 magazines. The whole library had three paid laborers and one worker without remuneration. A work of librarians was stroke by long-lasting troubles: low financial grants, perpetual postponements of moving the library into a better place and a fight over every crown. In some seasons new books could not even be bought and actually the State Ministry had to intervene into disputes between the library and municipality.\nIn 1926 the library moved out of the unsatisfactory premises up to the corner of Rašínova and Jakubská Street into a German girl’s school where it got five rooms. On the 1st of February 1926 a central reading room was opened as well. It was at least a partial improvement. At that time the library had over 30,000 book volumes, 14,583 out of them in affiliated branches. In the year 1927 first printed list of books that every reader had to buy was edited.\nThe year 1928 was very significant for Brno because an Exhibition of the contemporary culture which encouraged the city into an unusual cultural activity took place. At the congress of culturally pedagogic employees which took place during an occasion of the exhibition in Brno, Mahen presented a report named Library as a national institution. A library was not more a place to issue books. It was supposed to be an institution that was systematically educational and pedagogical.\nAt the end of the year 1939 the library moved into nine rooms in the building at 12 U solnice Street (Solniční Street today). Jiří Mahen did not live to see this change for the better. The illness, tragic misfortunes of the country, and other problems which complicated the realization of his plans pushed him to end his life voluntarily on 22nd May 1939. PhDr Ladislav Řezníček who came to the library after the German occupation of Znojmo took over his place. But from the very beginning of German occupation all the activities were subordinated to the supervision of a German librarian. The library council was suspended. About 140 “unsuitable” books were taken away from the library and other marked books were forbidden to lend but fortunately remained in the library. The Nazi town administration closed some branch offices of the library and municipal reading-rooms from October 1940.\nAfter the liberation the library was gradually changing. It put emphasis on educational influence on readers, its location, equipment and personal security were step by step improved. In the year 1951 the library was placed into the Schrattenbach Palace, near Liberty Square in Brno, and its head office has stayed up to now. The name of Jiří Mahen has been connected with this library since the year 1959.\nThe library gained its present appearance at the beginning of the 1970s. The network of branch offices extends the central library and these are located in the different parts of Brno - in the old built-up area, in new housing estates as well as in some integrated communities. The 1990s represent the expansion and modernization of services. The public reading-room with an enquiry office and music library were built, book resources are complemented with some new kinds of documents, especially CDs and CD-ROMs. Computer technology is applied to the record-keeping and to the elaboration of book resources as well as to the record-keeping of readers and book-loans which at the same time makes the development of services of information easier. In autumn 1997 the operation of public internet station begins in the central building of the Jiří Mahen Library, at 4 Kobližná Street.\nBetween 1998 and 2001 a complex reconstruction of the central library was realized and the library became a basis for building a modern information institute – The Library for 21st century.\nFurther information from the history of Jiří Mahen Library can be found in the book “Library for a city” in the property of Jiří Mahen Library.\nIt is hard to imagine more precious ideas than those to be found in books!\n(The Library as a national institution, 1928)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.ornamentmagazine.org/blog/veiled-meanings-volume-402", "date": "2019-09-17T08:19:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573065.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917081137-20190917103137-00242.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9555968046188354, "token_count": 1475, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__73636988", "lang": "en", "text": "Housed in Felix Warburg’s former Fifth Avenue mansion on New York City’s “Museum Mile,” The Jewish Museum is one of the world’s oldest museums dedicated to the presentation of art and Jewish culture. Founded in 1904, and featuring collections from the ancient to the contemporary, its current focus highlights apparel from the collection of The Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Over twenty countries and one hundred examples of Jewish costume from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries illuminate the diversity and complexity of Jewish identity and culture in “Veiled Meanings: Fashioning Jewish Dress.”\nStaged in a darkly lit room for protection of its textiles, the lighting serves as a successful aid to what turns out to be a fascinating and immersive ambiance. We understand that clothing serves to functionally cover our bodies (a form of shelter from our nakedness and to separate us from the natural world); but its cultural dimensions are far deeper and wider wherever it is worn, gaining ever more complicated meanings as it emerged from the mists of time. With Jewish migration historically worldwide, “Veiled Meanings” addresses this subject thematically in the exhibition’s four sections: Through the Veil; Interweaving Cultures; Exposing the Unseen; and Clothing that Remembers. Largely subsumed by non-Jewish cultures, it is not surprising that Jewish clothing was identical to, or a tweak of the dominant nationality, as well as having characteristics identifiably Jewish, such as badges, the color yellow, the Judenhut (the Jewish hat), and specific types of robes and face gear marking them as different from Christian and Muslim societies.\nFemale outdoor body wraps were the custom throughout the Middle East and Central Asia, in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq and Uzbekistan. Through the Veil shows the degree that body wraps primarily masked female personal identity, shielding it from public scrutiny. As indicators of status or religion, one display of differentiation was the wearing of veils; in Baghdad, Iraq, Christian women did not cover their face, but Jewish women wore a fine-mesh black horsehair veil for more total concealment.\nEspecially interesting is the amalgamation of cultural diffuseness brought about by migrations over time and place throughout the world. In the section Interweaving Cultures, there is seen a zesty embrace of contemporaneous internationalized fashions, motifs and materials in the making and wearing of dress. One delightful representative is an ensemble where the skirt was inspired by a ballet tutu. This shalita gained popularity and imitation after a European visit in 1873 by the Shah of Persia and his (favorite) wife.\nAs both a protection from evil and symbolic of fertility, a bride’s palms were painted with henna dye and reflected ongoing traditional beliefs. Sewn by her mother, the Henna Dress was made for Dakhla Rachel Mu’allem, who was married at eleven, and worn to the child’s henna ceremony prior to the marriage ceremony itself. The dress shows a mixture of cultural influences from the Ottoman coatdress worn by Muslim and Jewish women to the European-style gathered long skirt sewn to a long-sleeved top. Like this one with its decorative flourishes, many garments pointedly emphasized and amplified the breast area. Interestedly, and a curious conundrum, in a culture that was sexually restrictive and proscribed modesty as a critical indicator of the virtuous female, these dresses were not considered immodest. Today they might be considered a mixed message of what is a women’s traditional role in a culture experiencing worldly influences, vacillating between tradition and modernity.\nTwo stunning garments, a woman’s kaltachak from Uzbekistan of brocaded silk and ikat-dyed silk, and from Iraqi Kurdistan a groom’s attire decorated with diamond-shaped amuletic symbols, are breathtaking examples of craftsmanship at work. In Zakho, from where the groom’s outfit derives, Armenian weavers were renowned for the high quality of their patterned goat-hair fabrics. The woman’s coat is a superb example of the compelling presentation that ikat-dyed fabric makes; and the combination of brocade and silk is elegant and luxurious. This kaltachak likely reflects the political and social changes that were taking place in Bukhara following the Russian conquest and Jews were free to emigrate to Ottoman Palestine. By the end of the nineteenth century some one hundred eighty Bukharan Jewish families had resettled in Jerusalem and it is surmised that this extraordinary coat is from one of these families.\nThe importance of family in Jewish life, ensuring its continuance and stability, is another feature of the exhibition with its examples of children’s clothing. Symbolic weddings of five-year-olds were held in Moroccan communities on Shavuot, the holiday celebrating the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai and was meant to strengthen the children’s connection to the Torah and its commandments. Imitating a real groom’s attire, the boy’s suit here is decorated with hamsas (hand symbols), a North African emblem to ward off evil.\n“Veiled Meanings” shows the degree to which Jewish dress is akin to other periods of history in timeless, essential struggles between religion, tradition and modernity, East and West, freedom and equality. Yet the exhibition’s power is its ability to synthesize what is visually unique and specific to Jewish life, experience and culture, by how dress has not only been regulated by those cultures that controlled Jewish daily life but the “way of life” (orah hayyim) proscribed by Jewish law itself.\nIn a subtle and understated way, the exhibition invites questions about how we live with a sense of respect, tolerance and accommodation for those who make up this world. How do we live safely and well in a turbulent world with forces that we, ourselves, cannot control, yet still rise to the challenge of expanding the inherent possibilities of what it means to be human? Many questions are there for answering.\n“Veiled Meanings: Fashioning Jewish Dress, from the Collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem,”\nshows at the Jewish Museum, New York City, through March 18, 2018.\nClick Images for Captions\nThese photographs were taken at the Veiled Meanings exhibition in New York, November 2017.\nCarolyn L. E. Benesh is Coeditor of Ornament and our in-house expert on contemporary wearable art. As Ornament’s resident itinerant, she moves to and fro across the USA in search of inspiring craft, great experiences and, of course, excellent food. In the waning months of 2017, she made her annual trip to the Philadelphia Museum of Art Craft Show, a much beloved annual stop, adding a visit to New York City for more work. After one delightful morning spent at the Neue Galerie’s Cafe Sabarsky with artist Reiko Ishiyama, Benesh went on to The Jewish Museum to review “Veiled Meanings: Fashioning Jewish Dress.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://jamiethelibrarian.com/", "date": "2015-12-01T00:13:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464386.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00303-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9871550798416138, "token_count": 466, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__85087656", "lang": "en", "text": "image from Junior Library Guild\nFarrell, Mary Cronk. Pure Grit: How American World War II Nurses Survived Battle and Prison Camp in the Pacific. ill. Nonfiction. Abrams Books for Young Readers. 2014. 160 p. $24.95, 978-1-4917-1028-5. Outstanding. Grades 7-11.\nFrom the striking cover to the harrowing stories inside, Pure Grit is a story that commands attention. Farrell tells the story of the hundred nurses that were stationed in the Philippines during World War II. Since most of the action of World War II had been in Europe, the nurses thought they were going to a safe place primarily to attend to the needs of military personnel and their families in peace time.\nThe nurses’ life in the Philippines was relaxed at first. They played card games and attended dances. This casual lifestyle ended abruptly when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and began bombing the Philippines the following day. In a day, their lives went from serene to chaotic. Almost none of the nurses had worked in a combat zone, so the shock of attending injured men, maimed, and dying men took its toll on these women. The sound of bombs exploding was a constant. As the war raged on, food became scarce, and many people, nurses included, became malnourished. Diseases such as beriberi, dysentery, malaria, and leprosy spread. When the nurses were sent to prison camps, their families didn’t receive any news of them. By the time the war was over, and the nurses were able to go home, many of them were changed for life. Although we didn’t have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) identified yet, many of these nurses suffered from it. It was very difficult for them to adjust to life back home, and to make matters worse, the Veterans Administration denied benefits to them. By the time they were formally honored for their work in 1983, many of them had already died.\nHistorically significant black-and-white photographs, along with maps, a dual-column text layout, glossary, list of nurses, select timeline, endnotes, bibliography, and websites for more information, complete the book.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.crickcafe.com/analysis/ben-stokes-heroics-in-ashes-2019/", "date": "2023-12-02T06:31:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00663.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.975730836391449, "token_count": 391, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__268455588", "lang": "en", "text": "Ben Stokes, the English all-rounder, cemented his place in Ashes folklore with his heroics in the third test of the 2019 Ashes series. The test match, which was played at Headingley, will forever be remembered for Stokes’ remarkable innings that turned the tide in England’s favor.\nThe game was in a precarious position for England when Stokes came to the crease with the team struggling at 286 for 4 in the second innings, still needing 73 runs to avoid an innings defeat. The situation was made even more challenging when England lost their last two recognized batsmen quickly, leaving Stokes stranded with only the tail-enders for support.\nDespite the daunting task at hand, Stokes refused to give up and started taking on the Australian bowlers aggressively. He hit an array of spectacular shots and kept the scoreboard ticking, taking England closer to their target with each passing over. The pressure was immense, but Stokes remained calm and composed, putting up a magnificent display of batting.\nAs the tension mounted, Stokes lost his batting partner, Jack Leach, with just two runs left to win. With the weight of an entire nation on his shoulders, Stokes held his nerve and hit a series of boundaries, taking England to a sensational victory. His unbeaten 135 off 219 balls included 11 fours and 8 sixes, and was one of the greatest innings in the history of test cricket.\nStokes’ heroics in the third Ashes test not only secured a famous victory for England but also boosted the team’s morale for the rest of the series. His performance was an inspiration to the entire squad and lifted the spirits of the nation. Stokes’ never-say-die attitude, combined with his skill and determination, has earned him a place in Ashes folklore, and he will always be remembered as one of the greatest all-rounders to have played the game.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bigbiglands.com/the-white-house-the-official-home-of-the-united-states/", "date": "2022-12-09T20:22:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711475.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209181231-20221209211231-00764.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9734491109848022, "token_count": 1942, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__89842830", "lang": "en", "text": "Bạn đang xem: White house\nCorrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions khổng lồ improve this article (requires login).\nFeedback TypeSelect a type (Required)Factual CorrectionSpelling/Grammar CorrectionLink CorrectionAdditional InformationOther\nOur editors will review what you’ve submitted và determine whether khổng lồ revise the article.Join bigbiglands.com\"s Publishing Partner Program và our community of experts khổng lồ gain a global audience for your work!\nWhite House, formerly Executive Mansion (1810–1901), the official office & residence of the president of the United States at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. In Washington, D.C. It is perhaps the most famous & easily recognizable house in the world, serving as both the trang chủ and workplace of the president và the headquarters of the president’s principal staff members.\nWhite House, drawing by James Hoban\nDrawing of the elevation of the nhà trắng by James Hoban, 1792; in the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.\nCourtesy of the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore\nThe building’s history begins in 1792, when a public competition was held khổng lồ choose a kiến thiết for a presidential residence in the new capital city of Washington. Thomas Jefferson, later the country’s third president (1801–09), using the pseudonymous initials “A.Z.,” was among those who submitted drawings, but Irish American architect James Hoban won the commission (and a $500 prize) with his plan for a Georgian mansion in the Palladian style. The structure was to lớn have three floors và more than 100 rooms and would be built in sandstone imported from quarries along Aquia Creek in Virginia. The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1792. Labourers, including local enslaved people, were housed in temporary huts built on the north side of the premises. They were joined by skilled stonemasons from Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1793.\nIn 1800 the entire federal government was relocated from Philadelphia khổng lồ Washington. John Adams, the country’s second president (1797–1801), moved into the still unfinished presidential mansion on November 1 & the next night wrote in a letter to his wife, Abigail Adams:\nI Pray Heaven Bestow the Best of Blessings on This House & All that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but Honest & Wise Men ever rule under this Roof.\nAt the insistence of Pres. Franklin Roosevelt (1933–45), the quotation was inscribed on the fireplace of the State Dining Room immediately below the portrait of Abraham Lincoln, by George Healy.\nWhen Abigail Adams finally arrived in Washington several days later, she was disappointed with the inadequate state of the residence. The first lady wrote,\nThere is not a single apartment finished. We have not the least fence, yard, or other convenience outside. I use the great unfinished audience room\nThe white house nhà trắng in the 19th century\nThe mansion quickly became a focal point of the new federal city and was symbolically linked to the United States Capitol by way of Pennsylvania Avenue. Following his inauguration in March 1801, Jefferson became the second president khổng lồ reside in the executive mansion. In keeping with his ardent republicanism, he opened the house to public visitation each morning, a tradition that was continued (during peacetime) by all his successors. He personally drew up landscaping plans và had two earthen mounds installed on the south lawn to remind him of his beloved Virginia Piedmont. Meanwhile, construction continued on the building’s interior, which still lacked ample staircases and suffered from a persistently leaky roof. During Jefferson’s tenure, the white house nhà trắng was elegantly furnished in Louis XVI style (known in America as Federal style).\nDuring the War of 1812 the building was burned by the British, and Pres. James Madison (1809–17) & his family were forced lớn flee the city. The Madisons eventually moved into the nearby Octagon House, the Washington mansion of John Tayloe, a Virginia plantation owner. Reconstruction and expansion began under Hoban’s direction, but the building was not ready for occupancy until 1817, during the administration of Pres. James Monroe (1817–25). Hoban’s reconstruction included the addition of east & west terraces on the main building’s flanks; a semicircular south portico và a colonnaded north portico were added in the 1820s.\nDuring the 19th century the nhà trắng became a symbol of American democracy. In the minds of most Americans, the building was not a “palace” from which the president ruled but merely a temporary office and residence from which he served the people he governed. The nhà trắng belonged to lớn the people, not the president, và the president occupied it only for as long as the people allowed him to stay. The idea of a president refusing to leave the nhà trắng after losing an election or an impeachment trial was unthinkable.\nThe inauguration of Andrew Jackson (1829–37), the “people’s president,” attracted thousands of well-wishers to the nation’s capital. As Jackson rode on horseback down Pennsylvania Avenue to lớn the trắng House, he was surrounded by a frenetic throng of 20,000 people, many of whom attempted khổng lồ follow him into the mansion lớn get a better look at their hero. A contemporary, Margaret Bayer Smith, recounts what happened next: “The halls were filled with a disorderly rabble…scrambling for the refreshments designed for the drawing room.” While friends of the new president joined arms to lớn protect him from the mob, “china và glass lớn the amount of several thousand dollars were broken in the struggle to lớn get at the ices & cakes, though punch và other drinkables had been carried out in tubs & buckets lớn the people.” Said Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, “I was glad to escape from the scene as soon as possible.” During his administration Jackson spent more than $50,000 refurbishing the residence, including $10,000 on decorations for the East Room and more than $4,000 on a sterling silver dinner and dessert phối decorated with an American eagle.\nIn 1842 the visit to lớn the United States of the English novelist Charles Dickens brought an official invitation lớn the white House. After his calls at the white house nhà trắng door went unanswered, Dickens let himself in and walked through the mansion from room to room on the lower & upper floors. Finally coming upon a room filled with nearly two dozen people, he was shocked and appalled khổng lồ see many of them spitting on the carpet. Dickens later wrote, “I take it for granted the Presidential housemaids have high wages.” Until the Civil War, however, most white house servants were enslaved people. Moreover, the wages of all white house employees—as well as the expenses for running the white House, including staging official functions—were paid for by the president. Not until 1909 did Congress provide appropriations to lớn pay white house servants.\nDickens was not the only foreign visitor to be disappointed with the white House. On a trip lớn Washington just before the Civil War, Aleksandr Borisovich Lakier, a Russian nobleman, wrote that “the trang chủ of the president…is barely visible behind the trees.” The trắng House, he said, was “sufficient for a private family and not at all conforming lớn the expectations of a European.” Subsequent changes khổng lồ the building in the 19th century were relatively minor. The interior was redecorated during various presidential administrations & modern conveniences were regularly added, including a refrigerator in 1845, gas lighting in 1849, và electric lighting in 1891.\nThe white house nhà trắng was the scene of mourning after the assassination of Pres. Abraham Lincoln (1861–65). While Mary Todd Lincoln lay in her room for five weeks grieving for her husband, many white house holdings were looted. Responding khổng lồ charges that she had stolen government property when she left the trắng House, she angrily inventoried all the items she had taken with her, including gifts of quilts và waxworks from well-wishers.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://togeth3r.com/products/antique-turkish-drip-vase-iii", "date": "2024-04-16T01:50:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817036.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416000407-20240416030407-00375.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9340854287147522, "token_count": 120, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__113868588", "lang": "en", "text": "Antique Turkish Drip Vase III\nHand-crafted from terracotta with an olive green glaze, this antique vessel was historically used to preserve olives and oil in the off-season. As you can see in the fourth photo, the base on this vase is missing, but otherwise, it's in good condition and still stands up perfectly.\nwidth 23cm x height 26cm\nAs with all vintage pieces, there may be minor imperfections which are considered normal. We make every effort to highlight more significant flaws.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://quinnwelsch.com/2014/06/24/ken-burns-the-war/", "date": "2019-03-24T02:33:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203168.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324022143-20190324044143-00522.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9095298647880554, "token_count": 142, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__4909473", "lang": "en", "text": "Just turned on “The War,” a documentary about World War II by Ken Burns. I can’t get over the lines narrated by David Keith.\n“The greatest cataclysm in history grew out of ancient and ordinary human emotions: anger and arrogance and bigotry, victim-hood and the lust for power. And it ended because other human qualities—courage and perseverance and selflessness, faith, leadership and the hunger for freedom— combined, with unimaginable brutality, to change the course of human events.\n“The Second World War brought out the best—and the worst—in a generation, and blurred the two so that they became at times almost indistinguishable.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.palazzomagnani.it/en/palazzo-magnani/", "date": "2024-04-12T18:07:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816045.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412163227-20240412193227-00683.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9537074565887451, "token_count": 1082, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__36493617", "lang": "en", "text": "The palazzo was built in the latter half of the sixteenth century when the Becchi Counts decided to construct their city residence, choosing a location on Via della Ghiara, now Corso Garibaldi, which at the time was particularly strategic for trade.\nSeveral elite families had already settled there in the fifteenth century, to the point that it could be described as a planned urban development, later amplified in 1597 when building began on the Basilica of the Madonna della Ghiara. This led to stipulations for a precise alignment of façades and attention to perspective when positioning palazzi within the street plan, often by applying corner decorations.\nPalazzo Magnani also has this type of decoration: a marble herm depicting two-faced Janus, created in 1576 by sculptor Prospero Sogari, aka ‘Il Clemente’.\nThe only remains of the original construction from that period is the palazzo layout, built around a central courtyard and the marble herm on the corner.\nIn the early nineteenth century, the palazzo was ceded to another Reggio family, the Chioffi, who undertook major renovations in 1841. These entailed a complete renovation of the building in neoclassical style, visible above all in the internal and external façades and in the central staircase. It was probably in this period that the palazzo established its current external form, whereas the internal decorations and the ceiling frescoes on the first floor rooms were made over a longer period of time, up until the late nineteenth century.\nAfter several interim changes of ownership, on 18 March 1917 the property was purchased by Giuseppe Magnani. On his death in 1960, the property was inherited by his son Luigi, an art collector and musicologist.\nAlready by the early 1980s Luigi Magnani was considering transferring the building to the provincial government, to be used for exhibition purposes. At the same time a plan to establish the Magnani-Rocca Foundation was underway to protect and promote its extraordinary art collection, and ensure it was permanently accessible to the public at Villa di Mamiano di Traversetolo.\nAt the time of Luigi Magnani’s death, the province of Reggio Emilia acquired the building and began restoration work, which ended in the spring of 1997.\nOn 26 April 1997, Palazzo Magnani began its journey in the world of culture and art.\nLuigi Magnani (Reggio Emilia, 1906 – Mamiano, 1984) was a writer, essayist, art historian, musicologist, composer and music critic.\nLuigi dedicated his life to culture in all its forms, forging friendships with some of the greatest Italian artists and intellectuals of the twentieth century, among them Giuseppe Ungaretti, Eugenio Montale, Giorgio Morandi, Alberto Burri, Renato Guttuso, Giacomo Manzù and Alberto Savinio.\nHis extraordinary art collection, exhibited in his residence at Mamiano di Traversetolo, includes works by Goya, Titian, Rembrandt, Dürer, Monet, Renoir and Canova.\nLuigi was the son of Giuseppe Magnani, an agricultural entrepreneur and owner of a dairy industry, and Eugenia Rocca, a member of a Ligurian noble family.\nA student of the exceptional teacher Adolfo Venturi, Luigi graduated 1929 with a liberal arts degree from the University of Rome, where he later taught. Alfredo Casella was responsible for his musical education. Over the course of his life Luigi produced important research and writings on Correggio, Morandi, Mozart, Beethoven, Goethe, Stendhal and Proust.\nDuring his extraordinary career Luigi Magnani belonged to the Pontificia Accademia di belle arti e lettere dei Virtuosi at the Pantheon in Rome. He curated broadcasts for RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana, and he won the Campiello writing award for his novel Il nipote di Beethoven and the Otto/Novecento prize for literary criticism.\nAfter he left teaching at the University of Rome, in 1976 he retired permanently to the villa at Mamiano. From that moment on he developed the idea of creating an art foundation and intensified his search for artworks to enrich his collection, often following suggestions from art critics and friends, including Argan, Brandi, Chastel, Emiliani, Frommel, Longhi, Quintavalle, Ragghianti, Sgarbi, Vitali and Zeri.\nIn 1977 he founded Fondazione Magnani Rocca, in memory of his parents.\nLuigi Magnani died at his villa in Mamiano on 15 November 1984. Two months earlier he had presented his collection of ancient art at Palazzo Magnani in Reggio Emilia, in an exhibition entitled Fondazione Magnani Rocca: Masterpieces of Ancient Painting.\nFondazione Palazzo Magnani © 2024 all rights reserved | P.IVA 02456050356", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.thebarnatmelanfarm.com/about", "date": "2024-02-26T04:19:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474650.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226030734-20240226060734-00348.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.97359699010849, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__119276814", "lang": "en", "text": "top of page\nThe serene acreage of Melan Farm was purchased in 2005 by Andy and Melody Orvin.\nBy 2007, a beautiful 12-acre pond had been created, around which numerous family gatherings would be held, countless fish would be caught, and cherished memories would be made. The pond remained largely encompassed by trees until September 2017 when the vision for a wedding venue was hatched. Construction began soon after in October.\nThe crown jewel of the property, the large closed-in barn, was built almost completely by Andy and Jordan. They stood the walls, set the trusses, hand crafted each of the doors and windows, and finished out the entire barn in beautiful tongue and groove wood.\nAfter a seven-month labor of love, the Orvins opened their doors in April 2018 for the barn’s first wedding. Since then, the barn has seen many gorgeous wedding ceremonies and housed various events, such as birthday celebrations, charity galas, and corporate retreats.\nbottom of page", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ytheatre.org/2011/11/07/sifting-through-ancient-garbage/", "date": "2019-08-23T02:14:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317817.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823020039-20190823042039-00533.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9395148158073425, "token_count": 548, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__95582345", "lang": "en", "text": "Last week, some of us visited the Sifting Project in the Tzurim Valley National Park below Mount Scopus. Under the direction of Bar Ilan University archaeologists, Dr. Gabriel Barkay and Zachi Zweig, volunteers have been sifting through hundreds of truckloads of earth and debris that was dumped from the Temple Mount by direction of the Islamic Waqf who administers the Temple Mount and its Muslim sites. Over a 48-hour period in October 1999, workers used heavy machinery to dig deep into the Temple Mount in order to create a staircase to access a mosque with a 10,000-person capacity in what is known as “Solomon’s Stables”–a massive arched area that Herod built to support his expansion of the Temple Mount platform when he renovated the Second Jerusalem Temple in 20 BCE. More than 200 trucks worked day and night to empty the refuse mainly into the Kidron Valley. Archaeologists have not previously had any access to the Temple Mount; in this refuse, they have found artifacts and significant materials dating from Iron Age I–the 10th century BCE onward. Here is an Israeli television interview that shows some of the archaeological findings.\nThe site confounds the narrative taught to many Muslims that the Jewish Temples are fictions invented to support Israeli territorial claims to Jerusalem. Thousands of years of Jewish pilgrimage and worship, the First Jerusalem Temple, Persian, Hellenisitc, Roman (the Second Temple), Byzantine, Arab, Crusader, Malmuk, Turkish, and modern periods are documented in the debris. The professionalism of the project, the expertise and open-mindedness of the archaeologists on site, and the material evidence are incontrovertible. They use a technique not dissimilar to the contemporary garbage harvest, sorting metal, semi and precious stone, architectural stone, glass, bone, and pottery from the dirt. One of the people in our group found a beautiful carnelian bead–a semi-precious gem. The staff duly marked it with Courtney’s name and packaged it to be sent to the lab for dating and analysis. Kader and I found a fine sharp flint stone.\nThe project contributes difficult layers and controversy to the meaning of “garbage” in Jerusalem, and among us. In what we discard, we encode our personal and societal biographies, historical and current. Unfortunately, disrespectful treatment of important material–as if it is refuse–has destroyed the datable stratification of historic layers and caused more work. The organizers estimate that 10 more years of sifting remain. We also need to sift through our experience together and interpret its meaning to our joint creative work on garbage.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://lacucinaitalianamagazine.com/ingredient/mostarda", "date": "2013-12-13T04:02:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164848402/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134728-00013-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9527221322059631, "token_count": 910, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__160261620", "lang": "en", "text": "With many variations, from fig to quince, the unmistakable flavors of northern Italy’s famous agrodolce fruit preserve crown meat, poultry, pasta, cheese and even seafood.\nA favorite of Catherine de’ Medici, who placed a jar in her dowry trunk when she left to marry the king of France’s son in 1533, mostarda is a distinctive fruit conserve that mixes the intense spice of mustard with the sweet flavors of candied fruit. The first known written recipe for this condiment appeared in chef Lancelot de Casteau’s Ouverture de Cuisine in 1604, which called for finely chopped candied orange and quince peels—a substitute for the traditional grape must—added to a purée of mustard, sugar and rose water. Over the centuries the agrodolce flavor characteristic of mostarda has taken on countless variations. By the 19th century there were many cities with their own versions, and the varieties of mostarda made in Cremona became widely regarded as the most special because of the complexity of their ingredients. The 1875 publication of Il manuale del cuoco included the first instructions for making a more modern version of mostarda di Cremona—a recipe close to those found in Cremona today.\nThe origins of mostarda go back much further than the 19th century, to the ancient practice of pairing sweet and spicy flavors, like grape must and fruit, with mustard. There are fifth century references to a compote of quince, pomegranate and sorbus fruit, cooked together in grape must until the fruit began to fall apart. The word mostarda is traced to the Latin word ardens, or ardente in Italian. Ardente means burning, and it refers to the spice of the white mustard flour that was once added to the unfermented grape must, or mustum, to make mustum ardens. In French, this spicy conserve was called moût ardent, which then became moutarde, and was translated into Italian as mostarda. While its name may come from French, mostarda is entirely an Italian specialty, and like most of the country’s recipes, there are several regional versions of this preserve.\nIn Lombardy, the mostarda of Mantova is prepared with sliced quince, apple or local pear, and in the nearby town of Viadana, a spicier version is made with passacrassana pears, a winter variety with dense flesh. Puréed quince and pears, mixed with candied orange and citron peel, characterize most mostarda from the Veneto region, except for that from Verona, which calls for vegetables. Without mustard, however, mostarda is considered cognà, an ancient preserve traditionally found in Piedmont, made by cooking quince and pear in grape must with walnuts and hazelnuts. Grape must is still used in some recipes from Emilia-Romagna, where it is mixed with quince, pear and prune. The Tuscan version of mostarda includes apples, pears, candied citron mustard and grape must, as recorded by Pellegrino Artusi in the 19th century. Mostarda is also the name of a dessert in Sicily, a sweet and slightly sour cake made with grape must and flour that is seasoned in various ways.\nAccording to tradition, mostarda is served in the fall, paired with bollito misto, Italian boiled meats. Today, mostarda is not limited to a single season and complements a wide range of foods. For the mostarda of Cremona, each fruit has its own dish: fig mostarda is served with herbed cheese and salumi; clementine mostarda with roast meats and fresh cheeses; while tome cheese, prosciutto cotto and Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese are all ideal pairs for mostarda with pumpkin. With pear mostarda, serve Parmigiano-Reggiano and Felino salame, and for melon, serve culatello and fresh cow’s milk cheeses. The mostarda of Mantova, a fundamental ingredient in the local tortelli, is great with boiled white meat and medium-aged cheeses.\n© 2013 Quadratum USA. All rights reserved.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://daltonnruzc.blogzag.com/69734623/the-smart-trick-of-hurghada-luxor-tours-that-nobody-is-discussing", "date": "2024-03-04T20:16:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00536.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9019216895103455, "token_count": 709, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__63550401", "lang": "en", "text": "Embark on the mesmerizing journey by way of time as we delve into your enchanting planet of Luxor, Egypt, and also the awe-inspiring wonders it has to offer. In this post, We'll investigate the captivating experiences awaiting individuals who enterprise on Hurghada to Luxor excursions, that has a Exclusive target the enduring Valley in the Kings.\nHurghada to Luxor Tours:\nFor travelers seeking a mixture of record, society, and experience, a visit from Hurghada to Luxor can be an complete have to. Luxor, usually known as the \"globe's greatest open up-air museum,\" features an abundance of archaeological treasures that span 1000s of a long time. The journey in the coastal paradise of Hurghada to the historic heart of Egypt is an immersive experience, offering a glimpse into your place's wealthy past.\nValley of your Kings:\nAmong the list of crown jewels of Luxor would be the renowned Valley in the Kings, a necropolis that served as the final resting spot for pharaohs of the New Kingdom. Nestled about the west financial institution in the Nile, this ancient burial floor can be a UNESCO Globe Heritage site as well as a testament to your grandeur of Egyptian civilization.\nSite visitors towards the Valley of your Kings are greeted by a landscape dotted with elaborately decorated tombs, Every single holding a novel story of the pharaohs who at the time ruled Egypt. The intricate hieroglyphics, vibrant murals, plus the sheer scale in the architecture are bound to depart an indelible impression on each individual traveler.\nHurghada Tours: Gateway to Luxor's Splendors\nHurghada, a popular vacation resort town together the Crimson Sea, serves as The best start line for those wanting to discover the miracles of Luxor. The journey from Hurghada to Luxor is not just a possibility to witness the stark contrast concerning the coastal oasis and the ancient town but in addition a chance to knowledge the heat of Egyptian hospitality.\nHurghada to Luxor excursions normally include guided visits to iconic landmarks including the Karnak Temple, Luxor Temple, along with the Colossi of Memnon. The knowledgeable guides present insights into the historic significance of every website, presenting a comprehensive comprehension of Egypt's cultural tapestry.\nPractical Methods for an Unforgettable Luxor Trip:\nRelaxed Attire: Provided The nice and cozy local weather, it can be recommended to don light, breathable apparel and comfy footwear.\nHydration: Carry enough water to stay hydrated, Primarily throughout outside explorations.\nDigicam Prepared: Seize the magic of Luxor by bringing a camera to immortalize the spectacular landscapes and historic artifacts.\nRespect Neighborhood Customs: When viewing religious websites, it's important to costume modestly out of respect for that area customs.\nA Luxor excursion from Hurghada is usually a transformative encounter, presenting a novel blend of leisure and hurghada luxor tours exploration. Within the sun-kissed seashores of Hurghada to your timeless wonders of Luxor, this journey is actually a celebration of Egypt's abundant heritage. Whether or not marveling with the grandeur of your Valley of the Kings or navigating the bustling markets of Luxor, each and every minute claims to be a stage back again in time, leaving an indelible mark over the hearts of travelers.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://markettheatre.co.za/history-3/", "date": "2024-02-21T08:47:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00414.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9644209742546082, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__161813465", "lang": "en", "text": "The Market Theatre, founded in Johannesburg in 1976 by Mannie Manim and the late Barney Simon, was constructed out of Johannesburg’s Indian Fruit Market – built in 1913. The theatre went on to become internationally renowned as South Africa’s “Theatre of the Struggle”.\nThe Market Theatre challenged the apartheid regime, armed with little more than the conviction that culture can change society. The strength and truth of that conviction was acknowledged in 1995 when the theatre received the American Jujamcyn Award. In providing a voice to the voiceless, The Market Theatre did not forego artistic excellence, but, rather, made a point of it. Its twenty-one international and over three hundred South African theatre awards bears eloquent testimony to the courage and artistic quality of its work.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lovensake.com/2020/06/04/summersaketamonyini/", "date": "2024-04-20T08:16:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817491.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420060257-20240420090257-00381.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.700201153755188, "token_count": 1255, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__44606082", "lang": "en", "text": "About the History of “Summer Sake”\nSince it’s quite impossible to go to Japan for fresh sake, the only thing I can do is to review some interesting contents.\n“Kura of Japan” is a book published by Kyushu University that introduces the history of the Kura architecture in Japan.\nIt introduces sake manufacturers in different geographical locations across Japan. There are various arrangements and designs of architecture in response to the procedures of steamed rice, koji making, and sake making under different climate conditions.\nThere’s a little part about the brewing of “summer sake ” in ancient times, which is quite interesting. Unlike the concept of modern summer sake. The current version of summer sake is not really a tradition in seasonal Nihonshu. It’s relatively more like a marketing outcome.\nHowever, in the history of ancient sake manufacture, there was indeed a tradition of summer brewing recorded in history book.\nThe ” Tamonyini Diary” (たもんいんにっき) is a history book started from 1478 by a monk Hidetoshi of Kofukuji Temple in Nara, and continued to record 140 years of monastery history.\nIt mentioned that the summer sake （夏酒）brewing in the monastery was initiated from February to May on the lunar calendar, and the official Lunar sake (正月酒）brewing period was from September to October on the lunar calendar.\nInterestingly, the summer Sake brewing period was longer than winter season period. I wonder if it is because of the larger demand at the time? (Smile)\n#日本酒 #夏酒 #多聞院日記 #日本酒女子 #Sake #nihonshu #清酒 #酒蔵 #九州大学 #山口昭三", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://election.conservative.org/state/arizona/", "date": "2023-09-25T06:08:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00740.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9813308715820312, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__122922670", "lang": "en", "text": "Arizona was predicted to be the swing state most prepared to manage the onslaught of mail-in ballots. In 2018, 79% of Arizonans voted by mail. This may account for why Arizona was historically slow to report vote counts.\nBut in 2020, Arizona was amongst the first states to be called for Joe Biden. With only 73% of the state’s votes counted, Fox News projected that Biden would win Arizona’s 11 electoral votes. At the time, more than 900,000 votes were still to be counted. Most of them were from election day in Maricopa County where 60% of the electorate lives.\nWhen 99% of the votes had ultimately been counted, Joe Biden’s lead over Donald Trump was only 10,000 votes or just .3 percentage points.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://topsroofing.ca/oakville-roofing-contractors/", "date": "2023-05-30T04:19:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00417.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9419170618057251, "token_count": 652, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__236308289", "lang": "en", "text": "OAKVILLE ROOFING CONTRACTORS\nTops Roofing Company has been an active member of the Oakville community since 1987 and providing homeowners like yourself with expert residential roof replacement, roof repair and roofing contractor services.\nOur business & reputation as Oakville’s top roofing contractor really began to boom in the late 90’s when the most easterly and first built homes in the Glen Abbey area of Oakville were due for roof and roof shingle replacement. Beginning at the prestigious Glen Abbey Golf and Country Club and later on as the westerly area homes in Glen Abbey aged, we gradually moved west throughout the Glen Abbey neighbourhood and replaced the residential roofing beyond Third Line and all the way over to Bronte Creek. Between 1998 and 2008 Tops Roofing Company replaced on average, six out of every ten residential roofs in the Glen Abbey area alone. Tops Roofing Company was not only recognized as Oakville’s best residential roofing contractor winning top spot in the Oakville Beavers, peoples choice awards multiple times, but as well received recognition as Oakville’s top commercial roofing contractor completing many commercial projects in Oakville’s downtown Lakeshore Road area, Oakville Marina and waterfront buildings, plus numerous city buildings, plazas and businesses.\nResidential Roofing Contractor in Oakville\nResiding in Oakville and especially the Glen Abbey area in the late 90’s through until 2010 you would have been most familiar with Tops Roofing Company and our main office which was located right in Glen Abbey at Nottinghill Gate (4th line) and the North Service Road, right beside the Abbey Arms restaurant & pub.\nIn 2010 we gave up our Mississauga warehouse and our main office location on Nottinghill Gate and moved everything to one single location on Wallace Road in Oakville which was right next door to the Knights of Columbus hall and near Third Line and Speers Road.\nIn 2017 Tops Roofing Company moved again. Although we remain an active business and the best Oakville roofing contractor, our main office has been relocated just next door in Burlington Ontario. So in case you were wondering where we have gone, we have never left and are still providing top quality roofing service in Oakville Ontario.\nSo, look no further and you will see why we continue to service the same customers again and again, 20 years later in the town of Oakville\n• Roof repair in Oakville\n• Roofing placement in Oakville\n• Roof Skylights in Oakville\n• Custom Roof Flashings in Oakville\n• Roofing Contractor in Oakville\nNo roof to small & no roof to tall !\nResidential Roofing Completed Last Week In Oakville\nIf your only looking for advice, the advice is free and so am I to chat, but for a no-obligation on-site quote and to address any roofing questions or concerns, Call Tops Roofing Company at 905-465-0538 and speak with Wanda, our friendly office administrator of 17 years and learn the many ways we can assist you or to direct your call.\nSincerely, Brian Burnett / President", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kennametal.com/tr/tr/about-us/history.html", "date": "2024-04-16T21:27:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817106.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416191221-20240416221221-00301.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9384429454803467, "token_count": 931, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__58430215", "lang": "en", "text": "The Early Years\nInnovation, perseverance and close attention to customer needs have characterized Kennametal since its founding. In 1938, after years of research, metallurgist Philip M. McKenna created a tungsten-titanium carbide alloy for cutting tools that provided a productivity breakthrough in the machining of steel. \"Kennametal®\" tools cut faster and lasted longer, and thereby facilitated metalworking in products from automobiles to airliners to machinery. With his invention, Philip started the McKenna Metals Company in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. Later renamed Kennametal, the corporation has become a world leader in the metalworking industry and remains headquartered in Latrobe.\nMcKenna Metal's first full-year sales, with a staff of 12 employees, totaled some $30,000. But World War II saw American heavy industry shift into high gear. Kennametal's annual sales approached $10 million and employment was nearly 900 as the company's tools were used extensively in the war-time economy.\nWhen the wartime boom ended, Kennametal sought new ways to exploit the toughness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide alloys. In the mid-1940s, the company pioneered the use of carbide tooling for mining, which led to the development of the continuous mining machine. Kennametal also found uses for tungsten carbide in demanding specialty applications where resistance to wear was vital, such as in valves, dies, drill bits and snowplow blades.\nKennametal developed an international presence from the start. Philip sold early patent rights to British industrialists who later also began Kennametal of Canada. Exports through the company's first five years totaled more than $2.5 million, and by 1955 Kennametal had representation in 19 countries. The company's overseas manufacturing started in 1957 with a joint venture in Italy. A joint venture in the United Kingdom and a German sales subsidiary soon followed. Between 1972 and 1981, foreign sales grew from 17 to 34 percent of the total.\nIn 1993, Kennametal acquired Hertel AG, a tooling systems manufacturer headquartered in Fürth, Germany, with operations throughout Europe and worldwide. This enabled the corporation to compete more effectively in Western Europe, gain better access to emerging markets in Eastern Europe, and offer additional product lines in Asia Pacific. The Asia Pacific effort was further expanded to include manufacturing joint ventures for mining tools in China and a metalworking tool manufacturing plant in Shanghai. In 2002, Kennametal acquired Widia, a leading manufacturer and marketer of metalworking tools in Europe and India. Other acquisitions that expand Kennametal’s capabilities to better serve its customers worldwide include Conforma Clad Inc., a leading provider of engineered components that deliver premium wear solutions, and Extrude Hone Corporation, a supplier of market leading engineered component process technology.\nA Technological Leader\nKennametal was founded on the strength of a technological breakthrough, and a list of highlights demonstrates that it has continued to lead its industry in innovation.\nIn 1946, the company introduced the Kendex line of mechanically held, indexable insert systems that accelerated tool changing and increased machining precision.\nKennametal's unique, patented thermit process for producing impact-resistant macrocrystalline tungsten carbide today remains the best way to produce extremely tough tool materials for demanding applications such as mining.\nIn 1964, Kennametal introduced tungsten-carbide-tipped Kengrip tire studs. Although studs clearly contributed to safe winter travel, they became controversial amid speculation about their role in road deterioration. After legislation limited the use of carbide studs, Kennametal left the business in 1977.\nLeader in the development of silicon-nitride based \"sialon\" ceramics for the machining of exotic aerospace materials.\nFirst to develop cobalt-enriched substrates for coated inserts, was first to commercially introduce physical-vapor-deposition (PVD) coated cemented carbide cutting tools and created the first commercially viable diamond-coated carbide inserts.\nLeader in the development of quick-change tooling systems that today lead the world in versatility, speed and accuracy.\nKennametal maintains its technological leadership through its $30-million Technology Center in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and complementary facilities in various locations around the globe. The facilities are dedicated to rapid development of products engineered to meet specific customer requirements.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://deborahwalkersbibliography.blogspot.com/2012/11/", "date": "2023-12-10T06:48:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00017.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9368075728416443, "token_count": 1063, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__275201033", "lang": "en", "text": "First appeared in Science Fiction Writers of America Blog August 2012\nIdeas for my stories come to me in museums, in galleries, in gulibraries. Find me upstairs (and it’s always quieter upstairs) in the British Museum trawling the past looking for future inspiration.\nOld books, paintings, objects are part of our material heritage. Survivors of the ravages of times, sometimes cherished throughout the ages, sometimes forgotten, dug from the ground, broken and then reconstruction. Objects tell stories. Museums select and interpret these stories, grouping objects together to give a window into the past.\nMuseum objects are rich in concrete detail for stories. And not just for fantasy stories, set in the real or imagined past. A detail from the past can act as a springboard for a story about the future. Looking at the helmet of a 10th century Norwegian chief leads me to consider what armour a space Viking might wear (Space Vikings! Now I want to write a space Viking story). Looking at a beaten gold headdress from ancient Ur makes me wonder how the woman felt wearing such a beautiful and precious item. How did her society shape her? How will my future society shape my characters? An object in a museum will catch my attention. Why was this sword engraved with the image of a bear? And that will send me down a pathway of research.\nSome museums collect the finest pieces of the past, the most costly, the most cherished. Objects may be monumental, priceless and awe-inspiring. But these are not the only stories to be told. Sadly many objects from the past of the working person have been lost. Yet, you can still glimpse the lives of working folk painted as rural scenes on objects. And social museums seek to recapture a glimpse of the ordinary, the everyday.\nObjects, books and paintings are material records of the stories told in the past, the stories of religion and mythology. You can read the changing nature of stories through objects. Creation stories, eschatologies, the stories of the gods as their worshippers migrate and change, stories of lovers seeking to retrieve their beloved from the underworld. Some stories are repeated through the ages. What element has gripped so many imaginations?\nMusuems don’t always look backwards. In the British Museum’s African Galleries there’s a sculpture called Tree of Life (2004) constructed out of decommissioned rifles. Science museums examine the science of the past, the future and even trends for the future.\nThe presence of an object in a museum in a story in itself. The Parthenon Marbles, the Benin Bronzes (and others) on display in London are subject to repeated calls to be returned to their countries of origin. These objects tell stories of colonialism, empire, and war.\nThough I love the massive, wealthy London museums and galleries, I’ve a fondness for the more obscure museum. After all, I used to work for one, as curator of the Royal Veterinary Museum. In London you can visit Alexander Fleming’s laboratory, or visit the Royal College of Surgeons Museum to explore the ideology that underpinned medicine for thousands of years. University are centres of research and specialism. Their collections are often open to the public by appointment. It’s worth trying a visit to a museum outside your area of interest. Volunteering to help out during my daughter’s school trip took me to the Imperial War Museum, I saw a wealth of cool spy gadgets that will no doubt work their way into some of my stories.\nI live in London, and this article has been about London’s cultural wealth. But you can find wonderful museums everywhere. Holidays at home or abroad are opportunities to glimpse other cultures. A family wedding in Cyprus found me in a small museum examining of hundreds of votive offerings, clay figurines of a men on horseback. A collection that I couldn’t have seen anywhere else. I’m Derbyshire born and bred. Derby’s Museum has a wonderful collection of Joseph Wright of Derby’s atmospheric paintings exploring the development of modern science during the Enlightenment. A bus ride from my home town takes me to the D.H. Lawrence Museum, and to the National Trust’s Museum of Childhood. And sometimes history can’t be constrained to a building. I like the prehistoric stones ring at Arbour Low in Derbyshire that sometime in the past has been pushed over. The standing stones are fallen, nobody remembers why. There’s history everywhere.\nAnd there’s the internet. Museums have embraced the internet seeking to widen access to their collections. It’s not, in my opinion as good as seeing the real thing. (Who can forget standing under the real-size model of the Blue Whale at the Natural History Museum?) But museum websites are a valuable resource.\nAnd if you do take a trip to a museum, don’t forget to take a tour. Curators love to talk their collections. They have a passion for them. And curators are people who want to communicate stories. I should know; I used to be one.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.mhgp.org/", "date": "2019-02-16T04:16:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479838.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216024809-20190216050809-00077.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9513172507286072, "token_count": 121, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__165672577", "lang": "en", "text": "The Maryland House and Garden Pilgrimage (MHGP), a non-profit organization, is dedicated to the preservation and restoration of architecturally significant properties in the State of Maryland. The Pilgrimage has remained constant with this purpose since its formation in 1930.\nThe 2019 Tour dates are as follows:\nCharles County: Saturday, April 27th, 2019\nQueen Anne’s County: Saturday, May 4th, 2019\nBaltimore City: Saturday, May 11th, 2019\nBaltimore County: Saturday, May 18th, 2019\nCarroll County: Sunday, May 19th, 2019", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://50.open.ac.uk/photography/technologyTVshow", "date": "2020-02-23T09:58:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145767.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223093317-20200223123317-00011.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9573254585266113, "token_count": 119, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__112562704", "lang": "en", "text": "Presenter Ray Thomas filming Open University programme T100/31 ‘The Economics of traffic congestion: traffic control in action’ (1972).\nT100 was the first Technology foundation course created by The Open University and it was presented from 1972 to 1979.\nWhen the OU first opened its doors to students in 1971, there were four foundation courses offered for Mathematics, Understanding Society, Humanities and Science. By 1972, OU students had increased to 36,000 including 50 of the first post-graduate students.\nLike more OU history? Make sure you visit the Open University Digital Archive.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gruenspan.de/konzerte/swing-dance-event-prohibition-party/", "date": "2023-12-03T18:23:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203161435-20231203191435-00196.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8212388157844543, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__247035465", "lang": "en", "text": "Swing Dance Event | Prohibition Party\nLadies and Gentlemen – Welcome to Prohibition!\nEscape your everyday life join us on a journey 100 years back in time to the Prohibition Era and the wild parties of the Great Gatsby!\nFor one night only we turn Hamburg into a Roaring Twenties Speakeasy filled with 1920s style, music and dance!\nOn stage there will be world class entertainers, among others the amazing Swing’it, who has sold out venues all around Scandinavia and Europe along with the world class burlesque star Miss Jolie Papillon among others. After the show there will be a DJ keeping the party going until the early hours!\nSo get ready for an elegant night – let the champagne flow, dance like there’s no tomorrow and get lost in the extravagancy of Great Gatsbys Era and the music of the Roaring Twenties!\nDiesen Termin teilen:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://resantiquitatis.hypotheses.org/institutional", "date": "2021-12-02T19:12:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00122.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9229976534843445, "token_count": 263, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__22545618", "lang": "en", "text": "The Centro de História d’Aquém e d’Além-Mar (CHAM) is an R&D institution working in an interuniversitary basis. Localized in the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences – New University of Lisbon (FCSH-UNL) it is strictly connected with the Azores University (UAc) and is financed by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).\nCHAM develops research related to the History of the Discoveries and the Portuguese Expansion, as well as the Portuguese presence around the world, with a special focus in the period between the origins of the Overseas Expansion and the Independence of Brazil (1822), with an interdisciplinary perspective and incorporating comparative history, paying particular attention to the history of the regions with which Portugal maintained contacts.\nThis wider area of research has potential for the study of interculturalism, especially in terms of the otherness, perceived by the Portuguese and other European peoples, and vice-versa, during the process of European expansion. Res Antiquitatis’ main contribution to the more general scientific purposes of CHAM is the study of that interculturalism and those conceptions of the otherness in diacronic terms, more specifically starting with the cultural references of Antiquity.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://desterlee.wordpress.com/tag/womens-wear-daily/", "date": "2017-04-24T20:55:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119838.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00286-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9634442329406738, "token_count": 161, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__84162873", "lang": "en", "text": "Posts Tagged ‘womens wear daily’\nIn this world of immediate online access, it’s hard to imagine how the fashion press operated a century ago. If you can believe it, trends and silhouettes were sketched – by hand! – and brought back on trans Atlantic steamers. At the time, Womens Wear Daily was the foremost voice on the industry, and in many respects that is still the case today. Last night at Cipriani’s on 42nd Street, the paper reminded the world of their history, their relevance, and their power (they got every major designer to participate in a specialty auction), bringing the likes of Ralph Lauren, Diane von Furstenberg, Stefano Pilati and so many others out to pay homage.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://spiritsoffrance.com.au/product/castarede-armagnac-1939-40-700ml/", "date": "2018-09-23T21:51:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159820.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923212605-20180923233005-00256.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8800806403160095, "token_count": 232, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__195867968", "lang": "en", "text": "Tasting Notes: Very rich mouth, with aromas of macerated white fruits and leather. No hesitation ! Silver medal at the international wine challenge in 1998.\nCastarede Armagnac 1939 40% 700ml Armagnac\n- SKU : CAS39\n- Brand/Distillery : Armagnac Castarède\n- Country of Origin : France\n- Vintage : 1939 Vintage\n- ABV : 40%\n- Volume : 700ml\nOut of stock\nFounded in 1832 under Napoléon III, Castarède is the oldest Armagnac trading house in existence. Baron Haussmann who was the sub-prefect of Nérac, initially encouraged their ancestors to become the first traders in the register of commerce. CASTAREDE ancient and persistent quality is throughout the best range in France of vintage Armagnacs all the way back to the end of the 19th century. But their superiority is that they can guarantee the absolute authenticity with the Indirect Ministry of taxation archives of Excise Taxes. And very few houses of Armagnac can do that with certainty.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wagnervineyards.com/our-story/winery-building/", "date": "2024-03-04T18:10:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00548.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9807875752449036, "token_count": 402, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__138478840", "lang": "en", "text": "The Wagner Vineyards Estate Winery Building\nIn 1976, Bill Wagner broke ground on what would become the famous octagon building that houses Wagner Winery. He began construction even before the Farm Winery Act was passed later in that same year. The building was specially designed by Bill Wagner to be advantageous for wine production and planned to be energy efficient long before that was in vogue. Construction was completed and the doors opened to Wagner Vineyards Estate Winery in June of 1979.\nThe center of the octagon houses our tank room with a walkway wrapping part-way around so visitors can see where much of our wine is made. Many of our tanks were custom-made to fit the space we have available. Over time we have added tanks and now have a full tank room! Below the retail shop, tasting rooms, tank room, and bottling room is our cellar.\nIn the cellar seven of the eight sides of the octagon are full of barrels for our barrel aged wines. Being underground, the temperature stays relatively even year-round allowing for optimal aging conditions. In 1997 the brewery and the outdoor brew deck were added onto the winery – stop by and enjoy a glass of your favorite wine on our deck while you enjoy the beautiful lake view!\nIn 2015, we continued our investment in our farm winery’s sustainability with the installation of a 250KW solar array. This was a logical step for us as our family has made our living for five generations by harvesting the sun’s energy to ripen our grapes. This array, the largest in the Finger Lakes, is spread out among 3 of our buildings, including the Ginny Lee Café which you can see easily right from our parking lot!\nYou can see most of the building any time you stop in – but during our free daily tours visitors can be brought down to explore our cellar. It is quite a sight and worth it to plan your visit to the winery around one of our daily tour times.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://in-the-foot-prints-of-ancients.obsidianportal.com/wikis/andomenel", "date": "2017-10-18T05:24:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822747.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018051631-20171018071631-00444.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9810394048690796, "token_count": 1248, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__255432504", "lang": "en", "text": "In The Footprints of Ancients\nThough the world has been called by many names in different regions, at the height of civilizations glory the commonly accepted name was “Andomenel”, coming from an old Elvish phrase for “Heaven’s Gate”, which itself stemmed from a belief that this world was but one step away from the realm of Gods. Though all regions of Andomenel have their own unique histories, it is the story of the worlds unified rise and collapse that truly defines it.\nFor an age Andomenel had been a world steeped in magical energies. Nearly every child born across the world showed some aptitude for magic. The elders and priests believed it was a gift from the Gods, that magic had been bestowed upon the people of the world from a heavenly source. During the first few centuries of wide spread magic society grew, cities formed where small villages had once stood, great states and nations united. Great heroes arose in this time, as the world teamed with evil and wicked Magi. Heroes and armies tamed the wilderness, throwing down great demons and beasts, sealing malovelance within caverns, and fighting to the death against torrents of monsters. But the formation of cities and states rarely benefits all, and so many wars were fought in those years, with great magic users on either side, and a great many men died, and the world was scarred. Evil wizards rose, seeking to subjugate all others beneath them. Wars raged between kingdoms, against sinister Magi, against demons spewed from the earth. As wars diminished the population, and stunted the growth of civilization, the birth of the magically gifted also slowed. Many thought that their transgressions against one another had disappointed the Gods, and so their gifts were withdrawn. As the centuries passed the magi dwindled. During this time the greatest of the magi banded together, and swore an oath of peace, that no magic kingdom should do war with another. And so though the wages of time, and an increasingly smaller crop of magical children, continued to diminish the Magi, slowly the bloodshed stopped.\nDuring this period of Andomenel’s history many great works were accomplished. Large dams were built to tame waters, aqueducts allowed people to expand to arid wastes, great cathedrals were constructed, great walls erected to keep out the wild beasts, roads stretched from city to city, and cities grew outwards and upwards. But much of this expansion was owed not to the technology, or slave labor, but rather to the works of great wizards and other magical people. The vast constructions, too big and intricate to have been built without magical tools, were constructed and maintained by magic, patrolled and repaired by golems, held safe by unbreakable seals, and all of it allowed a leisurely and frivolous life for the average man. As time stretched on magic was by no means ubiquitous, and so kings and emperors and lords with no magical talent ruled over the peaceful kingdoms, and had to take wizards and clerics into their service, and pay them great sums and afford them great freedoms in order to insure that society was maintained.\nEventually, the great wizards and clerics of the world grew in their power, sustaining their lives supernaturally. They had become a minority once more, and were quickly realizing that the age of magic was coming to a close. They understood how much they were being relied upon, and in many ways used, to maintain the vast empires of lesser men, and so they grew tired. They no longer wished to keep vassals in check or rebuff demonic incursions or heal the sick, and realized that they never had much of an opportunity to pursue their own goals since the Magi diminished. Their lives in the latter days of the time of the ancients was mostly spent furnishing their lords with lesser magicians and great works. Reviling the unenlightened kings and emperors, and especially the common man, many of the greatest wizards and sorcerers and clerics banded together once more and formed their own, extremely inaccessible, enclaves. They left to mountain tops, remote islands, cities beneath the oceans, palaces in the clouds, and lived in peace, free from the demands and the wars of those beneath them. In their enclaves they flourished, and grew more and more powerful, and even those among them who felt sorry for those they left behind eventually realized how much better off they were. The gates to their enclaves closed, illusions were deployed to hide them from lesser men, and the Magi left the world.\nLesser magicians had been left behind, many of them students at the time of the exodus, or those who continued to be born with the gift for magic, but unable to truly master its use. These people were relied upon as kings and emperors scrambled to prove themselves strong still in the face of this catastrophe. But the abilities of the magicians were not strong enough, and they were not practiced enough. Much of the magic that had been maintaining the infrastructure of empires, had been warding off storms and droughts and plagues, was far beyond them. Many of them died, falling victim to backfired spells and alchemical mishaps, and with fewer and fewer wizards of any skill level to rely on, society began to wither, having grown beyond its means and no longer having the magic to sustain it. As the centuries passed the roads became decayed and overgrown, the great dams burst and whole cities were swallowed by the waters, the jungles and forests encroached on the towns, the universities and libraries crumbled and became colonies for the plague stricken, society fell into darkness.\nAndomenel forges on still, and the time of peace and prosperity, many centuries passed, has come to be known as The Time of the Ancients. Magic still exists, though it is sometimes persecuted. Small kingdoms have formed, using more primitive mechanical or alchemical means to support the constructions of old where they still stand. Wars are fought, monsters roam, the world is unquestionably darker.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://millercountyga.org/", "date": "2019-04-19T00:34:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00443.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9725587368011475, "token_count": 459, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__66501278", "lang": "en", "text": "Miller County, the state's 117th county, was created by the state legislature in 1856 out of portions of Early and Baker counties and 283 square miles. The county was named for attorney Andrew Miller, who served in the state senate and later became president of the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta.\nColquitt was designated as the county seat in the same year as the county's founding. The city was named after Walter T. Colquitt, a clergyman, attorney, and judge, who served in the U.S. Senate from 1843 to 1848. The county's first courthouse, built in Colquitt, was replaced once and then burned twice before the current structure was completed in 1977. While Colquitt remains the only Miller County Courthouse incorporated city in Miller County, there are twenty other small communities.\nAt the turn of the twenty-first century, cotton, peanuts, and corn for grain were the top crops in Miller County, which today ranks fourth in total peanut production in Georgia.\nMiller County is home to Georgia's official folklife play, Swamp Gravy. The ever-changing play is regularly scheduled at the historic Cotton Hall in Colquitt, which also houses the Museum of Southern Cultures. Storytelling circles are also popular because of the play. The Swamp Gravy Institute, an arts service organization formed as an outgrowth of the play, is a consulting and training unit of the Colquitt-Miller Arts Council. A storytelling festival is held in Colquitt in August, and the May-Haw Festival, honoring the tart south Georgia fruit, is held in April at Spring Creek Park, which also contains ecologically fragile wetlands.\nThe ongoing Millennium Murals Project, funded by public and private sources, has become a community beautification project. Using walls on area schools and business establishments, project designers pair artists with local middle and high school students, teachers, and community members. The murals depict stories told by locals about community happenings.\nAccording to the 2000 U.S. census, the population of Miller County is 6,383 (70.3 percent white, 28.9 percent black, and 0.7 percent Hispanic), an increase of 2 percent since 1990.\nSource: The New Georgia Encyclopedia", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.liptonarts.com/fariba-hajamadi/", "date": "2018-01-19T01:24:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887692.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119010338-20180119030338-00654.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9555748701095581, "token_count": 304, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__195517205", "lang": "en", "text": "Fariba Hajamadi works with photographs originating in museums and historical sites focusing on the representation of various cultures and their history. One such instance is the way in which these remaining artifacts are organized, categorized, and stored either in their original architectural context or in institutions devoted to their preservation.\nIdentity, memory, photography and history are the central terms that arise in Hajamadi’s work. She explores their relationship to one another and to the apparatuses and structures, which produce them. Her work is interrogative of such cultural standards as history, common language, visual representation, as well as their interactions and the processes involved in their consumption.\nHajamadi has been the subject of numerous one person exhibitions nationally and internationally such as the Queens Museum, ICA Philadelphia and Musée Municipal de La Roche-sur-Yon, France. Her works and installations have been included in exhibitions at The New Museum, New York; ARC, Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; P.S.1 Museum, NY; the Renaissance Society, Chicago; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Wäinö Aaltonen Museum, Turku, Finland; Museum Fridericianum Kassel, Germany. Fariba Hajamadi lives and works in Brooklyn, NY.\nFariba Hajamadi was born in Esfahan, Iran in 1957. She received her BFA from Western Michigan University and her MFA from California Institute of the Arts.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://apsteinonwine.com/2023/10/11/object-lesson-in-excellence-e-guigals-cote-rotie-chateau-dampuis-2019/", "date": "2024-04-17T09:08:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817146.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417075330-20240417105330-00823.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9423479437828064, "token_count": 722, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__28962764", "lang": "en", "text": "The Guigal family, the elder Marcel and his wife Bernadette, and their son Philippe and his wife Eve, have always focused on site specificity in the great Northern Rhône appellation of Côte-Rôtie. It started in 1966 when they bottled wine separately from La Mouline, a 2.5-acre vineyard planted with both Syrah and Viognier, in an amphitheater on the Côte Blonde slope of the appellation. A few years later, in 1978, they began bottling wine from La Landonne, a single 5.7-acre vineyard on the Côte Brune also planted to both Syrah and Viognier. Finally, in 1985, they began bottling La Turque, from another 2.5-acre vineyard, planted entirely to Syrah, on the Côte Brune.\nIn 1990, Guigal felt the wine from another single Côte Brune vineyard, Pommière, was distinctive enough to be bottled separately. This time, however, Guigal bottled it in magnum only and, curiously, without the vineyard name on the label. Then in 1995, they decided there were six sites (a seventh was added in 2005), both on the Côte Blonde (La Clos, La Garde, and La Grande Plantée) Côte Brune (La Pommière, Le Pavillon Rouge, Le Moulin, and La Viria, the one added in 2005) that were sufficiently distinctive to produce a high-end representation of Côte Rôtie. And thus, Château d’Ampuis was born.\nThe name of the wine comes from the 12th century château, a national historic monument that Guigal purchased in 1995, then painstakingly restored, and ultimately made the headquarters of this great House. Château d’Ampuis is meant as a wine to lie—in stature, production and price—between Guigal’s classic Côte-Rôtie, dubbed Brune et Blonde de Guigal (200,000 bottles annually at about $90 a bottle), and the three single vineyard bottlings, collectively known as the LaLa’s (about 5,000 bottles each annually of La Mouline and La Turque and double that for La Landonne. Each cost about $500 a bottle upon release).\nThe youthful 2019 Château d’Ampuis is simply stunning. The influence of long aging in new oak (38 months) is still apparent at this stage, yet not overwhelming. Based on my experience with older vintages of Château d’Ampuis as well as Guigal’s single vineyard bottlings, all of which receive similarly long oak-aging, the oak eventually marries seamlessly with the plethora of fruit, pepper, smoke, and other savory nuances found in these wines. Elegance is lent to the wine by a touch (seven percent) of Viognier in the blend, with these grapes from the Côte Blonde being co-fermented with the meaty and powerful Syrah fruit.\nUnevolved at this stage, the wonderful 2019 Château d’Ampuis needs at least a decade to fully unfurl and show its splendor. (95 pts., $135, imported by Vintus).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.simonphipps.com/games/thunderhawk/", "date": "2023-11-29T11:44:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00675.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9836227297782898, "token_count": 322, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__69965053", "lang": "en", "text": "Design (Atari ST, Commodore Amiga)\nMy involvement in Thunderhawk came about when the astonishingly talented duo of Mark ‘Mac’ Avory and Sean ‘Gilbert the Goat’ Dunlevy arrived at Core with vast amounts of 3D knowledge, code and a desire to do something amazing. Mac had always wanted to create a helicopter sim and was in the process of doing just that when I was assigned to the project. It was clear that Mac’s engine was revolutionary for its time and my role in the design was to assist in capitalising on that.\nAt the time that Thunderhawk was being developed, there were two types of helicopter game. Firstly there were the 3D simulations that were highly technical, had some 30 odd controls to master and saw the player tracking small dots along a wobbly horizon for hours and then there were sprite-based arcade games that were good fun but lacking in depth. Where Thunderhawk sat was right in the middle – utilising Mac’s 3D engine to depict a realistic world of SAM sites, tanks and planes in surprising detail for the time but featuring missions that began right in the thick of the action, eliminating those hours of fiddling around trying to find a target.\nWhat resulted was a neat, short project to work on that resulted in one of Core’s early successes as a publisher. In addition to campaign and mission design, it was my first taste of script writing – all sixty mission briefings, which in the days before decent word processors felt like fifty-nine mission briefings too many…", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.purpleplates.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=723", "date": "2017-03-30T00:40:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191444.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00251-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9561464786529541, "token_count": 629, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__42607824", "lang": "en", "text": "Turquoise is perhaps the oldest stone in man’s history, the talisman of kings, shamans, and warriors. It is a stone of protection, strong and opaque, yet soothing to the touch, healing to the eye, as if carved from an azure heaven and slipped to earth. Its unique shade of blue, often blue-green, lends it name, Turquoise, to all things of this tranquil hue.\nThe name Turquoise is derived from the French, pierre turquoise, meaning “Turkish stone,” because the trade routes that brought Turquoise to Europe from the mines in central Asia went through Turkey, and Venetian merchants often purchased the stone in Turkish bazaars.\nFor thousands of years, Turquoise has spanned all cultures, prized as a symbol of wisdom, nobility and the power of immortality. Among the Ancient Egyptians, Persians and Chinese, Aztecs and Incas of South America, and Native North Americans, Turquoise was sacred in its adornment and for power, luck, and protection.\nTurquoise beads dating back to 5000 B.C. have been found in Iraq, and the Egyptians were mining the stones in the Sinai in 3200 B.C. The death mask of Tutankhamun was studded with Turquoise, as were the mosaic masks dedicated to the gods, the fabulous inlaid skulls, shields and power statues of Montezuma, the last ruler of the Aztecs.\nFor nearly a thousand years, Native Americans have mined and fashioned Turquoise, using it to guard their burial sites. Their gems have been found from Argentina to New Mexico. Indian priests wore it in ceremonies when calling upon the great spirit of the sky. Many honored Turquoise as the universal stone, believing their minds would become one with the universe when wearing it. Because of its ability to change colors, it was used in prophesy or divining. To the prehistoric Indian, Turquoise, worn on the body or used in ceremonies always signified the god of the sky alive in the earth.\nHistorically, Turquoise is credited with the property of securing friendly regard, verifying the traditional saying that “he, or she, who owns a Turquoise will never want for a friend.” In the Orient, a Turquoise ring was worn as a protector against all things evil. The proverb states: “Given by a loving hand it brings with it happiness and good fortune.” However, the ring emitted protective energy only if the stone was given by a friend. It was believed to restore clear vision to the mind when the thinking became muddled and thus ensured good fortune.\nAs a crystal for travel, Turquoise protects you and your possessions against theft, loss or attack, helps prevent accidents, especially falls, and even guards your pet. Attached to a collar, bridle, or cage, Turquoise prevents animals from straying or being stolen, and makes horses sure-footed and obedient to their riders.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://wiyot.us/186/Tuluwat-Project", "date": "2023-12-01T23:59:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100308.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201215122-20231202005122-00362.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9547906517982483, "token_count": 1195, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__22612523", "lang": "en", "text": "Indian Island was home to two ancient villages; Tuluwat (\" Toulouwat \") and Etpidolh (\"Etpidalh Watpuroulh \"). At Tuluwat, Wiyot held the annual \"world renewal ceremony\", a dance lasting seven to ten days.\nThe ground beneath Tuluwat, the Wiyot village, is an enormous clamshell mound (or midden). This mound, measuring over six acres in size and estimated to be over 1,000 years old, is an irreplaceable physical history of the Wiyot way of life. Contained within it are remnants of meals, tools, and ceremonies, as well as many burial sites.\nAt the end of the 19th century, settlers built dikes and channels on the island. These modifications changed tidal action along the shore, resulting in erosion of the edge of the mound. Between 1913 and 1985, an estimated 2000 cubic yards of the shell mound were lost to erosion, which continues and seems to even be accelerating. In addition, the shell mound was the site of uncontrolled digging in the early part of the 20th century. One amateur archeologist was said to have looted as many as 500 of our gravesites. In addition, structures of the Tuluwat village that were still visible in 1913 are now gone, having been destroyed or carried away by wind and waves.\nIt is imperative to prevent further destruction of the mound. The planned restoration will eliminate continued erosion and looting while creating and enhancing wildlife habitat.\nWiyot Sacred Site Fund\nAs part of the survival of the Wiyot culture, the Wiyot Tribe established the Wiyot Sacred Site Fund to purchase back portions of Indian Island as they became available and other sites of religious and/or cultural significance for future generations and for those of today. The Wiyot people who have gone before us and those who are to come would like to invite you to contribute generously to the Wiyot Sacred Site Fund and help heal the past to make a dance for future generations to come.\nPurchase of Historic Village Site\nThrough grassroots fundraising, and with the help of the community and individual donors, the Wiyot Tribe was able to purchase back 1.5 acres of the historic village site of Tuluwat on Indian Island in 2000.\nEureka City Council\nThe Eureka City Council made history May 18, 2004 as they unanimously approved a resolution to return approximately 45 acres, comprising the northeastern tip, of Indian Island to the Wiyot Tribe. Indian Island will be protected from inappropriate development because all zoning and land use restrictions will be in place. In the return of the 60 acres that the City Council passed, there are measures that assure that this will remain the case by prohibiting a change in status or transfer to anyone else, except back to the City of Eureka.\nWe know of no other city in California that has taken an action as bold as this, and that has a tribute to its indigenous people so prominently in its midst. We wish to express our profound gratitude to the Eureka City Council, and staff, for their visionary and courageous action, and commitment to an enriched inclusive community.\nGoal of the Tuluwat Project\nThe goal of the Tuluwat project is to restore the cultural heritage and ecological resources of the site and surrounding salt marsh, to construct a cultural center open to the public, and to restore the site to once again perform Tribal ceremonies there. But in order to realize these goals, the Tribe first had to clean up the site, which was the site of a ship repair facility from approximately 1870 to 1990. Tons of scattered metal, wood debris, and hazardous materials littered the area, along with several dilapidated structures and contaminated soil.\nThe Tribe has been in the process of cleaning up the debris and pollutants left on the village site since its purchase. A vast majority of the metal and wood debris has been removed, all but three of the structures were demolished, and the most contaminated soil was excavated. The next steps are to finish the sheet piling for erosion control, rebuild the dock and bulkhead, and install a geotextile and soil cap over the site.\nIndian Island Cultural & Environmental Restoration Project\nThe Natural Resources Department has spearheaded several ongoing restoration activities at the Wiyot village site of Tuluwat on Indian Island in Humboldt Bay. The overarching project, the Indian Island Cultural and Environmental Restoration Project (IICERP), is very complex because of the multiple cultural and environmental conditions that exist at the site: historic injustice, insensitive ecosystem and manipulation, archeological & cultural significance, environmental contamination, and physical isolation all play a part in the project execution.\nThe Natural Resources Department collaborates with the Wiyot Cultural Department and tribal community, along with a large number of state, federal, and local community agencies and consultants in the ongoing program of improving the environmental and cultural quality of the Tuluwat site. Specifically, the environmental department has acquired funding from the National Park Service Historic Preservation Fund, US EPA Brownfields Program, California Integrated Waste Management Board, the Center for Creative Land Recycling, the Lannan Foundation, California Cultural and Historical Endowmentand others to move the project forward.\nThese funds, as well as the Tribe's Sacred Sites fund, have allowed the Natural Resources Department to realize the removal of contaminated material, over 60 tons of scrap metal, and many tons of garbage; completion of a brownfields assessment and remediation plan; erosion control achieved through installation of 450 feet of composite sheetpiling backfilled with 300 cubic yards of imported fill; and native plant landscaping over portions of the site. Still ahead, of course, are brownfields project completion (including in-site contaminant remediation) and site re-development, as well as restoration of the salt marsh surrounding the Tuluwat site.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hewad.com/mohammadgul/index.htm", "date": "2023-02-04T12:40:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00454.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9649742245674133, "token_count": 1740, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__263246874", "lang": "en", "text": "Muhammad Gul Khan Momand\n(M. Ibrahim Nasar, University of Wollongong Australia)\nman of letters and the sword, a literary figure and a true symbol of the\nAfghan code of life, Pashtoonwali, Muhammad Gul Khan Momand was born in\n1885, in Kabul. Like his father Khursheed Khan, grandfather Momen Khan\nand greatgrand father Abdul Kareem, who played key roles in politics,\nthe administration and the army of Afghanistan under the then rulers,\nAmir Dost Mohammad Khan and Abdul Rahman Khan, Muhammad Gul Momand is\nwell known for his services in all three areas and for his great contribution\nto Pashto language and literature.\nAfter a basic education, Muhammad Gul Khan Momand entered\nthe military school in 1909. He joined the Royal Guards and became a Unit\nCommander and an instructor for some units. After serving as the principal\nof the Military School, he later became deputy commander-in-chief and\nthen commander of the Royal Guards.\nIn 1919, he was a member of the delegation, headed by Mohammad\nWali Badakhshani, which visited Europe to announce the sovereignty of\nAfghanistan under Amanullah Khan.\nIn 1924 he served as civil and military governor of Pakthia\nand, in 1927, as Chairman of the inspection team of Mazar-e-Sharif and\nthen civil and military governor of Ningarhar.\nSoldier and Administrator:\nMuhammad Gul Momand had been endowed by God with great qualities\nas an administrator and a soldier. During King Amanullah Khan's time when,\ndifferent tribes in the Khost and Ningarhar areas revolted against his\npolicies of modernization, Amanullah Khan asked Muhammad Gul Momand to\nvisit the areas. It was through his popularity as a great leader and a\ntrue and honest man among the people that within a short time an atmosphere\nof peace prevailed in the area. And later he took the responsibility of\nthe governorship of Ningarhar and subsequently of other adjoining provinces.\nBesides being a good administrator, he was also a great\nsoldier and he played an important role in the uprising, which brought\nNadir Shah to power. When a small group of people took over Kabul and\nterrorized the city, he left the city and went to Ningarhar. He later\njoined army of resistance, taking command of several units from the south\nin Ningarhar and within a couple of weeks his lashkar had reached outskirts\nof Kabul. When Kabul was attacked by the army from three sides, under\nthe command of Sardar Shah Wali Khan, Sadar Shah Mahmood Khan and by a\nthird Lashkar under the command of Muhammad Gul Momand, the bandits were\ndefeated at Logar, Siahsang and Bagrami, and the resistance army soon\nmanaged to get control of the city center. This paved the way for the\nsuccess of the rebellion and, as a result, Nadir shah became King of Afghanistan.\nIt was because of the important role that Muhammad Gul Momand played in\nthe revolt that Nadir Shah assigned him the responsibility of Interior\nMinister in his cabinet.\nIn 1930 he became the governor of the Capisa, Parwan, Kandahar\nand Farah provinces, and after 1933, he served as the governor of Badakhshan,\nMazar-e-Sharif and Maimana.\nHe also performed the duty of deputy chairman of Loya Jirga\n(Grand Assembly), convened in 1955.\nto Pashto Language and Literature\nMuhammad Gul Momand can best be compared to Khoshal Khan\nand Rahman Baba as a poet, a good writer and an orator. Apart from Pashto\nand Dari, he had command of the Turkish and Russian languages as well.\nBut he was a strong advocate of the purification of the Pashto language.\nHis literary work mainly deals with Pashto language. He wrote several\nbooks and compiled a Pashto dictionary, De Pakhtu Sind. De Pukhtu De Zabe\nLyara (on Pashto grammar) and another book entitled De Pashto Landaki,\nare other great contributions to the Pashto language. His letter to Abdul\nRauf Benawa regarding the importance of language for the nation and the\nresponsibilities of writers and leaders towards their language was published\ntract form in fifty three pages by Pukhto Adabi Tolana, Kabul. \"This\nessay counts all the virtues of human life in relation to Pashto and Pashtunwala.\"\n(Hamish Khalil, 1995)\nHe always urged the importance and advancement of Pashto language according\nto the needs of the time. It was this search, which inspired him to gather\nand consult Pashtoon writers and tribal leaders, when he was governor\nof Kandahar, to seek ways of working for the advancement of the language.\nAt the end of this gathering, a historic step was taken and the first\never association for the advancement of the Pashto language came into\nbeing under the name De Pashto Adbi Anjuman, in 1932 in Kandahar. Later,\nbranches of the Anjuman were also established in other parts of the country.\nMuhammad Usman Khan Barakzai was selected as its first head and a committee\nunder Muhammad Gul Momand (known to his countrymen, Pashtoon Baba) worked\nout the guidelines and objectives of the organisation. The Anjuman served\nthe language by publishing historic books about the language and its grammar;\nsearched for lost words by visiting villages and kochies (nomads) where\nsuch words were still alive; translated into Pashto from Farsi and from\nsome international languages books which were of scientific, historical,\npolitical or economic importance for Afghanistan. It also started publishing\nthe first Pashto magazine Pashto and a second one under the name Da Mualim\nPashto as well as publishing many other books for the teaching and learning\nof Pashto language. It was with the help of Pashtoon Baba that the Farsi\nlanguage Thalo e Afghan magazine, was, from 1935 published in Pashto.\nThe Anjuman fulfilled its activities in Kandahar till 1935\nand later worked in Kabul for two years, until it was replaced in April\n1937 by the Pashto Academy. The Pashto Academy was also the brainchild\nof Muhammad Gul Momand. According to Pohand Rishteen, Abdul Hai Habibi\nwas in Kandahar when he was called to Kabul and invited by Muhammad Gul\nMomand to become the first head of the Academy.\nMuhammad Gul Momand was universally known and loved. He\nwas awarded the medal of Lmar A'lee (Sun-1) He was known by many names,\nsuch as Wazir Sahib, Pashtoon Baba and Loe Afghan.\nMuhammad Gul Momand died in Kabul on 18th of August 1964,\nat the age of 80. His funeral was attended by high-ranking officials and\ntribal chiefs from all around the country, including the then prime minister\nSardar Dawoud Khan. Zahir Shah, in the midst of his busy schedule, spent\nthe whole day at the fatheha and delivered a speech and paid homage to\nthe great man, calling him his guide and savior of the Afghan nation and\nNote: Most of the information of this article is\ntaken from the works of Syed Sabir Shah (Loe Afghan, 1998), Ismail Yoon\n(Da Mummad Gul Khan Momand Annd ao Zwand ta yawa Kathana, 1994), and Hamish\nKhalil (Muhammad Gul Khan Momand, 1995)\nThanks to Dr. Asad. Z, Noorullah Khan Attal, Nancy Syed and Breshna for\ntheir contribution and help in this article.\n© Copyright 2000. All rights reserved.\nInterested in any special article?\nPlease contact wembaster for permission!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://zestzfulness.blogspot.com/2010/03/zestz-celebrating-present_29.html", "date": "2018-06-18T09:45:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00459.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9644684791564941, "token_count": 248, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__106580662", "lang": "en", "text": "Now is the accepted time, not tomorrow, not some more convenient season.\nIt is today that our best work can be done and not some future day or future year.\nIt is today that we fit ourselves for the greater usefulness of tomorrow.\nToday is the seed time, now are the hours of work, and tomorrow comes the harvest and the playtime.\nWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor.\nThe first African-American graduate of Harvard University, where he earned his Ph.D in History, Du Bois later became a professor of history and economics at Atlanta University. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. Du Bois rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://yuminmytumrecipes.blogspot.com/2012/06/chocolate-dipped-strawberries-red-white.html", "date": "2017-04-29T13:33:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00021-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9461398124694824, "token_count": 371, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__216805538", "lang": "en", "text": "Variously known as the Fourth of July and Independence Day, July 4th has been a federal holiday in the United States since 1941, but the tradition of Independence Day celebrations goes back to the 18th century and the American Revolution (1775-83). In June 1776, representatives of the 13 colonies then fighting in the revolutionary struggle weighed a resolution that would declare their independence from Great Britain. On July 2nd, the Continental Congress voted in favor of independence, and two days later its delegates adopted the Declaration of Independence, a historic document drafted by Thomas Jefferson. From 1776 until the present day, July 4th has been celebrated as the birth of American independence, with typical festivities ranging from fireworks, parades and concerts to more casual family gatherings and barbecues.\nWith that being said, do you know what you're serving for your Independence Day celebration? Stay tuned for daily All-American recipes up until July 4th here at Yum In My Tum. Up first, strawberries dipped in white chocolate and drizzled with blue syrup courtesy of Life Tastes Like Food.\n1 pound of ripe strawberries\n1 bag of white chocolate candy melts (or a bag of white chocolate chips)\n1 cup of confectioner’s sugar\n1 tablespoon of milk\n1 tablespoon of light corn syrup\nBlue food coloring\nWash and completely dry the strawberries. In a pot, simmer 1-2 inches of water and place a glass or metal bowl on top of the pot to create a double boiler. Slowly melt half a bag of the candy melts. When the melts are completely melted, remove from heat, add the second half of the candy melts, and incorporate until smooth. If the mixture has cooled down too much to melt everything nicely, simmer the pot of water again and let everything warm up a little bit.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mediacentre.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/press-release/iron-curtain-kid-to-talk-at-leeds-beckett/", "date": "2017-11-22T01:48:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806447.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122012409-20171122032409-00633.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9404833316802979, "token_count": 804, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__227250963", "lang": "en", "text": "A talk and film screening to mark the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall will be held at Leeds Beckett University on Friday 7 November.\nThe event, ‘The Iron Curtain Kid – Growing up on the Wrong Side of the Berlin Wall’, is being led by Oliver Fritz, author of the 2012 book ‘The Iron Curtain Kid’ and expert on the former East Germany. It will take place at the University’s Rose Bowl building in Lecture Theatre F.\nOliver will be talking from 3pm to 4.30pm about his experiences of growing up in East Berlin and witnessing the fall of the wall in 1989. From 4.30pm to 5pm there will be refreshments and an exhibition to view, created by Visual Arts and History students, followed by the screening of the Oscar-winning 2007 film, ‘The Lives of Others’.\n‘The Lives of Others’ tells the story of Stasi, an agent in East Berlin in 1984 who is assigned to conduct surveillance on a writer and his lover and who finds himself becoming increasingly involved in their lives.\nEvent organiser and Senior Lecturer in History at Leeds Beckett, Dr Kelly Hignett, commented: “Between its construction in August 1961 and its destruction in November 1989, the Berlin Wall divided a city, a nation and symbolised the ‘Iron Curtain’ that separated Western Europe from the communist Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. In November 1989, when the Berlin Wall finally crumbled, live images showing thousands of Germans celebrating by hacking at the hated structure with hammers and pick-axes were transmitted around the world, creating one of the most iconic moments of the revolutions of 1989: the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War.\n“This November marks the 25th anniversary of the Berlin Wall fall, and various commemorative events are planned in Berlin and elsewhere across Europe. The Centre for Culture and the Arts is delighted to be hosting an event to mark this historic occasion here in Leeds.”\nOliver Fritz was born in 1967 in East Berlin, where he worked for several years in the country’s foreign trade industry before concentrating on working for East German state television, appearing in more than 150 movies and TV productions. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, he moved to the UK. Today, Oliver is a writer, translator, editor and an expert on the former East Germany and the Berlin Wall. He has appeared on the Jeremy Vine show and BBC Newsnight. Oliver’s book, ‘The Iron Curtain Kid’, tells the story of his life in East Germany.\nThe event, which has been organised and funded by the University’s Centre for Culture and the Arts, is free and open to the public. Places can be booked by visiting http://bit.ly/IronCurtainKid\nFor further details please contact Carrie Braithwaite in the Communications team at Leeds Beckett on 0113 812 3022 or email firstname.lastname@example.org\nNotes for editors:\n- Leeds Beckett University was previously Leeds Metropolitan University.\n- Leeds Beckett University has around 32,000 students and just over 3,000 staff.\n- The Vice Chancellor of Leeds Beckett University is Professor Susan Price and the Chancellor is Sir Bob Murray CBE.\n- Leeds Beckett’s four faculties are: Arts, Environment and Technology, Business & Law, Health and Social Sciences, and Carnegie.\n- Leeds Beckett University is the only university in the UK to have achieved both the Customer Service Excellence standard, Investors in People Gold and the RoSPA Gold medal.\n- The Destination of Leavers in Higher Education (DLHE) showed that the proportion of Leeds Beckett 2012/13 graduates in work, further study or both six months after leaving university was 93.7%.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://annbankandtarboltonchurch.org/tarbolton-information-page", "date": "2019-11-21T19:31:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670948.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121180800-20191121204800-00055.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9667348265647888, "token_count": 644, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__25614337", "lang": "en", "text": "Tarbolton Parish Church is on Cunningham Street in Tarbolton. An ‘A’ listed building built in 1821 and in 1943 a Union with the nearby Erskine Church took place.\nThe former Erskine Church building is now the Erskine Hall, our present church hall, and it is a 5 minute walk from the Church, very close to the primary school.\nFor those interested, we have a double manual pipe organ built by Norman and Beard in 1908.\nTarbolton, which was originally a weaving village in the 18th century, is situated in between Kilmarnock and Ayr.\nFor Burns enthusiasts Annbank and Tarbolton lies in the heart of Burns Country with Mossgiel, Lochlea and Willie’s Mill all close by. Robert Burns was a Depute Master of the Tarbolton Masonic Lodge and his Masonic apron is one of the treasures held in the extensive and interesting museum there. The nearby hamlet of Failford also has strong Burns connections. The Bachelors’ Club, now a National Trust property, attracts many visitors each year from different corners of the world.\nOur Guild has been going for 90 years.\nThe meetings are held on the 4th Tuesday of the month from September through o March with the outing in April.\nWe have a Sunday school in Tarbolton Parish Church which is always welcoming new wee faces. They meet at the church at 10am to participate in the first part of worship and then they go to the Erskine Hall for their time of stories, songs and crafts. All Sunday School teachers have PVG certificates.\nPram Praise (all guardians and pre school children) will be held in the Church on the first Monday of the month at 2.00pm\nSunday worship in Tarbolton is at 10am and Annbank starts at 11.30am.\nA half hour service is held at Temple House in Mossblown on the 1st Sunday of the month at 2pm.\nHome communion is celebrated on request, just contact the minister for this special service.\nTarbolton Church is situated only 3 miles from Annbank Church. There are many families within the two villages who are related and we have many shared services and this year we will share both our Christmas Day Service and our Easter Day Service.\nWe have a special Service once a year in November for all whose names are in our 'Book of Remembrance'.\nTarbolton Parish Church News\nBoxes filled ready for despatch to Blythswood Care\nMrs Sally Alexander after being awarded a certificate for 30 years as a Sunday School Teacher\nMrs Margaret Kerr with the certificate awarded after retiring as Sunday School Leader after some 25 years service presented by Rev. Paul Russell.\n7 elders after being presented with 30 year diplomas as mentioned in our newsletter.\nShowing from left to right are ;\nMaureen McNae, Iris Richardson, Janette Candlish, David Neil, Moira Wilson, Margaret Brown and Mary Hunter.\nMiss Moira Wilson with the certificate to mark her time of over 30 years as Church Treasurer.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cedarviewcemetery.org/cemetery.html", "date": "2024-02-27T04:08:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474670.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227021813-20240227051813-00557.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9904990792274475, "token_count": 379, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__71120992", "lang": "en", "text": "Research on Burials\nCharles Reeves (1820-1900)\nCharles Reeves was born about 1820 as a slave in Holmdel, New Jersey. He was owned by David Williamson until he was freed at the age of twenty-five. He married Hannah Van Clief of Middletown, New Jersey when he was about 30 years old and working for Garrett D. Hendrickson. About a year after his marriage, he went to work at the Brookdale farm, which is present day Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, New Jersey. Charles then moved to Lincroft and worked for George W. Crawford of Nut Swamp for thirty years. Charles died at the age of eighty at home in Lincroft with his wife, his sister and ten children surviving him. His funeral was at Lincroft Chapel.\nJohn Major Coleman (about 1832-1909)\nJohn Major Coleman was a civil war veteran who was born a slave in Richmond, VA between 1831 and 1833. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he was living in Lexington, Kentucky, where he enlisted in the 119th Colored Regiment of Kentucky. John participated in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. He was a member of the D. B. Birney Post No. 95 of the Grand Army.\nJohn married Eliza Holmes in November of 1870 in Colts Neck, NJ. John and Eliza settled in Scobeyville, NJ (present day Colts Neck). They had four children. John worked on various farms in the area. John died in Red Bank, NJ and his funeral was held at Calvary Baptist Church. John's friends called him Major and this is also listed as an alias on his pension papers. His headstone reads 'Mager' Coleman, which is an obvious misspelling of Major.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://fourstarwealth.com/chicago-by-day-and-night", "date": "2024-02-28T12:45:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00049.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9802653789520264, "token_count": 168, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__158184911", "lang": "en", "text": "April 7, 2022\nAnyone who is familiar with Erik Larson’s book “The Devil in the White City“, would have enjoyed the presentation by authors Paul Durica and Bill Savage. Their book “Chicago by Day and Night” is a practical guide for those who attended the Columbian Exposition in 1893. This well researched book takes the readers on a tour of the seedier side of the Fair and where to find adult “sporting” places. The authors visited all known addresses to see if the buildings were still standing and what they and the neighborhoods are like in the present day Chicago.\nThe Union League Club of Chicago hosted cocktails and appetizers before the event and those in attendance were treated to a glimpse of the past. It was a fun and interesting evening that was enjoyed by all.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.curlmanitoba.org/ogrady-history", "date": "2017-03-29T21:20:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00341-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.981535017490387, "token_count": 2616, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__27208504", "lang": "en", "text": "O'Grady Challenge History\nA History of the O’Grady Challenge Trophy\nIn 1908 Colonel J.W. deCourey O’Grady, who was President of the Manitoba Curling Association, presented a trophy to encourage good will and promote curling matches between affiliated clubs in the Association, which at that time included clubs from North Western Ontario and parts of Saskatchewan. The official name is the O’Grady but is also affectionately known and called “The Old Buffalo”, the latter being taken from a figure of a bison standing in a defiant attitude on the trophy. This large beautiful trophy, which is still in competition today, can be seen at the Curling Hall of Fame in the Hudson Bay Company Department Store in downtown Winnipeg. Colonel O’Grady also served as President in 1911.\nThe first Trustees appointed were Messrs R.D. Waugh and Isaac Pitblado along with Col. O’Grady. Upon the death of Col. O’Grady on Nov. 2, 1914, Mr. Magnus Peterson, who had been induced to act as Secretary for the O’Grady, was appointed a Trustee and the secretarial work was taken over by the Secretary of the M.C.A. There has been a number of Trustees since the early days whose names have not been recorded. The most recent from the 1950’s were Bill Lumsden and Bob O’Dowda of Elmwood, Ross Wright of Grain Exchange, Tom Bell of Valour Road, Eric Mitchell of Rossmere, Lou Henry of Charleswood, Paul Pelletier of Fort Rouge, and presently Ron Lloyd of Fort Garry, Jim Sproule of Thistle, and Don Stewart of Manitou. The secretarial work is looked after by the M.C.A. Office.\nThe Trophy was put into play in the Annual M.C.A. Bonspiel of 1908. Any club affiliated with the Association was eligible to enter a double rink (two teams) in the competition, the winner to be declared by the highest total number of points accumulated in a round robin competition. Two Granite teams skipped by W.P. McDougall and Dr. A.B. Alexander were the winners, defeating double teams from Glenboro, Birtle, Napinka, Dauphin and Regina, Saskatchewan Clubs.\nRules provided that the club in possession of the Trophy was called upon to defend it once a week during the season until it was won by a challenger. All challenges had to be made to the Trustees.\nThe first challenge match was played on March 2, 1908 between the Granite Club in Winnipeg and the Kenora Ontario Curling Club. The Granite Curling Club was successful in its first defence.\nRecord books were provided in duplicate, one to travel with the trophy and one to be kept by the Trustees. In the books is recorded the date and Place of games, personnel of the four competing teams in each game, scores in detail, temperature, weather conditions, condition of ice, and “remarks”. Under remarks are many interesting curling stories of driving miles through blizzards with teams and sleighs. Of latter years a drive of a hundred to two hundred kilometres by Trophy holders is a common occurrence.\nThe most distant challenge has come from Thompson, Manitoba in 1990.\nInteresting comments in GAME #193 – Sperling curlers arrived in Oakville by train at 11:20 p.m. Games were curled soon after they arrived in the early hours of the morning so a sociable hour or two could be enjoyed with the visitors before they caught the train for home at 6:25 a.m. GAME #194 – Same arrival and departure time (by Treherne) but included the comment “a large gallery watched the games which were closely contested and did not seem to mind the lateness of the hour”. GAME #195 - The Fort Garry Club arrived by train at Fortier, Manitoba and were met by a horse drawn uncovered wagon and conveyed in state to Oakville arriving at 5:30 p.m. after a thrilling drive! But all accounts of matches seem to have the same ending! The visiting club was fed and entertained after the games and an enjoyable time was had by all.\nThe record book contains stories of many great battles, one of the most famous being a seventeen end match between Thistle and Civic Curling Clubs in GAME #6. The score was tied after the regulation 14 ends. In the fifteenth and sixteenth ends each club scored one point. In the seventeenth end Civic scored three but the Thistle club scored four to win the match and retain the Trophy. It is not recorded how long it took to play the match. In GAME #46 on January 17th, 1914 at Thistle, the match ended in a tie at 12:00 Midnight. As the saying used to be “They rolled up the sidewalks at midnight”. Everything closed down, except bootleggers which were unlawful at any time. However, on the following Saturday, Elmwood returned to Thistle to complete the match and break the tie. Thistle won the game by a score of one to nothing – they played one end only.\nIt is also interesting to note the remarks of GAME #1010 played on January 16th, 1920. It appears that in those early days O’Grady records were only obtained by the M.C.A. or Trustees from what was reported in the newspapers. The remark in the O’Grady record book read “Match won by Heather Club. Unable to obtain detailed reports as Newspapers were not printed on January 17th due to shortage of Newsprint”.\nSome lesser known clubs that competed in the early years were Union Terminal, St. Johns C.P.R, Civic and Caledonian.\nUp to GAME #375 on March 8th, 1946 all matches were 14 ends duration. On December 11, 1946 in GAME #376 the matches were reduced to 12 ends and on March 13th, 1965 in GAME #550 all matches were reduced to 10 ends.\nAnother major change took place on December 9th, 1967 in GAME #570 when the Challenger rather than the Holder became the Host Club for all games. This was a very beneficial and economical change as it meant that any club would only host once during a season.\nFrom the beginning until the 1950’s there were only 9 or 10 matches scheduled because of natural ice. From the 1950’s to 1960’s there were approximately 12 or 13 games; from teh 1960’s to 1970’s Approximately 17 or 18 games and beginning in 1974 there were up to 20 or 21 matches as we have it today.\nAs the 1998 season was approaching, the Trustees felt that they should consider recognizing ninety years of continuous matches of this great competition. So, on March 1st, 1998 – 90 years less one day, a 90th Anniversary of the O’Grady Challenge Trophy was celebrated.\nAfter a number of planning meetings, the date of March 1st, 1998 was set in conjunction with a match scheduled between Fort Rouge – the challenger and Morden – the present holder of the Trophy.\nThis event took place at the Fort Rouge Curling Club. Invitations were sent out to all clubs in the M.C.A. that had participated in this competition over the 90 years, as well as dignitaries from the province of Manitoba, The City of Winnipeg, The curling Foundation, The President of the Curling Hall of Fame and members of the Manitoba Curling Association Executive. Replies were received back indicating that approximately 60-70 people would be attending. Unfortunately, a province wide storm happened on our day and many guests were unable to make the trip from the country points, thus we ended up with only about 50 in attendance.\nOn display was the beautiful O’Grady Trophy, along with all the record books containing all the information of each match, as well as statistic sheets for all matches up to the end of the 1997 season.\nAfter the game, refreshments and fellowship were enjoyed by the curlers and guests prior to some serious time.\nTrustee Jim Sproule then introduced our Honoured Guests and dignitaries who extended their greetings and spoke briefly.\nTrustee Ron Lloyd gave a brief history of this great competition stating these matches in the old days were very important and always very well publicized in the Sports Pages of the 2 Newspapers. There were usually many spectators and dignitaries in attendance such as the M.C.A. President, Provincial and Civic Reps and the Media (quite often SCOTTY HARPER). Scotty not only attended City matches but many Rural matches as well.\nRon also wanted all to know that the purpose was not to showcase the best and most well known curlers from one club, but to include any curler who wished to participate and enjoy the game; fostering good-will, camaraderie, fun and great fellowship.\nA lovely lunch followed.\nThe next ten years of competition had a few highlights as follows:\nGRAND MARAIS and WINKLER participated for the first time ever. Winkler in 1999/2000 season and Grand Marais in 2007/2008 season. ST. VITAL was back in 2000 after being absent since 1915, SELKIRK was back for the first time since 1924 and RESTON returned after an absence of 37 years.\n100th ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION\nThe 07-08 season was a very busy but exciting one as 100 years in this great competition was fast approaching. Planning for a 100th Anniversary Celebration was taking place.\nInvitations were sent out to all clubs who had participated within the last 15 years, inviting a representative from each club. Many clubs attended.\nColonel J.W. DeCourcy O’Grady’s competition, completed 100 years to the day on March 2, 1908, when MATCH #1375 was played at the 100th Anniversary Celebration at The Fort Garry Curling Club.\nROLAND played FORT GARRY in the regular scheduled 07-08 match as well as two other special matches to help celebrate the 100 years of competition.\nGLENBORO played against PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, they being the two clubs who challenged the most and also had the most curlers take part over the 100 years.\nGRANITE played THISTLE, these being two of the first clubs to compete in the competition.\nFollowing the curling, and prior to a delicious buffet, invited guests from the province and the City brought greetings and favourable compliments to the celebration. M.C.A. President, Dale Brooks spoke Briefly.\nHall of Fame President, FRED SUTTON attended and the Trustees thanked Fred for having the beautiful O’Grady Trophy on display, which drew much attention. The program was emceed by BOB PICKEN, in which he gave a brief history of the O’Grady Challenge competition. The Trustees had the help of Mr. Keith Forbes in the designing of a beautiful 100th Anniversary pin. All curlers who took part in the 07-08 schedule and all anniversary curling participants and guests received a pin.\nWe believe Colonel O’Grady would be happy and pleased how well his dream has been accepted over 100 years of competition. Thank you to all clubs and curlers who have participated and kept this great competition going for 100 years and we hope that the clubs and young, up and coming curlers will carry this competition on for years to come.\nThe following comments in a club match as up-dated from the 50th annual bonspiel booklet of 1938 reads as follows:\n“During 30 years (now 100) in competition the trophy has more than fulfilled the wishes of Colonel O’Grady for the promotion of Inter-Club matches. It is hoped “The Buffalo” will continue to roam the prairies, sponsoring good sportsmanship and fellowship among present and succeeding generation of curlers”.\n“Senator” O’Dowda, Secretary of the Elmwood Curling Club summed it up best with his comments in MATCH #344 in 1943 – “We, the members of the Elmwood Club were very sorry to lose the O’Grady Trophy because it was the means of bringing together not only the members of our club, but also offered us the chance to meet and enjoy the company of our fellow curlers from out of town”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://srewang.com/featured/a-brief-history-of-fabric-architectural-structures/", "date": "2024-02-23T17:06:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00535.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.957562267780304, "token_count": 469, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__151731094", "lang": "en", "text": "From its humblest beginning as the most basic of shelters, the fabric structure has come a long way.\nA long history\nAlthough the temporary nature of fabric shelters means there is little pre-historical archaeological evidence, it is thought that humans have been building tents as shelter for over 40,000 years. These comprised animal skins or leaves over poles – usually wooden, although people would have used whatever was available. In the case of the Eskimo tribes, this would have been whale bones.\nEasy to build and dismantle, fabric structures were perfect for the nomadic lifestyle of our ancestors, many of whom eventually settled in more permanent buildings. There are still many nomadic communities that use tents today, such as the black tents of the North African Bedouin, the Mongolian yurts, and the tipi of the First Nation tribes of North America, although the latter are generally only used for ceremonial purposes.\nEven after western society became settled in permanent structures, fabric structures played a big role in military campaigns by providing temporary shelter for armies on the move; for example, picture the Roman encampments portrayed in film. Tents and other fabric shelters are still used by armies across the world.\nThe use of these structures in mainstream architecture and construction started at the end of the 19th century. Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov designed a steel-clad metal frame tensile structure for the structural engineering pavilion at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition in 1896 and German architect Frei Otto further championed the use of tensile structures at the German Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal and the 1972 Munich Olympic Stadium.\nAdvances in modern engineering have led to lighter, stronger metals and – more importantly – stronger and more sophisticated architectural fabrics that can withstand the elements, as seen in projects involving fabric structures by Fabric Architecture and other suppliers. This has led to fabric structures, which can be far more versatile and cost effective than a permanent building, being used more and more frequently and for more varied purposes.\nToday, in addition to the tensile structure’s most basic form of the tent, we have more sophisticated fabric architectural structures such as Greenwich’s O2 Arena. This is a far cry from your two-man tent, but the principal remains the same – fabric stretched over a frame and secured.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.koi-fish.com/secret-hidden-cave", "date": "2024-04-21T16:55:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00044.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.990698516368866, "token_count": 486, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__66393326", "lang": "en", "text": "The koi named Akira had always been fascinated by the large pond in which she lived. It was a beautiful place with sparkling water, colorful flowers, and the sound of the waterfall in the distance. But one day, as she was swimming near the edge of the pond, she noticed something peculiar. There was a small opening in the rocks, hidden beneath the water's surface.\nCuriosity getting the better of her, Akira decided to investigate. She swam towards the opening and squeezed herself through the narrow gap. As she emerged on the other side, she found herself in a dark and mysterious cave.\nThe walls of the cave were adorned with ancient symbols and markings, and as Akira swam deeper into the cave, she felt a sense of wonder and excitement. She had never seen anything like this before. But as she explored further, she discovered something even more remarkable.\nAt the end of the cave, there was a large stone tablet with a message inscribed in it. It read, \"This pond was created by our ancestors, who dedicated their lives to building this place. It is a symbol of our family's history and legacy.\"\nAkira was stunned. She had never heard of her family having such a rich history before. She had always thought of herself as just another fish in the pond, but now she realized that there was so much more to her family's story.\nDetermined to learn more, Akira set out to uncover the secrets of her family's past. She spent hours each day exploring the pond and the surrounding area, talking to other fish and learning everything she could about her family's history.\nThrough her efforts, Akira discovered that her family had a long and proud history of building and maintaining the pond. They had dedicated their lives to creating a place of beauty and tranquility, where people could come to escape the stresses of everyday life.\nAkira was proud to be a part of this legacy, and she knew that she had a responsibility to carry on her family's traditions. She continued to explore the pond and the surrounding area, always seeking new knowledge and insights about her family's history.\nIn the end, Akira knew that she had found her true purpose in life. She was a guardian of the pond, a keeper of the family's legacy, and a symbol of the enduring power of family and tradition. And she was proud to be a koi.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.logantoursinc.com/about/", "date": "2024-03-03T16:52:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00633.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.979077935218811, "token_count": 288, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__18357522", "lang": "en", "text": "About Logan Tours\nWe are a small, local tour company located in Butler, PA that specializes in organizing student trips to Washington, D.C. and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Logan Tours has been organizing student tours for over 50 years. The company was started in 1963 as Washington & PA Tours by Cliff Logan, a history teacher at the Butler Jr. High. He saw it as a way to bring ‘History to Life’ for his students. The trips were so successful that teachers from other schools soon began asking Cliff Logan to organize trips for their students and the company was born.\nWhen Cliff retired from teaching in the late 90’s, his daughter took the reins. Rebecca Green was a high school Math teacher, but it turns out she was good at social studies and government, too! Since then, she has become terrific at organizing and managing student and sightseeing tours. In 2018, Rebecca renamed the company, “Logan Tours,” both because it has grown beyond those two locales, and to honor her father’s legacy.\nLogan Tours tailors each trip to meet your school’s specific needs. The core of each trip includes transportation to and from the destination, chaperones, hotel accommodations, all meals and admission to all attractions on the itinerary.\nREBECCA GREEN, Owner\n142 Bryson Road\nButler, PA. 16001", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gleegum.com/learn-more/candy-histories/the-sticky-history-of-chewing-gum/", "date": "2022-01-16T18:19:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300010.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220116180715-20220116210715-00164.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.962004542350769, "token_count": 1211, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__129917751", "lang": "en", "text": "The Maya People\nTo trace the custom of chewing for pleasure to its source, we must look to the ancient Maya people of Central America. Originating in the Yucatan around 2600 B.C.E., they rose to prominence around 250 C.E. in the area now known as southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Belize. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations like the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, an intricate calendar, and hieroglyphic writing.\nThe Maya were also noted for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces, and observatories, all built without metal tools or use of the wheel. They were expert weavers and potters, and to hawk their wares they cleared routes through jungles and swamps, fostering extensive trade networks with distant peoples in the process. The Maya were equally skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest to plant food crops like corn, beans, and squash, as well as hemp, cotton and sapodilla trees.\nThe Maya boiled the sap of the sapodilla tree to a sticky mass, a substance we today know as chicle. For the Maya, its uses were many. They used it in making blowguns and as a strong glue in crafts and architecture. It was an article of trade and was frequently used in religious rituals. Maya boys chewed it, calling the stuff cha. The Maya abandoned their cities for mysterious reasons around the year 800 C.E., but fortunately for us, they retained their custom of chewing chicle.\nFlash forward a few hundreds of years, because 1869 marks the year that modern day gum products were born. The famous Mexican General, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (remember the Alamo?) was looking for a way to commercially exploit the properties of chicle. Unaware of its chewable virtues, Santa Anna originally hoped chicle could be exported as a rubber substitute. So he passed it along to American inventor Thomas Adams. Adams found chicle unsuitable as a base for rubber, but realized its potential as a chewing gum after boiling it and rolling it in sugar. His boiled chicle vastly outsold all other varieties of gum available at the time, and thus revolutionized the industry.\nThough Adams can be credited with the invention of chicle-based chewing gum, it was William Wrigley who built an empire on it. By 1893 Wrigley contracted the Zeno Gum Corporation to make the two main brands still available today – Wrigley’s ‘Juicy Fruit’ and ‘Spearmint.’ His marketing of these products was remarkably innovative and defiant of convention: a mile-long sign composed of one hundred and seventeen billboards between Atlantic City and Trenton, New Jersey, a huge collection of placards and electric signs in Times Square, and a campaign of free samples for millions of storekeepers and salesmen. The campaign was a resounding success, and the chewing of gum became a national addiction. The increasing consumption of chewing gum in the United States meant an increasing demand for chicle from the Peten.\nChicleros, or Sapodilla tree-tappers, began to immigrate into the region from neighboring zones such as Veracruz, Chiapas, Yucatan state and Belize. These workers in the forest economy began to enjoy greater economic freedom from the oppressive Mexican state and the Yucateca elite. Whole villages came to rely on the production of chicle; the village of Uaxactun, for example, arose around an airstrip that was visited daily by small aircraft from the Wrigley’s company, collecting chicle for export to the Unite States. In 1943, México exported 8,165 tons of chicle to the United States, the largest amount in the industry’s history. However, this boom was short lived; during World War Two, the shortage of chewing gum base forced manufacturers to develop synthetic gum resins, which gradually replaced chicle as a gum base. The market for chewing gum has grown remarkably through the years, from a yearly consumption in the United States of 39 sticks per person in 1914 to 200 sticks per person today. Gum made from synthetic materials makes up the majority of this expanding industry. However, chicle is still being harvested today in Guatemala, Belize and Mexico for use in high quality gums in Asia.\nFrom September to January, a time of torrential rains in the Peten, skilled laborers called chicleros hike out to remote parts of the rainforest, seeking either virgin Sapodilla trees or those that were tapped many years prior. They climb up the long trunk of the tree and make a series of diagonal cuts with their machete, taking care to cut only deep enough to allow the white sap to bleed out, but not deep enough to expose the tree to insects or infection. The sap runs down the tree in the grooves cut out by the machete, and collects at the base of the tree in a small canvas sack left by the chiclero. At the end of the day, chicleros collect these sacks. Each tapping only yields about 2.5 pounds of liquid over a six-hour period, and a chiclero will tap 6-12 trees a day in order to make his quota.\nThe key ingredient to Glee Gum is chicle. Glee Gum is actually one of the only gums in the United States made with chicle. Using chicle helps protect the rainforest and provide sustainable subsistence for the people that live there. Without non-timber forest products like chicle, the trees in the forest would be cut down systematically, as their only commercial value would be as logs. So consider that the next time you choose your chewing gum, and chew-se wisely!\nWanna See the Process from Tree to Glee?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://helpinghandscannabis.com/boulder-dispensary-chronicles-a-historical-journey-through-cannabis-culture/", "date": "2023-12-03T20:43:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00777.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.925274670124054, "token_count": 1179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__234752534", "lang": "en", "text": "Take a trip through time as you explore the fascinating history of cannabis culture in Boulder. In this article, we’ll delve into the countercultural beginnings, the milestones that led to legalization, and the iconic dispensaries that shaped the industry, including the renowned Boulder dispensary. Get ready to immerse yourself in Boulder’s vibrant cannabis scene and discover the innovations and trends that are shaping the future of the industry. It’s time to embark on a historical journey like no other.\nEarly Beginnings: Cannabis in Boulder’s Countercultural Movement\nIn the early beginnings of Boulder’s countercultural movement, you’ll find cannabis playing a prominent role in shaping the community’s values and beliefs. The vibrant flower, also known as marijuana, became a symbol of rebellion and freedom for the residents of Boulder. As the counterculture grew, so did the demand for cannabis, leading to the establishment of dispensaries along Pearl Street. These dispensaries became gathering places for like-minded individuals, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie.\nThe availability of cannabis allowed people to explore alternative forms of spirituality and self-expression. It became a catalyst for artistic expression and a way to connect with nature. The influence of cannabis on Boulder’s countercultural movement cannot be overstated; it sparked a revolution of ideas and paved the way for a more open-minded and accepting society.\nMilestones and Legalization: The Evolution of Cannabis Laws in Boulder\nYou’re probably curious about how cannabis laws have evolved over the years in this city. Well, let me tell you, Boulder has had quite the journey. Back in the day, marijuana was strictly illegal, and the idea of a licensed dispensary seemed like a far-fetched dream. But things started to change in 2000 when Colorado legalized medical marijuana. This prompted the opening of the first licensed dispensaries in Boulder, providing much-needed relief to patients.\nFast forward to 2012, and recreational marijuana became legal in Colorado. Boulder quickly embraced this change and witnessed the emergence of numerous recreational dispensaries, including the popular Boulder Recreational Dispensary. Today, Boulder’s cannabis laws continue to evolve, with a focus on regulation and responsible use. So, if you’re looking for a cannabis experience, rest assured that Boulder has got you covered.\nIconic Dispensaries: Exploring the Pioneers of Boulder’s Cannabis Industry\nWhen it comes to exploring the pioneers of the cannabis industry in Boulder, Helping Hands Dispensary stands as a prominent name. Located on Pearl Street, Helping Hands Dispensary Boulder has been a trailblazer in the cannabis movement, offering a diverse selection of high-quality cannabis products. With a dedicated and knowledgeable staff, they are committed to providing a safe and educational experience for their customers.\nWhether you’re a seasoned connoisseur or a curious newcomer, you can rely on Helping Hands Dispensary Boulder to assist you in navigating their extensive menu and finding the perfect product for your needs. And the best part? They offer competitive prices, ensuring that you receive the utmost value for your money. So, why wait? Pay a visit to Helping Hands Dispensary on Pearl Street and immerse yourself in the rich history and culture of Boulder’s cannabis industry, with Helping Hands leading the way.\nCannabis Culture and Community: a Look Into Boulder’s Vibrant Cannabis Scene\nImmerse yourself in the vibrant cannabis scene of this city and discover the tight-knit community that surrounds it. Boulder’s cannabis culture is like no other, with a rich history and a thriving present. Here are three things you can expect when exploring the vibrant cannabis scene in Boulder:\n- Community: The cannabis community in Boulder is incredibly supportive and welcoming. Whether you’re a seasoned connoisseur or new to the scene, you’ll find people who are passionate about sharing their knowledge and experiences.\n- Boulder Dispensaries: From the iconic pioneers to the innovative newcomers, Boulder’s dispensaries offer a wide range of products and experiences. Each dispensary has its own unique vibe and selection, making it exciting to explore them all.\n- Historical Journey: Boulder has played a significant role in the cannabis movement, and you can embark on a fascinating historical journey as you learn about the city’s contribution to cannabis culture. From early activism to groundbreaking research, Boulder has left its mark on the industry.\nThe Future of Cannabis: Innovations and Trends Shaping Boulder’s Industry\nAs you explore, you’ll discover the exciting innovations and trends that are shaping the future of the cannabis industry in this vibrant city. Boulder is at the forefront of the cannabis revolution, offering a wide selection of high-quality products that cater to every preference and need. The dispensary experience here is unlike any other, with knowledgeable staff who can guide you through the vast array of cannabis products available.\nFrom edibles to topicals, concentrates to flower, the options are endless. Boulder’s commitment to providing top-notch customer service and a diverse selection of products ensures that you’ll find exactly what you’re looking for. As the future of cannabis continues to evolve, Boulder remains at the forefront, embracing new technologies and practices that will shape the industry for years to come.\nBoulder’s cannabis culture has come a long way, from its early beginnings in the countercultural movement to the milestones of legalization. The city’s iconic dispensaries have played a crucial role in shaping the industry and creating a vibrant cannabis community. With ongoing innovations and trends, Boulder’s cannabis future looks promising, as it continues to evolve and embrace the ever-changing landscape of the industry.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.womenshealthcouncil.org.nz/judi-strid/", "date": "2023-04-01T20:34:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00428.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9832761287689209, "token_count": 1108, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__146123939", "lang": "en", "text": "Judi was a truly remarkable woman, a leader and one of the most effective change agents in the maternity sector in New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s. I met Judi in the mid-1980s and we soon became friends and colleagues as we joined and/or established consumer groups and worked on numerous issues of concern in the maternity sector. Judi was an inspiring and hard-working member of the Home Birth movement, Save the Midwives and Maternity Action, as well as many other groups.\nIn 1986 she helped form, and then led, the Direct-Entry Midwifery Task Force whose aim was to see the establishment of a direct-entry midwifery programme in New Zealand. Over the next four years Judi led this hugely successful campaign. On 29 November 1987, taskforce members met with Marilyn Waring to discuss strategies for achieving the goal of getting a specialist midwifery training course of a high standard that would be both appropriate to New Zealand and which would also be recognised internationally. As co-ordinator of the Task Force, Judi inspired and motivated the rest of us with her passion and enthusiasm for the cause, and over the next few years we vigorously lobbied MPs, wrote letters, applied for funding, produced submissions, networked with other women, researched overseas midwifery training programmes and attended conferences both in New Zealand and overseas. Without Judi’s commitment and countless hours of unpaid work we would not have achieved as much as we did. The passing of the Nurses Amendment Act in August 1990 was an overwhelming victory for all those involved in this campaign.\nFew midwives today, and probably not one pregnant woman choosing a midwife to care for her, know just how much they owe to Judi Strid.\nThe Auckland Women’s Health Council was formed in July 1988 following a number of informal meetings about women’s health issues held in the early months of that year. Judi was a founding member of the AWHC, which became an incorporated society in September 1989. She was the first paid co-ordinator of the AWHC, taking on the job after funding had been obtained after the demands of the AWHC’s work became more than could be done by Sue Neal, our volunteer secretary. Judi worked tirelessly for the Council, organising fundraising book fairs, writing grant applications, attending hundreds of meetings including those of the newly formed Auckland Area Health Board. She also played a major role in the formation of the Federation of Women’s Health Councils in 1990 and subsequently worked in a volunteer role as the first convenor of the Federation for several years.\nJudi was also involved in the hui on maternity services consumer representation held at the Manukau Institute of Technology in Otara on Saturday 25 November 1989. The meeting was attended by around 50 women and Task Force members, Ray Naden, Anne Nightingale, Sam Denny and Yvonne Underhill-Sem. The result of this meeting was the formation of the Auckland Maternity Services Consumer Council in 1990.\nDebbie Payne, the first convenor of the Maternity Services Consumer Council, said that the MSCC was Judi’s brain-child in that it was her idea to set it up as an umbrella group similar to the Federation of Women’s Health Councils. Judi helped Debbie set up the first meeting of the MSCC Steering Group in 1991 and for the first year MSCC meetings took place in Debbie’s home as Debbie was on a year’s maternity leave at the time.\nAt the beginning of 1995 Judi resigned from both the AWHC and the Federation of Women’s Health Councils.\nShe then went on to set up the Women’s Health Information Unit at National Women’s Hospital in Epsom where she became renowned for her commitment to ensuring women (and health professionals) had access to the latest evidence-based information on a wide range of women’s health issues. She also became a member of the Women’s Health Action Trust, a position she held until 2001.\nJudi was appointed Director of Advocacy at the office of the Health and Disability Commissioner in 2004, a position she held until November 2014. She was a tireless champion of health and disability consumer advocacy and of the Code of Rights in her role as Director. Judi also served as the HDC representative on the National Quality Improvement Committee, where she championed the consumer voice, alongside Jean Hera, the consumer representative from the Palmerston North Women’s Health Collective. Jean said Judi was a great support to her in this role.\nIn 2005 Judi was made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit (MNZM) for her services to women’s health.\nOn Thursday 26 February 2015 Judi Strid died at home following a four-year battle with cancer. She was 59 years old, the mother of five children and three grandchildren. Judi was a very private person, and always refused any attention or acknowledgement of her many achievements. She would definitely not have approved of this tribute to her. However, as others have observed “a great kauri has fallen” and those left behind want to celebrate the life and untimely death of this unique, determined and very humble woman.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.richardjohnstone-bryden.co.uk/hms-cavalier-destroyer-1944/", "date": "2024-04-16T13:28:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00152.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9653549194335938, "token_count": 1735, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__54592817", "lang": "en", "text": "The 6th volume in Seaforth Publishing’s acclaimed Historic Ships series is devoted to the UK’s sole remaining wartime destroyer, HMS Cavalier. Preserved in The Historic Dockyard, Chatham, she acts as a permanent memorial to more than 11,000 men who lost their lives in the 142 Royal Navy destroyers that were sunk during WWII. One of 96 Emergency Programme destroyers that were ordered between 1940 and 1942, Cavalier was built by J Samuel White & Co on the Isle of Wight.\nThe laying of her keel took place on 28 February 1943 followed by her launching on 7 April 1944. As completed in November 1944, Cavalier boasted a main armament of four 4.5 inch guns, a standard displacement of 1,710 tons and a top speed of 31 knots. She subsequently joined the Home Fleet’s 6th Destroyer Flotilla and participated in anti shipping, minelaying and minesweeping operations in Norwegian waters. In late February 1945 she sailed from Scapa Flow to reinforce the escort of the westbound Arctic Convoy RA64 which had been battered by hurricane force winds, torpedo bombers and U-boats. Her involvement in the final stages of this convoy’s passage led to the award of her sole battle honour “Arctic 1945”. She spent the remaining months of the European war operating in the Western Approaches as an escort to several famous liners including Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth and Aquitannia during the initial and final stages of their transatlantic trooping voyages. After V E Day, she underwent a brief refit in Rosyth to prepare for service within the British Pacific Fleet. However, the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought the conflict to a close before the destroyer left home waters and triggered her reassignment to the East Indies Station where she arrived on 29 September 1945 to help re-establish order in the troubled region.\nOn 10 November, Cavalier participated in the occupation of Soerabaya, Java by bombarding dissident Indonesian nationalists who had failed to respond to the Allied ultimatum to surrender. Three months later, she formed part of Force 64 to deal with unrest in the Royal Indian Navy by visiting Indian ports along the Indian West Coast between February and April before heading back to the UK to pay off in to the reserve fleet. Her future hung in the balance until 1955 when she was moved to Southampton to undergo a two year modernisation at the Thornycroft shipyard. The work included the fitting of a new open bridge to the same design as those fitted to the larger Daring class, an enlarged operations room, improved radar equipment, the replacement of one 4.5 in gun with twin squid anti submarine mortars and a revised close range armament of two single and one twin 40mm Bofors guns. On completion of the work, Cavalier’s primary roles included screening heavy forces against attack by submarines, aircraft and light forces as well as attacking enemy light forces and trade. Her secondary roles consisted of attacking heavy ships with torpedoes and participating in combined operations.\nWhen she rejoined the Fleet in July 1957 Cavalier sailed once more for the Far East where she remained until 1963. Her programme mainly consisted of exercises and goodwill visits across the region. One of the most notable events of this time occurred in April 1958 when Cavalier joined the Grapple Squadron to patrol the waters off Christmas Island during the hydrogen bomb tests. Further drama was sparked by the outbreak of an armed rebellion in Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo on 8 December 1962 against the formation of Malaysia. Cavalier had just left Australia waters at the end of a successful goodwill visit when she received orders to proceed to Singapore at high speed and embark The Queen’s Own Highlanders complete with their vehicles and stores. On reaching Brunei, Cavalier disembarked the troops and acted as a communications HQ ship while members of crew guarded 400 captured rebels ashore until the destroyer was relieved by the cruiser HMS Tiger. She returned to the UK in May 1963 to pay off into reserve and await a decision on her future in Chatham Dockyard.\nA year later she was taken in tow from Chatham to be refitted in Gibraltar when she lost her bows in a collision with the 17,905 ton Liberian registered tanker Burgan in the English Channel on 21 May 1964. Fortunately, there were no casualties among the destroyer’s skeleton crew and the virtually unscathed Burgan continued with her voyage to Rotterdam. However, Cavalier had to be towed stern first to Portsmouth Dockyard for emergency repairs.\nShe recommissioned in 1966 for a brief spell with the Home Fleet before sailing for the Far East in May 1967. Her last deployment East of Suez included two Beira patrols to enforce the embargo on shipments of oil to Rhodesia. Following her return to the UK on 30 May 1968 she spent the remainder of her active service operating in Home Waters and the Mediterranean. While acting as planeguard to the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal during a major exercise on 8 September 1970, Cavalier received orders to assist the coaster St Brandon which had caught fire in rough weather in the Bristol Channel. The French trawler Henri Callogh rescued the crew before Cavalier’s arrival so the destroyer stood by the blazing coaster to warn other shipping and report on whether she sank. Despite the force 10 winds, a boarding party managed to secure a tow line on 10 September and brought her into Milford Haven a day later. The Admiralty Courts subsequently ruled that the Ship’s Company was entitled to a salvage award of £11,000 to be distributed among those who were onboard during the operation.\nThe same exercise also led to Cavalier receiving a challenge from HMS Rapid to establish which one could claim to be the fastest in the Fleet. Although Rapid had been converted from a wartime R class destroyer into a frigate, she retained the same hull form and machinery as Cavalier, thereby creating an evenly matched contest. Cavalier reached a maximum speed of 31.8 knots to narrowly win the 64 mile race on 6 July 1971 by just 30 yards. Despite this impressive performance, the veteran destroyer was nearing the end of her career, in which she steamed 564,140 miles, and paid off for the last time in Chatham Dockyard on 6 July 1972.\nAdmiral of the Fleet Earl Mountbatten of Burma led the campaign to preserve Cavalier. She was purchased by The HMS Cavalier Trust for £65,000 in 1977 and opened to the public in Southampton in 1982. Sadly, this scheme ended in failure as did successive plans to preserve her in Brighton and Tyneside. Time appeared to be running out by 1998 when The Historic Dockyard, Chatham stepped in at the eleventh hour with the help of a £1.6 million grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund. She underwent £1million of repairs on Tyneside before leaving under tow for Chatham where she arrived on 16 May 1999. Three days later, she entered No 2 dry dock, the site of the Old Single Dock where Lord Nelson’s flagship HMS Victory was built. Tours of the upper decks began soon after her arrival while The Historic Dockyard’s employed conservation team and dedicated volunteers started work to enable more parts of the ship to be opened to the public. Visitors were finally allowed down below in August 2001 following the completion of the forward messdeck’s restoration.\nThe wholehearted support of the preservation team’s staff and volunteers enabled Richard to take an extensive series of colour images of the Ship’s exterior and internal compartments, including a number of areas that are closed to the public. A significant proportion of the book is devoted to these images which take the reader on a unique illustrated tour of the ship from bow to stern and deck-by-deck, thereby creating the most comprehensive visual record and explanation of the ship that exists.\nTitle: HMS Cavalier Destroyer 1944\nForeword by: Richard Holdsworth MBE\nPublisher: Seaforth Publishing\nFormat: Soft Back\nPublication Date: 2015\nNumber of Published Pages: 128\nNumber of Images:\nRemarks: In print – available direct from Seaforth Publishing, The Historic Dockyard, Chatham and in all good bookshops (both online and on a high street near you).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.dancing-times.co.uk/issue_one/", "date": "2022-05-16T09:03:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510097.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516073101-20220516103101-00018.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9547623991966248, "token_count": 145, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__266494806", "lang": "en", "text": "Posted on March 2, 2012\nWe thought readers of Dancing Times and Dance Today might want to take a look at the first ever issue of Dancing Times published in October 1910. The editor was Philip J S Richardson, who continued to work for the magazine until his retirement in 1958.\nHe was instrumental in the founding of the Royal Academy of Dancing (now Dance), the Camargo Society for the encouragement and presentation of British ballet (1930-33), and the British Board of Ballroom Dancing (now the British Dance Council), which codified the technique and controls the standard of “English style” of Ballroom dancing.\nWe hope you enjoy having a look!\nAll material copyright Dancing TImes Ltd", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sentrorizal.ncca.gov.ph/sentro-rizal-new-york-inaugurated/", "date": "2024-03-03T19:19:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476397.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303174631-20240303204631-00669.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9249815940856934, "token_count": 688, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__91853325", "lang": "en", "text": "Consul General Elmer G. Cato (second from right), and Chairperson Arsenio J. Lizaso of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (second from left) unveil the Sentro Rizal marker at the Philippine Center on Thursday, 06 January 2022. Witnessing the event are Ms. Maria Luisa Tinio Bayot, a descendant of Dr. Jose P. Rizal, and Deputy Consul General Arman R. Talbo. The Sentro Rizal New York is the 36th such center in the world, and the 7th in the United States. It will be at the forefront of cultural diplomacy efforts of the Consulate at the United States northeast. (Photo by Federico A. Silao, Jr.)\nNew York, 06 January 2022 – The Philippine Consulate General in New York received a big boost in its cultural diplomacy efforts with the inauguration of the Sentro Rizal at the Philippine Center in Manhattan on Thursday, 6 January 2021.\nThe Sentro Rizal New York was launched in simple ceremonies led by Consul General Elmer G. Cato and Chairperson Arsenio J. Lizaso of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and attended by members of the Filipino Community.\n“Sentro Rizal serves as a platform to reignite our Filipino pride and strengthen the Filipino identity,” Consul General Elmer G. Cato said. “It is our hope that Sentro Rizal New York will reinforce the ties that bind our kababayan in the United States with our inang bayan.”\nConsul General Cato also expressed his appreciation to Chairperson Lizaso for his commitment to support the various cultural projects of the Philippine Consulate General.\n“Now that we have the Sentro Rizal New York, the NCCA can make available to the Philippine Consulate General the resources it needs to effectively carry out its cultural diplomacy programs in the East Coast,” said Chairperson Lizaso.\nAs part of the inauguration ceremony, Consul General Cato and Chairperson Lizaso signed a Memorandum of Understanding outlining the commitments of both the Philippine Consulate General and NCAA in ensuring the success of the Sentro Rizal New York.\nThe signing of the MOU was witnessed by Deputy Consul General Arman R. Talbo; Maria Luisa Tinio Bayot, a descendant of Dr. Jose Rizal; and officials of the Knights of Rizal in the Eastern Region led by Atty. Ferdinand Suba.\nThe Sentro Rizal New York was inaugurated 12 years after the passage of the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 that provided for the establishment of Philippine centers to promote Filipino art, culture, and language among members of the Filipino diaspora.\nIt is the 36th Sentro Rizal in the world and the seventh in the United States after those at the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C. and the Philippine Consulates General in Agana, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.\nConsul General Cato said the Sentro Rizal New York will serve as repository of Filipiniana materials in the form of books, CDs, and artworks to allow the public to fully immerse themselves into the Filipino culture.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://carpentunes.com/the-coquina-rock-band/", "date": "2024-04-16T13:35:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00009.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9914429783821106, "token_count": 506, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__149397368", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1980, Mike was playing with a band that included drummer Steve Fillicelli. As often happens, musicians would come and go for various reasons. Eventually, Steve left the band and a new drummer was recruited. Some months later, Mike also left, but he wasn’t idle for very long.\nHe was contacted by Steve, and asked if he was interested in joining the band that Steve was currently playing in, as their bassist was leaving shortly to move north and go back to school. Mike agreed, and this led to him becoming a member of the Coquina Rock Band.\nThe CRB had been started a year before by Mark Watson and his sister Jill, both of whom were excellent vocalists, with Mark also playing keyboards and a bit of guitar, while Jill contributed the odd guitar or percussion part. They too, had experienced the musical-chair situation with other members.\nTheir current bass player was Perry Petrone, aka ‘Sonny LaRock’. Perry was also left-handed, so he and Mike had a rapport almost immediately. The two of them had several sessions at Perry’s house in which they went over the bass parts to nearly every song the band played. This was important, since a large part of the band’s repertoire was original music from the Watson siblings (with contributions from a writing partner of Mark’s).\nWith Mike up to speed, Perry left the band and the CRB was able to carry on without a hitch. During the time Mike was a member, they made a TV appearance on Sunshine Music Hall, a half-hour broadcast on station WMFE in Orlando, Fl.\nAfter several more personnel changes, including a new drummer, the band went into the studio (for the second time; the first occasion was with Perry some months before Mike joined). This resulted in two original tracks, Expendable and Metal On Metal, recorded at a professional eight-track studio in Melbourne, Florida. Except for some live recordings made at a surf festival some months later, these were the only songs captured on tape while Mike was with the band.\nEventually, Mike also left the group, which carried on a while longer then disbanded completely. Mark and Jill went on to work as a country duo for a short time, which ended when Jill moved to Chicago. Mark and Perry both passed away in 2004. Mike and Jill still keep in touch.\nFor more information, check out the Coquina Rock Band website.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://missionofsanjose.weebly.com/father-fermin-francisco-de-lasuen.html", "date": "2017-11-18T13:31:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804965.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118132741-20171118152741-00305.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9754171371459961, "token_count": 107, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__170272079", "lang": "en", "text": "Father Fermin Francisco\n- Father Fermin founded the Mission of San Jose on June 11, 1797.\n- Father Fermin was born on June 7, 1736 at Vitoria in Cantabria, Spain.\n- He became a Franciscan priest in 1752 and volunteered for the American missions in 1758.\n- He had ruddy skin, a pockmarked face, dark eyes and dark curly hair.\n- On June 1775, he moved to Monterey but was unhappy in California.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ccoim.ca/en/the-chamber/our-history/", "date": "2024-02-23T03:55:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00232.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9769120812416077, "token_count": 645, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__188207656", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of The West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce\nThe following is a brief history of The West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce (WIMCC) from its beginning in January 1978 to the present.\nThe Dorval and Pointe-Claire Chambers of Commerce had been successful organizations within their respective communities for many years.\nAs the West Island of Montreal began to grow in the 60’s and 70’s, the Directors of both the Dorval and Pointe-Claire Chambers decided the time was right to consider the formation of one West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce. One Chamber that could offer expanded services to the industrial, commercial and community interests for the benefit of the entire West Island of Montreal.\nOur Charter was granted to include all the municipalities from Lachine to the West of the Island. There was one exception to this: Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue had a Chamber of Commerce, but eventually joined with The West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce.\nBoth the Dorval and the Pointe Claire Chambers have had excellent relationships with their officials.\nAs The West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce came into existence – this first class relationship continued – and expanded to the other West Island municipalities.\nThe West Island of Montreal Chamber of Commerce was fortunate in that the Pointe-Claire Chamber had two excellent fund-raising projects that had been going on for 10 years prior to amalgamation. One of these was the Annual Industrial Exhibition held each spring at the Fairview Shopping Centre. This Exhibition enabled local industry and businesses to publicize their products, services, etc. and at the same time was a revenue producer for the Chamber. The other was the Auto-Ex held each fall at Fairview.\nAs the Chamber grew, it was found necessary to have staff to provide ongoing services to the membership. A Manager and a Secretary were hired. Fairview generously provided accommodations at no cost to the Chamber.\nIn October 1982 the Chamber sponsored the West Island Economic Summit, which brought together 95 people representing various sectors of the West Island economy including all levels of government.\nMany of the topics that were raised at the Summit are now being realized. Perhaps the best example of this was the creation of the West Island Business Development Council.\nIn early 1986, the Council hired an Industrial Commissioner and a Secretary. As you know, much activity has been going on in the area. Most of the cities and towns of the West Island plus a grant from the Provincial Government finance this Development Council.\nIn 1985 the Chamber initiated the Accolades program to foster pride and productivity in West Island businesses and industries by acknowledging special achievements.\nThis program was very well received and supported. The program was also held the year after with even greater enthusiasm and support that in the previous year. It was a gala event in all respects.\nThe Chamber’s first Finance Show was held in January 1986 at Fairview. Good support for this effort was provided by the financial and business organizations.\nThe Chamber has been fortunate to have men and women who have given generously of their time and talent as well as count on the great financial and services support of numerous business partners.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://taraweralegacy.co.nz/history-of-rotorua/", "date": "2020-09-27T01:32:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400249545.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926231818-20200927021818-00650.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9685316681861877, "token_count": 395, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__86790162", "lang": "en", "text": "For generations the Tuhourangi people lived in the shadow of Mount Tarawera, the enigmatic mountain that looms above the lake of the same name.\nNearby Lake Rotomahana, was the focus of a 19th century tourist boom. Rotomahana was the site of a spectacular geothermal phenomenon – a vast expanse of silica formations that became world famous as the Pink and White Terraces.\nIn the neighboring village of Te Wairoa, the Tuhourangi people prospered from ever increasing visitors to their land to view this natural wonder of the world.\nIt was a way of life that was to end abruptly in the early hours of June 10, 1886. Without warning, Mount Tarawera became violently active and in the hours that followed a choking layer of scoria, ash and mud buried the surrounding landscape. Many of the villages close to the mountain disappeared without trace and the Pink and White Terraces, the livelihood for so many, were obliterated. For the Tuhourangi people these were hours of loss and total devastation.\nFamily members took in survivors of the eruption at the little village of Whakarewarewa, located in central Rotorua. Whakarewarewa was becoming a popular tourist destination in its own right for its geothermal activity. Most of the Tuhourangi homeless eventually settled at Whakarewarewa where they were able to rebuild their lives and continue welcoming visitors to experience Rotorua’s natural wonders.\nToday guests join the descendants of the Tuhorangi people to experience their unique lifestyle and history – a history rich with the traditions and legends of a strong people that survived a long sea voyage to Aotearoa New Zealand. Hear the legends of a people exploring a new land making it their home, living in harmony with a sometimes harsh environment and living with the legacy of the great mountain, Tarawera.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://victoriasquiltscanada.com/about-history.html", "date": "2017-04-24T01:29:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118950.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00053-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9764423370361328, "token_count": 1138, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__293836985", "lang": "en", "text": "Victoria's Quilts Canada (VQC) was established by Betty Giffin of Ottawa in October 1999. She invited a small group of friends to discuss the possibility of groups getting together to make quilts to donate to people living with cancer in Canada. The group started slowly, but the idea gained interest and the group quickly gained momentum.\nIn its first year, VQC distributed 16 quilts to people with cancer. The following year, it was incorporated as a non-profit organization.\nBy 2002 and 2003, VQC had already expanded to include more than a dozen Friends Groups in the National Office area and 8 Branches across Canada. The non-quilting volunteer base also grew to include more administrative help. As in the past, the number of quilts requested increased along with public awareness.\n2004 was a year of tremendous growth in many ways, and some inevitable struggles. Numerous world events translated into a tough economic climate for many non-profit organizations, including VQC. Fabricland Distributors Inc. and the Ontario Trillium Foundation provided essential capital and operating funds. With this support, the organization was able to worry less about funding and concentrate more on the making and delivery of quilts. This has always been our main focus and the acquisition of the new quilting frames and machines enabled us to provide more quilts to more people in a more timely fashion.\nGrowth has continued since 2006. Twenty-four Branches now operate across Canada, and twenty Friends Groups make and distribute quilts in the National Office area and to all parts of Canada not currently served by a Branch. In its early years, the Friends Groups in the National Office area were the mainstay of the organization, producing the larger portion of quilts that were distributed. By 2010, production had shifted, with more than half of the quilts being made in the Branches, at a local level.\nA very special highlight in 2007 was the delivery of VQC's 10,000th quilt. It had taken ten years to reach this milestone. Three years later, however, the number of quilts delivered across Canada had more than doubled and, in November 2011, the 25,000th quilt was delivered to someone living in Prince Edward Island. In April 2016, VQC reached a new milestone with the delivery of its 50,000th quilt to someone living in Ottawa.\nIn 2009, VQC created the new Youth Initiatives Program to harness the enthusiasm and power of youth. Groups of young people met on a continuing basis in their high schools or rehabilitation centres to tie and pin quilts, preparing them for the final binding and labelling step, which was then done by VQC's regular member volunteers. The program proved to be a winning proposition, as VQC benefited from an increased supply of quilts, and the young people were able to earn the volunteer credits necessary for high school graduation.\nIn 2010, the Ontario Trillium Foundation bestowed a very generous grant to accelerate the program's expansion in the Ottawa area during 2011 and 2012, then extended it into 2013. As a result, the program expanded from 5 groups in 2009 to 19 groups in 2014. A milestone to expand the program by involving some 250 students in various groups was also surpassed with the participation of more than 300 students.\nThe year 2011 was financially challenging, and many changes were implemented in the subsequent two-year period. Financial and accounting practices were tightened, as were budgeting and fundraising activities. Progress was also made in registering our activities in all provinces.\nIn 2012, the National Office of VQC moved from its previous location (Betty Giffin’s basement) to its current rented site in Heartwood House, a non-profit, charitable organization that provides affordable, supportive accommodation to 18 non-profit organizations in Ottawa.\nIn 2013, registration of the VQC trademark was complete. In addition, two new Branches were opened: one in Moosomin (Saskatchewan), the other in Neepawa (Manitoba).\nChanges continued in 2014, including establishment of new financial standards for the Branches and the National Office. We also retained the services of an accountant to prepare our yearly financial statements and provide advice, as required. Some Branches were retired and a new Branch opened up in Tignish, Prince Edward Island. This was also the year that National held its first Gayle Madely Memorial Quilt-a-thon to honour Gayle Madely, wife of Steve Madely, a well-known radio personality in Ottawa and long-time supporter of VQC. Gayle was a VQC quilt recipient and found great comfort in her quilt. This event was repeated the next year.\nIn 2015, VQC continued to grow and expand. Another new Branch opened in Woodstock/Oxford, Ontario and a new, bilingual website was launched. The latter included an online form for requesting quilts to help streamline and manage the increasing demand.\nProduction and distribution of quilts remain centre stage. VQC is fortunate to have an army of volunteers that works tirelessly behind the scenes: board members, quilt packers and quilt deliverers, group and branch leaders, administrative volunteers and fundraisers.\nAs founder Betty Giffin continues to say, \"With the help of our volunteers, the community and blessings from above, we will continue to provide comfort, both physical and spiritual, to those struggling with cancer, and we will continue to grow until the day that cancer is no longer with us.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.robertandersongallery.com/gallery/reed-bontecou/", "date": "2019-01-19T03:03:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583661083.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119014031-20190119040031-00188.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.97129225730896, "token_count": 332, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__113757702", "lang": "en", "text": "Photographers: Reed Bontecou from the Burns Collection\nCivil war portraiture of surgeon Reed Bontecou at Harewood Army Hospital, Washington, D.C., 1865 from the Burns Collection. Reed Bontecou was responsible for pioneering, and taking, the largest number of photographs of wounded soldiers during the Civil War and was the single largest contributor of photographs and specimens to the Army Medical Museum and medical publications of the time. His close up images of surgery, anesthesia, and patients posing with their pathological specimens were unique to his time. Many photographs are of patients pre- and post- operation, views of patients showing the progression of specific treatments, or the various stages of diseases. After the war he organized his photographs into albums laying them out, anatomically from head to foot wounds, and loosely alphabetically by soldier’s name.\nBontecou’s images are beautifully posed, and the sitters seem almost serene in his gaze, elevating clinical photography to an art form. They speak a universal language of war, or rather, what it can do in human terms. Bontecou was a master of exposing the nature of the sitter. Beyond the wounds, the amputations, and the gangrene, the subject is presented as naturally as possible. It should be noted that smiling in photographs during this early period was very rare and the subject put on his best expression. Some images are further enhanced by Bontecou’s own red pen, detailing the trajectory of the bullet that impacted on the patient. These images, with the hand drawn lines, were part of his personal Harewood Hospital teaching album.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.jasonandalix.ca/tag/cruise/", "date": "2024-02-21T11:15:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00145.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9726666808128357, "token_count": 593, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__146263377", "lang": "en", "text": "Yesterday was our last day of vacation before we both go back to work today and it was a day full of travel, both in a literal sense and in an educational sense. We started with a very early wake-up call at 6:00 AM so we could grab a quick bite of buffet breakfast before our departure from the Freedom of the Seas around 7:15 AM. The departure was handled well, we got our bags quickly and we didn’t have any problems at customs. However, it was sad to leave the giant ship behind which had acted as our home for the past week.\nAfter we cleared customs we started on our last excursion through the cruise, a quick trip north on a bus to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. We arrived just before they opened at 9:00 AM and stood next to a group who held their hands over their hearts as the American anthem was played at opening. Once we were through the gates Karen, our guide, took us for a tour through the rocket garden, a display of spare and mocked-up rockets and capsules from the Gemini, Mercury and Apollo space programs. After the rocket garden we were taken for a brief tour through an exhibit further outlining the missions for this period.\nOur group was then taken to the new, still under construction space shuttle museum where the shuttle Atlantis will be exhibited starting this summer. Already open is the space shuttle launch simulator and if there’s one thing that NASA does a terrific job with (beyond all of the rocket space stuff) it’s their simulators. This example held 45 people and tilted us until our back was lying horizontal on our seat and rocked us around, simulating the launch and g-force effects.\nAfter our time in the simulator we boarded a bus for a tour of the grounds, driving past the historic launch pad 39A where the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon was launched from along with several other Apollo and Space Shuttle missions. We also saw the massive vehicle assembly building (VAB) and several less massive alligators. Our guide was good but also very patriotic, trying the entire time to convince us that the shuttle program was cancelled because the mission was over, not because of any budget/safety issues.\nAfter the tour of the grounds we stopped at the museum dedicated to the Apollo Moon missions and the massive Saturn V rocket. There we were presented with another excellent simulator, this time for an Apollo rocket launch from the KSC control center perspective. Afterwards we had lunch, touched a moon rock took many pictures of the enormous Saturn V rocket and browsed the gift shop before leaving the famous spaceport.\nIt was then a one hour jaunt to Orlando where we boarded our flight for Minneapolis and then home. It’s always unfortunate for a vacation to be over but it’s also always nice to be home after a long absence. Have a good week everyone!\nJason & Alix", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://saintoliverplunkett.com/shrines.html", "date": "2023-09-26T10:05:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00899.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9881407618522644, "token_count": 8308, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__305004563", "lang": "en", "text": "Birthplace of Saint Oliver\nSt. Oliver was born a member of the influential Plunkett clan on all saints day, the 1st of November 1625, at Loughcrew, Oldcastle, Co. Meath. His mother Thomasina was a member of the well-connected Earls of Roscommon family from Roscommon/Meath, and Oliver’s father, John, was the Baron of Loughcrew. His father’s estate comprised over 250 hectares of fine land in and around Loughcrew along with a tower house, adjoining church and a corn mill. It was through Oliver’s mother Thomasina and the Dillon family, that the Plunkett's of Loughcrew had a closer bond with the more senior branches of the aristocratic Plunkett clan in Co. Meath, notably the Earl of Fingal at Killeen castle or the Plunkett’s of Dunsany. He was also connected by birth with the Plunkett’s of County Louth, notably the Baron of Louth, the first nobleman of the archdiocese of Armagh.\nOliver had an elder brother Edward, and three sisters, Katherine, Anne and Mary. During the time of the Cromwellian conquests, while Oliver was still in Rome, the family who had decided to remain Catholic were consequently dispossessed of the estate at Loughcrew. Edward and his family later moved to Co. Louth. Around this time Oliver had written from Rome about Robert Plunkett, a son of the Lord of Loughcrew, describing him as a priest in the Trim area who had amazing stories to tell as he constantly avoided capture in that locality. He may have been another brother of Oliver’s, but was more likely an uncle.\nToday, the estate which is owned by the Naper family for over three hundred years, hosts a visitor centre, adventure play grounds and fine gardens which are open to the public.\nNearby, is Sliabh na Caillí, the site of Loughcrew megalithic burial grounds which dates back 5000 years and contains important megalithic art. Of considerable historical importance, the monument is one of the main four passage tombs in Ireland today. St. Oliver as a young boy would have known this site well.\nThe parish church, at nearby Oldcastle, contains a major bone relic of St. Oliver (right), which was given by the monks of Downside Abbey at the time of St. Oliver’s canonisation in 1975.\nThe annual celebration in honour of St. Oliver is held each year in Loughcrew, on the first Sunday of July at 3pm.\nSaint Oliver's 'Pro-Cathedrals'\nUpon his return to Ireland as the Archbishop of Armagh in 1670, St Oliver based himself in north Louth and for several months the locals would have become accustomed to seeing him dressed in disguise as a Captain William Browne, complete with sword, wig and a pair of pistols as befitted an officer. Living in north Louth held several advantages for him, it was in the centre of his Archdiocese and within easier reach of many other dioceses of the northern province. It was on the border of 'Gael' and 'Pale' and this helped him in his work of reaching out to these groups so as to be able to reconcile many of their differences. North Louth was also in an area where the Catholic Baron of Louth, a Plunkett and a distant relative, held some property. He had regained a portion of his estate after the Restoration of King Charles II to the throne and he had already offered to look kindly upon the new Archbishop of Armagh. At Louth Hall, Oliver was given the use of a sheltered room and by old local tradition, it is believed that he had occasion to hide in the ice-house and thick undergrowth near the main house.\nBallybarrack is located on the outskirts of Dundalk and Ardpatrick is located on a hill overlooking Louth village. Both have been described as St. Oliver's pro-cathedrals. Without pillars or spires these tiny churches in rural areas had been overlooked and obviously considered of little value to those who had commandeered almost everything else. They were destined to serve in fine manner however, St. Oliver's humble mission to his flock throughout the 1670's. He lived in both locations, ordained many priests in both small churches and held an important Ulster Church Synod at Ardpatrick in 1678. We know that his homes were not lofty palaces but simple, humble abodes and he wrote on one occasion that his home was a thatched abode with a low ceiling of only seven feet high. That did not confine him however in his hospitality to friend, stranger or visiting priests. In a rural area, safe from prying eyes, there must have been a lot of coming and going at these locations in north Co. Louth.\nBallybarrack church now measures fifteen metres by five metres, but may well have been smaller than this as it is believed that St. Oliver's home was probably situated towards the front of the church alongside the road. At the time of its excavation in the early twentieth century, the top of a sixteenth century thurible was found with a Celtic motif, which is now in Maynooth College Museum. Perhaps someone fleeing from capture, dropped it in haste.\nArdpatrick church was only uncovered in 1935 with the walls still standing at a little over a meter high. This church is even smaller than Ballybarrack, measuring only eight and a half meters by five and a half metres and it must have proved quite a squeeze for many of Archbishop Oliver's church ceremonies. He conducted most of his ordination ceremonies in the north Louth area; the vast majority of these were held in Ardpatrick and Ballybarrack, with Ardpatrick hosting the greater number.\nSt. Oliver is renowned for his letter writing and his faithful servant James McKenna must have been a regular traveller on the roads around north Louth, discretely delivering or collecting mail from the other dioceses in Ireland, or the post with London, the Internuncio in Brussels or with Rome. The four horses, which St. Oliver owned for a time, must have been kept well exercised as he continued with his visitation to all of the dioceses of the northern province. He frequently travelled to Drogheda and his schools there. He journeyed to meetings with his diocesan priests at Blyke's Inn in Dorsey, Pierce's Inn in Dunleer or further a-field and he frequently visited Dublin. Indeed within months of his return he was summoned to Dublin on at least nine occasions to defend the schools, which he had built at Drogheda. He undertook a lot of missionary activity during the short window of opportunity he had for doing good, including a large number of confirmation ceremonies held across the province, writing: \"I did not give repose to brain, pen or even horses these four years, in a vast province of eleven dioceses.\" Archbishop Oliver must have come to know most of the mass-rocks dotted across the province, but in north Louth, particularly in the Ballybarrack/Ardpatrick area, it would be no exaggeration to say that he must have known every hedge-row and tree.\nHis brother Edward and family, dispossessed from Loughcrew at the time of the Cromwellian conquests, relocated to Ardpatrick. Local tradition could point to the Archbishops house close to the garden wall of Ardpatrick House. Local tradition also points to an ancient oak tree in which St. Oliver is believed to have hidden and slept and is known locally as 'St. Oliver's Oak' or 'St. Oliver's Bed'. Shortly before his martyrdom, St. Oliver wrote caringly from his prison cell of his brother Edward who was then senile, of his nephews, Jemmy, Joseph and Nicky and of his nieces, Catty and Tomasin. He wrote of their progress in education, without doubt having already played an important part in their formation, just as his priest cousin, Fr. Patrick Plunkett had played such a crucial role in his own early education. Sr. Catherine Plunkett, the first superior of the Siena community, which was founded in Drogheda in 1722, was a relative of St. Oliver and must have been his grandniece and a daughter of one of the above listed nephews. Some three years after the orders foundation, the Relic of the Head of St. Oliver was entrusted to the communities care, where it would remain for the following two hundred difficult years.\nWhile on the run in 1674, Archbishop Oliver drifted further away from north Louth and the area of the Pale and moved into south Armagh, where he endured many hardships, hiding out in caves, attics or in some safe houses. He was subsequently able to resume his work for a few years, albeit discreetly, but storm clouds again gathered in 1678 with the incredible and false revelations of Titus Oates in London. After Archbishop Oliver's arrest in December 1679, he was imprisoned in Dublin Castle and brought to Dundalk for trial on 23rd July of the following year where he spent four days in the Old Dundalk Jail. He raised no objection to the all-Protestant jury, knowing that he himself was well known and respected there. Archbishop Oliver was also denied defence council, but not withstanding these impediments the trial fell through because the prosecution witnesses were themselves wanted men in Dundalk and were afraid to put in an appearance. Archbishop Oliver was required to pay for his food and keep while in prison and he could joke: \"I was conducted back to the royal castle of Dublin to my former cell, a very expensive one, but considering the shortness of the time, Dundalk was even more expensive.\"\nThe annual Mass and ceremony in honour of St. Oliver is held at Ballybarrack Shrine on the second Sunday of July each year at 3pm.\nDownside Abbey, Somerset, England\nSaint Oliver and the Benedictine Order\nThe Benedictine order holds a special place of honour in the story of St. Oliver Plunkett. While in Newgate prison in London, St. Oliver befriended an English Benedictine monk, Fr. Maurus Corker, who proved very helpful to him, becoming in effect his 'anam chara' or faith friend. Fr. Corker provided St. Oliver with Mass requisites and he also heard St. Oliver's confession before his death. Undoubtedly, the martyr's most revealing letters about himself were the ones he penned at this time from his prison cell. Amongst these were letters and notes to Fr. Corker, each of which display a deep spirituality. These are all well preserved and among the cherished possessions of the Benedictine Community at Downside Abbey. It is often said that Fr. Corker possibly enrolled St. Oliver as a Confrater of the Benedictine order. Indeed another Benedictine priest imprisoned with St. Oliver at this time, Fr. Cuthbert Wall, alias Mr Marshall, lent St. Oliver a 'shift' to wear on his way to Tyburn. This garb may well have been a form of habit or scapular to represent the Benedictine order. In any event, St. Oliver saw himself as coming under the obedience of Fr. Corker, who was President of the English Benedictines at the time. St. Oliver left all decisions in his hands, i.e. how the barber would attend to him, whether or not to have a fortifying drink on the day of execution, the drafting of his final speech and finally he left his clothes, possessions and his body to be at Fr. Corker's 'will and pleasure'.\nAfter his martyrdom at Tyburn, St. Oliver's remains, minus the head and forearms were buried in a London churchyard. Fr. Corker had the remains exhumed some two years later in 1683, whereupon they were smuggled to Lamspringe in Lower Saxony, Germany and interred with great ceremony in the crypt of the local Benedictine monastery. The new Abbey Church was almost completed by this time and Fr. Corker became abbot of this monastery some seven years later. It is believed that it was via Lamspringe that Fr. Corker would have brought the Relic of the Head of St. Oliver to Rome; giving it to Oliver's old Dominican friend and correspondent, the Cardinal of Norfolk, formerly Fr. Philip Howard who had hidden Archbishop Oliver in St. James's Palace in London some fifteen years earlier.\nFor several centuries, Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop and Martyr, was almost completely forgotten about in these islands as a result of the harsh penal laws and the difficult famine times. Lamspringe and the Benedictines order never forgot however, and along with Siena Convent, Drogheda and the Irish College in Rome, St. Oliver's memory has been faithfully venerated in these locations right down to the present day.\nExactly two hundred years after receiving St. Oliver's remains at Lamspringe it was finally thought opportune and safe to bring them to the Benedictine Abbey at Downside, Somerset, England in 1881. This community continue to faithfully venerate the martyr saint in a major shrine dedicated in his honour. Around the time of the St. Oliver's canonisation in 1975, Downside Abbey generously gave gifts of major relics to the Shrine in Drogheda, Oldcastle Parish Church, Dromore Cathedral and some other locations also benefited with gifts of relics at this time.\nA great debt of gratitude is certainly owed to the Benedictine community and to the people of Lamspringe in Germany for the faithful way they venerated and kept alive the memory of St. Oliver down through the centuries. Centuries, which were very difficult ones for the Irish people as they continued to struggle and scrape for bare survival, in both body and in soul.\nThe annual Mass and ceremony in honour of St. Oliver is held in Downside Abbey on the Feast of St. Oliver, 1st July each year.\nTrial and Execution - Tyburn, London\nArchbishop Oliver who had secretly visited his cousin and tutor of old, Bishop Patrick Plunkett before his death in Dublin, was arrested on 6th December, 1679 and jailed in Dublin Castle. He was accused, on false evidence, of plotting against the King of England and planning to bring a French force into Carlingford harbour. Archbishop Oliver was brought to Dundalk for trial on 23rd July and although not allowed any defence counsel, he raised no objection to the all-Protestant jury, knowing that he himself was well known and respected there. Lord Shaftesbury and others in London, then decided to bring Archbishop Plunkett to London to face trial, knowing that there was probably not a jury in Ireland which would convict him, irrespective of its makeup. They also knew that as a result of the hysteria and wild reports of Catholic plots in England, a rigged jury in London would not be overly concerned with the true character of any of those involved.\nBrought over to Newgate prison in October, Archbishop Oliver was placed in strict solitary confinement to spend a second harsh winter in jail. Despite his pain, as he suffered from several ailments, he spoke to no one except his jailors and they became impressed by his fasting, constant prayer and inherent good humour.\nOn the day of the trial, Oliver who was again not allowed any defence counsel, disputed the right of the court to try him in England and he also drew attention to the criminal past of the witnesses. The Lord Chief Justice replied: \"Look you Mr. Plunkett, do not waste your time by talking about these things…The bottom of your treason, which is treason of the highest order, was the setting up of your false religion and there is nothing more displeasing to God than it\". The jury retired to consider the charge of high treason and returned within fifteen minutes with a guilty verdict. Archbishop Oliver, knowing the horrible punishment for treason, was to be hung, drawn and quartered and realising that he was to be martyred for his faith, simply replied to the court: \"Deo Gratias\" or God be thanked. The Lord Chief Justice pronounced sentence: \"You shall be drawn through the City of London to Tyburn, there you shall be hanged by the neck but cut down before you are dead, your bowels shall be taken out and burnt before your face, your head shall be cut off and your body be divided into four quarters.\" Oliver addressed the court and said that he could easily have gained his freedom, as he had already been offered it, if he would confess his guilt and condemn others, adding that he would rather die ten thousand deaths than wrongfully take a farthing of any man's goods, one day of his freedom or a minute of his life.\nOn the 1st July 1681, he was dragged on a sledge from Newgate prison, before a noisy crowd, a distance of three kilometers to Tyburn. The keeper of Newgate when asked how the prisoner was, replied that he had slept soundly and that he was as unconcerned as if he was going to a wedding. From the three cornered gallows at Tyburn, Archbishop Oliver in a prepared speech, refuted his accusers point by point and forgave all of them, including the judges, and those who had given evidence against him at the trial: \"I beg of my Saviour to grant them true repentance, I do forgive them with all my heart.\"\nOliver's theme of reconciliation continued, by his asking forgiveness of all those whom he had ever offended by thought, word or deed. He prayed: \"I beseech your Divine Majesty by the merits of Christ and the intercession of his Blessed Mother and all the holy angels and saints to forgive me my sins and to grant my soul eternal rest.\"\nKneeling he recited an act of contrition, the Miserere psalm and he repeated before his death, the prayer of Jesus on the cross: \"Into Thy hands, O Lord, I commend my Spirit\". St. Oliver worked tirelessly as Archbishop for ten years, paying the ultimate price of martyrdom without seeing the fruits of his labours, and his crowning glory was the manner of his death, humble, heroic and holy. Several priests were close by and they blessed and absolved him at the point of his death. He may have been already dead when he was taken down and the further mutilation began. A fire had been prepared to consume his remains, his head was thrown into it, but it was quickly recovered and scorch marks may still be discerned on the left cheek. His demeanour and his speech from the scaffold were well received and it was patently obvious to many that he was innocent, as the plot had already shown signs of crumbling.\nIn the previous few years many blameless individuals had been hanged at Tyburn, mostly priests and none had tried to gain their freedom by pleading guilty or condemning others and this had exposed a weakness in the plot. Oliver's trial, conviction and his eventual martyrdom on 1st. July 1681, was such an outrageous episode, that it greatly discredited those who brought it about and the credibility of the plot and of its advocates, collapsed completely thereafter. Lord Shaftesbury the principal promoter of the plot was arrested and imprisoned on the following day and Titus Oates would soon be imprisoned on a charge of perjury. As a result, St. Oliver became the very last of the one hundred and five Catholic martyrs of Tyburn who had given their lives over the previous one hundred and fifty years.\nSt. Oliver's Time in Rome (1647 - 1669)\nChased by pirates and abducted by robbers, a penniless St. Oliver, finally arrived in Rome in May 1647 after a three-month action-packed journey from Ireland. A young man of twenty-one years of age it is believed he travelled with four other students for the priesthood, one of whom was John Brenan, who would remain a lifelong confidant and friend. They undertook the journey under the protection of Fr. Peter Scarampi, who had completed his duties as the Pope's envoy to the Confederation of Kilkenny. On the journey they completed a pilgrimage to Assisi as a promised thanksgiving for their escape from the pirates at sea. As they entered Assisi, the home of St. Francis, the symbolism of their poverty must then have seemed rather appropriate to them. Indeed, St. Oliver was destined to suffer from a serious shortage of money throughout his later apostolate as the Archbishop of Armagh. Fr. Scarampi an Oratorian priest and a holy and charitable man was destined to leave an indelible mark for good on Oliver.\nThe month of May is surely one of the best months to appreciate the city of Rome with its lush foliage and colourful blossoms, all in full bloom. Oliver and his fellow students must have been highly impressed with all that they saw. The Renaissance had been adopted with some enthusiasm in Rome for almost three hundred years and the eternal city's fine churches, gardens and fountains would have contrasted greatly with what the young students had been used to back home.\nThe Irish College could not accept Oliver straight away so it was the good Fr. Scarampi who came to the rescue and arranged funds and accommodation for the pauper student. Upon entering the college he undertook the customary oath to return to Ireland after ordination. During his time at the college he walked each day across the buried and yet undiscovered Roman Forum for lectures to the Jesuit Collegio Romano. The rector of the Irish College wrote that Oliver ranked among the foremost in talent, diligence and progress. It is also recorded that Oliver was everywhere and at all times a model of gentleness, integrity and piety. Within a year of his arrival, Oliver would have met a cousin, Sir Nicholas Plunkett, who accompanied Bishop Nicholas French of Ferns on a visit to Rome, representing the Confederation of Kilkenny. Knighted by the Pope Innocent X on that visit, Sir Nicholas was the leading Catholic lawyer in Ireland at the time and he played a prominent part in the Confederation of Kilkenny. Barely a year afterwards, the disastrous Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began and over the next few years the news seeping out of Ireland was exceedingly grave. The land of Ireland literally changed hands, including the estate of Oliver's family, which had been confiscated at Loughcrew. The Irish Church was forced underground, with numerous martyrs, many of whom are still unknown to us. It is on record that Oliver spent many long periods of prayer about this time and he later wrote about the devout practice in Rome of visiting the Seven Churches including the catacomb. Obviously he regularly undertook this pilgrimage himself, undoubtedly praying for the intentions of his greatly troubled homeland.\nIn the Basilica of St. John Lateran, St. Oliver received tonsure and minor orders on 4th March 1651 and sub-diaconate on 20th December 1653. In the chapel of Propaganda College he was ordained a deacon on the 26th December of that year and six days later, on the 1st January 1654, he was ordained a priest in the same chapel by Bishop MacGeoghegan OFM of Clonmacnois, a refugee bishop from Ireland. Priests were still-hunted in Ireland at the time, so Fr. Oliver was naturally released from his promise to return home after ordination. For the next three years he undertook higher studies at the renowned Sapienza University and obtained a doctorate in law and he also earned a doctorate in theology. During this time he lived as a chaplain with the Oratorians at S. Gerolamo della Caritā, a house of great charity founded by St. Philip Neri who had lived there less than a century before. No doubt Fr. Oliver's accommodation and position was arranged by his friend and mentor, the Oratorian, Fr. Scarampi. Around this time a plague struck Italy and Fr. Scarampi who had courageously volunteered to assist the victims, died as a result on the Island of St. Bartholomew in 1656. This was a terrible loss to Oliver who regarded his mentor and benefactor as a father figure and indeed without his great example and help, Oliver would certainly not have achieved all that he did. He wrote that he was afflicted with an unspeakable sadness, some of his relatives had been put to death or sent into exile, he was deprived of his father and friends; the whole Irish people were living in extreme misery and Fr. Scarampi had died.\nIn November 1657, having obviously earned a good reputation from his studies, Fr. Oliver was appointed a lecturer in theology at Propaganda College. Fr. John Brenan his student friend of old was also appointed to the staff of Propaganda at this time. Later Fr. Oliver was promoted as professor of controversies or apologetics and over his twelve years at the college, he helped to improve standards a great deal. Propaganda College was an impressive establishment located in the same building as the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and as such the whole complex was a hub of activity. For the rest of his life, Oliver held Propaganda College in the highest esteem, later writing from Ireland: \"Propaganda in a word all Rome, is a great book. How many nations and their customs are observed, Poles, Germans, Spaniards, French, Turks, Ethiopians, Africans, Americans all rub shoulders and one learns with what prudence such widely divergent affairs referring to such opposing interests and countries are handled. One treats with cardinals and prelates of great wisdom, of consummate experience in the spiritual and temporal affairs of so many monarchs and princes. It is impossible that a person of even mediocre intelligence would not profit very much both in the fields of learning and experience, and indeed for the purpose of training a missionary, there is not another college in the world more suitable than the Propaganda.\"\nOliver was appointed as a consulter in the Congregation of the Index with a responsibility to review books, a part-time and a very trusted position. He was also appointed as a part time agent in Rome for several of the Irish bishops, fulfilling this role right up until his departure from the city. His correspondence kept him well informed of the plight of the Irish and he was kept busy in this role with several controversies in the Irish Church. These including such issues as the Remonstrance and its promoter, Fr. Peter Walsh and the trickery of Fr. James Taaffe. Over the twenty-two years which Oliver had spent in Rome, he had become Roman, indeed in his voluminous mail later from Ireland, although fluent in at least four languages, he felt most comfortable when corresponding in Italian.\nThe Archbishopric of Armagh became vacant upon the death in Saumur, France, of Dr. Edmund O'Reilly who had spent his last few years in exile. It was then almost a decade after the restoration of King Charles II and Rome at last thought it safe to appoint a few new bishops who could actually be sent to work on the Irish mission. On 9th of July 1669, at a meeting which took place in Rome to discuss the merits of the various candidates for the position of Archbishop of Armagh, Pope Clement IX intervened: \"But why delay in discussing the merits of others, whilst we have here in Rome, a native of that island, whose merits are known to us all, and whose labours in this city have already added so many wreaths to the peerless glory of the 'Island of Saints'. Let Dr. Oliver Plunkett become the Archbishop of Armagh.\" It was decided that Oliver should be ordained Archbishop of Armagh in a quiet ceremony in Ghent, Belgium, on his way home to Ireland lest a more public ceremony in Rome might antagonise the government back home and lead to the further persecution of Catholics.\nAs a student in the Irish College many years earlier, Oliver's annual two weeks summer holidays were spent in the college vineyard on the slopes of Castel Gandolfo about twenty-five kilometres south east of Rome. He must have had very happy memories of those working holidays, because when working as a professor in Propaganda College, he acquired a small garden vineyard close to the one owned by the Irish college, overlooking the beautiful lake Albano. This he now left to the Irish College along with some books and pictures, in appreciation for the education he had received there. The pictures must not have been used by the college at that time however, as twelve years later and barely a week before his martyrdom, St. Oliver wrote a long and poignant letter to his former secretary and relative, Fr. Michael Plunkett in Rome, leaving the pictures to the Irish College and expressing his sorrow that they had not been framed. Many of the books, which he presented to the college library were scattered by the French during their invasion of Rome in 1798, however at least one of those books is still easily identified by his signature.\nThe garden vineyard, which he gave to the Irish College, was probably attached to their existing vineyard as a small extension. The time he spent in his vineyard must have been a joyful and a prayerful time for him and he would certainly have reflected on the scores upon scores of references to vines and vineyards in the Holy Bible, doubtless Dr. Oliver was familiar with them all. Having the freedom of the house and library which was on the property of the Irish College vineyard nearby, meant that this whole experience, must have been a most edifying one for him, so that when he wrote about the delights of Rome some years later, the vineyard must surely have been on his mind as one of those delights. One can well imagine the care and love with which he must have tended on those vines at Albano, and no doubt a little of the fruit of those vines was made into wine, for the sacred mysteries of some of his Masses.\nWhen the young Oliver arrived in Rome, the dome of St. Peter's Basilica had been completed only fifty years earlier and work was still ongoing on the basilica of St. Peter's itself. During his time in Rome he witnessed many such improvements, including the building and completion of the colonnades of St. Peter's square. Similarly, Bernini's famous fountain of the four rivers, the Piazza Navona, another 'must see' for the tourists of today. He was there during the celebrated entry to Rome of Queen Christina of Sweden, who had renounced her throne, become a catholic and lived out the rest of her life in Rome. He was also in Rome when the 'Chair of St. Peter' was solemnly installed in the famous shrine by Bernini, at the back of St. Peter's Basilica and exactly eight years later, on the feast of the Chair of St. Peter in 1674, he would recall that event while on the run from the authorities and almost overcome by snow, during a snow blizzard in Ulster. He wrote: \"God be praised that he gives us the grace to suffer for the Chair of St. Peter and on the feast dedicated to the Chair founded upon the Rock, which will, I hope in the long run break the tempestuous waves\".\nIn his spare time, Oliver continued to distinguish himself in works of charity and he kept up his visits to the Santo Spirito hospital, adjacent to the Vatican. It is recorded that when he went to say his farewells at the hospital, Fr. Mieskow the superior wished Oliver well, along with the prophetic words: \"My Lord you are going to shed your blood for the Catholic faith\". Oliver left Rome during the first week of September 1669, travelling via, Bologna, Innsbruck, Munich and Mainz from where he travelled by boat down the Rhine into Cologne and further on into Holland; then on to Brussels on his way to receive his episcopal ordination in Ghent.\nRelics of St. Oliver in Lamspringe, Germany\nWhile awaiting martyrdom, St. Oliver befriended a Benedictine monk, Fr. Maurus Corker in Newgate prison, London. President of the English Benedictines at the time he proved very helpful to St. Oliver, becoming in effect his 'anam chara' or faith friend. Fr. Corker provided St. Oliver with Mass requisites and so for the last few days of his life and to his great joy, St. Oliver could again celebrate daily, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. Fr. Corker through influence or perhaps a little bribery of the prison guards also met St. Oliver and heard his confession around this time. After his death at Tyburn, St. Oliver's remains, minus the head and forearms were buried in a London churchyard. Some two years later, while still in prison, Fr. Corker arranged to have the remains exhumed in c1683 and they were smuggled to Lamspringe in Lower Saxony, Germany where it is recorded that they were interred with great ceremony in the crypt of the local Benedictine monastery. The new Abbey Church was almost completed by this time and Fr. Corker became Abbot of this monastery some seven years later. It is believed that it was via Lamspringe that Fr. Corker brought the Relic of the Head of St. Oliver to Rome and gave it to Oliver's old Dominican friend and correspondent, Philip Howard, Cardinal of Norfolk.\nSt. Oliver's remains were venerated in the crypt at Lamspringe for exactly two hundred years, until in 1881 after an awakening of interest in the Catholic martyrs of these islands, it was finally thought safe to transfer them to Downside Abbey, England. This community continues to faithfully venerate the martyr saint in a major shrine dedicated in his honour. Since the beatification ceremony ninety years ago, Hildesheim diocese and Lamspringe parish, still the proud possessors of major relics; continue to show their loyalty to St. Oliver by organising a 'St. Oliver Fest' in Lamspringe each year.\nFor several centuries, Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop and Martyr, was almost completely forgotten about in Ireland as a result of the harsh penal laws and the difficult famine times. Lamspringe never forgot however, and along with Siena Convent, Drogheda and the Irish College in Rome, St. Oliver's memory has been faithfully venerated in these locations right down to the present day. This loyalty is further shown by the initiative of six of the leading citizens of Lamspringe, including their District President and Mayor, who came to Drogheda in August 2009, with the aim of nurturing closer ties between the major shrines which are dedicated to St. Oliver, namely, Drogheda, Oldcastle, Downside and Lamspringe. A great debt of gratitude is therefore owed to the Diocese of Hildesheim and the parishioners of Lamspringe in Germany for the way they venerated and kept alive the memory of St. Oliver down through the centuries. Centuries which were difficult ones for the Irish people as they continued to struggle and to scrape for bare survival in both body and in soul.\nThe annual celebration in honour of St. Oliver is held in Lamspringe on the last Saturday of August each year at 5pm.\nEpiscopal Ordination in 1669 - Ghent, Belgium\nIt was decided that Oliver Plunkett should be ordained Archbishop of Armagh in a quiet ceremony in Flanders, Belgium, on his way home to Ireland, lest a more public ceremony in Rome might antagonise the government back home. Arriving in Brussels on 3rd November 1669 after a two-month journey from Rome, he found that the Internuncio was away, so he went to visit Louvain and met the large Franciscan community at St. Anthony's College, including fifteen friars who had recently arrived from Ireland. Oliver would no doubt have enquired about the remnants of the Armagh altar-plate, which was deposited with the friars over sixty years earlier. The altar-plate, along with some church items and possibly some vestments, were brought out of Ireland for safe keeping by Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone in the Flight of the Earls, who had stayed with his party in Louvain over the winter of 1607/8.\nOliver was ordained Archbishop of Armagh at St. Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, by Bishop Eugene D'Allamont of Ghent, on the first Sunday of Advent, 1st December 1669. The ceremony was assisted by the Provost of the Cathedral, Rt. Rev. James Roose and the Dean of the Chapter of Ghent, Rt. Rev. John le Monier. In attendance was an exiled bishop from the diocese of Ferns in Ireland, Bishop Nicholas French whom Archbishop Oliver knew well and who had accompanied Sir Nicholas Plunkett on a visit to Rome as emissaries of the Confederation of Kilkenny. Archbishop Oliver would have been delighted to again meet Bishop French and they must have had a lot of reminiscing of past times. Bishop French had an interesting life, having escaped from the terrible onslaught of Cromwell's forces in his native County Wexford. At his house in Wexford, a sacristan, a gardener and a sixteen-year old boy were killed. Bishop French then hid in the Irish countryside despite a determined search for him by those same forces, until his escape into exile some five months later. While hiding in the woods, his hideout was discovered and surrounded at one stage, but he broke through the ranks of the soldiers at speed, later thanking God and the swiftness of his steed. Indeed the Cromwellians hanged three of Bishop French's fellow Irish bishops at this time and a fourth bishop died from ill treatment after capture.\nDuring the penal times in Ireland, the bishops of Flanders maintained a fine tradition of giving sanctuary, education and help to many of the exiled Irish churchmen, and it was common practice to present the newly ordained Irish bishops with episcopal rings. This was the third time since May of that year that Bishop d'Allamont of Ghent was involved in the consecration of an Irish Archbishop, namely, James Lynch of Tuam in Ghent and Peter Talbot of Dublin, in Antwerp. Bishop French assisted at both of those ceremonies, when three bishops were available in each case, according to protocol.\nIn the middle ages, the city of Ghent had become the second largest city in northern Europe and was a prosperous centre of commerce. However by the time of Oliver's visit, its importance had diminished somewhat as a result of the religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. Once Catholic, then a Calvinist republic and then with the help of the Spanish army it had became a Catholic region once again.\nA week after his episcopal ordination in Ghent, Archbishop Oliver set off again on the next part of his journey home to Ireland, via Ostend, London and Holyhead. Before leaving he wrote: \"I am thinking of passing myself off as an Italian tourist who is going out of curiosity to see the sights of London\" and he added that he had given his papers and letters to an English gentleman to be brought to London.\nOn the first Sunday of Advent 2008, Bishop Gerard Clifford, Auxiliary Bishop of Armagh led a memorable pilgrimage from Ireland to St. Bavo's Cathedral in Ghent, to commemorate St. Oliver's episcopal ordination at St. Bavo's on the first Sunday of Advent 1669. After Mass, concelebrated by Bishop Lucas Van Looy of Ghent, a plaque was unveiled by Bishop Clifford in the crypt of the cathedral. The plaque is inscribed in three languages: Flemish, Irish and English.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kimballinvestment.com/about-us/", "date": "2018-02-21T15:17:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813626.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221143216-20180221163216-00645.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605423808097839, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__148499563", "lang": "en", "text": "Kimball Investment Company was formed in 1977 by Victor and David Kimball. Victor and David’s broad experience in developing and marketing commercial real estate has enabled them to accomplish numerous land acquisitions, lease buy-outs, land assemblage, condominium conversions and the development and management of hotels, shopping centers, industrial parks, office buildings, residential subdivisions, and apartments. Their expansive developments can be found in Utah, Nevada, Texas, Idaho and California.\nThe Kimballs also have extensive experience in the renovation of historic properties. The historic Peery Hotel was restored in 1985 from a dilapidated property to a prestigious boutique property which has received accolades from the Salt Lake City Arts Council and was voted “Most Miraculous Conversion” by the Utah Holiday Magazine. They also owned and operated the historic Judge Building, which remains a Class A historic building in downtown Salt Lake City.\nThe Kimballs have developed and operated hotel franchises including Marriott, Hilton, Hampton Inn, Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Quality Inn, Travelodge, Best Western, as well as independent hotels in Zions National Park, Ojai, California and Salt Lake City, Utah.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://barnsleyremembersww1.home.blog/background/", "date": "2020-08-15T16:18:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740929.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815154632-20200815184632-00240.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9760080575942993, "token_count": 382, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__7365644", "lang": "en", "text": "The Barnsley Chronicle dated 1 July 1922 contains an appeal from the Mayor of Barnsley for funds to help build the War Memorial which stands outside the Town Hall. Included in this appeal is the following:\n“It is proposed to have the names of the fallen inscribed on vellum and preserved with\nthe records of the Borough in the Town Hall.”\nAs far as we know, this proposal was never fulfilled, and the Barnsley War Memorials Project was formed to make the Roll of Honour, vellum excepted, a reality.\nTo be included here, a man or woman must be named on one of Barnsley’s War Memorials, be born within the Borough, or have lived in Barnsley at the time of enlistment or the start of their war service.\nThe Imperial War Museum defines a War Memorial as any tangible object which has been erected or dedicated to commemorate those killed as a result of war, conflict or peacekeeping; who served in war or conflict; or who died whilst engaged in military service. Consequently, the 3,785 names of men and women included have largely been gathered from memorials in churches and on village greens, but also many other sources such as places of work, schools, clubs and family gravestones.\nLocal newspapers and wartime periodicals have also been great sources of information, especially for photographs of which there are 1,990.\nAll our research has been done in good faith, and every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this Roll of Honour.\nEvery effort has been made to correctly acknowledge the sources of information and photographs and to ensure no copyright has been infringed.\nSome of the men and women on the Roll of Honour are well known and documented, the vast majority are not.\nWE HONOUR THEM ALL\nBarnsley War Memorials Project 2018", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kikiandjoost.com/store/2020/02/14/tribute-to-visser/", "date": "2021-01-19T04:54:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517966.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119042046-20210119072046-00451.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8699213266372681, "token_count": 179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__177572825", "lang": "en", "text": "14 Feb TRIBUTE TO VISSER !\nThis year we celebrate the 60th anniversary of the furniture collection that leading Dutch designer Martin Visser (1922-2009) created for Spectrum in 1960.\nTo honor his contribution to Dutch design history, contemporary Dutch designers pay tribute to his work. Jan des Bouvrie, Richard Hutten, Carolina Wilcke & Reinier Bosch, Piet Hein Eek, Kiki van Eijk, Marcel Wanders and Sabine Marcelis made a new design, inspired by a piece of furniture from Visser. The result is ‘Tribute to Visser’.\nThe designs, along with the original work of Martin Visser, can be seen from the 14th of march at the exhibition ‘The eye-opening sofa bed’ in the at centraal museum Utrecht!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bridgestreetjournal.com.au/the-1939-register-reveals-unprecedented-insight-into-lives-households-and-communities/", "date": "2020-03-30T19:06:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00125.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9740548729896545, "token_count": 2684, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__74241756", "lang": "en", "text": "41 million people recorded in one day on the eve of WWII\nOn 2 November 2015, the newly digitised records of the 1939 Register were launched online by Findmypast.com.au, a world leader in family history, in association with The National Archives. Dubbed ‘The Wartime Domesday Book’, The 1939 Register is the most comprehensive survey of the population of England and Wales ever taken. In September 1939, WWII had just broken out. 65,000 enumerators were employed to visit every house in England and Wales to take stock of the civil population. The information that they recorded was used to issue Identity Cards, plan mass evacuations, establish rationing and co-ordinate other war-time provisions. In the longer term, the 1939 Register would go on to play a central role in the establishment of post-war services like the NHS.\nThe most recent comparative online release was that of the 1911 census in 2009. The 1931 census was destroyed during the war and the 1941 census was never taken. The 1939 Register is therefore the only surviving record of the population between 1921 and 1951, bridging a 30-year gap in history.\nComprising 1.2 million pages in 7,000 volumes and documenting the lives of 41 million people, the 1939 Register opens a window to a world on the brink of cataclysmic change. Each record includes the names of inhabitants at each address, their date of birth, marital status and occupation.\nAndrew Marr, writer and broadcaster says: “The 1939 Register is one of the most important documents in recent British history. A comprehensive record of the civil population on the outbreak of war, it captures a people whose lives were about to change forever. It records streets that within months, under the assault of the Luftwaffe, were to disappear; families that would be separated by the events of war: evacuation, conscription and sometimes worse. This fascinating resource allows us to discover our past and that of our families in ways never before possible.”\nLIFE IN 1939\n· Mr and Mrs 1939: The typical 1939 woman was Mary Smith, 35 years old. She was married to the average 1939 man, John or William, 33 years old. The chance of them divorcing was just 0.1%\n· John or William and Mary were the most common first names with Smith, Jones and Williams the top 3 most popular surnames. The city with highest number of Marys was Liverpool (36,000) followed by Manchester and Birmingham. The most Williams were living in Birmingham (39,000) while every 7th male in Liverpool was called John (37,000 of 247,000)\n· Taken within weeks of the mass evacuation of children to the country, the Register shows an almost entire adult population in some London boroughs, with just 2% being children under age of 10 years old\n· The Register also reveals how jobs have changed. The typing pool has disappeared today but in 1939 typist was the 7th most popular occupation for women\n· Delving deep in to the Register, the team at Findmypast has unearthed some surprising facts about some of the well-known figures of the day and the families of today’s celebrities. James Bond creator Ian Fleming stated his main occupation as ‘Stockbroker’ despite an alternative career in Naval Intelligence, whilst the grandfather of Victoria Beckham was working on the London Docks and living in Tottenham.\nFACTS AND FIGURES\n· The estimated population of England and Wales in 1939 was 41 million, living in 12 million households, with an average of 3 people living in one household\n· The average age in cities ranged between 30-39\n· The divorce rate was 0.1% (just two years after the 1937 Matrimonial Causes Act), compared to 46.2% being married, 45.6% single and 6.5% widowed\n· The average age was 33 for men and 35 for women, compared to the median age for men 38 and women 40 of the 2011 census\n· The population is equally spread amongst different age groups with a marked decline of people aged 60+\n· There were only 111 people that were over 100 years old when the Register was taken compared to 12,320 aged 100+ years in 2013\n· The top 3 most popular surnames were Smith, Jones and Williams\n· 10 most popular female names were: Mary, Margaret, Elizabeth, Annie, Florence, Edith, Alice, Dorothy, Sarah and Jane\n· 10 most popular male names were: John, William, George, Charles, Frederick, Thomas, David, Arthur, Joseph and Robert\n· The city with highest number of Marys was Liverpool (36,000 of 291,000), followed by Manchester (26,000 of 249,000) and Birmingham (20,000 of 508,000)\n· The most Williams were living in Birmingham (39,000 of 462,000) while every 7th male in Liverpool was called John (37,000 of 247,000)\n· The top 10 occupations registered for the 19 million men were:\n#1 retired #2 clerk (from railway to civil service), #3 motor vehicle driver (from lorry driver to chauffeur), #4 farm worker #5 general labourer, #6 fitter (from gas to machine), #7 engineer (from radio service to aircraft engineer), #8 coalminer /hewer, #9 shop owner/worker, #10 railway worker\n· 595 people registered as butlers, with Westminster topping the butler chart with 247. The next highest is Marylebone with 121 and Chelsea with 77\n· Almost half of the 22 million women were performing domestic work, with the majority of those unpaid\n· The top 10 occupations registered for women were:\n#1 unpaid domestic duties, #2 shop owner/worker, #3 clerk /administrative duties, #4 paid domestic duties, #5 retired, #6 machinist, #7 typist, #8 incapacitated, #9 private means, #10 housekeeper\n· One can already spot industries in the top ten female occupations that would later become very popular amongst women: office, fashion, retail and education\n· In Leicester and Leeds, more women were working in the fashion industry than any other, as a tailor, dress maker or hosiery knitter\nThe 1939 Register puts numbers to London’s evacuations\n· At the beginning of September 1939, under the threat of German bombing, 1.5 million children, women and disabled were evacuated. The 1939 Register, which was taken at the end of September, shows only 2% of the population in London was aged 0-10 (national average 14%) and 8% was aged 10-19 (national average 16%)\n· The city of London is the only place where the gender split is 60% male to 40% female. The national average shows that 47% were male and 53% were female\n· Top league of retirement districts: Tavistock, Glastonbury, Looe, Newquay, Woodstock, Brixham, Torpoint, Knighton, Hearne Bay, Dawlish\nThe real life M – As Spectre looms large at the box office and the world wonders if James Bond will escape another tight scrape, the real life inspirations for the Bond books can be found in the 1939 Register on the eve of war. Hugh Sinclair (given the codename ‘Quex’) was director of British Intelligence and set up the Secret Intelligence Service (also known as MI6). He bought Bletchley Park with his own money and set up a wartime intelligence station. Although in 1939, (listed as a retired Admiral with no mention of his intelligence work), he was suffering from cancer which he would die of a month later, the year before he reported on Adolf Hitler to the Prime Minister, describing him as a dangerous megalomaniac not to be trusted. The report was buried because it didn’t align with appeasement policies of the time.\nIan Fleming – Already in September 1939, Ian Fleming had been recruited into Naval Intelligence, where he would gain much of the inspiration for his James Bond novels. He lived in Westminster, listing his primary occupation as ‘Stockbroker’ with only an extra column revealing his work as a Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve at the Admiralty building.\nOswald Mosley – The leader of the British Union of Fascists can be found at his Mayfair home with a conspicuous omission of his notorious position as head of the British Blackshirt movement,instead harking back to former glories as a military officer, MP and government minister. Less than a year later he was interned as a potential enemy of the state and spent most of the war living with his family in the grounds of Holloway Prison.\nFuture Prime Ministers – Although a year away from becoming Prime Minister, Winston Churchill was listed living as first lord of the admiralty in central London. Later additions to the 1939 Register, as a living document have seen his old occupation lined through and ‘Prime Minister’ added.\nBarnes Wallis – Already working on aircraft and bomb design by the time of the 1939 Register, Barnes Wallis, the inventor of the ‘bouncing bomb’ famous in its use for the Dambusters raids was listed with his wife, children and children’s nurse near Guildford. Barnes loved the area so much that he spent most of his adult life there, becoming a parish councillor and being buried in the local church.\nHerman Goering – Although the President of the Reichstag and head of the Luftwaffe had his hands full directing waves of aircraft to attack British shores, an unfortunately named Birmingham born and based doppelganger made an honest living as a jewellery case maker in 1939. Sadly he didn’t live to see out the end of the war though his namesake didn’t last till much long after it, being sentenced to death for his part in the war crimes of the Nazi regime.\nJoseph Kennedy – The special relationship between Britain and the United States is underlined with these records. The father of President John F. Kennedy, Joseph was in the UK at the time of the 1939 Register, with the future President himself present in the House of Commons during speeches endorsing British entry into the war just before the register was taken. Joseph Kennedy is listed as ambassador to the United Kingdom at the time. Perhaps lacking the attributes that made his son such an iconic leader he would later resign from his post in November 1940 due to his defeatist attitude, reputedly prompting a British civil servant to say “I thought my daffodils were yellow until I met Joe Kennedy”.\nFAMILIES OF CELEBRITIES\nThe Beckhams – Victoria Beckham’s life today is a world away from her maternal grandfather George Cannon who was working on the London Docks and living in Tottenham, with her paternal grandfather not so far away in Edmonton earning his keep as a French polisher.\nDavid Beckham- may have inherited his skill on his feet from his great grandfather Edward Charles Beckham’s sea legs, he was listed in the 1939 Register with his wife, living in Wood Green and serving in the navy. Further records on Findmypast give a full physical description of Great Grandfather Beckham, showing he was 5 foot 33Ž4 foot tall with fair hair, blue eyes and fresh complexion.\nFearne Cotton – Perhaps in a foreshadowing of her own career, the 1939 Register reveals the great great uncle of Fearne Cotton in Poole, listed as a ‘Musical Director & Dance Band Leader’. William Edward or ‘Billy’ Cotton toured to entertain the troops during the Second World War and presented a popular BBC radio show from 1949 to 1968.\nAnthony Hopkins – Famously attached to his Welsh roots and known to visit the house he grew up in when he returns to the UK from his home in the United States, his 1939 Port Talbot home can be found in the register where his parents the baker Richard and housewife Muriel lived.\nBritney Spears – The grandmother of pop singer Britney Spears was listed in the 1939 Register with her parents George & Lillian Portell in Finchley, London. She would later become a ‘GI Bride’, marrying an American soldier and leaving the UK at the end of the war for a new life in Louisiana.\nSimon Cowell – The paternal grandparents of Simon Cowell were living in Chigwell on the eve of the Second World War.\nBill Nighy – Although not yet born in 1939, the young parents of Bill Nighy, Catherine and Alfred were married and living in Surrey.\nEddie Redmayne – The great grandfather of Eddie Redmayne, the illustrious Sir Richard Augustine Studdert Redmayne was a civil engineer, modestly listing his role as a leading light in improving the working practices and safety of miners throughout the UK as being a ‘mining consultant’.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hotfavored.com/2012/05/", "date": "2021-07-24T00:39:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00207.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8809650540351868, "token_count": 527, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__62903837", "lang": "en", "text": "TAG Heuer 150th Anniversary Expo Celebration Odyssey Pioneer China Ends Perfectly Odyssey Pioneer Global Tour Heuer China Ends Successfully On June 28, in front of the blue and dazzling Expo Monaco Pavilion, a striking sports car attracted Countless lights, this is a commemorative sports car of the Swiss watch pioneer Heuer and Tesla cross-border cooperation, 100% of electric clean energy. TAG Heuer Tesla Roadster in front of the Monaco Pavilion\nTAG Heuer celebrated its 150th anniversary at the Monaco Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo. The Principality of Monaco, who has a deep passion for racing, joins hands with TAG Heuer luxury watches that challenge the time limit, complementing the luxury watches of a century and a half.\nWhy is the end of TAG Heuer China Station the Monaco Pavilion? Because of the 40-year-old legendary racing complex. The TAG Heuer Monaco watch was released in Geneva and New York at the same time in 1969. As the first watch with a square dial, the bold design concept made a sensation in the watchmaking industry, and the Monaco series became one of TAG Heuer’s most classic series. TAG Heuer Concept MONACO V4\nThe Monaco Pavilion was transformed into a time corridor that night. From CARRERA 1887, MONCAO V4 to PENDULUM pioneer luxury watches, 16 rare collection watches represent TAG Heuer’s past, present and future, reflecting 150 years of glorious history. The celebration was full of stars. Mr. Jean-Christophe Babin, President of TAG Heuer, Mr. Jean-Marc Lacave, President of LVMH Watch & Jewellery Asia Pacific, joined hands with Mr. Chen Daoming, China’s outstanding performance artist, and TAG Heuer’s new brand ambassador-the first in F1. Mr. Dong Hebin, a Chinese driver, and hundreds of guests joined together to witness the 150 years of TAG Heuer’s glorious journey, marking the perfect ending of the China Odyssey Pioneer Global Tour Exhibition in 15 cities around the world.\nTAG Heuer China Station ends-Chinese and foreign guests at the Monaco Pavilion celebrate the TAG Heuer Carrera Calibre 1887 TAG Heuer Pendulum\nSince its establishment in 1860, TAG Heuer has always led the Swiss model of precision watchmaking, creating many milestones in the mechanical watch industry and becoming one of the world’s four major watch brands. For 150 years, TAG Heuer will continue to win the world’s admiration with extraordinary creativity in the future.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.phnr.com/en/our-hotels/kherson", "date": "2021-03-05T06:36:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00070.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9628775715827942, "token_count": 990, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__228320875", "lang": "en", "text": "Best hotel in Kherson, Premier Compass Hotel Kherson ✭✭✭ - attentive service, great reats, free Wi-Fi - Premier Hotels and Resorts Reservation Office ☎ +38 0552 70 16 70View hotel website\nThe best hotels in Kherson to fulfil the guests’ most exacting requirements\nModern Kherson is a relatively small regional centre in the southern part of Ukraine with its unique colour and quiet way of life. At the time of city foundation by Grigory Potemkin under the auspices of Catherine II, Kherson was being built as “southern Petersburg”. Nevertheless, fate decreed otherwise.\nThe legendary Black Sea Fleet traces its history to its founding in Kherson. Moreover, it switched places with dynamically growing Mykolaiv. Kherson kept living a life of quiet provincial city, seafaring playing a significant role in its life.\nAfter the annexation of Crimea, Kherson turned into a kind of resort gates of Ukraine. The most popular resorts of Ukraine are located in Kherson: Zaliznyi Port, Lazurne, Skadovsk and many others. Nowadays,tourism is one of the largest and rapidly growing industries in Kherson. Therefore, not only ordinary travellers, but also tourists who travel on business often come to this magnificent city.\nWhich hotels of Kherson are really worth visiting?\nIt is easier to book a hotel in the off-season. The prices hit their peak in high travel seasons. It is better to book a hotel room in advance, especially if you are going to stay in one of the best hotels in Kherson – Premier Compass Hotel Kherson.\nThe hotel is located in the historic part of the city. All business centres and many tourist attractions are within walking distance of the hotel. The main pedestrian street is located near the Dnieper. The theatre and several museums are really worth visiting.\nIf you decided to book a hotel room for a short- or long-term stay and get to Kherson by train, the journey to the hotel by trolley bus or minibus will take you only ten minutes, and five minutes by car. By the way, there is also a car parking near the hotel.\nPremier Compass Hotel Kherson is a small hotel.The hotel offers accommodation in 18 rooms. There are also sports and sauna complexes. The hotel’s restaurant will be perfect for organizing banquets and other events.\nThe real pride of the hotel is a modern sauna complex with a bath and sauna in the hotel, which is popular not only among the guests of the city, but also among local residents.\nAs a rule, you can check-in from 14:00 on the day of arrival and must check-out at 12:00 (noon) on the day of departure. It is allowed to stay with pets in the hotel, but you must inform the administration of the hotel about it in advance.\nAre you going to visit Kherson not only on business?\nThere are not so many tourist attractions in Kherson (as in Lviv or Odesa), but a large number of historical buildings were preserved and they are really worth visiting Therefore, after the hotel check-in procedure, we advise you to go for a walk. Kherson is known as of one of the greenest cities in Ukraine, so you will be impressed and pleased.\nThe Cathedral of St. Catherine. The structure’s original purpose was to provide an adequate protection against enemies. The building was built in a classical style and dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria, the patron saint of the great Empress Catherine II. The Cathedral was built on the order of Empress.\nThe Potemkin Monument was foundedon the Empress’s order after his death in 1836. Later, the Potemkin Boulevard was built nearby. In 1944, the monument disappeared along with the Nazis who left Kherson. The renovation of the monument took place in 2003.\nThe remains of the Kherson fortress are still extant. The fortress meets all the requirements in the organization of the fortifications. The Potemkin Palace and the Cathedral were located on the fortress territory. The Ochakiv and Moscow Gates, powder cellar (converted into a restaurant) and Arsenal building are still extant.\nSuvorov Street (the main street of Kherson) and the city’s embankment are perfect places for leisure strolls. The monument to the first ship is located there. The doors of the Premier Compass Hotel Kherson are hospitably opened for you. It will always be an opportunity to come back and continue your acquaintance with the cosy city on the Dnipro at any time.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.loveorlandotickets.ca/adventure-island-tampa", "date": "2019-10-14T08:47:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649841.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014074313-20191014101313-00024.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9601795077323914, "token_count": 171, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__18044871", "lang": "en", "text": "There aren't many cities with a back-story as liberating as Berlin's. From its once turbulent past to now being one of Europe's most sort after destinations, there is no time like the present to check it out. With Berlin at the forefront of European arts and culture, this is a city that cries out; discover me. The Berlin tours available are wide-ranging, exciting and memorable. Head out for a cruise along the River Spee, site-see on a hop-on-hop-off bus, or if you prefer to walk, there are tours for you too. Head up the Berlin tower or take in important historical sites from World War 2 and the Cold War. Visit the Charlottenburg Palace for its lavish interior and gardens. Berlin is a city about glamour and grit; it's not hard to see why either.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://luxjewelrymarket.com/how-the-flowing-hair-silver-dollar-was-formed/", "date": "2020-04-09T14:43:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00147.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9680113196372986, "token_count": 522, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__98480364", "lang": "en", "text": "The US Mint produced its 1st coin in the year 1792. It was carried out under the agreement of The Mint Act, 1792. Before it, foreign silver coins from all across the world eased trade in the new country.\nSpanish pieces of 8 reales silver coins were made the standard of an international trade. This composition contained a coin having 89.243% of pure silver. The government planned to establish the US silver metal dollar so as to circulate with the Spanish-American and Mexican 8 reales silver coins.\nWhat is stated in the Mint Act 1792?\nThe Mint Act, 1792 authorized the manufacture of silver coins to weigh 416 grains that is about 26.9563 grams. Out of the 416 grains, 371.25 grains are of fine silver and the remaining is copper.\nOnce Congress approved for performing the minting of gold and silver dollar, the U.S. was now given a task to create a design. The flowing hair head design selected the 1794 silver dollar that was same as design of Henry Voigt on a 1793 large cent.\nWhat were the problems faced by workers to execute Mint Act?\nWorkers found it hard to obtain the 0.89243 pure silver compositions as needed under the Mint Act. Rittenhouse came with a proposal to increase the content of silver by 3 grains i.e. from 371.25 g to 374.74 g with a weight of around 416 grains.\nDue to this increase in the silver amount, the overall weight also increases by a .9000 pure silver composition. The above unauthorized alteration in the composition gave rise to increase in 1 percentage of extra silver content in every coin.\nWhich is the most valuable silver coin in the world?\nThe Neil-Carter 1794 sample of flowing hair silver dollar has been regarded as the most valuable one in the entire market. This coin was sold in 2013 by Stack’s Bowers, a reputed auction firm in New York. Out of all those known uncirculated samples of 1794 US silver dollars. It is the one that shows extreme detail on it and a mirror-like immaculate finish in its field.\nResearch performed by numismatic researchers indicated that this coin was made to hit a specially made planchet. Careful consideration ensured that the coin die was properly aligned before the time of striking. Strong appearance of its details without any weak striking is the distinctive characteristic of this coin that made it easy to trace throughout history.\nThis was all about the introduction of flowing hair silver dollar in the US.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://christmascompany.com/stockyard-heritage-case-study/", "date": "2023-11-29T23:02:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00631.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.933987021446228, "token_count": 669, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__260734304", "lang": "en", "text": "Texas Charm Meets Holiday Magic – Christmas Company’s Work at Stockyard Heritage\nStockyard Heritage, a historically significant and bustling tourist destination in Texas, required a holiday lighting solution that would captivate the millions of visitors who flocked to the site during the peak months of November and December. The main challenges for Christmas Company were working within restricted hours due to the continuous flow of tourists, accommodating both pedestrian and vehicle traffic, and preserving the integrity of the historical buildings during the installation process.\n“I have recommended the Christmas Company to others. I tell people that I have been very pleased with the CC for many years, that they are very creative and good at what they do and would highly recommend them. What I value most is David, the crews and their commitment to service throughout the time our lights are on.”\nFacility Manager of The Modern\nFailing to create a spectacular and seamless holiday lighting display for Stockyard Heritage could potentially diminish its appeal as a world-renowned tourist destination. Given the site’s tremendous visitor count, any shortcomings in the lighting design and installation could lead to negative feedback from tourists and potentially impact its reputation as an enchanting holiday attraction.\nChristmas Company embraced the challenge with determination and creativity, exceeding Stockyard Heritage’s expectations year after year. Starting with a modest scope of illuminating a couple of trees on the main drive, Christmas Company gradually expanded their collaboration. They conceptualized and executed an awe-inspiring design that encompassed 200,000 lights across 62 trees, numerous buildings, and architectural elements. Custom-made frames were meticulously measured and manufactured to precisely fit the historical towers, ensuring a flawless appearance. Despite facing unexpected inaccuracies in the architectural drawings, Christmas Company adapted with ingenuity and expertise, safeguarding the heritage buildings during the installation.\nBy adopting Christmas Company’s innovative lighting solution, Stockyard Heritage gained a holiday spectacle that enchanted its visitors and surpassed all expectations. The extensive display of lights and custom motifs, including ice-skating cowgirl characters brought to life with lights, added a touch of magic and wonder to the historical site. The careful consideration of traffic flow and the ability to work within restricted hours showcased Christmas Company’s commitment to creating a harmonious and enjoyable experience for both tourists and locals.\nStockyard Heritage’s positive feedback and appreciation for Christmas Company’s outstanding work reflect the exceptional quality and dedication the company brings to every project. By collaborating with Christmas Company, Stockyard Heritage solidified its status as one of the most captivating and unforgettable holiday destinations in Texas, attracting millions of visitors annually. The impressive lighting display not only delighted tourists but also instilled a sense of pride among the locals, who witnessed their historical site transform into a mesmerizing winter wonderland.\nChristmas Company’s remarkable work with Stockyard Heritage exemplifies their ability to enhance the appeal of world-renowned tourist destinations through awe-inspiring holiday lighting. By overcoming unique challenges and paying meticulous attention to every detail, Christmas Company crafted an experience that delighted millions of visitors, elevating Stockyard Heritage to new heights of holiday splendor. The successful collaboration between Christmas Company and Stockyard Heritage serves as a testament to the former’s mission and vision of creating breathtaking lighting displays that evoke wonder and joy.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.friendsofhollinhills.org/", "date": "2024-04-22T12:56:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818293.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422113340-20240422143340-00432.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.912247359752655, "token_count": 538, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__157911820", "lang": "en", "text": "Friends of Hollin Hills (FOHH) was formed in 2017 as a 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit organization based in Alexandria, VA. Our mission is to protect the historically significant Hollin Hills Historic District, a prominent mid-century modern (MCM) community listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.\nWe do this through:\nMany photos courtesy of Tod Connell. Map courtesy of Patrick Collins. Sketches courtesy of Dennis Carmichael.\nSEPTEMBER 13-15, 2024\nLIVING MODERN-BUILDING COMMUNITY celebrates the career of Charles Goodman, mid-century modern (MCM) architect and community designer.\nGoodman's whole-community design, his emphasis on siting and creating workable family homes and his impact beyond the design of free-standing homes are the focus of the three-day weekend. Goodman communities in the DC-Virginia-Maryland metro area are highlighted.\nThemes of the three-day event are:\nNotable speakers and panels will explore Goodman design and how to live in and maintain Goodman homes throughout the three-day weekend. Focused sessions are designed for MCM devotees and design professionals as well as those who live in Goodman homes.\nVisit classic Goodman custom designs during the opening at the Arlington Unitarian Church and the closing with home or walking tours at Goodman communities. A tour and reception at the Sevareid House in Alexandria’s West End are available as an extra event.\nHOLLIN HILLS – A GROUNDBREAKING MODERN DEVELOPMENT\nThe Hollin Hills Historic District was designed by renowned MCM architect Charles Goodman and developed by Robert Davenport between 1949-1971. Hollin Hills intentionally marries irregularly-shaped home lots with existing topography. The MCM architectural style is protected by architectural covenants. The community includes over 480 single-family homes and 30+ acres of dedicated park lands with six unique parks and a wildlife sanctuary.\nFor more information on the Hollin Hills Historic District, check out the Civic Association of Hollin Hills (CAHH).\nAs a 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit, FOHH relies on donations, sales, and volunteers to support the Hollin Hills Historic District. All funds stay within the community and each dollar plays a critical role.\nCheck out our Merchandise page to shop for fun merchandise that supports the FOHH.\nFUN FACT - Since the FOHH is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, your donations are tax deductible! Thank you!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://emiseaside.gr/sights/", "date": "2023-05-31T15:32:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646937.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531150014-20230531180014-00558.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9759418368339539, "token_count": 2951, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__4468919", "lang": "en", "text": "The fortress was built by the Venetians in the early years of their rule in Candia, in order to better protect the city’s port, which had prominent strategic and commercial importance. The original low building, which had no escarpments, was destroyed by an earthquake in 1303 and later rebuilt.\nIn the early 16th century, in the context of the overall redesign of the city’s fortifications, the old castle was demolished and the fortress that still survives today was built in its place during the period from 1523 (the date indicated in an inscription over the north gate) to 1540. Massive structural sections were brought from Fraskia and Dia. The fortress is built on two storeys and in its final form covers an area of about 3,600 m2.\nThe ground floor is separated by thick walls into 26 apartments that served as food and ammunition warehouses, as well as prison cells, in which many Cretan rebels were kept and tortured. Upstairs were accommodations for the castellan and the officers of the garrison. There was a bakery, a mill and a small church. On the three sides that looked towards the sea, there were embrasures for the cannons protecting the harbor. In 1630 there were 18 cannons on the ground floor and 25 on the upper floor. A ramp was used to transport cannons as far as the rooftop. The north east, west and south outer walls were decorated with marble reliefs of the winged lion of Venice, which are partially visible today. The ramparts of the fort have been rebuilt.\n(Text by: Vasiliki Sithiakaki, archaeologist)\nAt the northern entrance of Elounda Bay, at a key-position for the control of the natural harbour, is located the islet of Spinalonga, with an area of 8,5 ha and an altitude of 53 m. The island was fortified in the antiquity, possibly in the Hellenistic period, with a large enclosure.\nOn the ruins of the ancient castle the Venetians built a strong fortress, which was designed according to the bastion fortification system by Genese Bressani and Latino Orsini. The first construction stage of the fortress lasted from 1579 to 1586. Repairs and alterations to the fortress were also made during the Cretan War (1645-1669). During the Venetian rule the fortress was used for military purposes. The buildings in its interior covered the accommodation needs of the guard. During the Cretan war (1645-1669) Spinalonga offered shelter to refugees and rebels, who harassed the Turks, using the islet as their base. Their action lasted as long as the fortress was occupied by the Venetians. According to the treaty of the surrender of the “Khandax” in 1669, Spinalonga remained under the rule of Venice.\nAfter the island was occupied by the Ottomans in 1715, a purely Ottoman settlement was gradually formed in Spinalonga. During the first two centuries of the Ottoman rule the fortress was marginalised and used as a place of exile and isolation. The situation changed, however, at the end of the 19th century. Its role was upgraded as it obtained an export trade permit. In the middle of the 19th century a large number of inhabitants concentrated on the islet, mostly tradesmen and seamen, who exploited the seaways of the eastern Mediterranean and the advantage of a safe fortified settlement.\nThe life of this settlement was soon interrupted abruptly due to the political developments that took place in Crete during the last years of the 19th century. Most of the inhabitants of Spinalonga were forced to emigrate, as the revolutionary activity of the Christians spread insecurity among the Ottomans of Crete. From 1897 French military forces settled on the island and stayed there for about one year. The Cretan State established the isolation of the lepers in 1903 and decided to create a leper hospital in Spinalonga, in order for coordinated help to be available to Hansen patients. The hard life of the patients, who lived on the island until 1957, marked the area as a place of martyrdom and heartbreaking memories. (Author: Georgia Moschovi, archeologist)\nPhaistos is built on a low hill (altitude of about 100m from sea level), in the south of river Geropotamos (ancient river Lithaios), and dominates the fertile valley of Kato Mesara, which is surrounded by imposing mountains (Psiloritis, Asterousia, Lasithi Mountains).\nThe Libyan Sea extends in the south. Lithaios surrounds the hill of Phaistos in the east and the north and was a source of water supply for the city. The mild and warm climate of the area made the life of its residents comfortable and pleasant. Phaistos was one of the most important centres of the Minoan civilization, and the most wealthy and powerful city of southern Crete. It is mentioned in the texts of ancient writers (Diodorus, Stravon, Pausanius) and Homer. It is one of the three important cities founded in Crete by Minos. According to mythology, the dynasty of Rodamanthus, the son of Zeus and brother of Minos, reigned in it. Homer refers to its participation in the Trojan War and describes it as a “well populated” city. The period of prosperity in Phaistos began with the coming of the Bronze Age in Crete in the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., when the foundations of the Minoan civilization were laid.\nHabitation in Phaistos started in the Neolithic period, as revealed by the foundations of Neolithic houses, tools, statuettes and potsherds discovered under the palace during the excavations. The Neolithic settlement is believed to have covered the top of the hill and its southwestern slope. In the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C. the use of metals began, which favoured the development of the city.\nDevelopment continued until the foundation and consolidation of the Minoan palaces (15th century B.C.). In the beginning of the 2nd millennium kings took the rule and established large palaces. The first palace was built in around 1900 B.C. and along with its surrounding buildings it covered an area of 18.000 m2, a little smaller than that of the palace of Knossos. The major earthquake in around 1700 B.C. was the cause of its destruction and the destruction of Knossos. A new, more imposing one was built in its place. Most of the remnants preserved today belong to it, while some parts of the first palace, mainly in the southeast, have also been discovered. The Minoan city covered a considerable area around the palatial centre.\nPhaistos was the seat of the king – ruler who controlled not only the rich plain of Mesara and the settlements in the wider area but also the exit to the sea and the harbours of the gulf of Mesara. After the destruction of the palace (15th century B.C.) the city of Phaistos continued to be inhabited in the Mycenaean and Geometric periods (8th century B.C.). In the following centuries Phaistos experienced a new period of prosperity. The area of the city grew in relation to its area in the Minoan times. It became a rich, strong and densely populated independent city. It minted its own coin and during its period of prosperity, its rule extended from cape Lithino to cape Melissa, including the islets Paksimadia (ancient name: Litoae). The state of Phaistos had two powerful harbours, Matala and Kommo in the southeast.\nIn historical times the temple of Rhea was built south of the old palace. A time gap is observed in the classical period, from which no architectural remnants have been discovered yet. In contrast, the Hellenistic city was extremely prosperous. Houses of that period can be seen in the west yard (upper terrace) of the palace. In the middle of the 2nd century B.C. (around 1600 B.C.) the city was destroyed and occupied by the neighbouring city of Gortys. Even though it was not immediately abandoned, Phaistos lost its power. Traces of habitation dating from the Venetian period are scattered in the whole area. The modern village of Agios Ioannis on the southern fringe of the ancient city is the modest remainder of a glorious past.\nFrom archaeological view, Phaistos is the second in importance Minoan city after Knossos. The site of Knossos was first identified by British captain H. Spratt. The archaeological research of Phaistos was started in 1884 by F. Halbherr and continued by the Italian School of Archaeology (Halbherr and L. Pernier, 1900-1904) and by Doro Levi (1950-1971). Restoration works were conducted during the excavations by the Italian School of Archaeology. Some spaces, mainly the old palace and the royal rooms of the new palace were covered with plastic shelters, while others, such as the storehouses of the new palace, were covered with concrete slabs.\nAccording to tradition, it was the seat of King Minos and the capital of his state. The palace of Knossos is associated with the exciting myths “the Labyrinth and the Minotaur” and “Daedalus and Icarus”.\nReferences to Knossos, its palace and Minos are made by Homer (the list of ships in Ilias mentions that Crete sent 80 ship under the command of the King of Knossos, Idomeneus, the Odyssey, T 178-9), Thucydides (reference to Minos), Isiodus and Herodotus, Bacchylides and Pindarus, Plutarchus and Diodorus the Sicilian. The city flourished in the Minoan Times (2000 – 1350 B.C.), when it was the most important and populated centre of Crete. It also played an important role and was particularly prosperous in later periods, like the Hellenistic Times.\nThe city of Knossos was constantly populated from the end of the 7th millennium to the Roman Times. In the Neolithic Times there was a stage of technologically developed agricultural life (stone tools and weaving weights). The residents turned from food-collectors into producers (farmers and shepherds) and a there was a trend towards more systematic and permanent settlement. The settlement periods in Knossos succeeded each other and the population of the settlement at the end of the Late Neolithic Period is estimated at 1.000 – 2.000 residents.\nIn the Bronze Age, which involved the processing of copper, the settlement possibly continued to develop. However, during the construction of the palace many older buildings were destroyed. The settlement is now referred to as Ko-no-so in Linear B texts of the 14th century B.C. Habitation was particularly intense, including the first palace (19th-17th century B.C.), the second palace (16th-14th century B.C.) and the luxurious villas, the guests’ rooms and the Minoan infrastructure works. The palaces were built on sites overlooking plains and having access to the sea, while important settlements were developed around them. The cities and the settlements were not walled, which confirms the so-called Pax Minoica. In around 1700 B.C. a major earthquake probably destroys Knossos and leads to large-scale works in the city and the palace. The city of Knossos was developed in a large area and its population was estimated by Evans at around 80.000 people.\nIn 1450 B.C., after a partial destruction of Knossos, the Mycenaeans settled in the city, without, however, rebuilding the palace. From the next periods few remnants are preserved, mostly tombs and a small classical temple in the area of the palace. The city experienced great prosperity during the Hellenistic Times (temple of Glaukus, temple of Demetra, chiselled tombs, the use of a northern cemetery, fortifying towers). In 67 B.C. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus conquered Knossos and established a Roman colony with the name Colonia Julia Nobilis. The Villa of Dionysus, with wonderful mosaics, dates back to this period.\nIn the Byzantine Times Knossos was the seat of the Bishop, while the remains of the 6th century A.D. basilica are still preserved. After the Arab conquest of Crete, the harbour of Heraklion gradually became more important, while Knossos was slowly forgotten. A small settlement was built on the Roman ruins and is referred to as “Makritihos” (=long wall), named after a long wall, which was a remnant of the Roman Knossos. Knossos was spotted in 1878 by Minos Kalokairinos. A. Evans started systematic excavations in 1900, which continued until 1931 (discovery of the palace, a large part of the Minoan city and the cemeteries). Since then excavations are being continued in the wider area of Knossos by the British School of Archaeology and the 23rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities.\nThe Historical Museum of Crete was founded by the Society of Cretan Historical Studies in 1953, following the issue of a Ministry of Culture permit to establish a museum collection. The Museum was initially housed in the Andreas and Maria Kalokerinos House (1903), a listed neoclassical building granted by the A. & M. Kalokerinos Foundation in accordance with the donor’s wishes.\nThe Museum was founded and is run by the Society of Cretan Historical Studies, with the aim of preserving and showcasing the cultural heritage of Crete from early Byzantine times to the modern era. This aim has been achieved gradually, by the collection, purchase and donation of artefacts, together with artefacts on long term loan from the Ministry of Culture.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.seiumo.org/2013/12/03/immigration-activists-end-a-fast-on-the-national-mall/", "date": "2021-06-19T23:51:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487653461.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619233720-20210620023720-00539.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9668394327163696, "token_count": 205, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__193028457", "lang": "en", "text": "A longtime labor leader and two other advocates of an immigration overhaul ended their water-only fasts on Tuesday in a tent on the National Mall, the 22nd day of an effort to press the House to take up legislation on the issue.\nIn a ceremony choreographed to evoke the civil rights and farmworker movements of the 1960s, the labor leader, Eliseo Medina, 67, took a bite of bread and a sip of apple juice. Looking tired, Mr. Medina did not speak during the event. Afterward, he rose and walked away, leaning on the arm of another advocate.\nMr. Medina, a senior official in the Service Employees International Union, made a symbolic handoff to Representative Joseph P. Kennedy III, Democrat of Massachusetts, who said he would fast for 24 hours. The scene was reminiscent of the end of a 25-day fast in 1968 by Cesar Chavez of the United Farm Workers, who received his first food from Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Representative Kennedy’s grandfather.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.pumconline.org/history/", "date": "2024-04-13T08:57:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816587.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413083102-20240413113102-00383.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9734649658203125, "token_count": 6678, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__75685827", "lang": "en", "text": "Historical Details of the Painesville United Methodist Church Building\nFrom the earliest gatherings in homes of small groups of Methodists to conduct their religious services, to the appointment by the Ohio Conference in 1818 of Mr. Ira Eddy as circuit rider preacher on the Grand River Circuit, to the construction of a Methodist meeting house on Liberty Street in 1822, and through years of changes and moving to different buildings, finally in the spring of 1873 construction was begun on this building located at 71 North Park Place in Painesville, Ohio. The lot, “suitably located on high ground in the center of the village on the north side of the village park,” was purchased from George and Sarah Steele for $10,000; and the contract for laying the foundation and cut- ting the stone for the building was given for $8,000.\nMr. Jacob Snyder was the selected architect. His design for the building incorporated ideas from the Metropolitan Wesleyan Methodist Church in Toronto, Canada for the front and exterior, while the Sunday School rooms and much of the interior followed the plan of the Akron Methodist Episcopal Church in Akron, Ohio. A description of the building by Mr. Snyder appeared in the October 23, 1873 edition of The Painesville Telegraph and contained the following details:\n“This building, which in architectural style is designed to be decorated Gothic, and to be built of red brick, with stone dressings, has its foundation walls and ashlar* work now completed. Its greatest length, including the projections of buttresses, is 161 feet, by a width correspondingly measured of 80 feet. The plan of the building is symmetrical, having two towers upon the two front angles including the front vestibule between them; the main audience room centrally located; and the S.S. apartments at the rear. The portion of the building including the latter projects somewhat beyond the side walls of the central portion, thus producing an outline of plan similar to the letter T. Of the two front towers, the one is 18 feet and the other 16 feet square, having octagonal buttresses at their angles topped out with pinnacles corresponding with their size and form. The toppings out of the main walls of towers consist of gabled louvres, surmounted with parapets, and pinnacles smaller than those at the angles.” (Note: These towers were to have been surmounted by two iron spires, but ones that were placed upon the rear of the building were blown down, so that ornamentation was omitted from the towers.)\n*The term “ashlar” refers to large, rectangular blocks of masonry.\n“In the center of the front is the principal doorway, with columns, bases, carved capitals, Gothic arch with carved key and springing stones, and crocketed finial. Each of the front towers has also an entrance, similar in design to the central. Besides the three front, there are also two side entrances, accommodating the S.S. apartments and the rear of the audience room.\n“The window distribution of the entire building is liberal, both for architectural effect and ample light. The large front window is Gothic, having a height of 24 feet and an inscribed circle of 20 feet in diameter, about which it is formed. Two windows of similar design are located above the side entrance doors, extending into the gabled walls, thus serving to light the upper and rear vestibules.\n“The main audience room, exclusive of vestibules and organ loft, is 56 feet by 70 feet; and has a continuous gallery, raking down from its general level to that of the choir at the rear of the peaker’s platform.\n“The main S.S. room, exclusive of its complemental apartments, is 41½ ft. by 45½ ft., and in outline is somewhat more than a semipolygon – from the sides of which are projected two stories of seven classrooms, or in all fourteen rooms. These are connected with the main room by folding sash doors. In height the central room extends somewhat above the flat pitched metal roof of the radiating classrooms, thus admitting its being lighted by clear story windows, which are alternated segmental and Gothic, and are located in the polygonal sides. As many of the latter as contain the Gothic windows are gabled, having their roofs intersect the absidal roof of the central room. The latter roof is finished against the rear wall of the main building. The ceiling of the main S.S. room is vaulted and that of the main audience room inclined from the sides to the center.\n“The lateral extremities of the space occupied by the singers’ gallery and organ loft serve on the main floor level and vestibules to accommodate the S.S. apartments and the rear of the audience room. Here are also located the two rear stairways, affording access to both the main audience room and S.S. room galleries. The latter is designed to secure communication with the upper tier of radiating classrooms; and in plan it corresponds with the contour of the main S.S. room, … thus communicating with the vestibules.\n“The stone dressings of the interior are wrought out of Amherst stone, and are freely distributed throughout the brick work, producing a pleasing contrast. The woodwork of the interior is designed to be chiefly black walnut, neatly finished. And the usual decorations of fresco-painting and stained glass, in structures of this class, are contemplated.\n“Provision has been made by means of air towers, at all times, to be able to command an abundant supply of fresh air, and to extract the impure as well. The cellar is sufficiently ample, in every particular, to admit its being fitted up with basement apartments for social purposes. It is designed to heat the building by steam, chiefly upon the indirect principle.\n“In this church enterprise hardly anything has been omitted to be considered that would in any way contribute to the comfortable accommodations of a church and S.S. community, both as it regards its adult and youth population.”\nIn a dedication ceremony attended by church members and interested people from the community, the cornerstone was laid on a beautiful fall day, Wednesday, October 15, 1873. This stone, which had been contributed by the builder and with lettering done by townsman William Doran, holds a box which contains the following items:\n- Early records of the church and society;\n- Names of the Presiding Elder of the district, the pastors, Superintendent of the School, Trustees, Class Leaders, and Stewards of the M.E. Church of Painesville;\n- Names of the various churches in Painesville, with their present pastors;\n- A list of subscribers to the building fund, including the Sunday School scholars;\n- Copies of the Bible, Hymn Book, Minutes of the Annual Conference, and various periodicals and newspapers of the church;\n- Copies of The Painesville Telegraph of the current week, and other county papers;\n- Catalogue of Lake Erie Seminary, and other documents.\nThe contract for the completion of the exterior of the church was let for $36,000. The red bricks for the building were made on the “flats” at the foot of Main Street Hill in Painesville. This work was begun June 1, 1874, and completed by September of that year. It was pronounced the finest piece of masonry in Painesville. In 1875, a financial accounting stated, “The structure of the church to date, irrespective of the lot, cost $50,500; of this amount $36,300 has been provided for, leaving an indebtedness of $14,200.” Through subsequent years, the members struggled to raise funds to complete the interior furnishing of the church. Subscriptions were taken until the full amount was reached. The Sunday School Room (renamed the Circle Room during the late 1960’s) was finally completed in 1878 at a cost of $7,000. The church was dedicated in June of 1881, and declared free\nfrom debt in 1897. The Rose Window, located at the front of the church, consists of 1,371 carefully selected and cut pieces of stained glass and measures 24 feet wide and 20 feet high, one of the largest in the country. Its cost of $300 was donated by the Young People’s Society. In the center is a 7-pointed star known as the Mystic Star and representing the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.\nAdditional symbolism is evident in the ten tall stained glass windows on each side of the Sanctuary, designed and created by Douglas Phillips. As described in the 1984 history of our church, the windows are as follows:\nAgnus Dei or Lamb of God\nThis is the symbol of Agnus Dei or Lamb of God. Out of the Hebrew sacrificial system, Christian application made the lamb as the symbol of Jesus Christ. John the Baptist said, “Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world.” The lamb, one of our earliest symbols, was frequently used in Roman catacombs. In symbolism, the Suffering Lamb is shown with a cross, the Triumphal Lamb with a waving banner, and the Enthroned Lamb depicted seated on the Book of Seven Seals mentioned in the Book of Revelation. Our window portrays the Lamb as both the Suffering and Triumphant Christ, with cross and banner. This is one of the greatest of all symbols used in Christian art to represent the Son of God. The money for this window was donated by the children in the Sunday School Primary Class.\nThe sheaf of wheat is a symbol of God’s bounty and goodness. As God enables man to gather a harvest from the earth, He makes it possible to reap a spiritual harvest as well. St. Paul said, “Whatsoever a man sows, that will he also reap.” As pictured here the sheaf of wheat with a sickle is a symbol of the harvest and the autumn of life. Along the sides of the window are wheat and tares – the good crop and the weeds. Matthew relates one of the parables of Jesus, which ends, “Let the wheat and tares grow together until the harvest; and at harvest time I will tell the reapers, ‘Gather the weeds first, bind them in bundles to be burned, but gather the wheat into my barn.’”\nWithin this inset we see one form of the sacred monogram IHCOYC. Through the years, as knowledge of Greek became rare, the Greek C was changed to the Latin S, so the monogram HIS is used more often instead of IHC. Our window shows an interesting intertwining of IHS as the monogram evolved in the Middle Ages and representing “With This Sign.”\nThe chalice, or cup, is a beautiful reminder of the cup which our Lord took and blessed and gave to his disciples at the Last Supper. Jesus said, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me. For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes.” Pictured with the chalice there are grapes and leaves on a vine representing not only the source of the communion wine but also Christ and his disciples. In the parable of the vine, Jesus said, “I am the vine, you are the branches. He who abides in me, and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing.”\nIt is easy to understand the symbol of the Bible, the sacred book accepted by Christians as divine authority, the Word of God. Note that the Bible is pictured as open – open to all who will hear, study, believe. Translations of the Bible, or portions of it, have been published in more than a thousand tongues.\nIf the crown appeared alone it would be used as a symbol of the kingly office of Christ. “For He is Lord of Lords and King of Kings.” But here we have the symbol of the Crown and Cross, which stands for a reward to those who are faithful unto death. In Revelation we read, “Be faithful unto death and I will give you the crown of life.” In the arm of the cross appear the letters INRI. These represent the Latin words, “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.” According to the book of John, Pilate caused a title of mockery written in Hebrew, Latin and Greek to be placed on the cross saying, “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.”\nIntertwined are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet – Alpha or A and Omega or O. They stand for the beginning and end, the first and last. They are used as a monogram to indicate that Christ is an eternal figure and symbolize the everlasting nature of the divinity of Christ.\nThe anchor as a symbol of hope was used in the catacombs by persecuted Christians. The anchor pictured here is a combination of anchor and cross symbolizing both hope in the life eternal and salvation from sin through the Saviour’s death and resurrection.\nThe descending dove represents peace and purity. It is the most familiar symbol of the Holy Spirit. Pictures of our Lord’s baptism always carry this symbol. The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke all mention the Holy Spirit descending like a dove upon Jesus as he came out of the River Jordan, following His baptism in its waters.\nSix Pointed star\nThe number of points in a star is significant in Christian symbolism. In this window we have the sixpointed star or creator’s star formed by superimposing one triangle on another. This six-point star symbolized the six days in which God created the world. Sometimes it is used as an emblem of God the Father, the six points referring to His attributes: power, wisdom, majesty, love, mercy, justice. A triangle, of itself, represents the Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The use of two triangles in the Creator’s star doubly emphasizes the holy Trinity in the process of creation.\nIncluded in the windows of the Sanctuary are many other symbols. There is the rose symbol in the round, various colored medallions near the top of each window. The rose may, on one hand, represent the promise of a Messiah for, as Isaiah foretells, “The desert shall rejoice and blossom as a rose.” But the rose also may represent each of the following: love, our Lord or His nativity, paradise, beauty, and Mary the mother of Jesus.\nThen there is the passion flower, used as a symbol of the suffering of Jesus, and the bursting pomegranate, a symbol of Easter and the resurrection of our Lord and thus signifying the hope of new life. A small three-petal motif repeated over and over is another symbol of the Trinity, as is the Fleur-de-lis in the windows over the front stairways. Certainly symbolism has played a very important part in the proclamation of Christian faith. From the days of the very early church to the present, symbols have served to bring Christian ideas home to the heart of man.\nThroughout subsequent years, many aspects of maintenance and re- decorating were carried out on the church building. In 1905, the original carpet was laid at a cost of $700. In 1913, the unfinished basement was excavated; and a social hall, including a stage, kitchen, and serving room, were built. A central heating system replaced the original combination of two furnaces and six coal stoves that had to be tended by the women of the church, and an electric lighting system was installed to replace the original gas illumination – all for the cost of $8,000.\nIn 1923, a contract in the amount of $9,308 was given to construct the balconies in the Sanctuary; followed by a contract at a cost of $1,630 for new oak pews whose ends were stained walnut to match the rest of the woodwork.\nThe 1929 depression brought many hardships to church members, and necessary funds for maintenance and upkeep of the church were hard to raise. But the church needed redecorating, so the members rallied and contributed both labor and materials. They worked whenever they could, day or night, and did the job without creating more debt. In 1935 the old tubular organ was rebuilt and electrified. Chimes were added with tower amplification so they could be heard in the downtown Painesville area.\nIn 1946 the church was redecorated again at a cost of $8,000. In the early 1950’s it became evident that better facilities were needed to accommodate the Sunday School program. There was an urgent and imperative need for an additional building. With this goal in mind, the members began a three-year fund-raising campaign that culminated in raising $150,000; and a contract was awarded in February, 1954 to the William Voegtler Construction Company to build a two-story educational building on the vacant space to the rear of the church. It was completed at a cost of $144,000 and dedicated on September 15, 1957.\nSoon thereafter, in 1961, a building committee was formed to study the need for alterations to the main church building and provision for a connection between the two buildings. A Chapel with stained glass windows was incorporated into the design for this connecting hall. Windows were designed and built by the Phillips Stained Glass Studio, Inc., of Cleveland.\nThe design of the Chapel windows combines traditional and contemporary in a series of vignettes set in a field of irregular rectangles of blues and greens accented with violet; the figures are stylized to suggest the contemporary. The smaller side-by-side windows on the left wall as you enter the Chapel are devoted to symbols of the Saviour – on the first the Chi Rho, an anchor symbolizing Jesus Christ the anchor of the soul, and the three nails symbolizing the crucifixion; and on the second an empty cross representing the resurrection, another form of the Chi Rho, and the IHC symbol.\nGoing around the Chapel to the right, the next four windows form the story of the Nativity and Christ as a young man. The first of these windows shows a landscape and the Star of the Nativity; in the background can be seen the three Wise Men on their way to Bethlehem. The second features the Nativity; the third shows Christ as a young man in Joseph’s workshop holding an ax in His arm while He studies religious writing and teachings. The fourth of this series of windows contains a cross rising from behind the open Bible with the letters VDMA, which stand for the Latin phrase “Verbum Dei Mani Aeternae” – “The word of God endures forever.”\nThe four windows to the right of the Chapel altar relate to the adult Jesus as Teacher and Saviour. The first features the Hand of God the Father shedding blessings on earth. The next window shows Christ knocking at the door; the landscape behind this one then flowing into the third of this series, which features Christ as a Sower. The fourth window in this series contains the Dove of the Holy Spirit.\nThe glass used in these Chapel windows is called antique. It is handblown glass made the way glass was done during the Middle Ages. Using the mosaic approach in designing these windows, a change of color was achieved by using a different piece of glass. Any detail, such as hair tone and some parts of the halo, was fired on with special paint to such a temperature that it actually became a part of the glass and is permanent.\nWhen the Chapel was built, additionally the side entrance was rebuilt, the heating system converted to gas, and the entire interior of the church redecorated at a total cost of $125,761. Individual rooms around the outer sides of the Circle Room that were originally used as Sunday School classrooms were converted to much needed offices for the pastor, secretary, and education department head.\nAt the time of constructing the Chapel and connecting hallway, new doors were installed in both the original side entrance and the Chapel entrance. Each of these doors contains stained glass in the form of a cross. The left hand door symbolizes redemption through Bible teachings found in the Old Testament and the Law of Moses. The head and the left and right arms of the cross form the Trinity, with the Father’s hand on the left, the Chi Rho symbol of the Son at the head, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit on the right. At the base of the cross are the two tablets symbolizing the Old Testament and the Law of Moses. Above this symbol in the window is a globe surmounted by a cross, symbol of the triumph of the gospel.\nThe window in the right hand door symbolizes redemption through the Church based on Methodist teachings and the New Testament. The left and right arms symbolize two sacraments: baptism as shown by a shell on the left and communion on the right represented by chalice and host. These two sacraments are the physical aids of the Church to help the Christian achieve redemption and salvation as shown in the center panel by the ark with the cross behind it. As a foundation for this we have the teachings of the Church symbolized by a church on a hill in the bottom panel. The missionary spirit of the church is symbolized by the ship in the head of the cross.\nA three-year capital fund program begun in 1971 raised approximately $58,300. With this money, the organ was redesigned and rebuilt at a cost of $27,000, a new gas furnace was installed, the Circle Room and church parlors were re-carpeted and redecorated, the church Sanctuary was painted, the Rose Window was covered with a protective acrylic cover, and the worship center of the church was enlarged. With the completion of these improvements, a Sesquicentennial celebration service was held at the church on November 1, 1971.\nIn 1981 another capital campaign successfully raised money to replace the original 107-year-old slate shingle roof with asphalt shingles underlaid with 30# felt, to provide protective acrylic covers for the stained glass Sanctuary windows, to repair and paint the metal and woodwork on the towers, and to care for other general maintenance and upkeep details.\nChurch member William Parsons volunteered to remove, disassemble, re-lead, and replace needed portions of all the stained glass windows over a five-year period from 1983-1988. In 1992 he continued his stained glass work by creating three windows in the kitchenette area between the Sanctuary and the Circle Room.\nThrough 1990, many ongoing maintenance repairs were completed repainting, replacing windows, waterproofing, and necessary replacing of bricks in the exterior of the church. In addition, the education building was covered with rubber roofing material, electrical rewiring was completed, and Italian marble tiles were installed in the narthex entry way at the front of the church.\nIn 1991-1993, an extensive restoration program was carried out in the Circle Room and Sanctuary. The choir and organ areas were reconstructed to to accommodate the new Schantz pipe organ, a gift given in memory of Edna Cope Quine. Walls were repainted and new carpeting installed, new pew cushions were made, and the ceiling replaced. A new audio sound system and booth were installed to enhance the church’s continuing broadcasting of Sunday services over the local radio station. Exact replicas of original doors and woodworking were manufactured and installed. The reredos that had been inserted in the Sanctuary in 1971 was removed and placed in the Circle Room. A part of the restoration at this time included the replacement of the front steps with granite slabs that had been part of the old Cleveland Press newspaper building in Cleveland. The church celebrated its restoration efforts with its 175th anniversary in 1995.\nAll of the restoration work culminated in 1998 with the addition of our church building into the National Register of Historic Places, largely through the research and writing efforts of church member Marcia Parsons. The building had previously been accepted into the Lake County Historical Society listing of historic sites.\nA strong windstorm in 1998 caused the spire from the upper tower parapet to lean toward the ground. Consequently, yet another capital campaign was held that raised funds to have both towers rebuilt and repaired in 1999. A new and thicker acrylic protective cover was also installed over the Rose Window. All of these efforts cost approximately $236,000.\nIn 2001, the kitchen next to the social hall was renovated and modernized with new equipment, new cabinets, new flooring, and new painting. The cost of $63,000 was aided by a donation in memory of Audrey Cole for whom the kitchen was renamed. New complete dinnerware settings were also purchased.\nA few years later, Fellowship Hall itself was gutted and redecorated. The old side benches were removed, new walls and flooring put in, support columns covered, and decorative glass in the window wells added. Additionally, a corner room was created for storage. Before new tables and chairs arrived, however, heavy rains that caused severe flooding of the Grand River in the City of Painesville, also “uncovered” a previously undetected defect in the west wall foundation of the church, thus causing extensive damage to the remodeled hall. Once the foundation wall had been repaired, the new flooring and some of the new walls also had to be replaced. With the final completion of this remodeling, Fellowship Hall was renamed Parsons Hall in honor of Marcia and Bill Parsons.\nIn the spring and summer of 2007, construction began to modify the side entrance to the church across from the Chapel, thereby creating an enclosure to house an elevator. This will provide access for handicapped individuals to all three levels of the church as well as an upper level connection to the education building. The youth of the church, along with their many other activities and mission trips, are working to gather funds to provide a cross and flame logo for this newly constructed entrance.\nThrough the years, the devoted stewardship of church members has provided the vision, the talent, the labor, and the funds to maintain and enhance this beautiful and historic building. We have been blessed.\nWhite Gift Service\nIn 1904, the minister’s wife, Anna M. Winters, came across an old legend about “The King’s Birthday,” which told of a celebration where white gifts were brought before the king to show loyalty and love, but were wrapped in white paper so that both humble and extravagant gifts would be received with equal edification. This set her thinking – since Christmas was the observance of Our King’s birthday, why couldn’t a similar celebration be done with gifts to the church in honor of the Christ Child. This was the basis of our White Gift Service, the first of which was held right here at PUMC and over the many years since has been adopted by hundreds of churches around the world!\nThe original proposal for this service was presented to the Official Board of the church and then to Sunday School teachers and officers; the idea was enthusiastically endorsed by both groups. The initial plan noted that people are blessed individually with different gifts, and so the church body could offer not only gifts of Substance but also gifts of Service and Self. The students were asked to make a definite pledge of any of these contributions, sign it, and place it in the white envelope as their gift. At the first service, the envelopes were collected and emptied into a large new and shiny dishpan, and were found to total $300 when calculated afterward – or the 2022 equivalent of $10,045!\nEach subsequent year brought new symbolism to the service including all church members. In the sanctuary a platform was usually draped in white with a green tree on each side, as the original legend said the king had done. At the proper time, white curtains were parted to reveal a large white cross. Then, depicting the nativity story in song and pageantry, shepherds and then three wise men came following the star to present their gifts while the hymn “We Three Kings of Orient” was sung. After the wise men arrived, those in the church wishing to make a gift brought their pledge card to the altar. Over the years this portrayal has been adapted based on changing needs throughout the life of the church, but has remained true to the original intent – to invite the congregation to commit themselves in self, service, or substance in honor of the birth of our Savior!\nIn 1944 our organist Ruth Zearfoss Herman introduced “The March of the Wise Men” to the procession during this service. The song has been played throughout the years by succeeding organists for each White Gift service, and depicts the story of the Wise Men as they journey to Bethlehem. The piece starts out with just organ pedal work, which represents the plodding of the camels carrying the Wise Men. Throughout the piece you can hear the Zimbelsterns on the organ, which represent the star over Bethlehem continuing throughout the entire piece. All of this gradually gets louder as the Wise Men approach Bethlehem. As the herald of the trumpets on the organ join in, the Wise Men have arrived, and at the very end you will hear only the star.\nIn 2023 we celebrated the 150th anniversary of our historic building right here at 71 N. Park Place, and in so doing presented a re-enactment of our PUMC-original White Gift service during our January 8th worship services as we celebrate the Wise Men finding the newborn King! As you reflect on your journey to the Savior, we invite you to consider ways in which you can be a part of the life of the Painesville United Methodist Church through self, service, and substance.\nSusan B Anthony & Women’s Rights Convention\nPUMC actually hosted a Women’s Suffrage Convention during a time when so many churches would have (and did!) objected to women being anything besides wives, mothers, and possibly teachers. Susan B. Anthony was actually in this building in 1885 advocating for equal rights for women! Alongside Ms. Anthony were also Lake Erie Seminary (now Lake Erie College) president Dr. Mary B. Evans, Helen Gougar (a female lawyer before women were ever allowed to vote!), and Painesville’s own Frances Jennings-Casement* (who set up the Equal Rights Association of Painesville in 1883). These ladies were in this space to promote the rights of women, along with the representatives of over 150 women’s rights organizations at that time! We were delighted to be able to work with Lakewood-based Women In History, a group dedicated to bringing historic characters “to life” in the most accurate way, to re-enact a portion of the 1885 Women’s Rights Convention during our 2023 Sesquicentennial Celebration. We are proud of our heritage and long-term support of equal rights here at PUMC!\n*At the time of our re-enactment we were unable to experience Ms. Casement as a part of our program. However, we were delighted to welcome the character of Rev. Dr. Olympia Brown, the first female to be recognized in the United States as an ordained minister. Rev. Dr. Brown did spend significant time in Ohio and some time in Cleveland generating signatures for a petition of women to own their own homes, property, etc; however, she was never actually inside PUMC as far as we can tell. We were delighted to experience the re-enactment of her character during our Women in History weekend because Rev. Dr. Brown played such a significant role in women’s history and in the history of women in church leadership roles.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ashtonidaho.com/membership/services/fall-river-rural-electric-coop-inc", "date": "2024-04-25T10:27:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297292879.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425094819-20240425124819-00016.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9674275517463684, "token_count": 574, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__127183967", "lang": "en", "text": "In the mid-1930s, nine out of ten rural homes across America had no electricity. While some rural towns like Ashton, Idaho had electricity, those living in outlying rural areas did not. Investor-owned utilities could not make a profit by bringing electricity to low-density homes and businesses in the countryside.\nThat changed in 1935 when President Roosevelt established the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The REA provided loan money and expertise to help rural communities bring electricity to their farms.\nOnly a few years later, in December of 1938, a group of neighbors met around the warm stove in the Howe Lumber Company in Ashton, Idaho. These men were from the outlying areas of Ashton and had the dream of bringing electric power to their own homes. They formed Fall River Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.and began signing up members for what was to be a locally owned electric company, relying on members to donate land for power line right-of-ways. The first board of directors set the membership fee at $5.00 and loaned new members $10.00 to help them wire their homes for electric service.\nFall River received their first REA loan of $80,000 in 1939 to build the first 62 miles of power line. By fall of 1941, the areas surrounding Ashton, Rexburg, Ririe, and St. Anthony had electricity. That spring, the rural areas around Felt, Driggs, and Victor received power. In 1947, power lines were built to Island Park and West Yellowstone.\nIn November 1960, Fall River Rural Electric Cooperative took over providing power to all of Teton Valley, where the towns had previously been supplied with electricity since 1913 through the privately owned Teton Valley Power & Milling Company.\nToday, Fall River still provides safe, reliable, and renewable electricity at the lowest cost possible to thousands of members in three states.\nSources: “A Shot in the Dark,” Teton Valley Magazine, Summer 2004; “Ashton, Idaho, The Centennial History 1906-2006,” by Glade Lyon.\nBeginning with about 80 members back in the late 1930s, more than seventy-five years later Fall River Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc. now has about 13,000 members. They have 50 employees and 3 offices. The Ashton office is the headquarters and there is an office in Driggs and West Yellowstone.\nYou may have noticed the solar panels and windmill outside of Fall River Rural Electric, these are being used for educational purposes for the members. And for members information, rebates are available if you change your windows, doors, insulation, irrigation equipment, etc. to be more efficient. Just call the office to receive more information @ 652-7431.\nVisit their website at www.fallriverelectric.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://partofaplane.com/products/aviationtag-alitalia-airbus-a321-i-bixn-green", "date": "2024-03-01T11:20:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475238.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301093751-20240301123751-00616.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.967119038105011, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__155155782", "lang": "en", "text": "The auction has been closed.\nSlowly but surely, we are completing our list of European flag carriers with another new arrival, this time from southern Europe: a big welcome to the former Alitalia Airbus A321 I-BIXN.\nThe Airbus A321 was delivered to the Italian Sky Team member with MSN 576 in 1996 and flew for Alitalia until 2019. It was christened “Piazza del Duomo CATANIA” and flew up to 200 passengers all the way across Europe.\nIn 2019, I-BIXN was finally retired and then recycled in May 2020. We’re thrilled to have been able to upcycle a part of Italian aviation history into our Aviationtags!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://cunninghamopticalone.com/about/", "date": "2021-06-19T00:19:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00475.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9684168696403503, "token_count": 145, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__51791940", "lang": "en", "text": "Founded by Ed Cunningham in 1961, Cunningham Optical One was an early pioneer of same-day service and remains a leader in vision care today. Ed believed in providing the most well-rounded customer experience, and his philosophy still guides the company today. Ed’s dream of producing quality lenses for less has been a reality for 50 years thanks to loyal employees and thousands of satisfied clients.\nAlways family owned and operated, and now in five Indiana locations, we’re still committed to providing the ultimate in selection, service and savings. We offer the finest products at competitive prices with no gimmicks, just as Ed wanted. That’s why thousands of people a year trust us for their eyeglasses.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thediscovermemories.com/tour-item/euphoric-europe/", "date": "2023-09-23T01:20:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00499.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9232955574989319, "token_count": 1433, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__48542388", "lang": "en", "text": "Day 1: Budapest\nDelhi to Delhi tour guests will report at Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi as per the scheduled flight departure time and proceed to Budapest - also called the 'Little Paris' of Europe. Upon arrival in the afternoon, Discover Memories Tour Manager will guide all guests for airport formalities and proceed to the city. Today we enjoy Danube river cruise and admire the beauty of the Danube River - the magnificent scenic divider and connector of Buda and Pest.\nDay 2: Budapest\nToday we explore Budapest city, we see Heroes' Square – a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the main squares in Budapest, stands in honour and memory of the great leaders in Hungary's history, Fishermen's Bastion - a fairy-tale castle on the Buda side of the city, is a lookout point which offers stunning panorama of Budapest, the historic Matthias Church – a Roman Catholic church, Gellert hill – a 235 m high hill overlooking the Danube River, Parliament house – a magnificent example of Neo-Gothic architecture, is the seat of the National Assembly of Hungary, Royal palace – a UNESCO World Heritage Site, also known as the Buda Castle, is the historical castle and palace complex of the Hungarian kings, the famous chain bridge on the Danube River - first permanent suspension bridge which connected Buda and Pest. Later we have free time for shopping at Vaci Street.\nDay 3: Budapest – Bratislava\nToday we proceed to Bratislava – The Capital of the Slovak Republic. Also referred to as the Beauty on the Danube. Upon arrival we explore Bratislava city, we see Old Town - an historic centre of Bratislava with cobbled streets, colourful pastel buildings and narrow pathways, St Martins Cathedral - Gothic church from the 15th century and the former coronation church, St Michael Tower- also known as Michael's Gate, is the only city gate that has been preserved of the medieval fortifications and ranks among the oldest town buildings. Later we drive through Most SNP - a road bridge over the river Danube. Commonly referred to as the UFO Bridge. In the afternoon, we visit Bratislava Castle – Visible from all over the city, the grand Renaissance palace dates back to the 16th century and now houses the Museum of History.\nDay 4: Bratislava – Vienna\nToday we proceed to Vienna – Capital of Austria, is one of the most visited cities of Europe. Upon arrival we visit Schonbrunn Palace – a UNESCO World Heritage Site, an 18th century Baroque palace was the main summer residence of the Habsburg rulers and is one of the most important architectural, cultural, and historic monuments in the country. Later we explore Vienna city, we see Opera House - one of the finest Opera Houses in the world, Parliament Building - the monumental neoclassical building is the seat of the Austrian Parliament, City Hall – Neo-Gothic building that serves as the city's administrative centre, Hofburg Palace – the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty rulers and today serves as the official residence and workplace of the President of Austria, Heldenplatz - a public square and Ring Boulevard – also known as Ringstrasse, is a circular boulevard that surrounds Vienna's historical centre.\nDay 5: Vienna – Brno – Prague\nToday we proceed to Brno - second largest city of Czech Republic after Prague. It has a long and rich history that dates back as far as prehistoric times. Upon arrival we explore Brno city, we see Freedom Square - Brno’s most significant square, Church of St. James – a 13th century Late Gothic church, Moravian Square - One of the largest squares in Brno, Mahen Theatre – it was the first theatre in continental Europe with fully electric lighting. Later we proceed to Prague – also known as the ‘City of a Hundred Spires’, is the capital of Czech Republic\nDay 6: Prague\nToday we explore Prague city, we see Hradcany Castle - one of the biggest caste in the world. Built in 9th century and is the official office of the President of the Czech Republic, Cathedral of St. Vitus - a Roman Catholic metropolitan cathedral in Prague and is the seat of the Archbishop of Prague, Astronomical Clock - the most striking aspects of the clock are the moving 12 Apostles sculptures carved out of wood, Old Town Square - an historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague, Charles Bridge - a stone Gothic bridge that crosses Vltava river and connects the Old Town and Lesser Town. Later we visit Terezin concentration camp - a poignant piece of World War II history and one the largest concentration camps in the Czech Republic. In the evening we enjoy Cruise on the river Vltava and admire the spectacular view of Prague.\nDay 7: Prague - Departure\nAfter breakfast check out from hotel & drop at Airport. Tour ends with endless memories, It’s time now to say goodbye!\n- To and fro economy class air travel (Delhi-Hungary) (Prague-Delhi)\n- Airport taxes\n- Visa fee included\n- Baggage Allowance as per the airline policy\n- Tour Manager Services throughout the tour\n- Travel by comfortable A/C coach as per the tour itinerary\n- Entrance fees of all sightseeing places to be visited from inside\n- 6Nights Accommodation in 3* or 4* hotels\n- All Meals – Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner (set menu) as mentioned in the itinerary\n- All Tips – Guide, Driver & Restaurants\n- Cost of internal airfare as mentioned in the itinerary\n- Travel Insurance\n- GST 5% on package cost\n- TCS 5%\n- Any increase in Airfare, Visa fees, Airport taxes, Govt Taxes, Fuel Surcharges and any applicability of new taxes from Govt\n- Any up gradation in Airline class or hotel room category\n- Any Increase in the rate of exchange leading to an increase in all land arrangements which may come in to effect prior to departure\n- Cost of pre or post tour hotel accommodation\n- Any extra expense such as route change, Airline change, Date change, Accommodation facilities, etc incurred due to the unforeseen, unavoidable forced majeuere circumstances during the tour\n- Cost of insurance for 60 years and above\n- Porterage, laundry, telephone charges, shopping, wines & alcoholic beverages, items of personal nature and food or drink which is not part of a set group menu\n- Any extra cost incurred on behalf of an individual due to illness, accident, hospitalization, or any personal emergency\n- Any services or activity charges other than those included in the group tour itinerary\n- Anything specifically not mentioned in the ‘tour price includes’ column", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://scottishbordersplanning.co.uk/2018/04/28/county-planning-in-the-1940s-and-50s-berwickshire-county-council/", "date": "2022-07-02T03:07:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103983398.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702010252-20220702040252-00618.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9764382839202881, "token_count": 2287, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__79103136", "lang": "en", "text": "Berwickshire County Council established its Town and Country Planning Committee in June 1944 to deal with the first applications for planning permission under the Town and Country Planning (Interim Development) (Scotland) Act 1943. Lord Home [the father of Sir Alec Douglas-Home] was elected Chairman of the new committee. T. D. Anderson, from the council’s Roads Department was appointed Planning Officer, although he had no qualifications in town and country planning. He had a typist to assist him! Minor applications were dealt with by the County Clerk, in consultation with the Planning Officer. T. D. Anderson was also charged with undertaking a survey of the county, apart from Eyemouth Burgh where the Burgh Surveyor was asked to undertake this task.\nIn March 1946, the Government’s Department of Health for Scotland, which had the responsibility for planning at national level, met the council’s Town and Country Planning Committee to discuss the way forward, little progress having been made on the survey of the county. The Department of Health considered that additional staff were required and recommended the appointment of two planning assistants and a draughtsman in addition to the Planning Officer and his typist. However, the council considered that the size of the county did not warrant such a large department and was content with its Planning Officer and typist in support. Over the next year, the Department of Health for Scotland made further attempts to persuade the council to enlarge its staff but, with only an average of five planning applications a month, the council was not persuaded.\nIn March 1947, the council decided to merge the Planning and Property & Works Departments and T. D. Anderson took up the post of head of the new department. Two members of staff were transferred from the council’s Public Health Department to assist with the additional workload but all planning matters remained the responsibility of T.D. Anderson alone. In the immediate post-war period, the majority of planning applications submitted related to proposals by the burgh councils for new local authority housing and the majority of these applications were dealt with expeditiously. However, the burgh councils were consulted on all other applications submitted within their areas and this meant that these applications took longer, which was a cause for concern.\nFollowing the dissolution of the Central and South-East Scotland Regional Advisory Committee, which had overseen the Frank Mears Study, and the enactment of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947, which introduced development plans, the four border counties discussed how development planning might be co-ordinated across the Scottish Borders. Initial thoughts were that one development plan might be produced for the whole region and architect/planner, F.W.B. Charles, who had led the Frank Mears Study, was approached to prepare a development plan for the region. However, after considerable deliberation, it was decided (by the County Clerks) that, in view of the progress being made in Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire (and the estimated costs of employing a consultant), it would be more sensible for each county to produce their own development plan. It was agreed that a joint planning advisory committee should be established to ensure liaison between the counties.\nIn Berwickshire, with little progress on a survey of the area, the Department of Health for Scotland, in November 1948, again sought to persuade the council to appoint additional staff to undertake the preparation of the development plan and suggested that up to six staff were required. The council baulked at this but eventually agreed to appoint two planning assistants, who duly took up their posts in July 1949 and set to work on a survey of Eyemouth and Duns burghs. One of their first tasks was to bring the out-dated Ordnance Survey (OS) maps up-to-date, a major challenge for many planning departments at this time. In Berwickshire, the latest edition of the 1:25,000 OS maps was produced in 1908!\nIn December 1949, after further pressure from the Department of Health for Scotland, the council decided to appoint a consultant to prepare the development plan and, after interviewing three candidates, the council appointed architect/planner F.W.B. Charles and he quickly set to work. Unfortunately for the two planning assistants, appointed by the council in July 1949, they were not required by the planning consultant who had his own team and they were duly given notice to quit in February 1950, after only 9 months in the job.\nT. D. Anderson continued to be responsible for dealing with the day-to-day activities of development control. Major Askew became the Chairman of the Planning and Property and Works Committee, as it had been called since March 1947, in May 1950. At this time, county council membership was dominated by the landed gentry, the clergy and other professional people. For instance, in July 1950, the Planning and Property and Works Committee comprised:\n- Major Askew (Chairman)\n- Brigadier Swinton\n- Lieut. Col. Miller\n- Rev. R. Hamilton\n- Dr. Mitchell Innes\n- Earl of Ellesmere (became Duke of Sutherland)\n- Earl of Home\n- Captain McDougall\n- Rev. W.B. Paton\nOn the development control front, the emergence and expansion of holiday hut sites was a growing issue across the Scottish Borders in the late 1940s and 1950s, and Berwickshire was not immune. In Lauderdale, for instance, which was accessible from the urban area of Midlothian to the north, the illegal siting of buses, caravans, huts etc. caused increasing concern to the council’s elected members. A police report of September 1950 itemises twelve buses, trailers, railway carriages, caravans and huts in the Oxton area, such as:\n- Railway carriage without wheels, three rooms, fenced in and concrete paving laid round; Occupier: James Bryson, Dalkeith;\n- Tramcar; Occupier: Reynolds Arnott, Edinburgh;\n- Double-deck bus on wheels; Occupier: J. Allan, Tranent.\nIn October 1950, the council decided to split the Planning and Property & Works Department into two and T. D. Anderson was appointed County Planning Officer. Progress continued on the preparation of the development plan with F.W.B. Charles producing town maps for the burghs and the other main settlements. Each of these was the subject of consultation with the respective burgh councils.\nIn 1952, with the election of Major Askew as Chairman of the County Council, Brigadier Swinton took over chairmanship of the Planning and Property and Works Committee. The continued illegal siting of railway carriages, caravans and shacks in various parts of the county prompted the county council to establish a Camping and Caravans Sub-Committee with the aim of taking enforcement action to remove the illegal encampments and encourage bone-fide mobile caravan sites in suitable locations.\nBy September 1953, a Draft Report of Survey, together with Town Maps for Duns, Eyemouth, Chirnside, Coldstream and Lauder, had been completed by F.W.B. Charles. His involvement in the development plan ceased at this stage, co-incidentally he had moved from Edinburgh to the English Midlands, and John B. Hall of J & J Hall, Architects in Galashiels, who had prepared the Selkirkshire County Development Plan was approached to complete the development plan. After a number of meetings and deliberations over the cost of appointing John B Hall, the architect withdrew his interest in taking over the development plan in September 1954 due to health issues. Under continuing pressure from the Department of Health for Scotland, approaches were made to East Lothian Council to discuss the possibility of its County Planning Officer, Frank Tindall, who had completed the East Lothian County Development Plan, to undertake the Berwickshire County Development Plan. Although the County Planning Officer was enthusiastic, the council would not release him. With little progress over the ensuing two years, the council approached Midlothian County Council to enlist the services of its County Planning Officer, John Baillie. Midlothian County Council agreed and John Baillie was appointed in January 1957 as planning consultant with responsibility for finalising and submitting the development plan to the Secretary of State.\nBy the mid-1950s, the number of planning applications received each year had risen to over 200 per annum. The number of applications for illuminated signs at petrol filling stations, hotels and public houses increased as such businesses sought to cater for the growing number of car-borne travellers. In the late-1950s, the first rumblings about visitor pressures at Coldingham Sands is evidence in committee minutes.\nAfter three years of deliberation over such matters as the siting of new industry, a by-pass for Coldstream and the upgrading of the A697, the County Development Plan was agreed in draft form, for consultation with the burghs and other parties, in December 1959. It was agreed to extend the agreement with Midlothian County Council over the services of John Ballie, its County Planning Officer, until December 1960. In June 1960, the council received its 3000th planning application, an average of 200 per annum since 1945. The Planning Department moved from the Council Buildings in Newtown Street, Duns to Southfield Lodge on Station Road.\nThe County Development Plan was finally submitted to the Secretary of State in December 1960. The Plan was prepared on the assumption that the 1957 population of 23,753 would at least be retained, additional population in the burghs off-setting the decline in population in the landward area. It was not envisaged that there would be any demand for housing in the landward area and no housing allocations were made outside the burghs of Eyemouth, Duns, Coldstream and Lauder, and Chirnside and Earlston. It was the policy of the county council to encourage industrial development, although there appeared little prospect of attracting industry to Berwickshire, and sites for industry were identified in the burghs and Chirnside and Earlston. Harbour improvements at Eyemouth were proposed. A long list of road proposals for the trunk roads (A1 and A68) and the A697 were identified, with by-passes for all the main towns and villages on these roads, such as Ayton, Reston, Grantshouse and Cockburnspath on the A1, Lauder and Earlston on the A68 and Coldstream on the A698. In the landward area, the Lammermuir Hills, the coastal strip and the Tweed Valley around Dryburgh, Bemersyde and Scott’s View were identified as Areas of Great Landscape Value.\nIn the next post we shall see how Berwickshire County Council reacted to the continuing decline in employment opportunities and population in the county and to the rapidly changing circumstances of the 1960s brought about by increasing mobility and changing patterns of leisure and recreation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.srilankacampaign.org/event-tamils-of-lanka-a-timeless-heritage-18-19-may-2019-london/", "date": "2023-09-26T01:57:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00281.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9589227437973022, "token_count": 485, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__140807845", "lang": "en", "text": "We are pleased to share with you below the details of a two-day exhibition in London (18-19 May 2019) marking ten years since the final stages of Sri Lanka’s civil war, a period in which tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were killed, mostly by government shelling. The exhibit is free and open to all, so please do join – whether it be to remember, engage, or get informed. Further information about the event, which is being organised by the Tamil Information Centre, is available here.\nThe 18th of May 2019 will mark the ten-year anniversary of the end of the war in Ilankai/Sri Lanka. It was a period of immense trauma and violence; the Sri Lankan forces defeated the Tamil Tigers in a brutal, indiscriminate military assault. Tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were killed. Many more were injured, displaced and detained in camps in the final months of the war and for years afterwards. Ten years on, there has been no accountability for the enormous loss of life, for war crimes and for human rights abuses.\nAcross the world, in May, the Tamil community will hold memorialisation services and activities in order to honour the dead and keep the memory of atrocity alive. It will be an important time for collective mourning, reflection and education. For our part, the Tamil Information Centre is arranging a two-day Exhibition, entitled ‘Tamils of Lanka: A Timeless Heritage.’ The exhibition will be held in Tolworth Recreation Centre, Fullers Way North, Surbiton KT6 7LQ, on the 18th and 19th of May 2019, from 11:00am to 06:00pm.\nThe exhibition is envisioned as a space for memory and community togetherness, reflecting not only on the human rights abuses and repression over years of war but also the Tamil community’s resilience and creativity. The exhibition will include informative, interactive displays and artwork that relate to the lives of Tamil- speaking people. For example, contemporary photography, protest and political resistance, food and culture, original artwork, explorations of history and ideas of ‘home’, and a room dedicated to the horrors of Mullivaikal – the stretch of beach where thousands were killed in the final months of the war. We also have an exciting and varied programme of speakers and workshops, and cultural events in the evenings.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://austinway.com/the-driskill-hotel-reveals-renovations-on-its-130-year-anniversary", "date": "2018-10-20T10:23:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512693.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020101001-20181020122501-00209.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9341084361076355, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__109658513", "lang": "en", "text": "Austin’s historic hotel, The Driskill, completes two years of renovations in time to celebrate its 130th anniversary.\nTo step inside the iconic Driskill is to walk out of bustling downtown Austin into the past. Not resting on its laurels as the city’s oldest hotel, the Driskill—built in 1886—has finished $8.8 million in upgrades. Houston-based Rottet Studio worked with The Driskill’s team on a revamped aesthetic that began in 2014 with the 1886 Café & Bakery and finished with the 189 updated guest rooms and The Driskill Grill at the end of 2015.\n“We wanted to create an experience that would convey the rich history of the hotel while providing guests with modern luxuries,” says hotel general manager Lance Stumpf. “The design team researched archival photos and drew on the work of renowned German artist and photographer Reinhard Görner for inspiration, which can be seen [in] the renovated rooms—from the city grid carpet to the hand-painted walls behind each bed.” 604 Brazos St., 512-439-1234", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thegorge.blog/2020/02/13/valentines-day-a-celebration-of-love/", "date": "2021-01-16T08:03:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703505861.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116074510-20210116104510-00010.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9820550084114075, "token_count": 376, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__240117554", "lang": "en", "text": "Valentine’s day is a time set aside every year to celebrate true relationship, love, and romantic admiration. It is marked on the 14th of every year with the sending of flowers, messages of love and affection to people that we care for. The history of this love celebration is still shrouded in myth and mystery to these days. Who was Saint Valentine?\nThe Catholic Church recognizes at least three different saints named Valentine or Valentinus, all of whom were martyred. One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Still others insist that it was Saint Valentine of Terni, a bishop, who was the true namesake of the holiday. He, too, was beheaded by Claudius II outside Rome.\nOther stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons, where they were often beaten and tortured. According to one legend, an imprisoned Valentine actually sent the first “valentine” greeting himself after he fell in love with a young girl–possibly his jailor’s daughter–who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter signed “From your Valentine,” an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories all emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic and–most importantly–romantic figure. By that time Valentine would become one of the most popular saints in England and France.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://asiatentsarena.com/arena-group-at-queens-90th-birthday-celebrations/", "date": "2021-03-07T20:47:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178378872.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307200746-20210307230746-00131.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.950899600982666, "token_count": 324, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__81613943", "lang": "en", "text": "The nation’s celebrations focused on Windsor, April 2016, where Her Majesty The Queen celebrated her 90th Birthday, with Arena Group supplying ceremonial structures.Across Arena Group’s 250 year heritage supplying temporary structures includes many historic and royal occasions, creating structures with a finish fit for a Queen. It was another proud moment in the company’s modern history when Arena Structures installed a 6x3m lined pagoda roof and an extended red carpet walkway to a bandstand. Arena Group also installed a conductor’s box (1sqm), with sister company Spaceworks providing 11 Gilt Chairs for Her Majesty and VIP guests.\nThe Queen enjoyed the bandstand opening, project managed by Martin Denny Management on behalf of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, which included a showcase of performances from local school children.\nGrahame Muir, CEO UK & Europe of Arena Group commented: “It was a privilege to be involved with such a momentous celebration in the monarch’s history. This project showcases our experience working on royal events such as the Diamond Jubilee and state visits. We worked closely with Martin Denny Management to ensure that the project was delivered at the highest of standards befitting of the event’s audience.”\nMartin Denny adds: “Arena Group were a pleasure to work with from start to finish, working to exact timescales they delivered the entire project in an incredibly professional manner. High standards were maintained throughout the build and de-rig and we look forward to working with them again soon.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.fiedlers.com/Neighborhoods/CheviotHills.html", "date": "2015-10-05T23:36:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678118.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00015-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9541935920715332, "token_count": 281, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-40__0__115975927", "lang": "en", "text": "Cheviot Hills is bordered on the west by Rancho Park, on the south by Palms, on the north by Century City, and on the east by Beverlywood. The district's boundaries are, roughly, Manning Avenue on the west, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south, Pico Boulevard on the north, and Castle Heights Avenue on the east. Principal thoroughfares include Pico and National Boulevards and Manning and Motor Avenues.\nOriginally a part of the Spanish Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes land grant, Cheviot Hills remained a pastoral area well into the 20th century. In the early 1920s, the area was subdivided, but significant residential development did not occur until the late 1930s. The hills that provide the district with its name offer excellent views of much of the Los Angeles Basin, resulting in most of Cheviot Hills' population being fairly affluent. Housing in the district consists of upscale single-family homes in the northern portions, with smaller houses and apartment buildings closer to the Santa Monica Freeway.\nAs a secluded neighborhood centered around golf courses (the Beverly Hills Country Club in the southern part of the district, and the Rancho Park course at the northern end), Cheviot Hills has long been popular among empty-nesters and the elderly. Cheviot Hills is considered one of the most desirable neighborhoods in Los Angeles.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://ayrrugbyclub.co.uk/about-arfc", "date": "2017-04-29T11:37:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00297-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9717707633972168, "token_count": 2191, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__239149917", "lang": "en", "text": "A short distance from the birthplace of Scotland’s national bard and a stone’s throw from the Auld Brig O’ Doon, immortalised in Tam O’Shanter, is Millbrae, the picturesque home of Ayr RFC.\nMillbrae became Ayr’s home in 1964, the club having moved from the original ground at Newton Park to Dam Park, then to the Old Racecourse and King George V playing fields before finally taking up residence in Alloway. Newton Park is now the venue of international bowls competitions, Dam Park is an athletics stadium and King George V is given over to soccer, although its claim to fame came from the time of a full Scottish trial was staged there in 1958, every other ground in Scotland being frost-bound.\nMany past players will remember the Old Racecourse, its pitches having been used by Ayr Academy on Saturday mornings before the club played in the afternoon. Many an enthusiastic youngster turned out on the same pitch twice on the same day.\nCONTRIBUTION OF AYR ACADEMY\nAyr Academy’s contribution to the club in terms of players has been inestimable (a role taken on in recent years by other local schools). Although never an FP club, any Ayr side until the late 1960s would contain around ten or eleven Ayr Academy FPs. This rich seam allowed Ayr to turn out six teams every Saturday in the sixties to mid-seventies. Instrumental in the flow of talent to the club were two legendary figures, rector J Douglas Cairns and PE master TB Watson. They produced a school team in 1958 which was, and ever will remain, unique in that it contained a future England captain in Mike Denness, a future Scottish soccer captain in Ian Ure, and a future Scottish rugby captain in Iain McLauchlan, the Lions’ ‘Mighty Mouse’ who earned forty-three caps.\nAs is the case with so many clubs, Ayr’s beginnings stemmed from the boys of a rugby school returning after university or spells abroad and looking to continue playing. So it was that in 1897 the club was born, with Andrew Gray, Angus and Norman Lindsay, Ralston Watt, W McLachlan, David Highet and James Templeton among the founding members who adopted the famous cerise and black colours. Sadly, only Highet returned from the Boer War.\nThe club flourished in the early years of the century, undertaking their first tour in 1906 with Irish fixtures against Landsdowne and Monkstown. Progress continued before and after the First World War and club stalwarts like Eddie Ecrepont, Hunter Cosh, Tim Wilson and Eddie Cassie are frequently mentioned in club annals, the last-named being the first man to fly a Spitfire out of Prestwick. Two particular names stand out as players, supporters and administrators – Dr Lawrence Young and Harold Tetley.\nRonnie Boon, who had twelve caps for Wales in the early 1930s and was lionised for masterminding Wales’ first victory at Twickenham, captained Ayr in 1936/37 during a stint as a teacher at Ayr Academy.\nHowever, the outstanding club stalwart was the indefatigable Jock 'Stiffy' McClure who played for the club until just short of his sixtieth birthday but was robbed of international caps by the Second World War. He played for the British Empire side against France and for Scotland in Victory internationals against Ireland and England, yet no cap was awarded to this fine player who encouraged many to play rugby while teaching at Cumnock Academy and Ayr Academy.\nTHE MOVE TO MILLBRAE\nDuring the 1950s the growth in paying membership and the development of the fixture list made the acquisition of club rooms a necessity and these were provided in the premises of the local ice rink, while Ayr United’s Somerset Park was made available for training. However, to have all facilities in one location the club purchased Millbrae, a former orchard, in late 1962. All legal and administrative matters were handled by local solicitor Alistair McMillan whose influence on the development of the club was immense, including twenty-one years as fixture secretary.\nThis was the beginning of the modern era of Ayr. On 4th September 1965, the inaugural match was played between an Ayr President’s XV and an International Select. The installation of floodlights (upgraded in 1990 and again in 2012) and the extension of both the social and changing facilities have made the club the envy of many, and with this progressive attitude came success on the field. In the year of its inception, Ayr reached the final of the Glasgow Cup, losing to Glasgow HSFP, but in 1967/68, the year of their acceptance into the unofficial championship, Ayr lifted the trophy after a thrilling final against West of Scotland at Auldhouse.\nWith the formation of the national leagues, Ayr was placed in Division 2 in 1973 where they remained before dropping to Division 3 for season 1981/82. The winning of Division 3 and 2 in successive seasons took the club to Division 1 and Ayr played in the top league for six out of the next seven seasons. Too many quality players from a successful team retired around the same time and it was not until 2003 that Ayr again achieved Premier Division status, a position that will not be given up easily.\nCAPS / REPRESENTATIVE HONOURS\nThroughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s Ayr produced players of quality. One who played and went on to be capped out of London Scottish was Alistair Boyle. Although supplying players to the Glasgow side (and Glasgow clubs) Ayr had to wait until 1977 for the first home-grown player to gain international honours. Winger David Ashton won his B cap against France and in the following year John Brown was in the B side at full back in the same fixture.\nIn 1980 Stephen Munro won the first of his ten full caps, against Ireland, the last coming in the Welsh match of the 1984 Grand Slam season. Probably Ayr’s finest hour in representative terms came in December 1984 when five players – skipper Alan Brown, half-backs George Nicolson and Grant Steel, and wing forwards David Brown and Colin McCallum – lined up for Glasgow against the touring Australians. The Brown brothers certainly made impact on rugby in Ayr.\nOther Ayr players who gained international caps at other clubs were Gordon Strachan, Quintin Dunlop, Derek Stark and Derrick Lee. In 2013, hooker Pat MacArthur made his debut against the Springboks during Scotland's tour of South Africa. Prop Gordon Reid earned his first cap in 2014, as did centre Mark Bennett and stand-off Finn Russell, who have gone on to light up the Rugby World Cup in 2015.\nGordon Strachan left Ayr Academy and played for Ayr before going to Jordanhill College where he gained five caps while playing for the successful Jordanhill team. He returned to Ayr in the late seventies to play and captain the club. Gordon coached Ayr after he hung up his boots, leading them from the 3rd to the 1st Division and inspiring the club to some of its finest victories.\nQuintin Dunlop captained Ayr in the late seventies after his one cap with West of Scotland.\nDerek Stark, Ayr’s 'Rolls Royce' flying winger, gained B caps at Ayr, but the nine full caps came after he left the club as Ayr had been relegated to the 2nd Division. This man of many clubs won caps with Boroughmuir, Glasgow Hawks and Melrose.\nDerrick Lee played for Ayr from the ages of 8 to 18, gaining Scotland representation at all junior age groups. Unfortunately, university in Edinburgh meant he chose a local club (Watsonians) and he gained his twelve caps during the last ten years playing for London Scottish and Edinburgh.\nINTERNATIONAL TEAM AT MILLBRAE\nTo celebrate the opening of the stand on 28th April 1979, British Lion Gordon Brown and Ayr skipper Quintin Dunlop put together possibly the finest international side ever to face a club in a match of this kind. There were eleven British Lions and six players who had captained their country: A McKibben (Ire); L Dick (Scot); I McGeechan (Scot); J Spencer (Eng); M Slemen (Eng); P Bennet (Wal); A Lewis (Wal); I McLauchlan (Scot); R Windsor (Wal); F Cotton (Eng); G Brown (Scot); W McBride (Ire); N McEwan (Scot); R Uttley (Eng); J Squire (Wal).\nAll of the above is suitably embellished in a history of the club which was compiled to coincide with the club’s centenary celebrations by the club archivist Ian Hay. Copies of the Centenary Book are available from the Admin. Sec., Ayr RFC, Millbrae, Alloway, Ayr for £12.50 (inclusive of postage).\nIn 1981 the club undertook a tour to North America, where the foundations were laid for the successful sides of the 1980s.\nThe foundations for recent success were laid in the support of a youth system which boasts 250 players from 8 to 17 years of age and is providing quality 1st team players, allied with the acquisition of increasingly better Antipodean players who have returned Ayr to the Premier Division in Scottish rugby.\nIn 2008/2009 the 1st XV provided the success that so many had craved for so long in winning the Premier 1 Championship. The club followed this up with a very close run league in 2009/2010. They also were the most successful Scottish representatives in the inaugural British and Irish Cup and on a glorious day in April 2010 became the Scottish Cup holders for the first time, successfully defending the Cup the next season. Ayr again reached the Cup final in 2012, losing out to Gala, but it was the 2012/2013 season that was to be Ayr's most successful ever. They regained their place in the British and Irish Cup, became the first club to have their name on the Bill McLaren Shield and did a historic double of winning both the RBS Premier League and the RBS Scottish Cup.\nMuch has been achieved in the past, much has been done now; the challenge for coaches, players and club officials at all levels is to keep Ayr Rugby Football Club at the very top of Scottish Rugby.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lpds.lancashire.gov.uk/course_details.asp?course=HIS103&suffix=a&year=2021/2022", "date": "2022-01-29T08:07:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300573.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220129062503-20220129092503-00340.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8985260725021362, "token_count": 410, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__147960125", "lang": "en", "text": "Black British History in the Primary History Curriculum\n|Course code||Keystage(s)||Presented by|\nThis course will cover:\n• To examine ways of developing our primary history curriculum so that it includes an increased focus on Black British History.\n• To create and construct inclusive teaching sequences in history which enhance impact and transform learning.\n• To exemplify historical teaching sequences which emphasise chronology, enquiry, making connections and communicating findings.\n• To consider the significance of black lives in the pupils’ own locality.\n• To examine a theme in Black British History that extends pupils’ chronological knowledge beyond 1066.\nThis course aims to examine ways of developing our primary history curriculum so that it more closely reflects our multi-ethnic, diverse society by increasing the focus on Black British History.\nOver the last twelve months, during our History Subject Leader Network Meetings, we have deliberately told the stories of significant black lives and Britain's relationship with Africa and Africans living in Lancashire, Britain, The Caribbean, North America and also in Africa itself. In Key Stage One, we celebrated the significance of Nelson cricketer Learie Constantine. In our Lower Key Stage Two unit we considered the significance of the Lancashire Cotton Industry to the people of Lancashire and its links to 1.8 million slaves on the cotton plantations in North America. In Upper Key Stage Two, we focussed upon the Transatlantic Slave Trade.\nThis course will bring these materials together into a full-day course expanding them and tying them together into a coherent whole. We will examine how these units can fit into history long-term planning whilst also discussing how to reinstate BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) voices into our primary history curriculum.\nA companion publication to this course, which provides detailed planning guidance for the Key Stage One and Key Stage Two Black History units, will be available for purchase.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oclutheranschools.com/500-celebration", "date": "2019-08-25T00:15:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00090.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9670907855033875, "token_count": 753, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__45532203", "lang": "en", "text": "More than 500 years ago...\n... on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther sparked the Reformation when he challenged the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church for selling indulgences for the forgiveness of sins and boldly proclaimed that salvation is not found in works but in Christ Jesus through GRACE alone, by FAITH alone, according to SCRIPTURE alone. Luther preached the importance of education for ALL people, not just elite males. He pressed for the opening of new schools, recommended monasteries be turned into schools, and sought to ensure that every parish had its own school. The Reformation continues to have far reaching effects touching everything from our Constitution, to biblical literacy, to education for all people, to the origin and mission of our Lutheran School system. As a result, this historic 500th anniversary presents a powerful opportunity for our Lutheran schools to individually and collectively reflect on the courage of Martin Luther and give thanks for the opportunity to proclaim God’s truth and share His love for all people.\nThe Story of the Reformation\nWhy the 95 theses of Martin Luther matter today\nLate in 1517, Martin Luther was a little-known monk and professor at a new university in Wittenberg Germany, a minor town on the outskirts of the Holy Roman Empire. Although he had previously taught against unscriptural doctrines, he was virtually invisible to the powers in Rome.\nInvisible, that is, until he stepped into the indulgence controversy. The papal court was participating in an elaborate financial scheme whereby the sale of indulgences—papal certificates to forgive sins—would help finance the rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. When Luther heard of these sales in a neighboring area, he wrote 95 theses for academic disputation, condemning the sale of indulgences. When, on October 31st of that year, he nailed the theses to the door of Wittenberg’s castle church, they were soon copied and widely dispersed. Suddenly Luther was quite visible, directly in the cross-hairs of the papal court.\nMany prominent voices in Luther’s time were critical of the corrupt papacy, but Luther’s message was different. He called not only for moral reform, but for theological reform. The sale of indulgences was merely a symptom of departures from Scriptural teachings such as justification by faith alone, through grace alone, for the sake of Christ alone. Luther was soon excommunicated, and his teachings banned.\nHe was not easily silenced, however. He preached, taught, and wrote prolifically, all the while longing for Mother Church to return in unity to her apostolic roots. There appeared to be an opportunity in 1530, when Emperor Charles V called for a meeting of imperial leaders at Augsburg. The goal was to heal the religious differences that plagued the Empire from within, while the Turks were a threat from without. The Lutherans presented a sound and winsome case in the Augsburg Confession, but the papal faction was hardened against their teachings. Religion would remain a dividing factor in the Empire, and Luther’s reform would remain a reformation, an institutional division that marks the Church even today.\nConcordia University Irvine is “guided by the Great Commission of Christ Jesus and the Lutheran Confessions.” We rejoice that Christ came for all (John 1:29) and that we are saved by grace through faith in Him. Confident in the Gospel, we welcome students from a wide variety of backgrounds, as we pray and work for the unity of the Church, which is redeemed by Christ and always reforming.\n(Excerpt from Concordia University)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tvoemisto.tv/en/news/the_memory_day_of_holodomor_moscowcreated_genocide_of_ukrainians_90_years_ago_facts_and_meanings_140322.html", "date": "2023-02-06T19:41:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206181343-20230206211343-00625.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.954594612121582, "token_count": 1160, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__244553234", "lang": "en", "text": "The fourth Saturday in November is Holodomor Remembrance Day in Ukraine recalling a brutal act of genocide against Ukrainians, a term originally coined by a Lviv Jewish scholar. Traditionally, on this day, citizens attend a memorial service and lay symbolic pots of grain and candles at the monuments to victims of the Holodomor, meaning «to kill by starvation,» in Ukraine. At 16:00 they light candles around the city and honor the memory of the victims with a minute of silence.\nIf you visit the monument on Svoboda (Freedom) Avenue in Lviv, devoted to famed Ukrainian writer Taras Shevchenko, you will see two features: The statue itself of Shevchenko and the symbolic «Wave of National Revival», which depicts the history of Ukraine. If you have a look at the back of the wave on which Shevchenko seems to ride, you will see exhausted bodies of already dead and dying people and a woman with a boy watching the death. It is this picture that reminds us of the tragedy of the 20th century – the Holodomor of 1932-33.\nIn the 20th century, Ukrainians survived three famines: 1921-1923, 1932-1933, and 1946-1947. The famine of 1932-1933, however, was the worst, when the communist Soviet authorities, headed by Joseph Stalin, purposefully deprived Ukrainian villagers of any provision during a time of drought and poor crops. These actions were presented as emergency «grain procurements,» though the Soviets took away any food they could find in the people’s homes, and hiding even a portion of grain was considered «looting of state property» (introduced by the Law of Spikelets).\nThe leadership of the Soviet Union concealed the death of Ukrainians from artificial starvation. Only after Ukraine declared independence in 1991 did an investigation into the Holodomor begin and it now has been recognized as genocide at the legislative level and in court. Currently, Ukraine and 23 other countries have proclaimed the Holodomor a genocide against Ukrainian people (Germany may be the next to acknowledge this as an act of genocide soon, on November 30).\nAccording to historians, during 1932−1933, millions of innocent people fell victim to the famine in Ukraine caused by the administrative measures of the Soviet government. Below, there are the most important facts about Ukraine’s biggest tragedy:\n1. The Holodomor in Ukraine lasted 17 months – from April 1932 to November 1933. According to various estimates, between 4 and 7 million people died, although some historians indicate 10-11 million dead.\n2. In the spring of 1933, historians say, 17 people died every minute, 1,000 – every hour, and almost 25,000 – every day from the famine.\n3. In the documents of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, there is evidence of how in the autumn of 1932, the so-called «green echelons» were organized from Ukraine to provide industrial centers of Russia with food for the October holidays. Sowing material was exported from starving Ukraine, and also even pickles, cabbage and tomatoes, leaving people doomed to starvation.\n4. According to Soviet government orders, any trade in rural areas was banned and food supplies to villages were suspended. Any use of bread as wages to the workers was prosecuted and punished for 10 years in prison and execution in areas that did not comply with grain procurement plans, provision was being confiscated as fine. The share of Ukrainian grain in the all-Union volume of grain procurement reached more than a third, and in some regions exceeded the targets for the North Caucasus, Central-Black Earth region, Kazakhstan and the Moscow region combined.\n5. The former Kharkiv and Kyiv oblasts (now Poltava, Sumy, Kharkiv, Cherkasy, Kyiv, Zhytomyr) suffered the most from the famine. They account for 52.8% of deaths. The mortality rate here exceeded the average level by 8-9 or more times.\nTwo alumni of the Lviv Law School, extraordinary personalities who held leading positions in various United Nations bodies and became the founders of the basic postulates of international law and the concept of human rights – Raphael Lemkin and Hersch Lauterpacht.\nRaphael (Rafael) Lemkin – scientist, Holodomor researcher, was the first in the world to introduce the term «genocide» – for actions against a group of people united by a common trait. He was the first international law expert to call the crimes of the Stalinist communist regime against Ukrainians genocide and analyze it in the context of an international convention.\nSir Hersh Lauterpacht – a prominent international lawyer who played a major role in the preparation of the Nuremberg Trials and became the author of the definition «crime against humanity» – that is, the systematic destruction of a large group of people.\nYou can read more about Lemkin and Lauterpacht in the book «East West Street: On the Origins of ‘Genocide’ and ‘Crimes Against Humanity,’ by Philippe Sands, a grandchild of a Leopolitan.\nBy Iryna Bilynska, Joe Lindsley\nFollow us on Facebook and Instagram. Lviv Now is an English-language website for Lviv, Ukraine’s «tech-friendly cultural hub.» It is produced by Tvoe Misto («Your City») media-hub, which also hosts regular problem-solving public forums to benefit the city and its people.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.walkerbayxtreme.com/hermanus-the-overberg/", "date": "2019-09-19T23:18:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573759.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919224954-20190920010954-00422.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9763635396957397, "token_count": 350, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__163221732", "lang": "en", "text": "Hermanus (originally called Hermanuspietersfontein, but shortened as the name was too long for the postal service), is a town on the southern coast of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is famous for southern right whale watching during the southern winter and spring and is a popular retirement town. The whales can be seen from the cliffs in the town centre as early as June and usually depart in early December. They were once hunted in the nearby town of Betty’s Bay, but are now protected to ensure the survival of the species. The Old Harbour Museum contains several exhibitions that explain the whaling industry, and the De Wetshuis Photo Museum houses an exhibition of photos by T D Ravenscroft that depicts the history of Hermanus. The Whale Museum houses a skeleton of a whale and shows an audio-visual presentation of whales and dolphins twice daily.\nHermanus lies along Walker Bay on the south coast of the Western Cape. It is located about 115 km southeast of Cape Town and is connected to the Mother City by the R43 highway (or coastal R44 scenic route) and N2 motorway. The R43 continues to Cape Agulhas, the most southerly point of Africa. Hermanus is 40 km from Gansbaai, a famous spot where one can dive amongst the Great White Sharks. It is also notable that Hermanus still boasts a historic railway station building without a railway line. The founders of the town decided not to lay any tracks as this would have made Hermanus more commercial and felt that Hermanus needed to stay a small Fisherman’s Village. To this day the locals still refer to it as “the village.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bhopale.blogspot.com/2007/05/", "date": "2022-01-26T00:11:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304876.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125220353-20220126010353-00573.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.981419026851654, "token_count": 511, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__250186719", "lang": "en", "text": "On 4 July 1901, Sultan Jahan assumed the title of ruler of Bhopal at the mature age of 43 after serving 33 arduous, harrowing years under Shahjehan as heir apparent. All three preceding Begums had mounted the masnad at a young age – Qudsia was 19 when she became regent of Bhopal, Sikandar was regent of Bhopal at 26, while Shahjehan was titular ruler of Bhopal at the age of seven and full fledged Begum of Bhopal at 30. As she was proclaimed ruler of Bhopal, Sultan Jahan looked older then her 43 years. Immediately after Shahjehan’s death, the British moved quickly to announce her succession as ruler of Bhopal. The Investiture Durbar was held at Saddar manzil of Bhopal, at which Mr Wyndham represented Lord Curzon, the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, the first assistant to the resident.\nAs Sultan Jahan took over the states administration, she found that the cupboard was bare. Shajehan and Siddiq’s henchmen had dissipated the finances to the extent that the state was heavily in debt and only 40,000 rupees were left in the treasury. A fighter by nature, Sultan Jahan resolved to put matters right, rolled up her sleeves and began the uphill task of rehabilitation and revival. For over a year Sultan Jahan built up her own team of upright and conscientious officials who helped her put the ship of state back on an even keel.\nSultan Jahan’s first task was to gain confidence of her rural subjects and helping Bhopal recover from Shahjehan’s lax and divisive rule. Sultan Jahan’s visit to the outlying villages was not simply representational tours, but serious attempts at seeking solutions to agrarian problems. The atmosphere was all work and austerity, with long hours spent listening to the plaints of village folks. There was no shikar, polo playing or midnight revelry as in Shahjehan’s days, but an ambiance of rigorous hard work for herself and her staff. She inducted her grown-up sons, Nasrullah and Obaidullah, into the process of governance and administration and even “little Hamid”, her eight-year-old third son, accompanied his mother to be given a taste of royal responsibility.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kellycube.com.au/blogs/news/134429831-the-history-of-pasta", "date": "2017-07-25T02:45:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424960.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725022300-20170725042300-00655.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9719767570495605, "token_count": 740, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__218168324", "lang": "en", "text": "Fettuccine, Cannelloni, Macaroni; let's face it, the Italian's passion for pasta is romantic and today we enjoy simple fast recipe creations that are some of the most enjoyable to eat time and time again. Italy has 20 different regions. Travel with pasta, Tuscany vs Sicily, here is some fun and slightly intellectual facts of the history of pasta.\nThe modern word \"macaroni\" derives from the Sicilian term for kneading dough with energy. Pasta making in early times was often a labour intensive, all day process. It goes to show that even back then, without computers and the hustle and bustle of city living, thought was given to make processes more efficient.\nA dream to drink wine and eat pasta in Tuscany brings forth the rich red vinos to complement the hearty red sauces.\nThe well known island of Sicily is enriched with history with flavours from their previous Arab conquerors, mixed with local seafood and sardines, sweet tomatoes and wild fennel which grew on the island.\nThe History of Pasta\nNothing says Italy like its food, and nothing says Italian food like pasta. Pasta is integrant part of Italy’s food history Wherever Italians immigrated they have brought their pasta along, so much so today it can be considered a staple of international cuisine. Unlike other ubiquitous Italian products like pizza and tomato sauce, which have a fairly recent history, pasta may have a much older pedigree, going back hundreds -if not thousands- of years. Unravelling the long and often complex history of this dish we have to look at its origins and some of the myths surrounding it.\nMany school children were taught that the Venetian merchant Marco Polo brought back pasta from his journeys to China (along with gelato, some believed...). Some may have also learnt that Polo's was not a discovery, but rather a rediscovery of a product once popular in Italy among the Etruscans and the Romans. Well, Marco Polo might have done amazing things on his journeys, but bringing pasta to Italy was not one of them: noodles were already there in Polo's time.\nThere is indeed evidence of an Etrusco-Roman noodle made from the same durum wheat used to produce modern pasta: it was called \"lagane\" (origin of the modern word for lasagna). However this type of food, first mentioned in the 1st century AD, was not boiled, as it is usually done today, but ovenbaked. Ancient lagane had some similarities with modern pasta, but cannot be considered quite the same. The country will have to wait a few centuries for its most popular dish to make a further culinary leap forward.\nLike so much of southern Italian life, the Arabic invasions of the 8th century heavily influenced regional cuisine. Today, the presence of Arabic people in the south of the peninsula during the Middle Ages is considered the most likely reason behind the diffusion of pasta.\nThe modern word \"macaroni\" derives from the Sicilian term for kneading dough with energy, as early pasta making was often a laborious, day-long process. How these early dishes were served is not truly known, but many Sicilian pasta recipes still include typically middle eastern ingredients, such as raisins and cinnamon, which may be witness to original, medieval recipes.\nThis early pasta was an ideal staple for Sicily and it easily spread to the mainland since durum wheat thrives in Italy's climate. Italy is still a major producer of this hard wheat, used to make the all-important semolina flour.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.gemgolfers.com/2023/07/19/unleashing-spirit-golf-open-championship-through-years/", "date": "2023-10-03T02:58:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00332.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9352198243141174, "token_count": 808, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__190080258", "lang": "en", "text": "The Open Championship, often referred to simply as The Open, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious golf championships in the world. It has a rich and storied history that dates back to the 19th century, captivating golfers and fans alike with its tradition, challenges, and memorable moments. Let’s explore the history of The Open Championship:\nOrigins and Early Years:\nThe inaugural Open Championship took place in 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland. The tournament was organized by the Prestwick Golf Club’s captain, Allan Robertson, and professional golfer Tom Morris Sr. It featured a field of just eight golfers who played three rounds on the twelve-hole Prestwick course. Willie Park Sr., one of the prominent early golfers, emerged as the champion, claiming the Challenge Belt.\nThe Claret Jug and the Expansion:\nIn 1872, the original Challenge Belt was replaced with the now-iconic Claret Jug, which remains the trophy awarded to the winner of The Open Championship to this day. The tournament grew in popularity and expanded to include more players from across the United Kingdom. Prestigious golf courses such as St Andrews, Muirfield, and Royal St George’s became regular hosts for the championship.\nEarly Dominance and the Rise of Young Talent:\nFrom the late 19th century to the early 20th century, a handful of golfers dominated The Open Championship. Legendary figures like Harry Vardon, James Braid, and John Henry Taylor etched their names in golf history with their multiple victories. Known as the “Great Triumvirate,” they combined for a total of 16 Open Championship titles between 1894 and 1914.\nPost-War Era and Global Expansion:\nAfter a hiatus due to the two World Wars, The Open Championship resumed in 1920. The tournament expanded its international reach, welcoming players from around the world. Golfers from the United States started participating and achieving success, with notable champions like Walter Hagen, Bobby Jones, and Ben Hogan leaving their mark on the championship.\nModern Era and Iconic Moments:\nIn recent decades, The Open Championship has witnessed numerous memorable moments. In 1977, Tom Watson and Jack Nicklaus engaged in the famous “Duel in the Sun” at Turnberry, producing a thrilling battle for the ages. The championship has also seen international players such as Seve Ballesteros, Greg Norman, and Tiger Woods leaving an indelible impact with their triumphs.\nContinued Prestige and Tradition:\nToday, The Open Championship maintains its status as one of golf’s most prestigious events. It is considered one of the four major championships in professional golf, attracting the world’s best players. The tournament continues to rotate among various renowned golf courses in the United Kingdom, providing a unique test of skill, strategy, and adaptability to changing weather conditions.\nWith its rich history spanning over a century and a half, The Open Championship holds a special place in golf lore. Each year, the championship brings together golfers and fans from around the globe to witness the pursuit of the Claret Jug and the continuation of a tradition that celebrates the spirit of the game.\nList of recent winners of The Open Championship from 2010 to 2022:\n2022 – Cameron Smith (Australia)\n2021 – Collin Morikawa (United States)\n2020 – Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic\n2019 – Shane Lowry (Ireland)\n2018 – Francesco Molinari (Italy)\n2017 – Jordan Spieth (United States)\n2016 – Henrik Stenson (Sweden)\n2015 – Zach Johnson (United States)\n2014 – Rory McIlroy (Northern Ireland)\n2013 – Phil Mickelson (United States)\n2012 – Ernie Els (South Africa)\n2011 – Darren Clarke (Northern Ireland)\n2010 – Louis Oosthuizen (South Africa)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.eastbournefishermen.co.uk/about.html", "date": "2024-02-29T02:49:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229003536-20240229033536-00802.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.982666552066803, "token_count": 203, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__88023523", "lang": "en", "text": "In the 1880's Sussex fishermen were said to be of 'strong and resolute stock'. Mainly a mixed race, partly Spanish partly Norman French and partly Saxon in origin. The 'Willicks' or 'Willickers', as the Fishermen of Eastbourne were known of old, would fish the herring, sprat and mackerel when they came round in their seasons from the North.\nIn their sturdy sailing luggers known as 'Bourners', along with the fishing fleets of Hastings and Brighton, the Eastbourne fishermen would follow the mackerel down the English channel to Devon and Cornwall and, often as far as the waters off Southern Ireland, being away for months during the season. Other fishing expeditions would take the Eastbourne luggers to northern waters off of the east coast as far away as Scarborough.\nThis close-knit community possessed skills and knowledge in the ways of the sea acquired over many generations of hardship with a mixture of bravery and tragedy both at sea and ashore.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.myartbasket.com/indian-handloom-sarees-you-will-fall-in-love-with/", "date": "2023-12-10T10:53:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00636.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9675328731536865, "token_count": 735, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__166283927", "lang": "en", "text": "Indian Handloom Sarees You Will Fall In Love WithMy Art Basket\nPure Cotton Jamdani is a type of fine muslin textile with intricate patterns that has been produced for centuries in South Rupshi, Narayanganj district on the bank of the Shitalakhwa river, which was part of Bengal and eventually became Bangladesh after the Partition of Bengal. The Mughal emperors historically patronized its production, but British colonialism led to the decline of the Bengali jamdani and muslin industries due to policies that favored industrially manufactured textiles. Recently, there has been a revival of jamdani production in Bangladesh, where it is typically woven using a mixture of cotton and gold thread. In 2013, the traditional art of weaving jamdani was declared a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.\nMuslin Jamdani is a precious fabric that was imported from Dhaka, Bangladesh (then in Bengal), nearly 200 years ago. Made via an elaborate, 16-step process with a rare cotton that only grew along the banks of the holy Meghna river, it was considered one of the great treasures of the age. It had a truly global patronage, stretching back thousands of years – deemed worthy of clothing statues of goddesses in ancient Greece, countless emperors from distant lands, and generations of local Mughal royalty. Dhaka muslin had a dedicated fanbase that included the French queen Marie Antoinette, the French empress Joséphine Bonaparte and Jane Austen. However, by the early 20th century, it had disappeared from every corner of the globe, with the only surviving examples stashed safely in valuable private collections and museums. The convoluted technique for making it was forgotten, and the only type of cotton that could be used, Gossypium arboreum var. neglecta – locally known as Phuti karpas – abruptly went extinct\nKhadi is a hand-spun and woven natural fiber cloth that was promoted by Mahatma Gandhi as a symbol of self-sufficiency during the freedom struggle of the Indian subcontinent. The term is used throughout India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and the first piece of the hand-woven cloth was manufactured in the Sabarmati Ashram during 1917-18. Khadi is made from cotton, but it may also include silk or wool, which are all spun into yarn on a charkha. It is a versatile fabric that remains cool in summer and warm in winter. To improve its appearance, khadi is sometimes starched to give it a stiffer feel. It is widely accepted in various fashion circles and is used to make popular dresses such as dhoti, kurta, and handloom saris.\nChanderi is a type of sari that originated between the 2nd and 7th centuries in the Chanderi region, which is situated on the boundary of two cultural regions of the state, Malwa and Bundelkhand. The Chanderi sari tradition began in the 13th century, and it is made using a combination of silk and cotton. The people of the Vindhyachal Ranges have a wide range of weaving traditions, and in the 11th century, the trade locations Malwa, Medwa, central India, and south Gujarat increased the region’s importance. Gajam Anjaiah, an Indian master handloom designer, is known for his innovation and development of tie-dye handloom products along with the Telia Rumal technique of weaving products based on the Ikat process.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ushistoricalarchive.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=4541", "date": "2021-10-26T05:30:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587799.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026042101-20211026072101-00592.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8238983750343323, "token_count": 120, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__282066820", "lang": "en", "text": "Birds eye view of North and South Carolina and part of Georgia\nProduct Code: smsc58\nAvailability: In Stock\nBachmann, John. CREATED/PUBLISHED [New York, John Bachmann, c1861] NOTES Scale not given. At top of map: Panorama of the seat of war. View of the coast from Currituck Sound, North Carolina, to Savannah, Georgia, indicating towns, roads, railroads, and rivers. The shelling of Fort Hatteras is shown. Includes a table of distances from Cape Hatteras.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.manningwallambafhs.com.au/index.htm", "date": "2014-12-18T19:28:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767828.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00095-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8898793458938599, "token_count": 824, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-52__0__15491647", "lang": "en", "text": "Wallamba Family History Society Inc\nTaree NSW Australia\nManning Wallamba Family History Society Inc. is interested in family history research in an area bounded by Kendall, Rawdon Vale, Booral, Bulahdelah and Forster on the Mid North Coast of NSW, Australia.\nIncluded are the following areas: Manning Valley, Wingham, Taree, Kendall, Coopernook, Old Bar, Forster, Harrington, Manning Point, Nabiac, Bulahdelah, Kew, Krambach, Oxley Island, Mitchells Island, Tinonee, Moorland, Lansdowne, Killibakh, Failford, Rawdon Vale, Tuncurry, Coolongolook, Bungwahl, Smiths Lake, Wallis Lake.\nThe MANNING WALLAMBA FAMILY HISTORY SOCIETY Inc. has been operating since 1985. After holding meetings in several venues the Society \"found a permanent home at our Library, and that has been the rent free, expense free home ever since.\" (quoted from a founding and Life Member)\nThe Society acknowledges the ongoing assistance and support of the Manning Valley Libraries.\nThe Fig Tree is the Society's Newsletter published in\nJanuary, April, July and October.\n[Society's Newsletters are here]\nAbout the Society\n|Location:||Manning Valley Libraries Victoria St. Taree|\n|Operating Hours:||Mon-Fri. 10am to 12 noon Sat. 10am to 1-30pm|\n|Meetings:||3rd. Saturday 1.30pm at the Library No meeting in December or January|\n|Workshops:||4th. Saturday 1.30pm at the Library No workshop in December or January|\nMembership fee schedule\n|1 July - 30 June||\n1 July - 30 June\n1 Jan - 30 June\nInitial Research Enquiry $20.00 Including limited photocopying, to the value of $5.00\nExtra microfilm copying 70c per page. Additional Research $10.00 p/hr\nDownload a research request form here\nPayment for initial research and a business sized SSAE must accompany all enquiries.\n(please do not send cash payments through the mail).\nThis is a new project for the Society where it is hoped we will raise considerable funds with a minimum of work. Helpers required approx. 1 day per 2 months.\nBurial Records and Unmarked Graves\nManning Wallamba Family History Society Inc. Taree is currently working on a project to record graves on private property and unmarked graves in all local cemeteries\nThe upgrading and recording of cemeteries has shown the Society just how many unmarked and unknown graves and burial sites there must be in the area. A large percentage of names found in the NSW Death Register Indexes for the area do not appear in records held by the Councils, the cemetery indexes or other records available. To ensure that the Manning Wallamba Family History Society Inc. Burial Records are a comprehensive list of all buried in this area we are asking anyone who knows of unmarked graves, graves on private property, placement of ashes or burial sites to provide any details they can by completing the forms available in the Family History section of the Greater Taree City Library or from this site: Download Forms to Register a Burial/Cremation here (pdf format 10k)\nResearch Data Base: This is another new project which we have undertaken which incorporates compiling a data base of all pioneer names of the area. All the help we are able to get is appreciated.\nPublications for Sale:\nPrice List for Burial Books available through our\nSociety (pdf format 9k)\nPrices include postage & handling within Australia\nMWFHS members receive 10% discount on all orders\nPlease address all correspondence\nManning Wallamba FHS Inc.\nPO Box 48,\nTaree. NSW Australia. 2430.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://colorfulclearwater.com/haunted-trolley-kicks-off/", "date": "2024-04-21T09:00:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421071342-20240421101342-00584.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9340330362319946, "token_count": 438, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__124739189", "lang": "en", "text": "By Carolyn “CC” Cavallaro-Veltre\nOn July 21st, the Jolley Trolley and the Clearwater Historical Society hosted a kickoff for an exciting new attraction – the Jolley Trolley Haunted Clearwater Tour. Mike Helmstetter, CEO of the Clearwater Jolley Trolley and Allison Dolan, President of the Clearwater Historical Society served as spooky ghost hosts.\nA number of members of the Bay Area Concierge Association and other hospitality ambassadors were present at the museum event and the Concierges and Guest Service providers enjoyed learning about the city’s local history so they could share with local residents and visitors.\nThe new tour is a fun and unique experience. During the ride, passengers listened to strange and twisted tales of the supernatural as told by Joshua Ginsberg, author of several books, including Secret Tampa Bay: A Guide to the Weird, Wonderful and Obscure.\nThe accompanying music was done by the gifted Charity Ann Brady. Both were in attendance and Charity performed as well.\nThe event also raised $500 for two causes: Headstones for two unmarked graves in Clearwater’s Municipal Cemetery, one being the resting place of Gertrude Warnick – the nurse who perished with the last patient she tried to save in the Littlefield Nursing Home fire in 1953, after bringing out many others. She rests alongside this patient that she died trying to rescue. In addition, the money raised will be used for the refurbishing project of the pipe organ in Peace Memorial Presbyterian Church, which is also featured as background music during the Haunted Clearwater tour.\nThe Clearwater Jolley Trolley will be introducing even more educational tours in the near future.\nTo learn more, visit the following websites:\nClearwater Jolley Trolley:\nClearwater Historical Society: www.clearwaterhistoricalsociety.org\nMusician Charity Ann Brady: www.charityannbrady.com\nJoshua Ginsberg: https://secrettampabay.com\nBay Area Concierge Association: www.bayareaconcierge.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://english.mpva.go.kr/basic/album/view.asp?sgrp=D01&siteCmsCd=CM0015&topCmsCd=CM0025&cmsCd=CM0040&ntNo=260&src=&srcTemp=&currtPg=1&pnum=2&cnum=0", "date": "2017-04-27T03:29:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121865.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00185-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9543665051460266, "token_count": 204, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__283776346", "lang": "en", "text": "|The 65 Anniversary of the Battle of Gapyeong Ceremony|\n|2016-05-02 오전 10:47:11||449|\nThe Korean War veterans from four Commonwealth nations participated in the 65th Anniversary of Gapyeong Battle ceremony in Gapyeong on April 24. The Battle of Gapyeong (April 22-25, 1951) was fought by Australian, British, Canadian, New Zealand and American troops against superior enemy forces. The enemy was trying to reach the Gapyeong crossroads and attack into nearby Chuncheon, then drive south and capture the capital of Seoul. The 1st Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment, 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry and A Company, 72nd Heavy Tank Battalion US Army all were awarded the U.S. Presidential Citation. The 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery was awarded the Korean Presidential Unit Citation. Also fighting in the battle was the 1st Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://marierim.blog/2017/05/09/liverpool/", "date": "2018-12-09T22:01:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823183.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209210843-20181209232843-00025.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9909235239028931, "token_count": 368, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__263266514", "lang": "en", "text": "The last weekend of April the school arranged a Sunday trip to Liverpool (ca 4 hours northwest of Oxford). This meant that to get there and spend the day, we had to get up early. This was something I, as most teenagers, found to be quite the challenge. However, when we arrived in Liverpool I realised that it had been worth it. From what I’d heard of Liverpool i had expected a highly industrial town with not much to look at. I was proven wrong. We arrived at the Albert Dock around 11am and what i saw did not fit with what I had previously thought. Albert Dock was originally built as a port to accommodate large sailing ships to the then, industrial Albert Dock. Now however, the Dock is a highly cultural area of Liverpool with museums, restaurants and exhibition. What caught my eye was the Tate art gallery, world famous for its contemporary art, as well as the Beatles museum.\nExploring the Albert Dock\nDue to limited time, and agreement in the group, we prioritised the Beatles museum. The Beatles story, as it is called, is an audio and visual tour telling you about the Beatles rise to fame. We were given headphones with pre-recorded commentary from the members of Beatles, as well as the people close to them, and were then guided through several rooms. Some of the rooms were replicas of key places in the Beatles story. One of these was the Cavern Club, where the Beatles played as up and coming artists in Liverpool, their home town.\nThe Cavern Club\nAlong the way, the different members told us of the song writing processes and how the different albums came to exist. Towards the end we also got insight into the famous split of the band, and how their stories continued separately. All in all it was a great, and surprising experience.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.standforsomething.com/blogs/those-who-stood/army-ssg-jeremie-s-border", "date": "2021-01-16T11:59:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703506640.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116104719-20210116134719-00025.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9658990502357483, "token_count": 381, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__48249853", "lang": "en", "text": "Army SSG Jeremie Border was killed September 1, 2012 of wounds caused by small-arms fire while conducting combat operations in the Afghanistan province of Ghazni.\nJeremie graduated from Mesquite High School in 2002, being known as a standout football player and member of the 2001 state championship team which recorded a perfect 15-0 season. He continued his education at McMurry University in Abilene, Texas where he played college football for four years, was a member of the Servant Leadership program and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. He graduated McMurry in 2006, earning his Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology and Communications.\nDirectly after graduating, Jeremie entered military service as an Army Infantryman where he completed basic training, advanced individual training and the basic airborne course at Fort Benning, Georgia. In 2008 he was selected during the Special Forces Assessment and Selection Course as a SF Weapons Sergeant, and learned Indonesian at the Special Operations Forces Language Course at the U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Warfare Center and School. He was later assigned to Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Special Forces Group in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.\nJeremie’s military awards and decorations include the Army Commendation Medal, the Army Good Conduct Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Global War on Terror Expeditionary Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, and many more. He was posthumously awarded the Bronze Star Medal, the Purple Heart, the Meritorious Service Medal, and the Afghanistan Campaign Medal.\nJeremie is survived by his mother and step-father, Mary Border and Robert Harris, and sisters, DeLaynie, Katie, Ashley and Amanda.\nSSG Jeremie Border was 28 years old from Mesquite, Texas, a Hero, and a defender of the oldest idea in the history of man - Freedom.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.picryl.com/media/top-of-sharingtonand39s-tower-lacock-abbey-taken-from-the-roof-above-the-south-6f9ab9", "date": "2019-02-23T04:51:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00012.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9484831094741821, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__5259066", "lang": "en", "text": "Talbot's earliest camera images required exposures of an hour or more, but on September 23, 1840, he made a startling discovery that dramatically increased the medium's potential. He found that an exposure of mere seconds, leaving no visible trace on the chemically treated paper, nonetheless left a latent image that would appear when immersed in a solution of gallic acid. This discovery opened up a whole new world of possible subjects for photography. In the days that followed, Talbot trained his camera on various features of Lacock Abbey and its grounds. Made only a few weeks after his September discovery, this photograph reveals Talbot's newly found ability to render the tones and textures of masonry and glass and the myriad architectural details of the sixteenth-century corner tower, built by the Abbey's first lay owner.\nWilliam Henry Fox Talbot (British, Dorset 1800–1877 Lacock)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://michelewood.com/products/chasing-freedom", "date": "2018-02-18T19:47:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00779.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9284995198249817, "token_count": 1141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__57287155", "lang": "en", "text": "Chasing Freedom: The Life Journeys of Harriet Tubman and Susan B. Anthony, Inspired by Historical Facts, Book\nAbout This Book\nChasing Freedom: the Life Journeys of Harriet Tubman and Susan B. Anthony written by Nikki Grimes and Illustrated by Michele Wood\n\"What if Harriet Tubman and Susan B. Anthony sat down over tea to reminisce about their extraordinary lives? What would they recall of their triumphs and struggles as they fought to achieve civil rights for African Americans and equal rights for women? And what other historical figures played parts in their stories? These questions led Coretta Scott King Award winner Nikki Grimes to create CHASING FREEDOM, an engaging work of historical fiction about two of the nineteenth century's most powerful, and inspiring, American women.\nWith breathtaking illustrations by Coretta Scott King Award winner Michele Wood, CHASING FREEDOM richly imagines the experiences of Tubman and Anthony, set against the backdrop of the Underground Railroad, the Civil War, and the Women's Suffrage Movement.\nAdditional back matter invites curious young readers to further explore this period in history--and the larger-than-life figures who lived it.\"\nFrom School Library Journal:\n“History is often taught in bits and pieces, and students rarely get the notion that these bits and pieces are connected,” writes Coretta Scott King Award–winning author Grimes in her author’s note. Here, she and fellow Coretta Scott King–winning illustrator Wood imagine an afternoon tea conversation between suffragette Susan B. Anthony and Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman, where the women take turns relating interconnected stories from their lives. Each spread, including a page of text and a full-page illustration, tells a single anecdote, including personal turning points in each woman’s life and major historical events, such as John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. In keeping with both activists’ strong religious convictions, God and biblical references are invoked often, and Wood’s painterly illustrations feature patterns inspired by American patchwork quilts and traditional African motifs. Back matter includes short biographies, additional notes, a bibliography, and an author’s note. Textual voice and bold pictorial color are strong, and Anthony’s and Tubman’s goals maintain relevance at a time when gender and race issues continue to be newsworthy. Skirting the edges of fictionalized biography can be tricky. Although Anthony and Tubman did meet repeatedly, Grimes states that this extended conversation comes purely from her imagination. Younger readers, who may not realize this immediately, may need guidance distinguishing the historical facts from the fictionalized musings. Audiences willing to embrace the unusual concept, though, may view this as a vanguard piece in an engaging new form that mixes nonfiction with historical fiction.\"\nTwo iconic women recount their stories.\nIn New York state in 1904, a suffragist convention is about to begin, and Susan B. Anthony is scheduled to introduce Harriet Tubman. But first the two women meet at Anthony’s home for tea and talk. Grimes artfully creates an afternoon of conversation and reminiscence in carefully constructed, fact-based vignettes that allow each to recount her life, accomplishments and continuing dreams. Each piece—there are 21—consists of both narration and dialogue that draw readers into the world of slavery, the Underground Railroad, the struggle for women’s rights, the fight for temperance and the dangers of public speaking on unpopular subjects. While not a dual biography, there is a plethora of information about both Tubman and Anthony as well as their times. Intended for reading aloud, the text can be an excellent supplement to 19th-century American studies. Wood’s full-page portraits are stunning. The folk-style acrylic-and-oil paintings are vibrant, detailed and emotionally charged. American quilt patterns and African motifs add to the depth of artistry.\nA tremendous opportunity for children to understand what these women worked so hard to accomplish—one succeeding and one coming close. (capsule biographies, additional notes, bibliography, author’s note) (Picture book. 8-12)\nGrimes (Words with Wings) creates an absorbing fictional conversation, based on historical incidents and documented quotations, between two indefatigable 19th-century crusaders for equal rights. The author imagines Tubman paying a visit to Anthony’s home on the day of the 1904 convention of the New York State Suffrage Association in Rochester, N.Y., where Anthony introduced Tubman as guest speaker. As the two women trade stories about their callings, accomplishments, and aspirations, Grimes adeptly reveals their shared philosophies, faiths, passion, and courage. The women’s distinct personalities also surface, as do Tubman’s storytelling talents and Anthony’s oratory skills. Inspired by American patchwork quilts and African motifs, Wood’s (Going Back Home) primitive acrylic and oil paintings incorporate handsome geometric and floral patterns, but it’s her piercing portraits of these women that stand out most, accentuating their compassion and resolve. Back matter provides relevant historical notes and brief biographies of Tubman, Anthony, and other like-minded contemporaries mentioned in their conversation, including John Brown, Frederick Douglass, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Ages 7–10. Author’s agent: Elizabeth Harding, Curtis Brown. Illustrator’s agent: Caryn Wiseman, Andrea Brown Literary Agency. (Jan.)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://judicialintegritygroup.org/the-hon-pius-nkonzo-langa", "date": "2023-03-26T00:32:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00245.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.976598858833313, "token_count": 963, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__222983126", "lang": "en", "text": "The Hon. Pius Nkonzo Langa\n- Member since 2000\n- Chief Justice of the Republic of South Africa, President of the Constitutional Court, and Chairperson of the Judicial Service Commission (2005-2009).\n- Judge of Appeal, Supreme Court of the Republic of Namibia.\nPius Nkonzo Langa was born in Bushbuckridge, South Africa, and was nine years old when the National Party came to power on a policy of greater segregation of whites and blacks. That policy of \"apartheid\" contended that white people were superior and deserved the exclusive benefits of the nation's resources and goods. As he has described it, \"Apartheid was a policy of oppression, seeking to dehumanize the natives so that they could better serve those who colonized them\". From 1957, he spent three years working in a shirt factory, and in 1960 he accepted a job as an interpreter and messenger in the South African Justice Department. However, through private study he completed his high school education and then obtained B.Iuris and LL.B degrees, in 1973 and 1976 respectively, by long distance learning through the University of South Africa. He was admitted as an Advocate of the Supreme Court of South Africa in 1977, and practised at the Natal Bar. His practice reflected the struggle against the apartheid system, and his clientele included the underprivileged, various civic bodies, trade unions and people charged with political offences under the oppressive apartheid security legislation. He was a founder member of the National Association of Democratic Lawyers and served as its President from 1988 to 1994. He attained the rank of Senior Counsel in 1994.\nDuring the 1980s and into the 1990s, he was involved in the work of the United Democratic Front, and in the Convention for a Democratic South Africa and its successor, the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum. He was a member of the Constitutional Committee of the African National Congress, and was in the advisor group during the Groote Schuur and Pretoria \"Talks-about-Talks\". He served as a founder member of the Release Mandela Committee and was a member of the Regional and National Reception Committees formed to prepare for and accelerate the release of political prisoners. He was intimately involved in the processes that led to the establishment of democratic rule in South Africa, including serving on the pre-Constitutional Human Rights Commission, the Police Board, and several commissions of inquiry established at the time.\nWhen the Constitutional Court was established in 1994 in post apartheid South Africa, Pius Langa was appointed together with ten others as the first judges of the new Court. He became its Deputy President in 1997, and in 2001 assumed the position of Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa. In June 2005, he was appointed his country's Chief Justice and head of the Constitutional Court, and Chairperson of the Judicial Service Commission. He was also the Chairperson of the Southern African Judges Commission (2003-2009), and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.\nIn 1998, Justice Langa chaired a Commission to probe the Lesotho elections on behalf of SADC, and in 2000 he was appointed the Commonwealth's Special Envoy to assist the Fiji Islands return to democracy. He has participated in the work of the constitutional review commissions in Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Tanzania, and led a delegation to Cameroon, at the request of the Cameroon Government, to review and integrate that country's system of criminal procedure. He was Chancellor of the University of Natal (1998-2004), and Chancellor of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2003-2006). He is an honorary professor in law faculties in several universities in his country, and is also a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.\nJustice Langa has been awarded Doctor of Laws degrees, honoris causa, by the Universities of Zululand, Western Cape, Cape Town, Unisa, Rhodes, Yale, the National University of Ireland, and the Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. He was awarded the degree Doctor of the Public Service, honoris causa, by the North Eastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. He has been honoured with awards for the advancement of justice and human rights by the Black Lawyers Association, the National Association of Democratic Lawyers, and the Judicial Council of the American Bar Association. He was the recipient of the 2004 Justice Prize from the Peter Gruber Foundation, USA, and the 2006 Sydney and Felicia Kentridge Award for Service to Justice. In 2008, the President of the Republic of South Africa bestowed on him the Order of the Supreme Counsellor of the Baobab: Gold \"for his exceptional service in law, constitutional jurisprudence and human rights\".", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.cathleenhuffman.com/", "date": "2021-06-18T14:41:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487637721.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618134943-20210618164943-00267.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9477017521858215, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__183420902", "lang": "en", "text": "Old fishing industry structures in the south are fascinating. They are characterized by the wind, salt, and years of disuse giving them a unique and abandoned sort of appeal.\nThis is one of two iron bridges left in Hancock County, saved by Kay Binford and our county. Going through the bridge seems to take you back in time and is an excellent destination for a Sunday afternoon bike ride.\nCathleen Huffman Watercolors\nAs part of Indiana's Bicentennial Celebration, I am delighted to have attained Legacy Project Status for my grain elevator work! I will continue to search for historic grain elevators to photograph, sketch, and watercolor paint. This project is sponsored by Greenfield Historic Landmarks and endorsed by Indiana Landmarks. The collection currently contains over thirty paintings of Indiana's grain elevators, but that's not even half of the sites I've documented. Please contact me if you have historic photos, stories, or know of an intact old Indiana elevator. I am trying to capture them before they are gone.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://rumino.com/", "date": "2018-05-23T10:50:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865595.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523102355-20180523122355-00203.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9803558588027954, "token_count": 657, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__32192607", "lang": "en", "text": "Robert Tonner DollsThe History of Patsy®\nOne of Effanbee's great success stories was the Patsy® doll designed by Bernard Lipfert and advertised in 1928. She almost was not named \"Patsy®\". The identical ads advertised her as \"Mimi\" late in 1927 and then as \"Patsy®\" in 1928 \"Playthings\" magazines. Patsy® was one of the first dolls to have a manufactured wardrobe just for her but other manufacturers sold not only accessories but clothing as well. Patsy® was made of all composition and her patent was hotly defended by Effanbee® and what was actually patented was a neck joint that allowed the doll to pose and stand-alone. She portrayed a three year old girl with short bobbed red hair with a molded headband, painted side glancing eyes, pouty mouth, bent right arm and wore simple classic dresses closed with a safety pin. She had a golden heart charm bracelet that fit tightly on her wrist and a gold paper heart tag with her name. Patsy® was so popular she soon had several sisters in sizes from 5 ¾ inches to 29 inches, many factory variations and even a boyfriend, Skippy.\nEffanbee® promoted Patsy® sales with a newspaper \"The Patsytown News\" that went to reported quarter million children. Effanbee® also had an \" Aunt Patsy\" that toured the country promoting their dolls. In addition they formed a Patsy® Doll Club and gave free metal pinback membership buttons to children who wrote in or bought a Patsy® doll. Effanbee® tied their doll line to popular current events such as producing George and Martha Washington for the bicentennial of George's birth. They costumed a group of dolls like the White Horse Inn Operetta that toured the U.S. During the war years; they fashioned military uniforms for the Skippy dolls and also costumed dolls in ethnic dress (Dutch) or after characters in books like \"Alice In Wonderland\".\nThe death of Hugo Baum in 1940 and the loss of income during the war years' brought the Effanbee® success story into a decline. In 1946, Effanbee® was sold to Noma Electric and they reissued a 1946 Patsy and later a new 17-inch Patsy Joan. Since that time the company changed hands several more times, at one time with Stanley Wahlberg as president and Irene Wahlberg as designer.\nLimited editions of Patsy Ann™ and Skippy were issued during the 1970s, and Patsy® reappeared in vinyl in the 1980s. Effanbee reissued Patsy Joan in 1995, and continued with a new group of Patsy®, Skippy, and Wee Patsy™ dolls in vinyl painted to look like the old composition ones. In 2002, the Robert Tonner Doll Company acquired Effanbee® from bankruptcy. Tonner, a talented designer had already made a name for himself with his creations of Betsy McCall and fashion dolls like Tyler, Esme and Sydney. It is expected his creativity will enhance Effanbee's entire line.--Patsy Moyer, Author of \"Patsy and Friends.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.visas2germany.com/a-jolly-tour-of-germanys-christmas-markets", "date": "2021-10-24T15:30:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00634.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8812284469604492, "token_count": 620, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__190795835", "lang": "en", "text": "Christmas is coming, and it’s time to start thinking about Christmas presents. What could be better than a trip to the land of Kris Kringle, the German gift-bringer? TourCrafters’ one-week German Christmas Markets Tour makes it easy for mothers and fathers, grandmas and grandpas, to have a jolly good time and bring home lots of gifts as well.\nThe land-only, escorted tour costs $1,605 and has one departure: December 8, 2013. It includes a hotel transfer from the Frankfurt airport, transportation during the entire tour, 6 nights’ accommodation in 4-star hotels, daily buffet breakfast, tours and excursions, admission to Heidelberg and Neuschwanstein castles, and an English-speaking guide.\nChristmas is a magical time in Germany, with sparkling lights, decorated streets, and stalls selling hot chestnuts, grilled bratwurst, gingerbread and Gluhwein (mulled wine) everywhere. Giant Christmas trees and concerts of Yuletide music add to the festivities. And the markets offer traditional crafts—toys, marionettes, jewelry, pottery, teddy bears and lambskin slippers—all hand crafted.\nTourCrafters takes in the highlights: Frankfurt, with its 600-year-old market; a sightseeing tour of UNESCO Heritage Site Wurzburg and its historic market; and a tour of the walled medieval town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber and its legendary market. In Nuremberg there’s a city tour and visit to the Old Quarter’s Christkindlesmarkt, Germany’s most famous Christmas market. In Regensburg, an ancient city on the Danube founded by the Romans, there are several Christmas markets.\nMunich combines the atmosphere of a charming historic city with that of a modern metropolis. Here you’ll tour the main attractions, including Marienplatz, where the Christmas Market started in 1642. From Munich it’s a short trip to Germany’s winter sports capital, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and a stunning view of the snow-capped Zugspitze, Germany’s highest mountain. Then it’s on to Neuschwanstein, the definitive fairytale castle built by “Mad\" King Ludwig, and Stuttgart to see a winter wonderland on Palace Square and the Mercedes-Benz Museum. The tour ends with the romantic old university town of Heidelberg, where there’s a tour of the picturesque castle on the Neckar River and a Christmas Market spread over five historic squares and—finally—a return to the Frankfurt airport.\nSo, what are you waiting for? Call us now and apply for a Germany Visit Visa so that you can take this trip and enjoy your Christmas with family! As visa processing may take time, apply for your Visa now, so that you do not regret later.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://challengermap.ca/", "date": "2024-03-04T22:55:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00072.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9161698818206787, "token_count": 286, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__117124694", "lang": "en", "text": "On August 19th, 2021, members of the Challenger family and a team of supporters launched a campaign to restore and bring the Challenger Map back to its original home at the PNE.\nThe map is over 6,000 square feet and is the size of two tennis courts. It was constructed out of almost one million pieces of jig-sawed, layered, and hand painted 1/4″ Douglas Fir plywood.\nIt’s one of the most iconic pieces of heritage in the province and has the potential to become a tool which will educate a new generation of British Columbians about this wonderful place in which we live.\nPlans are now underway to assemble a team of experts to restore, refresh, and rehouse the map in the historic Livestock Building in Hastings Park, incorporating modern digital technology to update this once-static relief map.\nWe are in need of the public’s help to raise the needed funds, and are humbly asking for your help in bringing it home.\nCover Image: John Biehler on Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/retrocactus/\nB/W Image: People viewing Challenger relief map of British Columbia in P.N.E. B.C. Building, 1954\nCity of Vancouver Archives AM281-S8-: CVA 180-5611-: CVA 180-5611.1", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gamblersdailynews.com/online-slots-machine-everything-a-beginner-must-know/", "date": "2023-12-10T07:53:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00676.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9794741272926331, "token_count": 584, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__176593963", "lang": "en", "text": "Slot machines are one of the most often played betting games. They’re easy to use, and there’s a good chance of winning if you keep playing. Slot machines can be found in nearly every betting business on the planet.\nSlot machines have been around for a long time, and in some ways, learning about the machines and how they changed over time can teach you about the history of gambling. We’ll try to describe some of that history below.\nCharles Augustus Fey\nCharles Augustus Fey is widely credited as the inventor of slot machines. Even if a version of the machine has existed before, there is some truth to it. The difference between the Fey machine and the ones that came before it is that Fey’s machine pays out automatically.\nFruit vending machines\nMachines were outlawed in 1902, and the symbols that had previously been utilized were substituted with fruits. The prizes were in the form of fruit-flavored candy rather than cash. These machines are commonly found in stores, salons, and bowling alleys.\nMachines that run on electricity\nIn 1964, electrical slot machines were introduced. To give it a realistic look and feel, the game was still operated by a lever, but there were no moving or mechanical pieces. It made an automated payment of roughly 500 coins, which could be exchanged for cash in betting clubs and other venues.\nSlot machines with video\nIn 1976, video slots were introduced. They were created by a corporation located in Las Vegas, and they represented the next major shift in the way people play slots. It was first accessible in Hilton Hotels in Las Vegas, and it used a customized Sony TV as its display.\nThe updated and better version of the game was certified by the Nevada Gambling Commission soon after, and once it was deemed cheat-proof, it became available in practically every hotel in Vegas.\nThe Year 1996 and Onwards\nIn 1996, the world of slot machines underwent another major transformation. WMS Industries, INC produced “Reel ‘Em” at that time. It was the first slot machine to include a bonus round on the second screen. When the bonus round is activated, a new screen emerges in front of the player, and the additional rounds are played there.\nSlot Machines Online\nIt’s reasonable to say that when slot machines went online, a new chapter in their history was written. You can check out agen slot joker388 now. The game principles are the same as previously, however the way the drums work has changed dramatically. Because the outcome is determined by a random number generator, there are no patterns to look for.\nYounger gamers who are accustomed to gambling on their laptops or phones are particularly fond of online slots. This is a rapidly growing demographic, which implies that online slots are now a significant portion of the market.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ozarklibrary.com/local-history-amp-genealogy/", "date": "2023-06-08T02:52:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654031.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608003500-20230608033500-00155.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9256066083908081, "token_count": 953, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__77406993", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the Local History & Genealogy Room\nBy: Jocelyn Rayford / Updated: Joni Wood\nThe local history and genealogy room of the Ozark Dale County Library features an assortment of information about Dale County, the Wiregrass, and the southeastern states. This collection of documents and books is made available to any interested researcher or casual visitor. The only requirement for researchers or browsers is their signature on the sign-in sheet each and every time they enter the room.\nResearchers are free to explore the shelves and open file drawers and pull out any file of interest to them. Likewise, they are free to take down and look at any book of interest. Books can be signed out overnight only with permission of the research Librarian. Otherwise, books and documents may be taken out of the room only to be copied on the library's copy machine.\nMany of the documents are materials from the Val McGee, Creel Richardson, Rebecca Newsom Dobson (from Coffee County), and the Hazel Matthews Turner (African American) collections. Most of their materials are made available in our movable filing storage unit. The files are arranged into the categories of TOPICAL and FAMILIES and are arranged alphabetically. Some information has been copied and made into notebooks that are arranged around the room for browsing and research.\nTopical files include information about communities, churches, sporting events, civic organizations, businesses, professions, schools, hospitals, Creek affairs, WWI, II, etc. This Topical information is not only valuable when researching organizations or events; it is often helpful when researching families and persons.\nFamily files tend to be generic. Information about all persons with the same last name or same sounding last name are put together in the same file. Research donated by families are often put in a binder and catalogued. Our files are constantly expanding as more materials are researched, donated, and/or catalogued.\nLocally made books containing compiled information about persons in the Wiregrass are kept together among the \"Dale County Materials\" section in the movable filing storage unit. There are books about marriages, land purchases, cemeteries, town, and community histories, church histories, as well as Civil War information. The SOUTHERN STAR and Phone Directory collection is housed behind the Genealogy Room, and the scrapbook collection are located on the back wall. Just past the computers on your right, is our School Census Records, as well as yearbooks from area schools.\nMost researchers like to browse through the collection of books about history and genealogy that have been compiled locally. They are generally about Dale County, Alabama and other states. To locate a book quickly, the computer catalogue is available. Those unacquainted with its use should ask the Librarian to assist. When materials are removed from a shelf or file cabinet WHILE BROWSING OR RESEARCHING, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT MATERIALS ARE NOT RETURNED TO THE SHELF BY THE BROWSER OR RESEARCHER. Materials that are left on the table will be counted and put away by the Librarian.\nThis collection includes many maps, obituaries, papers by Dale County's original historians, W.L. Andrews, and W.E. Matthews (aka Preston) among others. There are digitized copies and bound copies of the SOUTHERN STAR from 1867 through the 21st century.\nThe Room's greatest treat is free use of the expansive website, Ancestry.com. On this website, a researcher can find information about census data, death certificates, immigration, as well as family tree information in any U.S. state and abroad. Alabama Public Library Services makes it possible for us to provide this invaluable resource to our community. A staff member will assist and/or instruct any person wishing to use it.\nThe primary resource this research room offers is assistance. Assistance is gladly offered upon request. If help is needed for those who cannot visit the Room, a researcher may contact the Librarian by sending an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.org or calling us at 334-774-5480.\nAfrican American Heritage Ancestry.com, Biographies, Cemeteries,City Phone Directories, County Land Records, Family & Topical Files, Genealogical & Historical Society Meetings' Recordings, Historical Maps, Historical Photos, Histories of Civil War, County, School, Church, Town, Communities, WWI, WII, & Post Offices, Marriage Records Index, Obituaries, and Helen Taylor Andrews' Historical Sites painting\nClick here for a list of catalogued resources", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://crja.com/history/", "date": "2019-07-19T12:25:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00464.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9496263861656189, "token_count": 1246, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__14225093", "lang": "en", "text": "1959 - 1970\nCarol Johnson began her practice in 1959, with the encouragement of colleagues from The Architects Collaborative, where she had worked the previous year, and taking advantage of projects offered her through contacts she had made as a student at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design and at Wellesley College.\nBetween 1959 and 1970, Carol operated her practice initially out of her apartment in Cambridge and then out of a small office on Mount Auburn Street in Harvard Square. As the practice expanded, she moved to larger offices and hired additional employees. In 1970, the firm changed its name from Carol R. Johnson, Landscape Architect, to Carol R. Johnson & Associates to reflect the growing importance of the employees to the practice. In September of 1975, the firm was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as Carol R. Johnson & Associates, Inc. During these years, the firm did significant work at the U.S. Pavilion for Expo ’67 in Montreal, Canada.\nOver the ensuing years, CRJA, as it became known, has grown to become one of the larger landscape architecture firms in the United States, serving a national and international clientele.\nDuring the decades of the 1970’s and 1980’s, CRJA focused on transforming urban spaces, campuses, industrial sites, and waterfronts into celebrated parks and public spaces. Projects reinforced the hallmarks upon which the practice was founded in 1959, by emphasizing traditional values of dedicated public service, and an unrelenting insistence upon quality in landscape design and construction.\nThe 1970’s saw the completion of the first of many community-based planning projects for CRJA: the North Common in Lowell, MA. The project was an outgrowth of Lyndon Johnson’s Model Cities Program and began a long tradition within the firm of engaging the community in the design process. The Mystic River Reservation in Medford and Somerville, MA, begun in the late 1970’s and completed in the early 80’s, was an early example of the firm’s ability to meld its interest in history (in this case Charles Elliot’s approach to scenic and natural resource values) with state-of-the-art environmental sciences. A separate land reclamation and restoration effort at a former power plant site on Lake Cayuga in upstate New York helped to restore the site to a natural meadow landscape, which would subsequently go through the normal process of becoming forest again.\nThe 1980's saw the commencement and completion of many of the firm’s most important public waterfront reclamation and open space projects, including the Old Harbor Park along Dorchester Bay in Boston, MA, completed in 1986; the John F. Kennedy Memorial Park, which unites the Charles River Reservation with nearby Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, completed in 1987; the Lechmere Canal Park in East Cambridge, MA, an important urban revitalization effort in the City, the first phase of which was completed in 1983; and, significantly, the John Marshall Park along Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., completed in 1983.\nIn tandem with its work on park and waterfront revitalization projects, the firm continued to expand its footprint with design and planning on college and university campuses in the Northeast, undertaking landscape master planning, site design, and restoration efforts at Wellesley College, Williams College, Harvard University and Boston University.\nDuring this decade the firm focused a great deal of energy on Boston’s urban, public realm. We took on the role of Lead Landscape Architect for Boston’s Big Dig project. This 10-year endeavor required as many as 12 full-time staff at various times. Also in this period was work on the Harborwalk and park associated with the Moakley Courthouse, the first major public space in Boston’s Seaport District. This work was coupled with the design of a great number of public schools in the Boston region.\nThis decade also saw the start of our cemetery planning and design practice, featuring the construction of the massive, Massachusetts National Cemetery in Bourne, MA.\nInternational landscape architecture design and planning work got underway at this time with projects in Taiwan, Korea and Bermuda. Shae-Tze Island in Taipei and LG Chemical Research Park in Korea were mainstays of this effort.\n2000 - 2011\nIn August of 2001, the firm purchased and renovated a former molasses warehouse on Broad Street in Boston’s financial district. Among seven partners, Carol is the Chairman Emeritus and Harry Fuller is the firm’s President and Managing Partner.\nIn this decade, CRJA started working seriously in the Middle East. Four major projects gave impetus to this growth: Shams Island Central Park, Abu Dhabi; American University in Cairo Master Plan and New Campus design, Egypt; Marasy Waterfront Residential Complex, Abu Dhabi; and the Marabet Equestrian Community Master Plan outside Cairo. These and other projects in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Dubai enabled us to establish a branch office in Abu Dhabi for four years from 2007-2011.\nTo service expanding work in the U.S. Southeast and abroad in China, CRJA opened an office in Knoxville, TN in 2005, and placed our first representative in Beijing in 2010.\n2011 - Today\nIn 2011, CRJA formed a strategic alliance with the IBI Group of Firms, complementing their key areas of Urban Land, Building Facilities, Transportation, and Intelligent Systems. Established in 1974 and headquartered in Toronto, IBI Group has grown over the years both organically and through strategic acquisitions.\nToday the firm has dozens of offices located across North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. IBI Group professionals exercise a broad and sophisticated knowledge base that spans urban design and planning, building and landscape architecture, engineering, advanced transportation management and traffic systems, real estate analysis, communications specializations and software development.\nCRJA-IBI Group is the core of the IBI Group Landscape Architecture department. Leveraging existing relationships and forming new ones through the larger IBI family, we are able to better serve our clients.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.anotherfirstworldtraveller.com/blog/exploring-truth-palace-an-abandoned-newspaper-hq-in-bucharest-romania", "date": "2018-09-19T18:11:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156270.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919180955-20180919200955-00071.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9685877561569214, "token_count": 479, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__125198772", "lang": "en", "text": "Exploring Truth Palace - An abandoned newspaper HQ in Bucharest, Romania\nBucharest is a city which many feel has little to offer visitors. But scratch below the surface and the city is one of the most interesting places I have visited. One fascinating site I encountered was ‘Truth Palace’ (Palatul Adevarul in Romanian), a building which housed the city's first newspaper, back in 1898. Today this huge complex in the very heart of the city, lays empty and crumbling. I went to explore.\nOriginally designed by architect Stephen Ciocârlan, the building has been controlled by various different powers over its 117 years of life. During the second world war it was requisitioned by the Germans and the “Bukarester Tageblatt” printed. After 1951 the communists printed the “Star” paper which was eventually privatised after the revolution and the offices moved elsewhere.\nToday it sits in a very sorry state, with a single guard at it’s door. Slip him a small bribe and in you go…\nFrom the road the building looks rather innocuous, with the entrance leading into a small passageway. But once you emerge out into the courtyard, you suddenly see just how immense this building is.\nLike all good explorers we started in the basement, slipping down some stairs from the courtyard. There is still evidence of large machinery down there, and the rooms feel like they went on forever. Junk fills much of them, obviously having build up over years of neglect. Eventually we climbed up and out finding ourselves in another part of the building.\nClimbing the floors\nThe concrete stairs are still somewhat in tact, so climbing up through the building is no problem. And each floor has something of interest, from the theatrical stage with Greek style pillars on each side, to the rotting wooden room dividers, or hidden janitors office. All decorated with the beauty of decay.\nEventually we made it to the roof, the place where all good explorations end. It was a bizarre feeling to be on the top of a such a large derelict building, while surrounded by central Bucharest's hustle and bustle, office blocks and churches. Yet there we were. Taking a well deserved rest, before making our way back out and away into the real world again.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://labellemel.com/2015/09/travel-diary-exploring-florence/", "date": "2017-04-27T20:39:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122621.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00459-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9643388390541077, "token_count": 539, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__43474875", "lang": "en", "text": "And now here we are in Florence. The first night we arrived after spending the day in Rome, we walked straight to the Cattedral di Santa Maria del Fiore Duomo and had barely enough time to walk up the entire length of the dome to catch the magnificent sunset over the city. The first time I laid eyes on the duomo six years ago, it was such a sight to see and still just majestic standing there as it was before.\nWe ended the night in search of a great pizzeria and found this place called Pizzeria lo Spuntino. Funny thing was we didn’t end up getting pizzas, but instead I opted for the vegetarian lasagna and oh emm gee, that had to be the best lasagna I’ve had in so long. I highly recommend the place because even now, I want to go back just to order the lasagna again!\nAfter coming back from Cinque Terre and Pisa the day before, we started our morning walking around the mercato near our hotel, the Machiavelli. The hotel’s decor was such a step back into the past with the room’s beautiful vintage layout and the fun heavy traditional key that you leave and pick up at the front desk. The folks there were so kind and helpful and we definitely enjoyed our stay there. As for the mercato, it was held in a huge building that it was hard to miss and we could see ourselves living there each day with a trip to the market for fresh groceries.\nponte vecchio and salvatore ferragamo museum\nThen it was off to Ponte Vecchio aka the “Old Bridge”. I missed this bridge the last time I was in Florence and so glad that we made the stop to it finally. When I posted a photo of the bridge on my personal instagram, Jessica from Dining Traveler recommended to see Salvatore Ferragamo museum and so we went. It was amazing to see the evolution of how shoes were made and I even found the wood shoe pattern of my favorite celebrity, Audrey Hepburn.\nAfter the museum, we walked through the Piazza della Signoria where the replica of David stood tall and few other well-known statues. Of course, we definitely couldn’t get enough of gelato and walked past many gelateria but not without walking out with a gelato cone first.\nThat’s it for Florence. Next stop on the blog is Barcelona, so stay tuned for next week’s installment of this trip. Thanks for reading and have a great one!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thinkeverlong.com/travel-spot-guide/195384/", "date": "2023-12-05T15:55:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00394.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8779304623603821, "token_count": 222, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__280321296", "lang": "en", "text": "Experience the heart-pounding excitement of motorsports at the renowned Charlotte Motor Speedway. Nestled in Concord, North Carolina, this iconic speedway is a mecca for racing aficionados, offering a dynamic blend of adrenaline-pumping events and unforgettable experiences.\nAs the host of NASCAR events and an array of thrilling races, Charlotte Motor Speedway pulses with the energy of competition. The thunderous roar of engines, the rush of speed, and the cheers of passionate fans create an atmosphere that’s second to none. Whether you’re a seasoned racing enthusiast or someone seeking the thrill of the track for the first time, the Charlotte Motor Speedway promises an unforgettable journey into the world of motorsports.\nDiscover the legacy of this legendary venue, witness incredible feats of skill and strategy, and be a part of the electric atmosphere that defines the essence of racing. With its rich history, state-of-the-art facilities, and a commitment to delivering top-tier entertainment, the Charlotte Motor Speedway stands as a true testament to the spirit of competition and the enduring appeal of the race track.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.travelscope.net/episodes/view/germanys_winter_carnival/", "date": "2016-09-29T17:12:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00297-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8612602353096008, "token_count": 289, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-40__0__31549809", "lang": "en", "text": "Germany’s Winter Carnival\nJoseph dons his jester’s cap and heads to the German state of Baden-Wüerttemberg for Fasnet –– Fasnacht –– Carnival. Each town may call it by a different name, but they all agree it’s a non-stop community party that celebrates local culture and chases away the winter blues. Some of the historic carnival characters, like the Narro, date back to the festival’s beginning 500 years ago while others are the products of lively modern-day imaginations. From Konstanz on the shores of Lake Constance to the Black Forest villages of Villingen, Oberndorf, Gengenbach, Elzach and Rottweil, Joseph uncovers the festival’s history and rejoices in the controlled chaos of tolle tage –– Crazy Days!\nTravelscope’s Germany Travel Partners\nPacked with the gorgeous full-color photographs, detailed illustrations, and 3-D maps for which DK Eyewitness Travel Guides are beloved, Eyewitness Germany truly shows you what other guides only tell you. Comprehensive reviews of hotels, restaurants, cafes, and bars complement coverage of museums, historic areas, shopping, and local sights. The guide works equally well for inspiration, as a planning tool, a practical resource while traveling, and a keepsake following any trip.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://balloonboyflyingsaucer.com/dozens-of-motorcycles-roar-their-way-through-bethlehem-to-celebrate-world-war-ii-vets-birthday-lehigh-valley-regional-news.html", "date": "2023-10-01T12:52:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001105617-20231001135617-00173.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9860920906066895, "token_count": 420, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__157003861", "lang": "en", "text": "BETHLEHEM, Pa. – Motorcycle clubs from across the Lehigh Valley met in Bethlehem Tuesday night for a special celebration.\nThey took off from the parking lot of Lincoln Elementary School and made their way to Charles Kukoda’s home to wish him a happy 99th birthday.\n“I feel really glad that some people like me that much that they would do that for me,” said Kukoda, who friends call “Cappy.”\nLike is an understatement. Timothy Parsons organized the drive-by. He’s known Cappy since the early ’90s and hails him as a hero for what he went through in World War II.\n“He volunteered to go in because he wanted to help this country and be a true American. That’s us, that’s the real deal, he’s a great guy,” Parsons said.\nCappy first started working at Bethlehem Steel after high school. At 24 he went overseas to fight in World War II and was involved in some of the biggest battles of the war, including the Battle of the Bulge which helped defeat the Nazis. Cappy was in a foxhole when that battle began.\n“We were still surrounded by the German troops, so there must of been 9-10 of us. A colonel…said I’m going to walk you guys out of this trap, but he didn’t, he walked us into one,” Cappy said.\nCappy fought in that battle for nine days and luckily made it out alive. He returned home and married his wife Pauline in 1946. He worked at Bethlehem Steel until 1982 and was by his wife’s side when she passed away from breast cancer in 2002. As the motorcycles roared past in salute to him he reflected on his 99 years.\n“I’m satisfied with my life, and if I go tomorrow I would say that I’m satisfied,” Cappy said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pap.georgia.gov/elijah-jackson-calhoun-jr", "date": "2021-09-25T03:05:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057589.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925021713-20210925051713-00319.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8728927373886108, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__61891396", "lang": "en", "text": "Elijah Jackson Calhoun, Jr.\nWWII - US Navy, March 1942-January 1946 as Chief Petty Officer in Security and Shore Patrol. North Atlantic Theatre, 1942; Sixth Naval Dist., Charleston, SC, 1943-44; Pacific Theatre, Manila, P. I., 1945. Parole Supervisor, State Board of Pardons & Paroles, Savannah, GA, May 6, 1949; Chief Investigator, July 1, 1951; Admn. Assistant, April 1, 1958; Director, July 1, 1963. Married Edna Janette Rainey on June 6, 1944. Children: Margaret Penelope; Ann Elizabeth", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.pittmanfirm.com/personal-injury-blog/2016/september/the-pittman-firm-p-a-sponsoring-panama-city-beac/", "date": "2022-05-25T10:58:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662584398.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525085552-20220525115552-00542.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9614859819412231, "token_count": 258, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__225976309", "lang": "en", "text": "Our attorneys at The Pittman Firm, P.A. are proud to be one of many sponsors of the Panama City Beach Memorial Stair Climb Fundraiser. This event began in 2011 as a way to help remember those who were lost in the tragic events of September 11, 2001. This pays tribute to the officers, firefighters, EMS, military, and all civilians who lost their lives that day.\nThe event involves individuals climbing 110 flights of stairs. This is equal to the height of the World Trade Center Towers that were struck 15 years ago. All proceeds of the fundraiser are donated to the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation and local memorial activities.\nAnyone can participate in this event, whether civilian, law enforcement, firefighters, military, or other. It will take place no matter the weather.\nThe climb is on Saturday, September 10th, beginning at 10:30 a.m. followed by a celebration dinner later in the evening at The Barn Restaurant.\nThis is a very special cause and we are honored to help sponsor the event because we know what it means to those who will benefit from the funds. We look forward to this great event and participating in future events to help this wonderful organization.\nWe hope to see you out there supporting those making the climb.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.alebusph.com/blog/preservation-of-the-baths-of-the-queen-archaeological-site-7.html", "date": "2023-09-23T14:53:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00876.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.945319414138794, "token_count": 280, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__272004947", "lang": "en", "text": "The Roman villa known as the \"Baths of the Queen” is located in Calpe’s town centre, besides the sea, very close to the Ifach’s crag. It constitutes an important archaeological site occupied from the 1st to the 6th century in which the resident zone -endowed with a spectacular ensemble of mosaics-, the waterwheel, the public baths, the baptistery, the necropolis and the fish farm, with the pools excavated into the rock besides the seaside. Calpe’s town hall has taken the initiative with regard to preservation and maintenance of this archaeological site, promoting the contracting of a specialized company. Alebus won the contest and has been the awardee of the works, which will be developed in a first phase during four months, and could extend up to another four months. Archaeologist Alicia Luján and restorer Carolina Mai are members of the intervention team.\nOn the twenty first of March, at 20:00 pm, Director of the archaeological site Alicia Luján Navas and multidisciplinary team of the Alebus company will be giving a talk about the performed works developed in the intervention of January-February of 2019 at the Saló Blau, Casa de Cultura Jaume Pastor I Fluixà, Avda, Masnou, 1 Calpe.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sarasota.apartmenthomeliving.com/apartments-for-rent/studio", "date": "2016-05-04T13:36:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123077.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00051-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9733567237854004, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-18__0__101836751", "lang": "en", "text": "Come and enjoy downtown loft living on Old Main Street, in Historic Palmetto. This two-story building, built in 1913 originally housed the Globe Dry Goods store. At one time, it was also Palmetto's City Hall. Today, the lower level is home to Norma Rae's restaurant and the upstairs has five loft apartments. The Lofts on Old Main Street are located in the heart of the Palmetto Historic District, which is on the National Register of Historic Places. They are a mere 2 blocks from the Manatee River and less than 2 miles from downtown Bradenton. We currently have a newly renovated studio apartment which is available beginning May 1. Rent includes water and electricity. Sorry, but no pets allowed. Give us a call or send us an email to schedule a showing.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bbspagroup.com/fr/european-spa-la-spa-helvetia-bristol-firenze-italy/", "date": "2024-02-25T05:08:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00252.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9231355786323547, "token_count": 341, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__28554073", "lang": "en", "text": "A new wellbeing retreat in the heart of Florence, La Spa at Helvetia & Bristol opened in April 2022. Featuring an extended hydrothermal zone that opens onto a caldarium and continues with an aquamotus (Vichy shower), there are also emotional showers, a sudatorium (Finnish sauna), a frigidarium and a tepidarium (salt room).\nThe Lacus Quietis offers two pools with water features, built in a space that once served as the vault of the Banco di Roma. The hydro circuit leads to an upper floor with three rooms for individual treatments, including a wellness suite that is equipped with a private Turkish bath.\nHistory meets the modern day The philosophy of La Spa is modelled on the origins of the site itself – a union of the historical and the contemporary. Inspired by the Latin principle of mens sana in corpore sano it recreates the experience of a Roman baths in a contemporary setting. The spa is located on the spot where the Capitoline Baths of the Roman city of Florentia once stood, fragments of whose walls can still\nbe seen along the wellness circuit. bbspa Group and Starhotels’ architects Silvia Stoppacciaro and Francesca La Rosa have chanelled a minimalist and modern vision of the historic Roman bathing tradition.\n“Being in the heart of Florence is already magical – especially in a building with such a rich history – but bringing back to life the ancient Roman bathing traditions is what makes this project so unique,” says Régis Boudon-Doris, founder and CEO of bbspa Group.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://el-observador.com/2019/03/08/mexican-archaeologists-find-100s-of-maya-artifacts-in-cave/", "date": "2023-03-24T02:30:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00442.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9631035327911377, "token_count": 708, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__88337084", "lang": "en", "text": "Mexico City – Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) announced Monday March 4, 2019 that at least 200 millennium-old ceramic artifacts have been discovered in an underground ritual cave in the Mayan city of Chichen Itza.\nThe cave, which was discovered 50 years ago but has remained unexplored until now, is called Balamku.\nThe cave is located 2.7km (1.7 mi) from the Temple of Kukulkan at the Chichen Itza complex on the Yucatan peninsula.\nINAH archaeologist Guillermo de Anda told a press conference that this is the most important discovery since the Balamkanche cave was found in the 1950s.\n“It’s overwhelming. I believe it is without doubt one of the most important caves of the Yucatan and I also believe I’m not exaggerating when I say it’s the most important find since the Balamkanche cave,” the archaeologist said.\n“The greatest treasure” of Balamku, he said, is that “it hasn’t been altered, it was never sacked and we have all the facts about it right here.”\nMost of the objects found are censers dedicated to Tlaloc, the water god, used for rituals and as offerings in the late classic period of Maya civilization, from the 7th to 10th centuries.\nThe many representations of Tlaloc, identified with pre-Columbian cultures in central Mexico, has sparked a debate about how they got to the Yucatan.\nThe archaeologist said research has discarded the initial hypothesis of a Toltec invasion of Mayan territory, but surmised that “central Mexico must have had an influence on Chichen Itza.”\n“In that case, these items will help us establish a chronology,” the researcher said, adding that they expect to discover in Balamku many more artifacts than the 200 already found.\nThe censers and vessels discovered in Balamku still preserve the charred remains of food, seeds, jade, shells and bones, among other things the Mayas offered their deities in those days.\nThe difficult access and topography of the cave made depositing these objects and celebrating rituals there difficult, which leads researchers to believe it was a place of great relevance to the Mayas of Chichen Itza.\nThe archaeologist maintained that this cave is “probably more sacred” than the Sacred Cenote (Sinkhole) itself, a circular sunken pit 60 meters (197 feet) in diameter and 15 meters (49 feet) deep, filled with water and located in Chichen Itza.\nDe Anda said that Balamku has more importance because “the effort needed to enter it is greater than getting into the Sacred Cenote, which received offerings and pilgrimages from all over Mesoamerica.”\nUp to now, the INAH team has carried out a preliminary exploration of the first 450m of the cave, though it is estimated that this is equivalent to just a third of its full length.\nAccording to INAH, Balamku signifies “Jaguar God,” a reference to the divine nature the ancient Mayas attributed to that feline, which, they believed, was capable of entering and leaving the underworld at will.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cherchezlafemmeensemble.com/programs", "date": "2022-09-28T05:17:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00004.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9533647894859314, "token_count": 205, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__256114392", "lang": "en", "text": "We perform, present and educate through concerts, lectures and workshops. We tailor our presentations to each specific event. Here are three specific programs that we are currently offering:\nForbidden Music: Women Composers Banned by the Nazis\nMore than anything or anyone, the Nazis permanently altered the trajectory of music history in 20th century Europe. Join us as we examine the lives and music of women composers dramatically effected by the events of World War II.\nMusica Classica Nueva de Latinas\nIlluminated by the rich diversity of Latin America, this exploration celebrates the 21st century classical music of women composers from Argentina, Columbia, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Peru.\nNuns, Nobility and Non-Conformists\nUntil recently, most middle-class and well-to-do women were expected to abandon careers once the were married. Meet the women of centuries past, who defied convention and became composers and musicians despite societal expectations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://hotelmarschallduroc.de/en/hotel/geschichte.html", "date": "2021-04-18T20:01:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038860318.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418194009-20210418224009-00325.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9687501788139343, "token_count": 331, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__93241356", "lang": "en", "text": "The Marschall Duroc - a Hotel in a historical environment\n„Goodbye, my friend“, Napoleon was quoted to say, when he left his dear friend Grand Marshal Géraud Christophe Michel Duroc. On the 22th of may his loyal mate was injured during a battle at the “Horterberg” at the edge of Görlitz. The next day he died from his injuries in a farm house in Markersdorf, which is next to Görlitz. Napoleon bought this property to raise a monument of his Grand Marshal.\nAfter the victorious battle of Bautzen, Napoleons troops pushed the Prussian and Russian troops back. The enemy was hiding in the “cannon Bush” between Reichenbach and Markersdorf.\nIn the Hotel Marschall Duroc not only the name is historical. In the lobby you will find a portrait of Duroc, which was painted by Günther Hain. A painting in the restaurant shows the Grand Marschall laying on the ground struck by a bullet. Those dramatic events from 1813 are described on the informational board next to the painting.\nIt was told that Duroc was very educated and wealthy. Napoleon was influenced in his decision by the diplomatic skill of the Grand Marshall. Because of his ambulant merits Durocs name is written in the 15thcolumn in the triumphal arch in Paris. He found his final resting place in the “Dôme des Invalides” in Paris.\nSource of historical information: Ratsarchiv Görlitz", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://water-fountains-for-garde39371.fitnell.com/16834019/how-did-the-anasazi-adapt-for-their-ecosystem", "date": "2018-12-17T19:37:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829115.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217183905-20181217205905-00395.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.962269127368927, "token_count": 778, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__26525323", "lang": "en", "text": "All-around 100 A.D., the Anasazi lived on a substantial plateau in an area that is certainly completely different from the rest of the Southwest. Called the Colorado Plateau, this huge mountainous area encompasses the U.S. 4 Corners including the other areas of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico and Colorado.\nThroughout their heritage of all over 1000 a long time, the Anasazi learned to implement and adapt their distinctive natural environment in addition to the encompassing purely natural sources so as to live and survive. They also realized how to alter their natural environment and develop systems as means for survival.\nMaking use of Normal Methods\nOver the Basketmaker Period of time (one-750 A.D.), the early Anasazi built pit houses by digging shallow depressions (pits) in the bottom. These pit properties are protected that has a canopy of brush and mud.\nThe grasses have been used to make baskets which functioned as storage and carrying containers. Some of these baskets were woven tight that allowed them to hold water.\nAltering The Atmosphere\nIn the beginning, the Anasazi farmed and lifted corn, squash, and later on beans on little plots of land. They utilized the ways of dry farming and some flood irrigation.\nThe Anasazi realized to settle down in a single spot upon the introduction of corn to be a farming crop. They continued to hunt and Collect wild crops and animals although looking forward to the crops to become All set for harvest. For over several hundred yrs, their agricultural expertise arrived at an advanced stage which authorized them to Reside and maintain them selves although dwelling permanently within their villages.\nLater on, the Anasazi crafted greater villages which have more storage bins to be able to support the amplified yields of corn. This boost suggests how the Anasazi were being able to enhance their farming procedures. Moreover, they had efficiently expanded their buying and selling array.\nIn five hundred A.D., the Anasazi cultivated beans which happen to be the primary source of protein. Berries, yucca fruit, pinion nuts and wild sport nevertheless manufactured up the most part of their diet regime. To health supplement their food stuff resource, the Anasazi cultivated selected crops for instance squash and crops.\nIt was during the latter part of the Basketmakers Interval if the Anasazi had made noteworthy improvements in engineering. They produced clay pottery, domesticated turkeys, used enhanced techniques in farming such as more info flood irrigation, adopted the usage of the bow and arrow, and stored food items in storage bins.\nThe storage bins or containers became really valuable for maintaining surplus meals. The Anasazi acquired undertaking simple gray pottery and in some cases black on white pottery as a way to create their storage bins.\nAll around 750 A.D., Chaco Canyon turned inhabited by an elite group of Ancestral Puebloans. Among 800-a thousand A.D., this team spread across just about every arable acre that made up the San Juan Basin. In a duration of two generations, they constructed an elaborate trail and street process which authorized them to connect to the outlying villages. Whilst they created much more than 400 miles of mapped out highway methods, there was no existing evidence that indicated their use in the wheel.\nThe Anasazi’s engineering capabilities is often seen in the development of Pueblo Bonito, probably the most renowned of the great houses in Chaco Canyon. It experienced seven-hundred or maybe more rooms, 37 relatives kivas, and a pair of Local community kivas. Covering an area of over four acres, it’s evident that making Pueblo Bonito essential skillful architectural engineering capabilities the Anasazi experienced come to be recognized for.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://nics.edu.pk/2017/08/14/independence-day/", "date": "2021-10-24T15:53:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00077.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9578970670700073, "token_count": 236, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__102242337", "lang": "en", "text": "Independence Day (Urdu: یوم آزادی; Yaum-e Āzādī), observed annually on 14 August, following its first observance on that day in 1947 (the day before the partition of India officially took effect), is a national holiday in Pakistan. It commemorates the occasion of Pakistan’s creation and was declared a sovereign nation following the partition of India on 15 August 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement which aimed for the creation of a separate Muslim state by partition of the north-western and north-eastern regions of undivided India. The movement was led by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This was facilitated by the British parliament passing the Indian Independence Act 1947, thereby giving recognition to the new Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan) which comprised West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). In the Islamic calendar, the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27, the eve of which, being Laylat al-Qadr, is regarded as sacred by Muslims.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://movie123.in/bhuj-the-pride-of-india-2021/", "date": "2022-06-28T00:29:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103344783.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627225823-20220628015823-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9494350552558899, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__136149455", "lang": "en", "text": "The greatest battle ever fought\nDuring the 1971 Indo-Pak war, the IAF airstrip at Bhuj was destroyed in combat. Subsequently, 300 local women led by IAF squadron leader Vijay Karnik heroically toiled day in and day out to reconstruct the airbase. This act of resilience was a pivotal moment which not only boosted the morale of the country, but also helped us win the war. The film is a tribute to the unparalleled bravado displayed not only by IAF, but the civilians as well.\nSet in the backdrop of the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, the film tells the story of the IAF Squadron Leader Vijay Karnik, and his bravery, patriotism and determination.\nDirector: Abhishek Dudhaiya\nRelease: 08/13/2021 (IN)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.crossplainslibrary.com/genealogy-local-history/genealogy-local-history-resources/", "date": "2016-02-13T10:44:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166570.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00051-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9116858243942261, "token_count": 277, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__137720279", "lang": "en", "text": "Genealogy & Local History Resources\nHow to get started doing genealogy:\nThe library owns a number of “how to” books to aid the beginning researcher in uncovering his past. In addition there are books on dating photographs, and even scrapbooking your family tree.\nNewspapers on Microfilm\nThe Baird & Callahan County Star 1888-1935; Cross Plains Review beginning in 1911\nLocal county histories are an invaluable source for genealogists. They not only relate names but events surrounding our ancestors. We have histories on Texas counties such as Andrews, Eastland, McCulloch, Coleman, Brown, Runnels, Callahan and the community of May, Texas. We are especially pleased to have recently acquired the two volume set of Coleman County Histories. We also have some out of state county histories, such as Anne Arundel & Howard County Missouri and Stafford County, Virginia.\nCallahan County Marriage Records from the beginning of the county to 1966 and Cemetery Records for Callahan, Brown & Eastland Counties\nSome of the other resources available:\nSeveral volumes of the Robertson’s Colony Papers\nIndian Depredations in Texas\nNumerous Civil War histories.\nEarly Tennessee Records of various kinds\nSearch the online catalog using the keyword “genealogy” for a complete list of genealogy books.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bfsurveys.com.au/v3/About/CFBennett.asp", "date": "2020-04-06T17:06:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00111.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9622113704681396, "token_count": 786, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__32225307", "lang": "en", "text": "Cyril Fryar Bennett (Licensed Surveyor)\n1883 - 1962\nCyril Fryar Bennett 1883 - 1962, born at Coorparoo,\nyoungest son of James S. Bennett secretary of the Land\nCouncil, Department of Lands, Queensland. Grandson of Sir\nWilliam Fryar, Surveyor. Bennetts Road, Fryar Street, Ethel\nStreet, Cyril Street are named after the family and the\noriginal home is still there. Obtained a senior pass and\nUniversity matriculation from Brisbane Grammar School and\nas he was asthmatic his father believed a dry climate would\nbe beneficial and arranged for him to be articled to Staff\nSurveyor/Shield in the Clermont district where he remained\nfor three years. Upon returning to Brisbane he obtained a\nposition in the Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage\nBoard as a cadet draftsman surveyor and studied for the\nsurveyors board examination which he passed with credit\nand was registered as an Authorised Surveyor in 1917.\nDuring that time he surveyed the route for the\nsewerage main from Hamilton to Luggage Point\nwhich is still operative today.\nHe was retrenched and with the support of a\nfamily friend, Skipper Love of Isles Love, he was\nset up with a table and chair on the first floor of\ntheir auction room, which was located in Adelaide\nStreet, at the present site of Post Office Square.\nHis first job was a Girls Guide site at (Cleveland\nCapalaba Victoria Point see modern map). He was\nmet at the Camp Hill tram terminus by the land\nowner with horse and dray and he shared the\nsurvey fee with his chainman.\nThe real work was subdividing Nestles Farms at\nToogoolawah for which Isles Love were the selling\nagents and was a considerable amount of survey\nwork that continued for some years.\nHe developed a very personal survey practice due\nto growing up and being educated in Brisbane and\nconcentrated on connections with solicitors,\narchitects, engineers, real estate agents, banks,\ncommercial and industrial land owners.\nHe was one of the two surveyors who survived in\npractice in Brisbane through the 1929-30\ndepression years. At one stage he surveyed farms\nat Stanthorpe, bought a home and operated two\nfield parties on a profit share basis.\nAbout 1938 he surveyed the residential\nresumptions for the approaches to the Story\nBridge for the Co-ordinator General. The Titles\nOffice did not have sufficient staff to examine and\nregister the plans within the prescribed time. CF\nBennett was asked to do the work, which at his\nrequest and by special arrangement, was done at\nHe was the part time lecturer in surveying in the\nfaculty of engineering of the University of\nQueensland during the time of Professor Hawkins,\nFellow of the Institution of Surveyors.\nHe was President of the Queensland Institution of\nSurveyors from 1931 to 1939, Director and\nSergeant at Arms, Rotary Club of Brisbane for\nmany years and a Director of Brisbane\nCrematorium Limited. Always a keen student of\nliterature he was an eloquent public speaker,\nloved Shakespeare, Gilbert and Sullivan and\npoetry. He had a gentle manner and a keen sense\nof humour. A man of strong character, proud of his\nprofession, dedicated to a high standard, often\n\"speed and accuracy\" ... or ... \"hallmark of quality\"\nHe was a frugal and shrewd business man and at\nthe same time of compassionate and generous\nIn 1958, he formed a partnership with\nRobin Tremlett Francis.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.zoprent.com/blog/category/bangalore/", "date": "2020-02-22T13:56:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145676.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222115524-20200222145524-00003.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9558042287826538, "token_count": 810, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__66741670", "lang": "en", "text": "Most people address Bangalore as an IT or the pub capital of India, but only a few know about its cultural significance and several historical landmarks. The city has been the main center of political activities for the great empires in Southern India. Many great kings of the past, from time to time gave this city huge importance and left many awe-inspiring architectural monuments as their legacy.\nThe city is home to some of the most beautiful art galleries, museums, monuments, temples that host intricate designs and amazing architecture. The city promises to deliver the best experience to all the travelers or tourists out there. Tourists or Visitors can hire a self drive car in Bangalore to travel around the Historic places.To help you maneuver amongst the places, we have compiled a list of some of the best historical places to visit if you’re a history buff or someone who likes to dig deep into something.\nTop 5 Historical Places in Bangalore\nThe name speaks for itself, as this place is exquisite and grand like those in fairy tales. The place is located amongst the bustling corner of the city and has become a beacon of tradition. The place has been left untouched by the modernization and will give you the old school vibes. The palace is the replica of royal British home located in Berkshire and renders a peaceful vibe all throughout. Today, the palace is known for extravagant parties and its spaces are open for a number of public events. The gothic windows, towering turrets among others are something to look forward to. If you can’t resist but delve deep into history, then this is something meant for you.\nNational gallery of modern art\nA big shout out to all the art lovers out there, the national gallery of modern art is here to give you some deep inspiration. Located on the palace road, the museum is nothing but extraordinary, all thanks to its offerings. The place is housed in a colonial mansion complemented with a garden setting which also has two interconnected wings. You can witness some of the finest pieces of artwork, right from the early 18th century to the pre-independence period. The museum also features some of the works of modern and contemporary artists. There’s also a cafe on the premises of the museum to fill your hunger pangs.\nTipu Sultan palace and fort’s\nIf you’re a tab bit familiar with the Indian history, you must have heard the name Tipu Sultan. The great king of the past has left not only epic stories but also some extraordinary infrastructures in his memories. The fort is situated near Bangalore fort area, amidst the awe-inspiring nature. The fort of completed in 1791, and still showcases the greatness of Tipu Sultan in its architecture. You can visit the palace at any time between 8:30 am until 5:30 am.\nLalbagh Botanical Garden\nThe expansive garden was a private Mughal garden in its early life which went onto become the most beautiful garden space in Bangalore. Established by Haider Ali and later extended by Tipu Sultan, the garden drips history lessons in every corner and renders some serious Insta worthy pictures. The garden is spanned over 240 acres of land and its name has been derived from the red roses that bloom throughout the year. The area of focus in the garden is its majestic glasshouse, which was built with the purpose of commemorating the visit of the son of Wale’s king.\nThe park occupies nearly 300 acres of land in the Bangalore’s business district and is a popular place for morning walkers, joggers etc. You can hang out with your friends in the vicinity of the garden and infuse a sense of nonchalance in your life. The place can also be a perfect way to escape the monotonous routine of life and relax in the tranquility of nature for some time.\nThe city of Bangalore is a gorgeous mix of past and present, which is a delight for all the travelers out there.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://salient-points.blogspot.com/", "date": "2014-03-08T22:32:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999665814/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060745-00055-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9576018452644348, "token_count": 183, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-10__0__197175596", "lang": "en", "text": "|Battle of Fort Henry|\n|General A. S. Johnston|\n|General C. F. Smith|\nGott concludes that the Union victory or Confederate defeat was the critical turning point in the war. He says the victory gave \"the nation and the world confident assurance of the United States' ability to restore the national union.\" The triumph \"lifted the spirits of the nation\" and \"showed that the nine months of continuous drilling and disciplining of troops and preparing them for war were not spent in vain.\" Gott also raises the question of how Johnston's army might have done at Shiloh. \"One can only speculate upon the outcome of that battle, and indeed the war, had the bulk of the 21,000 soldiers of Fort Donelson also been present [at Shiloh].\"\nFor additional comments on the this campaign, please see THE Turning Point of the Civil War.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.exp-nagoya.jp/eng/blog/achim-takayama.html", "date": "2022-06-29T22:05:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00432.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9401349425315857, "token_count": 1170, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__31737821", "lang": "en", "text": "Exploring Takayama’s historical Old Town area\nAccording to the tourist information website, Takayama, which gained importance\nas a source of quality timber and masterful carpenters during the feudal ages,\ncame under direct control of the daimyo and consequently enjoyed quite a bit of\nprosperity despite its remote mountain location. Because it was so well-preserved\nand exudes a unique historical charm, it is now a popular destination for tourists\ncoming from near and far.\nExploring the town\nDressed in the traditional Yukata, I headed off to explore the historical buildings,\narts crafts, and of course food of the old town. The beautiful mountains in the\ndistance provided a picturesque backdrop to the historical scenery in front of me,\nwhile I was walking towards said area.\nSpeaking of scenery, I noticed many people looking at me quite peculiarly. Walking\nthrough the area, I realized that, no, I wasn’t the only non-Japanese here - there\nwere, in fact, quite a few foreigners, but I was the only one wearing a Yukata.\nIt definitely felt special being able to wear such traditional clothing in a historical\ntown in Japan. Though, if you do decide to don the Yukata, make sure to choose\nthe right “Getta” (wooden sandals). It didn’t take long for them to wear away the\nskin on the side of my foot, which made walking quite painful indeed\nSo, either wear socks with them, or opt for the lighter, more comfortable variant.\nThese “shoes” are definitely not meant for walking long distances. It was around\nmid-day at this point, and getting quite hot, so I stopped by an ice-cream and\ndrinks shop for a quick green tea refreshment.\nThe green tea drink was refreshing indeed, and just what I needed at that point.\nReady to face the heat and eager to explore the town more, I thanked the store’s\nclerk for her great tips about Takayama and was off again.\nThe quaint old town has a certain allure that’s hard to put into concrete words.\nThere’s an air of ancient history mixed with contemporary charm here.\nMany ancient houses have been converted to shops and restaurants. Amidst the\ntourist attractions are museums, showcasing artifacts and historical documents\npreserved in order to teach people about the vast history in this area. I stopped by\na few places to investigate the history and take photos.\nOld crafts were also on display at this museum\nThere are several areas to explore in Takayama, and the old streets, along with the\nplethora of shops to explore will certainly draw you in and can be enjoyed by both\nold and young alike.\nAfter that, I had some really good Hamburger / cheeseburger and fries.... kidding,\nof course not! When in Rome, as they say, do as the Romans do. Well, Japan is\nquite far from Italy, but trying some local specialties should be part of any cultural\ntrip no matter where you are, so I indulged in Takayama’s renowned steamed buns\nwith the world-famous Hida Beef inside.\nDelectable doesn’t even begin to describe the culinary delight I was experiencing\nafter the second bite (had to get through the thick bun first). Seriously, if you find\nyourself in this town, don’t skip these!\nOf course, dessert can’t be left out and luckily I found a great ice-cream shop that\nspecializes in Green Tea soft-serve ice cream to finish off the this interesting day.\nTakayama, with its old-world history and modern charm is really a great place to\nspend a day. Whether you’re after scenery, cultural experiences, history, food, or\njust meeting some truly friendly people, you can find something special here.\nSo, should you find yourself in Japan, don’t skip this enjoyable experience in the\nheart of Japan.\nHere is more information about a special ticket called\nTakayama Noritsugi Ticket\nAnd here’s more information about Takayama\n↓↓For more information or to purchase, click here! ↓↓\nSHORYUDO Bus Pass－ Takayama, Shirakawago, Kanazawa－", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hamlinfistula.org/our-hospital/history.html", "date": "2015-01-31T06:59:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122108378.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175508-00125-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9734393954277039, "token_count": 633, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-06__0__554213", "lang": "en", "text": "The Doctors Hamlin\nIn 1959 Dr. Reginald Hamlin, a New Zealander, and Dr. Catherine Hamlin, née Nicholson, an Australian, both obstetrician/gynaecologists, came to Addis Ababa in reply to an advertisement in the Lancet Medical Journal. There was a need for a Midwifery School and Dr. Reginald Hamlin, previously a teacher, found that the prospect of teaching midwives appealed to him.\nHowever, what faced them upon arrival at the Princess Tsehay Hospital made them realise that they would not be doing much midwifery training due to the sheer number of patients needing their help at the hospital. They did however train four midwives!\nThe silent shame\nDoctors Reg and Catherine Hamlin in the early days at the Princess Tsehay Hospital\nOn the evening of their arrival, as the Hamlins were settling into their new home, a fellow gynaecologist came to visit them and told them that “the fistula patients will break your hearts.” The Hamlins had never seen an obstetric fistula before. “To us they were an academic rarity,” Catherine recalls in her book, The Hospital by the River.\nBefore the Hamlins came to Addis Ababa, there was little treatment available for fistula victims. Most such injured women – and there were thousands – had suffered in silence for years.\nDrs. Reginald and Catherine Hamlin studied what they could from the original fistula surgeons who had operated in the mid 1850’s and from doctors who were still operating in places such as Egypt. Obstetric fistula had been virtually eradicated in the United States in 1895 and the first fistula hospital closed its doors in New York City in 1925. The Hamlins refined the surgical technique to close obstetric fistulae, while continuing to treat a broad range of obstetric cases. In their first year in Ethiopia, the Hamlins treated 30 fistula patients.\nThe founding of a hospital\nThrough first hand experience, the Hamlins quickly became aware of the suffering endured by women with fistulae. Fistula victims are usually shunned so severely due to their odour that even other patients refuse to be near them. Drs. Reginald and Catherine Hamlin knew the fistula women deserved a hospital of their own. The Hamlins worked for more than a decade to establish a fistula hospital, even through a military coup when most foreigners fled Ethiopia. Finally, in 1974, the Hamlins opened the doors of the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital. It remains the only medical centre in the world dedicated exclusively to fistula repair.\nDr. Reginald Hamlin worked diligently at the Fistula Hospital until his death in 1993. Dr. Catherine Hamlin has been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize, and the list of her humanitarian awards is impressive. She can still be found seeing new patients in outpatients, checking the sick ones on the wards or performing the delicate fistula repair surgery she pioneered more than 40 years ago.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/one/video/video08-boggs.html", "date": "2020-08-03T13:02:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735810.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200803111838-20200803141838-00071.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9884579181671143, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__166104873", "lang": "en", "text": "Elizabeth Boggs: JFK\nElizabeth Boggs: \"Some of us knew in 1960, that John Kennedy had a mentally retarded sister, we also knew that the family didn't wish that to be mentioned. We were not entirely prepared for the favorable developments that subsequently occurred. His sister, Eunice Shriver, suggested to the president that he appoint a president's panel. The panel was appointed in the fall of 1961, as a result of the report which was filed with the president in fall of 1962. Two pieces of legislature were drafted and put through the legislative process and signed by President Kennedy in October 1963. Public law 88-156 expanded some of the activities of the children's bureau and the internal and child health program, but also provided money to the states for comprehensive planning in mental retardation.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://nieuwehollandsewaterlinie.nl/en/forten/geofort-and-fort-asperen/", "date": "2023-03-20T21:35:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943562.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320211022-20230321001022-00687.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.940614640712738, "token_count": 251, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__105631247", "lang": "en", "text": "GeoFort and Fort Asperen\nAt the banks of the river Linge, south of Leerdam and between the meadows and fruit trees, you can find both Fort Asperen and the GeoFort.\nThis exciting island is known as GeoFort which was awarded ‘best children’s museum of the world’ in 2016. Everything on display here is about maps and navigation. It is an exciting experience, for both young and old. A true paradise to play in, with its Geo Experience, the escape room and a maze. Enjoy its surroundings too, and have a choice of great snacks and drinks at the terrace.\nFort Asperen is a hub of cycling and walking routes near Asperen on the river Linge. The beatifully designed and restored roof construction as well as the tower and the Tevern’s interior are more than worth a visit. From the terrace, visitors can enjoy a great view of the tower fort and the canals.\nNieuwe Steeg 74\n4171 KG Herwijnen\n4151 BR Acquoy", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.bristolrefugeefestival.org/event/eritrea-in-the-news-photo-exhibition/", "date": "2020-04-08T16:16:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00248.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9539627432823181, "token_count": 141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__97749100", "lang": "en", "text": "- This event has passed.\nEritrea in the News: Photo Exhibition\nJune 24, 2019 - June 28, 2019\nEritreans – although not at war – have fled their country in their thousands. They sought refuge in neighbouring states or drowned in the Mediterranean in an attempt to reach sanctuary in Europe. Today there is a glimmer of hope. Ethiopia reached out to Eritrea. Their leaders have met and there is the prospect of reconciliation. Yet Eritreans, still long for true freedom. This timely exhibition traces how this tragedy came about and includes rare photographs – some shown for the first time.\nFor more info see: https://eritrea-focus.org/", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lindseyhansenguide.com/post/virtual-visit-notre-dame-de-paris-part-1-a-gothic-architecture-primer", "date": "2024-02-22T17:06:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222161802-20240222191802-00164.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9228817224502563, "token_count": 298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__27303750", "lang": "en", "text": "Today, we're beginning a three-part virtual visit series treating Gothic architecture and Notre-Dame de Paris. This suite of visits is specially designed to coincide with the one year anniversary of the tragic fire at the cathedral on April 15, 2019. Over the course of these visits, we'll learn about the foundations of Gothic architecture, the history of Notre-Dame specifically, how the cathedral survived the fire, and what we might expect from the restorations in the future.\nThis first visit is pretty information intensive, but it's intended to be a \"primer\" that will set the stage for our \"deep dive\" into Paris' cathedral next week. It'll set you up with all the terminology you need to understand the architectural history of the cathedral, and will give you some more general tips and tricks for identifying Gothic architecture more broadly speaking. You should come away from this virtual visit with an understanding of what makes the Gothic, Gothic (a skill that will be useful for any traveler passing through Europe!).\nOur usual reminder: the primary venue for this content is the stories feature on my Instagram page. All of the virtual visits will be saved in my story highlights. The purpose of the blog posts is to allow a greater audience (especially those without social media accounts) to benefit from the same content.\nNow, let's learn to identify Gothic architecture!\nSee you back here on Monday for our extended look at the history of Notre-Dame de Paris!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.riverbasindistillery.com/story", "date": "2021-08-01T17:41:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801154943-20210801184943-00582.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9424948692321777, "token_count": 217, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__189095328", "lang": "en", "text": "- ABOUT US -\nRiver Basin Rye brings the history of American whiskey full circle. In the 19th century, New Orleans was the whiskey drinking capital of the nation. Distillers from Tennessee to Pennsylvania shipped their whiskey in oak barrels down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. During this journey, the clear unaged whiskey took on the flavors and color of the wood. When this “oak aged” whiskey was poured in saloons up and down Bourbon Street, it was of amber color with a distinctive woody taste. Thus, the process of aging American whiskey in oak barrels was born.\nRiver Basin Distillery follows this time-honored American heritage. Located where the Mississippi River bends to form the Crescent City, we source our whiskeys from “up the river” just as it was done 200 years ago.\nRiver Basin Rye is a distinctive blend of 95% rye mash aged in new American white oak barrels to produce a rich whiskey that embodies the fiery spirit of the French Quarter with a Big Easy finish of vanilla, cinnamon, caramel and clove.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.techybloging.net/exploring-the-evolution-of-hardware-past-present-and-future/.html", "date": "2024-02-24T16:09:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474541.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224144416-20240224174416-00654.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9308540225028992, "token_count": 907, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__3278427", "lang": "en", "text": "Hardware has played a pivotal role in shaping the world we live in today, from the invention of the wheel to the development of modern computers. Over the years, hardware has undergone a remarkable evolution, constantly pushing the boundaries of technological advancement. In this essay, we will delve into the past, present, and future of hardware, exploring the key milestones and innovations that have defined each era. From the early mechanical inventions to the rise of digital computing, and now the exciting prospects of quantum computing and artificial intelligence, we will trace the remarkable journey of hardware and its potential to revolutionize our lives in the future.\nExploring the Evolution of Hardware: Past, Present, and Future\nHardware, the physical components of a computer system, has come a long way since its inception. From the early days of bulky mainframes to the sleek and powerful devices we use today, hardware has evolved at an astonishing rate. This article takes a deep dive into the past, present, and future of hardware, examining the significant milestones and innovations that have shaped the technology landscape.\nPast: The Birth of Hardware\nThe roots of hardware can be traced back to the 19th century. The first mechanical computers, such as Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, laid the groundwork for what would become modern computing. These machines relied on gears, levers, and other mechanical components to perform calculations.\nHowever, it was not until the mid-20th century that electronic hardware began to take shape. The development of the transistor in the late 1940s revolutionized the field, allowing for the miniaturization of electronic components and the birth of the first electronic computers. These early computers, such as the ENIAC and UNIVAC, were massive and consumed significant amounts of power.\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the introduction of integrated circuits, or microchips, which brought further advancements in hardware technology. These microchips allowed for the integration of multiple transistors onto a single chip, resulting in smaller, faster, and more efficient computers. This era also witnessed the birth of the personal computer, with companies like Apple and IBM leading the way.\nPresent: The Age of Mobility and Connectivity\nIn recent decades, hardware has undergone a significant transformation, driven by the increasing demand for mobility and connectivity. The advent of smartphones and tablets has revolutionized the way we interact with technology. These devices pack immense computing power into pocket-sized packages, making them accessible to a vast majority of the population.\nAlongside mobile devices, the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought hardware into our everyday lives in previously unimaginable ways. From smart home devices to wearable technology, hardware is now seamlessly integrated into our homes, workplaces, and even our bodies. This interconnectedness has created a world where hardware is no longer limited to traditional computing devices but extends to a wide range of everyday objects.\nFurthermore, advancements in hardware have paved the way for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and autonomous vehicles. These technologies rely on powerful hardware components like graphic processing units (GPUs) and specialized chips to deliver immersive experiences and intelligent systems.\nFuture: The Path Ahead\nLooking ahead, the future of hardware holds even more exciting possibilities. One of the key areas of focus is the development of quantum computing. Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Although still in its early stages, quantum hardware promises to revolutionize fields like cryptography, drug discovery, and optimization.\nAdditionally, the demand for more energy-efficient and sustainable hardware solutions is growing rapidly. With concerns about climate change and energy consumption, hardware manufacturers are exploring ways to reduce power consumption, improve recyclability, and utilize renewable materials. This focus on sustainable hardware is crucial to ensure a greener and more sustainable future.\nAnother area of interest is neuromorphic computing, which aims to mimic the structure and function of the human brain. By leveraging hardware that mimics the brain’s neural networks, neuromorphic computing has the potential to revolutionize AI, enabling faster and more efficient processing of complex data.\nIn conclusion, the evolution of hardware has been a remarkable journey. From the mechanical computers of the past to the powerful and interconnected devices we have today, hardware has continuously pushed the boundaries of what is possible. As we move into the future, the development of quantum computing, sustainable hardware, and neuromorphic computing promises to shape the technology landscape in unprecedented ways.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.oldwhiskersbait.com/", "date": "2016-08-25T23:50:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982294883.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195814-00121-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9675508737564087, "token_count": 362, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-36__0__15707947", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to Old Whiskers Catfish Baits… Designed and Tested by Catfishermen for Catfishermen\nOur products are designed and tested by catfishermen for catfishermen. Whether you prefer to fish with Dough Bait or Dip Bait, we have the perfect bait for you.\nOld Whiskers was first developed in Burlington, Iowa by Paul Mower and Harry Herman back in 1952. As long-time fishing buddies, they experimented with different recipes and formulas before deciding which one suited them best. Once decided, they began making small batches of Catfish bait and selling it locally.\nAs years went by, word spread about its results, and more and more bait shops began to stock it. By 1974, Old Whiskers was available from as far south as Pevely, Missouri and as far north as Dubuque, Iowa along the Mississippi River.\nAbout that time, Paul and Harry decided to retire from making bait and go back to just fishing. They sold the business to Rose’s Bait & Tackle in West Burlington, Iowa, where the bait continued to be made until Rose’s Bait and Tackle added additional product lines. In 1971, Rose’s began offering a soft plastic worm for the dip baits as an alternative to sponge hooks, which were prevalent at that time.\nIn 1996, the Rose family sold their retail and wholesale bait shop, and son Harold moved the manufacturing operation to O’Fallon, Illinois ( just east of St. Louis, MO), where it continues to operate to this day.\nThe worms and other catfishing related tackle items are top quality – designed to be used by serious fishermen. Compare the durability of our plastic worms with any on the market!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.britishcouncil.ca/our-shared-past", "date": "2022-01-20T08:24:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301730.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220120065949-20220120095949-00705.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9281500577926636, "token_count": 667, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__12906657", "lang": "en", "text": "A World History Perspective\n‘Involvement and suffering in the First World War were global, going far beyond the Western Front, and many people around the world grapple with the legacy of both the conflict and the peace that followed it to this day. We should therefore remember the world as well as the war; all those involved, all the contributions, all the experiences. All the trauma, and the lasting legacy.’\nRemember the World as well as the War – British Council\nThe Victoria Cross was - and remains to the present day - the highest British military award for gallantry, awarded for \"most conspicuous bravery, a daring or pre-eminent act of valour, self-sacrifice or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy\".\n70 Canadian servicemen were awarded the Victoria Cross during The Great War.\nThe decoration is in the form of a bronze cross patée bearing the royal crest and the words \"For Valour.\"\nBritish High Commission and the British Council invite you to participate in a competition that seeks to pay homage to the valiant contributions of the World War I recipients of this prestigious award using the moving image to chronicle your stories.\nHOW TO ENTER\nWe want to see your depiction of the inspiring stories behind the medal and/or its recipients using visuals instead of words. Submit an original short film or animation that\n- relates a story of a Victoria Cross recipient or\n- of the Victoria Cross medal\nThe story can be about a Victoria Cross recipient narrating the heroic feats that awarded them this honor. It can also be an interpretation of the Victoria Cross medal, its history and significance with a focus on WW1.\nIf you want to learn more about the Victoria Cross recipients and its history, follow our Facebook page! We will provide you with valuable content to help you in your artistic endeavor!\nDEADLINE: 15 APRIL 2015\nFor queries, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org\nTerms and Conditions\n- The competition is open to all Canadian residents18 years of age or above.\n- The closing date for receipt of all entries is 30 April, 2015.\n- By entering the Competition, the submitting contestant agrees to allow the British Council to reuse their entries in any promotional materials for a period of up to three years after entering the contest.\n- Each contestant can enter a maximum of one entry for this competition.\n- The contestant submitting the film for the competition will be the person selected as the winner. Therefore the prize cannot be automatically transferred to a colleague or a collaborator.\n- The maximum duration of the film or animation should be 4 minutes.\n- Upload your video submission to YouTube or Vimeo, and then send the link to email@example.com.\n- Judging Criteria:\na.Creativity and Originality of the concept\nb.Relevance and Focus on the topic\n- The prize includes a trip to London: 2-day visit to a reputable Film institution, 1-day visit to the British Council offices in London and 2 days for leisure.\n- The winning entry will be announced via email in May 2015.\n- The trip will be scheduled for June 2015.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.slightlyscarlett.com/2016/11/09/the-breathtaking-bridal-gowns-of-early-1920s-aristocracy-and-royalty/", "date": "2019-01-18T07:51:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659944.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118070121-20190118092121-00216.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9361730813980103, "token_count": 554, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__197712497", "lang": "en", "text": "The early 20’s bridal attire of the British aristocracy was heavily influential, and set the universal tone for the wedding garments of brides-to-be in Europe and America, extending even to designs of floral bouquets. Needless to say, these beautiful wedding gowns and accessories spared no expense, resulting in a feast for the eyes, even as the fads and trends have changed almost 100 years later.\nAs for bridal trends of the era, veils remained longer than floor-length, and skirt lengths got shorter, typically ending around the ankles. Satins were in style, with lace trims and exquisite beading.\nOne of the most famous dresses from the era is that of the Queen Mother. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon married Prince Albert, Duke of York, in 1923. Her gown was created by Madame Handley Seymour and featured a drop waist silhouette. The hem just barely touched the floor. The gown was made of crepe and featured extensive silver embroidery and pearl embellishments.\nPrincess Maud, Countess of Southesk married Charles, Lord Carnegie in 1923. This stunning gown, along with the veil and headdress, features heavy amounts of beading.\nPrincess Mary, daughter of George V, married in 1922, and wore an exquisitely detailed dress of ivory silk with handwoven metallic silver netting. The enormous diamond and pearl pendant she is wearing was a wedding gift from the groom, Viscount Lascelles.\nThe bridal attire of Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma might seem simple compared to the other gowns listed above, however the 1922 gown and accessories are breathtakingly beautiful nonetheless. The silk satin and simple drop waist silhouette are very on-trend for the early 20’s, and you’ll notice that the hem here is slightly shorter than the other gowns, being several inches above the floor at ankle length. The lace train adds extra feminine detail, and the simple sheath bouquet (this type of bouquet being very common in the early 20’s) compliments the ensemble perfectly.\nPersonally speaking, I’d love to see a resurgence in this bridal style. The silhouette allows the full front of the gown to be like a blank canvas for a wide variety of ornate embellishments, and I can’t get enough of the headdresses, vastly different from the simple one or two-tiered veils fastened with a comb popular with today’s brides. Something about these early 20’s bridal ensembles just oozes luxury without being distasteful in the least.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dawson8a.com/2020/05/dawson-donates-5000-for-stewardship-of-hakipuu-loi-kalo/", "date": "2020-09-29T21:34:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402088830.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929190110-20200929220110-00720.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9036944508552551, "token_count": 352, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__267546384", "lang": "en", "text": "We’re excited to share that DAWSON is part of a Hawaii community movement to support the perpetual conservation of Hakipu‘u Lo‘i Kalo. These kalo (taro) patches on O‘ahu’s windward side have been in cultivation for centuries and carry forward a vital Native Hawaiian cultural legacy. We recently donated $5,000 in seed funding to support nonprofit Hō‘ala ‘Āina Kūpono in their initial stewardship and educational programming at the lo‘i. Mahalo to Hawaiian Islands Land Trust, The Trust For Public Land, Hō‘ala ‘Āina Kūpono, Hakipu‘u families, and numerous community donors, all of whom laid the groundwork and raised the funds to place this land in conservation for future generations.\nLocated on the Hawaiian island of O‘ahu in Kahana Valley, the Hakipu‘u Lo‘i Kalo is a 1.5 acre parcel of land adjacent to Moli‘i fishpond and Kāne‘ohe Bay and will be cared for by Hō‘ala ‘Āina Kūpono in partnership with ancestral descendants of the land. This area of Hakipu‘u has cultural significance as the home of the navigator Kaha‘i. This storied voyaging lineage has been recognized by sailing vessels for centuries; in modern times, Hakipu‘u was the first launching point of Hōkūle‘a in 1975 and was also the launching point for the canoe’s Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage in 2012.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://avaalexanderjewelry.com/index.php/2017-04-26-15-41-10/birthstones/18-a-brief-history-of-birthstones-2", "date": "2018-09-25T20:52:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267162385.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925202648-20180925223048-00073.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9669013023376465, "token_count": 582, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__58693063", "lang": "en", "text": "Lovers of fine jewelry often use Birthstones as seasonal guidelines and sources of inspiration. (See Birthstones By Month.) Without knowing the history behind them, one might find the concept just a little arbitrary. However, there is actually a fair bit of a story here. Indulge me, and I’ll tell you all you never knew about Birthstones.\nThe tradition of Birthstones can be traced all the way back to biblical times. There was a unique breastplate worn by Aaron, the brother of Moses, which was lined with “4 rows of stones” representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Exodus 39:10 through 39:14 lists them off in great detail, although translations differ heavily on the subject of which stones were present, and where they were placed. Early astrologers then got involved and adapted the story of Aaron’s Breastplate to the 12 Month Zodiac. Hence, the earliest known instance of Birthstones.\nSince then, all kinds of influences have been working to decide which stones are best for which months. Priests have made various claims. In the 8th century, they began attributing certain stones to each of the 12 Apostles of Christ. Folk Healers have also contributed, believing that gemstones could provide luck and healing in the right circumstances. Fashion, of course, and fashionable women have always had their say when it comes to fine jewelry. And eventually, the jewelers themselves had their own ideas.\nIn 1870, Tiffany and Co. published a pamphlet of Gregorian Birthstone Poems. No authors are named, and no one is sure if these are truly earlier works or just a marketing tactic. The pamphlet did catch the attention of the jewelry community. So much so that in 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers, now called the Jewelers of America, made an effort to normalize the industry by creating a formal list of Birthstones.\nToday, that list has gone through several edits. In 2002, Tanzanite became one of the stones associated with December. In August of 2016, Spinel was announced as a gemstone associated with August. Despite evolving, this list has remained the standard in America for which Birthstones belong to what month, for over a century.\nNot surprisingly, there are different lists of birthstones all across the world. Some draw from traditional medicine practices, while others are rooted in cultural figures, local fashions and environmental trends.\nBut for America, October's Birthstone is the Opal, and the Tourmaline.\nClick here to see the official list of the Jewelers of America site.\nCreate Your Wishlist!\nFor detailed product and pricing information, Log in to create a wishlist.\nCreate your wishlist by simply clicking the heart symbol beside desired products.\nReceive a quote within 24 hrs of submitting your wishlist!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wellnessforallcreatures.com/history-of-massage/", "date": "2024-02-25T11:32:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474595.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225103506-20240225133506-00660.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9676606059074402, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__29237787", "lang": "en", "text": "The first documented descriptions of massage dating back to about 3,000 BC were discovered in China. Chinese Taoist priests practiced ‘Qi Gong’ – meditative movement revealing and cultivating the vital life force. Traditional Chinese medicine is based on the principle that every illness, ailment or discomfort in the body is due to an imbalance of ‘Qi’. In about 1,000 BC Japanese monks began to study Buddhism in China. They witnessed the healing methods of traditional Chinese medicine and took them back to Japan. In Japan the practice of medicine mostly consisted of diagnosis and treatment with massage-type methods. The Japanese not only adopted the Chinese style, but also began to enhance it by introducing new combinations, eventually reaching a unique Japanese form called Shiatsu. Shiatsu is a Japanese word derived from ‘shi’ meaning finger and ‘atsu’ meaning pressure. It is a technique similar to that used in acupuncture but without needles and with extra movements involved.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sparxx.org.uk/blog/archives/02-2016", "date": "2018-06-20T20:57:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863886.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620202232-20180620222232-00326.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9872968196868896, "token_count": 408, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__10279034", "lang": "en", "text": "On 5 May 1930, a 26 year old typist from Hull took off from Croydon Airport in a second hand biplane with not much more than a school atlas, flask of tea and packet of sandwiches. She was bound for Australia. At that point, she had held her pilots licence for less than a year and the furthest she had previously flown was from London to Hull. Only her father and a few friends saw her depart on this epic journey as her fragile plane wobbled off into the distance, overloaded with fuel and struggling to stay airborne. Few believed she would make it and would probably die trying. But Amy believed she could do it - and she did.\nOn 24 May, a battered, blistered and exhausted Amy flew into Darwin and the history books becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia. Unlike her quiet departure, on her arrival she was met by thousands. The world had fallen in love with the lone girl flyer and she became an instant international celebrity. She was an ordinary girl who had done an extraordinary thing.\nWhat a story! But it doesn’t end there. Without recounting the entire biography, Amy continued to break a number of aviation records in the 1930s, gaining global recognition for her courage, bravery and refusal to conform at a point in history when as a women she was expected to simply marry and have a family. She became the first British female ground engineer, at one point the only one in the world, and worked tirelessly to promote aviation and engineering and the value women could bring to them with her unique, creative and intelligent voice.\nAmy Johnson died during the second world war when a plane she was transporting mysteriously crashed into the sea off the shores of Herne Bay, Kent in 1941.\nThe unexplained circumstances surrounding her death weighed deeply on a nation mourning the loss of one of the world's greatest ever female pilots and an icon of her era. Amy was just 37 years old and her body and the wreckage of the plane were never found.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://blog.xuzinuo.com/steam-engine-tattoos/", "date": "2023-03-29T06:32:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948951.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329054547-20230329084547-00668.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.940249502658844, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__216032931", "lang": "en", "text": "The meaning of steam engine tattoo is science and progress. The significance of the invention of steam engine is to promote the development of machinery industry and even society. Steam engine has a great historical role. It has promoted the development of machinery industry and even society, solved the most critical problems in the production of large machinery, and promoted the unprecedented progress of transportation.\nWith the development of steam engine, thermodynamics and mechanics have laid the foundation for the development of steam turbine and internal combustion engine; The steam turbine inherits the characteristics of the steam engine with steam as the working medium and the advantages of using condenser to reduce the exhaust pressure, and discards the shortcomings of reciprocating motion and intermittent steam admission.\nThe greatest advantage of modern steam engine is that it can use almost all the fuel to convert heat energy into mechanical energy. Unlike the internal combustion engine, it is not picky about its fuel. In addition, atomic energy cannot be used without a steam engine.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.keyhambooks.co.uk/kb013.htm", "date": "2013-05-18T20:38:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382851/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9662660360336304, "token_count": 436, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__69832742", "lang": "en", "text": "to Fly' by Squadron Leader Norman Rose AFC & Bar AMN ...\n... the autobiography of a RAF pilot who flew military aircraft in WWII and throughout the Cold War era, 1942 to 1989\nIf you fly as a Royal Air Force pilot for 47 years then, apart from breaking a record for length of service, you are likely to have collected a story or two about that service. In this charmingly frank account, Squadron Leader Norman Rose spells out the ups and downs of his Service career. The ‘ups’ were acknowledged with the award of the Air Force Cross (twice) and two ‘Green Endorsements’ (pats on the back) in his log book. On exchange from the RAF he served, with merit, with the Royal Malaysian Air Force. This too was acknowledged with their equivalent of the MBE. But there were ‘downs’ - a measure of that frankness of this account is the telling of the story of hitting some power lines in a Percival Prentice and definitely coming straight down! Light is shed on the good and bad of Service life. Wartime fighter pilot, flying instructor, ferry pilot, test pilot, long range transport pilot - at the end of his service Norman chose to give back something of which he had received by commanding a unit, until the age of 65, that gave air experience to Air Training Corps cadets - which completes the circle, that organisation being the origin of his flying career. With retirement, Norman Rose’s unique career attracted the attention of two organisations - The Guinness Book of Records and The Guild of Air Pilots and Navigators. The former granted him an entry as the longest serving RAF pilot. The latter honoured him with the not often awarded title of ‘Master Air Pilot’. There are lots of accounts of the wartime exploits of the Royal Air Force - not many of those ‘Cold War’ years. Norman’s story spans both in a very readable way.\npages, 6\"x8\", 150mmx210mm, softback\nOver 100 b&w photographs\nISBN 0 9527715 8 6", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://newulmblarney.com/irish-tea-and-luncheon/", "date": "2017-12-13T08:54:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522343.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213084839-20171213104839-00558.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9718502163887024, "token_count": 476, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__122880734", "lang": "en", "text": "Irish Tea and Luncheon\nThe Irish Tea and Luncheon encourages friendship, loyalty and kinship among those people of New Ulm and the surrounding area who are interested in Irish culture, traditions and history. Irish craic and song will be performed by the Irish ‘Red’ Rovers. Created by the former Mayor of New Ulm, Carl ‘Red’ Wyczawski, the local group honors the major role Irish immigrants played in founding the city of New Ulm.\nThe luncheon menu includes Irish potato and leek soup, apple, spinach and baby kale salad with apple cider vinaigrette, and chocolate cake with Bailey’s buttercream frosting.\nThe Irish Cuppa Tea\nTea was first imported to Ireland in 1835 where it became popular with the wealthy crowd, but it wasn’t until later in the mid 1800s that it spread to the rural people and all of Ireland was hooked. Small grocers were opened in the towns and villages and they started exchanging butter and eggs for tea and sugar.\nIn Gaelic “cupan tae” means cup of tea, and the Irish make it a strong cup. Irish tea is blended to be mixed with a lot of rich milk-up to 1/3 of the cup for some. The custom is to add the milk to the tea cup first, then pour in the tea. Irish breakfast tea is often a strong blend of Assam and Ceylon and most people would only drink it for breakfast, though the Irish love it strong and would use this blend all day long. Even during the traditional Irish wake, after a family member has passed away, it’s expected that a pot would be continously boiling to make tea for company.\nIrish tea is served generally three times a day; 11:00 in the morning, 3:00 – 5:00 for afternoon tea and a high tea at 6:00 pm, serving as the evening meal. Many think of high tea as formal or fancy, but it’s actually a working man’s tea that serves as a meal. Afternoon tea is the more “fancy” of the three teas-the one with scones, breads, jam, curds and other dainties.\nSource: Old Fashioned Living", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://connierayna.com/category/travel/", "date": "2020-03-31T22:54:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00539.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9853174686431885, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__204503180", "lang": "en", "text": "The Claddagh Ring originated from Bartholomew Fallon a 17th-century Irish goldsmith based in Galway. While visiting this amazing town I stopped at a jewelers home who makes these rings in the traditional manner. There are many different legends of the history of the ring one legend has it that the silversmith Richard Joyce from Galway was captured and enslaved by Algerian Corsairs around 1675 while on a passage to the West Indies; he was sold into slavery to a Moorish goldsmith who taught him the craft. Upon his release and return to Galway he brought along with him the ring he had fashioned while in captivity: what we’ve come to know as the Claddagh. He gave the ring to his sweetheart, married, and became a goldsmith with success. His initials are in one of the earliest surviving Claddagh rings but there are three other rings also made around that time, bearing the mark of goldsmith Thomas Meade.\nHere in this photo you can see the image of the ring just above the doorway.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://gillamsmithlaw.com/firm-profile/about-the-artwork/", "date": "2017-03-30T06:32:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193284.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00256-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9796271920204163, "token_count": 317, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__127903561", "lang": "en", "text": "About The Artwork\nOur website features several drawings by our co-founder, Harry L. “Gil” Gillam, Jr. A lifelong artist, Gillam began drawing the historic and architecturally unique courthouses of East Texas as a hobby. Soon, the firm began including them on their Christmas cards and, before long, they became popular throughout the region, among lawyers and non-lawyers alike.\nThe drawings include current courthouses as well as some that are now used for other purposes or have been razed. Several of the buildings – including the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Tyler, the Old Federal Courthouse in Jefferson and the Texarkana U.S. Post Office and Federal Building – are on the National Register of Historic Places.\nThe historic courthouses of East Texas include some of the finest examples of Classical Revival and Renaissance Revival architecture in Texas. Fortunately for the citizens of this area, many of the buildings have been well-maintained and preserve much of their original design and architectural flourishes, inside and out.\nGil Gillam says the drawings allow him to combine his love of art and architecture, as well as his passion for the law, history and East Texas.\n“I spend a significant portion of my life in these buildings, and they’re an important part of this region’s history,” Gillam says. “They represent another era that we need to preserve and remember. In a small way, these drawings help me do that.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://texastravelstop.com/attractions/beaumont/texasenergymuseum.html", "date": "2019-04-23T10:45:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596571.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423094921-20190423120921-00107.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9130285978317261, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__108339045", "lang": "en", "text": "Home > Texas Attractions > Beaumont > Texas Energy Museum\nTexas Attractions: Texas Energy Museum\nAddress: 600 Main St., 77701\nAbout the Texas Energy Museum:\nLocated in Beaumont's Downtown historic district, the Texas Energy Museum explores the history of the petrochemical industry. The oil boom started in Beaumont in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher, an event that is a major focus of the museum.\nThe museum uses animatronics to tell the story of several generations of an oil-field family. It also features exhibits detailing how oil and other petrochemical products are transformed into the everyday fuels and products used by Americans everywhere.\nThe geology of oil is another big focus of the Texas Energy Museum.\nA small admission fee is charged. Hours for the Texas Energy Museum are 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and 1-5 p.m. on Sundays.\n\" More Texas Attractions\n\" More about Beaumont, Texas\nSave or Share This Page", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://damonseils.org/2020/06/25/a-resolution-commemorating-the-150th-anniversary-of-the-fifteenth-amendment-to-the-united-states-constitution/", "date": "2023-09-22T05:39:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506329.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922034112-20230922064112-00679.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9647969007492065, "token_count": 566, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__293490747", "lang": "en", "text": "I was glad to partner with Council Member Barbara Foushee on this resolution, which the Town Council approved unanimously this week. We had the privilege of working on the resolution with Dr. Freddie Parker, a historian at North Carolina Central University.\nWHEREAS, the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”; and\nWHEREAS, the amendment was ratified on February 3, 1870, the last of the three Reconstruction Amendments that were adopted after the Civil War to abolish slavery, extend due process and the equal protection of the laws, and affirm the right to vote; and\nWHEREAS, Black North Carolinians who owned property had been allowed to vote under the state’s 1776 constitution, but were stripped of the right to vote by the 1835 constitution; and\nWHEREAS, Black people sought the franchise immediately after slavery ended, continuing an ongoing struggle that began during the Colonial period; and\nWHEREAS, the Fifteenth Amendment was a radical achievement for its time, and after it hundreds of thousands of formerly enslaved people began to vote, an estimated 2000 Black men were elected to local and state office during Reconstruction, and Black men were elected to serve in the US House of Representatives for the first time on October 19, 1870; and\nWHEREAS, the amendment also represented a political compromise, a watered-down version of proposals that would have ended poll taxes, literacy tests, and other restrictions that were used across the South to prevent Black people from voting for another hundred years; and\nWHEREAS, the fight to protect voting rights, expand voter access, and ensure fair elections is not over, as seen in recent attempts by the North Carolina General Assembly to suppress voting rights, such as voter ID measures, sham investigations of voter fraud, racially motivated gerrymandering, and other efforts designed to prevent Black people from voting; and\nWHEREAS, the year 2020 is the 150th anniversary of the ratification and adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment and is also an election year of momentous importance; and\nWHEREAS, voting in every election and learning and sharing the history of the struggle for voting rights are important tools in effecting change at the federal, state, and local levels;\nNOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, the Town Council of the Town of Carrboro, North Carolina, encourages all residents to vote and to support and engage in efforts to protect voting rights and ensure fair elections, such as the local and statewide work of Democracy NC, You Can Vote, and Activate! IFC.\nThis the 23rd day of June, 2020.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stockclothing.eu/burberry-women-polo-t-shirts-200pcs/", "date": "2023-09-28T20:15:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00571.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9438450932502747, "token_count": 176, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__184576323", "lang": "en", "text": "Retail price 97.00 EUR/PC\nBurberry was founded in 1856 in Basingstoke in Hampshire, UK, by Thomas Burberry, who was at the time an apprentice draper. As a specialist in outdoor sportswear, the designer quickly established a wealthy clientele who devoted themselves to hunting and fishing. The company developed rapidly and in 1870, Thomas Burberry hired more than 80 people. Now this famous luxury fashion house focuses on and distributes trench coats, ready-to-wear outerwear, fashion accessories, fragrances, sunglasses, and cosmetics.\nINFORMATION ON THE PRODUCT:\n- Burberry women polo t-shirts (200pcs)\n- Sizes included in the wholesale stock offer: S-XL\n- The clothing is brand new\n- Comes with all the original tags", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://strasbourgobservers.com/category/cases/sargsyan-v-azerbaijan/", "date": "2020-08-13T05:48:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738960.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813043927-20200813073927-00010.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9695932269096375, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__76629925", "lang": "en", "text": "This post was written by Stuart Wallace, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Nottingham. His research addresses the application of the ECHR to domestic and extra-territorial military operations. You can follow him on Twitter @echrhawk.\nThe ECtHR recently held its Grand Chamber hearing in the case of Sargsyan v Azerbaijan. The webcast of the hearing is available here and worth watching (if for no other reason than the farcical map parade during the Azerbaijani government’s submissions). The applicant in the case (now deceased and succeeded by family members) was a former resident of the village of Gulistan in the disputed region Nagorno-Karabakh. The region was predominantly inhabited by ethnic Armenians, but part of Azerbaijani territory. In the late 80s, the region’s inhabitants sought to secede from Azerbaijan and to make the region part of Armenian territory. The ensuing dispute escalated over time, especially following the collapse of the Soviet Union.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://theworldwonders.com/ancientpyramids5.html", "date": "2020-02-18T07:40:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00138.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9589526057243347, "token_count": 427, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__24777194", "lang": "en", "text": "Wonders of Earth\nThe reconstructed \"Solar barge\"\nof Khufu-The Khufu ship is an intact\nfull-size vessel from Ancient Egypt\nthat was sealed into a pit in the\nGiza pyramid complex at the foot of\nthe Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500\nB.C.E. The ship was almost certainly\nbuilt for Khufu (King Cheops), the\nsecond pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty\nof the Old Kingdom of Egypt.\nIt is one of the oldest,\nlargest, and best-preserved vessels\nfrom antiquity. At 43.6 m overall,\nit is longer than the reconstructed\nAncient Greek trireme Olympias and,\nfor comparison, nine metres longer\nthan the Golden Hind in which Francis\nDrake circumnavigated the world.\nThe ship was rediscovered\nin 1954 by Kamal el-Mallakh, undisturbed\nsince it was sealed into a pit carved\nout of the Giza bedrock. It was built\nlargely of cedar planking in the \"shell-first\"\nconstruction technique and has been\nreconstructed from more than 1,200\npieces which had been laid in a logical,\ndisassembled order in the pit beside\nThe history and function\nof the ship are not precisely known.\nIt is of the type known as a \"solar\nbarge,\" a ritual vessel to carry\nthe resurrected king with the sun\ngod Ra across the heavens. However,\nit bears some signs of having been\nused in water, and it is possible\nthat the ship was either a funerary\n\"barge\" used to carry the\nking's embalmed body from Memphis\nto Giza, or even that Khufu himself\nused it as a \"pilgrimage ship\"\nto visit holy places and that it was\nthen buried for him to use in the\nThe Khufu ship has been\non display to the public in a specially\nbuilt museum at the Giza pyramid complex", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.knifestorecanada.ca/fairbairn-sykes-commando-by-sheffield-knives", "date": "2023-06-10T21:37:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00333.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.93210369348526, "token_count": 247, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__226939640", "lang": "en", "text": "The Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife is a double-edged knife with a foil grip developed by William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric Anthony Sykes in Shanghai before World War II, but made famous during the War when issued to British Commandos, including the SAS. Source: Wikipedia\nThe blade on the John Nowill & Sons Ltd, Fairbairn Sykes Commando knife features a double edged black carbon steel blade.\nThe handle on this British Commando knife is made of non-magnetic alloy and the grip features 27 concentric rings and a crossed key trade mark. The pommel nut is hexagonal and the guard is stamped with \"John Nowill & Sons Sheffield England\" and an arrow symbol and a diamond with an H in the middle.\nBlack leather sheath with a 2 1/4\" slots to pass a belt through. The sheath also has four small leather tabs (two on each side) to allow it to be sewn to equipment or clothing. The bottom of the sheath has a metal tip. The knife is secured to the sheath by use of an elastic which is stretched over the handle of the knife.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kimint.com/blog/2023/Aug/04/bk-kim-founder-kim-international-passes-away-age-9/", "date": "2023-10-03T20:52:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511220.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003192425-20231003222425-00310.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.988935112953186, "token_count": 825, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__57103231", "lang": "en", "text": "Check out our New KIM & Co. On-Trend Fashion Collection\nB.K. Kim, founder of Kim International, passed away on July 28, 2023. Mr. Kim was widely known and respected throughout the jewelry industry during his many years of service. Today, his company’s legacy continues through his children, Mike Kim and Aeran Kim-Park.\nHis life is a fascinating story of survival and accomplishment. He was born in 1929 in a small village in North Korea, during a time of Japanese colonization. His farming parents were very poor and educational opportunities were limited, but he valued education and never missed a day of school. In 1945, at the end of World War II, the Japanese surrendered, Russian Communists took control and conditions deteriorated even more.\nFeeling desperate, he organized an anti-communist student movement at his high school. North Korean authorities discovered them, and he spent 3 years in a prison/labor camp, enduring unspeakable conditions. After release in 1950, at the young age of 21, he joined an anti-Communist guerilla group. During encounters, he was shot and eventually escaped across the heavily armed border to the South. He would never see his parents again.\nMr. Kim’s next chapter began when he found employment as a K.P. (kitchen patrol) at a U.S. Air Force Base in South Korea. He worked very hard and taught himself to speak English. There he met his future wife, Kilcha, and they were married shortly after. Their family grew with the additions of children Charlie, Aeran and Mike.\nHe entered a translator program and became First Lieutenant in the South Korean Army. He served as translator for several U.S. Army generals, eventually becoming aide to a 4-Star General. 8 years later, he retired from the Korean Army with a rank of Major.\nIn 1974, he moved his family to Miami, Florida seeking freedom, educational opportunities for his children and a chance to build a better life. In essence, he came for the “American Dream”.\nB.K. started working at a giftware import business. He saw the benefits of giftware/jewelry industry, and he moved his family to Dallas, Texas in 1975 to start his own business, Kim Imports (now Kim International). Times were tough at first, but his hard work and dedication paid off. Often, he would leave his family for weeks at a time, traveling and sleeping in a van and visiting stores to show his jewelry lines.\nMr. Kim loved to tell the story of his first trip to buy gold in Vicenza, Italy. Knowing very little, he got in a taxi at the airport and asked them to take him to a gold factory. Carrying $50,000 cash, he made his first major gold purchase, and the rest is history. The company continued to grow and expand through the years.\nAlthough Mr. Kim retired several years ago, he still came to the office to visit and share the rich stories of his past. He enjoyed playing golf and watching the History Channel, but his greatest joy was his family which grew to include 9 grandchildren and 4 great-grandchildren.\nHis journey is truly an example of living the American dream. He began with nothing, but through his resolve and sacrifice, he built a successful jewelry business. Most importantly, everything he worked for wasn't for himself. It was for the family he loved.\nKIM is proud to have served the independent jeweler for almost 50 years. Today, the thriving company is still family owned and operated in Dallas, Texas. KIM presents stylish collections of exceptional quality bridal and fine fashion jewelry that are affordable and relevant. Their signature Romance Bridal Collection is one of the most comprehensive and profitable programs in the industry. KIM also operates their own factory offering exceptional quality, custom design and quick delivery.\nBong Ki Kim. July 9, 1929 – July 28, 2023", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sdchargerstailgating.com/", "date": "2013-05-25T02:27:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705318091/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115518-00078-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9848973155021667, "token_count": 1550, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__111844290", "lang": "en", "text": "This week we sat down with Todd Tobias, publisher of Tales From the American Football League. His interest in the American Football League began in 1998, when he wrote his master’s thesis about Chargers legend Sid Gillman. His blog was created to educate and entertain football fans with the stories of the American Football League, 1960-1969. If you love football or have an interest in the AFL, this blog is a must read.\nIn our interview with Todd, he talks about who was responsible for the launch and success of the AFL, the role Al Davis played in the AFL / NFL merger, why the Chargers moved to San Diego after just one year in Los Angeles, and much more.\nSan Diego Chargers Tailgating (SDCT): You obviously have developed a love for the AFL. When did you first become interested in the historic league?\nTodd Tobias (TT): I first began researching the AFL in 1998, when I was writing my master’s thesis on Sid Gillman. I became fascinated with the AFL’s “David and Goliath” story. I also found the stories about the racial prejudice that the players faced to be very interesting. Modern athletes have little-to-no idea what their predecessors went through to bring about the opportunities that athletes have today.\n(TT): Lamar Hunt, owner of the Dallas Texans and Kansas City Chiefs, first had the idea of beginning a new professional football league. He gathered together several other potential team owners, and built the AFL.\n(SDCT): Fill in the Blank: Without ______________ the AFL never would have launched.\n(TT): There were a lot of very important figures in the overall success of the AFL. However, I would have to cast my vote for Lamar Hunt.\n(SDCT): Can you point to a player, coach, or moment that legitimized the AFL across the nation and in the eyes of the NFL?\n(TT): Well, there are different points of view regarding when the AFL was legitimized. Some say when the merger was announced, others say Super Bowls III or IV. I tend to think it came earlier. I think that the league was first legitimized in the eyes of many when the Chargers beat the Patriots 51-10 in the 1963 AFL championship game. The Patriots had a tough defense that season, and Sid Gillman and his Bolts thoroughly dismantled it.\nThe NFL champions in 1963 were the Chicago Bears. They, too, had a tough defense, but not much in the way of an offense. Many people, and I am one of them, believe that the Chargers stood a very good chance of beating the Bears that season. Sadly, we will never know for sure.\n(SDCT): Rumor has it that the NFL secretly contacted the AFL about the merger without knowledge from AFL commissioner Al Davis? Is this true and what role did Al Davis play in the negotiations.\n(TT): Well, there were really two different factions dealing with the AFL/NFL merger. Davis was in the forefront. After the New York Giants signed former Bills kicker, Pete Gogolak, to an NFL contract, in May 1966, thus breaking the unwritten rule in which the leagues didn’t raid each other for talent. Davis then instructed AFL owners to go after NFL stars, and sign them to huge contracts in an effort to cripple the NFL.\nMeanwhile, Lamar Hunt was meeting with Tex Schramm and Pete Rozelle to iron out details for a merger between the leagues. Ultimately it was the Hunt-Schramm plan that brought the leagues together, though Davis certainly helped force the issue.\n(SDCT): The NFL obviously considered the AFL a threat. What did the NFL consider their biggest threat when it came to the AFL?\n(TT): The biggest problem was that both leagues held separate drafts, meaning that most college players would be drafted by both an AFL team and NFL team. This gave incoming players bargaining power, which kept driving up the numbers in their contracts. One of the main reasons that the leagues merged was to put a halt to the increasing prices for rookie talent.\n(SDCT): How did the AFL run a successful league, ultimately ending in a merger with the NFL, when other rival leagues didn’t succeed?\n(TT): With just a couple of exceptions, the original AFL owners were exceedingly wealthy. They only put up money that they could easily afford to lose. This, and the influx of cash that came with a couple of important television contracts, allowed to AFL to be in the fight longer than other leagues might have.\n(SDCT): The Chargers played their first season in Los Angeles. What prompted the move to San Diego? Who were the key players involved in the move?\n(TT): They simply didn’t draw fans in LA. The Chargers averaged around 15,000 fans per game in a stadium that held roughly 105,000. Barron Hilton (Chargers owner) and Jack Murphy of the San Diego Union, were the key individuals involved in the move. Of course, once the idea of the Chargers moving became public, many San Diego officials helped lure the team to San Diego.\n(SDCT): The Chargers were loaded on the offensive side of the ball in the 60s. Alworth, Mix, Lowe, Lincoln, Mix, Kemp. Could any of these guys have similar success in today’s NFL?\n(TT): With the size increase in players over the past 40 years, it would have been difficult for anyone to make that transition. Of the names that you listed, Alworth and Kemp likely had the best shot. Mix played tackle at around 260 lbs, which is far too small for the modern game. Lincoln was a 205-lb. fullback which is non-existent today. Lowe would have similar problems.\nWhile there are certainly taller receivers and quarterbacks today, Alworth and Kemp would have been of sufficient size to play today. Both were highly-intelligent athletes, and had physical qualities that are still desirable at their positions today.\n(SDCT): Who would you select as the top offensive and defensive player from the AFL?\n(TT): Frankly, I don’t know if that is even possible. There were several players that could be counted near the top at their position in all of professional football history – Alworth, Ron Mix, Walt Sweeney, Jim Otto, Jim Tyrer, Bobby Bell, Willie Brown and more. Factor in guys of huge historical importance such as George Blanda and Joe Namath, and it makes things even more difficult.\n(SDCT): With the NFL and AFL holding separate drafts for the same college prospects, it must have been difficult deciding who to select knowing there was a chance the player may not suit up for your team and choose the other league.\nTodd Tobias (TT): – Absolutely. As I mentioned above, this is one of the main reasons that the leagues merged. Some teams had to alter their drafting schemes by selecting players that they could afford to sign, rather than simply drafting the players that would most help their team.\n(SDCT): Best AFL uniforms?\n(TT): The 1963 Chargers are the popular choice, and I would be hard-pressed to find another that was better. I do also like the clean red, white and blue of the Patriots, as well as the red and white of the Chiefs.\nTo read more about the American Football League (AFL) visit Todd’s blog Tales from the American Football League @ www.talesfromtheamericanfootballleague.com.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine-books-news/thumb-bibles", "date": "2023-06-10T17:01:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00635.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9415054321289062, "token_count": 294, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__238672166", "lang": "en", "text": "I can't put my finger on why, but I like \"thumb bible\" as a bibliographic term. Which is why I was delighted to see a selection of them slated for auction next week at PBA Galleries.\nWhat is a thumb bible? In short, it is a condensed version of the bible, printed in a miniature format (less than 3\"), popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The phrase may derive from a French edition, Bible du Petit Poucet, published c. 1800. Typically thumb bibles feature some illustration, however crude, as they were made to appeal to children.\nProffered within a collection of 500 miniature books from the Lilliput Oval Saloon of Tokyo, here are a few neat examples of thumb bibles:\nLot 66: A bible in English, printed in London in 1775 and bound in period full calf. This copy retains twelve of the original fourteen plates. The estimate is $600-900.\nLot 69: A 256-page miniature bible printed in London in 1780 and bound in period olive green morocco, complete with all fourteen engraved plates. The estimate is $1,000-1,500.\nLot 73: This thumb bible, printed in Coventry c. 1795 and bound in period full sheep, is \"scarce,\" according to PBA. The estimate is $700-1,000.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://ira.santacatalinaclubdecampo.com/about/", "date": "2024-04-17T12:53:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817153.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417110701-20240417140701-00800.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9637007713317871, "token_count": 895, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__117772670", "lang": "en", "text": "Headquartered in Greater Cincinnati Ohio, LSI is a publicly held company traded on the NASDAQ Stock Exchange under the symbol LYTS. The company manufactures commercial lighting solutions, advanced graphic and image solutions, digital and retail display solutions. Our fiscal 2023 revenue reached $497 million.\nLSI’s heritage spans more than 45 years, beginning in 1976 when the company was founded. The company employs about 1,400 people at 11 manufacturing plants in the U.S. and Canada.\nOur commercial lighting group consists of high-performance, American-made lighting products and control systems. The Company’s strength in outdoor lighting applications coupled with an extensive portfolio of indoor lighting products creates opportunities for LSI to introduce a variety of solutions to our valued customers.\nRetail display solutions consist of advanced graphics and image solutions, digital signage and technically advanced food display equipment for strategic vertical markets. LSI’s team of internal specialists also provide comprehensive project management services in support of large-scale product rollouts.\nJames A. Clark is LSI’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and a member of the Board of Directors. He was named CEO on November 1, 2018.\nLSI Industries Sustainability Report\nBurlington, North Carolina\nCollingwood, Ontario (Canada)\n1970s: The Start\nFounded in 1976 in Greater Cincinnati by entrepreneur, Robert Ready, LSI Industries began as a lighting supplier to the petroleum industry. As Americans began adapting to the self-service model of refueling their vehicles, Mr. Ready noticed that many of the gas stations in those early years were either poorly lit, or completely unlit – impacting their owners’ ability to operate safely at night and grow their businesses. With a vision, a small shop and a plan, Mr. Ready set out to change all of that. In the the process, he created a one of the most respected and recognized lighting companies in America.\n1980s: The Early Years\nThroughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, LSI experienced significant growth. To inject additional capital into the business, the company was taken public and began trading on the NASDAQ national market in 1985 under the ticker symbol LYTS. It was during the 1980s that LSI expanded its business to include a variety of landscaping, commercial and industrial indoor lighting solutions, as well as pole manufacturing. During this period, the company also began manufacturing graphics and signage solutions. It was a novel business concept, and it allowed the company to differentiate itself in the marketplace and deliver additional value to its customers.\nThroughout the 1990s, LSI continued to grow exponentially, both organically and through acquisitions. It was during this decade that the company revolutionized the petroleum industry when it introduced its first Scottsdale canopy fixture. The Scottsdale quickly became the gold standard within the petroleum industry, as well as LSI’s best selling lighting product at the time. The decade also saw LSI begin to manufacture drive-thru menu boards and offer retail lighting and graphics solutions on a large scale.\n2000s: The Future\nThe new century ushered in a number of important changes at LSI. During this time period, the company consolidated all of its business units and began offering comprehensive project management services to customers all across America. The biggest change, however, took place early in the decade when LSI moved away from bulb and lamp technology and began manufacturing high-performance, highly energy-efficient LED lighting solutions. In addition, the company began producing many of its own LED circuit boards and offering an array of wireless lighting control solutions.\nAt LSI, we are proud of our heritage, as well as our solid track record of adapting to rapid technological and regulatory changes. Today, under the leadership of LSI’s President and CEO, James A. Clark, the company is on a transformational path. LSI is financially strong, fit to grow and recognized all across America for quality, reliability and innovation. We are committed to building upon our legacy of excellence that began nearly 50 years ago. Indeed, the future is bright for LSI, and the future is now.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://biblesgreatestmysteries.tv/tag/egypt/", "date": "2022-11-30T01:38:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710712.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129232448-20221130022448-00765.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9353102445602417, "token_count": 260, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__258360801", "lang": "en", "text": "THE RED SEA crossing is an iconic moment in the Bible, the history of Israel, and in movies (thanks to legendary producer/director Cecil B. DeMille). But it’s way cooler than you might know.\nTHE PASSOVER is a milestone in world history. It’s a defining moment in the creation of Israel, and thus, a key event in the natural and spiritual history of the world.\nIT’S A showdown on the Nile between the God of the Hebrews and the gods of Egypt. However, contrary to what we’ve been taught, the gods of Egypt in Moses’ day weren’t all Egyptian gods.\nMOSES RETURNS to Egypt with Aaron as his mouthpiece, a concession by God to Moses’ reluctance to speak to his fellow Hebrews about the Lord’s promise of deliverance.\nISRAEL SPENT 430 years in Egypt. This is recorded in Exodus 12:40-41 and Galatians 3:17. How do we reconcile that with God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would return “in the fourth generation” (Gen. 15:16), or the four generations between Levi and Moses (Ex. 6:16-20)?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://onlinequranlessons.com/karbala-a-way-of-life/", "date": "2023-11-28T22:29:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100016.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128214805-20231129004805-00333.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9744390249252319, "token_count": 1412, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__302041107", "lang": "en", "text": "The first and the foremost thing that every person needs to understand is what the bases of the battle of Karbala were. For some it was a battle between two armies for the sake of power, for others it was a battle of a ruler and a rebel. In reality neither of these arguments depict the true spirit of the battle of Karbala, which was to define a way of life for the righteous people, till the day of Resurrection.\nCAUSES LEADING TO THE BATTLE:\nThe battle of Karbala, one of the greatest battles fought in history, was between the grandson of the Holy Prophet ﷺ – Imam Hussein ibn Ali and the grandson of Abu Sufyan – Yazid ibn Muawiya. When Yazid claimed governance of the Islamic state after the death of his father, his first step was to appoint his kin and his henchmen as governors of the various provinces. He assigned them the task to take oath of allegiance from all Muslims and to kill those who refused them.\nYazid ibn Muawiya was well aware of the status of Imam Hussein as the grandson of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the son of the Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib. He felt highly threatened by Imam Hussein and in his fear he sent a special emissary with the letter to al-Waleed (the then governor of Madina) commanding him to get the oath of allegiance from Imam Hussein and his companions. Al-Waleed respected Imam Hussein from the perspective of him being the grandson of the Prophet ﷺ but his associate Marwan feared Imam Hussein and believed him to be a threat to Yazid’s government. He intended to kill the Prophet’s ﷺ grandson as soon as Imam Hussein showed resistance against the oath.\nThe famous words of Imam Hussein when Marwan insisted upon submitting the oath to Yazid will always be a life-defining guideline for the believers. He said:\nTHE LIKES OF ME DONOT PAY ALLEGIANCE TO THE LIKES OF HIM (YAZID)\n[Imam Hussein ibn Ali]\nThis declaration of the Imam is a defining statement for not only the Muslims but the entire mankind that a truthful and pious person like Imam Hussein does not follow anyone with a Yazid-like immoral character.\nAfter Imam Hussein’s denial to oath the peaceful land of Madina switched to a hostile environment for him. He was pressurized using all methods to pay allegiance to Yazid till he was forced to leave Madina. He went to Makah along with his entire family which included his sisters, daughters and his 6 month old child, Ali Asghar, with the intention to perform Hajj e Bait ullah. The associates of Yazid did not rest even there and made a plan to murder the Prophet’s ﷺ grandson while he was busy in performing Hajj.\nWhen Imam Hussein came to know of their heinous intentions he decided to convert his Hajj to Umra and leave Makah in order preserve the sanctity of the House of Allah. He set out to Kufa the residents of which were ready to help the Imam but on his way to Kufa he came face to face with an army sent by Yazid commanded by Hurr, a well-known warrior famous for his valor and bravery, who later joined Imam Hussein’s small army and fought against Yazid’s troops with great courage and was one of the 72 martyrs of the battle of Karbala. Hurr did not let the Imam continue his journey even when the Imam offered him that he would not go to Kufa or any other province under the rule of Yazid, rather he would travel to Iraq. Hurr forced Imam Hussein to make camp at a land called Karbala on the 2nd of Moharram. On the 7th of Moharram, the progeny of the Prophet was cut-off from the supply of water and the battle of Karbala began at dawn on the 10th of Moharram also known as Ashura.\nTHE BATTLE OF KARBALA:\nThe battle of Karbala was no ordinary battle. It was not fought between two well-armed, highly trained armies of warriors, neither was it fought on the principles that are to be followed in a combat. It was the war of a small, poorly armed, under-trained group of 72 people, which included the infants, youth and adults of Imam’s family and friends, against a well-trained, heavily armed, highly skilled group of thousands which were a representation of Yazid’s power. It was the battle of a small group of people who fought for Allah only, against a group of battalions who had worldly desires in their hearts and who wished to please Yazid in order to obtain worldly rewards from the governor.\nYazid’s battalion though more powerful than Imam Hussein’s army, forgot one factor which turned the war in favor of Imam Hussein – The Help of Allah. Imam Hussein’s soldiers were fighting solely for the love of Allah. They had no other desires in their hearts then to preserve the true spirit of Islam. Their faithfulness to Allah, His Prophet ﷺ and His religion was remarkable and won them Allah’s support & the battle in which victory seemed impossible was won so miraculously that the name of Imam Hussein and his companions shall continue to be an inspiration for people all around the world till the day of Judgment.\nLESSONS FROM THE BATTLE:\nThe battle of Karbala when analyzed carefully raises multiple questions in one’s mind: Why did Imam Hussein take the stand against Yazid? Why did the Imam bring his family along with him? Where did the soldiers of Imam Hussein muster up the courage to battle against such a huge army? How can a small, poorly equipped army of seventy-two battle a well-armed battalion of thousands and still be successful?\nThe answer to all these questions and many more is a small yet powerful statement – the loyalty to Allah and Islam. It was because of his faithfulness to the Prophet ﷺ and Islam that the Imam decided to confront the immoral and unjust governance of Yazid. His blind trust in Allah, strong faith in His wisdom and a deep love for the Almighty lead to his victory in a battle which was heavily inclined towards the blood-thirsty and in humane Yazidees.\nThe miraculous victory of Imam Hussein provides for humans a lesson that when a person decides to stand against injustice & immorality and remains steadfast in his purpose, Allah Almighty rewards him with an extraordinary honor. The stand of Imam Hussein against Yazid is a guideline for people who claim to be bearers of morality that if they are true in their claim then they must declare war against people with a Yazid like character.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.edisonawards.com/Edison.php", "date": "2015-08-04T13:49:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990900.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00256-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9511500000953674, "token_count": 230, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-32__0__130971295", "lang": "en", "text": "THOMAS A. EDISON\nThomas Edison is an American icon with an international presence. His inventions were marketed all over the world and Edison remains one of the best-known historical figures.\nA savvy businessman and shrewd manager, Edison had enormous talent for transferring technology from laboratory to market. By designing economic considerations into nearly all his inventions and recognizing the critical role that promotion and hustle play in a product’s success, he provides a powerful model for corporate leaders even today.\nEdison is a transcendent figure, an inventor, manufacturer and businessman whose successes – and failures – continue to provide insight as meaningful today as it was a hundred years ago. While Edison’s genius spawned many formative inventions of the modern world, his greatest invention may well have been the first industrial research laboratory, a prototype for today’s corporate research and development centers. As one of the most brilliant inventors and entrepreneurs of modern times, he shaped not only industrial America, but also mass entertainment and contemporary culture.\nEdison remains the standard for measuring technological prowess and entrepreneurship among today’s geniuses of creation and management.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.cucinearca.it/en/val-d-orcia-siena-tuscany/", "date": "2024-04-14T08:38:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816875.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414064633-20240414094633-00347.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9563429355621338, "token_count": 186, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__133479161", "lang": "en", "text": "Val d'Orcia, Siena (Tuscany)\nThe Val d'Orcia is a region of Tuscany, central Italy, which extends from the hills south of Siena to Monte Amiata. It is characterised by gentle, carefully-cultivated hills occasionally broken by gullies and by picturesque towns and villages such as Pienza (rebuilt as an ideal town in the 15th century under the patronage of Pope Pius II), Radicofani (home to the notorious brigand-hero Ghino di Tacco) and Montalcino (the Brunello di Montalcino is counted among the most prestigious of Italian wines).\nIt is a landscape which has become familiar through its depiction in works of art from the Renaissance painting to the modern photograph. In 2004 the Val d’Orcia was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.cameronians.siteiscentral.com/1901/objects/pocket-watch", "date": "2017-03-29T17:01:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190754.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00330-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9805864691734314, "token_count": 293, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__309045201", "lang": "en", "text": "This pocket watch was given as a token of thanks from one survivor of the First World War to another.\nIn June 1915, the 7th and 8th Battalions of The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) were fighting against Turkish soldiers on the Gallipoli Peninsula. During one particularly fierce battle, at Gully Ravine, Second Lieutenant T. L. Tillie was badly wounded and unable to make it back to his own trench. Sergeant Stephen Miller crawled out, under heavy rifle and machine gun fire, to where the wounded officer was lying and dragged him back to safety.\nSecond Lieutenant Tillie recommended that Sergeant Miller be awarded a gallantry medal, for risking his life to save another. Sadly, Sergeant Miller did not receive any official recognition for his bravery, nor was he ever awarded a gallantry medal for saving the young officer. When Second Lieutenant Tillie learned this, he presented this gold pocket watch to Sergeant Miller as a token of thanks.\nInside the watch is the message “With thanks to Sergeant Miller from T.L. Tillie, 28th June 1915”. The back of the watch shows the crest of The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).\nTragically, two of Lieutenant Tillie’s brothers were killed in the First World War. This pocket watch reminds us that, had it not been for the bravery of Sergeant Miller, Lieutenant Tillie’s family may have lost another son.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.turkishceramics.com/About", "date": "2024-04-22T12:31:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818293.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422113340-20240422143340-00674.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.956560492515564, "token_count": 507, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__14950965", "lang": "en", "text": "Turkey has a history of ceramic production reaching back thousands of years, from the primitive sculpture of prehistoric Anatolia to the ornaments and crockery of the Hitites and the ornate hand-painted tiles of Iznik. During the middle of the 20th Century, the era of mass-production began as Turkish ceramic producers built factories to manufacture ceramics on a large industrial scale. Since that time the quantity and quality of ceramics being produced in Turkey has continued to grow.\nTurkishceramics was established in 1997 under the auspices of the Undersecretariat of the Ministry of Economy with the support of the Central Anatolian Exporters Union and the Turkish Ceramics Federation. The group’s main goal is to raise awareness of the quality of Turkish ceramics around the world.\nThe group undertakes many activities to communicate to a global audience, from participating in trade fairs to organising design competitions, hosting exhibitions and trade missions. These events and activities are regularly published in some of the world’s most prestigious design magazines and journals.\nWHAT'S SPECIAL IN TURKISH CERAMICS\nDue to its rich history of ceramic production, Turkey can be seen as the ‘land of ceramics’. These traditions have been coloured by the many different civilizations that have evolved in the Anatolian region. In addition to this cultural history, geography has played an important role. The abundance of natural resources in Anatolia ensures high quality ceramic products and these raw materials are also exported for ceramic production outside Turkey.\nAs well as being a world leader in ceramic production, Turkey has some of the most sophisticated technology and innovative products on the market. Turkish ceramic producers work closely with some of the world’s most talented designers in order to create exciting new products that are both beautiful and functional.\nROOTS IN HISTORY\nThe history of Anatolia can be seen as the history of ceramics. From the Hittites, Romans and Byzantines, to the Seljuqs and Ottomans, ceramics were a crucial aspect of everyday life. The versatility of ceramic as a material meant that techniques evolved and designs flourished to create pieces and products of functionality and ornamental beauty.\nSince Turkish ceramic production was industrialised in the 1950s, the country has rapidly increased its share in the world ceramics market and is now a global competitor in the production of ceramic tiles and sanitary ware.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.pinprosplus.com/post/origin-of-challenge-coins", "date": "2023-12-08T15:56:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00684.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9690380096435547, "token_count": 1755, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__126408584", "lang": "en", "text": "- Ancient Romans used challenge coins, but the modern versions go back to WWI.\n- The name “challenge” refers to the game played by the military in bars.\n- Soldiers used challenge coins in WWI, WWII, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.\n- The military and other organizations like police and fire still use challenge coins.\nChallenge coins are fun to collect and have made for special events and organizations. But do you know the history behind these coins?\nThe origin of challenge coins is traced back to Ancient Rome, but the modern ones are traced back to World War I when the Germans captured an American pilot. They took all his belongings before he escaped. The French found him, and he used the challenge coin to prove that he was not a spy.\nNo matter where the coins originated, challenge coins have become a symbol of fellowship and solidarity among military personnel and other groups. Keep reading as we look more into the challenge coins' history, what they are for, and why they are called challenge coins.\nWhat is a Challenge Coin?\nChallenge coins are unique, specially crafted tokens. They are generally larger than regular coins and come in various shapes and sizes, ranging from circles and pentagons to arrowheads and dog tag shapes.\nMade from materials such as pewter, nickel, or copper, most challenge coins measure between 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter but can be larger. These coins feature unique engravings and a range of finishes, from paint to gold plating, making each one truly one-of-a-kind.\nWhat are Challenge Coins for?\nChallenge coins primarily symbolize membership, recognition, and achievement within military units, law enforcement agencies, sports teams, and other organizations. They are often given to members to commemorate special events, milestones, or achievements and remind them of their affiliation with the group.\nChallenge coins can also be used for \"challenges,\" where a member of an organization will initiate a challenge by slapping their coin on a table or bar and calling out to others to show their coin. If someone cannot produce a challenge coin, they may be required to buy a round of drinks or perform some other form of forfeit. Again, this is meant to be a fun way to foster camaraderie and reinforce the sense of belonging among group members.\nIn recent years, challenge coins have become popular collectibles, with people seeking out unique and rare designs to add to their collections. Regardless of their intended purpose, challenge coins represent a rich history and traditions within the various groups they represent.\nWhen Were Challenge Coins First Used?\nThe origin and purpose of challenge coins are shrouded in mystery. Nevertheless, the connection between military service and coins dates back to ancient times, potentially to Ancient Rome.\nAccording to historical accounts, Roman soldiers who distinguished themselves in battle were given regular wages and a separate bonus coin. These bonus coins were said to be specially minted and displayed the emblem of the soldier's legion, which some soldiers chose to keep as keepsakes rather than spend them.\nThe tradition of handing out reward challenge coins continues today, particularly in the military, where they are awarded for outstanding performance. Some individuals treat these coins as collectibles, akin to autographs or business cards, while others use them as a form of identification to prove their military service in specific units.\nSome challenge coins are also distributed to the general public for promotional purposes or sold as a means of fundraising.\nOrigin of Military Challenge Coins\nThe tradition of challenge coins dates back to World War I when American volunteers from across the country joined the new flying squadrons in Europe. This diverse group included wealthy college students who had dropped out mid-term to join the war effort.\nOne such wealthy lieutenant commissioned solid bronze medallions to commemorate the loyalty of his unit to the war effort.\nThe significance of challenge coins in the military was solidified when a World War I pilot's plane was severely damaged, leading to his capture by German forces.\nHe managed to escape but was later stopped by French soldiers and taken to be executed, as he had no way of proving his identity as an American soldier. He had, however, kept a challenge coin medallion given to him by a member of his original crew.\nWhen he showed the medallion to his would-be executioners, one of the captors recognized the squadron emblem on the coin. As a result, the French paused his execution to confirm his identity.\nChallenge Coins in World War II\nChallenge coins were important for identifying allies during the Second World War. For example, the Office of Strategic Services members deployed in Nazi-occupied France were equipped with special coins called \"Bona Fides.\"\nSoldiers used these coins to verify a person's identity during meetings to prevent any infiltration by Nazi spies.\nAn American Army officer contacted a Philippine guerrilla group in the Pacific campaign. He was given a special silver coin stamped with their unit insignia to ensure proper identification.\nAfter the guerrilla group verified his identity through the coin, they were able to carry out a successful raid on a Japanese supply depot. This is an example of how challenge coins have been used to verify identity and foster trust in challenging situations.\nThe Oldest Known Challenge Coin\nThe earliest known challenge coin is that of the 17th Infantry of Korea, commanded by Colonel \"Buffalo Bill\" Quinn. These challenge coins were issued during the Korean War, from 1950 to 1951, symbolizing the unit's tour of duty together.\nOne side of the challenge coin features a buffalo and the date 1812, representing the year the unit was established. The other side displays the 17th Infantry patch with the dates 1950-1951 and the word \"Korea,\" signifying their tour. The cross and fort symbol reflects the unit's history. This challenge coin is one of the rarest and most valuable.\nChallenge Coins and the Vietnam War\nThe Vietnam War saw the rise of \"Bullet Groups\" formed by highly trained soldiers who fought at the front lines. Soldiers would carry bullets in their front hip pockets to prove their affiliation with the U.S. military.\nThese bullets also served as a last resort in the event of capture, as soldiers were trained not to divulge information that could risk the lives of their comrades.\nOver time, these bullets were used in challenge games among soldiers. However, as the caliber of the bullets increased, they became problematic to use in challenges.\nAs a result, challenge bullets were replaced with challenge coins, which were customized with the unit's name, symbol, and sometimes even the soldier's name.\nChallenge Coins in the Military Today\nThe history of challenge coins shows why they are still widely used in the military today as a symbol of unity and recognition. They serve as a way to commemorate achievements, mark important events, and recognize the service of military personnel.\nModern challenge coins are often designed with the unit's emblem, mission statement, and other special symbols to reflect the unit's history, values, and traditions.\nChallenge coins are also used as a tradition within military units. For example, service members may participate in \"challenge coin ceremonies,\" where they show their unit coin to prove their membership in a team or acknowledge another member's service.\nAdditionally, challenge coins are often used as a way for military members to show appreciation for their comrades by exchanging coins with one another or presenting them as gifts.\nOverall, challenge coins remain important in the military culture and are a cherished symbol of service and sacrifice.\nNon-Military Uses for Challenge Coins\nChallenge coins are not just limited to military use; they have also been adapted for various non-military organizations and events.\nLaw enforcement agencies, such as police departments and border patrol, often use challenge coins to commemorate special achievements, commemorate retirements, or recognize exceptional performance.\nFirefighters and emergency responders also use challenge coins to honor their colleagues for their bravery and sacrifices.\nFraternal organizations, such as fraternities and sororities, have a challenge coin tradition to symbolize membership and unity.\nCompanies and corporations have also adopted challenge coins as a way to reward and recognize employees for their contributions, as well as to build camaraderie among employees.\nSports teams, schools, and universities often use challenge coins to commemorate championships, milestones, and special events.\nPolitical campaigns and advocacy groups also use challenge coins to raise funds, promote their cause, and engage their supporters.\nCustom challenge coins can be made for any occasion. Submit a request for a quote today to begin working on your own challenge coin project.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.activatecamps.co.uk/louis-smith-gymnastics-academy/about-louis-smith/", "date": "2017-09-26T14:33:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696182.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926141625-20170926161625-00331.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9732517600059509, "token_count": 304, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__161960500", "lang": "en", "text": "Inspiring a new generation of gymnasts!\n9.30am-4.30pm with optional extended hours from 8.30am-5.30pm\nfor children aged 5-14\nAbout Louis Smith\nLouis trains at the now famous Huntingdon Gymnastics Club in Cambridgeshire alongside GB teammate Daniel Keatings, with his specialist discipline being the Pommel Horse.\nAs a junior Louis was a two-time European Champion on Pommel Horse, winning the title in both 2004 and 2006.\nIn the 2008 Bejing Olympics Louis won a bronze medal, becoming the first British man to win a medal in the individual gymnastics at the Olympic Games since Walter Tysall won a silver medal in 1908.\nIn 2012 Louis was part of the Great Britain team at the London Olympics. The team won a bronze medal at the event on 30 July 2012, marking the first team medal for a British Olympic gymnastics team in 100 years. Louis also won the silver medal in the Pommel Horse Final.\nIn 2012 Louis also won another title, becoming the winner of Strictly Come dancing with his partner Flavia Cacace!\nIn 2016 Louis added to his Olympic medal tally taking Silver in his specialist event Pommel Horse at the Rio Games, despite being disapointed not to take gold, Louis enhanced his reputation as one of the countries finest ever gymnasts.\nLouis was awarded an MBE in the 2012 New Years Honours for his services to gymnastics.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://banjuldiocese.gm/historical.html", "date": "2021-05-06T09:23:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00089.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9864873290061951, "token_count": 621, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__140453767", "lang": "en", "text": "It is believed that the first Christians to settle along the River Gambia, which was around the fifteen century where the Portuguese navigators. The first recorded Christian ceremony being the burial according to the rite of the Catholic Church of a sailor was in May 1456.\nChristianity came to stay in The Gambia with the establishment of a British garrison and settlement in the island of Banjul in 1816. Different church societies were invited to provide the spiritual needs of this growing settlement.\nHagan Street 1900\nAnne Marie Javouhey (1779 - 1851), foundress of the sister of St Joseph of Cluny, was the first Catholic Missionary to come in modern time to the Gambia - she came with two sisters with a laywoman in 1821 and worked and lived in the hospital. She however could not stay long in the country. Only the Methodist Church was active in the Gambia during those first years.\nIt was after the establishment of the church in Senegal that an uninterrupted presence of Catholicism in the Gambia could also be seen. The migration of the people to the settlement since 1816 include Catholics and others open to becoming Catholic. Two Priests took residence in Banjul by 1849 to serve this population and Church began its slow but steady growth. The Banjul mission was under the Apostolic Vicarate of Dakar. It was concentrated in Banjul but around 1876 it began looking beyond to the Kombos and provinces\nBy 1905, Fr. John Meehan took up his appointment in the Gambia. It was his destiny to maintain and give quiet growth to the church. In 1931, the Holy See declared the Gambia “Sui Juris” and Fr. Meehan as ecclesiastical superior. Under him , the church was to develop towards an independent mission and diocese. In 1951, Fr. Michael Maloney was named Prefect Apostolic and consecrated first Bishop of the diocese of Banjul on 6 May 1958.\nThe new diocese continued to receive personnel from Ireland for its evangelization work. Many schools where opened during this period and more work undertaken in the Kombos.\nThe second Vatican Council was an important event in the live of the church in the Gambia as it presented a new vision of church, apart from a purely hierarchical and institutional one. Bishop Maloney was to preside over this renewal for next fourteen years.\nCathedral, Our Lady of The Assumption\nOn 25 March 1981, Bishop Michael J. Clearly was consecrated Bishop of Banjul in succession to Bishop Maloney who had retired. The new Bishop continued the solitude of his predecessor for personnel to care for the spiritual growth of the people of God. While being close to missionary assistance from abroad, the growth of a local clergy received active encouragement and support.\nOn the 14 th May 2006, Bishop Robert Patrick Ellison was consecrated Bishop of Banjul to succeed Bishop Cleary who had retired. Bishop Ellison is the present bishop of the diocese of Banjul.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://enterpriseextra.com/2015/11/10/usmc-celebrates-its-240th-year-november-10-2015/", "date": "2023-03-24T22:19:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00435.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9425554275512695, "token_count": 256, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__254131297", "lang": "en", "text": "Happy birthday to all current and former members of the United States Marine Corps. The few, the proud, the Marines … once a Marine, always a Marine — well-known mottos. A family spirit binds Marines to one another in the field and off, and is a great strength and recruiting advantage.\nMarine Corps Times reports the birthday message from Marine Commandant, General Robert Neller, was prepared two weeks ahead of time, and was delivered via a 10-minute video, “The Legacy Within”.\nOther important Marine Corps anniversaries\nAlso this year, November 1 marked the 100th anniversary of Parris Island, and the 70th anniversary in February 2015 of the Landing at Iwo Jima where a five-week battle ensued — the only battle in which more Marines than Japanese died.\nCorps history and famous Marines\nA Pioneer Services article celebrating the Corps’ birthday relates how the first Marine recruits were rounded up from local taverns. And, the first man on the moon, John Glenn, was one of the few, the proud.\nOne more time!\nEnterpriseExtra.com joins in wishing the Marine Corps, and each and every Marine past or present, a very Happy Birthday, and many more!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.stpetersnorthwales.org/cms/index.php?page=about-st-peters", "date": "2017-03-28T08:09:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00364-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9258900880813599, "token_count": 422, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__274047693", "lang": "en", "text": "About St. Peter’s\nSt. Peter’s Lutheran Church has been an integral part of life in the North Wales Community since 1776. Although centuries and generations have passed into history since then, this congregation's commitment to the Gospel of Jesus Christ remains the bedrock upon which our congregation's ministry to the local community and wider world is built.\nServices are held every Sunday at 8:30 a.m. and 10:00 am. We offer Christian Education for children and adults between the worship services (10:00-11:00 a.m.).\nA nursery is available for children below school age during the 10:00 service.\nA congregation of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America and a member of the Lutheran World Federation, St. Peter's mission is to invite all people to know, live and share Jesus Christ.\nIn this section\nSt. Peter’s history goes all the way back to the Revolutionary War. People in Gwynedd gathered on horseback or on wagons to hear the gospel preached by Lutheran missionaries. In the winter months they moved indoors to a log schoolhouse. Under the shade of the trees St. Peter’s began its history in 1772, not being chartered until 1776. More »\nRead the recent edition of our monthly newsletter \"Steeple Views\" or browse our upcoming events. More »\nWe invite you to celebrate your life events at St. Peter’s in the presence of our community of faith. We consider Baptisms, Confirmation, Weddings, Renewal Ceremonies and Memorial/Funeral services as life events, marking special conjunctures in the lives of individuals and families. More »\nRead through our frequently asked questions to learn more about our church and community. More »\nSunday Services & Nursery\nA nursery is available for children below school age during the 10:00 a.m. service.\nDownload a copy of the 2016 Annual Report here.\nWorship Assistant scheduling click on the icon above.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.feralequipment.com/lenses/pl-mount/pl-zooms/cooke-varotal-zoom-lens/", "date": "2024-02-21T05:00:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00400.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9485481381416321, "token_count": 182, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__81239926", "lang": "en", "text": "- Cooke Varotal 20-100mm PL T3.1\nCooke Varotal 20-100 Zoom Lens\nIf you want that classic vintage softness and texture then the Cooke Varotal zoom lens should be the next thing on your kit wish list!\nWant a quick history lesson? Well, the classic 20-100mm Cooke Varotal zoom lens was designed by Gordon H. Cook and released in 1971. Paving the way for the rest, it was the first high quality zoom designed for professional motion picture photography that made use of an entirely new design concept that has been used as the basis for all Cooke zoom lenses produced since then.\nIt has the distinctive ‘Cooke Look’ with its beautiful organic qualities, emphasising skin tones and textures while giving a slight softness. This would make a great pairing with some of our other vintage lenses such as our Cooke Speed Pancros.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://paulasmeanderings.com/tag/small-ship-cruising/", "date": "2019-05-22T06:41:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256764.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522063112-20190522085112-00032.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9857813715934753, "token_count": 972, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__49983822", "lang": "en", "text": "We flew to Istanbul one week before the cruise began so we could explore that ancient city at leisure. It would be our third exploration but there is so much to see and shopping in the Grand Bazaar deserves a trip in itself. Our hotel surpassed our expectations and then here we were ready to board our luxury yacht.\nYes! As fans of small ship cruising we were about to board a five-mast staysail schooner, one of the largest sailing cruise ships in the world. No, I am not a sailor but that is the description of what would be our floating hotel for the next seven days. The number of passengers on board was a mere 294.\nThe first exquisite experience was to watch as the computer operated sails were raised with coordinating music. Istanbul slowly faded. We saw other ships and boats but none compared to ours. I knew this cruise would be special\nWe arrive at Bodrum, the only maiden port for us on the voyage so off we go to explore. I had done my research on Bodrum so my head was filled with Halicarnassus, Herodotus and events that occurred in years that were followed by BC, and The Mausoleum.\nI like to think that Bodrum is famous because of ostentatious love. When the Satrap, or ruler, Mausolus died in 353 BC, his wife had an enormous white marble monumental tomb built. The top was a stepped pyramid and was such a wondrous accomplishment that the Greek historian Pliny designated the Mausoleum as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was designed by the great Ionian architect Pytheos. Not only was it the largest tomb ever built by the ancient Greeks it was also well built as it stood for 19 centuries until an earthquake destroyed it around the 14th century. Only the massive foundation remains though some artifacts can be viewed inside the Castle of St. Peter.\nWith my head filled with all this antiquity and the romance of a bygone era, I was so surprised to see the modern, clean city nestled on the sunny bay and surrounded by spectacular scenery at every turn. The only discordant note was the proliferation of vacation villages and timeshares cluttering up the shores. It reminded us of the Costa del Sol. I thought of it as the Marbella of Turkey. Despite this, it still had the ambience of being a step back in time. It would not have surprised me to see Anthony and Cleopatra holding hands and strolling through the Theatre of Ancient Halicarnassus.\nYet the best was yet to come. On arriving back on our yacht we were informed that a dancer, an expert in both the history and art of belly dancing was on board to entertain. We debated going but curiosity won out. There was an introduction and history of the art by an emcee who informed us that the dancer would perform four stories in dance.\nOh, what a treat. This gorgeous Turkish woman came out, gave an elegant bow and the music started. Within a moment we knew we were experiencing something special. This was pure artistry. She was grace incarnate. She moved in fluid, sinuous, sensual patterns, undulating from her toes to the ends of her hair. The tiny musical coins sewn into the costume added to the mystique. The movement of her eyes, the flutter of her lashes and the placement of hands and fingers and the ripple of her undulating torso and hips were all integral to the telling of the tales. We were in awe.\nI looked over at the resident dolt, yes, there was one. He had a beer bottle almost at his mouth but he did not take one sip, so enthralled he was. That was the greatest compliment. She danced as if she was engaged in intense communion in a separate interior place. Yet we were totally engaged. Her dancing was a most eloquent language. Mesmerizing.\nYou know an outstanding performance by what happens when it is over. Here, there was a long moment of complete silence, a collective letting out of breath, and sighs of wonder broken by: “Oh, what a performance.” We rose as one and the sound became a cacophony as we each tried to find the words to articulate our admiration and appreciation of what we had just witnessed.\nNearly every guest had seen belly dancing performances prior to this one but we all agreed that they fell far short. My Bert kept asking: “How did she do that”?” He was not the only one.\nThe Meander: We try to find pleasure in everyday small miracles. This was a miracle, not so everyday and not so small. My memory is packed with travel miracles.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.poplarfilmpresents.com/women-at-westminster", "date": "2020-01-29T18:01:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00067.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9608848094940186, "token_count": 130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__119136507", "lang": "en", "text": "Watch Rachel Reeves' full George Lansbury Memorial Lecture, 'Women at Westminster' recorded in 2018\nRachel Reeves – Women at Westminster\nRachel Reeves MP reflects on the legacy of the struggle and achievements of women at Westminster over the last hundred years, the subject of the forthcoming book by the Labour MP. The sixth George Lansbury Memorial lecture was both timely, celebrating a century of women’s suffrage, and dedicated to a cause which was always central to George's political aspirations.\nAbout Rachel Reeves\nRachel Reeves is a British economist and politician for the Labour Party. She has served as the Member of Parliament for Leeds West since 2010.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.mkwd.gov.ph/juana2016/", "date": "2020-07-08T06:36:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896905.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708062424-20200708092424-00431.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.952292799949646, "token_count": 700, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__134653694", "lang": "en", "text": "Theme: “Kapakanan ni Juana, Isama sa Agenda!“\nTuesday, March 1, 2016 to Thursday, March 31, 2016\nThe observance of International Women’s Day (IWD) was a result of the organizing activities of women in the early 20th Century. Between 1909 and 1911, working women in the United States participated in organizing strike activities of the National Women’s Trade Union League and other concerned groups. They were responding to the low wages, lack of protective legislation and the poor working conditions to which women workers were subjected during that time.\nThe demonstrations were an offshoot of the tragic March 25 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City, which took the lives of more than 140 working girls, mostly Italian and Jewish immigrants. Subsequently, the inhumane working conditions and other unfair labor practices leading up to the disaster were invoked during observances of IWD.\nIn Europe, Clara Zetkin and the Socialist Women’s International demanded that March 8th be the International Women’s Day (IWD), celebrated each year to recognize workingwomen around the world. The celebration of IWD has since stimulated major historical events. For instance, IWD was the inspiration for the general strike which began the Russian Revolution in St. Petersburg in 1917 when 10, 000 women textile workers demonstrated.\nIt is due to such history of women organizing around the world that IWD was officially recognized by the United Nations to celebrate women’s contributions to all societies.\n- Proclamation No. 224 s. 1988 declaring the first week of March each year as Women’s Week and March 8 as Women’s Rights and International Peace Day;\n- Proclamation No. 227 s. 1988 providing for the observance of the Month of March as Women’s Role in History Month; and\n- Republic Act (RA) 6949 s. 1990 declaring March 8 of every year as National Women’s Day.\nThis year’s theme is “Kapakanan ni Juana, Isama sa Agenda!” (Include Women in the Agenda).\nThe theme resonates the call for gender-balance in leadership and decision making positions both in public and private sector; inclusion of women’s concerns in leadership platforms and the government’s development agenda; and capacitating and preparing women and girls to reach their ambitions.\nConsistent with Proclamation No. 227 s. 1988, the annual conduct of the National Women’s Month Celebration (NWMC) aims to give due recognition to the contributions of Filipino women in our society.\nSpecifically, this year’s celebration aims to:\n1. create an avenue for women and women advocates to celebrate the gains of the current administration with regards to closing gender gap, as well as to call on the next administration to continue supporting the advocacy and prioritize women’s issues in various agenda;\n2. present the achievements of the Aquino administration in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment, through the Report on the State of the Filipino Women;\n3. gather public perception on what women’s issues should be prioritized by the next administration through crowdsourcing of “agenda ni Juana”; and\n4. strengthen public advocacy on National Women’s Month, with emphasis on women’s issues that still need to be addressed.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.bdembassyyangon.org/", "date": "2016-10-22T01:45:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00093-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9314541220664978, "token_count": 312, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-44__0__203938761", "lang": "en", "text": "The Embassy of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh\n11-B Than Lwin Road, Yangon, Myanmar\nTel: (0095-1) 515 275, 526 144\nFax: (0095-1) 515 273\nMonday to Thursday: 0900 – 1300 hrs and 1400 – 1700 hrs\nFriday: 0900 -1230 hrs and 1400 – 1700 hrs\nNotice: All Bangladeshi Nationals are requested to register upon arrival in Myanmar with Bangladesh Embassy by email : firstname.lastname@example.org\nWhat One may Know:\n- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the Father of the Nation.\n- The 26th March is the official Independence Day of Bangladesh.\n- 9-month-long Bangladesh Liberation War started on the 26th March 1971 and ended on the 16th December 1971.\n- The 16th December is observed as the Victory Day of Bangladesh.\n- Myanmar was one of the first six countries to have recognized Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign state on the 13th January 1972 and diplomatic relations between the two countries were established thereafter.\n- Bangladesh Embassy was opened in Yangon, Myanmar and the first Bangladesh Ambassador to Myanmar, Mr. K M Kaiser, presented his credentials on the 13th October 1972.\n- Bangladesh Embassy in Yangon has a Diplomatic Wing and a Commercial Wing, headed by a Brigadier General and a Commercial Counselor respectively; it also simultaneously maintains a Consulate at Sittwe in Rakhine State.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://travelpiper.nz/2017/05/25/%EF%BB%BFmezquita-de-cordoba-spain/", "date": "2020-04-05T20:00:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371609067.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405181743-20200405212243-00398.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9542407989501953, "token_count": 982, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__73105134", "lang": "en", "text": "After pounding the busy streets of Seville or competing with fellow tourists for Alhambra tickets in Granada, you might find yourself wondering if the Andalusian dream of long, lazy lunches and sleepy, sun-soaked terraces exists at all. That is until you arrive in Córdoba, the second-largest “Old Town” in Europe and home to some of the sultriest street corners in Spain.\nWe arrived in Córdoba after three days of scaling Granadian Hills and all the blisters and aching feet that go with it. The city seems confusing from the outside, as is perhaps fitting of a city originally founded by Romans in the 206 BC and subsequently invaded and settled by the Moors, eventually becoming the capital of the Moorish caliphate Al-Andalus in 766 AD. Under the Moors, the city flourished financially and culturally and was considered one of the most important cities in the Mediterranean world. The city’s crown jewel and main attraction, the Mezquita de Córdoba, dates from this period.\nOur stop for two nights, Hotel Mezquita, was located a stone’s throw away from the Mosque and in the centre of Córdoba ’s old Jewish quarter. While the rooms are basic (but very clean), we were amused by the quirky and eccentric mix of English and Spanish antiques throughout. A delicious continental breakfast was served in the traditional Andalusian courtyard and while the hotel seemed slightly gloomy to start with, we were quickly grateful for any respite from the harsh August sunshine.\nWe got up early to explore the Mezquita, hoping to beat the crowds and get some good pictures in the morning light. Despite being officially called a “Mosque”, the Mezquita is more formally known as the Córdoba Cathedral and is still a functioning Roman Catholic place of worship. As a result, opening times do vary so make sure you check before you head out – in summer (between March and October) it is opened from 8:30-9:30 am and 10:00-19:00 from Monday to Saturday and 15:00-19:00 on Sundays. The best news is that the Mezquita is free for tourists between March and October (otherwise €10/€5).\nThe interior of the mosque is truly astonishing and unlike any other mosque I have seen. Unlike, its contemporaries in Damascus and Jerusalem (Dome on the Rock), the Mezquita was designed as a simple, democratic space echoing the traditional Islamic prayer space of desert or home. The space is horizontal in shape and dominated by a hypostyle main hall held up by hundreds of columns of marble, onyx, jasper and granite. Throughout, you can see the recognisable red and white double arches, modelled on those found in the Dome on the Rock in Jerusalem. At the south end of the hall, is the magnificent mihrab (prayer niche), which is potentially the most beautiful part of the mosque. Illuminated by 1600kg of gold mosaic cubes sent by the Emperor of Byzantium, Nicephoras II Phocas, the mihrab is framed by golden flower motifs and qur’anic inscriptions. Inside the mihrab, a single block of white marble has been crafted into the shape of a scallop shell that forms the dome and amplifies the voice of the imam.\nIf you have time after your visit, take a few minutes to wander around the Patio de los Naranjos, the picturesque courtyard that frames the entrance to the Mezquita. It’s full of orange, cypress and palm trees as well as gurgling fountains that add an air of serenity to any morning visit. This is the site where ritual ablution (washing oneself) was done before entering the Mezquita for prayers. You can also enter the imposing 54-metre bell tower from the courtyard via the Puerta del Pérdon, a fine 14th-century example of Mudéjar architecture. The tower was originally built to be the Mezquita’s minaret but was subsequently strengthened and made taller by Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries.\nAfterwards, head to Córdoba’s Plaza de las Tendillas for breakfast to people watch and enjoy the 1920s vibe. Stop in any café (we tried a couple and they are all excellent) and if you’re feeling brave, go for the crushed tomato on bread (Pan con Tomate) with a generous glug of olive oil and a pinch of sea salt – delicious!\nHappy Travelling, Moey xx", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kevinpaisley.com.au/brands/bvlgari/", "date": "2023-11-30T11:25:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100184.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130094531-20231130124531-00382.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9222952723503113, "token_count": 200, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__314697969", "lang": "en", "text": "We put your eye care first. Book a bulk billed^ eye test with us today. Book Now\nThe iconic BVLGARI-BVLGARI theme, inspired by the engravings on ancient Roman coins, has become the décor of a special collection of eyewear.\nSymbol of the bond with Rome and Maison’s icon, the BVLGARI-BVLGARI décor - inspired by the inscriptions on the edges of ancient Roman coins - celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2015.\nIntroduced in 1975 as an engraving on the bezels of watches, it became synonymous with elegance and a distinctive mark of many of the brand’s jewels and accessories. To celebrate the anniversary, Bulgari has dedicated the BVLGARI-BVLGARI eyewear collection to this iconic motif, which becomes a decorative and functional element on various exquisite, sophisticated models that are perfect for today’s refined and modern woman.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.freearmenianpows.com/background", "date": "2023-12-05T12:55:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00899.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9716379046440125, "token_count": 339, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__221943863", "lang": "en", "text": "In September 2020, Azerbaijan started the second large-scale war in Nagorno-Karabakh, after 26 years of frozen conflict. Following this 44-day war, a tripartite ceasefire declaration was signed on 10 November 2020, between the Azeri and Russian presidents and the Armenian prime minister, in preparation for a subsequent peace agreement.\nThe latter provided for the exchange of all prisoners of war between Azerbaijan on the one hand, and Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh on the other. By the beginning of 2021, all Azeri POWs were returned by Armenia to Azerbaijan. The process of return of detained Armenian POWs and civilians was done in several waves in 2021, but Azerbaijan deliberately stopped it prematurely.\nAccording to information from human rights NGOs confirmed by the ICRC, Baku is still holding 33 confirmed prisoners of war, whom it accuses of terrorism and has unduly sentenced to sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison. In addition to these 33 prisoners of war, evidence indicates the existence of at least 80 other captured persons (videos of their capture, testimonies of freed ex POWs ...) of whom we have no more news. Azerbaijan denies their existence. The fate of these \"forcibly disappeared\" remains uncertain, as the ICRC has no information about them and cannot visit them.\nOn 15 June 2021, during a trip to Nagorno-Karabakh in the company of Turkish President Erdogan and his wife, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev openly admitted the he was \"still holding many Armenian prisoners of war\" in order to use them for blackmail against Armenia and demand concessions not provided for in the tripartite agreement of November 2020.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://jwoo.flavors.me/", "date": "2014-10-21T03:43:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443883.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00020-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9289429783821106, "token_count": 331, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__180475215", "lang": "en", "text": "Evening on Place des Terreaux, a popular square next to Hôtel de Ville. This square hosts different city events like the Festival of Lights in the winter.\nBefore the square, the city featured towers and walls for protection from sieges and ditches that could be filled with water. In the 16th century after a siege, the walls crumbled, the ditches were filled, and now atop stand buildings like the opera house and city hall around the square. After a fire and many post-siege beheadings, the square became Place des Terreaux, accessible to the city with new streets around.\nThis “place” features Fontaine Bartholdi, a fountain of horses sculpted by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi. In the US, Bartholdi is not famously known for the Statue of Liberty. First placed in Bordeaux, then moved to Lyon in front of Hôtel de Ville (west side of the square), the fountain resides permanently on the north side of Terreaux facing south (though just moved out and placed back in last year for renovations) .\nToday, it is an easy meeting place, center of the city between two rivers and right by a metro stop. Locals gather for drinks and snacks at the cafes as workers walk or commute home. After a flight from LA with a layover in Zurich and train+metro from Lyon airport, I’m ready to meet Pauline right where we first met three years ago: at the steps of Hôtel de Ville in Place des Terreaux.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://flowersbyshamini.blogspot.com/2014/11/age-uk-bromley-greenwich-community.html", "date": "2018-05-25T18:14:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867173.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525180646-20180525200646-00247.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9446386694908142, "token_count": 289, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__49118788", "lang": "en", "text": "Sunday, 2 November 2014\nAge UK Bromley & Greenwich Community Volunteers Time Bank\nIf you're making a special trip to London to see the poppy display in memory of the soldiers killed in the First World War, it's worth also seeing the First World War galleries at the Imperial War Museum, and the Garden Museum's temporary exhibition (the GM is just up the road from IWM).\nAs well as the Gardens and War exhibition, there is a display in the Garden Museum of embroidered, printed and painted handkerchiefs, inspired by the memories of gardening in wartime.\nThe artist Cas Holmes worked with the museum on one of their outreach programmes. The Art Interest Group is organised by Age UK Bromley & Greenwich Community Volunteers Time Bank (CVTB), and with Cas, created a beautiful display in the centre of the museum.\nEach handkerchief is so unique, because of the techniques used to create it, and the thoughts and feelings that inspired it.\nToday there was a Thrift Fair and Skills Swap, and members of the Age UK Bromley & Greenwich group were there, knitting hats for Innocent drinks, to raise money for Age UK. If you want to knit a hat too, you can still do it here - each hat-topped drink generates 25p for Age UK's Spread the Warmth campaign, providing befriending, warm meals, and emergency support in cold weather for older, vulnerable people.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mallettracing.blogspot.com/2013/02/group-1-rover-sd1-or-wild-rover.html?showComment=1359900564965", "date": "2019-02-17T08:50:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481766.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217071448-20190217093448-00190.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9839308857917786, "token_count": 617, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__215340672", "lang": "en", "text": "The Wild Rover is one of those great drinking songs that originated in Ireland. It tells the story of a sailor who, returning to his home town, is refused \"food and board\" (politely) until he demonstrates his wealth. This week I had the pleasure of going to Ireland to meet a couple of gentlemen who owned a Rover 3500 SD1. This particular car was originally built by Dave Price Racing in 1979/80. It was campaigned in the Trimoco British Saloon Car Championship 1980, 1981 and 1982. In 1981 that operation was taken over by Tom Walkinshaw Racing and the cars were resprayed in Sanyo colours, retaining Daily Express sponsorship.\nAs with any racing car, history is somewhat difficult to trace. We know that in 1980 there were two DPR cars driven by Jeff Allam and Rex Greenslade. Indeed Allam won the Grand Prix support race at Brands Hatch that year, the cars were Triplex sponsored with ESSO support showing on the front of the cars. That ESSO support is quite interesting because it carried on into 1981 and appears in the original location on both cars. In 1981 there were two cars prepared by Martin Thomas for the Patrick Motorsport outfit. These were driven by Brian Muir, Rex Greenslade and at the season finale a third car was pedalled by Rad dougall (this one sold recently at Bonhams). But, returning to the DPR cars, in 1982 the red background ESSO marking only appears on one car, that of Jeff Allam, whereas the Peter Lovett version has the Sanyo blue paint with ESSO written on top.\nIn 1982 Peter Lovett won the British Saloon Car Championship in his TWR Rover in Sanyo colours. Jeff Allam won the class. But the story doesn't stop there. The car in question has Marlboro markings and dayglo paint, indicating that it went on to further campaigns after 1982. In fact there is strong evidence to suggest this car went to France as the mount for Rene Metge in 1983. The French championship, at that time was a cross between Group 1 and Group A so there was a lot of crossover.\nThe sharp sighted among you will have spotted the words \"a couple of gentlemen who owned a Rover 3500 SD1\". I used these words because I am now the proud owner of a significant piece of British touring car history.\nThis is the car showing evidence of its various paint schemes:\nAs can be seen there is a lot of work to do,not to mention additional research. There is evidence to suggest that this car is the Lovett car from 1981/82 and whilst Sanyo colours would reflect its most successful period, I think the Daily Express colours from early to mid 1981 would be a better fit. The build will be recorded and I'll put the info up here as we go.\nAnyone interested in the Rover story from Group 1 to Group A might want to trawl through this thread on 10/10s.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://inbo.com/en/topics/meaning-of-a-place/", "date": "2023-04-01T17:14:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950110.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401160259-20230401190259-00795.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8529293537139893, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__99467097", "lang": "en", "text": "The meaning of a place\nNational monument Kamp Amersfoort is a place of mémoir et miroir. Of reflection, remembrance and, above all, looking ahead: What happened here and what can we learn from it?\nThe publication The Meaning of a Place pursues remembrance as a design theme and shows the emotionally charged history of this place of commemoration. The book unveils the relationship between the history, the traces in the landscape and the design of the new underground museum and the existing memorial centre.\nFloris van Dijk", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://macrovegan.org/tag/digestive-health/", "date": "2019-03-20T21:10:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320210433-20190320232433-00166.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9854813814163208, "token_count": 102, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__129435710", "lang": "en", "text": "Soups and broths have been a regular feature in cooking since before historical records. In fact, one of the oldest books in Chinese medicine is Dr. Yi Yins Soup Classic. In the West we can look to Hippocrates, the Father of Western medicine. He was fond of recommending barley soup to his patients. What we know is that when a person is ill, they may find it easier to drink a restorative soup than eat a full meal. Soups have been used for many reasons.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://portal-militaergeschichte.de/node/1659", "date": "2017-05-01T06:33:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917127681.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031207-00037-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9081994295120239, "token_count": 584, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__272455681", "lang": "en", "text": "The Filson Historical Society’s Institute For Advanced Study proposes a conference that will explore the experience of POWs in all American conflicts since the colonial period. The conference aims to advance our understanding of the integral role prisoners of war played in the economic, cultural, political and military waging of American wars. In commemoration of the centennial of World War I, the conference conveners are particularly interested in presentations that focus on this era.\nToo often prisoners of war have been considered by historians to be a special, separate topic. If discussed at all, POWs make only a brief appearance in legal histories or in the history of POW policies or histories of POW camps. They show up as sums in casualty lists or are discussed as a burden on military resources, creating more mouths to feed, house and guard. This conference proposes to consider prisoners of war as more than simply casualties, losers or victims by examining the range of ways in which POWs played an active role in the conduct and outcome of America's military encounters.\nThe organisers of the conference seek paper and panel proposals that explore a variety of questions related to expanding the definition of the place of POWs in the waging of war:\n- POWs and Military Campaigns\n- POWs and Strategy\n- POWs and Diplomacy\n- POWs and the Economy\n- POWs and Post-War Memory\n- POWs and the Politics of Warfare\n- POWs and Gender\n- POWs and Race\n- POWs and Community Studies\n- POWs and Propaganda\n- POWs and Consumer Culture\n- POWs and Empire\n- POWs and Globalization\n- POWs and Migration\n- POWs and Labor\n- POWs and Health Care\nA selection of revised essays from the conference will be published in an anthology that will be co-edited by Lorien Foote and Daniel Krebs. Please send a proposal of no more than one page clearly outlining the subject, arguments and relevance to the conference topic, along with a CV of no more than two pages to LeeAnn Whites, Director of Research, The Filson Historical Society, (lwhites[at]filsonhistorical[dot]org).\nSingle papers or conference panels are welcome. For panel proposals please provide a one page summary of the panel in addition to paper proposals and vitas from each participant.\nPapers will be placed on line on the The Filson Historical Society’s website prior to the conference.\nFunds will be available to help defray some travel costs for presenters.\nConference Venue: The Filson Historical Society, 1310 S 3rd St, Louisville, KY 40208, USA\nLorien L. Foote, Ph.D.\nProfessor and Director of Graduate Studies\nDepartment of History\nTexas A&M University\n+ 1 979 845 7151", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.harborhair.com/lancaster", "date": "2023-12-11T02:34:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103464.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211013452-20231211043452-00547.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9630749225616455, "token_count": 117, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__277801284", "lang": "en", "text": "Harbor Hair Company is located in suites 16 & 17 in the historic Lancaster building at 1 Varrell Lane in York Harbor, Maine. We have ample off street parking available for our clients.\nPictured here from a postcard dated 1922, the Lancaster Building (far right) was designed by E. B. Blaisdell and built in 1895. We are proud to have our salon in this historic piece of York. Our salon features all of the modern amenities you would expect, yet is tastefully designed to respect the wonderful character of this unique slice of the Maine coast.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.techspot.co.ke/epson-printers-exceeds-your-vision/", "date": "2023-09-22T22:03:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00675.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9521810412406921, "token_count": 1036, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__37989939", "lang": "en", "text": "Epson’s origins go back to 1942, when a company called Daiwa Kogyo, which was a local clock shop opened by Hisao Yamazaki.\nAn investment from the Hattori family, the founders of Seiko, helped Daiwa Kogyo expand into manufacturing watch parts and they began to open factories.\nInitially the company was focused on manufacturing timepieces, but would later split into two separate companies, giving birth to the printing giant Epson.\nThe Beginning Of Epson Printers\nSuwa Seikosha set up a company called Shinshu Seiki Co in 1961. This\ncompany was a subsidiary that would supply intricate parts to Seiko\nwatches. The Seiko group was selected to be the time keeper of the 1964\nOlympics in Tokyo and Shinshu began to develop and electronic printer\nthat would print out the timings of Olympic events.\nSeptember 1968 saw Shinshu launch the first ever mini-printer called the EP-101, in which the “EP” stands for Electronic Printer. The mini-printer was soon incorporated into many calculators, produced by the company, so calculations could be seen on printed paper and kept for future reference.\nFirst Use Of Epson As A Brand\nIn 1975, the name Epson was used on the company’s next generation of printers. This was based on the name of the first EP-101 and SON meaning son of electronic printer.In April 1975 Epson America Inc was set up to sell printers for Shinshu Seiki Co.\nThe TX-80, an eighty column dot matrix printer was released in June 1978, which was mainly used as a system printer for Commodore PET computers. Two years later in 1980, an improved version of the printer, called the MX-80 was released. This soon became the bestselling printer in the USA.\nShinshu Seiki officially became the Epson Corporation in 1982,\nlaunching the world’s first handheld computer in the same year, called\nHX-20. This was followed by the launch of the world’s first portable\ncolour television, a year later in 1983.\nSuwa Seikosha and the Epson Corporation merged in November 1985 and became the Seiko Epson Corporation.\nThe Seiko Epson Corporation went on to develop the Micro Piezo inkjet technology, which used a piezoelectric crystal, which was a feature of the Epson MJ-500 inkjet printer released in 1995. In 1994 Epson released the first ever high resolution inkjet printer. At the time 720 x 720 dpi was considered as high resolution and this is what the Epson Stylus P860A offered to the market, making use of its Micro Piezo head technology. Future models of the Stylus printer began to use Epson’s DURABrite ink and contain two hard drives.\nEpson started to outsource their sales reps to retail stores in the\nUnited States in 1994 and started a program called the Weekend Warrior\nSales Program. This program was introduced to improve the sales of\ntheir, as well as enhance the sales reps knowledge of Epson’s products.\nSales reps were given weekend shifts with hours ranging from 12 – 20\nIn 2007 Epson ceased using outsourced sales reps, but did hire a company called ‘rack jobbers’ to make sure that their products were displayed correctly in a retail environment.\nNowadays the name Epson is synonymous with home and office printers\nand it is likely that you will have seen one of their printers on the\nshelves of any of the major electronics retailers.\nWith a rich history of innovation, this market leader will surely bring more technological advancements to the printing world in years to come.\n- Epson LabelWorks LW-400 Label Printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- X-POS P500 mobile receipt printer & Label printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- X-POS P810 Mobile Receipt Printer & Label Printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- Bixolon SRP-275 Impact Dot matrix Receipt printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- PROJECTOR AND PROJECTOR SCREEN(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- C13S015337BA Epson SIDM Black Ribbon Cartridge for LQ-590(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- Printers, Scanners & Copiers for Sale(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- Epson L1800 A3 Photo Ink Tank Printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- Epson LQ-350 Dot Matrix Printer(Opens in a new browser tab)\n- Networking Companies in Kenya: Choosing the Best for Your Needs", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://maritrosclair.com/orange-county-nc/", "date": "2024-04-17T22:52:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817181.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417204934-20240417234934-00322.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9784875512123108, "token_count": 179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__142430738", "lang": "en", "text": "Today Hillsborough is the home of writers, artists, fine restaurants, cool shops, government offices and a cast of characters. It has a long history.\nThe county was formed in 1752 from parts of Bladen County, Granville County, and Johnston County. It was named for the infant William V of Orange, whose mother Anne, daughter of King George II of Great Britain, was then regent of the Dutch Republic.Hillsborough was founded in 1754 on land where the Great Indian Trading Path crossed the Eno River\nIn the late 1760s, tensions between (in a nutshell) Piedmont farmers and county officers welled up in theRegulator movement or, as it was known, the War of the Regulation, which had its epicenter in Hillsborough.\nHillsborough was used as the home of the North Carolina state legislature during the American Revolution", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://miyagitheme.jp/spot01.html", "date": "2019-05-21T03:34:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256215.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521022141-20190521044141-00153.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9574366211891174, "token_count": 220, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__122874175", "lang": "en", "text": "Entsu-in is a Zen Buddhist temple. It was built in 1646 as a mausoleum for Date Mitsumune, a grandson of the first lord of the Sendai Domain, Date Masamune.\nNamed \"Sankeiden\", the mausoleum is one of the finest buildings belonging to the Date family using the essence of many special techniques of that time, and designated as an important cultural property of Japan. The building still carries down the influence of the Western ideas brought back by Hasekura Tsunenaga, a missionary who was sent by Date Masamune. The painting of the Western Rose in the building is believed to be the oldest in Japan.\nThe tile roofed main hall creates a distinctive tranquil atmosphere of a Zen temple combined with the Japanese garden in the grounds of the temple. In the garden, a pond with lotus flowers, maples, azaleas, wild and native flowers and such, are arranged so that every season takes on its own beauty. You may want to take a leisurely walk after offering prayers.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thetipsheet.typepad.com/the_tip_sheet/2017/09/new-hampshire-telephone-museum-receives-donation-of-antique-telephone-truck.html", "date": "2022-12-04T12:25:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710972.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204104311-20221204134311-00511.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.957108199596405, "token_count": 640, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__294306361", "lang": "en", "text": "Warner NH – When someone calls the Telephone Museum and asks you if they could donate an old telephone truck to your collection, you say YES without hesitation! That is just what happened at the New Hampshire Telephone Museum when brothers Gregg and Eric Haskin, President and VP-Network Operations of the Waitsfield and Champlain Valley Telecom in Waitsfield VT, made the call.\nThe Haskin brothers are carrying on the tradition of their parents, Dana and Eleanor Haskin, who owned and operated Waitsfield Telecom since 1904.\nThe Independent Telephone Company industry was booming throughout much of the 1900’s and it was during that time that the Telephone Association of New England was established. Many relationships were formed throughout New England and it is was through this connection that the Haskin family became friends with NHTM’s founder, Alderic O. “Dick” Violette, who worked for Merrimack County Telephone Company, the Independent that served Contoocook NH and surrounding towns for over 100 years.\nBoth Dana and Eleanor Haskin have passed away and although the company still thrives under the leadership of the brothers, on the personal side the Haskins had collected lots of antique telephones and related artifacts that have now become the responsibility of their children. The brothers both felt – and knew their parents would agree – that the fully restored 1928 Model A Ford Bell System Telephone Truck should be on display at NHTM.\n“We’ve often talked about how an old telephone truck would really round out our collection nicely,” says NHTM Executive Director, Laura French, “but they are not easy to come by these days, so when Gregg and Eric reached out to us we were thrilled!”\nThe truck will make its official debut in the Warner Fall Foliage Festival parade on Sunday, October 8, 2017. After that it will be displayed in the Warner Firefighters Museum’s portion of the Telephone Museum building until a better display can be created.\n# # #\nAbout New Hampshire Telephone Museum\nThe New Hampshire Telephone Museum is a non-profit 501(c)3 Corporation whose mission is to inspire curiosity by engaging a broad public audience in exhibitions and programs based on its remarkable and expanding collection. The Museum preserves the past and tells the stories of the telecommunications industry. The museum, which opened to the public in 2005 under the direction of Alderic O. “Dick” Violette, a 50-year veteran of the telephone industry, and his son, Paul Violette, a 40-year telephone industry veteran. It features the collection of four generations of one family who, collectively, have careers spanning nearly 100 years. Visit NHTelephoneMuseum.org for more information.\nAbout Waitsfield & Champlain Valley Telecom\nWaitsfield and Champlain Valley Telecom is an independent, privately owned telephone company serving the Mad River and Central Champlain Valley regions of Vermont. Locally owned and operated, Waitsfield Telecom has been providing telephone service to the Mad River Valley since 1904. Visit WCVT.com for more information.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mootube.ru/idejeich/Indigesti", "date": "2017-04-29T21:44:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123590.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00505-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.6658996343612671, "token_count": 503, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__55643552", "lang": "en", "text": "|#||Release title||Total tracks||Type of release is||Imprint date||Label|\n|1||Sguardo Realtà 82/83||27||Audio||1994||Vacation House Records|\n|2||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1997||Vacation House Records|\n|3||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1985||TVOR On Vinyl|\n|4||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1987||TVOR On Vinyl|\n|5||The Sand Through The Green||5||Audio||1986||BC Tapes & Records|\n|6||Sguardo Realtà||25||Audio||1998||Vacation House Records|\n|7||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1997||Vacation House Records|\n|8||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||2010||Shake Edizioni|\n|9||Wretched / Indigesti||12||Audio||2012|\n|11||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1987||TVOR On Vinyl|\n|13||The Sand Through The Green||5||Audio||1986||BC Tapes & Records|\n|14||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1987||TVOR On Vinyl|\n|15||Osservati Dall'Inganno||12||Audio||1997||Vacation House Records|\nIndigesti are an Italian hardcore punk band from the Torino area in North Italy. Their most active period lasted from the early to the mid-1980s. The band reunited just a few years ago, recording the critically-acclaimed album \"In disparte\".\nIndigesti are famous for their unique guitar playing style, resulting in an especially tense, psychotic sound which led to them being considered by some as one of the best European hardcore bands ever. Their most prominent record is the 1987 LP \"Osservati dall'inganno\". It was released on TVOR Records, a small independent record label affiliated to legendary Italian TVOR fanzine which helped spark the upsurge of the Italian hardcore movement in the middle of the 1980s.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://playstation.goshopgaming.com/articles/the-evolution-of-the-playstation-a-brief-history-of-sony-s-iconic-gaming-console", "date": "2023-10-02T11:40:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510994.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002100910-20231002130910-00345.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9790684580802917, "token_count": 566, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__56704851", "lang": "en", "text": "The PlayStation is a line of video game consoles created by Sony. The first PlayStation was released in December 1994, and it quickly became one of the most successful gaming consoles of all time. Since then, Sony has released several iterations of the PlayStation, each one building on the success of its predecessors and pushing the boundaries of gaming technology.\nThe original PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi, a Sony executive who had previously worked on the development of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System's sound hardware. Kutaragi believed that video games were the future of entertainment, and he saw an opportunity for Sony to enter the market.\nDespite some initial resistance from within Sony, Kutaragi was able to secure the support of company CEO Norio Ohga, and the PlayStation project was greenlit. The first PlayStation was developed in collaboration with Nintendo, but the partnership fell apart, and Sony decided to go it alone.\nThe PlayStation was released in Japan in December 1994, and it was an immediate success. It was the first console to use CD-ROMs instead of cartridges, which allowed for larger and more detailed games. It also had a powerful 32-bit processor, which was significantly more advanced than the 16-bit processors used in rival consoles at the time.\nIn September 1995, the PlayStation was released in North America and Europe, where it quickly gained a loyal following. It was particularly popular among older gamers who were attracted to the more mature and realistic games that were being developed for the platform.\nOver the next few years, Sony released a series of successful consoles, including the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Portable (PSP). Each new console added new features and improved upon the technology of its predecessor, making them even more popular with gamers.\nIn 2013, Sony released the PlayStation 4, which became the company's fastest-selling console ever. The PS4 was the first PlayStation console to support high-definition graphics, and it also introduced the ability to play games remotely on other devices, such as smartphones and tablets.\nToday, the PlayStation remains one of the most popular video game consoles in the world. The latest iteration, the PlayStation 5, was released in 2020, and it continues the tradition of offering cutting-edge technology and immersive gaming experiences.\nThe success of the PlayStation can be attributed to several factors. Sony has always been at the forefront of gaming technology, and its consoles have consistently offered advanced features and capabilities. Additionally, the company has built a robust ecosystem of games, accessories, and services that keep gamers coming back for more.\nOverall, the PlayStation is a testament to the power of innovation and the enduring appeal of video games. From its humble beginnings as a collaboration between Sony and Nintendo, the PlayStation has grown into a global phenomenon that has changed the face of gaming.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://renfrewlegionbr148.ca/our-history/", "date": "2024-04-13T23:12:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816853.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413211215-20240414001215-00369.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9476820230484009, "token_count": 692, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__14892984", "lang": "en", "text": "Our HistoryWe have been serving Renfrew & Area since 1929\nNinety World War I veterans attended the first meeting called to establish Branch 148 in 1929. History records indicate that there were fifteen charter members with the first president being Mr. A.B.C. Throop. The Canadian legion of the British Empire service league was the official name of the organization at the time in 1929.\nThe present location for the legion started with the purchase of the former home of the McAndrew family. The need to expand was soon realized and a membership building committee was formed. Extensive renovations of the building were started and in 1965 the official opening of our new hall was celebrated.\nThe mission of our Legion is to serve veterans, including military & RCMP members and their families; to promote Remembrance, and to serve our communities and our country.\nThe raising of money to erect a memorial to commemorate the dead of World War I was the first major work of the branch founders. The Honourable Thomas Low of Renfrew committed himself to contributing the major cost and consequently it was for him that low square was named. In 2008 the cenotaph was in desperate need of restoration. Comrade Bill Welsh, spearheaded this undertaking. On September 21, 2008, many townsfolk attended a special ceremony to re-dedicate and remember our fallen heroes at the newly restored cenotaph.\nThe biggest day of the year. The annual parade and attendance is a long standing tradition in Renfrew. It takes a lot of preparation by comrade Bruce Ferguson (the poppy chairman) and the committee to organize the preparations for this very special day. Many, many hours are volunteered by the members to poppy tag the weekend before Remembrance Day. Proceeds from our poppy donations are distributed to:\n- Local Veterans Comfort\n- Renfrew Victoria Hospital\n- Homeless Veterans\n- Poetry, essay & poster contest prizes\n- Service Bureau Veterans Assistance\n- Support of Cadet Units\n- Relief of Disasters\n- Restoration/Repair of Monuments\nLive entertainment is provided in the lounge every Saturday from 4 to 8 pm and two Friday nights a month from 8 pm to midnight. View our upcoming events calendars\nThe Legion Seniors meet Monday afternoons to play darts and friendship. The Legion Seniors will start again in September.\nRenfrew Highland Pipes & Drums\nThe Renfrew Highland Pipes and Drums was founded in 1913 and plays for concerts, parades and special events up and down the Ottawa Valley. We are proud of our long partnership with the Renfrew Legion Branch 148.\nMost Requested Information\nLounge Hours – 613-432-2582\nSunday to Wednesday – Closed\nThursday – 12:00 - 6:00\nFridays - 12:00 - 6:00\nOpen Mic Fridays - 12:00 - 11:00\nSaturday – 12:00 - 10:30 pm\nOffice Hours – 613-432-6450, email firstname.lastname@example.org.\nRegular hours: Monday – 8-4\nTuesday - 8-4\nWednesday - 8-4\nThursday - 8-12\nFriday - 8-12", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://journeythroughtheobsidiandream.wordpress.com/2010/10/01/source-review-the-tarot-history-symbolism-and-divination/", "date": "2018-03-21T14:34:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647660.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321141313-20180321161313-00274.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.949862539768219, "token_count": 430, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__183310389", "lang": "en", "text": "Books on how to read Tarot cards are dime-a-dozen. (Figuratively, at least; Hermes help me, I wish they were cheaper.) Good books on the Tarot are fewer and further between, and most of them are associated with a particular deck – there are entire libraries, for example, dedicated to the Crowley&Harrison’s Thoth deck, alone. For a generalist book, though, you can hardly do better than this one.\nRobert M. Place stand out from other Tarot writers, first and foremost, in that he can distinguish between myth and history. The Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination actually has a chapter devoted to each. Unlike many authors, who subscribe to the mythical history wholesale, Place recognizes that the symbolism of the Major Arcana cannot be traced further back than Renaissance Italy, and goes to great length to prove his point, citing a number of studies and histories patently ignored by many in the New Age community, romantically attached as they are to the idea of ancient (even prehistoric) origins. He then goes on to describe and debunk the mythic history, showing where Levi and others invented the Tarot they needed, ultimately culminating in the well-known Waite-Smith deck.\nFrom there, Place traces the individual symbols in many of the cards, providing a clear insight into their historical meanings and contexts. He describes the divinatory and symbolic meanings of the Waite-Smith illustrations (more commonly known as the Rider-Waite deck, a name which credits the corporate publishers over the female artist). He cites Waite and Smith’s memoirs, notes, and letters, giving us further insight into the origin of the modern Tarot deck.\nFinally, he has a chapter on layouts, which – to my delight – overlooks the overused Celtic Cross and includes an expanded version of the Twelve Houses spread. It even starts with some general discussion of the theory behind various layouts.\nPlace, Robert M. the Tarot: History, Symbolism, and Divination. New York: Penguin, 2005. Print.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://mnindiangamingassoc.com/key-indian-affairs-leader-keynote-miga-25th-anniversary-banquet/", "date": "2023-10-04T20:13:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00368.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9655945897102356, "token_count": 614, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__133381005", "lang": "en", "text": "St. Paul, MN–(September 8) Franklin D. Ducheneaux, former Counsel on Indian Affairs to the U.S. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs and a key figure in the drafting of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), will deliver the keynote address at a September 15 banquet hosted by the Minnesota Indian Gaming Association (MIGA) in celebration of the 25th anniversary of Minnesota’s tribal gaming compacts. Minnesota’s compacts were the first in the nation to be negotiated and signed under IGRA, a process that begin in 1989 and concluded in 1991.\nDucheneaux, an enrolled member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, rose to prominence in 1973 as Indian Affairs Counsel to the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs under Congressman Lloyd Meeds (D-WA). In 1977, he was appointed by Congressman Morris K. Udall (D-AZ) to serve as Indian Affairs Counsel to the full House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee.\nFrom 1973 to 1990, Ducheneaux played a key role in the crafting of virtually every major piece of Indian legislation to come before Congress, including the Indian Self-Determination Act, the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, the Indian Child Welfare Act, the Indian Mineral Development Act, and in 1988, IGRA. During his tenure, he earned a reputation as a fierce and effective advocate for tribal sovereignty and self-determination.\nDucheneaux’s role in the development and passage of IGRA was particularly pivotal, according to MIGA Executive Director John McCarthy A February 1988 Supreme Court decision (California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians) had reaffirmed the right of sovereign Indian tribes to conduct gaming on their own lands without interference from states as long as gambling was legal under state laws.\nIn the wake of that ruling, a coalition of state governors and attorneys general lobbied Congress to pass legislation that would give states some measure of control over the gaming activities of tribes located within their boundaries. Tribes opposed any federal legislation that would give states regulatory authority over their affairs.\n“Frank had the challenging task of drafting a bill that would give states some measure of authority over tribal gaming without going too far in compromising the tribes’ inherent right to govern and regulate themselves,” McCarthy said. “He managed to balance those interests brilliantly, and as a result, the lives of millions of Indian people all over this country were changed forever.”\n“Frank is the architect of Indian gaming as we know it,” McCarthy said, “so it’s only fitting that he should join us as the keynote speaker for this very special 25th anniversary celebration.”\nThe event will be held at the Intercontinental Hotel St. Paul Riverfront, a property of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, starting with a reception at 6 pm followed by the banquet at 7 pm.. Tickets are still available through the MIGA website.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.oldetownejewelers.com/item/vintage-14k-gold-gemstone-etruscan-victorian-revival-slide-bracelet-c-1950s", "date": "2019-06-16T12:36:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998238.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616122738-20190616144738-00356.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9216517806053162, "token_count": 187, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__209875547", "lang": "en", "text": "Vintage 14K Gold & Gemstone Victorian Revival Slide Bracelet, c.1950s\nAn exquisite vintage Victorian Revival slide bracelet, set with a multitude of dazzling gemstones. Each of the bracelet's eight slide links is unique, featuring an individual design and gemstone setting. Motifs include snakes, flowers and gorgeous Etruscan rope and bead-work. A miniature hand-painted portrait of a woman occupies one link and a delicately carved coral cameo rests on another. The stones include cultured pearl, agate, turquoise, coral, amethyst and citrine. Originally, slides were used on lady's pocket and pendant watch chains. As these fell from fashion, jewelers began using the gorgeous pieces as links for bracelets. In the 1950s the style was revived, producing a wealth of new designs that incorporated both Victorian motifs and classic jewelry technique. This bracelet is a stunning example.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://m.clevelandjewishnews.com/community/lifecycles/obituaries/jakob-herbert-gerhard/article_30e50f7c-935d-11e9-9229-83e713ab6d7a.html", "date": "2019-09-19T13:51:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573519.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919122032-20190919144032-00083.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9834786653518677, "token_count": 857, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__179487147", "lang": "en", "text": "Herbert Gerhard Jakob, M.D., passed away in Cleveland on June 11, 2019. Services were June 14 and interment followed at Lake View Cemetery. Arrangements were handled by Berkowitz-Kumin-Bookatz Memorial Chapel. Rabbi Steven Denker officiated.\nDr. Jakob was born in Saint Ingbert, near Spiesen-Elversberg, Germany, in 1929. His family fled Germany for Luxembourg in 1935, then came to Cleveland Heights in 1938. His parents were founding members of the synagogue Gates of Hope, later named Congregation Shaarey Tikvah.\nDr. Jakob learned English at Coventry Road Elementary School in Cleveland Heights.\nAt 14, he obtained a provisional driver license so he could drive a truck for Dembovitz Bakery on Coventry, delivering bread before his school day started at Roosevelt Junior High School. He once delivered to a restaurant and was asked by the owner if the rolls were stale. The owner had a pistol on the table. Replying that the rolls were fresh, the owner replied, “You’re a good boychik.” The owner was Shondor Birns.\nBy the age of 17, he had saved $6,000 from that job to help his parents buy a house on Whitethorn Road.\nDr. Jakob graduated from Cleveland Heights High School. In 1947, then enrolled in Adelbert College (now Case Western Reserve University).\nHe was inducted into the U.S. Army in 1948 and assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division. In 1949, then a sergeant, he was transferred to the active reserves. He then resumed his studies, earning his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and then a medical degree from The Ohio State University College of Medicine.\nWhile a surgical resident at the former Mt. Sinai Hospital of Cleveland, he met a British nurse named Margaret. They were married in London in 1958.\nAfter leaving Mount Sinai, Dr. Jakob took a position at St. Joseph Hospital in Eureka, Calif. He was the only surgeon in Humboldt County, allowing him to hone his considerable talents in all areas of surgery. While there, he was made an honorary member of the Hoopa Valley Indian Tribe.\nDr. Jakob returned to Cleveland Heights in 1964 and worked for the Community Health Foundation. He and some other physicians from that group founded the Ohio region of Kaiser Permanente, the first HMO in Ohio.\nDr. Jakob was for many years Kaiser’s regional chief of surgery. He also spent 10 years as physician-in-chief of the Ohio region, during which time he attended and graduated from the advanced management program at Harvard Business School.\nDr. Jakob was not only a proponent, but a practitioner of physical fitness. An avid weightlifter and later runner, he encouraged his children in sports.\nAll of his children were varsity athletes at Cleveland Heights High School, which inducted him into its hall of fame in 1992. He was fervently proud of how the Heights schools shaped his life and those of his children.\nDr. Jakob retired in 1995. He became a full-time grandfather to four grandchildren and later volunteered as a docent with Congregation Shaarey Tikvah’s Face to Face Holocaust education program. The program still uses a centuries-old Torah that his family hid and brought from Germany.\nDr. Jakob is survived by his two daughters, Linda (Stephen Barrett) of Shaker Heights, Dr. Harriet (Dr. Keith Kruithoff) of Shaker Heights and his son, Charles Jakob of Sacramento, Calif. He is also survived by his grandchildren, Hannah and Jemma Barrett and Bradley and Caroline Kruithoff.\nHe was predeceased by his wife of 60 years, Margaret Rimmer; his parents, Eugene and Friedl Jakob; and a grandchild, Emma Madeline Barrett.\nContributions are suggested to the Hospice of the Western Reserve, Kol Israel Foundation’s Face to Face Holocaust Education Program, or the Heights Schools Foundation, c/o the CH-UH School District.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://independentvoice.com/local-life/memorials-at-dixon-veterans-cemetery/", "date": "2018-06-19T02:58:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861752.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619021643-20180619041643-00038.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9029031991958618, "token_count": 252, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__104975965", "lang": "en", "text": "This Memorial Day, Monday, May 25, will be a full day of honoring our fallen veterans.\nThe Sacramento Valley National Cemetery on Midway Road, south of Dixon, will hold a ceremony including the Air Force Band of the Golden West Brass Quintet (shown above) starting at 9:00 am.\nThen a memorial service will be held at the Silveyville cemetery commencing at 10:00 am at the tomb of the unknown soldier, then move to the Flag area of the cemetery for a Flag Ceremony.\nBeginning at 11:00 am another ceremony will be held at the Women’s Improvement Club Park next to the Library in downtown Dixon.\nAbout 30 minutes after that there will be a luncheon at the Dixon Veterans Hall.\nBoy Scouts and other civic groups will place flags on the graves of veterans buried at Silveyville on Saturday morning.\nOther volunteers will place flags on the thousands of graves at the National Cemetery, starting at 9:00 am on Saturday, May 23. Volunteers will also be needed to help remove the flags all day on Tuesday, May 26 at the National Cemetery. For more information or to volunteer, call (707) 693-2460. Drop-in volunteers are also welcome.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://prefabhousenepal.com/shortcodes/gallery-grid/", "date": "2024-04-20T12:59:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00788.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9747806191444397, "token_count": 450, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__49244212", "lang": "en", "text": "Before drywall, most homes and building relied on plaster walls. Plaster was a time consuming process, that was often hard to perfect. Then came drywall, which made wall construction in buildings and homes much easier. Not only was the process quicker, but the walls and ceilings were much more attractive.\nAlthough there have been other types of materials used for walls in the past, nothing comes close the the energy efficiency of drywall. Drywall helps improve insulation and helps to retain room temperature much better than any alternatives.\nNot only is using drywall better for your energy bills, but is much more fire resistant than other alternatives. This means that fire will not generally spread as quick and can better contain fires, which could save your home. More importantly, it could save your life.\nDrywall is a construction product commonly used to finish building interiors. For hundreds of years prior to its development, the interior walls of buildings were usually made of plaster. This was applied in layers over narrow boards called laths that were nailed directly to the studs. The plaster was pressed into gaps between the laths to make it adhere, and was built up in progressive layers. This building technique called for a fair degree of craftsmanship and experience, but allowed the builder to incorporate interesting textures or decorations as the plaster was worked.\nIn the mid-twentieth century, drywall, also called plasterboard, sheetrock or gypsum board, came into widespread use, and now almost all buildings have drywall walls. Drywall has a number of advantages over plaster, ease of installation being the most obvious. Any reasonably handy person can refinish a room with drywall, and you don’t have to take any training or join a guild to learn how to do it.\nDrywall is made using gypsum plaster, which is then covered on both sides by fiberglass matting or heavyweight paper. Depending on the manufacturer, certain additions, such as anti-mildew and fire-resistant materials, are mixed with the gypsum plaster before applying the paper.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.michalprazsky.com/en/project/projekt-s/", "date": "2023-10-04T22:57:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511424.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004220037-20231005010037-00415.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9706899523735046, "token_count": 373, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__17557642", "lang": "en", "text": "The design of the new mug is inspired mainly by the history of the Svijany Brewery. The names of the beers such as Svijany Prince, Princess, Baron or Knight refer to the history and therefore the motif of the collar – the iconic collar that used to be part of the clothing of the nobility of the time – was chosen as the main symbol. The motif is applied to the glass in the form of an embossed relief, which not only decorates it but also lightens it. Thanks to the ear with a silhouette of the traditional Svijany coat of arms, the mug also holds perfectly.\nNames of Svijany beers such as Svijany Prince, Princess, Baron or Knight inspired me to find the central motif that appears on the glass. This motif is the Krejzlik – a collar that used to be part of the clothing of the nobility of the time. The pattern that comes from this collar is applied to the glass in the form of a relief.\nOne of the client’s requirements was to create a design that would respect the history of the brewery but would also be attractive to young people. I wanted to achieve this by, among other things, a subtle simplification of the logo. The logo on the glass lacks two lines and is thus more youthful and sits more on the glass.\nThe absence of historical motifs on the glass was sufficiently compensated by projecting the Svijan coat of arms into the shape of the handle. The curved shape towards the body makes the glass very easy to hold. The year at the top of the handle is a nice detail referring to the founding of the brewery.\nDuring the design process, several prototypes were made from 3D printing and milled plexi. This made it possible to consult with the client on all details and ergonomics.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.azcentral.com/news/arizona/free/20130705president-fort-mcdowell-yavapai-nation-dies.html", "date": "2016-06-29T19:11:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9701128602027893, "token_count": 917, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-26__0__49682154", "lang": "en", "text": "Clinton Pattea, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation leader who helped bring prosperity to an impoverished tribe while advancing the national cause of Indian sovereignty, died Friday at the age of 81.\nPattea served for nearly four decades as a council member in the tiny Indian community along the Verde River east of Scottsdale. He spent more than 25 years as its president.\nDuring that time, he was instrumental in the campaign to stop construction of a dam that would have engulfed Yavapai land, and he helped pave the way for legalized Indian gaming by leading a successful standoff against FBI agents who raided the tribe’s casino.\nLargely under Pattea’s leadership, the community of just 950 members developed not only the casino, but a Western adventures company, an RV park, a golf club, two Radisson resorts and businesses in construction materials and agriculture.\nPattea grew up on the 40-square-mile reservation in an adobe house with a dirt floor and no electricity or running water. His great-grandfather had been a Yavapai chieftain in the 19th century.\nHe attended a local elementary school and then was sent to live part time at the Phoenix Indian School campus. After high school, Pattea worked part time at Valley National Bank while attending Phoenix College, then transferred to Northern Arizona University. He graduated in 1959 with a degree in finance and business administration, and returned to a job at the bank.\nPattea was first elected to the Tribal Council in 1960, just one year out of college. In the early 1970s, he led the campaign to stop construction of Orme Dam, a Verde River project that would have flooded 17,000 acres of tribal lands. After a decade-long political fight, the federal government killed the plan. The Yavapai Nation’s annual rodeo and fair commemorate that event.\nPattea also became a leader in the tribal casino movement. In May 1992, FBI agents raided the Fort McDowell Casino, seized 349 slot machines and put them in moving vans. Before agents could drive away, tribal members moved in and blockaded exits, creating a three-week standoff.\n“They had the rifles and guns aimed at us,” Pattea recalled later. “We were very proud of the fact that we did protest in a manner where no one got hurt, and there were no injuries to our side or their side.”\nPattea helped negotiate a compact with then-Gov. Fife Symington allowing the Yavapai casino to remain open.\nThe pact, which paved the way for other tribes, was considered a national victory for Indian self-determination and is celebrated annually by the Yavapai on Sovereignty Day. It helped changed the fortunes of an impoverished Indian community that had an estimated unemployment rate of 50 percent.\nPattea, considered a titan among Native American-rights advocates, chaired the Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs for 16 years. In 2009, the National Indian Gaming Association gave Pattea the Wendell Chino Humanitarian Award for service to Indian country.\nPattea’s tenure has not been without criticism. His 2008 election victory over incumbent President Raphael Bear was challenged after disclosures that Pattea’s campaign manager had received hundreds of thousands of dollars in unexplained payments from the Fiesta Bowl. Pattea, a member of the Fiesta Bowl board, never responded to interview requests about the controversy.\nOver the years, he repeatedly sought to establish the Fort McDowell as the venue for a professional sports stadium, but negotiations always failed.\nKnown by many as “Dr. Pattea,” the Yavapai president emphasized education as a key to rebuilding the Yavapai economy, and he oversaw tribal contributions to Arizona universities for Native American scholarships. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater in 1999.\n“Education opens doors and gives a better understanding about working with the outside world,” Pattea explained in a 2003 interview with The Arizona Republic. “We want our young people to also invest or go into businesses that are off the reservation.”\nNed Morris, a Tohono O’odham Nation chairman, once referred to Pattea as “a man of sound judgment, experience and someone we can look up to and revere as a leader of his people.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.appalachianpreachingmission.org/audio/music-and-announcements/music-and-announcements-monday-february-12-1973", "date": "2023-11-29T15:49:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00562.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.921424925327301, "token_count": 254, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__11675051", "lang": "en", "text": "Music and Announcements, Monday, February 12, 1973\nMusic and announcements from the Appalachian Preaching Mission on Tuesday, February 12, 1973, at the Memorial Gymnasium at East Tennessee Sate University in Johnson City, Tennessee. Music led by Gil Oxendine. This recording immediately precedes the sermon by James Forbes on this site.\nContents are as follows:\n00:00 Prayer, Wally Rutledge, North Johnson City Baptist Church\n00:47 \"There is a Fountain Filled with Blood\"\n03:50 \"Trust and Obey\"\n06:15 \"I Need Thee Every Hour\"\n08:09 Announcements and offering\n13:52 ETSU Women's Choir sings\nPlease note: In the original audio, the congregation sings \"Every Day with Jesus\" and Gil Oxendine sings \"He Touched Me.\" These have been removed due to copyright restrictions.\nRelevant documents are attached below, including the 1973 Johnson City Preaching Mission brochure and a promo that shows that the 1973 Mission was part of \"Key 73,\" a nationwide multi-denominational evangelical movement.\nAudio, images, and documents courtesy of Archives of Appalachia, East Tennessee State University, Appalachian Preaching Mission Records.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.edgaged.net/2013/04/teaching-american-history-american.html", "date": "2019-09-19T17:36:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573561.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919163337-20190919185337-00029.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8701395392417908, "token_count": 98, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__192564910", "lang": "en", "text": "If you are looking for a great resource for teaching the American Revolution, check out teachingamericanhistory.org and their interactive map for the American Revolution .\nHere you can find a map with each location listed in chronological order. At each point on the map, a short description of the significance is given. The interactives are broken into three sections: 1775-1778, 1778-1781, and Treaty of Paris.\nvia Teaching American History - American Revolution Interactive.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ahumc.org/blog/?page=42", "date": "2022-10-06T14:07:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00094.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9777598977088928, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__20982310", "lang": "en", "text": "The Live Nativity, a 70 year tradition at AHUMC, was held Sunday, December 6. We are so grateful to God for all who made this special event possible in this unusual and challenging year. The beautiful story of our Lord Jesus Christ’s birth offers us peace, hope, joy, and love anew. It is a deep privilege to share this wonderful story with one another and invite Christ to be born anew in each of us. Nearly 200 people gathered throughout the evening to view the four performances and many others saw it as they drove by on Basse Road. A highlight of the evening was having Rev. Harold & Patricia Burkhardt attend as Harold started the Nativity Scene in 1950 at the old church location on Broadway! Since 1980, Rev. Donna Strieb (along with Rev. Clyde Byrd until his death in 1997) has continued the tradition as staff coordinator.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://hoteltonanti.rs/en/home-page/offers/surroundings/popina-memorial.html", "date": "2022-07-04T14:26:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104432674.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704141714-20220704171714-00650.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9719930291175842, "token_count": 287, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__185705112", "lang": "en", "text": "Popina Memorial Park consists of a series of giant granite stones – some shaped like pyramids, others like smooth arches – all with holes seemingly blasted through their centers. Standing several stories high, the sculptures themselves dwarf the vehicles necessary to reach the site, and a human can easily pass through their centers fully upright. Scattered along a wooded slope, at a certain angle one can align the voids into a tunnel-like configuration, which eerily leads nowhere.\nCompleted in 1981, the tribute was designed by the famous architect Bogdan Bogdanović. Though his name may not immediately ring a bell, this one man is responsible for some of the most immediately recognizable memorials in Eastern Europe, including Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Partisan Memorial Cemetery, the Stone Flower at Jasenovac, Croatia, and Kosovo’s Mitrovica Miners Monument, to mention a just few.\nDespite being strikingly minimal in its execution, Popina Memorial Park has a way of sticking with its visitors, even if they know nothing of what once transpired here. On October 13, 1941, a small coterie of troops met in one of the first frontal combat engagements against Germany’s troops. Heavy casualties were incurred. More than 2,300 people were shot in Kraljevo between October 15th and 20th in 1941 as part of Nazi revenge.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://txng88.com/rock-island-confederate-cemetery/", "date": "2018-09-26T05:25:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163326.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926041849-20180926062249-00244.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9611974954605103, "token_count": 681, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__179066273", "lang": "en", "text": "Rock Island Confederate Cemetery Rock Island, Illinois\nRock Island Confederate Cemetery is the only surviving remnant of a massive prison camp that once held thousands of Confederate soldiers. Located near the southeast corner of Arsenal Island in Rock Island, Illinois, the Confederate Cemetery is the final resting place for nearly 2,000 prisoners of war who died in captivity from disease and the poor living conditions of the camp. The modest cemetery stands in poignant contrast to the Rock Island National Cemetery, a half-mile to the southeast.\nDuring the summer of 1863, prison camps in the North were overflowing with Confederate soldiers captured in battle. As a result, Union troops began construction of a new prison camp on an island in the Mississippi River then known as Rock Island, now called Arsenal Island. The camp opened in December 1863 with the arrival of the first prisoners captured at the Battle of Lookout Mountain. The Rock Island Prison Camp was designed to hold more than 10,000 inmates at any one time, and over the final 18 months of the war, more than 12,000 Confederate prisoners passed through its gates.\nThe deplorable conditions at the camp led some to call it the “Andersonville of the North,” a reference to the infamous prison in Georgia. Disease, including smallpox and pneumonia, ran rampant through the prison claiming many lives, while others died from exposure to the elements and the unsanitary conditions of the camp. During the first four months alone, more than 950 Confederate soldiers died. Initially, the dead were buried in a plot located 400 yards south of the prison, but on advice from the prison surgeon, a new cemetery, one that would become Rock Island Confederate Cemetery, was established in 1864, located 1,000 yards southeast of the prison. In March 1864, the remains of 671 Confederate dead were reinterred in the new burial grounds. In all, approximately 1,950 Confederate prisoners were buried in the cemetery, with the last burial occurring on July 11, 1865. All structures related to the prison were transferred to the Rock Island Arsenal and were subsequently demolished, leaving the Confederate Cemetery as the camp’s only remaining feature.\nThe Confederate Cemetery covers a rectangular, three-acre parcel of land, bound by Rodman Avenue and a post-and-chain fence to the north, Confederate Avenue to the south, and heavy tree cover to the east and west. A paved walkway extends from Rodman Avenue to the edge of the burials, passing a six-foot tall obelisk the Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated in 2003 to the Confederate veterans who died at Rock Island. At the south end of the grounds, opposite the monument, is the cemetery’s flagpole. Four Confederate cannons sit near the entrance, two each on either side of the monument.\nThe burial plot is roughly square and consists of 20 rows of graves running north-south. Although the spacing of each row is identical, the beginning and end of the rows are irregular. In 1908, the Commission for Marking the Graves of Confederate Dead began a program to place distinctive pointed-top marble headstones, inscribed with the name and regimental affiliation of each soldier, on the graves. The graves were previously marked with wooden markers and a few private headstones.\nU. S. Army Rock Island Arsenal\nCivil War Era National Cemeteries: Honoring Those Who Served", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shapingreality.wordpress.com/category/history/", "date": "2019-02-22T23:46:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00029.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9569889903068542, "token_count": 875, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__129355448", "lang": "en", "text": "How many truths can one World War sustain? On the hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of war, I won’t attempt to list all the many different versions of history that have already been presented this year. But it’s worth considering the agendas behind these myriad competing truths. Policy is shaped to some extent by history, and so the way we interpret our past matters enormously to our future.\nSome want to see WW1 as a noble struggle\nThis is an understandable desire, driven in part by the sense that so much death and destruction must have served some purpose. We can’t bear to think it was all for nothing. Or perhaps we want to believe that our nation’s role in the destruction was justifiable. A lot of people were killed by our shells and bullets. It would be terrible to think we didn’t have just cause. Demonstrating the villainy of the enemy becomes important.\nTruths favoured by this agenda (from a Russian, French and British point of view) include the outrageous demands placed by Austria on Serbia as the price of peace following Archduke Ferdinand’s assassination; the demonstrable belligerence of some in Prussian-led Germany; the binding treaties of mutual defence; the greater degree of democracy in France and Britain than in Germany and Austria; the German invasion of Belgium; the sinking of the Lusitania.\nSome want to paint all war as evil\nThis ideological view is hard to argue against given the horrendous succession of wars in the 20th century. And if we are opposed to war, than it is imperative to emphasise the extreme awfulness of the “Great” war.\nThere are plenty of truths to choose from here: the sheer scale of the carnage; the pitiful ratio of land gained to lives lost in most offensives; the conditions in the trenches; the environmental devastation; the consequences of the peace for later German politics; the ghastly new developments in chemical warfare and aerial bombardment.\nRecruiting Propaganda: “Daddy what did YOU do in the Great War?”\nSome want to position WW1 as the inevitable product of the imperial/monarchal system\nBritain, France, Russia, Austria, Germany and Ottoman Turkey all had empires of varying sizes and extents. Five of the six had monarchs. They tore each other apart and nearly destroyed Europe in the process. By contrast, democracies without empires never go to war with each other. It’s a seductive line of reasoning.\nThe preferred truths for this agenda are more nuanced. They relate to the trappings of empire and aristocracy, such as titled officers giving orders from comfortable chateaux, while working class boys died in the trenches (true in parts), the fuss made over a dead Archduke, or the fatal confusion caused by a muddled telephone conversation between one aristocratic diplomat and another. The sacrifices made by imperial subjects, such as ANZAC soldiers at Gallipoli or Indian troops in Flanders also play to this narrative. And so does the early-20th century competition between the great powers for limited resources in far off places, as well as increased tensions at the boundaries between empires — especially in Eastern Europe.\nSome want to make sure we never forget\nWhether out of respect for the fallen, or out of a determination that we learn the painful lessons of our history, many are concerned that current and future generations do not lose sight of the cataclysm that engulfed Europe one hundred years ago. Truths that will lodge immovably in the memory are therefore, for this group, the most important.\nMemorable truths include the large scale, the horrific, the unique, the bizarre: the numbers killed on the first day of the Somme; the exploitation of horses; the poison gas; the rotting feet; the Gatling gun; canaries; barbed wire. But they also include the symbolic. Poppies appeared once a year, in greater quantities than usual, in certain theatres of the war. It’s a truth, and a memorable one at that.\nAll of these truths co-existed between 1914 and 1918. They can be deployed in any formation to achieve all kinds of objectives. History is a battlefield; choose your side.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.stgis.at/2016/01/visit-vietnam-and-cambodia/", "date": "2024-02-28T13:05:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474715.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228112121-20240228142121-00897.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9735294580459595, "token_count": 479, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__143741703", "lang": "en", "text": "This Christmas break the IB history students were fortunate enough to visit Vietnam and Cambodia.The itinerary designed to accommodate the syllabus studied was diverse and certainly memorable as is clearly seen by the reflections below. Our amazing history and politics teachers sharing their knowledge, accompanied by the numerous tours we received from knowledgeable guides, helped to complement our knowledge gathered from textbooks tremendously and successfully brought historical figures like Ho Chí Minh and Pol Pot to life.\nThere is no better way to bring learning to\nlife than to explore the places you are studying! It is difficult to encapsulate these experiences in words; I think what I enjoyed the most were the little things we witnessed that made me think, whether that be contrasting architecture reminiscent of various times in history, a conversation with our guide about their family heritage, the vibrant colors of lanterns hanging above each shop, or the more sobering moments of feeling the consequences of the past in the present.\nHaving studied the Vietnam War for a number of years, it was fascinating to visit the country and see how the Vietnamese reflect upon and represent the conflict. Whilst to us in the West it was a part of the Cold War, a fight against communism, to the Vietnamese it was a war for independence. Understandably, the museums and monument to the war focused highly on the human cost and atrocities committed. It was also interesting to note the differences between North and SouthVietnam. Despite being unified into a single state in 1975, Hanoi, the capital of the communist north, remains less developed, and more traditionally Vietnamese, than Ho Chi Minh City, the former capital of the capitalist south.\nThere was a noticeable difference between Viet nam and Cambodia. Very quickly after driving across the border into Cambodia, the increased level of poverty became evident. The developingVietnamese towns and cities were replaced by an agricultural society where many of the population still live in wooden houses on stilts, set amongst the rice paddy fields. The visit to the Killing Fields – one the sites of Cambodian genocide – was a powerful experience.The experiences of our guide’s family, and the losses they suffered, were a poignant reminder of just how recent these events were. Despite such terrible pains, in such recent history (many current leading Cambodian politicians were once members of the Khmer Rouge), the people of Cambodia were incredibly warm and welcoming.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://readingcoremag.net/the-evolution-of-floors-tracing-the-history-of-floor-printing/", "date": "2023-12-05T19:42:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00149.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9234984517097473, "token_count": 705, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__262026955", "lang": "en", "text": "Floor printing, as an artistic and functional technique, has a rich history that spans centuries of human creativity and innovation. Tracing the evolution of floor printing allows us to appreciate how this art form has evolved from simple designs on earthen floors to sophisticated and captivating artworks that adorn modern interior spaces.\nAncient Origins: The roots of floor printing can be found in ancient civilizations. In ancient Rome and Pompeii, mosaic floors were a popular form of floor point of sale printing. Intricate patterns and scenes were created using small pieces of colored stones or tiles, showcasing the artistic prowess of the time.\nMedieval Marvels: In the Middle Ages, elaborate floor designs emerged in European cathedrals and churches. These ornate floor prints, crafted with marble, limestone, and other stones, often depicted religious symbols and biblical narratives, adding a spiritual dimension to sacred spaces.\nEastern Elegance: In Eastern cultures, floor printing also held a significant place in architectural and interior design. In China, intricate floor patterns were created using glazed tiles and bricks, showcasing traditional motifs and symbols. Japanese tatami mats, made from woven straw, became an iconic element of Japanese floor design.\nRenaissance Revival: During the Renaissance period, floor printing experienced a resurgence in Europe. Intricate floor designs adorned palaces, royal residences, and affluent homes. These elaborate patterns, inspired by classical Greek and Roman art, demonstrated a revival of interest in antiquity.\nIndustrial Revolution: The advent of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century brought about advancements in manufacturing techniques and materials. Mass-produced tiles and linoleum became popular flooring options, paving the way for more accessible and standardized floor printing methods.\n20th Century Innovations: The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in floor printing technology. Linoleum printing became more refined, and vinyl flooring emerged as a versatile and cost-effective alternative. Custom floor printing techniques were developed, enabling the integration of personalized designs into interior spaces.\nDigital Renaissance: The digital revolution of the late 20th and early 21st centuries transformed floor printing into a cutting-edge art form. Computer graphics and high-definition printing technology allowed for intricate and photorealistic designs to be printed directly onto various flooring materials.\nSustainable Solutions: In recent years, sustainable design practices have influenced floor printing. Eco-friendly inks, recyclable materials, and floor prints that replicate the appearance of natural materials have become popular choices, aligning with the growing demand for environmentally responsible solutions.\nAugmented Reality Integration: As technology continues to advance, augmented reality (AR) has been integrated with floor printing, opening up new possibilities for interactive and immersive experiences. AR elements enable dynamic and interactive floor designs, enhancing the overall impact of the art form.\nThe Future of Floor Printing: Looking ahead, floor printing is set to become even more versatile and innovative. From smart floors that respond to movements to holographic elements that create a sense of depth, the future holds exciting advancements that will redefine how we perceive and interact with floor art.\nIn conclusion, the evolution of floor printing is a testament to human creativity and the quest for artistic expression. From ancient mosaics to modern digital designs, floor printing has evolved into a captivating and versatile art form that continues to leave a mark on interior spaces. As technology and sustainability drive further advancements, the future of floor printing promises to be a dazzling journey of artistic possibilities and innovative experiences.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://njjs.org/2020/05/01/louis-armstrong-house-founder-michael-cogswell/", "date": "2024-02-21T22:04:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00526.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9706813097000122, "token_count": 928, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__118489273", "lang": "en", "text": "“Before the job, there were two people in the marriage,” Dale Van Dyke told Richard Sandomir of The New York Times. “When Louis came into Michael’s life, he came into my life, and, all of a sudden, there were three people in this marriage, and that was fine with me.”\nVan Dyke was speaking about her husband, Michael Cogswell, retired Executive Director of the Louis Armstrong House Museum, who died on April 20 at the age of 66, due to complications from bladder cancer.\nWhen Louis Armstrong died in 1971, he left behind 72 shipping cartons filled with his collection of home-recorded tapes, scrapbooks, photographs, manuscripts, and memorabilia. In 1991, Cogswell was hired by Queens College to catalog and preserve Armstrong’s archives. That led to the founding by Cogswell of the Louis Armstrong House Museum in the house where Louis and Lucille Armstrong lived, on 107th Street in Corona, Queens. In the words of an official statement from the Museum, Cogswell created “monumental research archives, eventually holding 11 collections of Armstrong material. The collections are routinely accessed by scholars, public school students, journalists, record producers, and many more.”\nCogswell was born on September 30, 1953, in Buffalo, NY, and grew up in Fairfax, VA. He held a BA in Music from the University of Virginia, a Masters in Jazz History from the University of North Texas, and a Master of Library Science from Queens College. He literally created the Masters in Jazz History degree at UNT by inserting Jazz Studies courses into the Musicology degree program.\nEarly on, Cogswell’s interest in jazz centered around the free jazz movement, and he wrote his master’s thesis on the music of alto saxophonist Ornette Coleman. But when he learned that Queens College was looking for an archivist to process Armstrong’s personal collection, he plunged into every recording of and book about Armstrong he could find. He was amazed by Armstrong’s life and art, comparing the experience to “Saul on the road to Damascus.”\nIn 2017, Cogswell oversaw the breaking of ground on a $23 million education center across the street from the Armstrongs’ house, which will house the archives, an exhibition gallery, a jazz club, and the museum store. In his book, Louis Armstrong: The Offstage Story of Satchmo (Collectors Pr: 2003), Cogswell described the modest two-story house the Armstrongs lived in. “Louis,” he wrote, “lived out of a suitcase — he was typically on the road more than 300 days per year — and had no interest in owning a home. Lucille — who had spent some of her childhood in Queens — discovered the house, purchased it, and decorated it without Louis ever having seen it.”\nRicky Riccardi, Director of Research Collections at the Museum, posted a tribute to Cogswell on his Facebook page. “Everyone who loves Louis Armstrong,” he said, “owes him a tremendous debt of gratitude for his vision to open the Armstrong House, Armstrong Archives, and to raise the money for the upcoming Armstrong Center.”\nLewis Porter, Founder and former Director of Rutgers-Newark’s Masters in Jazz History and Research Program, told WBGO’s Nate Chinen that Cogswell “proved to be a remarkable director in every way. Under his guidance, the house and collection became world-famous,” and, “He did an unbelievable job at fundraising.” Dan Morgenstern, Executive Director Emeritus of the Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers-Newark (and Jersey Jazz columnist), recalled to Chinen that, “The house had been in a state of neglect. Nobody had really done anything that should have been done. But, Michael did. He went into this with such dedication and enthusiasm — and love, yes, I think that’s the right word. He just turned the whole thing around.”\nCogswell retired in 2018 because of his health problems. Currently, Jeff Rosenstock is Acting Director. In addition to his wife, Cogswell is survived by two brothers, Dr. Frank B. Cogswell and Col. Charles H. Cogswell.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://venezia.luxury/en/aqua-palace-hotel/", "date": "2019-11-22T22:28:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00166.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9151338934898376, "token_count": 379, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__36324491", "lang": "en", "text": "In the Castello quarter, the atmosphere of ancient Venice awaits you at the luxurious 4 star Aqua Palace Hotel, a hotel that symbolizes the new Venetian hospitality for those in search of charm, seduction and comfort, in a perfect balance between traditional and modern.\nWith a contemporary touch, the finely furnished rooms and suitesinterpret the distant past of Marco Polo’s Venice, suspended between the west and the east, with soft lighting, fine curtains and special materials.\nThe intriguing luxury of an Hotel in Venice near Piazza San Marco: the 4 star Aqua Palace Hotel, awaits you in Castello, one of the oldest quarters of extraordinary Venice, in a location perfect for reaching the Rialto Bridge and St. Mark’s Square, as well as the stop for the vaporetto that travels through the Grand Canal, passing sumptuous palaces that reflect on the water.\nFrom St. Mark’s Square, the sitting room of Venice, you can reach the hotel with a 3-minute walk, during which you can admire St. Mark’s Basilica, the splendid Doge’s Palace and even move on to the mercerie, a kingdom of designer shopping which starts at Rialto (5 minutes), with its famous bridge and picturesque market.\nWith furniture from the 1500s and fine finishing touches, the rooms of the 4 star Aqua Palace Hotel in Venice offer first-rate amenities and services in the historic quarter of Castello, with cozy, private suites and junior suites, some with a charming view of a typical Venetian Canal. The rooms, convenient to the Rialto Bridge and St. Mark’s square, are spacious and can host up to 4 guests. They are equipped with air conditioning, Wi-Fi internet, satellite TV and a bathroom with shower or bathtub.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.fsb4me.com/about-us/the-fsb-story.html", "date": "2014-03-07T21:49:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651159/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00056-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9654019474983215, "token_count": 606, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-10__0__35762210", "lang": "en", "text": "Photo Credit: Tom Cross\nThe FSB Story\nFirst State Bank has been your community bank since 1884. From its original location, to our nine current locations, it's been our mission to better serve Adams, Brown, Highland, and the surrounding counties.\nOwned by dedicated stockholders and directed by a board of eight directors, First State Bank's staff and directors are active business owners and citizens in our community.\nLocally owned and operated, First State Bank's goal is to enhance individual, as well as community financial prosperity. With the unique ability to make decisions locally and within guidelines that benefit customer needs, an in-house processing system makes us unique to other banks in the area. In-house processing means all of our bank documents are kept at our Main office in Winchester — and this means efficiency.\nFirst State Bank holds honesty, integrity, ethics, and customer service as top priorities. As such, we offer full service with the latest technology, like online and mobile banking, to help facilitate all of your money management needs.\nFSB has stood the test of time — by changing with the times.\nOur story begins in 1884 when Lucien Jerome Fenton formed the Winchester Bank Company with a capital of $50,000 — quite a sum of money back then. At the time, the bank was a two-story building and shared space with a dry goods store. Today, it's First State Bank, Winchester Branch.\nThe Bank of Manchester was also formed in the late 1800s and its original location was on Second Street in Manchester. In 1976, The Manchester Branch moved to 210 Pike Street, where it still stands today as the First State Bank, Manchester Branch.\nIn 1959 the Winchester Bank Company acquired The Seaman Bank. After undergoing renovations in 1977 and 2004, the First State Bank's Seaman Branch still stands in the same location as the original Seaman Bank.\nFirst State Bank was formed on May 1, 1969, when the Bank of Manchester and the Winchester Bank Company merged. At the time of the merger, the bank had offices in Manchester, Seaman, and Winchester. The new bank was built in 1976 and remodeled in 1990 and shares the same location as the original Winchester Bank Company.\nSince then there have been more changes to strengthen our position in the community. In July 1989, First State Bank saw a need for a central office in the area, and built a branch in the Adams County seat of West Union, on the former Old Shell Property. Six years later, in October 1996, First State Bank expanded with a branch in Peebles, on the corner of Main and Church Street, home of the old McFarland Ford Dealership.\nIn April 2008, First State Bank acquired three branch locations in Brown County: Ripley, Georgetown, and Mt. Orab. And in 2013, we opened our ninth location in Hillsboro in Highland County, proving that we're still going strong — over a century later.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wildabouthere.com/ancient-oak-and-giant-redwood-in-uk/", "date": "2023-12-02T20:45:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100452.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202203800-20231202233800-00844.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9625502228736877, "token_count": 450, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__70789058", "lang": "en", "text": "Not often can you go on a walk and encounter an ancient oak tree and a giant redwood. But we did.\nOur magical tree tour started through an arch covered in roses. First we found huge rhododendrons curling and twisting through the dappled shade.\nAnd then around a path and through an arc of shrubs, the ancient English oak came to sight. For hundreds of years, perhaps even half a century, it had grown while kings and queens had changed thrones.\nMy children stared in awe at the large girth of this ancient oak.\nAnd a bird sang on one of its branches.\nThen we weaved along more paths. A stick in hand while we passed moss covered trees or a fallen leaf filled with raindrops.\nMy son had always wanted to see the giant redwoods in the US, but he met his first one here in the English countryside.\nA British plant hunter, William Lobb, brought seeds back to England in 1853 after an expedition to the US wilderness. Soon it became very popular and fashionable amongst British landed estates to plant the seeds of these monumental trees. Lobb gave some seeds to a botanist at University of London who then first named the tree Wellingtonia gigantean, after the duke of Wellington who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. But this created an outcry in the US that the world’s largest tree – discovered in the US – had been named after a British war hero!\nNearby Wakehurst Place in West Sussex is famous for lighting up one of its giant redwoods every Christmas.\nSo the Soquiadendron giganteum is now known as the giant sequoia, giant redwood or the big tree, yet to this day is often called the Wellingtonia in Britain.\nBut the British giants are still young in comparison to some of the giant redwoods in the Sierra Nevada in California, many which are thousands of years old.\nWe smiled on seeing the berries of Lords and Ladies growing in its shadow.\nAnd as we left the woodland path the giant redwood originally from the US soared above the tree line while not far away a magnificent English oak grew elegantly in the shade.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://hgmjewelry.com/collections/earrings/products/diamond-and-platinum-chandelier-earrings", "date": "2024-04-24T02:32:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818999.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424014618-20240424044618-00878.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9577729105949402, "token_count": 329, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__185562154", "lang": "en", "text": "In an era where the glittering soirees of the Art Deco period defined the pinnacle of glamour, there lived a woman whose presence was the epitome of elegance. She was known for her impeccable taste, a taste that was encapsulated in her choice of jewelry, particularly a pair of diamond and platinum chandelier earrings.\nThese weren't ordinary earrings; they were a marvel of craftsmanship, featuring an array of diamonds totaling 8.00 carats. The brilliance of the F-G color diamonds, with their VS clarity, made them a spectacle of light and luxury. At the heart of each earring, a 0.50 carat round cut diamond shone brightest, its captivating brilliance enhanced by the luster of the finest platinum.\nThe intricate arrangement of the diamonds captured the essence of the Art Deco era—each stone meticulously set to create an intricate dance of light and sparkle. The platinum setting was not just a testament to the earrings' enduring beauty but also a reflection of the era's fascination with sleek, geometric designs.\nThese earrings were more than just pieces of jewelry; they were a symbol of the woman's exquisite taste and her embodiment of enduring elegance. As she moved through the grand halls of the most lavish parties, her earrings caught the eyes of many, a dazzling display of sophistication and a nod to the timeless allure of the Art Deco design.\nThese diamond and platinum chandelier earrings were not merely adornments; they were the highlight of her collection, pieces that reflected her unique aura and the unparalleled sophistication of an unforgettable era.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.photosincancun.com/chichen-itza-fall-equinox-2010/", "date": "2023-12-07T08:07:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00815.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9419634938240051, "token_count": 555, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__274990156", "lang": "en", "text": "Chichen Itza, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the second-most visited of Mexico’s archaeological sites and today is a magical day at Chichen Itza we went to see the light-and-shadow effect on the Temple of Kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god supposedly can be seen to crawl down the side of the pyramid. The process takes some time as we began to witness the phenomenon when a very large overcast cloud blocked the sun from casting the true shadow that runs the side of the Temple. This newly named “7 wonders of the world” is a fantastic day trip from Cancun or the Mayan Riviera with constant tours and buses leaving to visit the grounds daily. It really is something you must see with your own eyes to appreciate the enormity of the site. You are not permitted to climb the ruins any longer and tour guides are available.\nDominating the center of Chichén is the Temple of Kukulkan (the Maya name for Quetzalcoatl), often referred to as “El Castillo” (the castle). This step pyramid has a ground plan of square terraces with stairways up each of the four sides to the temple on top. On the Spring and Autumn equinox, at the rising and setting of the sun, the corner of the structure casts a shadow in the shape of a plumed serpent – Kukulcan, or Quetzalcoatl – along the west side of the north staircase. On these two annual occasions, the shadows from the corner tiers slither down the northern side of the pyramid with the sun’s movement to the serpent’s head at the base.\nTemple of the Warriors\nThe Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors.\nAt one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple, popularly called the Temple of the Bearded Man. This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair.\nMesoamerican cultures periodically built larger pyramids atop older ones, and this is one such example. In the mid 1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of El Castillo. After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. By digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one. Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Moolstatue and a throne in the shape of Jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade All information thanks to WikiPedia All Images © Photos In Cancun 2010", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://friendsofchapmansp.org/history-of-mount-aventine/", "date": "2024-03-01T13:05:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00002.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.956828773021698, "token_count": 248, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__199474072", "lang": "en", "text": "Mount Aventine changed hands several times in the early 1900’s. From 1938-1954 it served as a part time residence and hunting preserve for the Hubbard family. In 1954, Margit Sigray Bessenyey, daughter of a Hungarian count and an American heiress, purchased the property and set about acquiring other parcels which had been sold from the original tract. Ms. Bessenyey was a noted horse breeder who bred and trained horses at Mount Aventine as well as at ranches in Montana and California. The property served as a part time residence until Ms. Bessenyey’s death in 1987. A tribute to Margit Sigray Bessenyey by Ernest Szecheny provides more insight into the Countess and her life, including how she helped save a stock of Hungarian horses that were being disbanded by the U.S. Cavalry.\nAdditional information on the marriage of Ms. Bessenyey’s parents, Harriet Daly and Count Anton Sigray, can be found in this article from the The Salt Lake Herald-Republican dated March 27, 1910.\nThe State purchased the property from a developer in 1998 preserving this unique property for public use.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://animalvshuman.com/humanity/the-human-story-from-ancient-origins-to-modern-civilization/", "date": "2023-12-09T23:43:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00620.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9142536520957947, "token_count": 741, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__293706871", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of humanity is a captivating narrative that spans thousands of generations and encompasses the rise and fall of empires, the development of cultures, and the evolution of societies. From our humble origins as hunter-gatherers to the complexities of modern civilization, the human story is a testament to our adaptability, creativity, and capacity for both triumph and tragedy. In this exploration, we embark on a journey through time, tracing the remarkable trajectory of the human species from its ancient roots to the complex tapestry of the present.\nThe human story begins in Africa, where our ancestors emerged more than two million years ago. Homo habilis, with its rudimentary tool-making skills, gave way to Homo erectus, an early pioneer who mastered fire and expanded beyond Africa. These early humans were nomadic, relying on hunting and gathering for survival.\nThe Agricultural Revolution\nAround 10,000 years ago, a pivotal moment in human history occurred: the Agricultural Revolution. This transition from nomadic life to settled agriculture marked a turning point, leading to the development of complex societies and the rise of civilization. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China emerged along fertile river valleys.\nClassical antiquity witnessed the glory of ancient Greece and Rome. These civilizations laid the foundations for democracy, philosophy, art, and science. The Hellenistic period saw the spread of Greek culture throughout the known world, while the Roman Empire stretched from Europe to the Middle East.\nThe Middle Ages\nThe fall of the Roman Empire ushered in the Middle Ages, a period characterized by feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the rise of powerful empires like the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates. It was also a time of remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements, exemplified by the works of scholars like Avicenna and Aquinas.\nThe Renaissance and Enlightenment\nThe Renaissance marked a resurgence of art, science, and humanism in Europe, with figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei leading the way. The Enlightenment further emphasized reason, individual rights, and the separation of church and state, influencing the formation of modern democracies.\nThe Age of Exploration and Colonization\nThe 15th to 18th centuries witnessed the Age of Exploration, during which European powers ventured to distant lands. This period, while leading to significant discoveries, also brought colonization, exploitation, and the transatlantic slave trade, leaving a lasting impact on global history.\nThe Industrial Revolution\nThe 19th century saw the Industrial Revolution, which transformed economies, societies, and living standards. Machines, factories, and railways reshaped the world, but also led to social inequalities and environmental challenges.\nThe Modern Era\nThe 20th century was marked by two World Wars, the Cold War, and significant advancements in science, technology, and civil rights. The end of the century witnessed the rise of the internet, globalization, and increased efforts to address global challenges like climate change and poverty.\nThe Present and the Future\nToday, humanity stands at a critical juncture, facing complex global issues such as climate change, political instability, and technological disruptions. The challenges are daunting, but our capacity for innovation, cooperation, and resilience remains undiminished.\nAs we reflect on the vast tapestry of the human story, we are reminded of the incredible journey that has brought us to this point. Our history is a testament to the enduring human spirit—the ability to adapt, to create, and to strive for a better future. While the path ahead may be uncertain, the human story continues to unfold, driven by our collective determination to build a more inclusive, sustainable, and enlightened civilization.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://stonearchbridge.com/video/", "date": "2017-10-21T03:02:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824543.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021024136-20171021044136-00777.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9257826805114746, "token_count": 273, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__146748987", "lang": "en", "text": "Below is a video about the stone arch bridge. Credit to Ray Lowry for making this video.\nUploaded via Youtube on Apr 17, 2011\nOne of the most recognizable architectural landmarks of Minneapolis is the Stone Arch Bridge. Built by Railroad Baron James J. Hill back in 1883, the Stone Arch Bridge is the only bridge of its kind spanning the Mississippi River.\nBuilt of 100,000 tons of granite and limestone, this 2,100 foot long structure, composed of twenty-three gracefully curving arches, helped usher the railroad age into the city of Minneapolis. In its heyday, forty-eight passenger trains crossed the Stone Arch Bridge each and every day bringing thousands of travelers into and out of the central business district of Minneapolis. But as air travel replaced passenger train travel, the bridge went into decline. By 1980 it had become little more than a fenced off, derelict structure surrounded by crumbling, abandoned flour mills.\nIn 1994 a partnership of public agencies rehabilitated the bridge for pedestrian use. Today the Stone Arch Bridge is the jewel of the brilliantly redeveloped Minneapolis Riverfront. Thanks primarily to the Minneapolis Park Board, our grandchildren, as well as our grandchildrens’ grandchildren, will one day be able to stroll across the Mississippi River on James J. Hill’s monument to the railroad age.\n– Ray Lowry", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.spartanburgartmuseum.org/permanent-collection-1/nagasaki-by-moonlight", "date": "2024-02-22T20:26:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00445.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9271356463432312, "token_count": 368, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__197387625", "lang": "en", "text": "Nagasaki by Moonlight\nHiroaki (Shōtei) Takahashi\n6 x 15 inches\n15 x 38 centimeters\nabout the work\nOriginally believed to be a Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock print ca. 1680, this print is actually an example of shin-hanga, a modern revival of the classic woodblock technique. Watanabe Shōzaburō (1885-1962) owned a print studio that pioneered the shin-hanga movement, where he employed dozens of printmakers. The shin-hanga prints were not popular in Japan, so most were sent overseas to North America and Europe, where the Japonisme aesthetic movement was still popular. When the Great Kanto Earthquake rattled Japan in 1923, the studio and all of the original print blocks and stored prints were destroyed. Watanabe and his artists re-carved the lost print blocks, sometimes making subtle changes to the designs.\nThe S. Watanabe woodcut print shop is still in operation in Tokyo today.\nThis particular print block, as well as its \"sister\" in Spartanburg Art Museum's collection (Autumn Moon at Ishikawa) was likely designed and printed post-earthquake. Another copy of this image is in the Robert O. Muller collection at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art.\nabout the artist\nHiroaki (Shōtei) Takahashi (1870-1945) was a prolific Japanese wood block artist, estimated to have created over 500 print blocks over the course of his career.\nOther examples of Hiroaki's prints can be found in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Museum of Fine Arts Houston, the Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.book2egypt.com/index.php/package/jewel-the-nile-sun-festival.html", "date": "2018-01-20T23:10:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889736.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120221621-20180121001621-00171.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9211189150810242, "token_count": 2171, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__87208191", "lang": "en", "text": "Jewel of the Nile Sun Festival - 11 days (15 OCT, START )\nPremium Tour. Staying in some of Egypt's smartest hotels and cruising aboard a luxury 5 star Nile cruiser, you'll see the best of legendary Egypt and witness the grand Sun Festival of King Ramses II at Abu Simbel!\nDay 1: Cairo\nWelcome to Egypt and the start of a wonderful holiday! Arrive Cairo airport, meet and greet service and included transfer to 5 star hotel, located at the foot of the Great Pyramids of Giza. Overnight - Cairo\nDay 2: Egyptian Museum\nWe start with the dazzling antiquities at the Egyptian Museum. Amongst the many exhibits are the treasures of King Tutankhamen. This afternoon offers free time to relax and enjoy the hotel facilities or join us for an optional city tour visiting old Cairo and the Islamic citadel. Overnight - Cairo (B)\nDay 3: Pyramids of Giza and Saqqara\nCairo - Luxor. Today we visit Egypt's most loved sight - The Great Pyramids of Giza. We explore the Giza plateau, pyramids and massive lion-headed Sphinx. Later, we tour Saqqara - an ancient necropolis with many half-buried tombs and the famous Zhoser’s step pyramid. Tonight we take an overnight sleeper cabin train south to Luxor. Overnight - Sleeper Train (B, D)\nDay 4: Valley of the Kings\nArriving into Luxor we have a full day of sightseeing ahead of us, dictated by the early departure of all Nile cruisers tomorrow morning. The massive pair of statues known as the Colossi of Memnon are the first monuments you’ll see during our morning visit to the West Bank, home to the legendary Valley of the Kings and the colonnaded Temple of Queen Hatshepsut. Return to Luxor for check-in aboard our Nile 5 star cruiser. Lunch and time to freshen up.Afternoon visit to the magnificent Temple of Karnak. More than a temple, it’s a gigantic and stunning complex of sanctuaries and pylons dedicated to the Theban gods. Later, we visit to the Temple of Luxor built by Pharaoh Amenophis III. Luxor Temple looks stunning at dusk and is beautifully illuminated at night.\nNote: Dependent upon Nile Cruiser scheduling it maybe required that we also undertake our excursion to Karnak Temple this afternoon. Should this occur, day 5 will be spent at leisure. Overnight - Nile Cruiser (B, L, D)\nDay 5: 5 Star Nile Cruising\nLuxor - Nile cruising. As the sun rises it's anchor’s away! Our cruiser will depart Luxor in the early hours of the morning to wait in queue for the opening of the Esna lock. For us, we enjoy a well deserved day of complete R&R. Pull up a deck chair and relax as we sail upstream toward Temple of Horus at Edfu. depending on our cruise schedule we may tour Edfu Temple this afternoon or early tomorrow morning. Overnight - Nile Cruiser (B, L, D)\nDay 6: Kom Ombo Temple\nA relaxing day as we sail the Nile. Later today, we visit the waterside Temple of Kom Ombo. Arrive Aswan late evening and remainder on the evening at leisure. Overnight - Nile Cruiser (B, L, D)\nDay 7: Aswan - Egypt's most southern city\nNile Cruiser - Abu Simbel. Today, we visit the Philae Temple. Later after lunch, a visit to the High Dam and take a felucca boat journey to Elephantine and Kitchener Island. As the sun sets, free time to shop in the colourful souqs and markets or simply relax and watch an amazing sunset in Egypt's southern most town straddling the River Nile.\nThere is time to rest before departing in the wee hours of the morning on our coach journey toward the Grand Temples of Abu Simbel. In readiness we await for the first rays of golden sunlight to touch the temple gate signifying the start of the Sun Festival of the mighty King Ramses II. Overnight - Nile Cruiser/ coach journey to Abu Simbel (B, L, D)\nDay 8: SUN FESTIVAL – TEMPLE OF KING RAMSES II – ABU SIMBEL\nFriday 22 October 2011. Abu Simbel – Aswan. Possibly the most awe-inspiring temple of all ancient Egypt, with its gargantuan rock-cut façade, the great Sun Temple of King Ramses II at Abu Simbel was created to revere the mighty pharaonic ruler King Ramses II. Ramses the Bold, Ramses the Great, Ramses the Narcissist are perhaps all apt titles for one of ancient Egypt’s most powerful rulers. Celebrating a life that spanned nearly a centenary, Ramses had plenty of time for his more than 200 wives and concubines who produced him some 96 sons and 60 daughters.\nBuilt by Ramses II to demonstrate his political clout and divine backing to the ancient Nubians, Abu Simbel is an awesome self-tribute. Guarding the entrance to the temple (built between 1290 and 1224 BC) hewn into the side of a mountain are four famous colossal statues of the pharaoh himself, which sit majestically staring out across the desert, seemingly since time began. Over the centuries, the desert sands imperceptibly shifted until the temple was all but lost to humanity. It was rediscovered by chance in 1813 by a Swiss explorer called John Lewis Burkhardt. Only one of the heads of the pharaohs was showing and only a small part of the rest of the colossal temple peeked above the desert sands. It wasn’t until the British happened upon Abu Simbel and starting excavating, that the full glory of the temple of Abu Simbel was revealed to the modern world. The other rock cut temple at Abu Simbel is the Temple of Hathor, which is fronted by six massive standing statues. Four of them represent King Ramses II, whilst the other two are of his beloved wife, Queen Nefertari.\nThe temple was dedicated to the deified Pharaoh, King Ramses II, known also as the great builder and the gods Amun-Re, Re-Herakhte and Ptah. In a fit of precision and architectural egotism, Ramses II had the entire temple carefully angled and oriented in order that the sun’s rays would align twice a year on his date of his ascension to the throne (21 February) and on his birthday (21 October) and illuminate the inner sanctum of the temple. This incredible natural phenomenon provides for a most spectacular sight, which has come to be referred to as the Sun Festival of King Ramses II. Crowds pack in to the temple before sunrise and watch the shafts of light slowly creeping through the rock hewn inner Hypostyle Hall (replete with further statues of the king) and through to the Sanctuary. Significantly, the sun illuminates statues of Amun-Re, Re-Herakhte and Ramses the god, whilst the statute of Ptah - the god of darkness - remains in the shadows.\nFamously, the temple was re-located in a multi-million dollar operation in 1972, further up from the shoreline of Lake Nasser, which had threatened to erode the foundations of this monolithic temple complex. For this reason, the sun now strikes a day later than Ramses had originally planned, though the event this morning itself is no less stunning. After the event, there will also be plenty of time to explore the Sun Temple of King Ramses II and also the Temple of Hathor and take plenty of pictures.\nAfterward returning to Aswan, the afternoon offers time to relax and enjoy the hotel facilities. Later this evening we'll head to the colourful local souq (market) for a little bargain hunting. The lively night market offers comic entertainment as the sellers go about the business of hocking their wares. The market also offers an extensive array of cotton products, spices, wooden and copper ornaments, alabaster statues, beaded jewellery and mother of pearl trinkets at some of the best prices in the country. Overnight - Aswan (B)\nDay 9: Aswan - free time to explore\nAswan - Cairo. A free day to explore Aswan your own way. Return to the colourful markets or simply relax and sip on a cocktail and watch the feluccas ply their way in Egypt's southern most town straddling the River Nile. This evening, we board the overnight train for our journey back to Cairo. Enjoy a light dinner in the comfort of your sleeper cabin. Overnight - Sleeper Train (B, D)\nDay 10: Cairo\nArriving into Cairo and hotel check in. Today remains free for you to further explore this exciting city or maybe head to Khan el Khalili market for a little last minute souvenir shopping. Overnight - Cairo (B)\nDay 11: Cairo\nbreakfast and included onward departure transfer to airport. (B)\nCruise schedules & hotels\nCruise Schedules: Dependent upon sailing schedules, our cruise may start from either Aswan or Luxor. Content of tour will remain the same.\nCairo Accommodation: Your tour includes a first and second stay within greater Cairo. One stay (either first or second) will commence at a hotel located in the Pyramids area and the other will be undertaken in a downtown area. The choice as to which location will be used first and second will be notated upon your tour voucher.\nPrices & Departure Dates\nPrices shown are per person travelling. 'Twin/Double' prices per person apply when there are 2 people travelling, sharing a room. The 'Single supplement' applies for single travellers who require their own room and needs to be added to the 'Twin/Double' price. If you are happy to be paired up with another single traveller of the same sex on your tour, this can be arranged, thus avoiding the single person supplement.\nAll our scheduled tour departures are guaranteed subject to a minimum of 2 travellers.\nTo date we have not cancelled a single trip!\nFEB – DEC 20\nThere are no comments for this article.\nYou are not allowed to post comments. Please login.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://knu.ua/en/geninf/history", "date": "2024-04-15T00:16:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816904.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414223349-20240415013349-00613.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9524421691894531, "token_count": 5605, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__101878302", "lang": "en", "text": "І. The establishment of Kyiv University and its pre-revolutionary operation during 1834-1917\n1. Kyiv University during the first half of the 19th century\nTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is a research university with a classic tradition and is the leading establishment of higher education in Ukraine. Its history dates back to November 8, 1833, when its establishment was supported by C.C. Uvarov, then Minister of Education, who founded the Imperial University of Saint Volodymyr with the transfer to Kyiv of the Polish Kremenets High School. The inauguration of the university was on July 15, 1834, the Memorial Day of Saint Prince Volodymyr.\n| The Order of Nicholas I to the Ministry of National Education approving the draft statute and status of the University of Saint Volodymyr\nOn 18 October 1834 Mykhailo Maksymovych, a 30-year-old Professor of botany, history, folklore and a prominent encyclopaedic academic, was appointed as the first Rector of the University by Emperor Nicholas I.\n|Portrait of M.O. Maksymovych by Taras Shevchenko (1845)\nDuring the 1834-1835 academic year only the Faculty of Philosophy was in operation at the university, with two Departments: History and Linguistics, and Physics and Mathematics. In the first year 62 students were enrolled and on 28 August 1834 the university commenced teaching. The Faculty of Law opened in 1835 opened, and in 1841 the Medical School was founded, based upon the Medical School of Vilensky University of Vilnius that had been shut down.\nA major challenge for the university was the lack of its own premises. Its management was forced during the first eight years to rent a number of private buildings that had not been adapted for educational work. The construction of a new building commenced on 31 July 1837, designed by Vincent Beretti, Professor of Architecture at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.\n|Vincent Beretti (1781-1842). Architect, academician, master of Russian classicistic architecture. Designer of university buildings and botanical garden.\nUnder his direct supervision, the building was constructed in a classical style, and is today still used as the main building of the university. Meanwhile, Professor E. Trautfetter laid out the Botanical Gardens, which are still in use today. The transition to its own large building and the adoption in 1842 of the university charter permitted a continual growth in the scale of possible university Departments, and by this time the number of departments increased from 20 to 37.\nWithin the university's walls progressive ideas have always flourished and grown, despite the obvious desire of the imperial government to turn Kyiv University into an outpost of Russian autocracy. During the period 1830-1860 the university was one of the centres of the Polish national democratic movement, and during 1845 to 1847 the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood was established and began to make its presence felt.\n| M.I. Kostomarov (1817-1885). Professor of Kyiv University, an eminent Ukrainian historian, ethnographer, writer, publicist and public figure. Instigator of the Cyril and Methodius Society and author of its charter.\nM. Kostomarov, a distinguished historian, was Head of the Department of Russian History at the university, and was creator and author of the credo of the Brotherhood. The intellectual inspiration for the Cyril and Methodius society members was the brilliant poet Taras Shevchenko, who at that time was working as a teacher of painting at the Art School of the University, while simultaneously holding a position in the university Archeography Commission (a temporary commission for the study of antique documents).\n|T.G. Shevchenko. Self-portrait. 1845\n2. Kyiv University in the second half of the nineteenth century.\nThe revival of scientific and educational activity at Kyiv University in the second half of the nineteenth century resulted from the liberal reforms of the 1860s and the introduction in 1863 of a new university charter. At this time the right to act autonomously was extended at the university, which opened 15 new departments (increasing the number from 37 to 52), and increased the number of lecturers and students. 90 new lecturers were invited from Russian and European universities to work in Kyiv, and the departments began to keep talented students for academic research and educational activities.\n| MD Ivanyshev (1811-1874). Professor, law historian, Rector (1862-1874). Editor-in-Chief of Kyiv Archaeological Commission publications\nBy virtue of the reforms, by the late nineteenth century Kyiv University -became is a powerful teaching and educational centre of European importance. The number of students during the 1830s and 1840s was 500, mainly Poles, while by 1883 the University had 1700 students, mostly Ukrainian and Russian, and by 1913 this number had increased to 5000. Research and teaching work was provided by 160 professors and associate professors. The University had 45 teaching and ancillary facilities: including 2 libraries (academic and student), 2 observatories (both astronomical and meteorological), a botanical garden, 4 faculty clinics, 3 hospitals and 2 clinical departments at the City Hospital, a theatre of anatomy and 9 laboratories.\n| External view of the Anatomy building. Photo from the late nineteenth century.\nThe lecturers and students were organized, active participants in a number of world-wide academic societies: naturalism, surgery, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and a history society named after Nestor the Chronicler.\nAcademic activity by the professors was conducted in close collaboration with overseas research centres and prominent scientists around the world. There were frequent overseas research trips, with papers published in international journals and more. One aspect highlighting cultural relations was the election of distinguished academics and cultural figures as honorary members of the university. These included Doctor of medicine Max von Pettenkofer, historian Leopold von Ranke, author Ivan Turgenev, chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev, microbiologist Ilya Mechnikov, and others.\n| V.S. Ikonnikov (1841-1923). Professor, historian, academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Science (1920). One of the founders of the History Society named after Nestor the Chronicler.\n3. Kyiv University between 1900 and 1917\nThe history of the University at the beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the fact that the Ukrainian intelligentsia raised the issue of 'Ukrainianization' in higher education in the region. On 20 April 1906, representatives of the Ukrainian community in the city of Chernihiv (D. Yavorskiy, M. Kotsyubynskiy, M. Fedchenko, L. Shramchenko et al.) raised the issue of opening departments at Kyiv University for the study of Ukrainian language, literature, history, ethnography and common law, requesting that those subjects be taught in the Ukrainian language. On 22 May 1906, Professors V. Peretz and H. Pavlutskiy signed a submission to the Dean of the Faculty of History and Linguistics, which mandated that such Ukraine-oriented Departments be created .\nUnder their support a number of Ukrainian public and cultural figures emerged from the University of Kyiv: Ivan Lypa, Symon Petliura, Dmytro Doroshenko, Borys Hrinchenko, Oleksandr Lototsky, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Serhiy Yefremov and others. 27 November 1906 saw Ukrainian students submit their applications to the Academic Council of the University to transfer to the newly-opened Ukraine-oriented Departments.\n| V.M. Peretz (1870-1935). Professor, literary historian, academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Science (1919). Supervised seminars of Russian Linguistics, and chaired the linguistics section of the Ukrainian Academic Society.\n1430 students signed such applications. However, the Rector of the University M. Tsytovych spoke out firmly against this idea, heading a reactionary group of professors and management from the Imperial Ministry of Education. In 1907, Professors A. Loboda and V. Perets on their own initiative began teaching Ukrainian literature at the University, until shortly this \"seditious experiment\" was banned.\n| M.S. Hrushevskiy (1866-1934). Distinguished Ukrainian historian, social and political activist, graduate of Kyiv University, Chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada, the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Founder and Chairman of the Ukrainian Scientific Society. Academician of the Higher Ukrainian Academy of Science (1923) and the Academy of Science of the USSR (1929).\nThe First World War severely disrupted the educational process. A considerable number of students found themselves conscripted into the army, the medical school of the University was transformed into a military hospital, and some of the laboratories under threat from the occupation of Kyiv by German and Austrian troops, were evacuated deep into the Empire, to the town of Saratov in southern Russia. They only returned to the University of Kyiv during the autumn of 1916. The moves resulted in serious losses to the laboratories, offices and museum collections of the University. Under such conditions, Kyiv University saw daily revolutionary activity, which in Ukraine was part of a struggle for cultural and national revival and the creation of an independent government.\n| Lecture by Professor H.H. Pavlutsky in the office of fine art. Early 20th century.\nAfter the overthrow of the autocracy, insistent requests by Ukrainian students and lecturers gradually led to the opening of Ukraine-oriented Departments and the introduction of lecturing in the Ukrainian language, having compelled the new government in Petrograd to make a number of concessions. On 27 June 1917, the Ministry of People's Education had evolved their position to the point of opening at the University of St. Volodymyr four Ukraine-oriented Departments: Ukrainian Language, Literature, History and the history of Western Rus Law. On 5 September 1917 a proposal to that effect was submitted by the Ministry to the Provisional Government. 19 September 1917 saw the Government announce the establishment of the above-mentioned departments at Kyiv University. On 30 September 1917, the university administration ordered the undertaking of preparations to start work and recruitment for the Ukraine-oriented Departments, and this was given a time limit of no more than three months. However, by January 1918, when the three months had passed, the political events that unfolded in Ukraine pushed academic issues into the background.\nII. Kyiv University during Soviet times 1917-1991\n1. Kyiv University during the Ukrainian Revolution 1917-1919.\nWith the creation in Kyiv of the Central Rada in March 1917, dozens of lecturers and hundreds of university students took an active part in the struggle for the independence of Ukraine. The most heroic page in the history of independence was the story of the events involving students of Kyiv University, which took place at Kruty. In early January 1918 over three hundred university students and school students responded to a call by the leaders of the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kyiv and formed a student battalion. The first 130 volunteers under the command of a student leader, Andriy Omelchenko, led heavy defensive battles, protecting an important railway junction on 29 January 1918 - the Kruty station in the Chernihiv area - and holding back the offensive of Russian Bolshevik divisions on Kyiv.\nIn the period of the Ukrainian Hetman State, P. Skoropadskiy of the St. Volodymyr University obtained official status for the Russian University of Kyiv. At the same time, in July 1918, Kyiv Ukrainian National University was founded.\n2. Break-up of the University into separate higher educational establishments 1920-1933\nIn February 1919 the Bolsheviks occupied the Kyiv University of St. Volodymyr and the Kyiv Ukrainian National University which they merged into one establishment, Kyiv University, with a main objective of educating the Soviet intelligentsia. The People's Commissariat of Education came into being in 1919 on the territory of Soviet Ukraine, responsible for the development of primary and secondary school education and higher education. In the universities, all so-called \"bourgeois remains\" were eliminated and all their autonomy was lost. The management structure of universities, such as the posts of Rectors and Vice- rectors was abolished and replaced by Commissars of Higher Education, and at this time all academic degrees and titles were abolished. The Soviet government set the goal of complete subordination of the university to the task of socialist revolution. However, even this very limited form of university had no right to exist, according to leaders of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. They were branded as centres for the \"bourgeoisie\", which had no place in the new communist society.\nAs a result of these reforms in 1920 Kyiv University (along with other universities in Ukraine) was disbanded. A separate Medical Institute was created from the remains of the Medical Faculty, and the Faculty of Law was transferred to the Institute of People's Economics. The Drahomanov Institute of Higher People's Education was formed from the Faculties of history and linguistics, physics and mathematics and natural science, together with the Kyiv Teacher Training College and the Kiev Institute of Higher Women's Courses. In 1926 this was renamed as the Kyiv Institute of People's Education (KIPE). The number of Ukrainian students in the Institute reached 65%.\n|Training teaching staff to eliminate illiteracy in the Workers' Faculty of the KIPE.\nAs a result of pivotal reform, higher education in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic began to differ fundamentally from high school in Soviet Russia. Russian universities lost much of their essential value, but were not disbanded and continued to function in Moscow, Leningrad and other Russian cities. Unification was one of the most important targets in Soviet education policy in the 1920s and 1930s, and it became necessary to rebuild the whole system of higher education on a single Russian model.\n|Students in the \"Soviet Red Corner\" of a university dormitory, 1930s\nThe absence of traditional university education at this time led to a drop in the number of scientists and qualified teaching staff, the loss of educational and academic traditions at universities and falling standards across higher education, as for the entire period after the closure of universities, there was no equivalent replacement. It became altogether obvious that the Soviet authorities were unable to organize the functions of higher educational establishments, not having the knowledge base and experience from pre-revolutionary higher education.\n| Participants in a mathematics seminar held by Academician D.O. Grave, 1930\n3. Re-establishment of Kyiv University and its pre-war operation 1933-1941\nIn autumn 1933, universities were re-established in Ukraine, including the Kyiv State University. Before them lay the task of putting students through postgraduate centres to train lecturers for high schools, together with producing scientists for research institutes, scientific laboratories in factories, and scientific research stations. These universities needed to focus on academic training for all major branches of science.\n| Students in a university dormitory. 1934\nIn 1934 the University celebrated its 100th anniversary. At that time its structure was renewed, and research and teaching activities recommenced. In 1935 the University began to publish a series of academic journals on the natural sciences and humanities. New Faculties were formed and by 1938 there were eight: physics and mathematics, history, linguistics, chemistry, geology and geography, biology, law and foreign languages. In March 1939, in honour of the 125th anniversary of the birth of Taras Shevchenko, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR conferred the title of Kyiv State University on the institution. In the same year, the Kaniv Bio-Geographical Reserve was transferred to the university, giving it a scientific-experimental and educational centre for the Faculties of Natural Science. The following year a new building was opened for the Humanitarian Faculties (now the Maksymovych Academic Library Building).\n| Students at Kiev State University. 1936\nThe massive repression of lecturers and students was a heavy blow to the University during the 1930-40s. Among the lecturers lost during the repression were the academics: M.P. Kravchuk, N.Y. Mirza-Avakyants, M.O. Rusanivsky, K.T. Shteppa, M.I. Bezborodko, and A.Y. Krimsky, together with many others.\nHowever, despite the ideological restrictions and repression, on the eve of World War II, Kyiv University was among the leading universities of the USSR, ranked in third place among Soviet universities. 4,000 students were studying there, with more than 300 professors, associate professors and lecturers working in 52 departments. Among these were 8 Academicians and 6 Corresponding Members of the Academy of Science of Ukraine, 24 PhDs and 65 lecturers with higher academic degrees. Postgraduates at the University became highly qualified in 43 disciplines.\n| Meeting of the Academic Council at the newly restored Kyiv University. 1934\nWhen hostilities began in the summer of 1941, Kyiv University was evacuated. The majority of students went to the Front, while many lecturers, together with colleagues from Kharkiv State University, continued the learning process at the United Ukrainian State University in Kazakhstan, in the city of Kyzylorda. Simultaneously, attempts were made to continue some of the work of the university in Nazi-occupied Kyiv, but soon the Nazis closed the university, repressed most of the lecturers, and students were taken as forced labour to Germany. During the battles that took place in Kyiv during October-November 1943, the University suffered irreparable damage and loss.\nThe main \"Red\" building of the University suffered considerable, where the library, museum collections and laboratories were looted. The cost only of the laboratory equipment lost reached the colossal sum of 50 million Karbovanets (Soviet roubles) .\n| Liberation by Soviet soldiers at the walls of the burnt-out Kyiv University. 1943\n4. Kyiv University during the post-war period 1944-1991\nDespite the enormous losses during the war, the post-war decades saw the main university of Ukraine manage to not only restore its lost potential, but also substantially strengthen. Immediately after the liberation of Kyiv, the revival of the university began. Students and lecturers rebuilt the Humanities and Chemistry buildings with their own hands and by 15 January 1944, classes resumed for senior undergraduates and for first-years on 1 February. 146 students, 3 professors, 7 associate professors and 11 lecturers from the Kyiv unit of the United Ukrainian State University returned from Kyzylorda in the summer of 1944. Nearly 1,500 young men and women enrolled for the 1944-45 academic year, and within a year they were joined by another 2,000 students. It was possible to reopen 80 departments, with 290 professors, associate professors and lecturers. By 1946 there were over 3,800 students, taught by 357 professors and lecturers at the university.\nAt the end of the 1940s, the scope of work at the University was reaching pre-war levels. There was especially rapid development of the university during the 1950s. Up to 1958 the Kyiv State University has 11 faculties and almost 10,000 students. During the 1959 to 1984 period, 70 thousand students graduated from the University, moving into various sectors of the economy, science, education and culture.\n| International students at Kyiv University just after the war. 1947.\n|Public address by M.U. Biliy, Rector of the University, celebrating Shevchenko Day in 1981.\nOver the years hundreds of prominent academic have worked at Kyiv University, including:\n- Historians and Linguists: M. Maksymovych, V. Tsikh, F. Dombrovski, I. Neykirkh, M. Kostomarov, P. Pavlov, V. Antonovych, V. Ikonnikov, I. Luchytsky, M. Drahomanov, V. Peretz, M. Dovnar-Zapolzky, M. Dashkevych, A. Loboda, F. Volk, F. Fortynsky, Y. Kulakovsky, S. Yefremov, A. Krymsky, A. Hermayze, Y. Tarle, N. Polonska-Vasilenko, A. Ohloblin;\n- Philosophers: O. Novitsky, A. Hilyarov, H. Chelpanov, V. Shynkaruk;\n- Lawyers: K. Nevolin, M. Ivanishev, M. Vladymyrsky-Budanov, A. Kistyakivsky;\n- Economists: H. Sydorenko, M. Sieber, M. Yasnopolsky, P. Kovanko;\n- Mathematics and Mechanics: I. Rakhmaninov, M. Vashchenko-Zakharchenko, P. Romer, V. Yermakov, D. Hrave, O. Schmidt, B. Bukreyev, H. Pfeifer, H. Suslov, P. Voronets, M. Boholyubov;\n- Physicists: M. Avenarius, M. Schiller, J. Kosonohov;\n- Chemists: H. Fonberg, M. Bunhe, S. Reformatsky, A. Babko, A. Holub, A. Pylypenko, A. Kipriyano;\n- Geologists: K. Feofilaktov, V. Chyrvynsky, M. Andrusov, P. Tutkovsky, V. Tarasenko;\n- Botanists: V. Besser, E. Trautfetter, O. Rohovych, I. Schmalhausen, S. Navashyn, K. Puriyevych, O. Fomin, Y. Baranetsky, M. Kholodny, N. Kornyushenko, D. Zerov, O. Lypa;\n- Zoologists: K. Kessler, O. Kovalevsky, O. Severtsov, O. Korotnyev, S. Kushakevych, L. Shelyuzhko, B. Mazurmovych;\n- Biochemist: O. Palladin;\n- Medical Doctors: V. Karavayev, O. Walter, V. Bets, M. Sklifosovsky, F. Yanovsky, V. Obraztsov, V. Chahovets, M. Strazhesko and other prominent academics.\nІІІ. Kyiv University in independent Ukraine\nOn 21 April 1994, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv was granted the status of \"National\" by Leonid Kravchuk, the President of Ukraine by Decree № 176/94, and on 25 November 1999 a further Decree № 1496/99 of Leonid Kuchma, now President of Ukraine, significantly expanded the autonomous status of the university. Decree № 412/2008, of Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine, on 5 May 2008, further stipulated the conversion of the University to becoming the main principal educational and scientific centre of Ukraine for the education of academic and teaching staff with higher qualifications. Then on 29 July 2009 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine with Regulation № 795 granted the University the status of being a self-governing and autonomous national research university, while providing increased funding for the future development of the university.\n| The main building of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv\nThe University awards Junior Specialist’s, Bachelor’s, Specialist’s and Master’s degrees, Higher Qualification Post-graduate degrees and Doctoral degrees. Training and retraining programs are provided in 14 specialties of Junior Specialist qualification, 55 fields of Bachelor training programs, 49 areas of Specialist training programs and 98 fields of Master training programs. More than 26 thousand students study at the University. Approximately 1,645 postgraduate students and 125 PhD students are working for higher qualifications at the University. Courses are provided by 198 Departments, who have more than 80% of their teaching staff with academic degrees of Doctor or at a Higher Postgraduate level, and over 50% of the teaching staff has attained the academic rank of professor or associate professor.\nThere are 13 Faculties within the University: Geography, Economics, History, Cybernetics, Mathematics and Mechanics, Sociology, Faculty of Information Technology, Radio Physics, Electronics and Computer Systems, Psychology, Physics, Philosophy, Chemistry, Law. There are 8 Institutes (the Military Academy, the High Technology Centre, the Institute of Geology, the Institute of Journalism, the Institute of International Relations, the Postgraduate Education Centre, the Institute of Linguistics, and the State Security Department) and 1 Training and Research Center (the Institute of Biology), 2 Colleges (Optical and Mechanical College, Geological Exploring College) and Ukrainian Physical and Mathematical Lyceum.\n|L.V. Hubersky, Rector, with Honorary Doctors at Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 2009\nTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv has a number of auxiliary facilities: Astronomical Observatory, the Fomin Botanical Garden, the Maksymovych Academic Library, the Kaniv Nature Reserve, a publishing and reprographics unit called \"Kyiv University\", an Informatics Centre, a Ukrainian Studies Centre, a Geological and Zoological Museum, a Museum of the History of the University, an interfaculty Museum of Linguistics, and others.\n|Graduates of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv\nToday the University has bilateral partnership agreements with 227 foreign educational and scientific institutions from 57 countries. 180 foreign academics and lecturers from 32 countries visit the University annually to collaborate in research, attending conferences, and giving lectures. Each year more than 1500 lecturers, researchers and students travel abroad to 59 countries. Two-thirds of those take overseas trips in 2014 travelled abroad for academic purposes (conferences, training, and research).\nToday Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is a classical university with a research profile, whose primary objectives are education, research and innovation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://icsydney.komosionstaging.com/hotel/future/", "date": "2024-02-22T20:51:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473824.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222193722-20240222223722-00125.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9404795169830322, "token_count": 126, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__119168116", "lang": "en", "text": "We are delighted to announce the unveiling of our reimagined hotel, transformed with a $120-million refurbishment. A new era of luxury travel awaits, including redesigned guest rooms and suites, public spaces and world-class bar and dining venues.\nSince its formation as The Treasury Building in 1851, this site has been one of the city’s most significant locations. The new design celebrates its rich history, while restoration works preserve the sacred stories of our nation’s past for future generations to enjoy.\nWe look forward to welcoming our guests, friends and visitors to experience the new InterContinental Sydney.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stevemccondichie.com/2017/09/25/marble-tar-babies/", "date": "2023-04-01T06:56:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401063607-20230401093607-00295.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9199388027191162, "token_count": 1130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__117551120", "lang": "en", "text": "Inheriting Civil War Stuff\nIn Joel Chandler Harris’s “The Wonderful Tar-Baby Story,” the turpentine and tar stick figure stays still and silent throughout the two-page short story. Yet, it’s the Tar-Baby’s refrain from polite speech that draws the ire of Brer Rabbit while Brer Fox lays low in the bushes. The hundreds of Confederate monuments scattered around America are equally muted and infuriating. Standing watch in front of courthouse squares and manicured green spaces, these sculpted monuments have further divided a fractured country. Erected generations ago by windbag politicians and the doting matrons that formed United Daughters of the Confederacy, these marble tar-babies have ensnared passersby but by their nature are unable to let them loose. The primary solvent is an honest examination of the gilded accounts that have been handed down from our predecessors.\nAt the centennial of the Civil War in 1961, Robert Penn Warren, the 1946 Pulitzer Prize winner for All the King’s Men, published The Legacy of the Civil War. His 108-page essay was subtitled a Meditation on the Centennial and dissects the war’s “influence on our economy, our social institutions, our domestic politics and foreign policy, our philosophy and our psychology.” The war, Warren asserts, was fought to salvage the Union, the respect for which still beat “deep in many a Confederate breast” and the abolishment of slavery. These are each critical ideas to establish and paramount in placing the war in perspective.\nAmerica won the Civil War.\nNot the Yankees.\nNot the North.\nThe United States of America.\nThe same Army that helped win two World Wars and protects us today defeated an enemy intent on destroying the country that we honor before the kick-off of every football game from pee-wees to professionals, and in this victory, we vanquished a heathen system hell-bent on brutalizing our fellow human beings for their own economic gain. On these two facts, there is no room for honest debate.\nWarren acknowledges that the war restored the Union and emancipated the slaves, yet “it did little or nothing to abolish racism.” Leaving us with a public discussion on how we free ourselves from the viscous legacy that in our imperious indignation we’ve collectively punched, kicked, and head-butted until we’ve mired ourselves in a befuddling trap.\nA recent New York Times article, “Aging Parents with Lots of Stuff, and Children Who Don’t Want It,” focused on the issue of children dealing with their parents’ “competitive accumulation of material goods.” Like reluctant offspring trying to diplomatically tell their mothers they don’t want her Lenox china, Southerners have inherited Confederate memorials in public spaces that wouldn’t be erected today. Unfortunately, a hundred Jefferson Davis statues can’t be unloaded at an estate sale, and it fails to address the core of the dilemma:\nNot merely subtle colorism, institutional discrimination, or overt bigotry. It’s hate. It’s white supremacy. It’s racial terrorism.\nPatrick Phillips’s Blood at the Root provides a chilling account of racial terrorism’s demonic evolution. A former resident of Forsyth County, Georgia, now a sprawling Metro Atlanta suburb, Phillips’s goal was to understand “the people of my home” and “to trace the origins of the ‘whites only’ world they fought so desperately to preserve.” From the forced removal of the indigenous Cherokee to the 1912 merciless purging of all blacks from the county to the 1987 attack on the Brotherhood March, Phillips details the county’s brutal and shameful heritage. It’s the resurfacing of this vitriol hatred in north Charleston and Charlottesville that all Americans should unite against.\nThese perplexing heirlooms can’t be dealt with by sharing cranky white dude memes or sneaking cranes in at midnight. Dr. Wayne Dyer, a renowned self-development author and speaker, said, “If you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change.” The beauty of this is that it works for statues and people.\nAt the base of Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest chalet in the Austrian Alps is a museum. Nearly all vestiges of der Fuhrer have been stripped from the site to discourage neo-Nazis pilgrims. The various displays are designed for Germans to learn their recent history and to teach us all an invaluable lesson on the menace of a narcissistic cult gone mad. Dynamiting the face of Stone Mountain is problematic, but there’s merit to the establishment of a southern museum of African-American History and Culture at the site of the largest Confederate memorial in the world.\nThe little boy to whom “the (tar-baby) story had been told” asked Uncle Remus, “Did the Fox eat the Rabbit?” Wise old Uncle Remus doesn’t answer the question conclusively, which is the tale’s resonant appeal. The resolution requires a willingness to turn away from what appears to separate us towards what binds us together. We must set aside our fears for the sake of hope. Compassion must be our legacy.\nLeave a Reply", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.benz-academy.org/en/about/Carl_Benz", "date": "2022-08-08T02:10:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00274.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9752433896064758, "token_count": 873, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__96802373", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1871, at the age of twenty-seven, Carl Benz joined a mechanical workshop in Mannheim, working together with his friend August Ritter. He first began his work on a two-stroke engine in the hopes of finding new sources of income and despite some early business misfortunes, successfully developed new types of engines and patented key engine components. These patents, among them the patent for the first internal combustion engine (approved in 1879), soon led to substantial revenue increases and helped to subsidize the workshop business.\nCarl Benz' true genius became obvious thanks to his successive inventions registered whilst designing what would become the production standard for his two-stroke engine. During this time he patented the speed regulation system, the ignition using sparks with a battery, the spark plug, the carburetor, the clutch, the gear shift, and the water radiator.\nThe success of the company gave Carl Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. He finished his creation in 1885 and named it the Benz Patent Motorwagen. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, which is why Carl Benz was granted his patent and is regarded as its inventor. The car was first driven in Mannheim in 1885.\nIn 1887, after years of testing and modifications, Benz created the first definitive commercial vehicle, the Model 3, an automobile with a four-stroke engine of his own design which was gasoline powered, with wooden wheels. This became the first production automobile. The model 3 was introduced at the 1889 World Fair in Paris and soon received recognition from around the world.\nIn the 1880's, automobile owners faced considerable problems as gasoline was only available from pharmacies. The early 1888 version of the \"Motorwagen\" had to be pushed when driving up a steep hill. This limitation was rectified after Bertha Benz made her famous trip, driving one of the vehicles a great distance. On returning, she suggested the addition of another gear to her husband. The popular story goes, that on the morning of August 5, 1888, Bertha Benz borrowed this vehicle (without the knowledge of her husband), and embarked on a 106 km (fifty mile) trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim to visit her mother, taking her sons Eugene and Richard with her. In addition to having to scrounge for fuel at pharmacies on the way, she also overcame various technical difficulties and finally arrived at nightfall announcing the achievement to Carl Benz by telegram.\nIn 1896, Carl Benz was granted a patent for his design of the first ‘boxer engine’ with horizontally-opposed pistons, a design principle which still remains relevant for high-performance racing car engines such as those used by Porsche. The great demand for internal combustion engines increased the size of, and indeed, completely transformed the Benz & Cie. automobile company. By 1899 it had become the largest of its kind in the world, increasing employment from 50 (1890) to 430 (1899) workers and producing 572 automobiles per year.\nAfter World War I, the years of Depression led to an economic crisis and it became desirable for Benz & Cie to pool its resources with another leading company in Stuttgart, Daimler Motors, founded by Gottlieb Daimler and his lifelong partner Wilhelm Maybach. In 1926 the two merged to become the Daimler-Benz company, later to be renamed as Daimler-Benz, which is now part of Daimler AG. Following the merger in 1926, all new automobiles were called Mercedes-Benz in honor of the most important model of DMG automobiles, the Mercedes 35hp.\nThe name 'Mercedes' derives from the ten year-old daughter of Emil Jellinek, the wealthy European entrepreneur who sat on the board of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in the early 1900's and who helped to improve the design of the DMG engines.\nCarl Benz served as a member of the supervisory board of Daimler AG from 1926 until he passed away in 1929.\nOn the Road\nWatch the video to hear the story of Carl and Bertha Benz as told by the great granddaughter of Carl Benz, Mrs Jutta Benz.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.unknowntruths.com/atlantis__reviews.php", "date": "2014-04-18T05:30:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532573.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00083-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9282249212265015, "token_count": 229, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__76263319", "lang": "en", "text": "Walter Parks… has written another well-researched and thought-provoking work in the exploration of ancient history.\nHe cleverly weaves together facts from ancient historical and religious documents, along with recent archaeological findings to provide a new and credible theory of the creation, legacy and destruction of Atlantis.\nIt provides convincing evidence that Atlantis was real and that its remains are visible today.\nReviewer: James Brooke, Literary Manager\nThe newly discovered document written in 9619 BC, 9,250 years before Plato convinces me that Atlantis was not just a myth from Plato.\nAmazing that the evidence has always been available; we just did not recognize it.\nI believe that there really was an Atlantis.\nReviewer: J. Long\nPlease select your preferred purchase option:\nAudio Book Price: $14.95\nPaperback Price: $14.99\nThis book is available for Kindle:\nThis book is available from Barnes & Nobel:\nThis book is also available from Smashwords for all eBook formats.\nThis book is also available in 3 subparts as shown on the Atlantis Home Page: Atlantis Home", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://comeoutindetroit.com/", "date": "2023-06-04T01:28:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649348.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603233121-20230604023121-00640.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9450293779373169, "token_count": 614, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__60324665", "lang": "en", "text": "Fifty Years Later, Free Comic Book Tells Story of Michigan’s First LGBTQ+ Pride\nThe story of Christopher Street Detroit ’72, the first-ever LGBTQ+ pride celebration in Michigan held 50 years ago this June 1972, has been brought to life through a full-color, 32-page nonfiction comic book for free distribution. Freelance illustrator Isabel Clare Paul and historian Tim Retzloff teamed up to create “Come Out! In Detroit” based on eyewitness primary sources, oral histories, and a cache of largely unseen photographs. The comic book’s release was accompanied by exhibits and public programs in Detroit, Ann Arbor, and East Lansing to mark the 50th anniversary of the event.\nOne June 24, 1972, Detroiters and other Michiganders gathered to publicly parade down Woodward Avenue, rally to speeches in Kennedy Square, dance the night away at the Unitarian Church on Cass, and picnic the next day in Palmer Park. It capped a week of celebrations at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University. In Ann Arbor, the city council declared Gay Pride Week, the first known official recognition of LGBTQ pride by a governmental body in the United States.\nThe 1972 activities were planned and coordinated by representatives from not only Metro Detroit but also from Ann Arbor, East Lansing and Lansing, and elsewhere in the state under an umbrella group called the Michigan Gay Confederation. It was touted as the earliest example of statewide gay organizing—what we now understand as LGBTQ+ organizing—in the United States.\nDistribution started with an early release of several hundred copies at selected comic book stores in Metro Detroit, Ann Arbor, and Lansing on Free Comic Book Day on Saturday, May 7, 2022. Early distribution also took place at Motor City Comic Con May 13 to 15 at Suburban Collection Showplace in Novi. The event, a gathering of comic book, television, and cinema fans, welcomes an audience not typically on the radar for storytellers of Michigan LGBTQ+ history.\nOur official release began June 2nd. About a third of the 23,000 copies distributed were personally handed out at pride events, specifically Motor City Pride, Ferndale Pride, Michigan Pride, Hotter Than July in Detroit!, Lansing Pride, and Ann Arbor Pride. Distribution included public libraries, LGBTQ+ community centers, campus gender and sexuality centers, and a number of coffee shops, bookstores, bars, and other sites throughout the state.\nThe 50th anniversary Christopher Street Detroit ’72 and the publication of the “Come Out! In Detroit” comic book have both provided unique opportunities for additional educational outreach. As such, public programming has been an important aspect of the project as well. Here the comic book is not the end product of our efforts but rather a launching point, a tool for examining history in greater depth.\nWe are currently pursuing how to get copies into cataloged collections of high school and public libraries. Please reach out to us through the Contact page for more information.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sekishuwashi.jp/english/", "date": "2024-04-18T08:05:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817200.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418061950-20240418091950-00780.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9677111506462097, "token_count": 671, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__120152348", "lang": "en", "text": "Tesuki washi (handmade Japanese paper) was invented in 105 AD by a Chinese official named Cai Lun, and introduced to Japan in 610 AD by Doncho, a Buddhist monk from Korea. Sekishu washi, the special washi paper of western Shimane Prefecture, also has a long history of over a thousand years long. The name Sekishu comes from the Sekishu region (present-day Iwami), where the paper was first produced. The paper is also known as Sekishu-banshi (“half sheets of Sekishu”) because of the cut of the paper.\nHowever, the name Sekishu is probably much older, as Kamisuki Chohoki (A Handy Guide to Papermaking), a book written by Kunisaki Jihei and published in 1798, states that Kakinomoto No Hitomaro, a leading official in the area, taught papermaking skills to the local people sometime around 704-715 AD. From then on, for over 1300 years, the art of handmade washi has been maintained and preserved within the area.\nThe raw materials for Sekishu washi are kozo, mitsumata, and gampi shrubs. Kozo and mitsumata are cultivated in the region but gampi grows wild. Sekishu-banshi made from Sekishu kozo is well known as the strongest paper produced in Japan. By the Edo period (1603-1867), Sekishu-banshi was popular among Osaka merchants for use in account books, and that name became widely known. Whenever a fire broke out, the merchants did not hesitate to throw their account books into a well to protect the records; the merchants were not worried about the paper being damaged by water.\nIn light of the unique traditional techniques and methods employed to make Sekishu-banshi by the Sekishu-banshi Craftsmen’s Association, Sekishu-banshi was designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1969.\nIn addition, the techniques and methods used for Sekishu-banshi have been completely preserved by the crafts people who live in Misumi Town. To ensure even further improvement of the art, Sekishu Washi Cooperative was established, and Sekishu washi was declared a “Traditional Craft” by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in 1989.\nThe Sekishu-Banshi papermaking technique was designated as an Important Intangible Cultural Property in 1969, and the Sekishu-Banshi Craftsmen’s Association was recognized as the holding group.\nSekishu-banshi was registered at “the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” based on the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2009.\nAt this time, Sekishu-banshi was reregistered at “the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity” based on the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014, as “Washi, craftsmanship of traditional Japanese hand-made paper”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://templeofsumer.com/", "date": "2024-04-20T12:50:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00096.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9521551132202148, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__125976087", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the Temple of Sumer, a resource for those interested in learning about the religion and myths of the Sumerian peoples.\nIn our myth section you will see our modern English versions of the myths. We will be bringing you an easy to understand version of the myths without losing the meanings and implications that were put there by the peoples of the Ancient Near East.\nThis site is a work in progress and a great deal more material remains to be added to it. Much material exists from an older incarnation of the site, but as the authors have grown in their devotion and their perspectives since those articles were written, they must be checked and proofread before being published.\nIf you have any questions, feel free to join us in the Temple of Sumer Facebook community, which is dedicated to the worship of all the gods of Mesopotamia, and where a friendly, welcoming, knowledgeable community of people are always happy to answer questions and provide guidance,\nThe Temple of Sumer supports the Temple of Enki. In Sumerian myth, Enki is the god responsible for crafting all the powers of civilisation. He carries over his shoulder the two great rivers which caused the first advanced civilisation to flourish. The Temple of Enki is therefore sacred to Enki's worship, maintaining a YouTube channel and a Facebook community of its own.\nThe Ishtar Gate is a website aimed at providing a broad overview of the principles of the modern Sumerian faith, with articles on Sumerian gods, Sumerian civilisation and culture, and a series of devotional articles around topics like Sumerian prayer and worship, suitable offerings to Sumerian deities, and setting up a home altar.\nThe subreddit /r/Sumer is the home of the Sumerian and Mesopotamian faith community on Reddit. Like the Temple of Sumer Facebook page, there are numerous devoted and insightful worshippers of the Sumerian gods who participate in the subreddit, and it is a friendly and welcoming place for anyone who's looking to learn more about our faith.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shritravel.com/what-are-the-important-places-to-visit-in-amritsar/", "date": "2024-04-17T19:07:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00518.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9702131748199463, "token_count": 2072, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__150428608", "lang": "en", "text": "Amritsar as the name signifies the two words: Amrit means sacred water and Sar means Sarovar or river generally called sacred water river. Basically, the name has been taken from the sacred water pool. On which the shrine of Sikhs Golden Temple is located on that pool or Sarovar. Amritsar is also called Ambarsar or Ramdaspur (in the ancient era) because the fourth Guru of the Sikhs Sri Guru Ramdas Ji founded this city as per Sikh tradition.\nWhy is Amritsar famous for?\nAmritsar is famous for its great heritage and significance in the history of Sikhs. There are various shrines and sacred places of all religions situated in this holy city. Places like Golden Temple, Jallianwala Bagh, Wagah Border, Ram Tirth, Gurudwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib, Durgiana Mandir, Guru Bazaar, Gobindgarh Fort, Sadda Pind, and there are lot more places which are located in the outskirts of the district.\nWhat is the historical significance of Amritsar?\nWell, who can forget the Jallianwala Bagh massacre? Who can forget the attacks on Golden Temple? Who can forget Operation Blue Star on Golden Temple? Those were the dark times when Amritsar and its people faced these bad sins. But after all that period, this city is proud of its rich heritage and culture, bravery, and valour of Panjabis. Even festivals like Diwali, Vaisakhi, Dusshera, Lohri are celebrated with great enthusiasm among Hindus and Sikhs. There is a popular saying or proverb called “Dal Roti Ghar Di, Vaisakhi Amritsar Di”.\nAnd lastly, you might have heard that people say these little proverbs in their homes “Amritsar- Sifti Da Ghar”. Sifti is a Punjabi word that means appreciation/compliments.\nWhat are the popular places to visit in Amritsar? Which are the tourist spots in Amritsar?\n1. Golden Temple\nGolden Temple or Harmandir Sahib is a famous place and has a great significance in Sikh history. This is the shrine of Sikhs and it is located on the man-made pool called Sarovar. This pool was completed by Guru Ram Das Ji in the year 1577. Then fifth Guru of Sikh Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji requested a Muslim Mir Mian Mohammad to lay the foundation stone of the Golden Temple in the year 1589. Then Guru Arjan Dev Ji placed the copy of Adi Granth in 1604 in the temple. Golden Temple has witnessed various attacks during the Mughal and Afghan periods. But time and again Sikhs gave a befitting reply to every attack in one form or the other. In 1809, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji renovated the whole temple with gold foil and changed the architecture of the gurudwara. That’s why it has been named as Golden Temple.\n2. Jallianwala Bagh\nWell, you guys must have heard about Jallianwala Bagh in your life or some history books. If not, then you should read this stanza carefully.\nBasically, it was a memorial park until the massacre. The infamous park is known for the genocide by the British troops or you can say the British army. On 13th April 1919, people were celebrating the Vaisakhi festival in the park, and also they were peacefully protesting for the two national leaders Satyapal and Saiffudin Kitchlew. Then Brigadier General Dyer entered the park with his army. They blocked the only entrance of the park and started firing on unarmed people. That cruel person did not even see children and women, he just fired a lot of bullets. As a result, thousands of people were killed and sacrificed their lives. General Dyer was criticized for his inhuman act but highly appreciated by the Britain govt.\nConsequently, in 1940 at the age of 75 Dyer was shot by Indian freedom fighter Sardar Udham Singh in London. This was a retaliation attack related to the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh.\n3. Wagah Border\nWagah is a small village situated near the Indo- Pak Border. This border is famous for transportation between India and Pakistan. This border or partition is 24 km from Lahore and 32 km from Amritsar. There is also a railway station called Wagah Railway station. Attari is a small town that is adjacent to the Wagah.\nIn the evenings, there is a Wagah-Attari retreat ceremony happens between Pakistani Ranger and Indian Forces. People gather here to watch all the activities like hoisting flags, salutes between Indo-Pak soldiers, etc.\nThe above image shows the great rivalry between India and Pakistan.\n4. Gobindgarh Fort\nThis fort was built by Dhillon Jat Misldar of Bhangi Misl in the year 1760. It was renamed after the tenth Guru of Sikh Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji by Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji. This is a historical military fort located in the heart of the city of Amritsar. Recently in the year 2017, it was opened to the public (earlier it was occupied by the army. The Fort is totally renovated as a theme park or you can say a museum of ancient things or architecture.\nThis fort is made of bricks and lime and its shape is square in nature. The main entrance of the gate is called Nalwa Gate which is named after Hari Singh Nalwa and the rear entrance is called Kellar gate.\n5. Sadda Pind\nSadda Pind is a famous tourist spot in Amritsar. It is located around 8 km from the Golden Temple. So if you are planning to visit Amritsar on a weekend, then this is the best place you can ever visit. You can explore the Punjabi cuisines, culture, flavors of villages, etc. It helps you to rejuvenate and reconnect with yourself and your culture. Bhangra, Sarson da Saag, Gidda, some fun rides are the key ingredients of your visit. Make sure before entering, you should have some 1000 bucks for yourself to visit and accommodation. You can also visit the official website for more information.\n6. Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sathal\nAs per Hindu mythology, this place is considered an inseparable part of Ramayana. At this tirath sathal, Bhagwan Valmiki wrote the whole Ramayana. It is also the birthplace of Rama’s sons Luv and Kush. Sita was abandoned by Rama after the Lanka war between Ravana and Rama. Then she stayed here for several years and gave birth to two sons. It is also said that the fight between Rama and his sons took place at this place.\n7. War Memorial\nThe full name of the War Memorial is The Punjab State War Heroes Memorial and Museum. It is located on the outskirts of Amritsar city. This seems to be a prominent place since this is just 18 km away from the international border i.e Wagah Border.\nThis museum signifies the bravery and gallantry deeds of the martyrs who sacrificed their lives. Around names of 3500 martyrs are carved on the memorial built at an elevation of 4 meters.\nYou would be amazed to see that there is the world longest or you can say the world’s largest sword is erected on the central edifice. The sword is around 45 meters in height and the material is stainless steel. It represents the audacity and valor of the people of Punjab who defended the nation in times of crisis.\n8. Durgiana Temple\nDurgiana Temple is also called Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Durga Tirath, or Sheetala Mandir. Its name is derived from Goddess Durga. It is located in the heart of the city near Lohgarh Gate.\nSome people might be thinking that it should be Golden Temple but no its architecture is almost similar to Golden Temple, it is a Hindu Temple which is around 5 km from Darbar Sahib. In 1921 Sheetala Madir was rebuilt by Guru Harsai Mal Kapoor. Harsai Mal was a scion of Prithi Chand Mina. Then Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya inaugurated this temple.\n9. Gurudwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib\nYou might have heard about Baba Deep Singh Ji, well known and very brave martyr and Singh in Sikh history. This gurudwara was made to commemorate Baba Deep Singh Ji and other martyrs since the cremation was carried out on this land.\nJassa Singh Ramgaria did construction and rebuilt this memorial to this martyr. The SGPC committee renovated and enlarged the whole Gurudwara in the early 1920s.\n10. Partition Museum\nPartition Museum has been set up recently by the Punjab Heritage Tourism and Promotion Board and The Arts and Cultural Heritage Trust. It is the world’s first museum which was built on the partition.\nIn 2015 some dedicated people decided to reshape this museum. After a lot of discussion with leading experts, scholars, historians, researchers, authors, filmmakers, journalists, etc, this museum was set up meticulously. In October 2016, this museum was opened for the public, four gallery exhibitions were carried out and the Chief Minister of Punjab inaugurated the museum.\nThen on 17 August 2017, then CM Captain Amarinder Singh dedicated this museum to the nation. It was commemorated as Partition Remembrance Day in tribute to millions of people.\nWell if you are interested in the aerial view of Amritsar city then check out the whole video below which was captured through the drone.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lechateaudelagaloisiere.com/about", "date": "2020-10-22T14:17:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00558.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9445241689682007, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__118058467", "lang": "en", "text": "The Chateau de la Galoisiere\nwas built in the 18th century by the highly affluent Blouin du Bouchet family, who were well known and highly respected in the province of Anjou. Claude Jean Gabriel Blouin du Bouchet, who was personal bodyguard to King Louis XVI and Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St Louis, was the first resident of this noble home.\nThe original property was an area of 800 hectares of land located in Jarze, including forests, farms and vineyards, a village belonging to Baugeois, in the northeastern part of Anjou province, whose capital is the medieval town of Bauge.\nThe region is the most forested of Anjou with a lot of aristocrats owning castles and manors.\nThe Blouin du Bouchet family owned the property until the beginning of the 20th century. The last resident of the family was Isidore Blouin du Bouchet, mayor of Jarze in 1881, who died in 1903. Today, in the private chapel, there is still a memorial stone set to remember Mathilde Marie Charlotte Poulain du Mas, his first wife.\nIn the absence of any heirs, the Chateau de la Galoisiere was then owned by only two noble families, Vernot de Jeux/de Brullon and the Count and the Countess of Belleville, until 2013.\nIn 2013, the new owners of the castle has worked with talented painters and upholsterers to tastefully refreshed interiors, whilst maintaining the heritage.\nThe interior design maintains much of the 18th century opulence, furnished with antique furniture from the same period, showcasing some famous pieces from cabinetmakers and carpenters of the King Louis XV and King Louis XVI.\nAdding to the old world glamour are the contemporary luxury touches, especially in the en-suite bathrooms and kitchen. A mixture of Asian influence has been infused seamlessly to reflect the fascination of the silk and spice route era.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://regalinnsuites.com/military-blog/", "date": "2023-05-28T17:10:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00115.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9055393934249878, "token_count": 429, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__122671364", "lang": "en", "text": "The nearby Ventura County Naval Base is comprised of the Point Mugu Naval Air Station and CBC Port Hueneme. The Port Hueneme base in southwestern Ventura County is a homeport that furnishes training, administrative, and logistic support for Navy Seabees. Port Hueneme (“pronounced Why-Nee-mee”) is from the Chumash Indian word for resting place.\nMilitary families enjoy the nearby Channel Islands National Park, popular for boating, sport fishing, kayaking and whale-watching excursions. The harbor is also home to Ventura County Maritime Museum and fresh seafood restaurants.\nThe U.S. Navy Seabee Museum selects, collects, preserves and displays historic material relating to the history of the Naval Construction Force, better known as the SEABEES, and the U.S. Navy Civil Engineer Corps.The Museum is open to the public and tours can be arranged for schools or other groups. Call (805) 982-5167 or email firstname.lastname@example.org\nNaval Base Ventura County (NBVC) Port Hueneme/Point Mugu is located near the cities of Port Hueneme, Oxnard, and Camarillo along the Pacific coastline, just 30 miles northwest of Los Angeles, California, 3 miles from Oxnard Airport, or 60 miles from Los Angeles International (LAX) Airport..\nThe Point Mugu site is located approximately nine miles from the Port Hueneme site. There the NBVC operates two runways and a 36,000-square-mile sea test range.\nNSWC Port Hueneme Division is a field activity of Naval Sea Systems Command and provides the United States Navy global fleet with weapon system in-service engineering, logistics, and test and evaluation. NSWC Port Hueneme is located at Naval Base Ventura County, Calif., where it employs more than 1,900 personnel.\nFor more info", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.greek-handmade-sandals.com/shop/kallistrate-platform-greek-leather-handmade-sandals/", "date": "2023-11-29T02:11:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100047.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129010302-20231129040302-00838.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9061163663864136, "token_count": 379, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__190395315", "lang": "en", "text": "This name derives from the Ancient Greek name “Kallístratos (Καλλίστρατος)”, composed of two elements: “kalós (καλός)” (beautiful, lovely, virtuous, noble) plus “stratós (στρᾰτός)” (army, military force). In turn the name means “beautiful army, beauty-army”. 1) Callistratus was an Alexandrian grammarian, flourished at the beginning of the 2nd century BC. 2) Callistratus was a Greek sophist and rhetorician. He wrote Ekphraseis (Statuarum descriptiones), descriptions of fourteen works of art in stone or brass by distinguished artists. 3) Callistratus was a Roman jurist, who, as appears from passages in Justinian’s Digest, wrote at least as late as the reign (198–211 AD) of Septimius Severus and Caracalla\nThese sandals are very comfortable and perfect for everyday wear. They are handmade to order in Greece with high quality genuine leather by local craftsmen using traditional techniques. Natural leather may vary from light beige to light brown and it depends on the particular hide.\nThe tan colour leather gets darker when exposed to the sunlight, ageing gracefully and classically.\nWearing leather sandals in wet weather conditions is not recommended.\nThey fit true to size and come in full sizes only. If in-between sizes, we recommend sizing up.\nThey come with leather lining and insole and with a high resistant rubber anti-slippery outsole.\nHeel height 4.5 cms – 1.8 Inches (approx.)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thevail.org/history/", "date": "2023-09-27T20:43:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510326.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927203115-20230927233115-00881.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9664530754089355, "token_count": 3454, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__44013042", "lang": "en", "text": "Vail-Leavitt Music Hall: A Historic Journey\nOriginal research by Harold Smith, Jean Hallock and Sylvia Shaffran (circa 1980)\nRevised and updated by Robert Barta (2020)\nOf the three theatres which existed in Riverhead in the late nineteenth century, only one – the Music Hall – has come down to us. Miraculously escaping the wrecker’s ball due largely to its upstairs location over two lucrative storefronts, the Music Hall has survived all its contemporaries to become the oldest theater on Long Island or New York City – 20 years older than Broadway’s oldest theater.\nEarly History – The Vail Years\nLocated on what today is known as Peconic Avenue (then called Bridge Street), the Music Hall was the talk of the town when David F. Vail, a local lumber dealer built it with the help of his son, George M. Vail.\nThe Long Island Traveler of April 22, 1881, noted: “Numerous improvements are being made throughout our village. The large brick building is rapidly nearing completion and when finished will be a marked improvement over the old rookeries which now front on Bridge Street….” A week or two later, the Traveler reported that “Mr. J. W. Flack will soon start embellishing and frescoing the interior.” Mr. Flack was a well-known Eastern Long Island interior decorator of the period, and an expert in the application of gold leaf. Even today at the Music Hall, we can see gold highlights at various places in the restored interior.\nAfter a number of previews, including a strawberry festival and musicale, the Music Hall opened with fanfare on October 11, 1881. The event was a concert with both professional and amateur talent, sponsored by the Rough and Ready Engine Company of Riverhead. A smashing success, the show continued until 3 A.M. It was then that the firefighters were called to duty to extinguish a blaze in a barn on Osborne Avenue, owned by Mr. Osborne. Off they went, according to the Riverhead News, grabbing hats and coats hastily and “leaving the ladies to wend their way home as best they could.”\nHarriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” was the Music Hall’s first professional play and was produced at the Music Hall by multiple companies during its early years. One of the earliest performances included a wondrous curiosity billed in the programs as “Edison’s Electric Parlor Lamp.” Since electricity was still in the future as a common lighting source, we can only surmise that the lamp must have been battery-powered. This was the Music Hall’s first connection with the name of Thomas A. Edison.\nIn the ensuing years, Music Hall played host to a variety of events. A lecture by one Theodore Tilton entitled “The World of Tomorrow” so stirred the Music Hall audience that the editor of the Long Island Traveler called for the founding of a group to present more such offerings and to give the proceeds to the Riverhead Reading Room, located on the top floor of the Bank Building still standing on Main Street. This was the start of the Riverhead Lecture Society, which in turn brought about what we know today as the Riverhead Free Library.\nIn April of 1885, Music Hall contributed to the construction of the pedestal of the “Bartholdi Statue,” according to a Traveler item. Mrs. Frank Baird, a local art teacher, engaged the hall for an “art reception” with the proceeds to be allotted to what we now know as the Statue of Liberty.\nLighting at Music Hall appears to have begun with candles. According to a press item, the candles in the footlights started a small blaze which was quickly extinguished. Whether these candles were a supplement to gaslight or whether the gaslight followed the bad experience with candles is not known. We do know, however, that the Music Hall had its own gas plant behind the theatre, that gas fixtures were placed all along the horseshoe balcony, and that gaslight continued at Music Hall until the advent of electricity there in July of 1888.\nThe Improved Order of Red Men, a fraternal organization founded by George Washington for the purpose of assisting Native Americans in their problems with incoming settlers, engaged Music Hall for a six-year period beginning in 1900.\nIn 1908, Thomas A. Edison’s famous name returned to the Music Hall for the first time since “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” It was then that Edison’s “moving picture show” made its Riverhead debut. While it was not the first movie shown in Riverhead, it featured a dramatization of the famous Harry K. Thaw murder case “depicting all phases from the shooting to the incarceration of Thaw in Matteawan.” Taking no chances, the management thoughtfully added “a number of first-class vaudeville acts.”\n20th Century and The Leavitt Years\nLater that year, George M. Vail (by now sole owner of Music Hall) sold the building to Simon Leavitt. Leavitt’s Men’s Shop served the community into the 1970’s as downtown Riverhead developed into one of Suffolk County’s premier commercial shopping districts. Some local residents recall it as a long-time local outlet for purchasing Boy Scout uniforms and supplies.\nBeginning in 1909, the Music Hall became known as the Lyceum Theatre – the Broadway theatre of the same name had been built that year and probably inspired the change – and as such presented moving pictures, vaudeville, occasional stock and road companies, and more rarely, concerts and dances.\nIt was about this time that the late Ted Leavitt, then a youth, remembered having met a young Western rope-spinner then performing on the Lyceum stage named Will Rogers, who taught the youngster the art of lariat-twirling in between appearances in the theatre upstairs.\nIn 1912, after several successful years of vaudeville, film, lecture and concert bookings, the Leavitts leased their upstairs showplace to Franklin P. McCutcheon, a vastly experienced showman from Brooklyn. Under the McCutcheon management in 1914 came one of the Lyceum’s most exciting times.\nFor several years, Thomas Edison had been working on a new development in entertainment – talking motion pictures. At the same time, the talents of the great inventor were devoted to another experiment in nearby Quogue – extracting iron from the sands of that ocean resort. In 1914, an advertisements appeared in the Riverhead News to the effect that “The Eighth Wonder of the World” was coming to the Lyceum Theatre in Riverhead – “Thomas A. Edison’s Talking Pictures.” The all talking program featured John J. McGraw, then manager of the New York Giants; Van and Schenck, popular musical comedy stars; a scene from “Faust”; Edison’s Minstrels; “Julius Caesar” and an all-star feature program. “No silent pictures shown,” declared the Lyceum ad.\nIn its next issue, the Riverhead News raved about Edison’s experiment. “The talking movies at the Lyceum here last week was a show that greatly pleased large audiences,” stated the enthusiastic reviewer. “Most of the people present declared it a marvelous performance. The accurate timing of the words, music, dancing and various sounds with the pictures produced results practically perfect, and there was hardly any flicker to the pictures themselves. It was hard to believe that live persons were not on the stage contributing to the program.”\nThomas Edison’s experimental system, properly known as “Kinetophone”, was brought to the theater in an effort to raise capital and garner good publicity. It is known that Edison’s own technicians were prohibited from running the equipment in the unionized theaters of New York and other cities, resulting in an embarrassing lack of synchronization between the picture and sound at those showings. As a result, Edison chose to bring Kinetophone to the Music Hall as well as other local theaters across the country.\nEdison suffered a major setback when a fire broke out at his lab in West Orange, New Jersey in December of 1914. Many items relating to the kinetophone project were destroyed, although Edison did attempt to continue for a time. Ultimately, lack of investment, other projects, and his own advancing age caused the great inventor to abandon kinetophone. It would be more than a decade until “talkies” reached a mass audience, but the Music Hall remains as one of the only surviving original sites of Edison’s experimental kinetophone exhibitions.\nFor three more years, the Lyceum continued its career as a purveyor of motion picture entertainment. However, announcement of a palatial new theatre to be called the Riverhead Capitol in late 1917 seemed to throw a pall over activities at the Lyceum. With the onset of World War I and as a flu pandemic struck, the Lyceum’s screen and stage events came to a halt.\nIt is known that after the war, the old theatre was converted into the Imperial Restaurant, a lavish Chinese restaurant. However in 1925, that enterprise came to a sad end when a kitchen fire damaged an area that had been the stage, but was prevented from spreading elsewhere by a wall that had been erected between the stage and the auditorium. Thus were preserved the ornate box tiers and the notable horseshoe balcony as well as the elaborate stage proscenium arch.\nA short career as a pool hall and another one as a betting parlor (ending in an eviction notice from the Leavitts) were the last public activities in Music Hall. A fire, unruly pool sharks and shady bookies were enough for the owner, who vowed from then on nothing would occupy the space over his store but storage…and that was the way it was from 1925 until 1978.\nAround 1967, Ted Leavitt told local businessman Harold Smith about the theatre over his store upstairs. Mr. Smith – an actor dating back to 1929 – would soon become the leading force to restore the Music Hall.\nPresent-day Riverhead’s first look at the 1881 Music Hall (the name of Lyceum had by then been abandoned) came at the time of one of the early Riverhead Country Fairs. As an early member of Riverhead Townscape, Smith succeeded in interesting the membership in establishing a sub-committee to revitalize the old Music Hall. A first meeting of the new group was held in November of 1978. The committee’s activities broadened, and it was not long before Townscape decided that its offshoot should become an independent body, providing sufficient funds for its incorporation as such.\nThe new corporation, the Council for the Vail Leavitt Music Hall, accepted the building through a HUD block grant arranged by the Town of Riverhead’s Community Development officer, Robert Schemer. This was accomplished in April 1982. In that period, the Hall’s Council raised over $100,000 in cash and in-kind contributions to operate and restore Riverhead’s historic hall. In September 1985, after several years of work on applications and interviews, Music Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.\nThe first phase of Music Hall’s restoration began with the opening of the Music Hall Mini-Cine in the former Leavitt’s Men’s Shop in 1984. Prior to the opening, Council members volunteered their services in rebuilding the former haberdashery into an 84-seat cinema. A generous contribution from a council member provided the funds for the purchase of theatre chairs from the old Freeport Theatre which was to be razed. A Laurel and Hardy Film Festival opened the Music Hall Mini-Cine in the spring of 1984. Revival films were very popular in the early ’80s, and it seemed the public couldn’t get enough of Bogart, Gable, Garbo, Monroe and perhaps most especially, the MacDonald/Eddy operettas.\nBy the 1990’s the advent of home video spelled the end of revival films in theatres, and the Council was finding it increasing difficult to maintain and operate the Mini-Cine profitably. As a result, upstairs restoration was put on hold.\nRecognizing the importance of the Vail-Leavitt to revitalization of downtown Riverhead’s arts district, the Town Board and supervisor Vinnie Vilella allocated $150,000 of mitigation fees received from construction of the Tanger Outlets specifically to restoration efforts at the Music Hall. Unfortunately, disagreements within the Vail’s board resulted in lack of a cohesive plan and direction for several years. Town government, growing impatient with the lack of progress, would not release allocated funds until a viable plan of action was presented to them.\nIn early 2002, after public hearings called attention to the cause, several new members joined the Council. Bob Barta (a local college professor, musicologist and performer) joined the board and was able to reopen discussions with supervisor Bob Kozakiewicz and the town board, garnering key support. Mr. Barta would quickly become vice-president, and since 2006 has been president of the Vail-Leavitt board. Another notable addition to the Music Hall was Vince Tria, the owner of local radio station WRIV. A former general contractor, Tria became the organization’s treasurer and brought his experience in engineering and local politics to bear on the restoration project.\nIn just over a year, major renovation took place, including pouring of a foundation floor, fine carpentry restoration, construction of restrooms and a dressing room, carpeting and flooring…a complete overhaul of the Music Hall. Modern heating and air-conditioning were installed while maintaining the Music Hall’s original interior decor.\nThe Mini-Cine was converted into a multi-purpose area suitable for meetings, limited presentations or intermission-style receptions. A new archway was built to permit direct access from the downstairs lobby to the grand staircase, as well as necessary office space.\nThe Music Hall’s exterior received attention as well. Originally, the Hall’s brick walls were unpainted, while its cast iron first-floor front sported a coat of gray-blue. Research and expert consultation advocated repainting the exterior rather than attempting paint removal which could damage the soft brick. A rear entry ramp, along with a lift-style elevator, made the Music Hall handicap-accessible for the first time in its long history.\nAfter spectacular interior painting by local artisan Mary Cox and restoration of historical stenciling by Sherrie Netusil-Barta, the Vail-Leavitt Music Hall re-opened in the summer of 2003. Since then, it has hosted numerous performances by local and internationally recognized performers and serves as a symbol of Riverhead’s cultural and artistic heritage.\nInternational artists of note who have graced our stage include:\n- Leon Redbone\n- Lee Konitz\n- Bucky Pizzarelli\n- Teddy Charles\n- Sam Taylor\n- Four O’Clock Flowers\n- Pete Best\n- Frank Vignola\n- Jeff and Anne Barnhart\n- Toby Walker\n- Rosie Ledet\n- Ari Eisinger\n- Jerron Paxton\n- Peter Tork\n- Jim Kweskin\n- Geoff Muldaur\n- Chad and Jeremy\n- Sarah Spencer\n- Bob Greene\n…along with an equally stellar list of regional talent too large to enumerate.\nThe Music Hall is proud to feature great local and original performers. From 2006 to 2012 , the Vail-Leavitt produced the Riverhead Blues and Music Festival at the downtown’s historic riverfront, drawing thousands of music fans to hear legendary performers like Little Charlie & The Nightcats, Mose Allison, Johnny Winter, Savoy Brown and many more. The Music Hall also serves the community as a site for public meetings and forums, including charitable fundraisers, debates of local candidates for office, educational presentations, and past inauguration ceremonies for Riverhead’s elected officials.\nThe Council continues its fundraising efforts to further promote arts and cultural education in downtown Riverhead. We greatly appreciate the support and patronage of our community.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mossvalehotel.com.au/about/", "date": "2022-06-30T15:51:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103850139.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630153307-20220630183307-00585.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9922513365745544, "token_count": 176, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__18534528", "lang": "en", "text": "The first licence for the Moss Vale Hotel was issued to Martin Larkin around 1866. Moss Vale Hotel was the first licenced premises in Moss Vale. Larken had previously held the licence for The Briars at Bong Bong. For the next decade he held the licence of the Moss Vale Hotel.\nMartin Larkin must have known a thing of two because this was the period when Moss Vale really started to boom. The railway was coming, and with it all sorts of new opportunities for rural and commercial development.\nThe railway station at Moss Vale was opened in 1867 but it was called Sutton Forest. The first refreshment rooms, however, were located in Mittagong. The Governor or New South Wales at the time, The Earl of Belmore, resided in Sutton Forest and, for his convenience, the refreshment rooms were relocated to Moss Vale.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bluegrovesfarms.com/about", "date": "2023-09-26T19:58:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00061.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9582161903381348, "token_count": 339, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__78740040", "lang": "en", "text": "Our story began in 1983 when the Hatch's acquired a 62-acre farm in Eagle, Ontario with plans to grow the best local blueberries. The farm began with the planting of just a few acres with only three varieties and kept growing to its current thirteen-acres of seven different varieties of blueberry bushes.\nIn late 2013, after a full season of working with the Hatches, the Pierinelli family; Gio and Mariangela decided they would like to run the farm. Enthusiastically committing to improving the logistics of the farm in every aspect and securing its success for many generations to come.\nFast forward, five-years, in 2018 the Pierinelli family passed the farm onto the Innes family. The Innes' jumped right into the blueberry farm life and continued the organic traditions and success of the farm.\nIn 2021, after a very successful three-years with the Innes family running the farm, two local residents from St. Thomas, ON came across the farm for sale and decided to take the leap into organic blueberry farming. Victoria and Mike look forward to continuing the traditions at Bluegroves Farms.\nNot only do we grow incredible organic blueberries, but we also have many other delicious organic produce.\nQuality Control & Environmental Commitment\nWe take a lot of pride to share that our farm is fully oriented to keep it all-natural but at the same time following all rules and regulations set out by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and other government institutions.\nWe are members of the Ontario Berry Growers Association - www.ontarioberries.com and the Ontario Highbush Blueberry Growers Association.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://risdhealthplus.org/profile-jean-blackburn/", "date": "2019-02-20T12:13:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494741.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220105613-20190220131613-00408.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8822140097618103, "token_count": 576, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__131685662", "lang": "en", "text": "I have taught in RISD’s Illustration Dept. since 1982 and my work spans painting, sculpture, scientific illustration and design. I have exhibited my fine art work both nationally and internationally. Venues have included the Aldrich Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, the De Cordova Museum, the Mint Museum, the Pierogi Gallery, Caren Golden Gallery and many others.\nAs a Scientific Illustrator, I am currently working with Assist. Prof. Jian Chen from the Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County on several projects.\nAdditionally I have worked as a Scientific Illustrator on an Etruscan excavation in Murlo, Italy; the reconstruction of the Great Temple in Petra, Jordan; numerous historic and prehistoric excavations in Rhode Island and Mass., as well as survey archaeology in New Mexico.\nCareer: Design and Validation of Perceptually Accurate Spatial Data Visualization for Brain Cohort Analysis\nOngoing NSF Grant Proposal\nCollaborator, with Assist Prof. Jian Chen, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, on NSF grant proposal, entitled “Career: Design and Validation of Perceptually Accurate Spatial Data Visualization for Brain Cohort Analysis: Using Concepts from Arts, Perception, and Information Visualization”. If funded, the project would define perceptual cues, color, drawing and design strategies that could aid in effective spatial visualization of brain scans utilizing large data sets.\nBrain Tractography Imaging\nCollaborator, with Assist Prof. Jian Chen, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, on Brain Tractography Imaging, creating visualization experiments involving brain pathology to define effective visualization strategies.\nScientific Illustrator: Etruscan Archaeological Expedition\nScientific Illustrator for Prof. Anthony Tuck of UMass Amherst on an Etruscan Archaeological Expedition in Murlo, Italy during the summers of 2012 and 2013, trained and brought 3 RISD students to work as archaeological illustrators for the excavation’s 6 week summer field school. Worked on reconstruction visualizations of a large Etruscan workshop building dating from 600 BCE. I hope to rejoin the excavation in the summer of 2016.\nAmerican Museum of Natural History: Visualization of Trilobite Morphology\nDuring the Spring of 2015, my Scientific Illustration class worked with Melanie Hopkins, Assistant Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History on the visualization of trilobite morphology.\nExcavations of the Great Temple in Petra\nSummer 1995, 1996\nScientific Illustrator for Prof. Martha Joukousky, Brown University, in excavations of the Great Temple in Petra, Jordan. During the summers of 1995 and 1996 I worked on artifact renderings and site reconstructions.\nContact Jean Blackburn", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.rentalhomes.com/page/2/", "date": "2019-07-16T19:19:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524685.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716180842-20190716202842-00005.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9482184648513794, "token_count": 744, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__180829359", "lang": "en", "text": "The island of Barbados is a desirable sun-soaked getaway in the Eastern Caribbean, just off the coast of Venezuela. This British colony of just 284,000 inhabitants was once the home of many slaves who worked on the prosperous plantations. Today it is famous for its rum, calypso music, colonial architecture and picture-perfect beaches.\nAlthough Amerindians and South American Kalinagos inhabited Barbados for centuries, its modern history began with the arrival of 60 British settlers in 1628. It became the home for pirates, slave traders and sugar plantation owners before finally settling down as a major tourist destination. Temperatures on Barbados rarely stray outside 23-31°C (73-88°F) with tropical afternoon showers in late summer.\nBridgetown, the island’s capital city is named after the historic bridge which spans the Careenage River. It was built in pre-colonial times by the Tainos and was later improved by the British in the 1650s. George Washington was one of the early visitors of note, back in 1751, and he stayed in Bush Hill House which is now part of the historic Garrison area. Visit National Heroes Square, a miniature of London’s Trafalgar Square complete with a statue of Nelson and the neo-Gothic Parliament buildings which are open to the public when the parliament is in session. Bridgetown was once the port from which sugar cane and rum were exported all over the world. The warehouses and period buildings now house cafés and restaurants overlooking the marina.\nCrane Beach is one of the most beautiful beaches on Barbados with pink-hued sands at the foot of the cliffs. It is ideal for gentle strolls at the water’s edge or sitting in a shady spot and watching the sunset. Sunbathing and surfing are popular on Barbados along with snorkelling and scuba diving to nearby shipwrecks and coral reefs. On the south and west coasts, windsurfing, jet skiing, parasailing and waterskiing can be enjoyed along with game fishing for tuna, sailfish and barracuda. Visit a rum distillery to learn how this sugarcane derivative is produced, and enjoy some tastings. Horseriding and polo are popular sports, or attend a cricket match, from village friendly matches to International Test Cricket. For keen walkers, the Barbados National Trust offers guided hikes ranging from 8-22km (5-14 miles). For an encounter with local wildlife, head to the Barbados Wildlife Reserve where monkeys, deer, raccoons, otters and deer roam the mahogany forest. There is also a walk-through aviary where visitors can admire the gorgeous colours of toucans, parrots, flamingoes, peacocks and macaws.\nFestivals are a large part of the annual calendar of events in Barbados. The Crop Over Festival in early July originates from the harvesting of the sugarcane and a King and Queen of the crop are crowned each year. Farley Hill Plantation is now a ruin, but the grounds are filled with exotic hibiscus and poinsettias. The Morgan Lewis Mill is one of only two remaining intact sugar mills with a delightful Dutch-style windmill. You can tour the Mount Gay Rum Distillery and see how rum is made. The recommended Cocktail Tour includes a cocktail-making contest for all participants with all ingredients provided. Alternatively, opt for the Lunch Tour which includes a tour of the distillery followed by a Bajan lunch with rum punch. After all, you are on holiday!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://buyerturn.com/wishlist/", "date": "2022-09-26T13:23:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334871.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926113251-20220926143251-00430.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9889342784881592, "token_count": 104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__31336064", "lang": "en", "text": "American writing is predominantly composed of essays. A lot of great American writers and thinkers were influenced by historical moments. They helped to shape the nation we see today. The religious leaders, judges, and others who were official figures were among the very first American essay writers. The early sermons usually contained thoughtful essay. Samuel Sewall and Jonathan Edwards as well as others have inspired generations of writers and essay order contributed to define the nation. Numerous other American essay writers have played a role in the evolution of the current American writing.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.stilllifegallery.net/alina-poroshina-places-of-refuge/", "date": "2019-11-19T21:18:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670255.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20191119195450-20191119223450-00242.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9121688008308411, "token_count": 283, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__98737299", "lang": "en", "text": "Opening Reception With the Artist,\nSunday Oct 25th 2015, 4:00-7:00pm\nShow runs December 2nd through Nov 29th, 2015– Baltimore artist Alina Poroshina’s figurative paintings are testimonies of conflict, passage, and transition.\nReflecting today’s refugee crisis while commemorating 100 years since the Armenian genocide of 1915 which claimed over 1.5 million lives, the exhibit illustrates how themes of human history are tragically repetitive. While examining “cultural memory”, Poroshina reflects on how atrocities committed generations ago relate to the continuing global struggle for peace, justice, and the triumph of our humanity over senseless and primitive violence.\nThe genocide of 1915 and the artist’s own experience of relocation and displacement in the 1990’s illustrate the cyclical nature of unresolved historical conflict that continues to affect us all. Through stories and symbolism, her works manifest the internal resistance to becoming a victim, and the desire to conquer and prevail over adversity.\nCombining various allegorical elements, such as iconography, Armenian folklore, and her experiences as a woman in America, Poroshina explores several subjects through a painting style she describes as “Expressive Realism”. Uncertainty, hidden danger, the construction of memories and their effects, are threads that unite Poroshina’s bodies of work.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.dahliakurtz.com/blog/six-holocaust-survivors-share-stories-with-dahlia-kurtz-listen", "date": "2023-02-05T19:59:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00308.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.95998615026474, "token_count": 272, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__269709645", "lang": "en", "text": "The 98-Year-Old Holocaust Survivor Who Evaded Nazis By Assuming Fake Identities: The last time he shared his story before his death ...\nNEXT: Holocaust survivor Pinchas Gutter shares how he survived the Warsaw Ghetto and 6 Nazi concentration camps: “Remember the other person is the same as you.”\nVera Gara shares how she survived the Holocaust and horrors of Hitler’s Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp: “As long we are survivors, we have to tell the stories, so it doesn't happen again.\"\nFind out how this Holocaust survivor escaped a ghetto, went into hiding, and reunited with his brave rescuers: Sidney Zoltak shares his story of survival.\nMoshe Kraus, the now 98-year-old Holocaust survivor, whose singing voice saved his life, shares his story with me.\nAUDIO from Moshe's story:\nThis last story you won't hear from the Holocaust survivor herself. But you hear it through me. You even see it in my actions. And everything you hear from me is through her scars. My Bubby Rose. I will keep her voice alive. And because of her I can help to keep many voices alive. Please. Never forget.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://drjohncmorgan.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/homecoming/", "date": "2014-11-23T10:37:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379462.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00116-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9829527735710144, "token_count": 834, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-49__0__136923964", "lang": "en", "text": "The Welsh flag hangs now outside my Pennsylvania home after my return from a two week visit to London and the Welsh countryside. I had gone to find my ancestors, and I did.\nI found many family living in England, and one I had never met and whose ancestor was brother to my great-great grandfather.\nOne day I stood before the grave site of Rev. George Morgan, buried with others of my family, in a small parish cemetery in Staunton, England, near the same church in which he had been I baptized. I found other Morgans whose names I did not know, but one I did–she would have been my aunt who died as a young child. It was a humbling experience to stand quietly by their tombstone and tell George Morgan his great, great grandson had returned. Across space and time, I hope he might have been listening.\nThe real impact of the journey to Wales was to come later when I returned to my Pennsylvania home.\nLast night, my son and wife and I took a drive on the back country roads not far from where we live. Looking out over the distant green mountains and rolling hills and passing a farmhouse where the sheep were heading into the barn, it dawned on me that although I was a long way from Wales, a piece of it was here, in “Penn’s Woods,” (what the Englishman and Quaker William Penn called this state).\nI thought of the coal mine we had gone into in Wales and remembered the coal region of Pennsylvania where we have lived and the Welsh community there, including a Welsh congregational church and an annual Welsh choir festival. I remember my friend, George Powell, a lover of poetry and music who would speak Welsh to me and talk about the beauty of the land where he had been born.\nI thought of growing up in Philadelphia and all the Welsh influence around me. All I needed to remind myself of this is to name some of the towns: Bryn Mawr, Bala Cynwyd, etc.)\nWhile I was in Wales, I kept thinking to myself: “I feel at home here; I could live here.” And now that I am back in Pennsylvania I realize that a part of Wales is with me in the green hills and small towns, the sheep farms and stone walls, and the music and poetry of the descendents of people who came here a century or two ago.\nI am home in a new and deeper way, more satisfied where I live with a deeper appreciation for my Welsh family roots and mine here in this green world of Penn’s Woods. After all, as I learned, I come from a long line of what are called “people of the forest,” those who lived on the borders of England and Wales, and settled in either. Now I live near another woods, not unlike those of my ancestors.\nHome is a place, but it also is a region of the heart and mind where one can go in thought, music, poetry, and spirit. That’s what I learned and like the poet William Wordsworth who carried memories of his walks above the Tintern Abbey in Wales to London, I will do the same here. As he wrote in his lines written above Tintern Abbey in July, 1798:\nOft, in lonely rooms and ‘mid the din\nof towns and cities, I have owed to them\nin hours of weariness, sensations sweet….\nAnd I have felt\na presence that disturbs me with the joy\nof elevated thoughts; a sense sublime\nof something far more deeply interfused,\nwhose dwelling is the light of setting suns,\nand the round ocean and the living air,\nand the blue sky, and in the mind of man….\nTherefore am I still\na lover of the meadows and the woods,\nand mountains; and of all that we behold\nfrom this green earth….\nThe sun was setting over the distant hillside as we headed back from our drive around the countryside. I was home.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://energetictherapeutics.com/who-is-father-christmas/", "date": "2021-12-05T08:12:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363149.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205065810-20211205095810-00119.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.974445104598999, "token_count": 364, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__122301730", "lang": "en", "text": "Did you know there was a difference between Father Christmas and Santa Claus? Their tale emanates from different time periods and regions of the world. The tale of Santa Claus came down from the old story of Saint Nicholas, a Greek Bishop in Myra (now Turkey) in the 3rd Century AD who had a kindness for children and brought them gifts.\nEarliest stories of Father Christmas came from ancient British mid-winter festivals during the Middle Ages. Wearing a green cloak and a wreath of holly, ivy or mistletoe, he was considered a harbinger of spring and a sign of good things to come.\nLater, in Britain, Father Christmas was also known as King Frost or King Winter. Dressing up like King Frost, a man would be welcomed for a visit into homes and given food in the hopes of a mild winter. Through these customs, Father Christmas became associated with receiving good things.\nOver time Father Christmas became associated with the Norse mythological father figure of Odin, (Thor’s father) who would visit the earth during the Yuletide between December 20th and 31st. Odin grew portly, had vastly accelerated travel times, and knew who had been naughty or nice.\nIn Europe these earlier tales later were blended in with the story of Saint Nicholas, bringing in the association of gifts for children. In the 1600’s the Puritans in England sought to ban Father Christmas and the customs surrounding him were suppressed until the 1800’s Victorian’s revival of the “Spirit of Christmas”.\nIn America the merger of Father Christmas and Santa Claus became even more complete with the 1822 poem “The Night Before Christmas”, cementing for the coming generations the legend of “Old Saint Nick”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.hillyork.com/about/history/", "date": "2013-05-23T12:37:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703306113/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112146-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9664642214775085, "token_count": 389, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__67222606", "lang": "en", "text": "Where it all began: the story of Hill York, South Florida’s leading mechanical contractor.\nImagine the luxury hotels of Miami Beach without air conditioning, closed in the summer, and cooled only by fans in the winter months. As Florida’s first air-conditioning company, Hill York changed all that!\nHill York pursued the challenge of designing and installing air-conditioning in more than half of the luxury hotels in Miami Beach just after World War II, making way for more tourism in South Florida with visitors and conventioneers flocking to the area. To this day, the company is credited with making Miami Beach a year-round community.\nIn 1936, the two founders, Ren Nitzsche and Everett Carroll were in the equipment business, serving as a distributor for Hill refrigerated cases and York air conditioning. During World War II, the company refurbished and installed used refrigerators, and renamed their company by combining the names of the two companies for which they were distributors.\nTen years after the duo began their business, they met Robert S. Lafferty, Sr., whose vocation was selling oil heaters in New Jersey. Lafferty saw an opportunity in the warm climate of the South to bolster the air-conditioning business of Hill York. He sold the first complete air-conditioning system to The Roney Plaza Hotel on Miami Beach. Other hotels started following suit, and Lafferty soon had nearly every major hotel lined up for air conditioning. Eventually, Lafferty became a part owner of the company.\nHis son, Robert S. Lafferty, Jr., is now chairman of the board of Hill York, while his grandson, Robert W. “Chip” Lafferty, a professional engineer, presides as chief executive officer. The company still maintains a branch in Miami where it got its start, but Fort Lauderdale is now the location of its headquarters.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.chatuchakmarket.org/history-of-chatuchak-market/", "date": "2023-06-07T14:57:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653930.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607143116-20230607173116-00173.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9825254082679749, "token_count": 363, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__40938929", "lang": "en", "text": "History of Chatuchak Market\nChatuchak Market has been running for over 70 years and has gone through huge changes from being a small market in Bangkok to welcoming hundreds of thousands of tourists each weekend.\nField Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram was the third Prime Minister of Thailand who first came into office in December 1938. During his tenure, he decided that every town must have a flea market of their own to make it easier for locals to trade and boost the local economy. Bangkok was high on his agenda, so it was declared that a flea market would open up in Sanam Luang, which would become the city’s first market in 1942.\nIn the coming months, the Government changed the venue, as the site was needed for other special functions. They decided to move to Saranrom Palace, in the centre of Bangkok. It stayed there for eight years until it was moved again to Sanam Chai and then back to the original venue Sanam Luang. The return was brief as Bangkok had its 200-year anniversary of the city; meaning that the market’s location had to be switched once more. In 1982, the market was moved as a permanent feature to Chatuchak. Five years later, the iconic Clocktower was built to celebrate King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s 60th birthday and the market was finally renamed, Chatuchak Market.\nThe popularity of the market has grown substantially since it’s relocation from Sanam Luang. The market regularly accommodates 200,000 tourists each weekend and has over 15,000 stalls making it the world’s biggest weekend market in the world.\nWant more on Chatuchak Market? Click on our Blog for all the information.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thefineartoftravelling.jcldb.com/middle-east/egypt/express-service-to-egypt/", "date": "2024-04-18T03:19:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817187.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418030928-20240418060928-00237.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9477482438087463, "token_count": 297, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__186865342", "lang": "en", "text": "Lloyd triestino to egypt\nLloyd Triestino is an old company founded on the 2nd August, 1836 and remains the oldest still-active shipping company even though its name was changed. In the XIX century, Trieste was part of the the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and became the gateway between European and Eastern markets. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 brought enormous benefits to the Lloyd of Trieste. Regular passenger and cargo routes were started to the Middle and Far East, reaching parts of the Red Sea, the Indian peninsula and China and Japan. Among the most established lines was the service to the Lebanon, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. In the 1970s, competition from the airlines forced the Lloyd, like most other shipping companies, to close down its passenger services. (Source: Italian Liners Historical Society)\nAbout this Lloyd triestino brochure\nThis 20 pages brochure (14,3 x 22,2 cm) of the Italian shipping company Lloyd Triestino for cruises to Egypt is illustrated with view from antic columns and a ship for the cover and the colossi of Memnon for the back.\nTitle: “Lloyd Triestino Service Express pour l’Egypte”\nCreator: Cover design signed by A.Quaiat\nPublished : June 1926\nRef / Date: TE-CM-1926-A / 2019", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.thetopbooks.com/books/means-of-ascent-a-class-greytext-href-series-68730", "date": "2018-04-22T08:50:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945552.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422080558-20180422100558-00092.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9875926375389099, "token_count": 523, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__188399307", "lang": "en", "text": "Means of Ascent (The Years of Lyndon Johnson #2)\nA handshake, as delivered by Lyndon Johnson, could be as effective as a hug.\nA laconic Texas lawmaker declined to use his considerable influence to intervene in a loud dispute between his colleagues. When asked why not, he said, \"They're not voting. If they're not voting, they're not passing any laws. If they're not passing any laws, they're not hurting anybody.\ndignity was a luxury in a fight with Lyndon Johnson, a luxury too expensive to afford.\nFrom the earliest beginnings of Lyndon Johnsons political lifefrom his days at college when he had captured control of campus politicshis tactics had consistently revealed a pragmatism and a cynicism that had no discernible limits.\nHe (LBJ) played on their fears as he played on their hopes.\nif one characteristic of Lyndon Johnson was a boundless ambition, another was a willingness, on behalf of that ambition, to make efforts that were also without bounds.\nI never conceived of my biographies as merely telling the lives of famous men but rather as a means of illuminating their times and the great forces that shaped their timesparticularly political power, since in a democracy political power has so great a role in shaping the lives of the citizens of that democracy.\nLyndon Johnson knew how to make the most of such enthusiasm and how to play on it and intensify it. He wanted his audience to become involved. He wanted their hands up in the air. And having been a schoolteacher he knew how to get their hands up. He began, in his speeches, to ask questions.\nSpeaking out as he had never before done in Congress, Lyndon Johnson in 1947 opposed most of Trumans Fair Deal.\nUntil the end of his life, whenever the subject of the vast growth of the LBJ Company and associated business enterprises was raised, Lyndon Johnson would emphasize that he owned none of it (All that is owned by Mrs. Johnson. I dont have any interest in government-regulated industries of any kind and never have had).\n(Until the end of their lives, these men and women would tell stories about the summer they followed Lyndon Johnson and his Flying Windmill around Texas; as Oliver Knight of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram would write about one trip, That mad dash from Navasota to Conroe in which I dodged stumps at 70 MPH just to keep up with that contraption will ever be green in my memory.) At the landing site, there would be the brief respite", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://azeddine.forummaroc.net/t109-what-is-the-relation-between-us-and-morocco", "date": "2021-12-05T20:31:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363216.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205191620-20211205221620-00169.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9663649797439575, "token_count": 2226, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__182582647", "lang": "en", "text": "LONG-TIME FRIENDS: A HISTORY OF EARLY U.S.-MOROCCAN RELATIONS 1777-1787\nBY SHERRILL B. WELLS\nOffice of the Historian -\nUnited States Department of State\nMorocco and the United States have a long history of friendly relations. This North African nation was one of the first states to seek diplomatic relations with America. In 1777, Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ben Abdullah, the most progressive of the Barbary leaders who ruled Morocco from 1757 to 1790, announced his desire for friendship with the United States. The Sultan's overture was part of a new policy he was implementing as a result of his recognition of the need to establish peaceful relations with the Christian powers and his desire to establish trade as a basic source of revenue. Faced with serious economic and political difficulties, he was searching for a new method of governing which required changes in his economy. Instead of relying on a standing professional army to collect taxes and enforce his authority, he wanted to establish state-controlled maritime trade as a new, more reliable, and regular source of income which would free him from dependency on the services of the standing army. The opening of his ports to America and other states was part of that new policy. The Sultan issued a declaration on December 20, 1777, announcing that all vessels sailing under the American flag could freely enter Moroccan ports. The Sultan stated that orders had been given to his corsairs to let the ship \"des Americans\" and those of other European states with which Morocco had no treaties-Russia Malta, Sardinia, Prussia, Naples, Hungary, Leghorn, Genoa, and Germany-pass freely into Moroccan ports. There they could \"take refreshments\" and provisions and enjoy the same privileges as other nations that had treaties with Morocco. This action, under the diplomatic practice of Morocco at the end of the 18th century, put the United States on an equal footing with all other nations with which the Sultan had treaties.\nBy issuing this declaration, Morocco became one of the first states to acknowledge publicly the independence of the American Republic.\nOn February 2O, l778, the sultan of Morocco reissued his December 20, 1777, declaration. American officials, however, only belatedly learned of the Sultan's full intentions. Nearly identical to the first, the February 20 declaration was again sent to all consuls and merchants in the ports of Tangier, Sale, and Mogador informing them the Sultan had opened his ports to Americans and nine other European States. Information about the Sultan's desire for friendly relations with the United States first reached Benjamin Franklin, one of the American commissioners in Paris, sometime in late April or early May 1778 from Etienne d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant of Sale. Appointed by the Sultan to serve as Consul for all the nations unrepresented in Morocco, Caille wrote on behalf of the Sultan to Franklin from Cadiz on April 14, 1778, offering to negotiate a treaty between Morocco and the United States on the same terms the Sultan had negotiated with other powers. When he did not receive a reply, Caille wrote Franklin a second letter sometime later that year or in early 1779. When Franklin wrote to the committee on Foreign Affairs in May 1779, he reported he had received two letters from a Frenchman who \"offered to act as our Minister with the Emperor\" and informed the American commissioner that \"His Imperial Majesty wondered why we had never sent to thank him for being the first power on this side of the Atlantic that had acknowledged our independence and opened his ports to us.\" Franklin, who did not mention the dates of Caille's letters or when he had received them, added that he had ignored these letters because the French advised him that Caille was reputed to be untrustworthy. Franklin stated that the French King was willing to use his good offices with the Sultan whenever Congress desired a treaty and concluded, \"whenever a treaty with the Emperor is intended, I suppose some of our naval stores will be an acceptable present and the expectation of continued supplies of such stores a powerful motive for entering into and continuing a friendship.\"\nWhy Morocco is a friend to USA\nThe Kingdom of Morocco is the oldest strategic ally of the United States, having recognized the nation shortly after it declared its independence from Great Britain in 1776. The treaty of friendship between the United States and the Kingdom of Morocco, which is still in force, was the first international treaty ratified by the American Congress, making Morocco America's oldest diplomatic partner.\nMorocco places high value on its long-standing history of friendship and cooperation with the United States. It has been an invaluable partner in the wake of terrorist attacks on the United States. Its own commitment to progressive political and social development has also made the Kingdom an exemplary partner in the United States effort to promote and support political, economic and social reforms in the broader Middle East region. As it has in the past at critical moments, Morocco also continues to play a strategically important role in the effort to resolve the on-going conflict between Israel and Palestine.\nChief among the Center's objectives is to assist the Kingdom of Morocco to obtain American support for its efforts to construct a stable, progressive, democratic and economically dynamic region in North Africa. In pursuit of this broader strategic objective, the Center will focus a substantial amount of its resources and its activities on helping to facilitate a viable political solution to the longstanding issue of the Western Sahara.\nMorocco - U.S. Relations\n\"We are delighted with our strategic partnership with the United States of America…and we are particularly keen to consolidate and diversify our partnership relations.\"\nH.E. King Mohammed VI, \"Throne Day\" Speech, 30 July 2004\n> 1750 - 1912\n> World War I - World War II\n> 1956 - Present\n1750 - 1912\nDuring the American Revolution, so many American ships called at the port of Tangiers that the Continental Congress sought recognition from the \"Emperor\" of Morocco. This was accorded, in effect, in 1777, making Morocco the first country to recognize the fledging American republic. Negotiation of a formal treaty began in 1783, and resulted in the signing in 1786 of the Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both future U.S. Presidents, were the American signatories.\nDuring the American Civil War, Morocco reaffirmed its diplomatic alliance with the United States by assuring Washington that the Kingdom, \"being a sincere friend of the American nation, would never air or give countenance to the [Confederate] insurgents.\"\nThe first international convention ever signed by the United States, the 1865 Spartel Lighthouse Treaty, dealt with a navigational aid erected on the Moroccan side of the Strait of Gibraltar. The Treaty, ratified by Morocco, President Andrew Johnson and nine European heads of state, granted neutrality to the lighthouse with the condition that the ten naval powers signing the agreement assumed responsibility for its maintenance.\nAround the turn of the 20th Century, as European colonizers gazed hungrily as Morocco's resources and strategically located harbors, the United States strongly defended the Kingdom's right to its continued sovereignty at the 1880 Madrid Conference and at the Algeciras Conference in 1906.\nIn 1912, after Morocco became a protectorate of Spain and France, American diplomats called upon the European powers to exercise colonial rule that guaranteed racial and religious tolerance: \"In short,\" the U.S. Consul in Tanger declared,\" fair play is what the United States asks for Morocco and all interested parties.\"\nWorld War I - World War II\nDuring World War I, Morocco was aligned with the Allied forces. In 1917 and 1918, Moroccan soldiers fought victoriously alongside U.S. Marines at Chateau Thierry, Mont Blanc and Soissons.\nWith France occupied by the Nazis during World War II, colonial French Morocco sided with the Axis Powers. When the Allies invaded Morocco on November 8, 1942, Moroccan defenders quickly yielded to the American and British invaders. Shortly after Morocco surrendered, President Franklin Roosevelt sent a message to Morocco's King, H.E. Mohammed V, commending him on the \"admirable spirit of cooperation that is animating you and your people in their relationships with the forces of my country. Our victory over the Germans will, I know, inaugurate a period of peace and prosperity, during which the Moroccan and French people of North Africa will flourish and thrive in a manner that befits its glorious past.\"\nIn what was to be the most pivotal meeting of Allied leaders during the World War II, President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Free French commander General Charles De Gaulle, met for four days in the Casablanca suburb of Anfa in January 1943 to discuss the war. During the Anfa Conference, the Allies agreed that the only acceptable outcome of the conflict was the \"unconditional surrender\" of the Axis forces. Roosevelt also conferred privately with King Mohammed V to assure him that the United States would support Morocco's quest for independence.\n1956 - Present\nWhen Morocco finally gained independence on March 2, 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower sent a congratulatory message to King Mohammed V: \"My government renews it wishes for the peace and prosperity of Morocco, and expresses its gratification that Morocco has freely chosen, as a sovereign nation, to continue in the path of its traditional friendships.\"\nIn November 1957, King Mohammed V traveled to Washington to pay an official call on President Eisenhower. Two years later, Eisenhower's vice president, Richard Nixon, traveled to Rabat to meet with the King.\nIn 1961, H.E. King Hassan II, Mohammed V's successor, made the first of several diplomatic visits to the United States to confer with President John F. Kennedy. King Hassan II would later journey to Washington to meet Presidents Lyndon Johnson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.\nPresident Clinton personally flew to Rabat in July 1999 to attend King Hassan II's funeral, and to meet the son who succeeded him, H.E. King Mohammed VI. One year later, King Mohammed VI made his first official visit to Washington.\nIn the 21st century, both countries have become close allies in the global war on terror. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Morocco shared valuable information with the United States about al Qaeda. Conversely, when Casablanca was the victim of terrorist bombings on May 16, 2003, the U.S. government offered Morocco - one of it oldest allies -- the full resources of its military and intelligence community.\nIt is this extensive network of relations - political and diplomatic, commercial and economic\n, military and security, and our common sense of purpose and commitment to economic reform and development that underscore the strength of the Moroccan-US relationship", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://schools.wps60.org/juarez/about/26.html", "date": "2014-04-24T01:26:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00314-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9769530296325684, "token_count": 260, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__64301487", "lang": "en", "text": "|Our Namesake: Miguel Juarez|\nMiguel Juarez was born July 25, 1952 in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. His family immigrated to El Paso, Texas, one year later. Miguel Juarez become a Waukegan police officer on November 14, 1979.\nMiguel Juarez rose through the ranks of the Waukegan Police Department, beginning as a patrol officer and working in the SWAT team and detective bureau, and later as a supervisor and commander of the gang unit, major crimes scene unit and narcotics unit. He was appointed deputy police chief in 1993, and served as deputy chief of services and deputy chief of operations for eight years. Miguel Juarez was appointed chief of police in April 2001.\nDuring his career in Waukegan, Miguel Juarez became the department's first Hispanic sergeant (1985), lieutenant (1990), deputy chief (1993) and police chief (2001). During Juarez's tenure as chief of police, crime rates in the city continued their decline, according to department statistics.\nMiguel Juarez was a member of the Waukegan Unit School District Board of Education, Chief of Police in Waukegan, Illinois, and long time NLPOA Member.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.globalgovernanceproject.org/author/rikio-kozu/", "date": "2024-04-23T19:43:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818740.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423192952-20240423222952-00453.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9900347590446472, "token_count": 156, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__150080842", "lang": "en", "text": "Rikio Kozu joined the Nippon Steel Corporation in 1979 and began his trade union career in 1984, when he was elected executive committee member of the workers’ union at the Nippon Steel headquarters. In 1990, his trade union career was interrupted for three years while he served as first secretary to the Japanese embassy in Thailand. After his return to trade union work, he was elected general secretary of the Japan Federation of Basic Industry Workers’ Unions (Kikan Roren) in 2006 and president in 2010. He became general secretary of RENGO in 2013 and president in 2015. At the 15th biennial convention in 2017, he was re-elected for a second term as president.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.churchfield.org/acton-cards/", "date": "2023-09-21T19:23:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506029.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921174008-20230921204008-00034.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605953693389893, "token_count": 180, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__39676618", "lang": "en", "text": "Local artist Colin Bays has created a set of four cards featuring various architectural highlights of Acton. Two of them show gems of Churchfield Road: the Almshouses (as they were before redevelopment) and The Churchfield pub (now The Station House). The other two show the Old Action Fire Station (now the Oak Tree Anglican Fellowship) and Acton Library (now closed, awaiting redevelopment).\nNotes about the building’s history are also included on each card. Further details: blank interior, A5 folded, envelopes included.\nEach set costs £4.00, 40p of which will be donated to the Acton History Group.\nIf you would like to buy the cards, contact the artist’s brother David Bays, chair of the Acton History Group, on 020 8992 0287 or email@example.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.worldconstructiontoday.com/pressreleases/syria-clashes-destroy-aleppo-minaret-unesco-site/", "date": "2023-09-22T08:03:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00536.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9716448187828064, "token_count": 369, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__214390455", "lang": "en", "text": "The minaret of one of Syria’s most famous mosques has been destroyed during clashes in the northern city of Aleppo. According to the BBC, images on the internet now show a pile of rubble in its place.\nSyrian state news agency Sana has accused rebels of blowing up the 11th-Century minaret of the Umayyad Mosque, while activists say the minaret was hit by Syrian army tank fire.\nThe mosque is a Unesco world heritage site, described as “one of the most beautiful mosques in the Muslim world”. Last October, the heritage organization appealed for the protection of the site.\nThe structure in the old city of Aleppo dates was founded in the year 715 by the Umayyad dynasty on the site of a Byzantine church, and was later damaged by both fire in 1159 and the Mongol invasion in 1260.\nHowever, the surviving part was the 45m-high minaret, which dated back to 1090 AD. A report by Sana blamed the al-Qaeda-linked Jabhat al-Nusra group. It quoted a government source saying that “terrorists… placed explosive materials in the minaret and the mosque’s southern door and set them off”.\nHowever, Aleppo-based activist Mohammed al-Khatib, quoted by AP news agency, said a tank shell had “totally destroyed” the 45m (148ft) minaret.\nThe mosque has suffered extensive damage during months of fighting, both to its antique furnishings and its intricately sculpted colonnades.\nArtefacts, including a box purported to contain a strand of the Prophet Muhammad’s hair, are also reported to have been looted. Rebels say they have salvaged ancient handwritten Koranic manuscripts and hidden them.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://moviemartlk.wordpress.com/2015/05/23/selma/", "date": "2018-03-19T12:46:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646914.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319120712-20180319140712-00534.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8493595719337463, "token_count": 204, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__64506254", "lang": "en", "text": "Posted by moviemart\nA chronicle of Martin Luther King‘s campaign to secure equal voting rights via an epic march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965.\nPosted on May 23, 2015, in Movies and tagged 1080p, 2014, biography, bluray, brrip, drama, history, movie, selma. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.\nFill in your details below or click an icon to log in:\nYou are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change )\nYou are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change )\nConnecting to %s\nNotify me of new comments via email.\nEnter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.\nJoin 139 other followers\nBlog at WordPress.com.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.paulschnieber.com/princeton-avenue-history-moorpark-ca/", "date": "2022-09-28T11:56:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335254.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928113848-20220928143848-00634.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9187024235725403, "token_count": 109, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__266644699", "lang": "en", "text": "Princeton Avenue History | Moorpark, CA\nThank you for your interest in the Princeton Avenue Improvement project. Although a top priority for the City throughout its history, the project is also among the most complex capital projects Moorpark will ever construct. At long last, the City put the project out for construction bids in December 2021, and awarded a construction contract in February 2022!\nThis page is dedicated to the long history of the project. For current project information, please visit www.moorparkca.gov/PrincetonAve.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://grassrootsmotorsports.com/events/2013-arrc/", "date": "2016-05-31T00:07:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051151584.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005231-00069-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9577198624610901, "token_count": 342, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-22__0__20567860", "lang": "en", "text": "2013 American Road Race of Champions\nNov 01 - Nov 03 at Braselton, GA\nIn 1994, after twenty-four years of outstanding success at Road Atlanta, the SCCA’s National Championship event (the Runoffs) was usurped by Yankee carpet-baggers and moved to Mid-Ohio. To fill the gap on the track’s calendar the Atlanta Region SCCA and Road Atlanta collaborated to resurrect an historic name, the American Road Race of Champions, and invited most of the regional-only classes to a single event to determine the champions in each of those classes. Grassroots Motorsports magazine was involved in those early versions of the event, and in 2007 they became the presenting sponsor of the ARRC by GRM.\nAlthough the event primarily consisted of Improved Touring cars in the early years, we added other regional-only classes like ASR, SPO/U, CF, and CFC over the years. We were also among the first to recognize Spec Miata, so when that class became eligible for the Runoffs we modified our rules to include regional-only Spec Miatas as well. Over the years the event has added and subtracted classes in reaction to the whims of the National Directors, but through it all the event has featured outstanding racing from some of the best drivers in North America. In some circles an ARRC trophy is more coveted than a Runoffs medal, and the ARRC by GRM has truly become “the National Championship event for those drivers who choose not to attend the Runoffs.”\nStart: Nov. 1, 2013, End: Nov. 3, 2013\nSCCA - Atlanta Region", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://campaign-42033.obsidianportal.com/", "date": "2018-11-14T11:40:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741979.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114104603-20181114130603-00076.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9676100015640259, "token_count": 614, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__80824463", "lang": "en", "text": "The historical fork in the road between this Earth and ours occurred in 1192 at the end of the siege of Acre. The English King Richard the Lion-Hearted had won one of the first major victories against Saladin’s Muslim empire during the Third Crusade. With Acre back in Christian hands, King Richard negotiated the release of 3000 Muslim prisoners in exchange for pilgrimage rights throughout the Holy Lands and forfeiture of Saladin’s claim to Acre.\nKing Richard accepted the offer of aid in the negotiations from a local Muslim Imam, Abdul Alhazred. When negotiations faltered, Alhazred advised the 3000 prisoners be put to death in a mass execution as a show of strength. As the last prisoner was executed, it became clear that something was wrong. Alhazred channeled the deaths to finalize a ritual to bring fourth a great evil he was secretly an agent of. Multiple shimmering rifts appeared in the air around the city; thousands of spirits flooded through each, many demonic, some divine, the majority foreign, beastial or elemental in nature. The city of Acre was engulfed in its second war in a week. Few humans survived. King Richard was one of them. A Divine spirit had merged with him, protecting him and gaining his strength.\nRifts had opened all over the known world. Most spirits found they had to bond with a living creature to stay for long. Bonding changed the hosts; A bull might become a minotaur, swine and boar to an orc. Divine spirits bonded with the men and bent them to the will of God, allowing them to work minor and great miracles. Demonic spirits bonded with men of all types, granting arcane powers.\nSaladin, King Richard and the Christian world, formed the Acre Alliance to shut the rifts and fight back the spirits and the resulting monsters and horrors created. Spain instigated the inquisition to strip them of their demonic or elemental spirits. The Teutonic order strived to eliminate all who had bonded with any spirit. Lithuania, in direct conflict with the Teutonic Order welcomed all bonded humans.\nThe first century was a losing battle for mankind. The First Dragon War (1234-1242) ended with the death of King Richard. The Second Dragon War (1307-1356) saw the last of the known Great Dragons slain, though there are rare sightings to this day. The Great Wizards War (1392-1424) saw to it that what little Necromancers and war wizards were left had fled into hiding.\nThe year is now 1498. Europe is still recovering, many inner lands are still in the control of evil humanoids, and bonded humans are still common day. Much of the coast has been recovered, but not all. And you? You have just wandered into a small Barony in what may one day become Germany.\nNote: This campaign is a modified story line to Bioware’s “Lionheart”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.stgeorge-themartyr.co.uk/organ-history-the-jordans/", "date": "2017-07-27T20:36:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429485.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727202516-20170727222516-00619.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9781864285469055, "token_count": 2035, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__124204996", "lang": "en", "text": "It is at St George’s that Abraham Jordan’s connection with organ building is first made, indeed this may be his first organ. He was a parishioner and had premises immediately opposite the church and in nearby streets. His son, Abraham Junior, continued in his father’s footsteps and was also the parish organist. The article below has been reproduced by kind permission of Dominic Gwynn.\nAbraham Jordan History\nJordan, Abraham (c.1666–1715/16). English organ builder. His family came from Ratbey in Leicestershire, though Abraham may have been born in London, where he was apprenticed as distiller in 1679, perhaps to his widowed mother. In 1686 he married Ann Greenhill, and in 1689 he married Elizabeth Butler who was the mother of his surviving children. By 1694 they had settled in St George’s, Southwark, leasing dwelling house and out-buildings from St Thomas’s Hospital.\nAbraham seems to have been a successful businessman, both as distiller and investor in property, with an interest in organs which propelled him into organ building. Sir John Hawkins wrote that “Jordan, a distiller … betook himself to the making of organs, and succeeded beyond expectation”, although he “had never been instructed in the business, but had a mechanical turn”. His route into organ building may have started with organ playing, and continued with an interest in the organ at St George’s Southwark, his parish church, very close to his house. On 12 December 1702 ‘Abraham Jordan Distiller’, signed articles of agreement for a new organ there, already ‘erected and Sett up … being in full perfection and approved of by Dr. John Blow and Jeremiah Clerke’ and valued by them at £600. In fact he undertook to make the organ, provide an organist (his son Abraham junior) and keep the organ tuned and mended for £100 and the old organ, and £20 per annum. It was the first ‘annuity organ’, so far as we know.\nAlthough supposed to be a new organ, what survives in the present organ is pipework from Bernard Smith’s workshop, and indeed Jordan took the old organ in part payment (“Mr. Smith” had worked on the organ in 1683 and 1690). It looks as if Jordan learnt his organ building at secondhand from Smith, an impression reinforced by the similarity between Jordan’s and Smith’s surviving work. It also looks as if Jordan may have used some of Smith’s former workmen after he died, such as William Stephens (Smith’s ‘man’ who became a tenant of Jordan’s), Thomas Knight and Thomas Friend. He may also have taken over some work from Smith’s workshop at Bath Abbey in 1708.\nIn 1705 Jordan made a new organ for St Saviour’s Southwark, subsequently Southwark Cathedral, at the other end of the Borough High Street from St George’s. This organ had three manuals and 26 stops, including a full set of mutations and most unusually a Double Diapason on the Great. In 1712 Jordan advertised in the Spectator his finest achievement, “a very large organ in S Magnus Church at the foot of London Bridge, consisting of four sets of keys, one of which is adapted to the art of emitting sounds by swelling the notes, which never was in any organ before”. A patent was applied for but never granted, which suggests that the authorship was not clear. It may have been a response to a proposal of Renatus Harris for a grand organ in St Paul’s Cathedral, advertised in the same year, but the ‘invention’ of the Swell organ is certainly Jordan’s claim to fame. In 1714 he made an organ for St Benet Fink in the City of London, an organ which was preferred in competition to an organ of Christopher Shrider’s, unfairly in the latter’s view.\nJordan died in 1716, leaving his business to his eldest son, also Abraham (1690–1755/6). Abraham was organist at St George’s, Southwark, and presumably trained in his father’s workshop and in his office. He was also inventive, in 1730 advertising in the London Journal “An organ made by Jordan, being the first of its kind, the contrivance of which is such that the master when he plays sits with his face to the audience, and … is so contrived that the trumpet base, and trumpet treble, the sesquialtera and cornet stops, are put off and on by the feet, singly or altogether, at the master’s discretion, and as quick as thought without taking the hands off the keys”. These claims were challenged by John Harris and John Byfield.\nLike his father Jordan seems to have used the latest opportunities for publicity, advertising the latest projects in the newspapers, including organs made on spec, and sometimes opening concerts on organs destined for the provinces or overseas in his workshop in Southwark. When advertising the opening of the new organ at St George Botolph Lane in the City of London in 1723 he was not afraid to tell the world that “The Maker has acquir’d the Character of an ingenious Artist added to that of an honest Man”. In 1728 and 1729 Jordan joined with Christopher Shrider in making organs for Westminster Abbey and St Alban Wood Street in the City of London. In 1733 he was one of the signatories to the Quadripartite Indenture, an agreement for all to share the proceeds from contracts signed by any one of them, with certain specific exceptions. Previous spats with John Harris and John Byfield seem to have been forgotten. Jordan signed most of the contracts, even when Richard Bridge and John Byfield did the work or collected the money. That may be because his capital enabled him to finance projects. We know of a few organ contracts which specified a single payment after completion and assessment by experts. It tended to be the lesser known builders who asked for instalments.\nThe result is that Abraham Jordan junior seems to have been the most prolific builder in his day. He made four new organs for the City of London, and for the growing suburbs and the increasing number of proprietary chapels. He made organs for the increasingly prosperous regional centres, particularly sea and river ports like Yarmouth, Portsmouth, Southampton and Maidstone. And organs which went further afield, for Wales and Scotland, for the colonies such as Barbados (at least four) and Boston Massachusetts (for which the assembly instructions survive). Very little survives in a form which we can appreciate now. The closest to Jordan’s intentions would be the 1723 organ for St George Botolph Lane now immaculately restored at St George’s Southall Middlesex. The 1720 organ made for the Duke of Chandos at Cannons near Edgware Middlesex, was moved to Holy Trinity Gosport in 1747, where the case and much of the pipework survive relatively unaltered, though the overall effect is now Victorian.\nIn 1731, he married Lucy Goodyard, who brought a considerable dowry. He changed his business address to Budge Row, St John Baptist, City of London at the same time, though the Southwark workshop continued in use. It is surprising that he was one of the signatories to the 1733 Indenture since his business seems to have been the most active, and showed no sign of decline during the next 25 years, one wonders why he was willing to share his success. It may be that the newly married Jordan was aiming at a more genteel lifestyle, living off his property dealings and his inherited wealth, and the profits from his organ building business, though his direction was important enough for a “Paralytick Disorder” to hold up progress on the new organ for the Royal Naval Hospital Greenwich in 1754. By 1745 he resided in Camberwell ‘on the east side of the road a little south from the College at Dulwich’ in a house he had inherited. He died in 1756, his wife in 1764; both were buried at Dulwich.\nJ. Hawkins A general history of the science and practice of music vol4 pp356-7fn (1776)\nJoan Jeffery ‘Abraham Jordan’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn (Jan 2008)\nJoan Jeffery ‘Organ builder history from fire insurance policies’ British Institute of Organ Studies Journal vol26 pp76-106 (2002)\nPaul Tindall Research Notes BIOSReporter vol33/2 p23-30 (April 2009) newspaper adverts\nPaul Tindall Research Notes BIOSReporter vol34/2 p23-4 (April 2010) St Benet Fink\nDavid S. Knight ‘The Early History of the Swell’ The Organ Yearbook vol26 pp127-144 (1996)\nSouthwark Local Studies Library Surrey, deed 1232 (Abraham Jordan 1702 contract)\nBarbara Owen, ‘Colonial organs’ British Institute of Organ Studies Journal vol3 pp92–107 (1979)\nNicholas Plumley ‘The Harris/Byfield connection’ British Institute of Organ Studies Journal vol3 pp108–34(1979)\nNicholas Plumley The Organs of the City of London p52 (Positif Press Oxford 1996)\nNational Archives PROB11/550 will Abraham Jordan, senior\nNational Archives PROB 11/820 will Abraham Jordan, junior", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.sayyesinkeywest.com/venues/7-casa-marina-resort/", "date": "2024-04-13T15:24:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816820.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413144933-20240413174933-00109.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8838291168212891, "token_count": 175, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__35275755", "lang": "en", "text": "Historic Casa Marina is Key West’s most romantic wedding venue. Built in 1920, Henry Flagler’s vision of grandeur and elegance is evident in the dramatic architecture and sprawling grounds that lead to the largest private beach on the island.\nImagine your Key West wedding ceremony on a white sandy beach with the ever changing colors of the Atlantic Ocean as a backdrop. While you exchange your vows, family and friends share the moment with you creating truly special memories. Stroll the grounds and private dock for stunning pictures while your guests enjoy refreshing cocktails and scrumptious hors d’oeuvres on one of our intimate patios surrounded by tropical foliage.\nTimeless with hardwood floors, 10’ arched windows and strikingly high ceilings, their ballrooms capture the essence and spirit of the illustrious past that is unique only to Casa Marina.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.andotherstories.org/authors/shalash-the-iraqi/", "date": "2022-09-26T04:00:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00319.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9749537110328674, "token_count": 422, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__192989353", "lang": "en", "text": "Shalash the Iraqi\nShalash the Iraqi\nThe second U.S. invasion of Iraq began in the spring of 2003. By the autumn of 2005, though the Saddam Hussein regime had reached its bloody end, ordinary Iraqis were seeing little improvement in their daily lives. Their country was ‘free’, but to many it seemed free mainly to become a mire of sectarian violence, corruption, confusion, and fear.\nIn the midst of this turmoil, a hero arose – or, rather, a jester, which in wartime might amount to the same thing. In a country where electricity was only intermittently available, a series of blog posts began to appear at a soon-to-be-defunct website and took Baghdad by storm. Individual entries were printed out and passed around for months, until the pages were nearly shredded. Where neither computers nor printers were available, the posts were retold aloud, then passed along at second- and third-hand.\nWhat could inspire such devotion? Signed ‘Shalash the Iraqi’, the posts proved to be nothing less than portions of a madcap serial novel thumbing its nose at Iraq’s new normal. Employing a variety of genres and styles – from drunken monologues to prayers, from poetry to dirty jokes, from fairy tales and folk stories to brutal realism – the fictional Shalash sheds light on as well as mocks every possible aspect of Iraq’s political, religious, cultural, and social situation.\nPopulated by a cast of imagined con artists, holy fools, drag queens, and partisans – as well as some very factual politicians, priests, and generals – this is a novel whose only peers are Lazarillo de Tormes, Don Quixote, Tristram Shandy, and Catch-22. Never written to be published, all but lost save for those disintegrating printouts treasured by its devotees, Shalash the Iraqi is here presented in its first authorised translation, with the blessing and commentary of ‘Shalash’ himself.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://xuhu.zazuga.ru/accuracy-in-carbon-14-dating-1007.html", "date": "2018-12-16T21:02:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827992.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216191351-20181216213351-00092.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9479480385780334, "token_count": 524, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__89130971", "lang": "en", "text": "Accuracy in carbon 14 dating gratis dating sider danmark Høje-Taastrup\nThe field of radiocarbon dating has become a technical one far removed from the naive simplicity which characterized its initial introduction by Libby in the late 1940's.It is, therefore, not surprising that many misconceptions about what radiocarbon can or cannot do and what it has or has not shown are prevalent among creationists and evolutionists - lay people as well as scientists not directly involved in this field. The Radiocarbon Revolution Since its development by Willard Libby in the 1940s, radiocarbon (14C) dating has become one of the most essential tools in archaeology.Radiocarbon dating was the first chronometric technique widely available to archaeologists and was especially useful because it allowed researchers to directly date the panoply of organic remains often found in archaeological sites including artifacts made from bone, shell, wood, and other carbon based materials.Alone, or in concert, these factors can lead to inaccuracies and misinterpretations by archaeologists without proper investigation of the potential problems associated with sampling and dating.\nComparison of ancient, historically dated artifacts (from Egypt, for example) with their radiocarbon dates has revealed that radiocarbon years and calendar years are not the same even for the last 5,000 calendar years.Shells of known age collected prior to nuclear testing have also been dated ( to ascertain the effects of old carbon (i.e., local marine reservoir effects). However, the most common materials dated by archaeologists are wood charcoal, shell, and bone. In brief, radiocarbon dating measures the amount of radioactive carbon 14 (14C) in a sample.Radiocarbon analyses are carried out at specialized laboratories around the world (see a list of labs at: When a biological organism dies, the radioactive carbon in its body begins to break down or decay.Compared to conventional radiocarbon techniques such as Libby's solid carbon counting, the gas counting method popular in the mid-1950s, or liquid scintillation (LS) counting, AMS permitted the dating of much smaller sized samples with even greater precision.Regardless of the particular 14C technique used, the value of this tool for archaeology has clearly been appreciated.\nRadiocarbon dating is especially good for determining the age of sites occupied within the last 26,000 years or so (but has the potential for sites over 50,000), can be used on carbon-based materials (organic or inorganic), and can be accurate to within ±30-50 years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.edgewaterfoundation.com/2022-hall-of-fame-invitation/", "date": "2022-09-30T13:32:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00759.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9206832051277161, "token_count": 562, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__72244538", "lang": "en", "text": "Please join us in honoring the newest members of the\nEdgewater High School Hall of Fame\nClass of 2022\nSaturday, April 30, 2022\n5:30 pm – 9:30 pm\n5:30-7:00 p.m. Hors d’oeuvres Reception\nin the EHS Cafeteria/Atrium\n7:00-9:30 p.m. Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony\nin the O.R. Davis Auditorium\n2022 Hall of Fame Inductees\nRalph “Tommy” Browning (Class 1960)\nHowie Dorough (Class 1991)\nMichael Gonzales (Class 2005)\nMykal Kilgore (Class 2001)\nElizbeth Allan Reid (Class 1969)\nAlan MacAllster (Class 1960)\nNancy Robbinson (Class 1982)\nBill Robbinson (Class 1980)\nGeorgio Rodriquez (Class 2000)\nPatti “Neal” Whitted (Class 1976)\nJoseph “Vincent” Zappini (Class 1966)\nTickets prices are $75.00 per person or for table sponsorships (seating for 8) are $1,000.\nEdgewater High School Hall of Fame, we are thankful for the opportunity to celebrate some of our school’s most outstanding staff and alumni. Teachers and staff have walked the halls of our school and we are honored to look back on a part of our school’s 60-year history and reconnect with those who have laid the foundation!\nWith the help of long-time EHS supporters and advocates, the EHS Foundation established The Edgewater High School Hall of Fame in 2011. The purpose of the Edgewater Hall of Fame is to honor distinguished Edgewater alumni and supporters who are acclaimed through their outstanding accomplishments in one of six categories: Arts, Academics, Athletics, Professional, Community and Eagle Spirit.\nEdgewater has many outstanding alumni who have used their education and experience to become successful, positive contributors to society. We believe that positive role models are extremely important in today’s world and that these graduates of EHS should be held up as role models for today’s students.\nCandidates are nominated annually and presented to the EHS Hall of Fame Board of Trustees. The trustees review and select the inductees. The EHS Foundation is proud to present and celebrate these distinguished inductees at the EHS Hall of Fame Induction. In addition, a permanent display honoring the inductees has been established in halls of the O. R. Davis Auditorium so that students, staff, parents and visitors will be able to commemorate the legacy of these inductees.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cervo.ulaval.ca/fr/jules-bernard-luys-and-subthalamic-nucleus", "date": "2019-03-24T21:04:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203493.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324210143-20190324232143-00470.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9285435080528259, "token_count": 177, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__128960654", "lang": "en", "text": "Publication Type:Journal Article\nSource:Mov Disord, Volume 17, Issue 1, p.181-5 (2002)\nKeywords:France, History, 19th Century, Humans, Neurology, Subthalamic Nucleus\nJules Bernard Luys, a highly energetic French investigator who made important contributions to anatomopathology, clinical neurology, and psychiatry, discovered the subthalamic nucleus in 1865. Unfortunately, Luys' description of the nucleus that still bears his name, as well as his highly original insights on the role of this important motor structure, are rarely taken into account in the current thinking about the basal ganglia organization. Thus, we thought it of interest to review Luys' contribution to our knowledge of the subthalamic nucleus and also briefly examine the other remarkable achievements of this singular figure of 19th century neurology.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.sevendestination.com/delhi-tour-package-from-kolkata/", "date": "2024-02-26T23:10:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00644.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.869216799736023, "token_count": 383, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__183766418", "lang": "en", "text": "- Car Rental\n- Book Hotel\n- International Tour Package\nThe three most visited tourist places in North India are Delhi, Agra and Jaipur, all of which are included in this tour package. You will see Qutub Minar, Jama Masjid and Red Fort in Delhi. One of the world’s most famous structures, the Taj Mahal, is located in Agra. You will see Jantar Mantar, City Palace and Amber Fort in Jaipur.\nFamilies who want to see all the main attractions of Delhi in a fun and interesting way should definitely consider this tour package. You will see some of the most loved tourist attractions in Delhi, like Akshardham Temple, Red Fort, Jama Masjid and Qutub Minar. Apart from this, you will be able to visit Dilli Haat market, take a boat ride on the Yamuna river and take a rickshaw ride in the old city.\nWith our painstakingly designed tour packages, Seven Destination Tour & Travels cordially invites you to discover Delhi, the dynamic capital city of India. Whether you’re looking for a mix of modern and traditional flavours, historical monuments, or cultural experiences, we have the ideal package to make your trip to Delhi unforgettable.\nCustomized Delhi Tour Package\nCustomize your Delhi adventure with our flexible options. Personalize your itinerary by adding or removing destinations, activities and accommodations, ensuring that your tour reflects your unique preferences and interests.\nBook your Delhi travel package now\nTake a journey through time, exploring the rich history and dynamic culture of Delhi. Seven Destination Tour & Travels is your preferred choice for Delhi tour packages, offering a range of options to suit different tastes and budgets. Contact us today to explore the grandeur of Delhi’s landmarks and experience the captivating essence of this historic city.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.seuleadershipforum.com/speakers/peggy-noonan/", "date": "2023-02-04T15:27:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500140.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204142302-20230204172302-00042.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9582449793815613, "token_count": 161, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__233166973", "lang": "en", "text": "Peggy Noonan is a widely admired columnist for The Wall Street Journal and the best-selling author of eight books on American politics, history, and culture, including What I Saw at the Revolution and When Character Was King. In 2010, she was given the Award for Media Excellence by the living recipients of the Congressional Medal of Honor.\nNoonan was a special assistant and speechwriter for President Ronald Reagan from 1984 to 1986. In 1988, she was chief speechwriter for Vice President George H. W. Bush when he ran for the presidency. Before entering the White House, Noonan was a producer at CBS News in New York. In 1978 and 1979, she was an adjunct professor of journalism at New York University.\nFollow Peggy Noonan on Twitter @peggynoonannyc.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://congowatch.blogspot.com/2007/02/", "date": "2018-07-16T04:37:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589179.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716041348-20180716061348-00227.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9779294729232788, "token_count": 143, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__171241566", "lang": "en", "text": "DRC troops jailed for war crimes\nThirteen soldiers have been jailed for life after the discovery of mass graves in the north-eastern Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of Congo.Note, the report also tells us, in a separate trial in Bunia, four members of the same unit were jailed for life for the murder of two UN military observers in 2003. Two others were given jail terms of 10 and 20 years.\nA military court found them guilty of killing about 30 civilians found buried in the graves in November last year.\nThe soldiers who were tried came from the army's First Brigade - one of several made up of fighters from factions who fought in DR Congo's 1998-2003 war.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.palmoilextractionmachine.com/news/industry_news/55.html", "date": "2023-10-03T03:45:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511053.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003024646-20231003054646-00043.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9774577617645264, "token_count": 156, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__80853119", "lang": "en", "text": "Palm Oil History\nPalm oil in Malaysia\nOil palms are originally from West Africa, but were brought to South-East Asia at the beginning of the 20th century. The primary demand for the industry's expansion came from the British Industrial Revolution. At the time, 250,000 tons of palm oil was being exported annually from South-East Asia. This figure has risen to over 60,000,000 tons today.\nMalaysia was the world's largest producer of palm oil by the mid 20th century and this stayed true until the Indonesian government began investing into this industry in 1970s. This expansion officially pushed the country into the leading spot for top producers in 2007 and the nation now supplies the majority of the world's growing demand for this cheap edible oil.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.phoenixestateplanning.co.uk/post/a-brief-history-of-iht", "date": "2024-02-22T07:21:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473735.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222061937-20240222091937-00602.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9716081023216248, "token_count": 221, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__43223219", "lang": "en", "text": "Modern inheritance tax dates back to 1894 when the government introduced estate duty, a tax on the capital value of land, in a bid to raise money to pay off a £4m government deficit.\nIt replaced several different inheritance taxes, including the 1796 tax on estates introduced to help fund the war against Napoleon. The earliest death duty can be traced back to 1694 when probate duty, a tax on personal property in wills proved in court, was brought in.\nWhen the tax was first introduced it was intended to affect only the very wealthy, but the rise in the value of homes, particularly in the south-east of England, has brought more families into the net in recent decades.\nFrom 1896, it was possible to avoid estate duty by handing on gifts during the life of the donor. To counter avoidance through last minute transfers, gifts handed over a limited time before death were still subject to the tax. Initially the period was one year but that rose to seven years over time.\nAnd there you have it, a brief History of IHT - Britains most hated tax!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dopplerthepom.com/armenian-genocide-app/", "date": "2024-04-25T05:19:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297284704.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425032156-20240425062156-00126.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.882561445236206, "token_count": 1410, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__46310435", "lang": "en", "text": "Unveiling History: Introducing the Armenian Genocide App by DopplerThepom.\nIntroducing the Armenian Genocide App\nIn today’s digital age, technology serves as a powerful tool for education and remembrance. One such remarkable endeavor is the Armenian Genocide App by DopplerThepom, an innovative platform designed to shed light on one of the darkest chapters in human history.\nOverview of DopplerThepom’s Initiative\nDopplerThepom’s commitment to preserving history and promoting awareness culminates in the creation of this groundbreaking app. With meticulous research, thoughtful design, and a dedication to truth, the app stands as a testament to the resilience of the Armenian people and the importance of commemorating their history.\nUnderstanding the Armenian Genocide\nHistorical Context: Ottoman Empire and Armenian Population\nThe Armenian Genocide, perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire during World War I, remains a harrowing reminder of the atrocities humanity is capable of. The app provides a comprehensive overview of the historical context, exploring the vibrant Armenian culture and the events leading up to the genocide.\nWhat Constituted the Armenian Genocide?\nThrough detailed documentation and historical accounts, users gain insight into the systematic extermination of Armenians, including mass deportations, forced marches, and massacres. By confronting the truth of the genocide, the app invites users to honor the memory of its victims and recognize the importance of justice and reconciliation.\nImpacts and Legacy of the Genocide\nThe ramifications of the Armenian Genocide reverberate through generations, shaping the Armenian diaspora and influencing global efforts for recognition and prevention of genocide. By examining its lasting impacts, the app fosters a deeper understanding of the genocide’s significance in shaping contemporary discourse on human rights and justice.\nThe Journey of Creation\nThe inspiration behind the App Development\nThe inception of the Armenian Genocide App stemmed from a desire to amplify voices long silenced by history. DopplerThepom’s founders were moved by the stories of survivors and the urgent need to preserve their testimonies for future generations.\nDopplerThepom’s Vision and Mission\nDriven by a commitment to truth and historical accuracy, DopplerThepom embarked on a journey to create an accessible platform for learning and commemoration. The app serves as a digital memorial, ensuring that the stories of the Armenian Genocide endure in the collective memory.\nCollaborative Efforts and Research\nThe development of the app involved collaboration with historians, scholars, and survivors’ descendants, ensuring the accuracy and authenticity of its content. Through extensive research and meticulous attention to detail, DopplerThepom crafted a comprehensive resource for understanding the Armenian Genocide.\nExploring the Features\nUser Interface and Navigation\nThe Armenian Genocide App boasts a user-friendly interface designed for seamless navigation. Intuitive features make it easy for users to explore the app’s wealth of content and engage with its interactive elements.\nComprehensive Documentation: Texts, Images, and Videos\nFrom historical documents and photographs to immersive videos, the app offers a rich tapestry of resources for users to delve into. Each piece of content is carefully curated to provide a nuanced understanding of the Armenian Genocide.\nInteractive Maps and Timelines\nInteractive maps and timelines allow users to trace the events of the Armenian Genocide geographically and chronologically. By visualizing the scope and scale of the atrocities, these features bring history to life powerfully and engagingly.\nTestimonials and Reviews\nThe app includes firsthand accounts from survivors and their descendants, offering a poignant glimpse into the human experience amid tragedy. User reviews further underscore the app’s impact in fostering empathy and understanding.\nHow to Utilize the App\nInstallation and Compatibility\nThe Armenian Genocide App is available for download on both the Google Play Store and the App Store for iOS, ensuring accessibility across various devices. Installation is simple, allowing users to begin their journey of discovery with ease.\nNavigating Through the Content\nUpon launching the app, users are greeted with a curated selection of featured content, providing a starting point for exploration. From there, intuitive navigation tools guide users through different sections, allowing for a personalized learning experience.\nMaking the Most of Interactive Features\nInteractive features such as quizzes, virtual tours, and augmented reality experiences enhance users’ engagement with the app. By offering immersive learning opportunities, these features deepen users’ understanding of the Armenian Genocide and its impact.\nImpact and Significance\nEducating and Raising Awareness\nThe Armenian Genocide App serves as a powerful educational tool, reaching audiences around the world with its compelling narrative and immersive content. By raising awareness of the genocide, the app empowers users to become advocates for truth and justice.\nCommemorating the Armenian Genocide\nThrough commemorative events, virtual memorials, and community outreach initiatives, DopplerThepom ensures that the victims of the Armenian Genocide are never forgotten. The app provides a space for reflection and remembrance, honoring the resilience of the Armenian people.\nContributions to Historical Preservation\nBy digitizing historical documents, photographs, and testimonies, the app contributes to the preservation of Armenian history for future generations. Its comprehensive archive ensures that the stories of the genocide’s victims and survivors endure as a testament to the human spirit.\nFuture Developments and Community Engagement\nUpdates and Enhancements\nDopplerThepom remains committed to enhancing the Armenian Genocide App with regular updates and new features. User feedback drives the app’s development, ensuring that it continues to meet the needs of its diverse audience.\nOutreach Programs and Partnerships\nThrough partnerships with educational institutions, museums, and advocacy organizations, DopplerThepom expands the reach of the Armenian Genocide App and fosters meaningful dialogue around genocide prevention and human rights.\nFeedback and Suggestions\nDopplerThepom welcomes feedback and suggestions from users, recognizing the importance of continuous improvement. By listening to the community, the app evolves as a dynamic platform for learning, commemoration, and activism.\nThe Armenian Genocide App by DopplerThepom stands as a testament to the power of technology in preserving history and promoting awareness. Through its comprehensive content, interactive features, and commitment to truth, the app invites users to engage with the legacy of the Armenian Genocide in a meaningful and impactful way.\nInvitation to Download and Explore\nJoin DopplerThepom in commemorating the victims of the Armenian Genocide by downloading the app today. Together, we can ensure that their stories are remembered and their voices are heard.\nDopplerThepom’s Commitment to Historical Education and Remembrance\nAs we look to the future, DopplerThepom remains steadfast in its mission to educate, inspire, and empower through technology. Join us in honoring the past, shaping the present, and building a brighter future for generations to come.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lorahotel.com/hotel/history/", "date": "2024-04-21T05:05:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00723.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9582086205482483, "token_count": 498, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__168143683", "lang": "en", "text": "At Lora, you find yourself in a place of historic significance. In 1848, Stillwater housed the first territorial convention, beginning the establishment of Minnesota’s statehood. Located along the St. Croix river, Stillwater emerged as a prominent lumbering town, with the river granting passage to nearby pine lands. As railroads arrived in the early 1870s, Stillwater flourished.\nStillwater’s rich brewing tradition emerged amid this growth, to quench the thirst of hardworking fellers. In 1868, the Joseph Wolf Brewery was built into the bluffs where Lora now stands. It was connected to a series of caves used to store beer and source spring water, thus tapping into nature’s resources and harnessing natural refrigeration. The beer was advertised as a healing elixir: “an efficient antidote against fatigue from strenuous work, play or the weakening of old age.”\nFollowing a fire, the brewery’s damaged building was rebuilt into a steam-powered brewery facility – the first of its kind in the state – along with a brewhouse and hotel. Under the name Empire Brewery, it became one of the largest breweries in the state. But the 1890’s ushered in a temperance movement. Liquor sales declined. The brewery kept its taps flowing by turning to one of America’s beloved pastimes – baseball. Forming one of the toughest teams in the state, the brewery’s baseball team garnered newspaper coverage whenever they stepped up to the plate.\nIn 1920, Prohibition went into effect, and the brewery closed. The company continued to produce bottled water, sodas and sparkling water until 1925.Over the years, lumber production slowed, Stillwater’s economy shifted to dairy farming and manufacturing, and the population declined. After World War II, the town’s population began to rise again and, by the 1970’s, Stillwater began to reinvent itself as a tourist destination.\nIn 2018, Lora emerged from the brewery’s original foundation. Here, one still feels the intrigue of Stillwater’s storied past. We’ve retained the original stone walls that were built into the cliff, as well as vaulted ceilings from ancient warehouses, and even cave entrances that lead to nowhere. A sense of adventure and lore remains, mysterious like the persistent call of a loon that stirs the night.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://businessinsiders.org/enzo-ferrari-biography-and-story.html", "date": "2024-04-23T11:21:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818474.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423095619-20240423125619-00379.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9830232262611389, "token_count": 1585, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__15018754", "lang": "en", "text": "Enzo Ferrari is known as the founder of Ferrari, a luxury and sporty car manufacturing company from Italy. The history of Ferrari, which has the prancing horse logo, was founded in 1947. Ferrari is one of the most well-known luxury car brands in the world, apart from being a sporty model, it also has high speed. No wonder Ferrari is identified with luxury. What is the biography of Enzo Ferrari and the history of Ferrari itself?\nEnzo Ferrari Biography\nHis full name is Enzo Ferrari, who was born on February 18 1898 in Modena, Italy. His father’s name is Alfredo Ferrari and his mother’s name is Adalgisa Ferrari.\nEnzo grew up in Modena, but he grew up without receiving a formal education like other children. Young Enzo Ferrari had a passion for racing cars.\nIt is known that Enzo started driving racing cars from a very young age and decided to become a racer at the age of 10.\nEnzo became interested in the automotive world when his father Alfredo Ferrari took him to watch the races at the Bologna Circuit in 1908.\nEnzo Ferrari then started watching a lot of racing competitions in Italy after that, in his mind racing competitions were an interesting challenge for him.\nIn 1914, Enzo worked as a teacher at the Lathe Operator School in a firefighting workshop in Modena, Italy.\nBad luck befell Enzo when World War I raged. In 1916, he lost his father and brother who died due to a flu epidemic in Italy. Stay up-to-date with Deltsapure! Provide accurate and updated news for readers.\nJoining the Military\nIn the same year, Enzo Ferrari joined the military during World War I and was assigned to the Third Alpine Regiment, Val Seriana. However, at that time he was hit by a flu epidemic in 1918, which caused Enzo to leave the military when World War I was almost over.\nAfter leaving the military, Enzo Ferrari received a letter of recommendation from the Italian military authorities at that time. Enzo then applied for a job at the Fiat company in 1918. Unfortunately there were no vacancies there at that time.\nBut, he then got a job as a test driver in the city of Turin, Italy for a motorbike company. In 1919, Enzo started working for a company called Costruzioni Meccaniche Nazionali, in the city of Milan as a test driver.\nStarting the First Race\nHis driving skills meant that Enzo was immediately promoted as a racer. In 1919, Enzo Ferrari made his first racing debut at the Parma-Poggio race in Berceto.\nHe finished in 4th place in the race. He also participated in the Targa Florio race in the same year but had less than satisfactory results due to problems with the fuel tank.\nIn 1920, Enzo Ferrari entered the Targa Florio car race once again. He drove an Alfa Romeo, and finished in second place. This victory was the beginning of his 20 years of experience with the Alfa Romeo team.\nIn 1921, Enzo took part in many races as a driver for the Alfa team. He had his first crash that same year at the Brescia Grand Prix.\nFormed the Scuderia Ferrari Racing Team\nFerrari’s history began when in 1923, Enzo met Count Baracca, Francesco Baracca, and Countess Baracca. They gave their “Prancing Horse” logo as the mascot on Enzo Ferrari’s racing car.\nIn 1929, Enzo then formed the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix racing team which became part of the Alfa Romeo racing team.\n1931 was Enzo’s last year as a racer. His last race was at the Three Provinces circuit where he finished second driving an Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 MM.\nAfter that he left racing that year. In 1933, due to financial constraints, Alfa ended its relationship with the Scuderia Ferrari racing team formed by Enzo Ferrari.\nAlfa then took over racing in 1937 and Enzo was placed as Sports Director. In 1939, he left the Alfa Romeo team with an agreement that he would not use the name ‘Ferrari’ in connection with racing cars for the next four years.\nIn the same year, he founded his own company called Auto Avio Costruzioni in Modena. He started his company in a garage on Viale Trento e Trieste.\nFounded the Ferrari Company\nIn 1940, Enzo Ferrari then designed a racing car for the Mille Miglia. That same year Enzo’s company was forced to produce cars for Benito Mussolini’s Fascist Government as World War II raged.\nIn the history of Ferrari, it is known that he also designed the first Ferrari car in 1945. After World War II ended, Enzo Ferrari officially founded the Ferrari company in 1947.\nWinning the Grand Prix First Time\nThen in 1951, the Enzo company won its first Grand Prix with Jose Froilan Gonzalez at the Silverstone circuit. This championship was the Ferrari company’s first victory.\nThat year was also the time when the Ferrari company began selling sports cars of its design and the proceeds were used to finance its participation in racing tournaments.\nIn the biography of Enzo Ferrari, it is known that in 1957, Ferrari and Englebert, who were tire manufacturers, were accused of murder when Mille Miglia and Alfonso de Portago, driving a Ferrari, died along with his partner when one of his tires exploded. At that time nine people from the audience also died. However, the lawsuit was discontinued in 1961.\nIn 1969, Enzo sold about 50% of his shares to the Fiat company but Enzo had full control in organizing races for Ferrari. Even though at that time Ford was the first company to make an offer to Ferrari, he decided not to continue the offer.\nIn 1974, Enzo chose to retire from the position of managing director of Ferrari. He then promoted Luca Cordero di Montezemolo to Formula One team manager and asked him to represent him at all races.\nMaking Various World Class Cars\nIn 1982, Ferrari made a car that had a sturdy chassis and chose a world-class driver. Although Ferrari remained involved with the Scuderia until his death, there were no more championships for Enzo Ferrari.\nEnzo Ferrari Dies\nEnzo Ferrari died on August 14 1988 at the age of 90. His death was announced two days later. During his life, Enzo Ferrari was known as a private person, almost never appearing in public or giving interviews to journalists. Enzo is also known as a hard worker.\nIn his personal life, Enzo Ferrari is known to have married Laura Dominica Garello Ferrari in 1932. They had a son named Alfredo ‘Dino’ Ferrari. However, his son died of muscular dystrophy in 1956.\nIn the previous year, namely 1945, Enzo Ferrari had a second son named Piero from his girlfriend, Lina Lardi, but in 1975 he only recognized Piero as his legitimate son, after Lina Lardi’s death.\nFerrari Company After the Death of Enzo Ferrari\nAfter the death of Enzo Ferrari, the Ferrari company became one of the world’s most famous racing and sporty car manufacturing companies. Ferrari production cars are known for their elegant and luxurious designs. Ferrari also still participates in Formula One racing tournaments around the world.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://speakofthepast.com/2019/05/31/john-sellenger-or-salinger-1832-1906-convict-no-2400/", "date": "2023-06-09T19:06:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00522.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9686612486839294, "token_count": 1153, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__115995362", "lang": "en", "text": "John Sellenger (variants: Salinger, Sallinger, Sallenger) arrived in Fremantle on 31st. August 1853 on the ship Phoebe Dunbar, which had sailed non-stop from Kingstown, Ireland, taking 89 days. He was fortunate not to have been one of the 16 convicts and passengers who died during the journey, supposedly of Typhus but more likely of advanced Scurvy. 3 others died a few days later once in Fremantle.1\nThe Phoebe Dunbar. Source: The Maritime Heritage Association\nJohn had been convicted of robbery on 24th July 1850 and sentenced in Kilkenny, Ireland to 10 years for his crime. He was 18 years old and his occupation listed as a tailor, semi-literate and of Roman Catholic faith.2\nHis physical description was 5’5” tall, black hair, grey eyes, long face, pale complexion, much pock-pitted, middling stout, single and with no children.3\nJohn spent three years incarcerated in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, prior to being transported to Fremantle.4 He would have been one of the first prisoners to be housed in this establishment of 500 single cells, built in 1850. The Phoebe Dunbar departed Kingstown on 2nd June 1853.\nIt was a year after he arrived in Western Australia that he gained his Ticket of Leave, which enabled him to seek employment outside the confines of prison. On 13th December 1858 he was granted a Conditional Pardon. He became a carter, who would employ 64 Ticket of Leave men on occasions from 1858-1874 including 15 brick makers, 9 woodcutters & 2 boatmen.5\nJohn married Mary Cunningham in Perth on 19th September 1858.6 Mary and her sister Catherine had left Mount Bellew in Galway, Ireland on the ship Palestine in November 1852.7\nJohn and Mary had seven children. Mary Louisa Salenger born Abt 1859; Catherine Sallinger born 1861; William Charles Sellenger born 14 Feb 1863 (adopted into the family); Ellen Sellenger born 30 Jun 1865; Margaret Mary Sellenger born 12 Jun 1867; Frances Sellenger born 1869; John Sellenger born 25 September 1871.\nIt is somewhat ironic that both of John’s sons became policemen and one of his daughters married a policeman. The eldest son, William Charles had risen to the ranks of Chief Inspector before retiring after 44 years of service.\nAlthough John appeared before the courts on various occasions, they were for minor offences, except in 1871 when he was jailed for 1 month for assaulting his wife Mary.8 There is no record of him re-offending after that time. His business prospered.\nOn 7th December 1894, John’s wife Mary died of dysentery at their home in Howick Street, Perth, aged 65 years.9 She was buried in the Catholic section (plot 98) at East Perth Cemeteries.\nBy 1903, John had retired and he and his son John and daughter Ellen were living at 279 Hay St, Perth.\nJohn died on 4th August 1906 of kidney inflammation, cystitis and exhaustion. He was 74 years old. 9 An article in the Western Mail newspaper stated “… his funeral was very largely attended.”10 He was buried in the Catholic section of East Perth cemeteries in the same plot as his wife. ©Maggie Speak 2019\nI have volunteered to write this biography for East Perth Cemeteries https://www.eastperthcemeteries.com.au\n1. The National Archives Surgeon’s journal https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11542199\n2. State Records Office Western Australia (SROWA); Convict Department Registers; Character Book for Nos 2373 – 3639; ACC 1156/R18 https://ancestry.com.au\n3. SROWA; Convict Department Registers, ACC 128/40-43, Reel No FCN42; https://ancestry.com.au\n4. SROWA; Convict Department Registers; Character Book for Nos 2373 – 3639; ACC 1156/R18 https://ancestry.com.au\n5. State Library of Western Australia (SLWA); Employers of ticket of leave men, 1850-1890 microfilm reels 3&4 (Private Archives – yellow labelled drawer in microfilm room, Battye Library)\n6. SLWA; Battye Library; MN 812, Catholic Church records, ACC 4363A. http://slwa.wa.gov.au/pdf/mn/mn501_1000/mn812.pdf\n7. SROWA; Albany Passenger list of Assisted Emigrants; Accession: 115; Roll: 214; https://ancestry.com.au\n8. The Perth Gazette and West Australian Times (WA : 1864 – 1874) Friday 24 March 1871 page 3. http://trove.nla.gov.au\n9. Australia Death Index; Western Australia; Dept. of Justice; Registration No. 531. https://bdm.justice.wa.gov.au\n10. Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 – 1954); Sat 11 Aug 1906; Page 15; MR. JOHN SELLENGER, SEN. https://trove.nla.gov.au/", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://katodesignandphoto.ca/canucks-in-khaki/", "date": "2024-04-13T00:53:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00433.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9166090488433838, "token_count": 316, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__53504786", "lang": "en", "text": "For historian Warren Sommer, Canucks in Kahki: Langley, the Lower Mainland, and the Great War of 1914 to 1918 is the culmination of over 20 years of careful, sometimes pain-staking research. It was published on the 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge and in conjunction with the opening at Langley Centennial Museum of Sacrifice and Sorrow, an exhibition in which Sommer also played vital roles as curator and organizer.\nIn her endorsement, printed on the book’s back cover, UBC professor emeritus Jean Barman says: “If you read just one book marking the centenary of the end of the First World War, Warren Sommer’s gracefully written and evocatively illustrated Canucks in Khaki is it. From the intimacy of the war’s impact on a slice of rural British Columbia to graphic first-hand accounts from the front and not-so-front lines, we relive five heart-wrenching unforgettable years in the history of Canada and British Columbia.”\nThe design brief for Canucks in Khaki: Langley, the Lower Mainland, and the Great War of 1914 to 1918 comprised of the printed hardcover, dust jacket, endpapers reproducing historic photos, and the interior page design to include 440 photos in black and white. This book also contains an appendix of Langley enlistments in the Great War, endnotes, bibliography, list of photo sources, and index.\nTo order your copy contact email@example.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shbr.org/about/history/", "date": "2024-02-23T16:14:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00865.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9814475178718567, "token_count": 877, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__69826410", "lang": "en", "text": "ABOUT THE BOARD\nThe Board of Directors at SHBR are voluntary positions. Equity members run and vote for three-year terms. The Board then elects an Executive Committee: President, Vice President, and Secretary. This is a working Board and requires some time and stamina from the members. Please contact us if you have interest in helping to run the club.\nHistory of Sleepy Hollow Bath & Racquet\nFenbrook Bath and Racquet Club, named for the two men who designed, built, and owned it, opened on July 1, 1956. It was the brainchild of Dr. A. Budd Fenton and Mr. Douglas A. Brooks, friends who lived in the Malbrook neighborhood off Sleepy Hollow Road. After visiting a swim and tennis club in New Jersey where summer clubs were starting to spring up, the two men decided to use a piece of land owned by Doug Brooks to provide the Sleepy Hollow area with a summer club.\nThe land on which Fenbrook later stood was part of the Holmes Run Park development but could not be used for residences because it was located on a flood plain. After presenting their idea to the Holmes Run Park neighbors at an open meeting at Brooks’ home, Brooks and Fenton took their idea to the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors to request a zoning change.\nDespite the concern of the neighbors that such a facility would be a noise problem and would lower home values, the necessary zoning change was granted. Local architect Victor Spencer was hired to design the swim and tennis club to Brooks’ and Fenton’s specifications. Fenbrook Bath and Racquet Club had an “Olympic” (remember this was 1956!) size swimming pool as well as a small wading pool for young children. Additionally, there were two tennis courts, two shuffleboard courts, a gazebo with picnic tables, and a nine-hole pitch and putt golf course.\nCabanas were available for rental by the members, and there was a snack bar that provided food and drink. The snack bar was operated by Robert V. Dobson, a friend of Fenton and Brooks who had experience in this area since he was then managing an Alexandria bowling alley with a food facility. His wife, Gwendolyn Dobson, provided the new club with some notoriety by writing an article about it for the Alexandria Gazette, for which she was a feature writer prior to becoming Women’s Editor of the Evening Star newspaper.\nFenbrook Bath and Racquet Club provided its members with many social activities including dinner dances with live bands for the adult members, as well as swim and dive meets for the children. The cabana decorating contest was a favorite with the members who went to great lengths to design clever and amusing spaces. One year Budd Fenton wrote a musical and directed the members-actors in the “The Fenbrook Follies”. Rehearsals and a single performance were held under the stars.\nFenbrook Bath and Racquet Club was privately owned for four years and then sold to the community. It was then renamed Sleepy Hollow Bath and Racquet Club. Over the years, the land the golf course occupied was utilized to expand and enhance the tennis and swim programs. During the 1960s the upper pool and four more tennis courts were added. In 1974, three more tennis courts were added bringing the total to nine. Somewhere along the line (does anyone know when?) the parking lot was paved and the present gazebo was built in the mid 1980s.\nSince Sleepy Hollow Bath and Racquet has passed the 50-year mark, significant renovations to facilities have been taking place. The club survived the great flood of September 2008 and a second great flood of September 2011, both of which left the club under water and caused considerable damage. In addition to repairs from flood damage, renovations during the years 2008 through 2012 have included full renovations of the main entrance building, bathrooms, showers, and all sets of cabanas for the first time since they were initially constructed.\nEditor’s note: Kip Carroll, Budd Fenton’s daughter, provided most of the above information. If anyone has additional knowledge of the Club’s history or old photos, please share with any board member.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://templeeyewear.com.au/collection/moscot/", "date": "2023-12-05T07:40:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100550.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205073336-20231205103336-00870.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9602245688438416, "token_count": 230, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__167217420", "lang": "en", "text": "The MOSCOT optical roots were first planted in America by great grandfather and family patriarch, Hyman Moscot, who arrived from Eastern Europe via Ellis Island in 1899. Hyman began selling ready-made eyeglasses from a pushcart on Orchard Street on Manhattan‚ famed Lower East Side, and the rest, as they say, is history!\nIn 1925, Hyman’s son, Sol, joined the family business and at the tender age of only 15, he opened the family‚ first retail shop, MOSCOT‚ at 94 Rivington Street. By 1950, MOSCOT was settled at 118 Orchard Street, on the corner of Delancey Street, where it remains to this day.\nToday, the fourth generation Moscot siblings have reinvented what was once a neighbourhood optical shop into what is now a global lifestyle brand, beloved by fans worldwide.\nMOSCOT is a New York City institution. The label infuses its unmistakably refined, downtown aesthetic with 100 years of eyewear expertise and unparalleled craftsmanship to create its timeless eyewear.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://blog.momu.be/2016/collection/game-changers-the-conservation-of-a-balenciaga-dress/", "date": "2017-04-30T03:18:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00241-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9788205623626709, "token_count": 339, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__201072864", "lang": "en", "text": "With our newest exhibition Game Changers, MoMu wanted to tell the story of how Balenciaga and the generations after have changed the feminine silhouette from waist-obsessed to free form. To portray this liberating story, MoMu acquired the most astonishing pieces from the Balenciaga archives. But not all of them were in the greatest conditions. Thankfully, our MoMu restaurator Kim, was able to save this dress from 1967!\nOne of the key features of the dress are the red flowers on top which was in bad condition. Not only were the flowers completely out of shape but also torn and wrinkled. Traces on the flowers showed that the dress was relocated several times over the years which caused the dress to look different than how it originally was. It was impossible to display the dress as it was so with the blessing of Balenciaga Archives in Paris, we decided to properly treat and conserve it.\nBesides the flowers, the silk crêpeline underneath the flowers was also in poor condition. Kim decided to seperate the flowers and the crêpeline and support it with special material before putting it back together. The flowers were brought back into shape by using cold steam and pillows of fiberfill to support them. The torn leaves were supported by conservation tulle. After leaving the leaves in this position, the flowers were back in its original shape.The silk crêpeline and the flowers were then relocated to its original position which gave the dress once again it’s original appearance!\nGame Changers. Reinventing the 20th Century Silhouette on display at MoMu Antwerp!\nWords by Kim Verkens", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.andreaefilters.com", "date": "2024-04-20T11:12:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817576.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420091126-20240420121126-00651.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9340251684188843, "token_count": 104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130130085", "lang": "en", "text": "Andreae Filters 60th Anniversary Celebration! 🌟\nThis year, we proudly mark a milestone that speaks of dedication, innovation, and unwavering commitment to our mission. Andreae Filters is celebrating 60 glorious years!\nAs we celebrate 60 years of excellence, we express our deepest gratitude to each and every one of you who has been a part of this remarkable journey. Thank you for being part of the Andreae Filters family. Together, we'll keep pushing boundaries and soaring to new horizons.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sutherlandpipesanddrums.com/", "date": "2017-09-22T06:07:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688671.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922055805-20170922075805-00528.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9694507718086243, "token_count": 800, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__86767834", "lang": "en", "text": "The Sutherland Pipes and Drums, formed in 1965, is the culmination of a group of like minded individuals that wanted to promote the sound of the highland pipes and drums in the south eastern counties of England. Based in Corringham Essex, the concept and its practice and principles were the brainchild of one man following a chance meeting with a former Queens Own Cameron Highlander, Pipe Major Dan Macrae.\nFounder Member, former Pipe Major and now Honorary President of the Sutherland Pipes and Drums, Mr Eddie Duce met Pipe Major Dan MacRae in the early sixties whilst on holiday in Scotland and after a short conversation began a lifelong friendship that would involve Eddie travelling up to Scotland on a regular basis for chanter lessons with the Pipe Major.\nEddie, together with a few friends, formed the basis of the band you see today. Wives and partners became the hard working committee members, supporting those who played instruments in managing the engagements, uniform procurement, fundraising and publicity in much the same way the bands committee manage the bands administration today.\nRight from the beginning, key decisions were made in order to make the Sutherland Pipes and Drums unique amongst other bands that exist in the south east of England... these decisions included;\n•That we would not perform in competitions, but instead promote the sound of the pipes and drums to the public and to train our pipers and drummers with a view to strengthening this vision.\n•That the band’s March Past (regimental band tune) would be ‘The Heights of Cassino’ written by Pipe Major Dan Macrae during his military career when he was the Pipe Major of the Queens Own Cameron Highlanders at the Battle of Monte Cassino during the Second World War.\n•That we would base our principles on military bands, including the style of playing, drill and our uniform.\n•And that we would wear the 42nd Argyll and Sutherland tartan (commonly known as the Black Watch) and the Sutherland Clan badge and in doing so, request permission from the countess of Sutherland and Lord Lyon of Arms (Scotland). Permission was sought and granted and formed the basis of our band name ‘The Sutherland Pipes and drums’.\nThese decisions and the permission gained from the Countess are the basis of the Sutherland Pipes and Drums style and deportment and the band continues to strengthen and evolve as time moves on. We now have a band with a diverse range of people from many different backgrounds, male and female, who are a credit to our sound and presentation.\nOver the years, we have played in countries across Europe promoting the UK at trade fairs and ceremonial events. We have played\nfor members of our Royal family at celebrations such as the anniversary of the liberation of Brussels in 1994. As well as Armistice parades, fetes, carnivals, military tattoos the band also has the pleasure of playing at weddings , Burns nights and other formal and informal dinners and dances.\nAs well as our vision to continually improve our hard work to develop our repertoire of tunes and displays, the members of the band are a social network of like minded friends who enjoy each other’s company and regularly meet on a social as well as professional level.\nThe Sutherland Pipes and Drums continue to welcome new members into their ranks and are as proud today as they were in 1965\nto wear the uniform and display the crest of the Sutherland Clan..Its motto ‘Sans Peur’ which translates to ‘Without Fear’ is known\nand adopted by each band member. Although we do not go into battle, we strive to adopt the proud traditions of the Scots Guards by presenting ourselves with professionalism and excellence when we turn out to play in front of the Great British, and indeed the European public.\nCopyright Sutherland Pipes and Drums 2014, Corringham, Essex", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://2019-2020.joululinntartu.ee/en/declaration-of-christmas-peace/", "date": "2023-09-26T03:27:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00465.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9580721259117126, "token_count": 246, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__222068326", "lang": "en", "text": "Declaration of Christmas peace\nMidday – Declaration of Christmas peace\nDeclaring Christmas peace is one of the loveliest and oldest Scandinavian Christmas traditions.\nIt dates back to the 17th century, to the rule of Sweden’s Queen Christina, when a special peace was declared even during the saddest and darkest of situations. The peace was usually declared by the mayor or town secretary during the first few minutes before and after noon on Christmas Eve. In Estonia, the custom was reinstated upon regaining independence.\nIn Tartu, Christmas peace is declared at 12:00 on 24 December by Mayor Urmas Klaas and Joel Luhamets, the bishop of the southern region of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church on Town Hall Square.\nSanta Jolle and his dear wife Asti will be assisting them on Town Hall Square during this busy day.\nSpirits will be kept high by Wind Orchestra Tartu, led by conductor Margus Kasemaa.\nMaitseelamuse Koda will be lighting their cooking fires and offering always delicious Christmas soup at 11:00 in the Village of Light.\nWe very much look forward to seeing you there! Happy holidays!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.jmfuchs.com/wedding/events.html", "date": "2021-02-25T21:25:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355937.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225211435-20210226001435-00221.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9301155209541321, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__10252259", "lang": "en", "text": "The Rehearsal Dinner will be held Friday night, December 9, 2005 at 7:30 PM. Dinner will be at the historic site of the old Central Firehouse in Bloomington, now known as Central Station Cafe.\nCentral Station Cafe\n220 East Front Street\nBloomington, IL 61701\nTwo bridal showers have been thrown for Sammi during the month of November. On November 12th, Jen Dawson & Theresa Kotte hosted a party at the Kotte home in Hudson. On November 19th Amy Cottongim, Elise Dawson & Joy Dawson hosted a party at Maggiano's in Oak Brook. We would like to thank those that were able to attend the showers, and extend a special thank you to the hostesses for creating such a warm and fun atmosphere.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hexratedpodcast.com/uncoven-issue-20", "date": "2022-05-17T23:40:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520936.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517225809-20220518015809-00151.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9369171857833862, "token_count": 1821, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__4463180", "lang": "en", "text": "Alright y’all lovely witches, we’re taking it back a bit, back to my original column in the newsletter, back to the runes. Lately I’ve been busy being a working mother of two beautiful nearly ten month old baby girls and my practice has slipped through my fingers a bit. I know, you’re like Lily, get your shit together. I’m trying! So to begin this journey of getting my magical shit back together, I’m going back to the runes, back to where my spiritual journey didn’t begin, but where it began to solidify in my adulthood.\nFuck, wait. Adulthood? Damnit, y’all. As my mother pointed out the other day, I’m now a nearly 30 year old mother of two with a mortgage and multiple retirement funds. When the fuck did that happen?\nAs many do, on my runic journey so to speak, I started off reading Ralph Blum’s Book of Runes, a book I wouldn’t really recommend these days as the text left me unsatisfied. I wanted more. Where did the runes come from? Who used them? How do we know their meanings? In my research I was led then to the history of the European runes and to the rune poems.\nIf y’all have listened to me rant and rave before then you know that the Elder Futhark is the oldest of the rune alphabets and can be found on artifacts dating from the 2nd to the 8th century. The futhark consists of 24 letters often broken up into three sets of eight called Aetts- old Norse for Clan (Byock) and is thought to have originated from Old Italic scripts: maybe Etruscan or Latin. Some early estimates put the Futhark at 100 BCE while late estimates theorize that the Futhark was developed around 100 CE. Scholars believe the Elder Futhark was created by one person or a small group of people who came into contact with the Roman army. It is generally agreed that the Futhark was developed directly due to Roman influence. One theory suggests the alphabet was created by the Goths (“Britannica”).\nA small note: The Viking age in Europe lasted from the late 8th century into the 11th century. The Elder Futhark pre-dates this era.\nSo if we aren’t 100% sure on the origins of the futhark, what do we know? Well, we think we know the order of the Elder Futhark thanks to the Kylver Stone, a flat limestone dating to the 5th century which was found in 1903 near a farm in Kylver, Gotland, Sweden during the excavation of a cemetery. The stone was originally found laying down, as it had been used to seal a grave, and when flipped was found to be inscribed with the (we think?) complete Elder Futhark (“Britannica”).\nThe runes are also discussed in the Poetic Eddas, specifically in the Hovamol, a gnomic collection of poems, where Odin explains how he gained knowledge of the runes. Stanzas 139-146 are the Runatal, Odin’s Rune Song. Henry Adam Bellows believed parts of this poem to be remnants of an ancient oral tradition, but the only surviving copy is in the 13th century Codex Regius.\nBelow is Odin’s description of his trial to gain knowledge of the runes.\n“I ween I hung on the windy tree,\nHung there for nights full nine;\nWith the spear I was wounded, and offered I was\nTo Othin, mysef to myself,\nOn the tree that none may ever know\nWhat root beneath it runs.\nNone made me happy with loaf or horn,\nAnd there below I looked;\nI took up the runes, shrieking I took them,\nAnd forthwith back I fell.” (Bellows)\nNow what really struck me during my research is that there is currently no evidence to conclusively suggest that the runes were ever used for divination. During the Sigrdrifumol in which Brynhild the Valkyrie is found by the hero Sigurth, she teaches Sigurth the magic runes (Bellows). So clearly the runes were thought to have magical uses, but are not attested as having divinatory uses.\nSigrdrifumol stanzas 6-12\n“Winning-runes learn, if thou longest to win,\nAnd the runes on thy sword-hilt write;\nSome on the furrow, and some on the flat,\nAnd twice shalt thou call on Tyr.\nAle-runes learn, that with lies the wife\nOf another betray not thy trust;\nOn the horn thou shalt write, and the backs of thy hands,\nAnd Need shalt mark on thy nails.\nThou shalt bless the draught, and danger escape,\nAnd cast a leek in the cup;\n(For so I know thou never shalt see Thy mead with evil mixed.)\nWave-runes learn, if well thou wouldst shelter\nThe sail-steeds out on the sea;\nOn the stem shalt thou write, and the steering blade,\nAnd burn them into the oars;\nThough high be the breakers, and black the waves,\nThou shalt safe the harbor seek.\nBirth-runes learn, if help thou wilt lend,\nThe babe from the mother to bring;\nOn thy palms shalt write them, and round thy joints,\nAnd ask the fates to aid.\nBranch-runes learn, if a healer wouldst be,\nAnd cure for wounds wouldst work;\nOn the bark shalt thou write, and on trees that be\nWith boughs to the eastward bent.\nSpeech-runes learn, that none may seek\nTo answer harm with hate;\nWell he winds and weaves them all,\nAnd sets them side by side,\nAt the judgment-place, when justice there\nThe folk shall fairly win.\nThought-runes learn, if all shall think\nThou art keenest minded of men.” (Bellows)\nSo the runes for divination seem, to me, to be a pretty modern concept. The Futhark originally was an esoteric alphabet.\nOh, did I mention we don’t know the names of the Elder Futhark? WELL WE DON’T. OR. WE KINDA DO? The rune names of the Elder Futhark have been lost, but scholars have reconstructed the names based on attestations in the three runic poems which contain the younger rune alphabets (Anglo-Saxon Futhorc 5th-12th Century CE and the Younger Futhark 9th-12th Century CE). Now, that doesn’t means researchers are pulling shit outta their asses (I think), they have meticulously reconstructed the names we know the runes by today from these younger futharks as well as the gothic alphabet.\nThe Anglo-Saxon Futhorc and Younger Futhark are preserved in three poems: the Norwegian Poem, the Icelandic Poem, and the Anglo-Saxon Poem and are theorized to have been mnemonic devices to remember not only the rune names, but culturally important information (Acker).\nIf you’re setting off on a runic journey, I strongly encourage you to read these poems yourself and meditate on the runes. By exploring these poems I crafted my own meaning for the runes of the Elder Futhark. Because I’m not a scholar and I’m allowed to make shit up (I’m not really making it up) as long as I don’t try to pass it off as fakelore.\nBecause fakelore is bullshit. Literally.\nAcker, Paul. Revising Oral Theory: Formulaic Composition in Old English and Old Icelandic Verse. Routledge, 1998. Print.\nBellows, Henry Adams. The Poetic Edda: The Heroic Poems. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2007. Print.\nByock, Jesse L. Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas. San Bernardino, CA: Jules William, 2013. Print.\n“Kylver Stone | Runic Stone, Sweden.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.\n“Runic Alphabet | Writing System.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://wjlcompanies.com/about-wjl/", "date": "2016-05-31T21:43:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053209501.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012649-00132-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9003705382347107, "token_count": 100, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-22__0__12767525", "lang": "en", "text": "WJL Companies is owned and operated by local St. Louis entrepreneur William J. Liebermann. Focusing primarily on the South City area, WJL Companies works to transform historical buildings that might otherwise be forgotten. Upon renovation, we work to maintain the unique character that Cherokee Street beholds by aiming toward people that reflect and enhance this great neighborhood.\nPlease fill out this form to contact us about any of our posted properties.\n1105 Buck Avenue\nSaint Louis, Missouri 63117", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://golffrontier.com/People/US/FL/Arnold_Palmer.aspx?RelPage=6", "date": "2020-08-15T08:39:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00066.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9833695292472839, "token_count": 245, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__17031585", "lang": "en", "text": "Arnold Daniel Palmer (born September 10, 1929) is an American golfer who is generally regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of men's professional golf. He has won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour, dating back to 1955. Nicknamed \"The King,\" he is one of golf's most popular stars and its most important trailblazer because he was the first star of the sport's television age, which began in the 1950s. Palmer has had a diverse golf related business career including owning \"Arnold Palmer's Bay Hill Club and Lodge\", which is the venue for the PGA Tour's Arnold Palmer Invitational (renamed from the Bay Hill Invitational effective 2007), helping to found The Golf Channel, and negotiating the deal to build the first golf course in the People's Republic of China. This led to the formation of Palmer Course Design in 1972, which was renamed Arnold Palmer Design Company when the company moved to Orlando Florida in 2006. Since 1971 he has owned Latrobe Country Club, where his father used to be the club professional. Palmer's ability to win with boldness and charisma was the single biggest factor in the game's explosive growth after 1960.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://defence.nt.gov.au/community", "date": "2021-05-16T04:48:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989690.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516044552-20210516074552-00616.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9533630013465881, "token_count": 586, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__147957541", "lang": "en", "text": "The Territory offers a dynamic and progressive culture and contemporary tropical lifestyle in Northern Australia, the gateway to Asia.\nDarwin is a modern city with amenities, activities and entertainment comparable to larger Australian cities.\nTo find out more about living and working in the Territory, including information on health and education facilities, housing, job opportunities and travelling to and from the Territory, go to The Territory website.\nThe Australian Defence Force has a long and respected history in the Northern Territory. Defence personnel and their families are welcomed in the Territory and have a supportive presence from Defence Families Australia. For more information go to the Defence Community Hub website.\nVictory in the Pacific Day, also referred to as VJ (Victory over Japan) Day, commemorates Japan’s unconditional surrender to the allies on 15 August 1945. For Australians, it meant that the Second World War was finally over. While Victory in Europe was declared in May 1945, fighting in the Pacific region continued until August 1945. The Territory was a vital asset in the defence against the Japanese in World War II (WWII) and Darwin was the target of more than 64 air raids from 19 February 1942 to November 1943. More than 17,000 Australians lost their lives in the war against Japan.\nAs a result of the prolonged conflict, there are many incredible heritage sites in and around Darwin, and indeed through the Territory, including ammunition bunkers, gun emplacements, airfields, oil storage tunnels, explosives stores and watch towers.\nDarwin and the northern half of the Northern Territory were at the front-line during WWII - particularly the bombing of Darwin during the Battle for Northern Australia. As a strategic allied military base, Darwin was the target of Japanese air raids in February 1942, with more bombs dropped on the city than on Pearl Harbor. Savage air raids continued to rain across the Top End during WWII, leading to a repositioning of armed forces in the Darwin region. This was the first attack by a foreign power on the mainland of Australia. Victory in the Pacific marked the end to the Territory’s involvement in WWII. This video provides an overview of the events that took place.\nThe Northern Territory played a significant role in the lead up to the Victory in the Pacific. An education package has been created to provide an understanding of the Territory’s involvement in WWII and the sacrifices residents of the Top End endured during these times. For information regarding the educational package please call Defence and Veterans Engagement on 08 8999 7520.\nVeteran support organisations and services in the Northern Territory include:\n3 Tybell Street\nWinnellie NT 0820\nPhone: 08 8935 7900\nUnit 1 Winnellie Central\nCorner Hickman Street and Winnellie Road\nWinnellie NT 0820\nPhone: 1800 011 046\n135 Bees Creek Road\nBees Creek NT 0822", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ec2-18-219-24-49.us-east-2.compute.amazonaws.com/podcasts/how-historys-mistakes-guide-todays-leaders", "date": "2023-01-31T17:48:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131154832-20230131184832-00514.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9651665091514587, "token_count": 115, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__208117288", "lang": "en", "text": "An administration tends to take on the coloration of the character of the leader.\nHistorian Jon Meacham has written extensively about the presidency, with acclaimed books on Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Franklin Roosevelt, and most recently, George H. W. Bush. What does his research into these presidents suggest about the nature of the office? What might we learn from the past about the current state of politics, the White House, and perhaps more broadly, democracy in America? He speaks with John Dickerson, co-host of \"CBS This Morning.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ctnursinghomeabuse.com/on-this-day-in-2001-the-patriot-act-went-into-effect-the-patriot-act-signifi/", "date": "2020-05-29T03:02:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401260.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529023731-20200529053731-00386.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9677411913871765, "token_count": 132, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__75162072", "lang": "en", "text": "On this day in 2001, the Patriot Act went into effect. 🇺🇸\nThe Patriot Act significantly increased the surveillance and search powers of federal intelligence agencies and law enforcement.\nMany find the Patriot Act to be controversial. Some appreciate the added security that the Patriot Act is meant to establish following the events of September 11th. However, many feel that the Patriot Act infringes on the rights of American citizens.\nWhat do you think of the Patriot Act? Talk with an elderly loved one today to learn what they think. Your grandparents and other elderly loved ones have seen many changes in this country. What do they think of this one?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lakedillontheatre.org/about-us/", "date": "2022-11-30T07:56:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00709.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9550095200538635, "token_count": 261, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__123180558", "lang": "en", "text": "Incorporated March 10, 1993, the Lake Dillon Theatre Company (LDTC) was founded to raise funds for a capital expansion project for the Lake Dillon Amphitheater and subsequently produce a free summer concert series now known as the Sunset at the Summit Concert Series. After a successful capital campaign, the organization expanded to include a chamber concert series, a youth educational series now called the Youth Theatre Workshop, and an amateur theater company now operating as a professional, regional theatre.\nIn 1995, the LDTC moved into an historic building built in 1899 that once served as Dillon Town Hall. The LDTC added a lobby, a workshop, and lighting booth. In 2002, the LDTC hired its first full-time employee, an Artistic/Executive Director. Fundraising efforts in 2003 enabled the company to expand its lobby and lighting booth, upgrade audience bathroom facilities, and add office space, a dressing room and a green room.\nIn the last decade, the LDTC has grown from a seasonal community theatre to a financially and artistically successful year-round professional theatre company. The LDTC season pass holder and donor bases increased almost 500% from 2006 to 2014. Through ongoing partnerships with The Summit Foundation, the LDTC is the most visible and patronized year round arts organization in Summit County.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www3.webseriesclub.com/2022/02/pawankhind-marathi-movie-download/", "date": "2022-07-03T00:05:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104205534.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702222819-20220703012819-00682.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9414977431297302, "token_count": 315, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__21156672", "lang": "en", "text": "Movie Name: Pavankhind\nDirected By: Digpal Lanjekar\nRelease Date: 18 February 2022\nSize: 400 Mb\nPawankhind is a 2022 Indian Marathi-language historical drama film directed by Digpal Lanjekar and produced under the banner of Almonds Creations in association with A A Films. The film based on the life of Maratha warrior, Baji Prabhu Deshpande, stars Chinmay Mandlekar, Mrinal Kulkarni, Ajay Purkar, Sameer Dharmadhikari, along with Ankit Mohan, Prajakta Mali and Kshitee Jog in supporting roles. Pawankhind – Wikipedia\nThe film, which was delayed due to the pandemic, is based on one of the most famous incidents from Maratha history – the Battle of Pavan Khind.\nAt the outset, the makers make it clear that this is not a complete documentation of the battle, its prelude or aftermath, but a cinematic recreation meant to showcase the bravery of the Marathas involved in this battle. So, there are cinematic liberties taken in this retelling, but the crux of the story is maintained.\nThe story about the Battle of Pavan Khind (earlier known as Ghod Khind) and the bravery displayed by Bajiprabhu Deshpande and the Bandal army of 600 against the Siddhi Masud and the soldiers of the Adilshahi Sultanate is well known across Maharashtra.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.360internationalblog.com/2023/02/14/marvel-and-football-run-the-world/", "date": "2023-09-28T00:37:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00748.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9674504995346069, "token_count": 545, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__271610910", "lang": "en", "text": "Kids wear Marvel clothes. Adults wear football shirts.\nArsenal and Liverpool are the most popular teams here in Thailand; their shirts are everywhere. The presence of Marvel is also seen here; kids tend to love Spider-Man and Captain America. Being here reinforced to me how big and popular these brands are. They’re seen on billboards and in advertisements, and their products are sold at markets. As a huge fan of both, I’ve been lucky enough to pick up some football jerseys at the local markets. But I’m still on the lookout for a Spider-Man tracksuit…… hahaha ?\nThe love for the Premier League is enforced by the TV in the corner of our workplace. Our friend Tee is a Chelsea fan; his favourite player is Drogba, so he’s had Drogba highlights running for the last three weeks\nAyutthaya and Wat Muang\nLast weekend, I had the opportunity to visit Ayutthaya, a city in Thailand with a rich cultural heritage. I was particularly excited to visit Wat Muang, one of the largest temples in the country and home to the world’s tallest statue of a sitting Buddha.\nAs I arrived in Ayutthaya, I was struck by the city’s ancient architecture and beautiful temples. The city was the former capital of the Kingdom of Siam and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site. I quickly made my way to Wat Muang, which is located about 30 kilometers from the city center.\nAs I approached the temple, I was in awe of the enormous statue of the sitting Buddha, which stands over 92 meters tall. It was truly a sight to behold, and I was grateful for the opportunity to see such a magnificent work of art. I spent some time exploring the temple grounds, admiring the intricate carvings and beautiful gardens.\nAfter my visit to Wat Muang, I returned to the city center to explore some of Ayutthaya’s other temples and historical sites. I visited Wat Phra Si Sanphet, which was the holiest temple in the city during the reign of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. I also saw the iconic Buddha head entwined in tree roots at Wat Mahathat, which is one of the most photographed sites in Ayutthaya.\nOverall, my trip to Ayutthaya and Wat Muang was a wonderful experience. I was able to learn more about the history and culture of Thailand, and I was amazed by the beautiful temples and statues that I saw. I would highly recommend this trip to anyone who is interested in exploring the country’s rich cultural heritage.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://lakeerieislandswildlife.com/about-2/", "date": "2019-03-24T09:45:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203409.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324083551-20190324105551-00270.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9765879511833191, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__10520301", "lang": "en", "text": "The Lake Erie Islands Nature & Wildlife Center was started by Stan and Joanna Wulkowicz who were school teachers in Anchorage, Alaska for many years. Stan taught biology and was an avid hunter who took up taxidermy as a hobby. He used his stuffed animals in his classroom to teach the students about Alaskan wildlife. Over time his collection of Alaskan birds and other wildlife grew. In retirement, Stan and Joanna decided to return to Put-in-Bay, where Stan had grown up, to build a wildlife museum. The Alaskan Birdhouse Museum opened in 1993 and was a favorite destination for both the local community and school groups. The museum closed in 2003 and the Wulkowicz’s generously offered to donate the museum and its contents if the LEIC-BSC would be willing to purchase and preserve the wooded portion of the property. The Lake Erie Islands chapter of the Black Swamp Conservancy and the Lake Erie Islands Historical Society joined forces to purchase the property, building, and woods in 2008. In 2012 we became an independent non-profit organization giving interpretative guided tours and doing a variety of outdoor education and outreach programs on the islands.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mmbdconf.org/FieldVisit", "date": "2023-02-06T13:10:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500339.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206113934-20230206143934-00739.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9223430156707764, "token_count": 405, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__186075144", "lang": "en", "text": "Tentative Schedule*09:00 Depart from Koreana Hotel\n09:30-12:30 Visit Gyeongbokgung Palace\n12:30-13:30 Lunch at Lotte World\n14:00-16:30 Explore Namsan Mountain\n16:30-17:00 Back to Koreana Hotel\n*Note: the field visit will be arranged according to the prevention and control requirements for global pandemic of COVID-19 by the local government at that time.\nFinal confirmed schedule would be updated one month ahead of the conference dates.\nGyeongbokgung Palace- The first royal palace built during the Joseon dynasty\nThe Palace was named Gyeongbokgung Palace, the \"Palace Greatly Blessed by Heaven\" in 1395, three years after the Joseon Dynasty was founded by King Taejo (Yi Seong-gye), when the construction of the main royal Palace was completed after the capital of the newly founded dynasty moved from Gaeseong to Seoul (then known as Hanyang). With Mount Bugaksan to its rear and Mount Namsan in the foreground, the site of Gyeongbokgung Palace was at the heart of Seoul and, indeed, deemed auspicious according to the traditional practice of geomancy. In front of Gwanghwamun Gate, the main entrance to the Palace, ran Yukjo-geori (Street of Six Ministries, today's Sejongno), home to major government offices. Along the central axis upon which Gwanghwamun Gate stood was the nucleus of the Palace, including the throne hall, council hall and king's residence. The government ministry district and main buildings of Gyeongbokgung Palace formed the heart of the capital city of Seoul and represented the sovereignty of the Joseon Dynasty.\nNamsan Mountain- One of the most popular ways to see Seoul's skyline", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://dert2016.co.uk/", "date": "2019-12-16T07:13:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541318556.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216065654-20191216093654-00270.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9755528569221497, "token_count": 1166, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__155139019", "lang": "en", "text": "Dancing England Rapper Tournament\nThe Dancing England Rapper Tournament, also referred to as DERT, is a major competition in which teams compete by performing a style of folk dance using short flexible swords referred to as rappers. The annual Tournament is organised by the Sword Dance Union.\nAbsolute certainty and fine detail about the origins of rapper dancing is lacking, but there is some accumulated and largely accepted information available.\nDances utilising rigid swords were in proliferation throughout Europe in the 18th century. The Rapper Dance is largely believed to have developed in England’s Northumbria. The precise date at which the dance appeared in its modern form is not known, but it believed that by the late 18th century there were dances that contained many elements of the Rapper Dance. The Rapper itself is thought to have been in use by around 1820, a flexible sword that allowed dancers to bend them and fully integrate them into their dance.\nThe Rapper Dance is very closely associated with the mining industry in Northumbria, and early dance teams were formed by miners, the rapper dance joining other old folk customs.\nThe actual dance routine is fast and involves five people. The dancers hold the rapper swords which have handles at either end, thus connecting the dancers. At the start of the routine dancers hold a sword in their right hand before taking the free handle at the end of another dancer’s sword in their left hand.\nThroughout the dance the dancers remain connected to each other through the flexible swords unless it is to form a dramatic shape. The dance can be very energetic, sometimes involving somersaults or other impressive gymnastics with the dancers weaving in and out of the group whilst still holding onto the swords.\nThe dance can also involve energetic ‘jigging’ reminiscent of the style of traditional clog dancing in the Northumberland and Durham areas.\nDancers wear shoes with hard soles that allow them to make rhythmic noises in the same way that traditional clog or tap dancing does.\nRapper dancing is accompanied by lively, fast-paced music in the folk tradition played on traditional instruments such as the fiddle, accordion and tin whistle.\nIn addition to the five dancers, rapper dances can also involve the use of two other characters, traditionally known as ‘Betty’ and ‘Tommy’, who interact with the audience and are usually played by someone of the opposite gender to the character.\nBecause of the close formation the dancers keep, rapper dancing is very suited to indoor venues such as public houses, although rapper dancing is also to be seen in outside settings at events with other traditional dancing such as Morris.\nToday’s rappers are tailor-made for the purpose of the dance. In earlier times miners would fashion rappers from old mining tools, saws or other implements as they could not afford to have them specially made.\nThe rapper is a short length of flattened flexible steel with a wooden handle at either end. These handles rotate to assist the dancers in performing their complex dance moves without letting go of the handles they hold which would break the physical connection between them.\nWhilst the rapper ‘sword’ is in reality a piece of unsharpened flexible steel, because of the hectic pace and energetic movements involved in the dance there still remains an element of risk. Rapper dancers need to be extremely agile and perform with precision and accurate timing in order to avoid potential injury.\nTraditionally, rapper dancers were miners and therefore they were not wealthy enough to be able to afford to have special costumes made. They wore white shirts and knee-length working trousers known as ‘hoggers’. Ribbons and other decorative materials were attached to the shirts and a sash of a brightly coloured material was usually worn around the waist. This is the costume that has now been largely adopted for modern rapper dancing.\nThe use of different coloured decorative materials allows a rapper dance team to create its own variant of the accepted modern day costume.\nIn the nineteenth century rapper dance groups would visit the towns of Durham, Sunderland and Newcastle Upon Tyne where they would perform for the public, sometimes asking for monetary reward. By the early twentieth century rapper dancing had become a rarity but it became a way of supplementing income during the strikes and redundancies of the Great Depression during the 1930s.\nAfter World War I rapper dancing saw a revival with the villages where mining pits were located competing with each other in rapper dance contests that were part of the North of England Musical Tournament in Newcastle Upon Tyne. Following World War II the tradition went into another decline until it was revived by students of what is now the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. From there the rapper dance moved beyond the local area and steadily grew in popularity.\nThe annual Dance England Rapper Tournament attracts visitors from around the world and is held across the country at a different location each year.\nThere is also a Dance America Rapper Tournament, based upon DERT, with the first having been held in Boston in 2010.\nRapper dancing has enjoyed a renaissance over the past few decades and it is now performed across the world. As a traditional form of folk dance Rapper dancing has become firmly based in the world of folk arts.\nAlthough rapper dances were traditionally performed by male miners, there are now a number of teams consisting of female dancers.\nWith its lively music and intricate and demanding physical movement, rapper dancing continues to draw audiences across the world. A familiar event at many folk and other festivals, rapper dancing is firmly placed in the folk scene. It is as relevant as other traditional dance forms such as Morris, recalling an age long past and living through dedicated exponents who keep its rich heritage alive.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.roamingpirates.com/top-10-things-to-do-in-udaipur/", "date": "2019-04-22T04:58:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578534596.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422035654-20190422061544-00076.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9389975666999817, "token_count": 2854, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__13488134", "lang": "en", "text": "Top 10 Things To Do In Udaipur – The City of Lakes\nUdaipur, also known as the ‘Venice of East’, is a beautiful city of lakes in the state of Rajasthan. The shimmering waters of huge lakes surrounded by majestic Aravalli Hills with sunset at the backdrops make Udaipur an ultimate romantic destination. The city is like an oasis on the dry heart of Rajasthan. The scenic beauty and romantic settings of the city makes it a heaven for movie shooting. Udaipur has attracted many movie directors over a period of time. A lot of Hindi and English movies have been shot here including Guide, Mera Saaya, Octopussy, Dhamaal, Ram-Leela and Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani. Being the historical capital of the Kingdom of Mewar, the city has a rich history and culture. The magnificent Rajput-era palaces narrate the tales of bravery and grandeur. Rajasthan is known for its hospitality and Udaipur is no exception. The unmatched royal treatment, heart-warming hospitality and the old-world feel of its heritage hotels will make you feel like a king. Whether you take a thrilling motor boat ride on the restless waters of the vast lakes, or enjoy the tranquil camel ride along the waterfront area, or explore its glorious fort palaces and bustling colourful markets, Udaipur gives you a very promising experience. If you have ample time on your holiday, explore the city at your own pace and you will discover a lot of hidden gems. For your small time-bound trips, here is a list of the 10 must-visit places in Udaipur.\n1. City Palace\nThe City Palace of Udaipur is the personification of magnificence and grandeur. It is a colossal complex of 11 palaces, courtyards, pavilions, and gardens that are skilfully interlinked through numerous quadrangles and zigzag corridors. This was done to avoid surprise enemy attacks. The palace was originally built by Maharana Udai Singh II in 1559, and then by his successors over a period of 400 years. The entire complex belongs to the Mewar royal family and a part of it is still a home to them. Built on an uneven hill on the east bank of Lake Pichola, the palace offers a breath-taking view of the city and its important landmarks. City Palace is a beautiful museum that gives you an insight into the royal lifestyle of the kings. Admire the royal dresses, silver utensils, silver jewellery, antique weapons, intriguing artefacts and descriptive paintings of the palace that will transport you to a fascinating imperial era of the Rajput Dynasty. Massive entry gates, wooden carved doors, stain glass windows, intricate peacock mosaics, delicate mirror work and splendid stone carvings of the palace exhibit a rich blend of Rajasthani and Mughal architecture. Walk through the galleries displaying the statue of much revered king and warrior, Maharana Pratap, his sword and other belongings, as well as the paintings displaying the battle of Haldi Ghati. Hiring a guide at the City Palace is advisable. Lastly, do not miss the one hour light and sound show that takes place every evening at the City Palace. The show describes the regal history of Mewar.\n2. Monsoon Palace\nThe ‘Monsoon Palace’ or the ‘Sajjangarh Palace’ is a hilltop palace. Located at a distance of 10 kilometre from Udaipur city, it is perched on top of the Basandra Mountain Peak at about 944-metre above the sea level. Built in the 19th century by the 72nd ruler of Mewar, Maharana Sajjan Singh, the palace had an astronomical purpose to watch the progress of monsoon clouds. It was also used as a summer retreat and a hunting lodge for Mewar kings. Being the highest palace in Udaipur, it offers spectacular panoramic views of the city and the magnificent lake Pichola. The sunset view from the terraces of Sajjangarh Palace is a sight to behold.\n3. Nehru Park\nNehru Park is a beautiful island garden situated in the middle of Fateh Sagar Lake. Enjoy a refreshing motorboat ride on the blue waters of the lake to reach the picturesque park. Spend your leisure time exploring the park’s beautiful garden with a lily pond, a small zoo and a pyramid shaped water jet fountain. Check out the Udaipur’s Solar Observatory situated on the Island. Wear the traditional dress of Rajasthan and get yourself clicked at a minimal cost. Dine at the boat shaped cafe near the park and taste some local cuisines. Get a panoramic view of the spectacular Aravalli hills and click lots of pictures. Or simply sit and relax by the lake side and enjoy the tranquility of the place.\n4. Jag Mandir Palace\n‘Jag Mandir’, also known as the ‘Lake Garden Palace’ is a magnificent piece of architecture. It is a 17th century palace situated amid the grand Lake Pichola. The credit for the construction of this captivating palace goes to the three Maharanas of Mewar Kingdom – Maharana Amar Singh, Maharana Karan Singh and Maharana Jagat Singh. Jag Mandir Palace was used as a summer resort for the royal family. Currently, lavish parties are hosted here by the current Maharana, and the place is also rented for private parties. Explore the various sections of the palace where royalty once resided. Each of them tell fascinating tales of antiquity. The beautiful Islamic architecture of ‘Gul Mahal’ catches the major attention. This was tastefully built by Maharana Karan Singh to provide refuge to the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his family for several years. The floor of the courtyard is covered with black and white tiles, fountains, water pools and crisscross walkways. There is a ‘Barah Patharon Ka Mahal’ or the palace of twelve stones that was constructed out of twelve solid marble slabs. ‘Zenana Mahal’ is a cluster of chambers that was once dedicated to the royal ladies. ‘Kunwar Pada Ka Mahal’ was meant for the Crown Prince of the kingdom. Venture into the beautiful gardens of Jag Mandir adorned with moss rose, jasmine, frangipani, bougainvillea and huge palm trees. Another awe-inspiring attraction is the eight life-sized elephants carved in white marble facing the lake, giving an impression of guarding the palace. Also, dine at the Darikhana Restaurant and treat your taste buds with some lip smacking flavours of Rajasthan. With its historical significance and supreme beauty, Jag Mandir Palace is a must-visit.\nSaheliyon-Ki-Bari or the ‘Garden of the Maidens’ is a beautiful garden located on the banks of Fateh Sagar Lake. It was built in the 18th century by Maharana Sangram Singh as a gift to his beloved queen and her 48 maid attendants who accompanied her as a part of the dowry. The queen and her maid attendants used to spend their leisure time here. The garden is a remarkable work of architecture. Embellished with delightful lotus pool, flowerbeds, bird fountains, lush green lawns, mighty marble elephants and kiosks, it offers a romantic ambience and a green retreat amid the dry land of Rajasthan. The main attraction of Saheliyon-Ki-Bari is the intriguing rain fountain called ‘Bin Badal Barsaat’ or ‘Rain Without Clouds’ that was built by Maharana Bhupal Singh for his favourite daughter. Its rain-like showers run without electricity. The garden also has a historical significance with its museum exhibiting huge collections of royal households and ancient pictures.\n6. ‘Bangore Ki Haveli’ Museum\n‘Bangore Ki Haveli’ is a historic building transformed into a museum. Built in the 18th century by the chief minister of Mewar, the haveli stands proudly at the Gangaur Ghat of Lake Pichola. There are more than hundred rooms that exhibit the rich culture and history of Mewar. Venture into the huge courtyards, decorated archways, well-arranged balconies and Jharokhas, artistic cupolas and a unique fountain. Explore the private quarters of the royal ladies, their living rooms, dressing rooms, worship rooms and so on. Admire the mural paintings, mirror work and the glass inlay work used to decorate the haveli. Trace the royal lifestyle of the kings with an amusing display of their exclusive stuff such as, dice-games, jewellery boxes, hookahs, pan boxes, copper vessels etc. Bangore Ki Haveli is also a cultural centre. In the evening, you can enjoy various cultural performances like, Puppet Show and Rajasthani folk dances with traditional music. It is a perfect place to discover the depths of royal culture of Mewar.\n7. Vintage Car Museum\nThe elite lifestyle of the royal family is opulently displayed in their collection of rare vehicles at the Vintage Car Museum in Udaipur. The museum houses around 22 antique vehicles including luxury cars, convertibles and solar rickshaws. The rare collection of the museum includes Rolls Royce, 1939 Cadillac open convertibles, 1936 Vauxhall and rare Mercedes models. Although most of these cars are over seventy years old, they are well maintained and still in working condition. Some of them are still used by the royal family of Udaipur who own the museum. This place is a car-lover’s paradise. Take a 45-minute tour of the museum and click your favourite memories. For a grand overall experience, dine at the Garden hotel restaurant and enjoy the sumptuous vegetarian Rajasthani thali.\n8. Khumbalgarh Fort\nKhumbalgarh Fort is the second important fort of the Mewar Dynasty after Chittaurgarh. Situated on a hilltop at around 1100-metres above the sea level on the Aravalli range, this fort is a must visit for history lovers. Khumbalgarh, in its current form, was built in the 15th century by Maharana Khumba, who was the father of the great warrior of Mewar, Maharana Pratap. This fort is also the birth place of Maharana Pratap. The grand structure includes seven massive gates, seven barricades, huge watch towers, grand cannons, numerous palaces and gardens, and over 360 Hindu and Jain temples. There is a most notable ‘Lakhola Tank’ inside the fort which is 60 ft. deep. The tank was once used for purified water storage. You will be amazed to discover the ancient water purification procedures. Kumbalgarh has 36-kilometer extended perimeter wall also known as the ‘The Great Wall of India’. It is the second longest wall in the world after ‘The Great Wall of China’. Discover the beautiful palace at the top of the fort, also known as ‘Badal Mahal’ or the palace of cloud that offers the panoramic view of the down town. Admire the captivating colour combinations of its lovely rooms. Spend a pleasurable evening exploring the ancient remnants of the royal era of Mewar. Hiring a guide is recommended.\n9. Eklingji Shiva Temple\nEklingji is a famous Hindu temple complex located in the town of Kailashpuri. The origin of the temple dates to 734 A.D. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, the ruling deity of Mewar. The complex includes 108 temples made of marble and granite. Lord Shiva is worshipped here in the form of five-faced lingam made of black marble. The five faces depict five forms of Lord Shiva – East-facing part is Lord Surya, West-facing Lord Brahma, North-facing Lord Vishnu, South-facing Lord Rudra and the upraised top is Sadashiva with Amba, his wife. This place is revered as the spiritual capital of Mewar. Eklingji is also famous for its magnificent architecture. Check out the pyramidal style roofs, distinctively carved towers, huge pillared halls, heavy silver doors and carvings done on the walls. You will also find some damaged sculptors of the deities that are the remains of the damage done during Aurangzeb’s rule. Overall, the temple provides a spiritual as well as an aesthetic experience.\n10. Ranakpur Jain Temple\nLocated at a distance of 95 kilometers in the north of Udaipur city, Ranakpur Jain temple is an awe-inspiring grand structure of the 15th century. It is dedicated to Adinath, the first Tirthankar of the Jains. Constructed in light-coloured marble, it covers an area of 48000 sq. feet with more than 1400 exquisitely carved huge pillars supporting the temple. The splendid architecture of the temple is a masterpiece. Check out the geometric patterns on the ceilings, engraved windows, elevated spires, foliate scrollwork, huge elephant structures, two massive bells – each weighing around 108 kilograms, engraved nymphs playing the flute, and figure of Lord Surya driven in his seven-horsed chariot. This artistic temple with its religious significance and appealing beauty is a must-visit place in Udaipur.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gunner777.wordpress.com/2007/11/12/sw-model-27-357-magnum/", "date": "2017-04-24T13:13:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119361.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00313-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.978739321231842, "token_count": 964, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__34775252", "lang": "en", "text": "S&W Model 27 357 Magnum\nNovember 12, 2007\nS&W Model 27 8 3/8th inch barrel made in 1958\nThe S&W Model 27 is the original .357 Magnum revolver and was first produced in 1935; production ceased in the 1990s. The Model 27 was built on Smith and Wesson’s carbon steel, large N-frame and was available with 3 1/2″, 4″, 5″, 6″ or 8 3/8″ barrel lengths and had adjustable sights. The model 27 came about from the 38/44 Outdoorsman which was an N frame chambered in the 38HV round. This round was a 38 loaded to maximum pressure and was to powerful for the K frame so S&W chambered the N frame for the round. Later the 38 case was lengthened to prevent it from being chambered in a K frame chambered in 38 special. Thus the 357 was born.\nWhen first introduced by Smith and Wesson in 1935 it was known as the .357 Registered Magnum. The model was essentially a custom order revolver. Barrel lengths could be had in quarter inch increments from 3.5″ to 8.75″ in length. In addition to the different length of barrels available there were different grips, front sites, triggers, hammers and finishes available. Each Registered Magnum came with a certificate of authenticity.\nEven though it was introduced in the middle of the Great Depression, and was extremely expensive at $60 to $65 a great sum at that time. Smith and Wesson found itself backlogged with orders for the four years that it produced the Registered Magnum. The Kansas City Police Department issued the Registered Magnum to its officers and many other law enforcement officers across the United States carried the Registered Magnum. In 1939 S&W stopped producing the Registered Magnum. It was replaced with the .357 Magnum. The .357 magnum was available with barrels lengths of 3.5″, 5″, 6.5″ and 8 3/8″. It has been reported that these were the most popular barrel lengths for the Registered Magnum. Essentially the .357 magnum (the ancestor of the Model 27) was still the Registered Magnum, but standardized for ease of production and economy.\nIt was noted for its durability and reliability. The 3 1/2″ barrel length was extremely popular with FBI agents in the 1940s through the 1960s. Skeeter Skelton considered the Model 27 with a 5″ barrel as the best all around handgun. General George Patton carried an ivory handled Model 27 with a 3 1/2 inch barrel (along with his ivory handled Colt Peacemaker); Patton called the Model 27 his “killing gun.”\nWorkmanship on this gun was of the highest standards of S&W. Much of the gun was handcrafted and had a deep blue hand polished finish which was the pinnacle of gun finishes of the time. The trigger was finely tuned and is so smooth it’s hard to believe even the best craftsman could achieve results like this. Of course all older S&W revolvers had excellent triggers but this gun surpasses even those. This 8 3/8th inch barrel version is accurate in the extreme and is such a joy to shoot especially at longer distances. With the N frame even the hottest 357 rounds are comfortable to shoot. One feature this gun has is unique to this model and that is the cross hatching on the top strap to reduce glare.\nPhoto Courtesy of Xavier\nOverall it’s just one beautiful revolver without peer.\nIn later years a new model was released in order to be an economical alternative to the model 27 and that’s the model 28 Highway Patrolman. This gun was for the most part a standard N frame without all the extra features, handwork and fine bluing of the 27. This gun was intended as solely a working law enforcement gun. The most common was the 4 inch barrel.\nThis was a very popular law enforcement weapon for many years. Between the model 28 and the later model 19 S&W had the market all to themselves as far as law enforcement guns are concerned. In later years the model 19 became very popular and supplanted the model 28 with the exception of the devoted N frame shooters.\nIf you can find an older model 27 grab it since they are pretty hard to find these days. Most shooters that own one won’t part with it so there are few traded. You can find a model 28 much easier and a lot cheaper. Both guns are well worth the cost if you run across one. To me the older model 27’s are works of art but should be shot and enjoyed!\nBlogged with Flock", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.polyauction.com.hk/en/specialists/cp/", "date": "2020-01-21T15:04:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00128.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9470487236976624, "token_count": 317, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__142599019", "lang": "en", "text": "Established in late 2012, the Classical Chinese Paintings and Calligraphy Department of Poly Auction Hong Kong was teamed up by experts of antiques and artefacts and researchers on art history and art marketing. The main service scope of the Department includes consigning, safekeeping, showcasing and researching Chinese calligraphy and paintings of the past dynasties. In the 2013 autumn auctions, several pieces broke artists’ auction records, of which Shi Qu Bao Ji and The Ten Views of the West Lake by Dong Bangda broke the record in person ink paintings by fetching a whopping HK$30.475 million. Watching Pine Trees in She Mountain, Painted for Mu Dazhan by Lu Can features 81 inscriptions from the Qing Dynasty to the Republican years and is therefore of very high historical value which provides a wealth of historiographical evidence of the communication between the Qing scholars. We have carried out a considerable amount of research and analysis and this piece of artwork was finally sold for HK$21.275 million. In 2015 autumn auctions, Qing Dynasty hand-painted scroll by Feng Ning, A Glance of Nanjing City, garnered great attention from collectors and was sold at the price of HK$51.92 million.\nHolding the global Chinese vision and providing excellent services, we appraise meticulously every piece of calligraphy and painting from the Ming and Qing dynasties. We strive to create for Chinese and overseas collectors a trustworthy platform that connects to the world to satisfy their admiration for exquisite artworks.\nTelephone: +852 2303 9899", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.theatre-centre.co.uk/the-muddy-choir--the-north-wall/", "date": "2019-03-26T04:17:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204790.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326034712-20190326060712-00018.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9326127171516418, "token_count": 346, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__65687272", "lang": "en", "text": "The Muddy Choir\nThe North Wall - Oxford\nMonday 17th September 2018 - 8pm\nNominated for Best Play for Young Audiences, Writers Guild of Great Britain Awards 2015\nIt is November 1917 and the Third Battle of Ypres is lurching towards its bloody conclusion. Young soldiers Will, Robbie and Jumbo are thrust into a landscape starkly different to the playing fields and estates of their Sunderland home.\nUnited by their childhood oath “nee killing, anly singing”, Robbie dreams their music will be a ticket away from the front, but attracting the attention of their commanding officers may prove more dangerous than bullets and gas.\nThe Muddy Choir tells the story of three soldiers serving with the Durham Light Infantry. Including traditional wartime songs, the play is about childhood friends growing up in unbearable circumstances and the humanising power of music.\nThe Centenary of the Armistice\nIn 2014, to mark 100 years since the outbreak of the First World War, Theatre Centre first toured The Muddy Choir to critical acclaim. Commissioned and produced by the company, it was nominated for The Best Play for Young Audiences at the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards.\nIn 2018 Theatre Centre will tour The Muddy Choir once more to commemorate the centenary of the Armistice.\nReviews and Feedback for The Muddy Choir (2014 - 15)\n\"Well-pitched for teenagers, this is a sensitive memorial to a generation of young men.\" – The Stage\n“Thought-provoking, blackly funny and deeply moving – in fact exactly how a play about the First World War ought to be written.” – Public Reviews", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.apreponderanceoffashion.com/fashion-law/chanel-authenticity-jewelry/", "date": "2022-06-28T21:48:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103617931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628203615-20220628233615-00389.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9477522969245911, "token_count": 931, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__127550176", "lang": "en", "text": "Have you ever wondered if a vintage good was authentic? Chanel authenticity can be tricky.\nVintage pieces are particularly faked. You have to be careful which retailer or website you trust. Even Beyond the Rack sold counterfeits.\nCan you decipher Chanel authenticity between double C logo brooches?\nVintage Chanel jewelry is often counterfeited because early Chanel jewelry did not include special markings or hallmarks.\nYou may enjoy How to Know if Your Chanel Bag is Authentic.\nQuality of vintage Chanel materials\nChanel costume jewelry pieces produced between the 1970s and 1990s should be heavy. Most pieces were gold plated but started with a heavy base metal.\nChanel authenticity re trademarks and markings\nDepending on the season and year that a piece was produced, the hallmarks vary. When inspecting these markings, it is important to scrutinize the font, depth, and location of the different insignias.\nBefore 1939, costume jewelry was exclusively manufactured to complement Chanel’s clothing line. Jewelry from this era can be especially hard to authenticate because these rare pieces were not marked.\nIn 1939, due to WWII, The House of Chanel stopped operations.\nIn 1941, a brand by the name of Chanel Novelty Company produced brooches in 1941. These pieces were stamped with a cursive “Chanel.” Coco Chanel sued them for trademark infringement and won her fashion law case. Chanel Novelty Company renamed to Reinad Novelty Company. Chanel Novelty Company accessories have their own unique beauty and craftsmanship.\nIn 1954, Chanel resumed business in her Parisian boutique at 31 Rue Cambon. Pieces, like Chanel brooches, were still made to coordinate with outfits. Some jewelry received hallmarks. Stamps would read CHANEL and sometimes included three stars underneath the trademark name.\nDuring the early 1950s to 1960s, Chanel enlisted the help of Robert Goossens. Goossens’ design style includes early baroque and Byzantine styles using Gripoix glass. Gripoix glass elements are jewel-toned stones made from molten glass. The house of Gripoix is credited with being the first to develop Chanel’s signature faux pearl luster.\nHallmarks during this time often appear uneven due to early stamping techniques. Pieces from this time period are marked simply as CHANEL, usually stamped directly on the piece itself.\nIn the 1970s, after Chanel passing, Alain Wertheimer gained control of the company. Wertheimer stamped jewelry with a copyright, interlocking cc, registered trademark logo, and country of origin stamp.\nSome pieces only have the stamped brand name and copyright symbol.\nIn the early 1980s, Karl Lagerfeld took over Chanel. Date of production is incorporated into the stamping. For this era you will see both Chanel with a trademark logo, copyright symbol, and the year manufactured.\nAdditionally, on many pieces there will be an oval shaped plaque with the brand name, copyright, trademark, and Made in France stamped differently than in periods past and future.Many pieces have a year instead of country origin. The plaque with trademark insignia was either attached directly to one of the pearls or added as a hangtag.\nDuring the mid-1980s to 1992, Victoire de Castellane joins Chanel as Lagerfeld’s assistant. Designs from this era contain two numbers on either side of the Chanel insignia in the center of the oval logo plate fixed on jewelry. This is based on the season number, from 23-29 (between ’84 to ’89) with no reference to date.\nFrom the early 1990s jewelry includes two-digit season numbers and letter season codes. You can interpret the season code by the following: A represents a piece from the Fall/Automne line. P represents Spring/Printemps. More current collections include C for Cruise. The letter V represents a continuous line.\nIn the early 2000s, Chanel began producing jewelry in Italy. Laser etching was introduced.\nPresently, a Chanel jewelry piece includes an oval plate with CHANEL, the Chanel copyright and trademark, and the year and season accompanying the logo. There are minor variations.\nAnd increasingly, pieces read MADE IN ITALY rather than MADE IN FRANCE. More of the signatures tend to be stamped or engraved on the pieces themselves, rather than on a plate attached to the piece.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.iastate.edu/life-at-iowa-state/history-and-traditions", "date": "2024-04-21T18:45:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00351.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.959191083908081, "token_count": 258, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__74692561", "lang": "en", "text": "Iowa State is one of a kind\nIowa State University is a very special place, full of history. But what truly makes Iowa State unique is a rare combination of campus beauty, the opportunity to be a part of the land-grant experiment, and the progressive and inventive spirit of the Cyclone experience.\nThe Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm was established on March 22, 1858. In 1862, the Iowa legislature accepted the provision of the Morrill Act, which was awarded to the agricultural college in 1864. When it opened its doors in 1869, Iowa State was among the first of a new generation of distinctly American colleges built on three revolutionary ideas: College should be open to everyone, regardless of pocketbook or gender; practical subjects like agriculture, science, and engineering should be taught along with the traditional classical education; and knowledge should be shared beyond the borders of campus.\nThe first class (24 men and 2 women) graduated in 1872. Iowa State established the nation's first state veterinary medicine school in 1879. In 1959, the college was officially renamed Iowa State University of Science and Technology. The focus on technology has led directly to many research patents and inventions including the first binary computer, Maytag blue cheese, the round hay baler, and more.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://rap361.com/?p=13169", "date": "2013-05-25T05:30:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705559639/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115919-00084-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9653439521789551, "token_count": 1127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__197393438", "lang": "en", "text": "The Palace of Versailles, was the de facto capital of the kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789. On UNESCO’s World Heritage List, it is one of the most magnificent achievements of 18th century French art. It is a palace large enough to house 6,000 courtiers, a palace fit for a king, and not just any king, but Louis XIV, the ‘Sun King,’ who reigned for 72 years and whose self-glorification knew no bounds. Second only to God, and the head of an immensely powerful state, Louis XIV was an institution rather than a private individual. His comings and goings were rigidly encased in ceremony, attendance at which was an honor much sought after by courtiers. The palace site began as Louis XIII’s hunting lodge before his son transformed and expanded it, beginning in 1661. Wanting to escape the busy life in Paris, and to keep the nobility under his control, Louis XIV determined to convert it into a glittering palace. He drained swamps and moved whole forests to create 250 acres of formal gardens, tree-lined paths, flowerbeds, lakes, and fountains. And this filled only a small portion of the grounds, the entire estate covered 2,000 acres. Building Versailles required some 30,000 laborers and was so costly that it nearly wiped out the coffers of France. The main building contains grand halls and bedrooms that interior designer Charles LeBrun decorated with every ostentatious adornment imaginable. The power of France emanated from this center, there were government offices as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court. By requiring nobles of a certain rank and position to spend time each year at Versailles, Louis prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own. Versailles served as France’s political capital and the focal point of the court from 1682 until 1789.\nThe Grand Apartments of the King and Queen, whose most emblematic achievement is the Hall of Mirrors designed by Mansart, where the king put on his most ostentatious display of royal power in order to impress visitors. It is a 235-foot-long drawing and ballroom lined along one side with 17 huge mirrors…fixtures that were staggeringly expensive at that time in history. In the mirrors, the courtiers could admire their own fabulously costumed selves as they danced. The mirrors were also designed to reflect the ceiling frescoes, which illustrate and pay tribute to the early years of Louis XIV’s reign. The palace’s size and opulence trumpeted his power as an absolute monarch. On the other side of the room, a row of windows opened onto vast gardens, representing the finest example of French garden design. Creating the gardens at Versailles required the genius of landscape designer André Le Nôtre, who laid out everything in formal French style. The central axis of the gardens is the mile-long Grand Canal, which is situated to reflect the setting sun. Around it spread geometric expanses of plantings, flowerbeds, paths, ponds, and lakes, not to mention fountains…1,400 of them at one time. Included is a spectacular fountain in which a horse-drawn chariot carries a triumphant Apollo, yet another reference to the glory of the Sun King. To relieve the formal design, eccentric buildings called follies were scattered here and there, as well as a grove where the courtiers danced in summertime amidst rock gardens. Marble and bronze statues are arrayed along paths and tucked into the foliage.\nThe construction lasted virtually until Louis XlV’s death in 1715. For the next seven years, the royal court of the young King Louis XV was the first in Paris, as he governed from his Parisian residence, the Palais-Royal. Versailles was again the unofficial capital of France from June 1722, when Louis XV returned to Versailles. Each of the three French kings who lived there until the French Revolution added improvements to make it more beautiful. In the white-and-gold baroque chapel royal, Louis XVI wed Austrian archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette) when both were teenagers in 1770. Upon Louis XVI’s ascension to the throne in 1774, Marie-Antoinette ordered major redecoration of the Grand Apartements, the results of which are seen today. Among further palace additions were a paneled library, the clock room (where Mozart performed at age seven), and the opera, a huge oval theater illuminated by 10,000 candles.\nThe palace lost its standing as the official seat of power as the first scenes of the French Revolution were enacted at what had become a symbol of royal extravagance. At the behest of Louis-Philippe, who ascended to the throne in 1830, the palace is now the Museum of the History of France…tracing milestones in French history. The palace as it is known today is the symbol of royal absolutism and embodiment of classical French art…one of the most visited monuments in France and amongst the three most visited. Many wars have been settled through peace talks and treaties negotiated at Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in 1919. Here’s a video.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://albanarms.com/about-us/", "date": "2024-04-21T17:25:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00672.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9761045575141907, "token_count": 322, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__138234764", "lang": "en", "text": "07542 926011 [email protected]\nMy name is Tony Willis. May I welcome you to Alban Arms & Armour Ltd.\nThe business has evolved from my lifelong interest in antique arms and armour. During this time I have been drawn to antique weapons and related objects dating mainly to before the middle of the 19th century. This interest started as a collector and gradually developed into a commercial enterprise, which has been established for over 30 years, and is now one of the main purveyors of antique arms and armour in the UK. We have an established international reputation and ship all over the world. I live in the United Kingdom with my wife Frances who is my partner in this undertaking. We are privileged to work with a valued network of support service providers including leading academics and specialist shippers.\nOver the years I have written and presented articles and papers on various subjects which have been published in specialist arms and armour related periodicals and journals. It has given me great satisfaction to source and place some rare artifacts with private individuals, major collections and national museums. We are proud to say that we have built long term relationships with our customers based upon mutual respect and trust. We are pleased that we continue to help people that we have known for many years to build their collections that have matured as our business has grown.\nAll that we have for sale is thoroughly researched and every item is guaranteed as authentic and as described. Whilst this website is primarily concerned with selling antique arms and armour, we will always be interested in hearing from you should you wish to explore selling your own collection, or individual items.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.eminentlyquotable.com/the-flak-only-gets-heavy-when-youre-over-the-target/", "date": "2023-12-08T09:40:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00210.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9603530764579773, "token_count": 418, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__192283468", "lang": "en", "text": "graphic © eminentlyquotable.com\n“The flak only gets heavy when you’re over the target.” ~ Anonymous WWII Bomber Pilot\nThis phrase originated from the bomber pilots in World War II. It comes in different variations, all with the same meaning. One says, “If you’re not catching flak, you’re not over the target” while another goes “You know you are over the target when the flak is heaviest.”\nThis quote refers to the bomber missions during World War II. B-24 pilots flew to Germany to bomb Germany’s Nazi war machine. The German resistance didn’t start attacking them until the bomber pilots were close to the target. Then, German planes swarmed around the B-24 formation and picked the planes one by one.\nThe attack peaked when the B-24 pilots were already over the target. They were surrounded by many anti-aircraft guns that filled the sky with AAA fire. Flak is the sound made by shrapnel’s exploding shells that hit the bomber pilots.\nGermany was so fierce with their attacks that the sky turned black. This is why the bombers said that when you’re taking flak, you are on the target.\nConversely, if you are not attacked you might not be on target. An enemy won’t be defending something that is worthless. If you’re not taking flak, change your course. When you are receiving flak, stay on target so as not to waste the mission no matter how bad it gets.\nDecades after World War II, the quote has become a metaphor. It is now equated to attacks done on people. A person might receive flak, or strong criticism, for telling the truth. Thus, if you are touching on something important, you will receive resistance and attacks from other people. And of course, the resistance gets heavy when you are revealing that which people have an interesting in continuing to hide.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.anteliz.gr/en/property", "date": "2023-03-31T05:21:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00397.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9219091534614563, "token_count": 470, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__100389394", "lang": "en", "text": "Anteliz stands nestled on the hills of Fira, overlooking the Santorinian Caldera and the Aegean Sea.\nOur small boutique hotel with its unique and relaxing atmosphere, offers unobstructed panoramic view to the surreal landscape of Santorini with its vast curtain wall of multicolored cliffs.\nSet in a serene environment, amidst the lapis lazuli Cycladic sea and the imposing lava rocks, Anteliz captures the essence of Theran design, culture and tradition.\nOur guests have direct access to Fira, the capital of the island and the nearby villages of Fira and Imerovigli.\nDiscover Santorini, a unique destination in the Greek islands, steeped in legend and mystery, a mythical ancient island that endured one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history.\nWe will be delighted to share our profound knowledge of Aegean's most beautiful island, giving you inside information that will ensure a memorable experience.\nDive in our refreshing pool, enjoy delicious local wines in our sunset terrace or just wander in the whitewashed rims of Santorini.\nIn 1987 the Patrikianos family purchased a piece of land, very close to their original family house with the intent of building a vacation home for the summers in Santorini.\nWhen demolishing the two meter high wall and witnessed the unobstructed panoramic view for the first time, Eliza dared to say “ we should build a resort”.\nWe all laughed and ten years later here we are…\nThe original 19th century Santorinian villa was restored with respect to the original design and the local architectural techniques to 4 types of accommodation.\nThe spacious living room became our Master Suite, the old kitchen with the wood stove was turned into a luxurious Senior Suite, the carved-in-the-rock toolshed became our Superior Double and the underground water storage pond was reconstructed into a refreshing pool.\nThe reconstruction was completed in 2003 and the hotel was renovated in 2012.\nOur plans for the future have already began with the expansion of our hotel, as in 2014 we will add 4 private suites and a Santorinian Cave spa.\nAnthony and Eliza, proud contributors to the Anteliz naming progress", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.stockton.edu/~kinsellt/litresources/ayr/boswell.html", "date": "2014-04-19T09:24:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537097.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00418-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9819128513336182, "token_count": 184, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__64487528", "lang": "en", "text": "James Boswell (1740-1795) is best known as the author of the greatest biography written in English: The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791). A prolific writer, published regularly in both Edinburgh and London, his stated profession was as Barrister, first at the Scots bar and then at the English. The eldest child of Alexander and Euphemia Boswell, he was heir to a respectable estate in Ayrshire. In 1782 upon the death of his father (who was a member of the Scottish supreme court), Boswell became the ninth Laird of Auchinleck.\nAn outgoing man who loved to keep company with the most famous people of the age, and who compulsively wrote about his life, Boswell left a treasure of manuscript materials that today provide thoughtful, first-hand accounts of life and writing in Britain during the second half of the eighteenth century.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.downthebyline.com/2014/03/saad-and-jerome-earn-caps-on.html", "date": "2017-04-30T20:35:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125849.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00010-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.987726092338562, "token_count": 251, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__164076408", "lang": "en", "text": "Sporting KC's Soony Saad and Mechack Jerome both added to their cap total today in international matches for their countries.\nSaad had the more important match of the two as Lebanon was hoping to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. They needed a win against Thailand and help from China who played Iraq to qualify. Unfortunately China lost 3-1 to Iraq and Lebanon was eliminated. Lebanon though finished the qualifying cycle on a high as they took care of their opponent 5-2. Saad scored what proved to be the game winner one minute into first half stoppage time. The goal, Saad's second for Lebanon and first in a competitive match made the score 3-1. Lebanon scored two more in the second half before Thailand scored one to close the gap to 5-2.\nYou can see his goal at the 1:39 mark below\nWhile Saad's was the more important game, Jerome's may have been more historic. Haiti played in Kosovo in the first FIFA sanctioned friendly for the Serbian territory that declared it's independence from Serbia in 2008 but has yet to officially be recognized. Jerome earned another cap in the 0-0 draw as the two teams played in front of a sellout crowd of 18,000.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://acspressroom.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/sgreport2014/", "date": "2022-12-03T23:04:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710941.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203212026-20221204002026-00818.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.960697591304779, "token_count": 405, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__241014933", "lang": "en", "text": "January 11, 2014 marks 50 years since the release of the Surgeon General’s Report on smoking and health. In a just published commentary, Otis W. Brawley says the report’s conclusions “are arguably the most important and far-reaching in the history of public health and are, perhaps, the classic example of science driving public policy.”\nThe report led to rapid, dramatic drops in smoking, whose impact can be seen today. In fact, less smoking may be the most important factor in drops in cancer mortality since the early 90’s. Decreases in lung cancer deaths attributed to smoking are credited with 40 percent of the overall drop in cancer mortality in men.\nPublic health experts today look back with envy at the remarkable impact of this single report. As Brawley writes, “Given the numerous medical controversies today, it is of value to explore why this process was so successful and why so many were willing to accept this pronouncement as truth.”\nBrawley then tells the winding tale of how methodology developed to study infectious disease was first applied to chronic disease; how the creation of case control studies and cohorts came along just in time to cut off a widening epidemic caused by tobacco use; and how public health groups, scientists, and a single question at a press conference converged to bring public attention to “the tobacco problem,” and led directly to Surgeon General Luther L. Terry’s efforts to put together a panel of “outstanding experts who would assess the available knowledge in the area of smoking and health and make appropriate recommendations.”\nIt is a fascinating retelling of the history that led to that momentous January day 50 years ago, when Dr. Luther Terry and others released a report that “forever changed the course of public health.” And it may prompt us to ask ourselves: what would it take to be that successful again, and is it achievable in our lifetimes?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://my-foot-prints.blogspot.com/2011/12/4-days-in-rome.html", "date": "2018-04-27T01:04:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948738.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427002118-20180427022118-00445.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9636836051940918, "token_count": 748, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__226703012", "lang": "en", "text": "Rome, the eternal city was very welcoming with a cosmopolitan city feeling. The lady of our hotel/apt. did not speak English at all. After a rather difficult first encounter with her, the later meetings went quite smooth in English and Italian with an hand-gesture-interface. The hotel/apt was very nice considering the high walls, old windows, 2 minutes walking distance from the Colosseum, the punctual and meticulous room keeping services , delightful fresh Camay soap bars every day and the daily breakfast at a roadside cafe on the Cavour street, included in our hotel cost.\nStayed @ Cheap & Chic Hotel Roma, Rome, IT\n|Nero's racing grounds near Ludus Magnus|\nWe spent the whole of our first day in Colosseum area. We had the Roma pass, and so we were allowed to skip the line, both at Colosseum, and the Palatine garden and Roman Forum opposite the Colosseum. For a classic Hollywood movie lover like me, traveling with a strong history buff as my husband, 4 days in Rome fell short to satisfy us, more so when one of those 4 days we had to visit the Vatican city. We wanted to explore every bit of the ancient(Colosseum,Forum,museums), medieval (the obelisks and cathedrals) and new world Rome. The ROMA pass was a great help, as we took the bus and underground trains everywhere, round and round over the city. We even stopped at the Ludus Magnus where now stands only two stones bearing evidence of an once very popular gladiator training school, we stood on the side of the road where once Reno drove his carriage like a madman, the Via Appia Antica - the first road ever built, and put our hands in the Mouth of Truth which cuts your hand if you tell a lie.\n|Temple of Saturn|\nAnd then, all the churches in Europe are famous, specially the ones in Rome. One had St Peter's chains, one had the saint's head, one had the stairs which Jesus Himself had strided on His way to crucification (we saw pilgrims crying there. Rudy is an atheist, but he joined the pilgrims who were climbing the steps on their knees, and he had found it too overbearing and did not finish his climb. I felt he was on the verge of conversion amongst believers that day.). We also went to the church which was the old home to the Pope before the St Paul's cathedral.\n|Abandoned/ancient St Paul's Cathedral|\nDAY 6 : COLOSSEUM, PALATINE GARDEN, ROMAN FORUM, ROMAN PANTHEON\nDAY 7 : VATICAN CITY, TREVI FOUNTAIN\nDAY 8 : ALL CHURCHES & BERNINI's FOUNTAINS\nDAY 9 : STREETS of ROME, MUSEUM\n|Pope's old home|\n|boy taking out thorn(Roman replica from the original Greek one)|\n|Venus lost her clothes somewhere|\n|..caught telling a lie|\n|One of the Pontificus Maximus|\n|Gift of Govt. of India to the Govt. of Rome|\nWith all the history, relics, stories, architecture, and of course good food, Rome was surely a very overwhelming experience for us. So I remembered to throw a penny over my left shoulder in the Trevi Fountain so that some day we can go back to Rome.\nNext time, I will not miss the trip to Pompei - the city frozen in time.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cambodiangenocideresourcecenter.org/", "date": "2024-04-23T18:23:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818732.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423162023-20240423192023-00566.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.892442524433136, "token_count": 112, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__174508106", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to the Cambodian Genocide Resource Center. Join us in our mission to ensure that the stories of Cambodian Genocide survivors are heard, the lessons of history are learned, and the atrocities of the past are not forgotten.\nOur website includes a wealth of materials and lesson plans designed to encourage critical thinking, empathy-building, and exploration of the complex historical and ethical issues surrounding the Cambodian Genocide.\nTogether we can empower the next generation to build a more compassionate and just world. Explore our resources today and start making a difference in the classroom and beyond.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.glc10anniversary.org/", "date": "2017-04-26T17:27:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121528.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00622-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605209827423096, "token_count": 305, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__34026898", "lang": "en", "text": "The Grand Lodge of Cyprus will be celebrating its 10th Anniversary on 29th October 2016, a truly historic occasion to mark its decennial establishment on our island..\nDespite the young existence of our Grand Lodge, the historical roots of Freemasonry in Cyprus go back over 200 years. Historical records place Freemasons in the Larnaca district where at that time all consulates were located. Larnaca was then considered the capital of Cyprus and was the main port of the island. This is documented by the existence of graves bearing Masonic marks and by an 1815 circular against Masons written by Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos. In 1888, ten years after the British Occupation of Cyprus, the United Grand Lodge of England established its first lodge in Cyprus and the Grand Lodge of Greece followed in 1895.\nThough just one decade into its establishment, the Grand Lodge of Cyprus has developed significantly in prominence through the addition of numerous new lodges throughout the island, ten of which are working with the Greek Ritual, three with the English Ritual and one each with the German and Italian Rituals.\nUnder our auspices there are also four York Rite Chapters as well as four Cryptic Councils which are working with the Greek Rituals and one with the English Rituals.\nIt will be our great honor and privilege to welcome you to the festivities on the occasion of this particular milestone, of the Grand Lodge of Cyprus and receive your valued support..\nPetros S. Machalepis,\nGrand Lodge of Cyprus.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://myfavoritefreebies.wordpress.com/2016/06/14/amazing-grace-free-sheet-music-for-piano-solo/", "date": "2019-08-20T00:41:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315174.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820003509-20190820025509-00333.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9669837951660156, "token_count": 247, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__177542822", "lang": "en", "text": "The words to Amazing Grace were written by English Poet, John Newton (1725–1807), and published in 1779. Newton was ordained in the Church of England in 1764. The Christian hymn lyrics for “Amazing Grace” were written to illustrate a sermon delivered on New Year’s Day in 1773. Historians are unsure if music was used to accompany the first presentation of the text. It is possible that it was chanted by the congregation. In print, Amazing Grace can first be seen in Newton and Cowper’s Olney Hymns, though the text remained relatively obscure in England. In America, the hymn gained popularity in the early 19th century and was set to more than 20 different melodies. Finally, in 1835, the text was joined with the tune “New Britain”, with which is most often sung in churches today.\nGet Amazing Grace for Piano Solo | Traditional Hymn Tune\nAmazing grace! How sweet the sound\nThat saved a wretch like me.\nI once was lost, but now am found,\nWas blind but now I see.\nBrowse other popular “My Favorite Freebies” posts:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.elanvacations.com/post/roanoke-island-festival-park/", "date": "2019-01-24T10:13:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584520525.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124100934-20190124122934-00044.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9363626837730408, "token_count": 319, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__106559749", "lang": "en", "text": "Roanoke Island Festival Park\nRoanoke Island Festival Park is located in Manteo about 5 miles from Nags Head. This 25 acre historic site has various venues to learn about history and the arts. A great family attraction with something for everyone of all ages. Elizabeth II – board and explore this 16th century representative ship American Indian Town – homes, agricultural areas & work shelters line the paths Settlement Site – see what daily life was like for soldiers and sailors in the 16th century Roanoke Adventure Museum – discover 400 years of the region’s history Roanoke Maritime Museum – learn about the craft & history of boat making Roanoke Island Marshes Lighthouse – renovated & reopened in 2004 Performance Series – year round dance, music, drama, opera and children’s shows Nature – stroll along the boardwalk that lines the 25 acre island and view nature at its best Fossil Pit – kids will enjoy digging through the fossil pit for shark teeth and small fossils The park is open March 1 – December 31 from 9 am to 5 pm daily. Admission prices are $10 or adults and $7 for children (5 & under are free). Admission to the Park includes climbing aboard the Elizabeth II sailing ship; living the life of a 16th century settler in the Settlement Site; Exploring 400 years of Outer Banks history in the Roanoke Adventure Museum; Discovering the American Indian Town; viewing the Legend of Two Path film and more. Click Here for a calendar of events. You won’t want to miss this during your Outer Banks vacation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lindenhillumcemeteryny.com/about/", "date": "2024-04-17T04:48:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817144.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417044411-20240417074411-00092.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9810019731521606, "token_count": 318, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__173755582", "lang": "en", "text": "Linden Hill United Methodist Cemetery was founded by English-speaking Methodists in 1842, who were located at The Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church on 2nd Street between Avenues C and D in Manhattan. It was then acquired by German-speaking Methodists in 1852, who were located at The First German Methodist Episcopal Mission Church on 2nd Street between Avenues B and C. We are a non-sectarian cemetery with a Methodist Heritage.\nThe First German Methodist Episcopal Church later moved to 48 St. Marks Place, Manhattan, where it remained until its closing on July 1, 1975. The Cemetery then became the property of the Bishop of NY and the Superintendents of the New York Annual Conference with churches in NY City. The Cemetery was incorporated in 1977.\nIn the early years of The Cemetery, as one entered through the main entrance at Woodward Ave. & Dekalb Ave., the ethnicity is reflected in the clusters of stones in different languages: German, Hungarian, Czechoslovakian, Italian, and French. The older stones designated the country of birth as well.\nToday, Linden Hill Cemetery, as it is commonly known, still remains a non-sectarian Cemetery with a Methodist Heritage. The garden-type settings and the rolling hillsides are truly a wonder to the eye, as we are blessed with the New York City Skyline as our backdrop.\nRegardless where one may be visiting their loved ones in the Cemetery, the peacefulness and serenity will take you back in time to those days of family, love and remembrances.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.mahoningcountydems.org/blog/photo-archives-fdr-campaigns-youngstown-2010-12-27", "date": "2013-12-10T02:33:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164004946/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133324-00097-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.924773633480072, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__136982973", "lang": "en", "text": "Photo from the archives: FDR campaigns in Youngstown\nIn this archival photo, Franklin Delano Roosevelt's campaigning takes him down Youngstown's Market Street Bridge. Fred Shutrump, then-chairman of the Mahoning County Democratic Party, is also seated in the backseat. Youngstown's Republican mayor, seated between the two gentlemen, was airbrushed out by Shutrump, who disliked the mayor. True story!\nPaid for by the Mahoning County Democratic Party. Not authorized by any federal candidate or candidate committee.\nDavid Betras, Chairman. 3321 Mahoning Ave., Youngstown OH 44509", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ttdsevaonline.net/ayodhya-balaram-darshan-harati-pass-online-booking/", "date": "2024-02-21T16:09:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473518.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221134259-20240221164259-00030.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9499347805976868, "token_count": 521, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__51497637", "lang": "en", "text": "Ayodhya Ram Janmbhoomi Temple BalaRam Darshan Online Booking starts now. Check Donation Schemes, Accommodation Darshan Harati Passes availability online now @ SRJTK (online.srjbtkshetra.org)\nSri Ram JanmBhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust has inaugurated Sri Ram Mandir at Ayodhya on 22nd January 2023. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi ji participated in BalaRam Statue Pranapratista event with utmost devotion to god. Ram Janm Bhoomi Temple is open to public visit from 23rd January. Temple opens with Harati at 06:30 AM every Day. Sarva Darshan or public darshan is free of cost at present. SRJBTK Trust now in the process of updating its website for online Booking of Ayodhya Ram Mandir Darshan Passes & aarti booking in advance. Balaram Temple is also called as Ayodhya Rammandir categorically.\nProminence of Ayodhya Balaram temple built by Ram JanmBhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust:\nAyodhya in indian Itihasasa is considered as the birth place of Lord Sri Ram. In Treta Yuga Dasaradha maharaja performed the Putra Kamestiyaga for a heir to his kingdom. With blessing of Lord Vishnu he begot 4 children with three of his queens. Lord Ram and his journey among the Indian Sub Continent with Seeta & Lakshmana forms the greatest Epic Ramayana. According to Sampurna Ramayana by Valmiki Present day Ayodhya is the capital of Kosala Desham. Lord Ram had ruled India as the capital of Ayodhya and left his incarnation to return back vaikunta.\nAfter many generations a number of hindu vaishnavate temples are built in this sacred city situated on the banks of Sarayu River. Complete chronological history was lost due to multiple desecration of temples by non hindus and other barbarian attacks. In Recent years remains of hindu temple are uncovered below the mosque of Babri and it was widely acknowledged as the remains of Long Lost Ram Lalla Temple built by King Vikramaditya.\nAfter many political and Judicial issues Supreme court Ruled in Favor of Sri Ram Janmbhoomi Temple Teerth kshetra Trust and allotted the demolished mosque occupied land.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://jaygabler.com/prince-the-story-of-1999/", "date": "2022-09-27T14:08:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335034.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927131111-20220927161111-00624.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9721280336380005, "token_count": 144, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__203643512", "lang": "en", "text": "I’ve been proud to be part of the team behind the official Prince podcast, created by The Current and distributed by the Prince Estate and Warner Bros. Records. The podcast, which delves deeply in specific albums in association with re-releases and deluxe editions, is written and hosted by Andrea Swensson and produced by Anna Weggel. My role is as an editor, providing input during the scripting process. I’ve had a similar role in The Current Rewind podcast, telling unheard stories from the history of Minnesota music.\nIn June 2020, the Story of 1999 series from the Prince podcast was honored with a Page One Award from the Minnesota Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://frominsdeli.com/maurice.htm", "date": "2017-04-27T03:16:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121865.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00446-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9698934555053711, "token_count": 415, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__265835124", "lang": "en", "text": "Destiny, luck and a lot of hard work have been the foundation of Maurice Solomon’s 55+ years of dedication to the Deli Industry. A survivor of Nazi-occupied Brussels, Belgium, ten-year-old Maurice immigrated to America with his family to Cleveland, Ohio in 1948.\nAt age fourteen, Maurice took a job working as a dishwasher and busboy at his Uncle’s delicatessen, Solomon’s. He worked there and at other restaurants for the next ten years, putting in 40 -70 hours a week during school and over every holiday, turning over the majority of his paycheck to his family to help cover expenses.\nIn the early 1970’s, Maurice made the move from Cleveland to Los Angeles. He worked hard at several delis and saved up his money until he had enough to buy Marjan’s Restaurant and Deli in the old Brentwood Country Mart in Santa Monica. For more than 15 years, his local clientele often read like a Who’s Who of entertainment, business and political leaders. And Maurice’s warm and welcoming ways made virtually everyone else who came in feel like they were on the top of the A-List, too!\nIn 1990, two years after selling Marjan’s, Maurice couldn’t resist entering the deli business again, this time with his friend from Cleveland, Dennis Fromin. The two deli-men owned and operated Fromin’s Restaurant in Encino (still operating under the same name today but with no connection to Dennis or Maurice) and the present location in Santa Monica, where they remain partners and friends today.\nAfter more than five decades, Maurice still likes to greet each customer from behind the deli counter with a big smile and generous portions. With two children, two step children and five grandchildren, Maurice and his wife Becky are grateful for the success of The Deli King (see his license plate for confirmation of the title) and of Fromin’s Restaurant.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://vessel.kyoto/wachuan/about/?lang=en", "date": "2024-03-02T23:58:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00286.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8114151954650879, "token_count": 691, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__99910046", "lang": "en", "text": "On behalf of Notre Dame Jogakuin, I would like to express our sincere appreciation to the participating world-class artists for coming together at our Wachu-an for the “Soko-kai x Wachu-an in Shishigatani” exhibition.\nThroughout its long history, the building has gone through significant change. From its beginnings as the residence of an Omi merchant, it retained its sense of the Taisho era (1912-26) when it was later transformed into a convent for the American nuns, School Sisters of Notre Dame, who came to Japan with a passion for mission after World War II.\nAs such, it has been honored by many people as the treasure of Notre Dame Jogakuin. Ranging from pottery, Urushi art, dyeing, and glass art to metal and gemstone work, we are delighted to be bringing a collection of masterpieces together in our Wachu-an, thereby creating a special art universe filled with magnificent and delicate beauty. We hope you will enjoy a relaxing escape into art in the mid-autumn tranquility of Shishigatani.\nYoshiko Kurimoto, Chancellor, Notre Dame Jogakuin\nIt’s been more than 30 years since its establishment of Soko-kai in 1989. Over the years, we have organized exhibitions every single year challenging and exhibiting new world of kogei which no one else can do.\nWe are very happy to have this opportunity to hold an exhibition and show our kogei artworks at this unique and historic Wachu-an of the Notre Dame Jogakuin\nWe also hope to introduce the beauty and excellence of Kogei Art to the younger generations through hosting seminars and workshops for students at the Notre Dame Jogakuin.\nShoukoh Kobayashi, representative , Soko-kai\nWachu-an, a sumptuous mansion with a large garden at the foot of Shishigatani, was built by Hikoshiro Fujii, a merchant from Omi district and a pioneer in the Japanese chemical fiber market. It was acquired by the School Sisters of Notre Dame in 1949. After being renovated and used as a convent, it was transferred to the Notre Dame Jogakuin Junior and Senior High School in 2008.\nUzan Nagao, a sinologist and friend of Fujii, named Wachu-an from his motto — “be fair and unbiased”. The view to the west from Wachu-an is superb, in part because the foot of the mountain had previously been cleared. Moreover, the water flowing from the east side of the mountain is pure and constant. Next to the large teahouse is a tall, wild cherry blossom tree called Edohigan, after which the town of Sakuradani was named, and which used to bloom beautifully every spring.\nThe Western-style part at the front of the building is Spanish-themed architecture with a beautiful parquet floor and ceiling. The annex (Shoin-style guest house), connected by a corridor, incorporates Sukiya-style design for the decorative transom and alcove ceiling. Fujii himself was involved in the design of this magnificent architecture.\n〒603-8123 110 Shishigatani Sakuradani-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.shrewsbury-ma.com/", "date": "2013-12-12T23:39:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164754111/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134554-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9732656478881836, "token_count": 1785, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__31491607", "lang": "en", "text": "Shrewsbury is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Shrewsbury is an unusual New England town in that it was neither a mill town nor a farming village. Rather, it grew as a suburb to neighboring Worcester, Massachusetts from the start.\nThe Town of Shrewsbury, named for Shrewsbury, England, is a suburban community with an uneven and hilly terrain cut by a number of minor streams providing several small water power sites. Grants of land were made in what would eventually be the town beginning in 1664, with the 3,200 acre grant called Haynes Farm as the largest. Settlers came primarily from Sudbury and Marlborough and the first permanent settler was Gersham Wheelock in 1720. As a town, Shrewsbury was first settled in 1722 and officially incorporated in 1727.\nTownspeople created an agricultural economy with apple orchards and by 1750 there were two stores and four taverns as well as several small industries in operation. The rapid fall of prices for agricultural goods, the shortage of hard currency and the general economic depression following the Revolutionary War produced disastrous conditions for colonists. Shays' Rebellion in 1786 sought to close the courts to prevent debt collections and the foreclosure of mortgages. Shrewsbury became a staging area for the rebellion and the encampment of the more than 400 insurgents, before the march on the Worcester Court House.\nA leather industry began in 1786 in Shrewsbury and town farmers developed large cattle herds to support the manufacture of boots and shoes. This was followed by the establishment of gunsmithing operations in 1797 which produced rifles, shotguns and pistols and eventually cutlery. Luther Goddard began in 1809 by making brass clocks and then established a small watch factory employing a few skilled Swiss and English watchmakers. Lumbering created sawmills and they in turn drew chair and cabinet makers, plow and wagon builders.\nThe development of streetcar routes in the 19th century spurred the growth of single-family housing in town and a summer resort population on Lake Quinsigamond became consumers of the market garden produce grown by town farmers. As Shrewsbury's industry was killed off by the lack of large waterpower sites and the tardy arrival of the railroad, its role as a suburb of Worcester grew more important. The town's population doubled from 1915 to 1940 as continued streetcar suburb growth brought more modern settlers into the community. Other modern developments included an increased number of lakeside cottages, ethnic clubs and recreational areas on the lake. The economy of modern Shrewsbury has been described as depending on agriculture, the resort industry and the providing of recreation and food for the population of Worcester.\n- (Source: Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (pdf) and Narrative supplied by community and based on information provided by the Massachusetts Historical Commission)\nRegistered Historic Places\nShrewsbury is home to three Nationally Registered Historic Places:\n- The Gen. Artemas Ward Homestead on Main Street\n- The Joseph Lothrop House, which was located at 208 Turnpike Road where Blockbuster Video stands today\n- The Shrewsbury Historic District, in the town center which includes parts of Church Road, Main Street, Prospect Street, Boylston Street, and Grafton Street\nFamous residents and natives\n- Artemas Ward (1727 - 1800), American Major General in the Revolutionary War and often characterized as the runner-up for George Washington's post. He was, in fact, the first commander of the Continental Army, before being relieved by Washington. The Artemas Ward Homestead is a museum preserved by Harvard University. Located at 786 Main Street in Shrewsbury, it is open to the public for limited hours during the summer months.\n- Ralph Earl (1751 - 1801), American painter known for his portrait of Roger Sherman, as well as being one of the first American landscape artists.\n- Levi Pease - The \"father of mail stages in this country.\" Organizer and proprietor of the first stagecoach lines in the U.S.. Also the first contractor for carrying U.S. Mail.\n- Quintin J. Cristy - inventor of dry gas\n- Lillian Asplund (1906 – 2006), one of the last living survivors of the Titanic shipwreck.\n- Min Chueh Chang (1908 - 1991), co-inventor of the birth control pill and in-vitro fertilization.\n- Robert Allan Ridley Parker (b. 1936), director of the NASA Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\n- Gregory McDonald (b. 1937), author of the \"Fletch\" series of novels.\n- Craig C. Mello (b. 1960), Nobelist in medicine for 2006\n- Mike Birbiglia (b. 1978), stand-up comedian.\n- Catherine Brunell (b. 1975), Broadway Actress\n- The now-defunct Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, the renowned research facility where the birth control pill was first developed. The campus is now the Hoagland-Pincus Conference Center of the University of Massachusetts Medical School.\n- The now-defunct Spag's, the original all-purpose store, which predated Costco, Walmart and other similar outlets. Noted for its unorthodox inventory and discount prices, Spag's succumbed to the competition of the modern megastore and was acquired in 2002 by Building 19. The location became Spags 19, and in 2004 the store was converted to Building 19's format (it is now just another Building 19 location).\n- The now-defunct White City amusement park.\n- Maxtor Corporation, maker of computer hard drives, which was acquired by Seagate Technology in May 2006.\nShrewsbury is a suburb of both Boston and Worcester, about 50 minutes from Boston and 15 minutes to downtown Worcester.\nShrewsbury is bordered on the West by Worcester, separated by Lake Quinsigamond. To the North is Boylston and Interstate 290. The South side is bounded by Grafton with the Mass Pike just beyond. Northborough and Westborough are to the East.\nAs of the census˛ of 2000, there were 31,640 people, 12,366 households, and 8,693 families residing in the town. The population density was 589.3/km˛ (1,526.3/mi˛). There were 12,696 housing units at an average density of 236.5/km˛ (612.4/mi˛). The racial makeup of the town was 89.12% White, 1.45% African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.61% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.69% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.59% of the population.\nThere were 12,366 households out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09.\nIn the town the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $64,237, and the median income for a family was $77,674. Males had a median income of $56,259 versus $37,129 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,570. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.\nShrewsbury is governed in the traditional New England style. Municipal elections are held on the first Tuesday in May.\nLegislative Branch: Representative Town Meeting.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://kuruvilajacob.com/early-years/", "date": "2019-09-16T10:19:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572517.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916100041-20190916122041-00422.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9932501912117004, "token_count": 538, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__190295937", "lang": "en", "text": "The Kunnenkeril family was an old established one in Kerala, going back to the sixteenth century. Originally belonging to the Syrian Christian faith, its members became Anglicans and, in 1888, Kunnenkeril Koratha was ordained priest in the Anglican Church. Koratha worked hard at his ecclesiastical duties in order to give his children a good education. His grandson, Kuruvila Jacob, was born on 3 August 1904, inheriting the sound values of committed work and belief in a solid education.\nKuruvila was the fourth of Kunnenkeril Jacob's eight children. He had an idyllic childhood, growing up in the small village of Aymanam on the banks of the river Meenachil. Memories of the quiet, pastoral life, spent in beautiful natural surroundings, remained with him all his life.\nSince his father's job as a judge entailed frequent transfers, Kuruvila and his siblings changed school several times. He was thus educated at Kottayam, Trivandrum, Nagercoil, and Parur. In all his schools, the young boy excelled in sports and did reasonably well in his studies, too.\nHe caught the eye of some of his more discerning teachers who recognised Kuruvila's potential and encouraged him. These were early lessons in dealing with students as was the repugnance of unfair methods of punishment meted out by other teachers that formed the foundation of the future educator.\nAfter his Intermediate course at CMS College, Kottayam, Kuruvila Jacob went on to Madras Christian College (MCC) in Madras, for his graduate degree in physics and chemistry. As at school, he took active part in all the sports activities. He stayed on at MCC as a demonstrator and also worked as part-time secretary at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).\nBut soon he had to decide what he wanted to do with his life. Kuruvila had always admired and respected his teachers and had been greatly influenced by some of them. He realised the important role a good teacher played in a child's life and wanted to be one such. He set about finding out where he could be best trained and discovered that Leeds University in England offered one of the best programmes.\nHe succeeded in convincing his father that teaching was to be his profession and to agree to pay the expenses involved. Kuruvila married Grace Mathai in August 1929, just before he left for England. It was difficult to leave his young wife behind, but she had her studies to complete too.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.naropafestival.org/cms/ladakh.html", "date": "2020-09-28T09:29:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401598891.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928073028-20200928103028-00556.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9312229156494141, "token_count": 285, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__267453550", "lang": "en", "text": "Ladakh is one of the most beautiful and pristine places in the world. Ladakh’s history can be traced back to the Neolithic era and appears in early historic accounts via Herodutus and Ptolemy. The region hosts ancient trade routes connecting trade from as far west as Damascus to the far east reaches of Guangzhou and connecting the Nothern Caspian Sea to Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Its unique geographic location and its historic celebration of culture diversity, makes it one of the earliest examples of an international hub. Initially part of the Kushan empire in the first century CE, Buddhism spread through the region via the ancient trade routes. To this day, Ladakh is guardian to ancient artwork with Buddhist subject depicted in a Roman-Greco style with Byzantine influences.\nIn 842 AD, Ladakh was an independent dynasty where its culture and traditions flourished. This Ladakhi dynasty spearheaded the “Second Spreading” of Buddhism drawing masters from northwest India and claiming its place in history as one of the most scared lands in Central Asia. In subsequent centuries, Ladakhi kings extended the territory to the realm of Purang and Mustang (present day Nepal). Since ancient times, Ladakh has hosted great masters, meditators, seekers and explorers. The monumental mountainous terrain coupled with its deep spiritual history makes it one of the most profound regions for reflection, retreat and spiritual quests.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dailytrurouknews.com/2023/07/29/explore-kom-ombo-temple-the-twin-temple-of-horus-and-sobek", "date": "2024-04-25T01:59:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296820065.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425000826-20240425030826-00055.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9545994997024536, "token_count": 3279, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__156120959", "lang": "en", "text": "Explore Kom Ombo Temple: The Twin Temple of Horus and Sobek\nWelcome to a fascinating journey through ancient Egypt as we explore the magnificent Kom Ombo Temple. Situated on the banks of the Nile in the village of the same name, this temple is truly unique as it is dedicated to not just one but two powerful gods - Horus and Sobek.\nJoin us as we delve into this awe-inspiring twin temple's rich history, intricate design, and religious significance. Get ready to be captivated by the stories and legends surrounding these remarkable deities and the incredible architectural wonders of Kom Ombo Temple.\nThe Significance of Kom Ombo Temple\nKom Ombo Temple is a significant historical and cultural site in Egypt. It is unique because it is a twin temple dedicated to Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. The temple holds great religious and symbolic significance in ancient Egyptian history.\nThe temple was built during the Ptolemaic Dynasty and completed under the Roman Empire. As a result, it showcases a unique blend of Egyptian and Greco-Roman architecture. Its layout consists of two symmetrical sections, one dedicated to Horus and the other to Sobek.\nThe worship of Horus and Sobek was highly revered in ancient Egypt. Horus was considered the god of the sky and protection, while Sobek was associated with the Nile River, fertility, and protection against evil powers. The temple served as a place of worship for their cults.\nThe main sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple was the most sacred area, housing statues of Horus and Sobek. Rituals and ceremonies were performed in this chamber, with priests and devotees offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods.\nThe temple walls of Kom Ombo are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs. These depict scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, the daily life of pharaohs and common people, and the gods. The artwork provides valuable insights into the time's religious beliefs, customs, and traditions.\nOverall, Kom Ombo Temple is a testament to the richness of ancient Egyptian culture and religious practices. It is a must-visit for history enthusiasts and those interested in exploring the fascinating world of ancient Egypt.\nHistorical background of the temple\nThe Kom Ombo Temple, also known as the Twin Temple, is significant in Egyptian history. It was built between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC during the Ptolemaic period. The temple is dedicated to Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god.\nThe temple's historical background dates back to when Egypt was under Greek rule. The Ptolemaic dynasty, which was of Greek-Macedonian origin, ruled over Egypt during this period. Both Egyptian and Greco-Roman architectural styles influenced the construction of the temple.\nKom Ombo Temple was strategically built on a high ground overlooking the Nile River, emphasizing its importance as a religious and cultural centre. It served as a place of worship, where ancient Egyptians would offer sacrifices and perform rituals to honour the gods.\nOne of the remarkable features of the temple is its unique design, with two symmetrical sections dedicated to each god. The left side of the temple is dedicated to Horus, while the right is dedicated to Sobek. Each section has a hypostyle hall, various chambers, and a sanctuary.\nThe temple's walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting Egyptian mythology scenes, including Horus and Sobek's stories. These carvings provide valuable insights into ancient Egyptians' religious beliefs, rituals, and daily life.\nThe Kom Ombo Temple is a testament to ancient Egyptian architecture and craftsmanship and offers a glimpse into the rich cultural and religious practices of the time. Today, it is a captivating archaeological site that intrigues visitors worldwide.\nThe architecture of Kom Ombo Temple\nLayout and design of the temple\nThe layout and design of Kom Ombo Temple are unique and fascinating. The temple is symmetrically divided into two identical sections dedicated to the gods Horus and Sobek, called \"The Twin Temple.\" Each section has its entrance and consists of halls, chambers, and courtyards.\nThe temple follows a traditional Egyptian temple design, with a main entrance hall leading to an open courtyard surrounded by colonnades. Beyond the courtyard are multiple chambers and halls, including a hypostyle hall with several columns and a sanctuary at the far end.\nOne of the remarkable features of the temple's layout is its double sanctuary. Each section of the temple has its innermost chamber, typically called the sanctuary, where the statue of the respective god would be placed. This unique design allowed Horus and Sobek's simultaneous worship within the same temple.\nThe temple's outer walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, daily life, and religious rituals. These carvings provide important insights into the beliefs and practices of the ancient Egyptians.\nHere's a summary of the layout and design of Kom Ombo Temple:\n- Symmetrically divided into two sections dedicated to Horus and Sobek\n- Each section has its entrance and consists of halls, chambers, and courtyards\n- It follows a traditional Egyptian temple design with an entrance hall, courtyard, hypostyle hall, and sanctuary\n- The unique double sanctuary design allows for the worship of both gods simultaneously\nUnique features and structures\nKom Ombo Temple is known for its unique features and structures, making it stand out among other ancient Egyptian temples. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the temple is its double design, with two identical sections dedicated to two different gods. This makes Kom Ombo Temple the only twin temple in Egypt.\nThe temple has a symmetrical layout, with two entrances, two hypostyle halls, two sanctuaries, and two sets of chapels and chambers. The left side of the temple is dedicated to the falcon-headed god Horus, while the right is dedicated to the crocodile-headed god Sobek.\nAnother unique feature of Kom Ombo Temple is the presence of a Nilometer, which was used to measure the water level of the Nile River. This was important for predicting the flooding patterns and ensuring successful agricultural practices.\nThe temple also features beautifully carved reliefs and inscriptions depicting various scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology and daily life. These detailed carvings provide valuable insights into the ancient Egyptians' religious beliefs, rituals, and traditions.\nHere are some of the unique features and structures of Kom Ombo Temple:\n- Double design with twin sections dedicated to Horus and Sobek.\n- Symmetrical layout with two entrances, hypostyle halls, sanctuaries, and chapels.\n- The presence of a Nilometer for measuring the Nile's water level.\n- Intricate carvings and reliefs depicting mythology and daily life in ancient Egypt.\nVisiting Kom Ombo Temple offers a fascinating glimpse into the ancient Egyptian civilization and the religious practices of the time. Its unique design and rich history make it a must-see destination for history enthusiasts and anyone interested in the wonders of the ancient world.\nThe Worship of Horus and Sobek\nMythology and symbolism behind Horus and Sobek\nThe Kom Ombo Temple is dedicated to two ancient Egyptian deities: Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. These gods hold significant roles in Egyptian mythology and are associated with various symbolism.\nHorus: Horus was believed to be the god of the sky, war, and protection. He was considered the divine representation of the pharaoh and was often depicted with a falcon head and a human body. Horus symbolized power, kingship, and divine protection. The eye of Horus, also known as the \"all-seeing eye,\" represented healing, wholeness, and protection, symbolising good health and spiritual enlightenment.\nSobek: Sobek was a god associated with fertility, the Nile River, and protection. He had a crocodile head and was believed to have control over the dangerous and unpredictable aspects of the Nile. Sobek was also considered a protective deity, guarding against evil forces and averting disasters. His association with fertility and abundance made him important in agricultural practices and rituals related to the Nile's annual flooding.\nThe worship of Horus and Sobek played a vital role in ancient Egyptian society. Horus represented the divine lineage of the pharaohs, protecting and guiding them throughout their rule. Sobek, on the other hand, symbolized the life-giving properties of the Nile and ensured the fertility of the land. Both deities were revered and had dedicated cults, with rituals and ceremonies performed to honour them and seek their blessings.\nThe Kom Ombo Temple is a fascinating testament to the significance of these two gods in ancient Egypt, showcasing intricate carvings and reliefs that depict their mythology, cults, and daily life in ancient Egypt.\nImportance of their cults in Ancient Egypt\nThe worship of Horus and Sobek played a significant role in ancient Egyptian culture. Both gods had cults and were revered for their unique characteristics and attributes.\nHorus, the falcon-headed god, was associated with kingship, sky, and protection. He was believed to be the Pharaoh's divine protector and the embodiment of divine leadership. Horus was often depicted as a falcon or a man with a falcon head, symbolizing his association with the sky and ability to soar above earthly matters.\nOn the other hand, Sobek was the crocodile god who represented fertility, strength, and the power of the Nile. He was often portrayed as a man with a crocodile head or a full-bodied crocodile. Sobek was believed to have control over the Nile's waters and was seen as a protective deity, guarding against dangers and providing sustenance through the river's annual flooding.\nThe cults of both Horus and Sobek had temples dedicated to them, with Kom Ombo Temple being the most prominent example. These temples served as places of worship and were centres of religious and ceremonial activities. Devotees would come to these temples to offer prayers, make offerings, and seek divine guidance or blessings.\nThe importance of Horus and Sobek's cults extended beyond their roles in Egyptian religion. They represented essential aspects of Egyptian life, such as leadership, protection, fertility, and the Nile's importance for agricultural prosperity. The worship of these gods reflected the ancient Egyptians' deep connection to their natural surroundings and their belief in the divine forces that governed their existence.\nHere's a quick summary of the importance of Horus and Sobek's cults in ancient Egypt:\n- Horus represented kingship, protection, and the sky.\n- Sobek symbolized fertility, strength, and the power of the Nile.\n- Both cults had dedicated temples, including Kom Ombo Temple.\n- The worship of these gods encompassed leadership, protection, fertility, and the Nile's significance for agriculture.\nThe Main Sanctuary\nDescription of the innermost chamber\nThe main sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple is the innermost chamber of the temple complex and is dedicated to the worship of the deities Horus and Sobek. It is a significant space where priests and devout worshippers perform rituals and ceremonies.\nThe sanctuary is dimly lit with high ceilings and beautifully decorated walls. The walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, pharaohs, and daily life. These detailed artworks provide valuable insights into ancient Egypt's religious and cultural practices.\nIn the centre of the sanctuary, there is an elevated platform or altar where offerings and sacrifices are made to the gods. This was the focal point of worship and a place where devotees could connect with the divine.\nThe sanctuary was believed to be the abode of the gods, and access to it was limited to priests and a select few. It was a sacred and revered space where the faithful could seek blessings, guidance, and protection from the deities.\nVisiting the innermost chamber of Kom Ombo Temple is a unique experience that allows you to immerse yourself in ancient Egypt's rich history and spiritual significance. The sanctity and aura of the sanctuary make it a must-see attraction for anyone interested in Egyptian mythology and culture.\nHere's a quick summary of the sanctuary at Kom Ombo Temple:\n- The sanctuary is the innermost chamber of the temple complex.\n- It is dedicated to the worship of Horus and Sobek.\n- The sanctuary features beautifully decorated walls with carvings and reliefs.\n- An elevated platform or altar is in the centre for offerings and sacrifices.\n- Access to the sanctuary was limited to the priests and a select few.\n- It is a sacred space where devotees seek blessings and guidance from the gods.\nRituals and ceremonies performed in the sanctuary\nVarious rituals and ceremonies were performed in the sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple to honour the deities Horus and Sobek. Dedicated priests carried out these religious practices, which played a significant role in the daily life of ancient Egyptians.\nThe main ritual that took place in the sanctuary was the offering of sacrifices to the gods. These sacrifices could include animals such as bulls, cows, or goats, believed to be offerings of life and sustenance to the deities. The priests would carefully prepare and present these sacrifices, invoking the blessings of Horus and Sobek.\nIn addition to sacrifices, the sanctuary was a place for prayer and worship. Devotees would come to seek the favour and protection of the gods, often bringing offerings of food, drink, and other valuable items. These offerings expressed gratitude and demonstrated devotion to Horus and Sobek.\nFurthermore, the sanctuary served as a space for conducting divination and oracle readings. This involved seeking guidance and answers to important questions or decisions by consulting the gods through various methods, such as interpreting omens or consulting oracles.\nOverall, the sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple was a sacred space where the ancient Egyptians connected with the divine and sought spiritual fulfilment. Through rituals, sacrifices, prayers, and divination, they honoured and revered Horus and Sobek, seeking their blessings and protection in various aspects of their lives.\nCarvings and Reliefs\nIntricate artwork and inscriptions on the temple walls\nOne of the most fascinating aspects of the Kom Ombo Temple is the intricate artwork and inscriptions that adorn its walls. These carvings offer a window into ancient Egypt's rich history and culture.\nThe temple walls are covered with detailed reliefs that depict various scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, daily life, and religious rituals. These carvings provide valuable insights into the beliefs and practices of the people who once worshipped at the temple.\nOne prominent theme in the artwork is the depiction of gods and goddesses. The walls are adorned with images of Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. These depictions often show the gods in various forms, emphasizing their different attributes and associations.\nIn addition to the gods, the reliefs also portray pharaohs and other important figures from ancient Egyptian society. These carvings are a visual record of the individuals who played significant roles in the temple's history.\nBeyond the mythological and historical depictions, the reliefs also showcase scenes from daily life. These carvings provide glimpses into ancient Egyptian agriculture, trade, and various other aspects of society. They offer a valuable glimpse into the everyday activities of those who lived during that time.\nOverall, the intricate artwork and inscriptions on the walls of the Kom Ombo Temple are a testament to the skill and creativity of ancient Egyptian artisans. They provide visitors with a unique opportunity to connect with the past and gain a deeper understanding of the culture and beliefs of this ancient civilization.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bestcasino8.net/?p=1336", "date": "2023-01-31T12:52:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499871.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131122916-20230131152916-00848.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9797083139419556, "token_count": 3081, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__90571328", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of modern-day playing cards is shrouded in secrecy, as is the genesis of its design. Instead of being developed by a single person, organization, or nation, the pack that most people are today acquainted with emerged through many hundred years of research and development. Whenever the notion of playing cards got introduced into a new nation, the form and design of the cards got altered to represent the cultural character of the new country’s inhabitants. The manufacturing process got also changed to accommodate the expertise and abilities of the local craftspeople. Due to the complexity of the evolutionary process, it is impossible to determine the specific geographic origin of playing cards with any degree of precision.\nOrigin of playing cards\nEven though several countries claim to have invented playing cards, historical evidence clearly shows that the Chinese were the first to design cards for game purposes. It isn’t unexpected to realize that China was also responsible for the invention of paper, the woodblock printing method, and the first printing system using moveable type. In the design of early Chinese cards, which date back to the 9th century, coins are featured prominently, a theme still often employed as a suit emblem in Spain and other European nations. Apart from this resemblance, traditional Chinese playing cards are opposed to early European ones. Some historians think that playing cards were initially created in Persia (the old name for Iran) rather than China and that they then moved eastward to India and China as a result.\nThere is an old Persian game known as “As Nas” that uses a smaller pack, and while it is likely that the current pack arose from this source, there is no contemporary evidence to support this idea. Similarly, the circular pattern of early Indian “Ganjapa” cards, made of wood or tortoiseshell, does not appear to have impacted the design of the famous pack of 52 playing cards that we are all acquainted with today. The Chinese created a large variety of packs, each of which differed substantially in terms of design and number of cards. Several historians argue that the initial playing cards were a sort of paper currency created to have a dual purpose, serving as instruments of the game and representing the stakes being wagered itself. This concept is similar to popular modern-day trading card games like Magic: The Gathering and Pokémon, both based on collecting cards.\nThere is no doubt in the minds of many historians that playing cards were introduced into Europe by troops returning from the Crusades. In support of this allegation, not a single shred of proof can get found. The last Crusades ended in 1291, more than a hundred years before the first recorded mention of playing cards in Europe appeared in a book.\nSimilarly, the widely held belief that gypsies were responsible for introducing playing cards into Europe is without foundation. It is apparent from historical documents that playing cards were in use in Europe even before the arrival of the gypsies in the region.\nNational types and suit systems\nBy around 1500, three major suit systems had emerged:\n- The French suit system (which has since been known as the ‘Anglo-American’ suit system).\n- The Germanic suit system (which includes German and Swiss suits).\n- The Latin suit system (including Italian, Spanish and Portuguese).\nAt the same time, the judicial hierarchies were becoming more standardized but with slight variations depending on the locality. However, other students prefer to perceive a religious, social, or political meaning in the suit symbols, which may have had a semi-symbolic value or been borrowed from a foreign language. Others believe the suit symbols reflect the popular culture at the time.\nAs a result of these suit systems and court hierarchies, numerous Standard National patterns, also known as National Types, emerged that were identified with some regions of tax jurisdictions. Many of these have remained essentially unmodified for centuries, having been passed down through the generations while retaining their archaic, medieval qualities. While others have developed into contemporary forms, this may have occurred due to the self-affirmation of national identity in nations with recently acquired independence from imperial authority. Because of globalization and the widespread use of computers, conventional playing card designs are becoming more consistent on the one hand while providing increasing chances for customization and creativity on the other.\nThe imagery used on cards\nIt took years for other applied crafts to establish the repertory of designs that would eventually get used in playing cards. In the medieval period, it was customary for artisans to work from models drawn on pieces of vellum and pasted into sketchbooks before beginning their work. Hundreds of copies of these models were made repeatedly, allowing images to travel throughout workshops and from master to pupil. Pictures were taken while traveling overseas frequently featured mistakes in observation and proportion, exacerbated by future copying and reproduction.\nHowever, while the social structure at the court inspired the main court card hierarchy, much of the secondary imagery on early playing cards resemble the figures that recur in the borders and marginal drollery of illuminated manuscripts: miniature illustrations and trompe l’oeil of tapestries, carving, and sculpture. The topic was usually a light-hearted allusion to tournaments, cavorting youngsters, or mock battles between animals. It was typically surrounded by fruits, flowers, acanthus leaves, birds, monkeys, and grotesques, among other things. Playing cards were made by artists whose primary source of revenue may or may not have been the sale of playing cards themselves. The painters’ abilities varied: while some artists could depict standard topics stereotypically, others were able to reimagine scenarios from scratch.\nWritten writings, such as hunting manuals, mystery plays, and morality tales, would have impacted the designs. Flowers from the herbal, animals from the bestiary, and birds and insects from the Hours books, all evoking symbolism, a semiotic language, and echoing the ordinary world of popular beliefs and folklore, were represented in the exhibition.\nLuxury hand-painted packets were only available to a select few, who savored them in solitude or with a small group of friends. The printed or mechanically generated versions, which were cruder in design and execution, were viewed by a more significant number of people at the same time but were more prone to deterioration with time.\nThe rise in demand for cultural items spurred the development of more efficient and cost-effective production processes, such as woodcuts, moveable type, paper instead of parchment, and many copies of the same work. As card-playing became increasingly popular, alternative procedures, such as hand-made cards, cards printed from woodblocks or stencils, or other improvised techniques, helped to hasten the manufacture of cards and increase their availability.\nEarly packs used artisan card creation methods, which were time-consuming yet resulted in extremely durable cards. It was made of numerous sheets of paper that got pasted together to form a pasteboard. More costly cards were made from copper engravings, which required the talents of a goldsmith and an engraver, and were then lighted with a variety of colors, including gold and silver, to make them more valuable. These cards contain more detail and more organic use of line than the previous ones. This type of package was presented as a wedding gift, bequeathed as heirlooms, and considered a precious object. Depending on the situation, they were frequently made for collectors or as curios for regal display cabinets.\nCasino card games\nThe growth of card games has been a fascinating process to watch. Casino and online gaming are becoming increasingly popular. The traditional card games that have been enjoyed throughout the world for centuries are guaranteed to undergo a further transformation due to new technological developments. In casinos, a wide variety of card games are available to be played by patrons. The cards themselves, used in card games, are now public in two different materials: card stock and plastic.\nMost nations have their current deck configurations, but the French format of Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, and Spades is the most widely used in casinos worldwide and has existed in France from the beginning of the game’s existence. The history of card games and their development inside the casino is a fascinating subject to study. Man’s fascination with gambling may be dated back to 600 BCE. Still, it wasn’t until the first legal casinos opened their doors in the early 1930s that gambling was able to transition from back alleyways and shady saloons to respectable establishments. Over the years, casino gambling has expanded to include a wide range of activities, with card games, in particular, becoming increasingly popular. The evolution of casino card games has been spectacular, beginning in the back alleys and progressing to the increasing popularity of new online casino games.\nIn the nineteenth century, the Americans were the first to introduce poker to the world. The number of cards used in modern-day poker differed from the number of cards used in poker in the nineteenth century. Back then, each participant would draw five cards from a deck of twenty cards, dealt face down.\nThis game was quite popular among boat crew members since it was a fun way to spend time while also earning extra money. Gamblers used to hang out at saloons. However, as the casinos progressed, players began to use a pack of 52 cards rather than a single deck of 20 cards.\nAdditionally, they establish specific rules and points for each card to make the game more fascinating for everyone. On the other hand, poker did not remain confined to the casinos. It also found its way onto television in the 1970s, thanks to shows like “World Series of Poker” and other similar programs. Poker has now made its way into the digital realm, with online sites where you can register as a permanent visitor and play poker anytime you want to earn some money.\nWhile other card games are available at casinos, the most popular ones are blackjack and poker, both available at most casinos. According to one blackjack hypothesis, the French invented the game in the 17th century, and it got first played there. Even though the game was known by the name Vingt et un, the rules and structure of the game were quite similar to those of modern-day blackjack.\nHowever, some minor distinctions, such as the dealer’s ability to double up, and the betting techniques, were also significantly different from those in the United States. Most people, especially those who enjoy gambling, are familiar with the modern-day blackjack card game invented in 1821. Today, this game, also known as the Comparing Card Game, is the most popular and favored game played in casinos worldwide.\nWere cards invented for playing games?\nIn specific early packs of cards, it is disputed whether or not they were meant for use in a game in the first place. The super-rich who could purchase lighted cards decked with gold could engage in self-indulgent, narcissistic pleasures by buying cards meant to be looked at, admired, and studied. They were more than simply a toy; individuals could decipher the symbols and inscriptions, make comparisons, and discern more profound significance.\nMan’s intellect enjoys categorizing and classifying his experiences the elements, cardinal points, lunar cycles, virtues, celestial spheres, temperaments, taxonomies, and hierarchies are some of the categories and classifications that he enjoys. As a practical “mnemonic” or mechanism for depicting life’s essential truths, a memory aid or teaching tool, and a means of compressing knowledge, playing cards are an excellent choice. There are no restrictions on the subject matter, ranging from botany to heraldry and from cosmology to geography.\nAs an example, Thomas Murner, a Franciscan friar, produced a deck of instructional cards in 1507 that is still in use today. Political humor has also served as a source of inspiration for the design of playing cards. Until the latter part of the 18th century, the backs of playing cards were left plain white. However, the difficulty with this was that card backs got easily marked during play, and as a result, they became identifiable by an opponent. Because it was too expensive to purchase another fresh pack, any damaged cards were returned to the workshop for cleaning. The white backs of playing cards got frequently used for secondary purposes. It included currency, visiting cards, and library classification cards until some playing card manufacturers began printing repeating geometric patterns, such as stars or dots, on the reverse of the cards to alleviate this problem.\nCards for the masses\nLike dice or a roulette wheel, Cards are employed as a randomizing technique in various gambling games, including blackjack. The guidelines are typically straightforward: a banker may or may not be present, depending on the circumstances. Games of skill have a lower chance element than games of chance. The skill becomes more decisive via the use of technologies such as bidding, capturing, collecting, merging, and increasingly complicated rules and procedures.\nBoth types of games have been played in Europe since the invention of playing cards in the 16th century. The widespread usage of cards for gambling is demonstrated by the prohibition of card games and preachers’ denunciation of card games. It was poker, a hobby that drew card sharps, gamblers, swashbucklers, and other outlaws who made a livelihood by their wits. The emotional outbursts and bad behavior that occurred due to losing were deemed unethical.\nPlaying cards are typically used for two primary purposes:\ngambling and participation in skill games. Their emergence gave a new option to more cerebral games such as chess and draughts and more chance-based games such as dice and knuckle-bones games. They introduced a new method of telling fortunes and practicing sleight of hand.\nCard games are a reflection of the society in which they are played. A simple way of looking at it, playing cards might be thought of as conduits for popular culture and taste.\nThe development of printing is a product of the modern age. Consequently, the growth of playing cards as a mass-produced product got dramatically accelerated, and they became a part of popular culture throughout Europe. Printing made it possible for information and culture to be conveyed more effectively. It also boosted the paper manufacturing industries due to its invention.\nAs a result, playing cards and card games permeated everyday life, affected society, and eventually became a part of European popular culture (or subculture) – spreading as far as North Africa. As early as the fifth century, playing cards and card players first appeared in chronicles and archives. We learn that they were disapproved of or forbidden by religious and secular authorities as soon as they appeared in Europe. Society gradually grew more open and less reliant on tight restrictions. Within a few hundred years of the sixteenth century, a rich vocabulary of descriptive phrases and famous sayings had made their way into ordinary English and literature about card playing, including metaphors based on cards and card games.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/news/september-30th-a-national-day-to-honour-reconciliation/", "date": "2021-10-24T15:46:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00715.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.934586226940155, "token_count": 456, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__72909350", "lang": "en", "text": "September 30, 2021 – Ottawa, Canada – Today, Canada has a new federal statutory holiday called the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation. It’s a day to commemorate the history and ongoing trauma caused by the residential schools, and to honour the survivors, and the families, and indeed entire communities who continue to grieve for those who were lost.\n“The creation of a national day for truth and reconciliation is an important step towards healing,” said Inuit Circumpolar Council President Monica Ell-Kanayuk. “Healing takes time, in some cases it will take a lifetime. Many Inuit are on the healing path. Our communities need healing as a result of the intergenerational trauma passed down from relatives over the decades. A day like this allows everyone in Canada to reflect on what happened as a result of the residential schools. This year especially, with the discovery of hundreds of unmarked graves of Indigenous children on the grounds of former residential schools, we have reason to pause and reflect on the profound meaning of truth and reconciliation.”\nIn June 2021, the House of Commons unanimously passed legislation to make September 30th a National Day for Truth and Reconciliation. The designated paid holiday for federal employees also addresses one of the 94 calls to action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: “We call upon the federal government, in collaboration with Aboriginal peoples, to establish, as a statutory holiday, a National Day for Truth and Reconciliation to honour survivors, their families, and communities, and ensure that public commemoration of the history and legacy of residential schools remains a vital component of the reconciliation process.”\n“I’m sure we will see a lot of people wearing orange shirts today,” said Monica Ell-Kanayuk. “Symbols are important. Wearing an orange shirt, or displaying an orange flag, or an orange ribbon shows you care and helps in our national healing process. I commend provinces and territories who have come on board and also declared a statutory holiday today so that more people can take the time to reflect on what happened. We’re all in this together.”\n+1 613 668-1923", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://checksix.de/Reviews/Museums/Museo-Storico-Dell--Aeronautic/museo-storico-dell--aeronautica-militare.html", "date": "2018-02-25T09:58:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816351.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225090753-20180225110753-00114.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.971366822719574, "token_count": 3296, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__44315255", "lang": "en", "text": "Italian art and architecture, Italian fashion and design, the excellent Italian cuisine as well as the entire Italian way of life - all this is admired and appreciated all over the world. The Italian automotive industry has produced such legendary brands as FERRARI, LAMBORGHINI or MASERATI, motorcycles of the DUCATI or APRILIA brands not only compete on the racetracks with the major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers, but also on the favor of the worldwide clientele - above all in the upper segment. Far less known is that there was (and still is) a high-performance aircraft industry in Italy, whose products often represented not only the pinnacle of contemporary technology, but also significantly influenced the development of aviation technology. There were even times when the achievements of Italian designers and the performance of Italian pilots were more frequently featured on the front pages of relevant magazines than those of other nations.\nPerhaps one of the reasons why names such as CAPRONI, SAVOIA MARCHETTI, BREDA or CANT, just to name a few, are less familiar, compared to NORTH AMERICAN, SUPERMARINE, MITSUBISHI or MESSERSCHMITT, is that outside Italy relatively few (good) preserved exhibits from Italian production can be found. Anyone interested in aircraft and aeronautical engineering, made in Italy, must also go there to admire these rare and fascinating gleaming achievements of Italian engineering. By far the best place to visit is located some 45 km north of Rome, in the small town of Vigna di Valle, on the picturesque Lago Bracciano. There is the MUSEO STORICO AERONAUTICA MILITARE. This is the official museum of the Italian Air Force. On an area of a size of total 13,000m2 the one who is technically and historically interested in Italian aviation can admire almost 80 exhibits.\nThe interior exhibition is divided into 4 exhibition halls, which guide the visitor through more than 100 years of aviation history from an Italian point of view in chronological order. A peculiarity is that, with two exceptions, there is no machine that does not come from the hands of an Italian designer, or at least did not fly in the service of the Italian Air Force. The two exceptions are a Junkers J.1 (only fuselage segment), which was captured in 1917 by Italian troops, and a replica of a Wright Flyer. Even the world's only preserved copy of a LOHNER Type L flying boat from the Austrian Empire's k.u.k. MARINE has a connection to the Italian aviation industry. A replica of this construction was manufactured by NIEUPORT-MACCHI under the designation L.1. A total of 14 units were built, a further development of this Austrian flying boat was the extremely successful MACCHI M.5.\nAfter the first manned motor flight by the Wright brothers, it was above all the European nations that drove the development of aviation with great enthusiasm and ingenuity. This was further reinforced by the requirements of the First World War. In addition to Germany, France and Great Britain, the then Italian Kingdom also played a major role. Although the Italian aviation forces (CORPO AERONAUTICO MILITARE) during the war of 1915-1918 were predominantly equipped with French material, the licensed design of various samples allowed the local designers to gain enough experience to be able to make the technological connection. In the postwar period, Italians were able to build up a powerful aerospace industry, despite some major economic difficulties. In the 1920s and 1930s, the products of Italian companies achieved a number of world records, some of which are still in existence today!\nIn 1911, at a time when aviation was still in its infancy, a French industrialist named Jacques Schneider initiated a competition that was to go down in history as the SCHEIDER CUP (original name: Coupe d'Aviation Maritime Jacques Schneider). This developed into a technological race of the then leading aviation nations, above all Great Britain, the USA, France and of course Italy. The winner of the cup had to win three times in a row (within 5 years) flying on a circuit race course. Although the Italian team was able to win several times (1920/1921 and 1926), but ultimately had beaten by the British company SUPERMARINE, which on September 13th, 1931 the won the cup for the United Kingdom with a S.6B achieving a cruising speed of 547.31 km/h. However, the S.6B made its victory flight without an opponent - their competitor, the MACCHI-CASTOLDI MC.72, had not been finished in time! One year later, this race.plane achieved the unbeaten world record for piston-powered seaplanes - 709.2 km/h!\nThe MUSEO STORICO features 4 race seaplanes of this era: the winner of the 1926 US competition, a MACCHI M.39, a M.67 of 1929, the world record holder, the MC.72 an a FIAT C.29 (which never took part in a race).\nDue to the numerous, high-profile successes, the domestic aircraft industry received a not inconsiderable number of export orders until the beginning of World War II - and not only with various European neighbors, such as Austria, Hungary or the former Yugoslav Kingdom. Thus, 85 pieces of the twin-engine bomber FIAT Br.20A CICOGNA were delivered to the Japanese Empire (unfortunately there is not a single survivor of this type). The SAVOIA-MARCHETTI SM.79 SPARVIERO was exported to Lebanon and Brazil. The SM.79 was a three-engine bomber and was produced in relatively large numbers (until June 1943, 1,217 units were manufactured). Particularly successful (and feared) was the SM.79 as a torpedo bomber. Two aircraft of this medium bomber have been preserved to this day. One stands in the MUSEO dell'AERONAUTICA GIANNI CAPRONI / Trento, the other in the MUSEO STORICO.\nEspecially popular in the export market was the FIAT Cr.32 fighter biplane (the abbreviation Cr stands for the name of the designer: Celestino Rosatelli). The prototype called MM.201 had its maiden flight on April 28th, 1932. Powered by a FIAT A.30RA twelve-cylinder V-engine, producing 600-hp, this successful design proved to be at least equal to all contemporary single seat fighters, in many cases even as superior. This was impressively demonstrated by Italian and Spanish pilots in the Spanish Civil War. The most famous flying ace of the National Spaniard, Commandante Joaquin Garcia Morato, scored 36 of his total of 40 kills on this machine. Morato preferred the extremely agile biplane even to the modern and much faster Messerschmitt Bf-109B! Of the total of 1052 built aircraft of this type (other sources speak of 1212 built machines, including 100 units manufactured under license in Spain called Hispano HA-132L CHIRRI), only two have been preserved: one of them is in the MUSEO del AIRE in Cuatro Vientos / Madrid, the other one is in Vigna di Valle (both machines are Spanish licensed copies).\nDespite these (at least to the outside) very media-effective successes, from the mid-1930s the Italian companies lost more and more the connection to technological progress. Particularly in the field of engine development, the Italians were deposed by the British and Germans, as well as by the Americans. While engines, such as the legendary Rolls Royce MERLIN or the Daimler Benz DB 601, have already reached the power range of well over 1000 hp, their Italian counterparts were still working at just 850 - 900 hp. Incidentally, this does not only apply to in-line engines, it did not look much better with radial engines either. The French Gnome Rhone 14N-2 delivered in its first variant almost 1060 hp, its Italian counterpart, the FIAT A.74 made it just 870 hp - both engines were produced from 1937. Most Italian radial engines were at least technologically based on US or British models, only without access to the materials used there (especially special alloys) and the high-quality fuels and lubricants, which were mainly used in the US, the Italian engines could not reach the required performance.\nOne reason why the Italians lagged behind technologically before the outbreak of World War II was certainly not due to the (in) capacity of domestic engineers, but can be attributed, at least to a large extent, to the responsible politicians and Military who fell into disrepair of their own propaganda and thereby weighed in a deceptive security. New developments and advancements were not forced, funds for research were not released and the impending, emerging conflict was believed to be able to offer quite an edge with the existing material. This was clearly evident in the further development of the FIAT Cr.32, the model Cr.42 FALCO. While all other nations used modern all-metal monoplanes (Supermarine SPITFIRE, Hawker HURRICANE, Messerschmitt Bf 109, Mitsubishi A6M or Curtiss Model 75), Italy still believed in the biplane configuration!\nUnlike its predecessor, which had a V-12 cylinder aircraft engine, the Cr.42 was powered by the aforementioned FIAT radial engine A.74 RC.38, which provided the FALCO a top speed of about 450 km/h. The Cr.42 was thus, at least at the beginning of the war, still a serious opponent. In the hands of an experienced pilot, a well-flown FALCO was a deadly weapon. If the FALCO could keep up with the British Gloster GLADIATOR II or Hawker HURRICANE Mk.I fighters in the years 1939-1940 due to its excellent maneuverability, then it was hopelessly outperformed at the emergence of later models such as the SPITFIRE Mk.V or the North American P-51B MUSTANG. The last Cr.42 were used by the German LUFTWAFFE for pilot training and also as a night combat aircraft for partisan fighting (in the night battle group NSGr. 9). A total of 1,800 machines were built by the FIAT works in Turin (the exact number can not be determined exactly to this day). Of these, just four machines have survived - one of which is displayed in the MUSEO STORICO.\nThe achievements of Italian design engineers are impressively demonstrated by another exhibit of the museum. The CAPRONI CAMPINI N.1 was the second jet-propelled aircraft in the world. On August 27, 1940, this interesting machine took off for its maiden flight at the Aeroporto Taliedo (near Milan) - interestingly enough, the day exactly one year after the Heinkel He 178 had its maiden flight. However, the concept of the N.1 turned out to be a technological dead-end. In contrast to the He 178 or the British Gloster E28 / 29, which were both powered by a jet engine, the N.1 had a so-called motorjet engine. A three-stage compressor (turbine) was powered by a conventional piston engine (a 900 hp ISOTTA FRASCHINI L.121 R.C.40). The compressed air thus flowed through a pipe into an afterburner area where fuel is injected and ignited, thus generating a thrust. The testing of the prototypes provided a relatively weak performance, the machine did not even reach a top speed of 400 km/h and was thus just as fast as the biplane of the Cr.32 series. Due to the collapse of Mussolini's government in mid-1943, the continuing bombing of the Italian industrial areas by the Allies (in a bomb attack on Milan one of the prototypes was damaged by this air raid) but also because of insufficient performance, the development was not continued. Although this concept ultimately could not prevail, the N.1 was in many ways trend-setting. It was the first airplane in history that had an afterburner (as well as an adjustable exhaust nozzle). Fortunately, the second prototype (C.C.2) has been preserved and can therefore be admired on display in the MUSEO STORICO.\nDespite adhering to the biplane design for fighter aircraft for the REGIA AERONAUTICA (Royal Italian Air Force) in the mid-1930s the development of modern single-engine full-metal monoplane with retractable landing gear started. The result of this development were two very similar aircraft - the MACCHI C.200 SAETTA and the FIAT G.50 FRECCIA. Both machines were fighters were famous for their fantastic maneuverability and very good flight characteristics. Also both were powered by the same engine, which was also installed in the FIAT Cr.42 (FIAT A.74 RC.38 / 14-cylinder, air-cooled radial engine). The lack of a powerful engine, as well as the relatively light armament (2 x Breda-SAFAT 12.7 mm MG's) prevented that the first Italian monoplane fighters could keep up with the contemporary British and German designs.\nOf the FIAT G.50 unfortunately only a single copy survived. This is located in the Belgrade Aviation Museum. The MACCHI C.200 does not look much better. One machine is in the NATIONAL AIR FORCE MUSEUM in Dayton / Ohio, the other is in the MUSEO STORICO.\nThe biggest shortcoming of the Italian aerospace industry in the late 1930s, mentioned several times, was the lack of suitable propulsion systems. Only the availability of licensed built German engines of the type Daimler Benz DB 601A (license designation: Alfa Romeo RA.1000 RC 41-I MONSONE) producing 1,175 HP made it possible to exploit the full potential of the design from the drawing board of Engineer Mario Castoldi. The MACCHI MC.202 FOLGORE, and especially its successor, the MC.205 VELTRO, which was powered by a Fiat RA1050 RC 58 TIFONE (license version of the DB 605A) with 1475 hp take-off power, were more than just a serious and dreaded opponents. Luckily for the Allied pilots, the ceasefire (Sept. 1943) and the splitting up of the REGIA AERONAUTICA into the AERONAUTICA NAZIONALE REUBBLICANA (ANR) and the AERONAUTICA CO-BELLIGERANTE ITALIANA prevented these fast and extremely manoeuvrable fighters from being used on a grand scale, for example, the MC.205 just built in 262 copies, the FIAT G.55 just managed to 274 units. The G.55 shown in Vigna di Valle was built from a G.59 (a FIAT G.59 is also in the museum). In the G.59, a Rolls Royce MERLIN 500 was installed into the fuselage of a G.55. The first flight took place in 1948. It served as an advanced trainer, but was also was used by the Syrian Air Force as a fighter aircraft.\nDescribing all the exhibits of the MUSEO STORICO AERONAUTICA MILITARE would enormously exceed the scope of this article . Considering the fact that this museum has such a large number of historically and technically rare specimens, this is a pity, but there is a simple solution for that: make sure to visit the museum on your next vacation in Italy ! It is worth it!\nRobert Kysela / CHK6\ncopyright © 1997 - 2016 by Robert Kysela / CHK6 all rights reserved", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.bataanmarch.com/r09/history.htm", "date": "2015-08-31T06:41:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065828.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00154-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9558494091033936, "token_count": 961, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-35__0__42323198", "lang": "en", "text": "History of the Bataan Death March\nBataan Memorial Death March honors a special group of World War II\nheroes. These brave soldiers\nwere responsible for the defense of the islands of Luzon, Corregidor\nand the harbor defense forts of the Philippines.\nThe conditions they encountered and the aftermath of the battle were\nunique. They fought in a malaria-infested region, surviving on half\nor quarter rations with little or no medical help. They fought with\noutdated equipment and virtually no air power.\nOn April 9, 1942, tens of thousands of American and Filipino\nsoldiers were surrendered to Japanese forces. The Americans were\nArmy, Army Air Corps, Navy and Marines. Among those seized were\nmembers of the 200th\nCoast Artillery, New Mexico National Guard.\nThey were marched for days in the scorching heat through the\nPhilippine jungles. Thousands died. Those who survived faced the\nhardships of a prisoner of war camp. Others were wounded or killed\nwhen unmarked enemy ships transporting prisoners of war to Japan\nwere sunk by U.S. air and naval forces.\nThe Army ROTC Department at New Mexico State University began sponsoring the memorial march in 1989 to mark a page in history that included so many native sons and affected many families in the state. In 1992, White Sands Missile Range and the New Mexico National Guard joined in the sponsorship and the event was moved to the Missile Range.\nIn 2003, for the only time in its history, the memorial march was canceled. Operation Iraqi Freedom required extensive deployment among the units that usually support the march and event could not be safely and efficiently conducted.\nSince its inception, the memorial march has grown from about 100 to some 6,500 marchers from across the United States and several foreign countries. While still primarily a military event, many civilians choose to take the challenge.\nMarchers come to this memorial event for many reasons - personal challenge, the spirit of competition or to foster esprit de corps in their unit. Some march in honor of a family member or a particular veteran who was in the Bataan Death March or was taken a prisoner of war by the Japanese in the Philippines.\nTwo Routes Offered\nParticipants entering the Bataan Memorial Death March may choose between two routes. The different routes are clearly marked with colors/signs directing marchers.\nThe GREEN route is the full 26.2 mile Bataan Memorial Death March. Awards will be given to the top two finishers in each category. Those marching the 26.2 miles will be able to experience, in part, what the Soldiers endured during their long trek through the Philippines. Participants of this full march will follow signs clearly identifying the GREEN route.\nThe 26.2 mile memorial march route starts on the White Sands main post, crosses dusty and hilly desert terrain, circles a small mountain and returns to the main post through sandy desert trails and washes. The elevation ranges from about 4,100 to 5,300 feet. Be sure to look at the course description page.\nThe BLUE route is approximately 14 miles in length. This shorter march is designed for participates who would like to memorialize Bataan but do not wish to march the full 26.2 mile route. There are NO awards given for this march. Participants of this shorter march will follow signs clearly identifying the BLUE route.\nWe encourage you to learn more about this history before you undertake the memorial march. Armed with this information, the event will likely be more meaningful for you. There are many good books detailing events in the Philippines during World War II. Additionally, an internet search on the Bataan Death March will turn up rich sources of information. We also encourage you to attend the history seminar to be conducted at the White Sands Post Theater the day before the march.\nRead the rules to make the most of your march experience, thoroughly read all the rules as well as the safety information. Teams will consist of five people. All five team members must cross the finish line together or be disqualified. Additionally, team captains or a team representative must attend one of the team captain briefings conducted on in-processing day.\nIn the true Death March, the surrendered had no options. They helped each other through the ordeal just to stay alive. In the memorial event, marchers are encouraged to remember this spirit. People working together from start to finish will gain much more personal reward. In fact, you might want to read some of the comments from past participants, to better appreciate the experience.\nTrain hard (this is not an event for the out-of-shape), we will see you at White Sands Missile Range!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.lowryjames.com/pages/books/7224/jedidiah-bradley-morse-abraham-jr/map-of-the-northern-part-of-the-united-states-of-america-by-abraham-bradley-jun-io-r-engraved-for", "date": "2020-06-06T06:36:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348511950.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606062649-20200606092649-00009.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9144031405448914, "token_count": 358, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__82005505", "lang": "en", "text": "Boston: S. Hall, 1797. First Edition. single sheet. Near Fine. With folds as issued, faint offset from folded image. A few minor stains to top edge of map, professionally cleaned with small edge tear repairs. A very nice solid copy of an early desirable map. Copperplate engraving on laid paper. Sheet size: 42 x 25.3 cm. Plate mark: 40.8 x 22.5 cm.\nA fine example of Early American Mapmaking by Abraham Bradley, Jr, engraved by B. Callender prior to the Louisiana Purchase showing the Northern Part of the United States from the Canadian border across the Great Lakes, down through central Virginia, just south of Norfolk and west to the Kentucky Frontier. The Eastern Seaboard towns represented in detail along with rivers and tributaries, military forts, native encampments and court houses.\nAlexander Bradley, (Conn. 1767-1838) lawyer then judge in Pennsylvania who became assistant postmaster general and supervised the move of the general post office from Philadelphia to Washington DC.\nKnown for his excellence in detailed mapmaking, as well as his knowledge of postal routes, he created to the first official map used by the US Postal Department, which became the standard by 1825. In 1803 Thomas Jefferson wrote to Bradley requesting an early copy of one such map. (Howes 839; Ristow 70-1; Sabin 50923)\nhttps://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-41-02-0206. Near Fine. Item #7224\nLowry-James Rare Prints & Books\nFine & Rare Natural History c.1600-1900\nPO Box 1294 Langley, WA 98260 US", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.seiklejad.org/projektiblogi/training-course-conflict-resolution-through-storytelling-pt-2-in-malta", "date": "2023-12-10T01:46:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00622.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9462513327598572, "token_count": 499, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__144239700", "lang": "en", "text": "On the 22nd of May, the three Musketeers Anton, Kadi & Loora found themselves reunited and ready for another adventure. This time, their journey led them to the enchanting island of Malta, where the sun's appropriate warmth already hinted at the impending summer. In the days leading up to the training, they explored the historic streets of Valletta, the timeless beauty of the silent city, and ventured into the ancient archaeological sites that dot Malta's landscape. With their sense of wonder awakened, they were now prepared to delve into the art of conflict resolution through storytelling.\nOur experiences from the heart of Bosnia and Herzegovina still resonated within us, and we were eager to expand our storytelling prowess to address conflicts. In familiar company from the previous Sarajevo workshops and some new faces, we began our journey. The first lesson was clear: to resolve a conflict, one must first understand it. And so, we delved deep into the annals of history and explored contemporary disputes, wars, and complex relationship dramas, seeking to uncover the diverse types and root causes of conflicts.\nIntriguingly, we discovered that each conflict could be perceived in myriad ways, depending on the parties involved and the perspective of the bystanders. Over the following days, we engaged in profound discussions on the motivations driving conflicting parties, a topic that proved as intricate as it was enlightening. Finally, we examined real-life examples of conflict resolution, discovering that the classification of \"good\" and \"bad\" resolutions was itself subjective and depended on one's point of view.\nThe week in Malta passed even more swiftly than our previous adventure in Sarajevo. Our days were filled with intensive group work, stimulating discussions, and a wealth of knowledge gained from both history and new international friendships. Malta, with its charming blend of international influence and local charm, compact size and vast historical significance, and occasional contrast between dry and rainy weather, provided the backdrop for a memorable journey.\nOur hearts brimming with newfound insights and friendships forged, we left Malta with a promise to return someday, knowing that this island had more stories to tell and conflicts to resolve, and we would be ready to craft narratives that bridged divides and brought people together.\nWith stories & love\nHanna-Loora Bobrov, Anton Neidre, Kadi Remann\nProjektikogemused alates 2021-st aastast.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sjcmastergardeners.wordpress.com/2014/05/23/flower-of-remembrance/", "date": "2018-03-24T09:47:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650188.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324093251-20180324113251-00294.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9627374410629272, "token_count": 559, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__178311969", "lang": "en", "text": "Red poppies have long been a symbol of eternal sleep, resurrection and love: In ancient mythologies of Greece and Rome, poppies were given as offerings to the dead; in Urdu they are sometimes a symbol of martyrdom; and in classic Persian literature, the red poppy is a flower of love and often represents those who died for love. Well into the 20th Century, poppies were used as emblems on tombstones. And since World War I, Papaver rhoeas, or the red-flowered corn poppy, has been the flower of remembrance for fallen soldiers.\nThe flower’s opiate qualities help explain its relationship to “eternal sleep,” and the red color its role as a symbol of death. But Papaver rhoeas is also a highly successful plant — quickly self-seeding, adaptable, happy in disturbed soil, bad-tasting to grazing animals, and a scourge of agriculture for centuries.\nIn other words: A weed. But why would a weed come to honor fallen soldiers?\nIn Flanders fields the poppies blow\nBetween the crosses, row on row…\nThe poppies that McCrae saw growing wild in the battlefields were Papaver rhoeas. The disturbed ground caused by trench warfare had proved irresistible to the red-flowered corn poppy.\nPublished in 1915, In Flanders Fields became one of the most popular poems of war — inspiring American professor Moina Michael to compose a poem in reply, We Shall Keep the Faith:\nThat grows on fields where valor led;\nIt seems to signal to the skies\nThat blood of heroes never dies…\nMichael also began the tradition of wearing a red poppy on Memorial Day in the U.S., and made and sold red poppies made of silk (called “Buddy Poppies”) to raise funds to aid disabled veterans and their families. In 1922, Veterans of Foreign Wars adopted Michael’s program and became the first veterans organization to nationally sell Buddy Poppies.\nIn Flanders Fields has since become one of the most frequently quoted English-language poems of the first World War, translated into numerous languages over the years; McCrae himself is an iconic personage in Canada, his birthplace now a historical museum. Moina Michael helped launch a memorial poppy program in France, and was honored with a commemorative stamp in 1948 for her humanitarian work.\nAnd today in the U.S., Buddy Poppies are made by veterans, providing financial and therapeutic benefit to thousands of disabled vets and their families.\nFor more on the work of Veterans of Foreign Wars, visit VFW.org.\nAll images from Wikimedia Commons.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bonsellamericana.com/us-flag-laws", "date": "2019-09-17T15:07:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573080.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917141045-20190917163045-00186.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9169865846633911, "token_count": 945, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__181377166", "lang": "en", "text": "United States Flag Laws\nFLAG RESOLUTION OF 1777\nResolved, that the flag of the thirteen United States be 13 stripes alternate red and white: that the union be 13 stars, white, in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\nPassed June 14, 1777\nFLAG ACT OF 1794\nBe it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the first day of May anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States, be fifteen stripes alternate red and white. That the Union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field.\nApproved, January 13, 1794.\nFLAG ACT OF 1818\nSect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars, white in a blue field.\nSect. 2. And be it further enacted, That on the admission of every State into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the fourth day of July next succeeding such admission.\nApproved, April 4, 1818.\n1905 Trademark Act\nAN ACT To authorize the registration of trade----marks used in commerce with foreign nations or among the several States or with Indian tribes, and to protect the same…\nSEC. 5. U.S.C, title 15, sec. 85. That no mark by which the goods of the owner of the mark may be distinguished from other goods of the same class shall be refused registration as a trade--mark on account of the nature of such mark unless such mark--\n(a) Consists of or comprises immoral or scandalous matter.\n(b) Consists of or comprises the flag or coast of arms or other insignia of the United States or any simulation thereof, or of any State or municipality or of any foreign nation, or of any design or picture that has been or may hereafter be adopted by any fraternal society as its emblem, or of any name, distinguishing mark, character, emblem, colors, flag, or banner adopted by any institution, organization, club, or society which was incorporated in any State in the United States prior to the date of the adoption and use by the applicant…\nExecutive Order 1556 Signed by President William H. Taft on June 24th, 1912\nIt is hereby ordered that all National Flags and Union Jacks for the Department of the Government, with the exception noted under (a), shall conform to the following proportions:\nHoist (width) of Flag -------------- 1\nFly (length) of Flag ---------------- 1.9\nHoist (width) of Union ------------ 7⁄13\nFly (length) of Union --------------- .76\nWidth of each stripe --------------- 1⁄13\nWhen in the manufacture of any flag under these specifications the resulting dimensions appear as fractions of an inch, such fractions shall be taken as the nearer inch. In the event of a fraction of one half inch, the whole inch greater shall be adopted.\nUnion Jacks: The size of the Jack shall be the size of the Union of the National Flag with which it is flown.\nNumber of Stars: All National Flags having hoist less than five (5) feet, except colors to be carried by troops, and the corresponding Jacks, shall have only thirteen (13) stars in the Union, in order that the identity of the stars may be plainly distinguishable.\nPosition and size of Stars: The position and size of each star for Unions of forty-eight (48) and thirteen (13) stars, respectively, shall be as indicated on blueprint of a plan which will be furnished to the Departments by the Navy Department. From this plan can be determined the location and size of stars for flags of any dimensions. Extra blueprints of this plan will be furnished upon application to the Navy Department.\nOrder effective: All National Flags and Union Jacks now on hand or for which contracts have been awarded shall be continued in use until unserviceable, but all those manufactured or purchased for Government use after July 4, 1912 shall conform strictly to the dimensions and proportions herein prescribed.\nThe color of the field of the President's Flag shall be blue.\nWM. H. TAFT\nTHE WHITE HOUSE,\nJune 24, 1912", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lizdean.info/discovering-the-origins-of-the-tarot-saturnalia/", "date": "2024-02-25T21:44:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00722.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.951199471950531, "token_count": 714, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__34806837", "lang": "en", "text": "The Duke’s Tarot Inheritance: Saturnalia\nThe Tarot’s ‘characters probably evolved from the Roman festival of Saturnalia, which took place around Christmas time each year. This is also the principal theory of the often-quoted librarian and Tarot researcher Gertrude Moakley who in 1966 published The Tarot Cards Painted by Bonifacio Bembo for the Visconti-Sforza Family (who painted the cards, however, is another subject in itself).\nAccording to Moakley, during the Roman Saturnalia festival, slave and master became equal, and the people in Italian cities celebrated by dressing up in costumes and masks. The festival consisted of a lavish procession of ‘triumphs’ in chariots – actors dressed as major arcana characters – culminating in the ritual murder of the Carnival King, or Bagatino. The source we have for this is Petrach’s poem I Trionfi, or ‘The Triumphs’ of 1354, which predates the earliest tarot cards. In it he describes how the procession told a story of ‘triumphs’, as follows, beginning with:\n1 The Lovers, followed by:\n2 Chastity (Temperance), which triumphs over the Lovers, or love; followed by:\n3 Death, which triumphs over Chastity. Then came:\n4 Fame (Judgement), which outlives Death, followed by:\n5 Time (The Hermit), which triumphs over Fame. (In fact, the earlier tarot cards show the Hermit with an hourglass to represent time, which later became a lantern in the Rider Waite Smith deck). Then finally comes:\n6 Eternity (The World), which triumphs over Time.\nThe Duke’s Tarot Carnival\nIn the Duke of Milan’s day, many years later, the carnival would have included more tarot characters: Justice, The Hanged Man and the cosmic cards, The Sun, The Moon and The Star. The crowd would have laughed at the obvious sexual reference of Temperance with her cups and Strength, shown as a man with a phallic club. Other cards that may have been part of the procession because they appeared in the early decks have been abandoned, however, as tarot continued its 600-year journey: Faith, Hope and Charity. These ‘lost’ cards made sense in the original decks, as they fit perfectly with the other ‘virtue’ cards of the major arcana: Temperance, Strength and Justice.\nFaith Her signifiers are a cross, for her faith, and a chalice, symbolising the vessel of Christ.\nHope Her signifier is an anchor, the sailor’s symbol of safe return from peril.\nCharity Her signifier is a pelican, for generosity and the family.\nThese three cards’ meanings appear to have been absorbed into other cards:\nFaith: The High Priestess\nHope: The Star\nCharity: Temperance and the High Priestess. This may not be obvious, as the image shows her with a child more in keeping with The Empress. However, in Catholic catechism charity is aligned with Chastity (more the virginal nun, or High Priestess) and the virtue of Temperance.\nImages below are from the Cary-Yale Tarot Deck", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.dolomitipaganellafuturelab.it/en/once-upon-a-time-60-years-of-winter-tourism-in-andalo/", "date": "2023-12-05T08:57:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100550.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205073336-20231205103336-00618.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9737123847007751, "token_count": 689, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__195593767", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1960 the village of Andalo was in the centre of one of the biggest worksites in its history: the construction of the ski runs and lift facilities.\nIt was 6 May 1959 when the Local Council of Andalo decided to construct the first chairlift connecting Andalo and Cima Paganella. At that time the village was still largely dedicated to the traditional economy of agriculture, forestry, and handicrafts. There were already about 1100 bed spaces in hotels, guesthouses, and holiday homes, with another 500 or so in private apartments, for use exclusively during the summer.\nAs the Council resolution stated, “adequate facilities for winter sports and pastimes”, were an indispensible premise to initiate a more profitable tourist season compared to summer tourism. The Council was obliged to look after the general interests of the local population, and decided to initiate a project that would establish, “the foundation for a decisive and significant increase in tourism”, which represented the new economic future of the Altopiano della Paganella.\nThis official deed was impressive for its farsightedness, clarity of intent, and economic audacity. A sum of Lire 85,754,000 was assigned to the realization of the cable car system. It was designed in two stages for both technical-constructional and practical-functional reasons, with an intermediate station at the mid point close to Malga di Terlaga.\nThis investment, converted to its equivalent value in 2019 according to official ISTAT coefficients, represents about € 1,200,000, which would be a reasonable amount for a local council today, but in the year 1959 it was an exorbitant sum. Suffice to say that in December of the same year the budget approved for the entire following year was substantially less (Lire 63,270,000).\nAt the same meeting the preliminary project was approved along with the finance plan for the works, which foresaw about a third of the cost being covered by the sale of the wood felled on the Paganella to create the ski runs.\nThe engineer Lello Prudenza from Turin was appointed for the executive design, on behalf of and in the name of the company FRATELLI MARCHISIO – Funivie, seggiovie – sciovie, with registered office in Turin.\nThe building and mechanical works started in 1960, exactly 60 years ago, entrusted to the Actis company from Susa, who were specialized in the construction of skiing and cable car facilities. In the record time of little more than a year the project was completed.\nIt was inaugurated on 22 July 1962 in the presence of numerous officials, including the Minister of Public Works, the honourable Fiorentino Sullo.\nEver since then the tourist economy, in all its different facets, has been gaining strength as the central interest of the Andalo community. From the first modest runs in the 1960s, the ski resort has evolved in both typology and hourly uplift capacity, with multiple additions to the ski runs, becoming one of the major ski and tourist resorts in Trentino.\nThe decision taken back then has proven to be a very astute foresight. The robust support of the local community, combined with the general creativity that has characterized the overall tourist system, has brought about the universally acknowledged success story we see today.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://downtowncomics.com/products/graphic-history-hitlers-last-gamble-gn", "date": "2020-10-28T23:47:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00126.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9258489608764648, "token_count": 195, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__157209160", "lang": "en", "text": "Graphic History Hitlers Last Gamble Graphic Novel\nUSD $ 9.95\nby Dan Abnett & Dheeraj VermaPlanned down to the last detail by Hitler himself, the Battle of the Bulge was the last major German attack on the Western Front. On December 16, 1944, 30 German divisions roared through the Ardennes. The battle that ensued nearly proved disastrous for the Allied forces, with some of the harshest fighting conditions of the war. Under-strength, under-equipped and operating in freezing temperatures, the U.S. Army - notably the 101st stationed in Bastogne - fought back, extinguishing German hopes for victory. Featuring first-hand accounts that give the narrative a profoundly human element, this action-packed comic strip provides readers of all ages with a vivid re-creation of the attack, remembered as the biggest and bloodiest single battle ever to be fought by the U.S. Army in World War II..", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.hillndale.ca/history.html", "date": "2023-09-21T12:27:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00271.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9619470238685608, "token_count": 337, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__251608823", "lang": "en", "text": "Hill 'N' Dale History\nHill ‘N’ Dale Farms was founded circa 1960 by John Sikura Jr. just outside of the Greater Toronto Area. John Sikura Jr. had a multi-faceted operation, including a racing division, a commercial sales operation, and stood several prominent Canadian stallions.\nThe farm, named by his wife Gus, reflected the topography of the property.\nJohn Sikura Jr. was perhaps best known as the purchaser of the first yearling in thoroughbred history to bring in excess of $1 million (SECRETARIAT/CHARMING ALIBI). Mr. Sikura also was the purchaser of Eclipse award winner GLORIOUS SONG.\nCurrently Hill ‘N’ Dale exists both in King City, Ontario (Canada) and in Lexington Kentucky. While there is a great deal of interdependence, the two farms are owned and operated individually by R. Glenn Sikura and John G. Sikura respectively.\nPrimarily a commercial breeding enterprise, Hill 'N' Dale Canada is a perennial leading consignor in Toronto and represents many Canadian clients selling in the United States. Hill 'N' Dale Canada has a small racing stable and does a limited amount of select boarding.\nR. Glenn Sikura is active within the Canadian thoroughbred industry, is the past President of the CTHS Ontario, Past President/Director of the CTHS National division, Past President/Director of the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame, Past President/Director of OHRIA, and sits as the Chief Steward of the Jockey Club of Canada.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.treegenes.nl/en/update-february-2019-transcription-process-of-oral-history-in-depth-interviews-has-started/", "date": "2019-03-21T23:44:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202588.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321234128-20190322020128-00283.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9522587060928345, "token_count": 113, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__191590722", "lang": "en", "text": "25 February 2019 @ 22:47\nUpdate February 2019: Transcription process of Oral History in-depth interviews has started\nWhile the final round of cardiovascular measurements is done and the calculations are taking place, the transcription process of the Oral History in depth interviews has started. For these transcriptions, a professional historian has been recruited who specializes in this particular part of historical research. The transcription process is expected to last for many months. Obviously, substantive confidentiality is guaranteed.\nIf you would like to know more about Oral History, we present you a short description via:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://savertelongwaveradio.com/clarkstown-radio-transmission-mast/", "date": "2021-09-24T04:07:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00593.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9741466641426086, "token_count": 839, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__143868805", "lang": "en", "text": "Radio Tara, a joint venture between RTÉ and Radio Luxembourg, began transmission in September, 1989 as Atlantic 252. Although the transmitter was in Ireland, the station was widely available in Britain and beyond. Atlantic 252 continued to operate until December 2001.\nAtlantic 252 was a long wave radio station broadcasting to Ireland and Britain on 252 kHz(1190 metres) from its 1988 purpose built transmission site Clarkstown radio transmitter, which provided service to Atlantic 252 from 1989 until 2002. The station’s studios were located just 12 km (7 mi) away in Mornington House, Summerhill Road, Trim, County Meath. Atlantic 252 also had sales offices and studios at 74, Newman Street in London. In 2002 the station’s former frequency and transmitter were used for the failed TeamTalk 252 project.\nThe frequency was re-subsumed by RTÉ in 2002 to provide a version of RTÉ Radio 1 to theexpatriate community in Britain from the Clarkstown radio transmitter.\nThe concept of Atlantic 252 can be traced back as far as August 1986, when Irish state broadcaster RTÉ announced it was to use their allocated longwave channel for a new pop music station. They teamed up with RTL Group/Radio Luxembourg to form Radio Tara – the trading name of Atlantic 252, which being long wave, enabled reception in Britain and Ireland. This was following Chris Cary’s test transmissions from Clogher Head, County Louth in the mid 1980s with 254 kHz Longwave as “Radio Exidy”\nIn 1987 RTÉ commenced building a giant 3-sided 248 metre broadcast mast in Clarkstown, County Meath, using a specially built pair of both air and water cooled 300 kilowatt solid-state transmitters (which could be combined to give double power) built by Varian Associates, Texas, despite protests from local residents. Studios were set up in Mornington House, in the nearby town of Trim. The station cost £6m to set up. Just over 47m people were in the station’s broadcast area.\nAt 8am on 1 September 1989, Gary King announced on Atlantic 252, “Mine is the first voice you will ever hear on Atlantic 252.” This was followed by a specially produced pre-recorded introduction tape that introduced everybody employed by the radio station on its launch day, from engineers, administration, management like Travis Baxter and John Catlett, and the station’s personality music presenter lineup including ex-Laser 558 presenter Charlie Wolf, MaryEllen O’Brien, Andrew Turner, Nicky Schiller, Henry Owens, Al Dunne, Tony West and Jeff Graham. An appearance was even made by Rosalyn Reilly – who was to remain the station’s cleaning lady for its entire twelve year history. The first record ever played on Atlantic 252’s test transmission was “Ain’t Nobody” by Rufus and Chaka Khan (’89 Remix); the station’s official “first record ever played” was “Sowing The Seeds of Love” by Tears for Fears shortly after 08:00 local time on 1 September 1989. The second record played was “Monkey” by George Michael.\nAlthough the transmitter was in the Republic of Ireland, the signal’s reach meant that it was often considered to be a “UK” national station – the signal had even been received in Brazil at night-time, with other reception reports from such locations as Berlin, Finland, Ibiza, andMoscow. The Scottish musician Mylo has claimed it was the only station with listenable reception on the Isle of Skye. At launch there were no UK-wide commercial stations (the first being “Classic FM” in 1992), and the lack of a UK broadcast licence attracted the attention of theIBA. Although the transmitters were theoretically capable of being combined to operate at 600 kilowatts output power, International agreements limited the station’s power to a maximum daytime output of 500 kW, or 100 kW at night.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://homeleasing.net/bartlett-gardens", "date": "2024-04-24T02:02:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818999.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424014618-20240424044618-00499.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9711911678314209, "token_count": 418, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__124387325", "lang": "en", "text": "Bartlett Gardens is home to adults 62 and older and/or for persons with a disability. Located in the heart of beautiful Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania, the community offers 43 one- and two-bedroom apartments with many modern amenities.\nThe monthly rent includes all utilities. This is made possible by financing and assistance from federal, state and local government programs, which allows us to provide beautiful and affordable homes to those who qualify.\nFor the convenience of our residents, the active community center, library, mailroom and laundry room are available onsite. Given the often-changing weather in Cambridge Springs, it is a great advantage to be able to access all of these features without stepping outside.\nWe offer many planned activities and events in which residents are encouraged to participate. However, residents are can always choose the quiet and solitude of their apartment. Residents are also welcome to reserve the community room at no charge to host an event of their own.\nAvailable Supportive Services\nWe offer supportive services to those who seek additional assistance in everyday tasks. Whether the need is for help at home or a ride to the grocery store, our staff can put residents in touch with the appropriate parties.\nA Historic Building\nBartlett Gardens, previously The New Cambridge House, was built in 1897 on the foundation of The Cambridge Hotel, which was destroyed in a fire. The Cambridge Hotel was the location of a reception held by General Lafayette for former Revolutionary War soldiers in 1820. Years later, Benjamin F. Bartlett purchased the property, changed the name to Hotel Bartlett, and added many luxuries to accommodate tourists in Cambridge Springs. When tourism began to dwindle, Hotel Bartlett was sold to Alliance College and converted into male dormitories until the college was forced to close its doors in the 1970s. In November 1979, the property was purchased and the first and second floors were converted into one- and two-bedroom apartment homes for senior housing. Home Leasing purchased Bartlett Gardens in 2011 and has maintained the integrity of this historic building while providing comfortable homes for independent seniors.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sports.abs-cbn.com/basketball/news/2016/12/21/125-years-ago-today-basketball-born-19518", "date": "2019-02-17T22:23:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247482788.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217213235-20190217235235-00547.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9820164442062378, "token_count": 661, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__45397453", "lang": "en", "text": "125 years ago today, Basketball was born\nABS-CBN Sports on Dec 21, 2016 12:26 PM\nIt all started on a cold winter day with Dr. James Naismith at Springfield, Massachusetts (Photo courtesy of Springfield College).\nAs much as skeptics say that basketball is not for Filipinos, our country absolutely loves the sport, no question about it.\nAnd for our undying passion for that game with a bunch of guys trying to fight over one ball in order to put it through some hoop, we have one man to thank. And that man is of course Dr. James Naismith.\nThe good doctor invented the game on this day 125 years ago at the then YMCA College in Springfield, Massachusetts. With the winter of 1891 proving to be too cold for any sort of outdoor sport, Naismith thought of something that could be played indoors.\nAn old soccer ball and a couple of peach baskets later, the game we now know as basketball was born. And we thank Dr. Naismith for it.\n\"I buried myself arranging the apparatus all the time watching the boys as they arrived to observe their attitude that day,\" Naismith wrote in one of his journals recovered by his granddaughter Hellen Carpenter back in 2006.\nNaismith was preparing the gym where the supposed first game of basketball was to be played over a century ago.\n\"I felt this was a crucial moment in my life as it meant success or failure of my attempt to hold interest of the class and devise a new game,\" Naismith wrote.\nSince its inception, basketball received mixed reviews at first before slowly turning into the global juggernaut that it is today.\nPart of the sport's growing pains included actual pain as players were playing more football than what Naismith had envisioned.\n\"The boys began tackling, kicking and punching in the clenches. They ended up in a free-for-all in the middle of the gym floor. Before I could pull them apart, one boy was knocked out, several of them had black eyes and one had a dislocated shoulder,\" Naismith said in a 1939 radio interview in New York that was found by a University of Kansas professor by the name of Michael Zogry.\nRules were later added and revised to separate basketball from others and as they say, the rest is history.\nBasketball was an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and 1924 before it became part of the actual Olympic program in 1936. FIBA was founded four years earlier in 1932.\n10 years after basketball became an official Olympic sport, the National Basketball Association was founded in New York City in June of 1946. Locally, the Philippine Basketball Association opened its doors in 1975 following on the footsteps of the old Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association (MICAA).\nAs for Naismith, the good doctor also later founded the University of Kansas basketball program, one of the most successful in history with NCAA national titles in six Finals and 14 Final Fours.\nNaismith died in 1939 but before he finally laid to rest, he knew that the sport he invented wold turn into something big.\n\"Up until then, he'd just thought of it as a little game,\" Carpenter said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://girlandhersuitcase.com/pompeii/", "date": "2018-08-18T17:51:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213693.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818173743-20180818193743-00160.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.979598343372345, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__14750926", "lang": "en", "text": "We left Rome to make our way to Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast. We decided last minute to make a quick stop in Pompeii and were so glad we did. Pompeii was so easy to get to and was a highlight of my whole trip. I would definitely make the time to go there if you are traveling to Italy.\nPompeii was a port town with about 2,000 people. In 79 A.D., nearby Mount Vesuvius erupted destroying the city by burying it in volcanic ash and a pyroclastic flow. The city was not rediscovered until much later and was excavated. It is now an incredibly well-preserved sight showing what life in Italy was like centuries ago.\nWe left from the Termini Station in Rome and took the train to Napoli Central. The fast train only took about an hour. We used Trenitalia.com to buy our train tickets online ahead of time so we would know the schedule. Once in the Naples Station, you have to find the circumvesuviana trains which are downstairs. They are crowded and not comfortable like all the other trains we took in Italy, but it was a quick 30 minute ride. Buy your ticket downstairs to the Pompei Scavi stop and once there, follow the crowd to the Pompeii entrance.\nFYI – the train station in Pompeii had luggage storage, which made it an easy stop for us on our way to our hotel in Sorrento. The sight is almost directly across the street from the train station, so it was very easy to find. To find the luggage storage in the Pompei Scavi station, follow signs to the WC downstairs.\nThere was a long line to get into Pompeii but it moved quickly. We used the Rick Steves Audio Europe App to listen to a free self-guided tour on our phone. Even with the map and the audio guide, we still got lost. This place is huge so make sure to wear comfortable shoes, bring water and snacks, and wear sunscreen.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tri-l.com/about/", "date": "2024-02-25T14:31:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00356.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9847028851509094, "token_count": 168, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__3123637", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1979, Bob Lynch was looking for a better way to move round hay bales on the family farm in Ozark, Missouri. Round balers were beginning to sell, and he decided to put his mechanical engineering background to work. He designed a hay spear which attached to the three-point mount on his tractor. The neighbors were soon asking Bob and his sons to duplicate this!\nAs farming continued through the years, Tri-L Manufacturing was incorporated and has continued to grow ever since, adding new products, equipment and employees.\nToday, Tri-L manufactures 370 products. Our catalog includes not only hay handling items, but also cultivation and cleanup equipment, pallet forks, buckets, adapter plates and much more. As a customer-oriented company, Tri-L designs products to meet the individual needs of the end-user.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://apln.network/analysis/special-report/special-report-the-crossroads-of-atomic-warfare-in-one-family", "date": "2023-09-26T15:49:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510214.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926143354-20230926173354-00289.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9423283338546753, "token_count": 558, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__139001027", "lang": "en", "text": "In a new Special Report titled ‘The Crossroads of Atomic Warfare in One Family,’ published simultaneously by Asia-Pacific Leadership Network, RECNA-Nagasaki University, and Nautilus Institute, Michael Roach, former US Army atomic demolition munitions specialist, provides a remarkable account of multigenerational involvement in nuclear war, including a previously unpublished photo of the starboard nose of the Enola Gay bomber that delivered the first atomic bomb and returned to Tinian airfield, showing the inscription “First Atomic Bomb – Hiroshima – August 6, 1945.”\nMichael Roach and his father Kenneth Roach served in the US Army two decades apart on missions that involved the atomic bomb. The prospect of real atomic warfare in Japan in the 1940s, and potential atomic warfare in Korea in the 1960s, brought their lives together historically, but father and son came away from their experiences with completely different conclusions. Roach writes, “He was very proud of his service in helping to carry out a small part in the atomic bombing missions over Japan that ended the war. On the other hand, I am still troubled by the thought that I came so close to such a momentous decision as personally detonating an atomic bomb in a densely populated metropolis on so little historical knowledge and justification. That concern has sent me on a lifetime of learning history and trying to create a more just and equitable world.”\nThe report sheds light on the US government’s thinking about nuclear weapons, particularly vis-à-vis military operations in Northeast Asia. It also outlines the impracticality and risks of the US strategy to use tactical atomic weapons in Korea in the 1960s.\nClick on the adjacent link to download the full report.\nAbout the Author\nMichael Roach is a retired renewable energy manager residing in a small Wisconsin farm town surrounded by vast green fields of corn and soybeans. He is currently writing a history of wheat culture using commodity chain analysis. His research is part of a larger project that examines the history of illumination and power technologies, from 18th century whale oil to modern microgrids. He also volunteers his time assisting in the reconstruction of Ukraine using ultra energy efficient modular multifamily housing powered by solar microgrids. He served in US Forces Korea as an Atomic Demolition Munitions engineer in 1968.\nDisclaimer: The views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Asia-Pacific Leadership Network, RECNA-Nagasaki University, and Nautilus Institute, nor their staff or boards.\nImage: Rare Photo of the Starboard Side of the “Enola Gay” Parked on the Tarmac in Tinian, 1945 (Collection of Kenneth Roach)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kindadifferent.net/wp/index.php/2019/07/29/the-rivers-source-part-1/", "date": "2023-12-03T00:05:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100476.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202235258-20231203025258-00876.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9627934694290161, "token_count": 1436, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__242508496", "lang": "en", "text": "The source of the Mississippi River is the stuff of legends. Let’s excavate them a bit.\nLast time out we followed the Rev. William Boutwell as he accompanied an expedition that identified the source of the Mississippi in 1832.\nYou may have heard the story behind the Northwest Angle, that little landlocked piece of Minnesota jutting above the 49th parallel. I just learned how it came into existence through (mis)information about the Mississippi’s source. We’ll delve into that in this post.\nIn the next post we’ll peer more deeply into the 1832 Schoolcraft / Boutwell expedition, and also look at four earlier expeditions that came to (what we now consider) incorrect conclusions as to the great river’s headwaters.\nUpper Mississippi River, showing (in red) the location now considered the Mississippi’s source, and the location guessed at by 18th century mapmaker John Mitchell. The course of the river is overlaid: running north from Lake Itasca and then east before turning south.\nThe Northwest Angle\nThe Angle is one of only six pieces of land in the lower 48 US states that you cannot get to in a wheeled vehicle or on foot without going through another country’s territory — a geographical anomaly called a “practical exclave.” You can take a boat over Lake of the Woods to the Angle; you can fly in; but if you want to drive you have to pass through 52 miles of Canada — 17 miles of that on a dirt road. (Well, in deep winter I suppose you could drive there over the frozen lake.)\nThe Red Lake Nation of Ojibwa owns 80 percent of the Angle, held in trust by the federal government.\nThe Angle is the northernmost township in Minnesota and home to the northernmost point in the contiguous 48 states. No bookstore, however. Its population, in 123 square miles of land, is 119.\nA portion of John Mitchell’s 1754 map of North America (interactive original). Click the image for a larger version.\nAn Accidental Mapmaker — The Angle exists because an 18th-century mapmaker guessed at where the source of the Mississippi River was, and guessed it was north of the 50th parallel. He also drew the extremely irregular Lake of the Woods as an oval. This was one John Mitchell, a Virginia doctor and student of flora who moved to London and took up consulting with rich people about exotic plants. He had no background in mapmaking at all, and it’s safe to say he had never set foot or canoe in the northwest territories.\nOne of Mitchell’s garden clients was the Earl of Halifax, who had been appointed president of the Board of Trade and Plantations in 1748. Halifax was extremely concerned about the possibility of conflict with the French over the North American territories. Turns out he was right to be concerned: what we call the French and Indian War, and the British call the Seven Years’ War, started in 1756.\nIn 1750 Halifax had asked Mitchell to draw a map of North America that he could use in the halls of Parliament to bolster his case for not compromising with the French. Mitchell drafted one from the sources he could find in London; it proved lacking and Halifax put out a call for the American colonies to send over the best maps they had. Most did so. Using this improved source material, Mitchell produced a second edition map by 1754.\nThis map was published all over Europe and embodied most of what people on the Continent knew of North American geography up until the early 19th century. The map was printed in eight sheets; when assembled, it measured 6’5” wide by 4’6” tall.\nTreaty Negotiations — It was Mitchell’s map that formed the basis for border negotiations in Paris after the Revolutionary War concluded. Ben Franklin had a copy. Here is the wording that ended up in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 regarding the US-Canadian (then, British Territories) border beginning in Lake Superior:\nOn the assumption that the Mississippi’s source lay to the northwest of Lake of the Woods, this formula would make sense — if a northwestern point on the lake could be identified. In reality it defines a geographically impossible border.\nStraightening It Out — That northwestern point of Lake of the Woods was located in 1825, by the second expedition tasked to do so. Already by 1798 the Canadian explorer David Thompson had identified Turtle Lake as the source of the Mississippi (mistakenly, but he was not far off). Those who knew of Thompson’s explorations already credited that the Mississippi’s headwaters lay south of Lake of the Woods, and so had reason to believe that the above definition for a border was nonsense.\nIn 1818 the contours of the current Northwest Angle border were agreed between the US and England, with the border dropping staight south to the 49th parallel from the designated northwestern-most point of Lake of the Woods. It wasn’t until 1842 that the lines were actually nailed down in a treaty — 17 years after the northwestern point of the lake had been found and 59 years after the Treaty of Paris was signed.\nSee this 2014 piece in MinnPost for an exhaustive treatise on the history of the US-Canadian border, the inadvertent creation of the Angle, and its defense and maintenance by US negotiators over many decades. US officials persistently rejected any wording that would change the 1783 document under which the nation had gained its independence.\nGive It Back? — Early this year an anonymous someone added a petition to the We the People section of the whitehouse.gov website requesting that the US turn over the Northwest Angle to Canada. Even though the story got a fair amount of local press attention, the question garnered only 5,500 signers in a month’s time. The guideline is that 100,000 signers are needed to trigger the White House to look into whatever the question is and to respond. According to the Strib, “Angleites” gave the idea a big thumbs down.\nA Road Trip — We haven’t been up to the Northwest Angle yet. Until we go, enjoy this account of a road trip to Angle Inlet by a pseudonymous Minnesotan, “Seth5544,” who blogs about roadside attractions. His lively prose and photos convey the flavor of the journey. A sample:\nI would fully expect cell phone coverage to be nonexistent up that way. We lost coverage well before reaching the Lost 40 last year, north of Lake Winnibigoshish, and that’s a good 120 miles to the south. A GPS app should be able to deliver your latitude & longitude, as long as the phone can see 5 satellites in the sky, but don’t expect Google Maps to paint a picture of your location.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.evolves.com.au/impact-colonisation-indigenous-australians/", "date": "2024-04-18T16:57:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817222.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418160034-20240418190034-00895.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9689655303955078, "token_count": 920, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__65734557", "lang": "en", "text": "Impact of Colonisation on Indigenous Australians\nIndigenous people live all over Australia – from small country towns to large cities, from the fringes of central deserts to remote tropical coasts. They belong to different descent groups and speak many languages. The welfare and health of Aboriginal people living in large cities are different from those living in remote communities, which also differs from those living in Torres Strait.\nApproximately 700,000 Indigenous people live in Australia, comprising about 3% of the general population of Australia. These are descendants of people who occupied Australia over 60,000 years ago. There were about 320,000 Indigenous Australians living in Australia during European colonisation; many of them lived in the Murray River valley and its tributaries and in the southeast regions of the country. This article will discuss the effects of colonisation on Indigenous people in Australia–to learn more about Aboriginal diversity and inclusion, click here to read our latest article.\nThe Effects of Colonisation on Aboriginal Culture\nIndigenous Australia has a common story of European colonisation and the forced removal of their children. Before European colonisation, Indigenous people lived in small groups that were part of larger cultural groups within specific territorial boundaries. These small family groups had rules and kinship systems for socialising; they had responsibilities and roles related to education, law, resource management, and spiritual development. Also, they had ceremonies, languages, traditions, and customs, as well as an extensive mastery of their surroundings–Indigenous cultures were incredibly well-developed and strong. Additionally, Indigenous people were self-sufficient, and their children were protected and nurtured.\nBritish colonisation had adverse effects on Indigenous Australians. Indigenous people suffered a lot of injustices, such as being evicted from their traditional territories and being relocated to reserves and missions. They were also subjected to mass killings, and for those who survived, European colonists denied their customs and traditions. Subsequently, the Indigenous people lost many cultural practices. For Indigenous communities, colonisation means violence, massacre, loss, and disease.\nEuropean colonisation also resulted in stolen generations within Indigenous Australia–these stolen generations are comprised of Indigenous people who were taken away from their communities and families when they were children.\nThe removal of Indigenous children occurred during the early days of European colonisation and up until as recently as the 1970’s. It broke vital spiritual, familial, and cultural ties and has left lasting intergenerational impacts on the well-being and lives of Indigenous people.\nHowever, despite the adverse effects of colonisation, Indigenous customs, traditions, and kinship systems are still vibrant, and Indigenous people, communities, and families remain resilient and strong. Wanting to find out if you are of Aboriginal descent? Check out our latest article to learn how.\nThe Impact of British Colonisation on Indigenous Australia: Diseases\nThe most immediate impact of European colonisation was a wave of epidemic diseases, such as measles, influenza, and smallpox, which spread ahead of the destruction of many Indigenous Australians and the settlement of colonists. The sexual abuse and exploitation of Indigenous women and girls also caused widespread venereal diseases among Indigenous people.\nThe Impact of Colonisation on Indigenous Australians: Violence\nIt’s essential to note that throughout European colonisation, Indigenous people continuously resisted the infringement of their rights to own land, affecting their communities and cultures.\nNearly 20,000 Indigenous Australians were killed by colonial violence during colonisation, and between 1,500 to 3,000 Indigenous deaths resulted from frontier conflicts. According to historical records, Indigenous Australians were hunted and murdered on many occasions; massacres of Indigenous Australians often occurred in the form of driving large crowds of people off cliffs and during mass shootings. There were also many instances of European colonists giving Indigenous Australians food laced with arsenic and other poisons.\nThe Impact of Colonisation on Indigenous Australians: Agriculture\nWhen Europeans arrived in Australia, they cleared and farmed the land, and came with their preconceived cold-climate ideas of landscape, agriculture, and land ownership.\nBefore European colonisation, Indigenous people used fire-stick farming practices to manage their land and ensure sustainable food production; however, the events of European colonisation caused profound changes and negative impacts across land and resource management.\nThe Indigenous people fiercely resisted the colonisers. However, with Europeans’ vast weaponry, disease, massacres, and displacement of Indigenous Australians, European colonisation had horrific effects on Indigenous people, their culture, and their legacy that they are still working to reclaim and preserve today.\nCurious to learn more?", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://digitalfabulists.com/david-reddishs-new-novel-the-passion-of-sergius-bacchus/", "date": "2020-08-12T03:56:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738864.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812024530-20200812054530-00195.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9410960078239441, "token_count": 245, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__91677845", "lang": "en", "text": "David Reddish’s New Novel THE PASSION OF SERGIUS & BACCHUS\nIn 357 A.D.:\nEngulfed in turmoil, the Roman Empire had divided itself in two: the West, overrun by barbarian marauders, and the East, prosperous, encroaching toward the orient, its borders extending and contracting with battles against Persians. To quell growing civil unrest, Constantine the Great made Christianity the state religion, remaking temples to Jupiter into churches of the Anointed One.\nAfter Constantine’s death, his son Constantius took power as Caesar Augustus, high ruler of the Empire, in Byzantium, new capitol of Rome and home of the Senate, then executed all that remained of their family, save his two cousins, Gallus and Julian.\nConstantius appointed Julian, aged only twenty-three, Caesar of the West, custodian of Rome against the pillaging tribes. An academic at heart, no one in the Empire believed he stood a chance leading the armies of Rome, until one day in Gaul, a great battle altered the course of Julian’s career, and changed the lives of two soldiers destined to make history…", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://nama-president.blogspot.com/2005/12/first-article-anniversary_02.html", "date": "2018-06-22T11:14:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864391.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622104200-20180622124200-00157.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9609864950180054, "token_count": 159, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__153388685", "lang": "en", "text": "July 5, 2005\nForty-eight years ago the first article \"Heroin Addiction - A Metabolic Disease\" was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine by Drs. Dole and Nyswander.\nThe original paper on methadone has been published and re-published a number of times. But over the years it is often cited but the original paper is easily forgotten after all this time. Here is an opportunity to download it and read it. It has some surprising insight considering it was written in 1967.\nHeroin Addiction - A Metabolic Disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 120, July, 1967. (pdf format)*\n* Note: Attached to this publication are some files from the early project.\nOriginally Posted: July 5, 2005", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://trueviralnews.com/84731-shipwreck-endurance-is-still-bold-and-beautiful-after-a-century-in-antarctic-waters.html", "date": "2023-02-07T19:20:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500628.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207170138-20230207200138-00673.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9767975807189941, "token_count": 461, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__74230339", "lang": "en", "text": "The wreck of one of the world's most legendary exploring ships was found in icy waters off the coast of Antarctica, and the pictures from the expedition are incredible.\nThe discovery comes more than 100 years after the ship Endurance was crushed by sea ice, leaving Ernest Shackleton and his crew to find an alternate route home. The final resting place of the ship was discovered by the expedition Endurance22, which used high-tech underwater search vehicles to find and document the wreck.\nIn a long career of surveying and excavating historic wrecks, I have never seen one as beautiful and bold as this one.\nThe team narrowed down the search area because of the records kept by Frank Worsley. The wreck was found four nautical miles south of its last known location. It was found under the surface of the sea.\nThe ship was in great shape, with paint still visible on parts of it. The ship's wheel and name are still remarkably intact, despite the fact that the ship was crushed in sea ice. Since it is a historic site, nothing will be done to the wreck.\nIt would appear that the wood-munching animals found in other areas of the ocean are not in the forest-free region, according to a polar biologist. She identified the organisms seen in the images of the wreck as stalked sea squirts, anemones, sponges, brittle stars, and crinoids.\nThe team used an underwater vehicle to find the wreck. The Sabertooth can travel up to 100 miles away from its ship on its own. Even if the mission's icebreaker couldn't get close to the wreck site, it could send a Sabertooth under the ice to investigate.\nThe expedition's vehicles were specially designed to locate and map the wreck site. A 3D model of the site will be created by using a laser scanner on the wreck. According to the website of the expedition, the data will allow researchers to see the site with a level of accuracy comparable to an archaeological survey on land.\nOther researchers on the expedition were monitoring and measuring sea ice, making detailed maps of the ocean floor, and testing engineering limits in some of the toughest conditions on Earth.\nA documentary about the expedition is expected to premiere on National Geographic.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://runvan.org/chinatown", "date": "2019-07-16T19:07:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524685.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716180842-20190716202842-00472.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9565983414649963, "token_count": 331, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__106812209", "lang": "en", "text": "Chinatown is one of Vancouver’s five oldest neighbourhoods, dating back to the mid 1800’s. Located on the eastern side of downtown Vancouver, Chinatown was developed in 1866. These first residents immigrated to Vancouver to work on B.C’s railroads and in the coalmines and sawmills.\nBy 1890 there were over 1,000 members of the Chinatown community and in 1911, Vancouver’s Chinatown became the largest Chinese settlement in Canada with over 3,500 residents. Currently, it remains one of the three largest Chinatowns in North America.\nToday, this historic neighbourhood is a vibrant community representing proud Chinese culture and urban renewal. It is home to traditional restaurants, markets, and temples. In addition, the classical Dr. Sun Yat-Sen garden in Chinatown was rated the world’s top city garden and is frequented by locals and tourists. Chinatown also hosts annual Chinese New Year parades in January and February; the parades have over 3,000 performers and draw thousands of spectators to this cultural event.\nHalf Marathon runners travel through 1.5 KM of Chinatown taking in the rich heritage buildings, authentic markets and also pass through the famous Chinatown Gate which was erected for the City’s Golden Jubilee. Half Marathoners are sure to be captivated by this short, but distinct section of their 21.1KM journey.\n- Guide to top tourist attractions in Vancouver:\n- Wok Around Chinatown (tour) – 578 Carrall St, Vancouver\n- Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Garden – 578 Carrall St, Vancouver", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hillingdonlabour.org/hillingdon-conservatives-refuse-resident-calls-for-black-history-month/", "date": "2024-02-22T00:49:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00291.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9481214880943298, "token_count": 397, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__181034921", "lang": "en", "text": "- Posted by: Hillingdon Labour\n- Category: News\nQuestions from members of the public and a motion from the Hillingdon Labour Group about reintroducing Black History Month were batted away by the ruling Conservative Group at tonight’s full meeting of Hillingdon Council.\nResidents are permitted to submit written questions to Council, and four residents took the opportunity to question the Leader of the Council why there was no Black History Month, and called for it to be reintroduced.\nWhen responding to the Hillingdon Labour Group motion on introducing Black History Month, Conservative Councillor and Cabinet member Richard Lewis said that ‘Hillingdon had decided to celebrate all cultures’ – which ignores the ugly truth that black people disproportionately face violence, hostility and racism from authorities compared to white people.\nProposing the motion to reintroduce Black History Month, Labour Councillor Peter Curling said:\n“We should not allow the subject of Black History to become some sort of modern culture war, but we should recognise with honesty the horrific nature of the history around the slave trade and how our colonial past treated Black people. This doesn’t mean trying to remove all traces of such atrocities or trying to re-write history, but simply giving a truthful account of what happened and how we can learn from it today.”\nSeconding the motion, Labour Councillor June Nelson said:\n“By reintroducing Black History Month, this council will be honouring the hope and aspiration of what started in 1926. Since 1987 this event and celebration of black communities across the UK has been an annual event. I am therefore again imploring Council to be a part of this celebration and fulfil the wishes of the black community in Hillingdon whom we represent.”\nThe Conservatives voted down the motion, as they have done in previous years, but Hillingdon Labour will keep pushing the issue to prevent black history from being brushed under the carpet", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://offthebeatentrackpukkaholidays.co.uk/NORTHINDIA/rajasthanexplorer.asp", "date": "2019-08-25T16:31:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330750.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825151521-20190825173521-00119.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9450829029083252, "token_count": 1062, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__45310465", "lang": "en", "text": "Rajasthan is where all the country`s similes and metaphors appear to have come together to create a visual extravaganza. Majestic palaces and rugged forts, spectacular deserts, wooded hills and tranquil lakes, bustling towns and quiet villages, amazing flora and fauna and of course, the colorful and vibrant people of Rajasthan form an intricate tapestry of mysticism, grandeur and rusticity.\nRajasthan, literally means \"Land of the Kings\", was once a clutch of princely kingdoms. The Rajputs, who ruled here for over a thousand years, were legendary for their chivalry. Today, this desert state`s battle-scarred forts, historic cities, palace hotels, feudal traditions and riotous colors represent India at her exotic best. Situated on the western side of the country, the state is diagonally divided into the hilly and rugged southeastern region and the barren northwestern Thar Desert, which extends across the border into Pakistan.\nDay 01: Arrive Delhi\nDay 02: Full day combine city tour of old & New Delhi.\nDay 03: Morning drive to Pehrasar.\nDay 04: Morning drive to Karauli .\nDay 05: Morning visit Karauli Fort passing through local market famous for colourfull bangles. Afternoon drive to Pachewar\nDay 06: Morning visit the royal cenotaphs,Afternoon drive to Bundi\nDay 07: Morning visit the Chattar Mahal,Taragarh Fort , Rani Ji Baori and the Phool Sagar Palace\nAfternoon continue drive to Bijaipur.\nDay 08: Drive to Ghanerao. Rest of the day at leisure.\nDay 09: Morning drive to Rohet enroute visiting Ranakpur Jain temples and Kumbhalgarh Fort.\nDay 10: Drive to Garah enroute visiting Jodhpur.\nDay 11: Morning Camel Safari. Afternoon drive to Jamba enroute visiting Phalodi.\nDay 12: Morning free.Afternoon drive to Mahansar\nDay 13: Drive to Surajgarh enroute visiting Bikaner\nDay 14: Day free to relax at the hotel.\nDay 15: Drive to Delhi and transfer to International airport in time to board flight for back home.\nKarauli is a holy city situated 160 kms from Jaipur and was an erstwhile princely state in estern Rajasthan, famous for its pale red-stone. Founded in 1348, the city was earlier called Kalyanpuri, after the local deity Kalyanji. The city was strongly fortified by its rulers and was surrounded by a wall of red sandstone, strengthened by bastions at several places. The peripheral wall, now dilapidated, once had six gates. The old city palace is a treasure trove of architecture, stone carvings, gorgeous jalli work and classic paintings. Legend has it that the ruling family of Karauli, recognised as the head of the Yadhuvanshi Rajputs, are the descendants of Lord Krishna. The Kaila Devi Game Sanctuary is situated 25 kms from here and is an extension of the Ranthambore Tiger Project.\nGhanerao, formerly known as Ganora, was founded in 1606 by Gopal Das Rathore, a brave Rajput warrior from the Mertia clan. It is a small town but located strategically at the entrance of one of the few passes in the Aravallis, that connects the two major cities, Jodhpur and Udaipur. This tiny village thus formed a link between the territories held by the two traditional strongholds of Rajasthan, Mewar and Marwar, and featured often in the history of both these two erstwhile princely states.\nRohetgarh `Garh` in Hindi means Fort. The principality of Rohet was control from this little Fort- Palace by the royalty which lived here and who gave their elegance to the Maharaja of Jodhpur. The descendents of this royal family still live here and maintain a very interesting residence where guests are introduced to their royal past.\nThe town of Surajgarh in the shekhawati region of Rajasthan derives its name from the 18th century fortified Palace SURAJGARH. The name literally means \"The Castle of the Sun\". This 4 acre fortified palace is being lovingly restored to give our guests the experience of living like a Maharaja.\nShekhawati is popularly known as an open air art gallery and Surajagrh is at the heart of it and boasts of many havelis. Walking and camel cart tours are organized to the havelis. The Marwari traders accumulated enormous wealth in their trade of rice, opium, cotton, spices and textiles. The wealth was usually reinvested or sent back home for their families. The affluent marwari families tried to outdo the other in the size and quality of their mansions, giving birth to fine and colourful architecture in the desert region where it was least expected.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.fitsense.co.uk/Speedo-Sea-Squad-Dive-Sticks.htm", "date": "2021-01-25T04:50:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9743528962135315, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__216806223", "lang": "en", "text": "Sea Squad Dive Sticks from Speedo. Fun new swim toy to increase underwater confidence. These soft neoprene dive sticks come in assorted colours and are fun for children who have learnt to swim and adults.\nSpeedo produce a fantastic range of swimwear and swimming accesories including swimsuits, swimming goggles, kickboards, swimming fins and pullbouys plus much more. Founded in Australia by Alexander MacRae, a 22-year-old Scottish immigrant who arrived in the country in 1910. The 'SPEEDO' company began when MacRae Hosiery manufacturers, established by Alexander in 1914, extended the manufacture of underwear to swimwear and became MacRae Knitting Mills. This acceptance of swimwear and the introduction of the ‘Racerback’ costume meant it was time for a new company name. A staff competition was held and won by a Captain Parsonson who coined the slogan ‘Speed on in your Speedos’. The SPEEDO name was born in 1928.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mosesmodel.blogspot.com/2012/10/a-brief-history-of-pledge-of-allegiance.html", "date": "2018-07-22T06:43:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593051.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722061341-20180722081341-00553.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9627112746238708, "token_count": 1454, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__259260022", "lang": "en", "text": "The Pledge really has little to do with the topic, but since it is so contested, we will start there anyways. In 1892, Christian socialist and former Baptist minister, Francis Bellamy penned the following words to commemorate Columbus Day.\n\"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible with Liberty and Justice for all.\"\nBellamy wished to unite the nation around the flag so that people would be inoculated against radicalism. The pledge was first recited October 12, 1892 by about 12 million school children to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Columbus’s voyage.\nIn 1919, Washington became the first state to make the recitation of the pledge a mandatory part of their school curriculum. The Jehovah’s Witnesses were the first to object. They believed that government was a Satanic tool and the Pledge a salute to the Devil. In 1923, due to anti-immigrant anxiety, the first National Flag Conference in Washington D.C. voted to change the words \"my flag\" to \"the Flag of the United States”. In 1924, they added the words “of America.\"(1)\n1932 Bonus Army clip(2)\nIn 1935, a group of Jehovah’s Witnesses organized with hundreds of Jehovah’s Witnesses school children choosing expulsion rather than participation in the Pledge. They sued and in 1938, a federal judge ruled in their favor, noting that the “totalitarian idea of forcing all citizens into one common mold of thinking” was not necessary to ensure the country’s safety and also curtailed the freedom of those who opposed it on the basis of “sincere religious convictions.”\n1939 Porky Pig\nIn 1940, however, the Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal of the case, and ultimately reversed the lower court’s original ruling by an 8 to 1 margin. National unity, it concluded, trumped individual liberty. In response, unified Americans tarred and feathered a Jehovah’s Witness in Wyoming, castrated another in Nebraska, and publicly beat others in Texas and Illinois as police and city officials watched refusing to interfere. Unity is not always a good thing.(3)\nIn January of 1942, The West Virginia State Board of Education mandated the pledge. Those who failed to comply with the compulsory recital were expelled. The parents of an expelled student were now in violation of compulsory education laws. Parents could face a fifty dollar fine and thirty days in jail.\nBellamy had prescribed what became known as the Bellamy Salute as the proper way to salute the American Flag. With the rise of Nazism, this salute had begun to make leaders across the country uncomfortable. The Bellamy salute was originally mandated in West Virginia, but they watered down their standard and allowed for a hand over the heart also known as the Lincoln salute. In June of 1942, Congress passed a law officially recognizing the pledge and mandating nationwide the Bellamy salute for the pledge. With the uproar from the Lincoln salute advocates, Congress amended the law that December to mandate the Lincoln salute.(4)\nIn West Virginia, the school had begun expelling Jehovah Witness children. Among those expelled were the seven children of the Barnette family. Unemployed, Walter Barnette had few financial resources. However the ACLU took his case. In 1943, Barnette won and the Supreme Court ruled.(5) (6) (7) (8)\nIf there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.(9)\nIn 1948, Louis Bowman began adding “under God” after “nation” in the pledge. He claimed he was inspired by the phrase “under God” in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. However the phrase does not exist in Lincoln’s written address and must have been ad libbed if he ever said it at all. Bowman inspired the Sons of the American Revolution and the Daughters of the American Revolution to begin to use the modified pledge. Both organizations only contained members who could trace their ancestry back to soldiers in the American Revolution.\nIn the 1950’s, Reverend Dr. George MacPherson Docherty advocated for “under God” in the pledge, because communistic atheists would have no trouble reciting the pledge without it. He was not alone. As disdain for communism and atheism grew, more and more Americans began to favor the change.(10)\nThe Catholic Knights of Columbus long lobbied for God getting a mention in the Pledge, but it was a Presbyterian pulpit that made the difference. In February 7, 1954, Docherty preached a sermon at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. A recent convert to Presbyterianism, President Eisenhower was in attendance. Docherty’s sermon was on the Gettysburg Address and he advocated that “under God” should be in the pledge. After a talk with the Reverend, the President agreed and he had the legislation pushed through Congress. Signing the law on the Flag Day of 1954, Eisenhower remarked,(11)\n\"From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty. To anyone who truly loves America, nothing could be more inspiring than to contemplate this rededication of our youth, on each school morning, to our country's true meaning. Especially is this meaningful as we regard today's world. Over the globe, mankind has been cruelly torn by violence and brutality and, by the millions, deadened in mind and soul by a materialistic philosophy of life. Man everywhere is appalled by the prospect of atomic war. In this somber setting, this law and its effects today have profound meaning. In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.\"(12)\nAccording to Bellamy’s daughter, Bellamy would most likely have disapproved of adding the words “under God”.(13)\nThe story of the Pledge of Allegiance is both relevant and beside the point to the topic of The National Day of Prayer. It is relevant, because there is an attempt to endow and enforce unity when division is the norm. It is beside the point, because the President does not annually recite the Pledge of Allegiance at the bequest of Congress. I hope that this was insightful. Please look at the sources below. Please like this video if you like it and subscribe for more videos.\nSound Effects provided by soundbible.com and shockwave-sound.com\n\"Haunted Forest\" and \"Light Banjo\" by soundcloud.com\n\"The Owl Named Orion\" and \"Art of Gardens\" by danosongs.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.universityex.com/pen-down/story-indian-coffee-house-lost-charm/", "date": "2018-08-21T23:13:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219197.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821230258-20180822010258-00299.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9631990790367126, "token_count": 820, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__9364348", "lang": "en", "text": "The Indian Coffee House (c. 1957), on the second-floor of Mohan Singh Place, a dull shopping complex, next to PVR Rivoli in Connaught Place was not a place but a culture in itself. Once a hub of intellectuals, its romantic atmosphere is unmissable in its run down furniture. To a time when Swiggy and drive-throughs didn’t exist, there were no self-service counters and the staff was turbaned and dressed handsomely in a uniform that showcased their dignity, the ICH has been the home of an extinct elegance. The terrace sharpens the homely relief one feels on entering the complex.\nThe stories of delectable coffee and open conversations at the heart of Delhi is a gentle reminder of how solitude and long hours of conversations can co-exist in a place. Anyone could join any group without feeling like a mere spectator; the smiles and hearts of the people as welcoming as the coffee and the south Indian food served by the ever-smiling turbaned attendants.\nThe place hosted various journalists, bureaucrats and intellectuals who spent hours sipping coffee and deliberating and debating. It hosted the likes of people like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Chandrashekhar etc. being a place more sophisticated than any other in the city. The Indian Coffee House was apparently demolished during Emergency in 1976, one of the darkest phases in the history of India. Every portal of free speech was censored as it was believed that many conspiracies against the Indira government were hatched at the Indian Coffee House, however, it continued to be the centre of free speech and expression and good food which made everyone go bonkers!\nThe glorious past started taking a back seat in the 1990s when the liberalisation of the Indian economy was declared. The market opened up, outlets like McDonald’s and Baristas took over the city and there on, even though it underwent renovation, the nostalgic Indian Coffee could never regain the position it had lost. Though the year-long renovation tried to improve the two dining rooms and the open roof area, the nostalgic glory was lost and the sales dipped rapidly.\nOver the years, the Indian Coffee House is far from what it was during its glorious days; it’s flooded with pesky flies, the terrace is no longer an attraction rather the perfect spot for scary monkeys to hangout, the chairs are wobbly and dusty, there is a paucity of staff due to low pays and the Mohan Singh Place no longer provide it the kind of atmosphere that it boasted of. Nonetheless, the food is still finger licking good, the dosa, vada and mutton cutlet still delicacies and the coffee the same welcoming cup of love it was years ago. Rather than continuing to be a thinking man’s haunt, the place has lost its charm and provides solace to the older people who reminisce the good ol’ days. Students and groups however, flock this place given the cheap prices of the yummiest food served with the warmest smile in yesteryear’s fashion by the well dressed attendant. Attempts have been made to revamp the place and all is still not lost. We are hopeful for a better tomorrow for the lost glory cannot be regained but the place still is a safe haven for our history which will continue to inspire generations of intellectuals willing to dig a little deeper. And who is ready to give up the coffee and good food at such reasonable prices, not me, for sure! Maybe the nostalgia for an idealized age of intellectual life is tugging at my heartstrings stronger than ever and maybe this is the history that I want to be repeated for once! Still an expectant history student, call me that, if you may! *sigh*\nWhere Mohan Singh Place, Near Hanuman Mandir, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place\nTime 9am to 9pm\nNearest Metro Station Rajiv Chowk", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.esap.online/esap1/news/37/ilo-centenary-year-1919-2019", "date": "2022-08-20T05:11:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00262.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9281118512153625, "token_count": 158, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__152124202", "lang": "en", "text": "ILO Centenary year 1919 – 2019\nTo mark the ILO’s Centenary year, ILO is launching a new multimedia, interactive website on 9 January that will take you through the past, present and future of the ILO in a way you’ve never experienced before. The organization’s work over the decades has affected all of our daily lives so it will be both the ILO story and your story. Join here on 9 January as ILO celebrates 100 years of advancing social justice and promoting decent work.\nDuring the Centenary year, look out for the #ILO100 Global Campaign on posters, billboards, buses, at airports and more.\nMore information can be found on https://www.ilo.org/100/en", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article1837.html", "date": "2023-09-29T09:58:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510501.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929090526-20230929120526-00681.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9558269381523132, "token_count": 797, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__74076514", "lang": "en", "text": "This booklet, the first in a new series by the prolific French aviation historian P. H. Listemann, describes the service history of one of the lesser known marks of Spitfire ; the Mk. XII.\nDespite a short production run of only 100 airframes, the Mk. 12 was however a \"key player\" in the Spitfire’s history, it being the first production mark to be fitted with the R.R. Griffon motor. The Mk. XII would dissipate the spells of Merlin and all subsequent Spitfire marks up to the final Mk. XIV would be powered by Griffons.\nThe author describes the introduction and service history of the type with the two RAF squadrons which operated it, Nos 41 & 91 (Nigeria) Squadrons . The former between April 1943 and October 1944, whereas 91 Squadron, which became operational on type during June 1943, was to relinquish it earlier in favour of the Mk. XIV during early 1944\nAlthough seen by both Supermarine and the RAF as an interim version, the Spitfire Mk XII when flown by the two Squadrons - managed to establish itself as a worthy opponent to the Luftwaffe as well as to both the Wehrmacht and Reichsbahn. Fw190s, Ju88s, trucks, trains, armoured vehicles, an unfortunate balloon and eventually V1s would all fall prey to the roaming Spitfire XIIs of 41 and 91 Squadrons.\nIn the first half of the booklet, the author outlines the operations flown by both squadrons, first 41 and then 91, listing missions with victories attained and losses sustained. Numerous photographs show aircraft being flown by both units. The second half of the book is given over to the operational record, listing and totalling all sorties flown by both squadrons.\nThen follows a table displaying all the units which flew the Mk XII, during and after it had passed from active service. Of interest is that it was later flown by 595 Squadron to give British Army A/A gunners practice in laying and tracking fast-moving fighters. A map of the UK and a list present all the bases from which the Mk XII flew.\nFour high quality colour profiles by Malcolm Laird show specific a/c camouflage of aircraft from both operational squadrons\nSix pages list the many claims made by pilots. Aircrew of many nationalities flew the Mk XII and alongside pilots from British and Commonwealth nations this mark of Spitfire was also flown by renowned Frenchmen Jacques Andrieux and Jean Maridor, the Belgian V1 killer Maurice Balasse, as well as (inevitably) a Pole, Jerzy Solak and Dutchman Rijklof van Goens : Which all becomes evident when studying the meticulously compiled claims list, wherein a/c flown and accreditation’s are given.\nThree pages list the total of 57 a/c lost on operations and due to accidents. Four pages cover the service lives of known airframes - the final page is the Roll of Honour - naming the 19 young pilots of six nationalities who made the ultimate sacrifice whilst flying Spitfire Mk XIIs\nLinguistic Gremlins ? Only a couple and negligible - Were hundreds of V1s actually LAUNCHED over the UK ? The last pilot to be killed in a Mk XII is described as a FORMER Battle of Britain veteran.\nThe booklet of nearly fifty pages costs appropriately only XII Euros. Before receiving the publication for review - all that this reviewer could have stated about the Spitfire Mk XII was that \"it was the Griffon Spit, with a four-bladed prop.\" - which paucity of knowledge which is now thankfully somewhat dissipated.\nThis reviewer recommends any Spitfire or RAF enthusiast to buy it at the first opportunity !\n48 pages, 17 x 24,5 cm, softcover\nEn anglais / In English", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.brockgateway.org.uk/2009/", "date": "2022-08-18T20:48:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00227.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9700709581375122, "token_count": 347, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__168187623", "lang": "en", "text": "In September 2009 a group from Brockenhurst Gateway Club visited the Mary Rose Museum in Portsmouth docks. We saw the hull of the Mary Rose being sprayed with chemicals to preserve the ancient wood. This year the sprays have being turned off and the ship hall section of the museum has been closed to allow the ship to dry out. In a couple of year’s time the ship will be viewable as never before. We will be able to walk around her at deck level and see every detail clearly without the mist of the sprays.\nIn May this year, Trevor and Vernon came to club and brought some of the ship’s artefacts for us to see. We handled cups and plates in wood and pewter, looked at the barber surgeon’s tools, felt the weight of a musket and tried to bend an archer’s bow. Now we can’t wait for the ship hall to open again, so that we can go to Portsmouth and walk beside the boards that were trodden by the sailors of Henry VIII’s navy, 450 years ago.\nThe Lions Club of New Milton arranged and subsidised a day outing to Paultons’ Park on Sunday May 9th. 23 members from Brockenhurst Gateway Club attended with helpers making up the number to 36.\nLuckily the day was fine and everyone was so busy enjoying the rides, the penguin and meerkat display and the surroundings that there was no time to notice the cold wind. Age Concern New Milton supplied a minibus and volunteer driver to transport those who could not get there on their own.\nYou can see from the photos that a wonderful day out was enjoyed by all.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.opalapartmentsuites.com/town.php", "date": "2020-04-04T09:29:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521574.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404073139-20200404103139-00142.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9254494309425354, "token_count": 711, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__159314211", "lang": "en", "text": "\"Feel @ Home\"\nEstablished in 1610 and named after the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the historical city of Aurangabad houses the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves (UNESCO World Heritage Sites) and the famous Dakkhani Taj (Bibi Ka Maqbara), amongst the other attractions, don’t miss Panchakki, Aurangabad Caves, Jayakwadi Dam, and Grishneshwar Temple\nAurangabad is part of the DMIC (Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor), having a huge potential for growth. Aurangabad is envisioned as a very large-scale industrial cluster including abundant land, provisions for high growth industries with wide-ranging infrastructure services, convenient access and provisions to handle environmental waste with minimum impacts. Proximity to the existing industrial areas, Aurangabad city and existing airport and railways, gives strong support for export-oriented businesses. Aurangabad has now its own “Dry Port” having direct clearances to JNPT and other ports on the Aurangabad-Jalna road with 500 acre land.\nAjanta Caves are one of the well renowned places to visit. Ajanta Caves are declared \"World Heritage Site\" by UNESCO. Ajanta caves are situated at Jalgaon, which is 107 kilometers from Aurangabad City. Caves are build by cutting the rocks into beautiful piece of art and architecture. There are 29 caves (official numbered by the Archaeological Survey of India). All paintings of Ajanta show heavy religious influence centre around Buddha, Bodhisattvas, incidents from the life of Buddha & the Jatakas.\nWorld famous Ellora Caves situated 30 kilometers from Aurangabad city. Ellora Caves are World Heritage Site, really impressive rock cut temples & monasteries. There are 34 caves, structures excavated out of the vertical face of the hills. The central attraction at Ellora is Kailash Temple (cave16), is the most remarkable. Ever since the first European visitors in 18th Century, Ellora has attracted chroniclers, antiquarians, scholars and in more recent years, ever- increasing number of tourists.\nDaulatabad Fort magnificent 12th century fortress stands on a hill, Built by Raja Bhillamraj once known as 'Devgiri', Initially a Yadav stronghold, it passed through the hands of several dynasties in the Deccan. The ‘Daulatabad’ (city of fortune) name was give by Muhamad Tughlaq, Sultan of Delhi. Daulatabad Fort, a rock-hewn fortress dominating the landscape, from a 600 feet high mesa-like flat terrain, is 14 kilometer away from Aurangabad City. Daulatabad Fort is one of the world's best preserved Fort, survived without being altered.\nBibi Ka Maqbara is situated about 5 kms from the Aurangabad city, the burial place of Aurangzeb's wife, Rabia-Durrani. Aurangzeb's son built this monument in 1679 AD in memory of his mother Rabia-Durrani. It is an imitation of the Taj Mahal (among 7 new wonders of world) at Agra, it is also called as \"poor man's Taj Mahal\" owing to it being a poor replica of the Taj. Behind the tomb is located a small archaeological museum.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.elpomar.org/who-we-are/our-history", "date": "2015-11-26T10:32:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447043.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00231-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9542987942695618, "token_count": 433, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__99692649", "lang": "en", "text": "Spencer Penrose was an entrepreneur and a visionary. A native Philadelphian, he came to Colorado in 1892 to partner with his boyhood friend, Charles L. Tutt, in various real estate and mining ventures. Buoyed by his early success in these activities, Mr. Penrose continued to invest in the mining business in Bingham Canyon, Utah, establishing the Utah Copper Company, which would later merge with Kennecott Copper.\nMr. Penrose's approach was straightforward: build for tomorrow. He did this in two ways. In a literal sense, he helped create some of Colorado Springs' most famous landmarks. Penrose first built The BROADMOOR, a world-class resort in the foothills of Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and then went on to create legacies including the Pikes Peak Highway and the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo.\nPenrose's second approach to building for tomorrow began in 1937 when he and his wife Julie established a living legacy, El Pomar Foundation. Through El Pomar the Penroses supported cultural and civic institutions including the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, Central City Opera and Fountain Valley School. Mr. Penrose left the majority of his estate to El Pomar upon his death in 1939. Julie Penrose succeeded her husband as El Pomar president and served in that position with a generous and indomitable spirit. She left the majority of her estate to El Pomar in 1956.\nAs El Pomar eagerly continues its journey into tomorrow, its direction comes from its past. Spencer and Julie Penrose's lives, as they lived them, provide the principles that will continue to guide their foundation now and in the future.\nRecognized for Impact of Nursing Scholarship\nAwards for Excellence\nDr. Pam Shockley-Zalabak Honored with the Russell T. Tutt Award\nTelegraph among those to feature photo series of Victor, Colorado\nSouthern Colorado Nonprofits Highlighted\nForum for Civic Advancement\nWilliam J. Hybl named as a recipient\nTrustees Nechie Hall and Brenda Smith Recognized\nUS Department of Veterans Affairs", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://en.camping-lehautdick.com/region/around-the-campsite-manche", "date": "2020-09-21T01:52:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198887.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921014923-20200921044923-00653.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.930270791053772, "token_count": 177, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__20964584", "lang": "en", "text": "Things to do around the campsite\nFrom Carentan, discover the Cotentin in the Manche department\nIdeally situated at the heart of the Manche department, you can discover the historic beaches from Carentan, the heart of the marshes, the charming coast, the castles , the manors and its surroundings.\nFrom the campsite, the town center is very near. Carentan is an ancient fortified town: a historical and cultural town with wonderful stone archways, a 13th century washing place, a train station and a port. You are at the heart of the marshes and at the center of the Manche department, where you can discover the very different green and sandy coasts, from East to West and visit port Racine (the smallest in France). Between land and sea, discover the various landscapes of the Cotentin and its surroundings.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.pastconnect.com/mhs/stroud.html", "date": "2013-05-24T16:30:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704752145/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114552-00065-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8659487366676331, "token_count": 112, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__68260207", "lang": "en", "text": "Stroud Community House &\nElizabeth D. Walters Library\n900 Main Street\nThe Stroud Community House contains the Elizabeth D. Walters Library, with\nholdings including family records, church records, genealogical materials,\ncensus reports, family bibles, newspapers, maps, indentures and other primary\ndocuments. The museum features Stroud room, tool and weapon room, textile\nroom and antique toy room. The cellar kitchen, Indian artifacts and fine\narts pieces round out the permanent displays.\nGuided tours of the museum.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gfbowman.com/blog/press-release-tag/stepping/", "date": "2024-04-13T19:45:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816832.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413180040-20240413210040-00144.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9737229943275452, "token_count": 693, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__43150419", "lang": "en", "text": "Back to the Beginning: A History of Air Conditioning\nHot, hot, and hot. Those would be the three words anyone would use to describe a summer without any air conditioning. Though the warm summer days are meant to be enjoyed (because they don’t last too long), people still need a place to go and cool down so they don’t become too sunburnt, dehydrated, or ill. Many households have some form of AC at home, and these systems are used often during the summer months. But how did this system come about? Who was the inventor that helped to make hot, summer days more enjoyable?\nHomeowners can learn more about the history of the AC unit, including its inventor, in this article. They can also learn about the similarities between AC units back then compared to AC units today.\nThe Infamous AC Inventor\nWho was the man that invented the first modern AC? Answer: Willis Carrier. Carrier was born in Angola, New York in 1876, and he graduated with a degree in engineering not knowing that someday his future invention would be one of the most-used home systems for decades to come.\nWhile standing at a train platform on a foggy day, an idea struck when he realized how he could control the air’s humidity: he could reduce moisture in the air by passing it through water to create fog. In 1902, he built the first air conditioner and has been known as the “Father of Air Conditioning” ever since.\nThe Critical Time Period of AC Development\nThe early 1900s was a time of many advancements, particularly within manufacturing and engineering as well as societal changes. For many years, people had longed for a way to create a more comfortable indoor environment by controlling its temperature. The invention of air conditioning made this possible for not only homeowners but businesses too, which led to incredible growth for all types of businesses. Movie blockbusters in the summertime grew in popularity, as people came to the theaters to escape the heat outside.\nThe invention of AC improved facilities for manufacturing, making it more comfortable for employees with less heat from all of the machinery. For textile manufacturers specifically, it also improved the quality control of their products, so clothing wasn’t exposed to too much humidity during the manufacturing process. The invention of AC also paved the way for shopping malls, international travel, and eventually led to computers and servers, which are essential in today’s world.\nAir Conditioner Development From Then Until Now\nIt was 7 feet high, 6 feet wide, and 20 feet long! The size of the unit has changed dramatically since the early 1900s, but it still uses the same engineering concepts: it draws out the warm air from inside of the house and pushes it outside, thus removing the heat. Only now, the device can fit right below a window or outside of the door.\nAbout G.F Bowman, Inc.\nSince 1967, G.F. Bowman, Inc. has strived to provide quality work and high priority service. They proudly provide top-rated AC repair services in Harrisburg and Lebanon, PA. As a family-owned and operated business of three generations, they have a unique understanding of what the community needs because they are a part of the community. They believe that the only way to provide excellent service is to do it with respect and concern for their customers.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.thelocalmarketingteam.co.uk/history-of-social-media/", "date": "2021-10-17T16:20:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585178.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017144318-20211017174318-00257.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9606760740280151, "token_count": 609, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__300183789", "lang": "en", "text": "The History of Social Media\nHave you ever heard anybody say something like the following:\n“I remember a time before social media when the world was a simpler place.”\nIf so, then that person is a liar. Social media is more than 2,500 years old and has a long and rich history, right up to the present day.\nHistorical Social Media\nThe first form of social media, the sending of letters, dates back to around the 5th century BC. Letter sending remained the social media channel of choice for thousands of years until the emergence of the telegraph in the middle of the 19th century.\nThe telegraph fundamentally changed the nature of long-distance communication forever. From 1844 onwards, people could send messages to each other at light speed, dramatically reducing the time it took to carry out a conversation.\nComputers didn’t become a part of the social media landscape until the invention of CompuServe in 1969. CompuServe was originally intended as a system that would network computers together using the existing phone system. Bit rates were slow, but by the 1980s, the company’s technology had become the backbone of the nascent internet, connecting more computers together than any other.\nNeither their technology nor the later Department of Defense’s ARPANET was used for social media purposes directly. But both became pillars on which the social media experiments of the 1990s and 2000s would be founded.\nEarly Social Media Of The 1990s\nSocial media began to take off in the mid-1990s when the government permitted the internet to be opened up to the masses.The star of those early days was AOL Instant Messenger, a tool that finally allowed people to talk to each other in real time on the internet, no matter what the distance between them. Text chat was ideal because data rates were restricted by the amount of data you could send down a phone line, around 56 kilobytes per second.\nModern Social Media\nThe first recognisable social media website was Six Degrees. Founded in 1997, the site had a bulletin board as well as the ability to message other members. The site shut down for the first time in 2000, despite hosting more than 3.5 million members at its peak.\nMany other social media experiments emerged in the late 1990s and early noughties, including the infamous Napster, MySpace, and LinkedIn. But it wasn’t until Facebook granted access to any user in early 2006 that social media suddenly became a household name.\nTwitter followed suit in 2006, launching a service that it hoped would allow people to share pithy comments at will.\nThe Present Day\nThe latest forms of social media, such as Facebook Live and Periscope, emphasise live forms of social media engagement. Social media continues to become more data-intense and up-to-the-minute. One thing is for sure: the future will be more connected than the past.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://houseof.istitutomarangoni.com/student-ermanno-scervino-dganit-peer--1061954279", "date": "2022-10-02T15:26:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337338.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002150039-20221002180039-00143.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9808274507522583, "token_count": 158, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__2710326", "lang": "en", "text": "(*) Mandatory field\nThe idea behind the collection was to bring the inside outside, reveal what you shouldn't see, and show the change of habits. To do so, I chose the corset as inspiration. During history, the corset was a garment that represented the weakness of the women's body and was something hidden from the eye. Over the years, it has changed and became a representation of power, such as the famous 90's corset of Madonna by Gaultier. The corset shapes our bodies into a new form, and whenever we take it off, our true self has unveiled. Another motif I used was a covered rope, so the curves and texture of it are still showing from under the smooth leather as a symbol of our wrestling and deliberations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kingstonandkemp.com/2/Our-History.html", "date": "2023-03-24T00:55:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00594.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9738473296165466, "token_count": 732, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__24576709", "lang": "en", "text": "We stand behind our reputation and will continue to serve our community with the values instilled by our funeral directors.\nElmer A. Kemp\n1896 - 1961\nIn the year 1915, Elmer A. Kemp opened a small “store front” funeral parlor at 315 Centre Street in the City of Trenton.\nTypical of its day from which the funeral business was conducted – the wake and visitation period usually took place at the residence of the deceased.\nThe opening of Kemp’s Funeral Home marked the beginning of a service business that has continued for nearly a century.\nCentre Street location - circa 1930\nBy 1931, Elmer Kemp had opened a branch location at 556 N. Pennsylvania Avenue in nearby Morrisville, Pennsylvania. His mission was to insure he did everything possible to meet the needs of every family he served.\nIn 1935, Elmer Kemp became the Coroner of the County of Mercer; a position he held for many years. As Coroner, he was responsible for investigating deaths that occurred under suspicious circumstances.\nMotorized hearse - circa 1929.\nIn 1948, recognizing the needs of a growing suburban community, he purchased a house in the White Horse section of Hamilton Township. Located at 260 White Horse Avenue, the house, constructed in the late 1800’s was once owned by W.V. McGalliard.\nMcGalliard was involved in several business ventures which included farming, poultry, real estate and home building. He also supplied water to local residents.\nAs the story goes, McGalliard had an idea that would later pay off. He planned to plant 25,000 Norway spruce tree seedlings; eventually selling them as Christmas trees. They flourished. In a few years he had a beautiful crop of trees in which he sold off for $1.00 each.\nWhat McGalliard started, later growers built into a thriving industry – the commercial Christmas tree farm.\nBy late 1948 with renovations complete, the Kemp Funeral Home opened its doors and began to serve local families. Elmer Kemp operated the business until his death in 1961.\nWard B. Kingston 1934 - 1992\nWard B. Kingston purchased the funeral home later that year and renamed it the Kingston and Kemp Funeral Home. Like his predecessor, he too was committed to the personal attention of every family’s customs and needs.\nUnder his guidance, the funeral home went through extensive renovation and expansion of the facilities to accommodate the growing community. Ward B. Kingston successfully operated the funeral home until his death in 1992.\nThe Kingston and Kemp Funeral home is proud to be family owned and operated - serving Hamilton and the surrounding area for 100 years.\nThe death of someone we care about can be one of the most difficult experiences in life. These articles are meant to describe different types of grief; their intent is to help you understand your own, or to help you empathize with another person's grief.\nLEARN MORE >\nOur local florists are committed to offering only the finest floral arrangements, and are backed by their professionalism and prompt service. Allow us to take care of your expression of sympathy by connecting with our local florists through our website.\nSEND FLOWERS >\nLet Us Help You.\nNavigating the days after the passing of a loved one can be one of the most difficult challenges of one's life. We are proud to be able to help members of our community make their way through this complicated period of their lives.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ppqty.com/why-chess-called-chess/", "date": "2023-11-28T09:01:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00719.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9733422994613647, "token_count": 1513, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__101590056", "lang": "en", "text": "Have you ever wondered why this game is called “chess”?\nHere we’ll talk about the origins of the name “chess” and delve into the fascinating history behind it.\nThe Origins of Chess\nBefore we dive into the etymology of the word “chess,” let’s take a brief look at the origins of the game itself.\nChess is believed to have originated in northern India around the 6th century AD. It was initially known as “chaturanga,” which translates to “four divisions of the military” in Sanskrit.\nThe game was played on an 8×8 board and featured different types of pieces representing various units of an ancient Indian army.\nChaturanga quickly spread to other parts of the world, including Persia, where it underwent significant changes.\nThe Persians modified the game, introducing new rules and pieces, and called it “shatranj.” Shatranj gained popularity in the Islamic world and eventually made its way to Europe through trade and conquest.\nFrom Chaturanga to Shāh\nThe origins of chess can be traced back to ancient India, where it was known as “Chaturanga.”\nThis term, derived from Sanskrit, translates to “four divisions of the military” – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry.\nThese divisions are represented in the game by the pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.\nAs the game migrated to Persia, the name evolved into “Shatranj.”\nOne of the key terms in Shatranj is “Shāh,” which means “king” in Persian.\nWhen the king is under threat, players would declare “Shāh Māt!” or “the king is helpless!” – a phrase that eventually evolved into the English term “checkmate.”\nThe European Transition\nWhen the Moors conquered Spain, they brought Shatranj with them, and the game quickly gained popularity in Europe.\nThe Old Spanish term for the game was “ajedrez,” derived from the Arabic “al-shatranj.”\nAs the game continued to spread across Europe, each region adapted the name.\nIn Old French, the game was called “eschecs.”\nThe English term “chess” is derived from this Old French word.\nFAQs – Why Is Chess Called Chess?\n1. What is the meaning of the word “chess”?\nThe word “chess” is derived from the Old French word “esches” or “echecs,” which came from the medieval Latin word “scaccus.”\nThe word itself is derived from the Arabic “al-shatranj,” which refers to the game of chess that was introduced to Europe through the Moors when they conquered Spain.\nOver time, as the game became popular in various European regions, the name underwent linguistic adaptations.\nIn Old French, “al-shatranj” became “eschecs,” which eventually evolved into the English term “chess.”\n2. Why was the game called “chaturanga” in India?\nThe game was called “chaturanga” in India because it represented the four divisions of the military in ancient Indian armies.\n3. How did the game spread to Europe?\nThe game spread to Europe through trade and conquest, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age when the Islamic world had extensive contact with Europe.\n4. What role did Arabic scholars play in the development of chess?\nArabic scholars made significant contributions to the development of chess, including writing influential treatises on strategy and tactics.\n5. How did the Arabic word “shatranj” influence the name “chess”?\nThe Arabic word “shatranj” was derived from the Persian word “chatrang,” which itself was derived from the Sanskrit word “chaturanga.” The word “chess” has its roots in “shatranj.”\n6. Why did the name of the game change as it spread to different regions?\nThe name of the game changed as it spread to different regions due to linguistic and cultural influences. Each language and culture had its own way of pronouncing and spelling the word.\n7. What were some of the other names for chess in different languages?\nSome of the other names for chess in different languages include “eschecs” in French, “scacchi” in Italian, and “schach” in German.\n8. When did the word “chess” become widely used in English?\nThe word “chess” became widely used in English during the Middle Ages, as the game gained popularity in Europe.\n9. Are there any other games similar to chess with different names?\nYes, there are several games similar to chess with different names, such as “xiangqi” in China and “shogi” in Japan.\n10. How has chess evolved over time?\nChess has evolved over time through rule modifications, the introduction of new pieces, and the development of advanced strategies and tactics.\n11. Is chess still popular today?\nYes, chess is still popular today and is played by millions of people worldwide. It is considered a mind sport and is recognized by international sporting organizations.\n12. Are there any famous chess players in history?\nYes, there have been many famous chess players throughout history, including Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer, and Magnus Carlsen.\n13. Can chess improve cognitive abilities?\nYes, studies have shown that playing chess can improve cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and memory.\n14. Are there any international chess tournaments?\nYes, there are several international chess tournaments, including the World Chess Championship and the Chess Olympiad.\n15. Can anyone learn to play chess?\nYes, anyone can learn to play chess regardless of age or background. It is a game that can be enjoyed by people of all skill levels.\nSummary – Why Is Chess Called Chess?\nThe name “chess” has its origins in the Old French word “esches” or “echecs,” which came from the medieval Latin word “scaccus.”\nThe Latin term, in turn, was derived from the Arabic word “shatranj.” The game of chess itself originated in northern India as “chaturanga” and underwent significant changes as it spread to different parts of the world.\nThe Arabic influence on the game, particularly through the word “shatranj,” played a crucial role in its development and spread.\nEuropean languages, such as French, Italian, and German, further shaped the name of the game as it made its way across the continent.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shop.themobmuseum.org/the-las-vegas-chronicles-the-inside-story-of-sin-city-celebrities-special-players-and-fascinating-casino-owners.html", "date": "2019-10-15T17:23:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00441.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9059085845947266, "token_count": 248, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__59468608", "lang": "en", "text": "The Las Vegas Chronicles: The Inside Story of Sin City, Celebrities, Special Players and Fascinating Casino Owners\nThe Las Vegas Chronicles assembles the true stories of the city’s most conniving mobsters and how they ran Sin City during its heyday. Pairing McLean’s personal experience working in Las Vegas with his vivid investigative style of writing, this beautifully illustrated book gives you a unique look into the history of this extraordinary city. Uncover the Hollywood myth behind Bugsy Siegel and his wacko schemes for the Flamingo Hotel, and witness the real evolution of the fabulous Strip.\nIn addition to exploring the annals of Mob activity in Vegas, you get a handy, fact-based Timeline of Special Events that took place in Las Vegas from 1829 to present day.\nEnjoy spell-binding sagas about the city’s forefathers, today’s casino operators and celebrity performers on the stages of Las Vegas showrooms—Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Elvis, Siegfried & Roy, and Wayne Newton.\nAuthor: Andrew J. McLean\nPaperback: 448 pages\nPublisher: Scotline Press LLC (July 26, 2011)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://nellieswicksandbricks.com/the-history-of-soap-from-ancient-times-to-modern-day/", "date": "2023-12-11T00:01:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102697.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210221943-20231211011943-00373.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.968021035194397, "token_count": 1016, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__10947559", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of soap dates back to ancient times, with evidence of soap-making found in Babylonian clay cylinders dating back to 2800 BC. The use of soap has been a vital part of human hygiene, but the process of soap-making and the ingredients used have evolved over time. In this blog, we’ll explore the fascinating history of soap, from its origins to modern-day soap-making techniques.\nThe earliest recorded evidence of soap-making comes from ancient Babylon, where people would mix animal fats and ashes to create a rudimentary soap-like substance. This process of combining fats with a strong alkali was used in many early civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The Romans are said to have been the first to use soap on a large scale, with soap factories being established in the first century AD.\nDuring the Middle Ages, soap-making was taken up by monasteries and became an important part of the daily routine in Europe. The ingredients and methods used in soap-making were refined, and soap became a luxury item that was highly prized by the wealthy. During the Renaissance period, soap-making became more widespread and began to be produced in larger quantities.\nThe Industrial Revolution saw a revolution in soap-making, with the development of mass-production methods that made soap more affordable and accessible to the general public. Soap-making became a highly profitable industry, with new fragrances and formulations being developed to meet the changing demands of consumers.\nToday, soap is still an essential part of our daily hygiene routine, but the ingredients used have evolved over time. Traditional soap-making techniques that use animal fats and lye have largely been replaced by synthetic detergents that are more effective at removing dirt and oil from the skin. However, there has been a recent resurgence in artisanal soap-making, with many people rediscovering the benefits of using natural and organic ingredients.\nSoap-making today is a combination of both art and science. There are many different types of soap, each with its unique properties and benefits. Let’s take a closer look at the most popular types of soap and their history.\nCastile soap is a type of soap that is made from vegetable oils, typically olive oil. It originated in the Castile region of Spain and has been used for centuries for its gentle cleansing properties. Castile soap is a great choice for people with sensitive skin or those who are looking for a natural and eco-friendly alternative to traditional soaps.\nGlycerin soap is a type of soap that is made from vegetable oils and glycerin, a natural by-product of the soap-making process. Glycerin soap is prized for its moisturizing properties and is often used to treat dry or sensitive skin. Glycerin soap has been around for centuries and is still a popular choice today.\nMarseille soap is a type of soap that originated in Marseille, France, in the 17th century. It is made from vegetable oils and contains no artificial fragrances or dyes. Marseille soap is prized for its purity and is often used as a natural alternative to conventional soap.\nArtisanal soap is a type of soap that is made by hand using natural and organic ingredients. Artisanal soap-makers often use traditional soap-making techniques, including cold-process and hot-process soap-making, to create unique and high-quality soaps. Artisanal soap is often scented with essential oils and is a popular choice for people who are looking for natural and eco-friendly skincare products.\nWith the advancements in technology and chemistry in the 19th and 20th centuries, the soap industry continued to evolve. The invention of synthetic detergents, a cheaper and more efficient alternative to traditional soap, revolutionized the industry. In the mid-20th century, the popularity of liquid soap over bar soap began to rise, as it was perceived as more hygienic and convenient.\nToday, soap is produced and used all around the world, and the variety of fragrances, colors, and textures available is practically endless. From artisanal soap makers to large corporations, the soap industry is constantly expanding and innovating to meet the changing needs and preferences of consumers.\nThe history of soap is a rich and fascinating journey that spans centuries and cultures. From the ancient civilizations of the Middle East to the modern-day soap industry, soap has been an essential part of human hygiene and health. Today, we have more choices than ever when it comes to soap, with a wide variety of fragrances, ingredients, and formulations to suit every taste and need.\nAs we continue to navigate a world where cleanliness and hygiene are more important than ever, it is important to remember the humble origins of this essential product. The next time you reach for a bar of soap or a bottle of body wash, take a moment to appreciate the long and storied history of this everyday item.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.showtimes.com/movies/sample-this-74891/", "date": "2018-11-16T04:27:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742970.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116025123-20181116050307-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9553528428077698, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__168716473", "lang": "en", "text": "A fascinating music doc narrated by Gene Simmons that chronicles the incredible true story of how one visionary music producer and some of the greatest studio musicians of the 1970s created one of the most influential albums in music history.\nOn the streets of the Bronx in the summer of 1973, DJ Herc took the percussion breaks from an obscure album recorded in Vancouver of all places, and extended them by playing them back to back using two copies of the same record. And changed music forever.\nThe songs he used from that album - Bongo Rock, Apache and other tracks from the Incredible Bongo Band - are far and away the most recognized and sampled tracks in hip hop history. Widely considered the national anthem of hip hop, it became the greatest \"break\" beat of all time and its single most important record.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://angloeducationaltours.com/location/%E2%80%8Bgermany/", "date": "2020-02-24T07:18:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145910.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224071540-20200224101540-00301.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9110016822814941, "token_count": 276, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__40603197", "lang": "en", "text": "Germany is a Fantastic Place to Enrich Your Students’ Learning\nAnglo Educational Tours strong business connections make Germany an excellent place for professors to take groups of students. We have organised educational tours and study abroad programmes in Germany surrounding Business and Finance, Engineering, and History, but Germany offers options for so many other academic subjects too!\nGermany is a relatively young country, with unification into the German Empire occurring only in the late 1800s. Germany is a pertinent place for history students to visit, not only because of its part in the two world wars, but also because of its incredible social history. For example, Otto Von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany, implemented the world’s first social insurance system and led the way in the creation of social Europe.\nIn the past, Anglo Educational Tours has arranged a number of itineraries surrounding the field of Business & Finance, incorporating visits to factories and business and financial institutions. Other popular subjects include Engineering and History.\nSome popular German locations for certain academic subjects can be found below:\n- Berlin – Government & Politics, Law, History, Art & Design, Sociology\n- Frankfurt – Business and Finance\n- Munich – History, Architecture\n- Cologne – Art History, History, Architecture\n- Nuremburg – History, law\nCustomise Your Educational Tour Today!Get in touch", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://rogueproductions.co.nz/productions/details/1995/Kiwi", "date": "2024-03-02T06:19:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00222.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9709473252296448, "token_count": 118, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__100951558", "lang": "en", "text": "Kiwi’s remarkable, hair-raising come-from-behind win in the 1983 Melbourne Cup is the stuff of Legend. ‘A Horse Called Kiwi’ tells the tale of how that win came about, and what it meant to so many people. Kiwi ran from last to first in three hundred metres, but the journey to get there had taken years. Along the way, Kiwi changed the role of women in the racing industry. His win saved a farm and reunited a divided town. And it launched one of the greatest riding careers in racing history.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.semeccel.com/en/actualites/honouring-yesterdays-and-todays-pioneers/", "date": "2023-12-04T12:39:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00819.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8770896792411804, "token_count": 289, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__82052653", "lang": "en", "text": "L’Envol des Pionniers hosted several Aéropostale-related events on September 29th and 30th. The weekend began with briefing of participants in the Toulouse Saint-Louis of Senegal Rally which follows in the footsteps of Aéropostale pioneers, then continued with a celebration of the 40 year anniversary of this incredible human adventure during the annual Latécoère Foundation evening. The rally kicked off on Sunday. At the same time, a conference on the theme of pioneers and courage was organized bringing together around Pierre-Elzéar Latécoère several members of Latécoère Explorer, the explorer Bertrand Piccard, the pilot Catherine Maunoury, the explorer Laurence de la Ferrière, the eco-adventurer Raphaël Domjean, the astronaut Jean-François Clervoy and Jeremy Caussade (Aura-Aero), founding member of Toulouse Pioneers. It was an opportunity for L’Envol des Pionniers to announce the first event of «Let’s be daring together!», on July 6th and 7th, 2024. L’Envol des Pionniers invites young and old to get out of their comfort zone and reflect on the concept of daring, a critical element that enabled the extraordinary human adventure of l’aéropostale.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://swingzine.com/did-john-f-kennedys-murderer-dance-lindy-hop/", "date": "2022-09-27T09:00:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334992.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927064738-20220927094738-00120.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9754247665405273, "token_count": 740, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__35730534", "lang": "en", "text": "Beside dancing at Minsk Lindy Exchange Lennart Westerlund stumbled across several questions concerning Lee Harvey Oswald. Did the accused murderer dance the Lindy Hop? Was it him introducing the Lindy Hop to Belarus back in 1961? Karl Lennart Westerlund embroideres his thoughts concerning the subject in this cronicle.\nIn the early 1960s, the infamous Lee Harvey Oswald, later accused of assassinating American president John F. Kennedy, spent a few years in the Soviet Union city of Minsk. At the time, Oswald was a young American ex-military man with communist ideas. His personality was an enigmatic paradox, a mixture of apparently inconsistent ideological perceptions and psychological unpredictability. He was neither unintelligent nor a political novice—far from it\nOswald had somehow managed to change his American citizenship to a Soviet Union one, which at the time was more or less impossible. Once in Minsk, he was offered an apartment on the fourth floor in an imposing Stalin architecture building at Kalinina Ulitza 4 (later on Komunistichnaja Ulitza 4), beautifully located next to the city center overlooking the serpentine Svislatj river. His job, which was at the Horizont Radio Factory, was conveniently located around the corner from his apartment. Oswald probably never saw any of his co-workers in the building where he lived since his neighbors consisted exclusively of decorated bigwigs in the communist hierarchy. A few years later, in the aftermath of what happened in late November 1963, it has always been debated whether this privileged treatment was the beginning of an advanced plot that lead to the assassination of the American president.\nOne evening in March, 1961, Oswald met Marina Prusakova at a social dance held at the Union House i\ncentral Minsk. Miss Prusakova was a 19-year-old beauty and Oswald fell for her pleasant and inviting personality. The very next year, they were married, expecting a baby and applying for American citizenship. A year later, they were both approved, and the young family moved to Fort Worth, Texas. For Oswald the Soviet Union era was over, he was once again an American, presumably cured from his communist infection.\nAbout ten years ago the Lindy Hop revival approached Belarus. On March 23-26 this year, the annual MLX took place in Minsk, with some 200 dancers from Belarus as well as a handful of other countries participating. The event was held in the shadow of political demonstrations but in the good spirit of jazz and swing. Belarus is obviously no longer only the eternal home base of President Aleksandr Lukashenko, painter Marc Chagall and poets Janka Kupala and Jacub Kolas, it’s also one of the many homes of the migratory Lindy Hop.\nNothing above is explained and nothing is questioned. All potential question marks are still intact, waiting to be activated. In this context, one question is, however, more urgent and important than the others: who actually introduced the Lindy Hop to Belarus? Was it local teachers back in 2008, or was it Oswald back in 1961? Did Oswald know the Lindy Hop and was there any jazz-influenced music played in Minsk at the time? Nobody knows for sure and Oswald himself won’t be able to tell us since his voice is long gone. He was dramatically shot dead by night club owner Jack Ruby inside the garage of the Dallas Police headquarters only two days after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. One violent bullet and no further questions to be asked or answered.\nKarl Lennart Westerlund/Carl Leonard Westerhund", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pug.com/", "date": "2023-05-29T19:17:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644907.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529173312-20230529203312-00426.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9929965138435364, "token_count": 316, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__371185", "lang": "en", "text": "The Pug breed is an ancient one with its origins in China, dating back over 2,000 years. It is believed to have been developed by crossbreeding small Chinese dogs with various toy breeds, resulting in a distinctive appearance.\nPugs were highly prized by Chinese emperors and were kept as companions and lapdogs within the royal courts. They were even given special privileges and were treated as cherished members of the household.\nDuring the 16th century, European traders discovered Pugs during their travels to the East. The breed quickly gained popularity among European nobility and became fashionable pets. Pugs were particularly favored in the Netherlands, where they were even used as official guard dogs for the Dutch royal family.\nPugs were introduced to England in the 17th century when William III and Mary II ascended the throne. The breed gained significant recognition in England and became the official dog of the House of Orange. Pugs were associated with royalty and were often depicted in paintings and portraits of the time.\nIn the 19th century, Pugs experienced a decline in popularity but saw a resurgence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when they were recognized by kennel clubs. The breed was refined through selective breeding, which aimed to maintain the Pug’s distinct features, including its short muzzle and curled tail.\nToday, Pugs are beloved companion dogs worldwide. They are known for their affectionate and friendly nature, making them popular choices for families and individuals alike. Pugs are recognized by various kennel clubs and are often seen in dog shows and events.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://littlenorthfield.com/?page_id=411", "date": "2023-12-10T17:23:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102612.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210155147-20231210185147-00536.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9282441139221191, "token_count": 189, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__149735035", "lang": "en", "text": "-WHILE YOU STAY-\nHere at Little North Field, we are lucky enough to be part of Yorkshire’s gorgeous and idyllic countryside. Here’s a few places we would recommend whilst visiting…\nThe pretty town of Knaresborough is packed with a whole range of fascinating historic sites, boutiques and is brimming with charm! The architecture and riverside views make Knaresborough an unforgettable place to visit!\nOne of the most amazing rock collections you will come across…Brimham Rocks makes the perfect day out for families, climbers and those that love the outdoors exploring all Yorkshire has to offer!\nFrom historic ruins of the abbey, to the gorgeous gardens in Studley Royal and the deer park – there’s so much for visitors to enjoy and explore! Steeped with history, Fountains Abbey makes a great place to visit whilst staying at Little North Field.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.larochegroupe.com/2018/04/04/it-s-marathon-time-paris-boston/", "date": "2024-02-24T23:24:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00130.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9638538360595703, "token_count": 964, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__103161731", "lang": "en", "text": "This week both Paris and Boston will present their annual marathon races, Paris on Sunday, April 14th and Boston the following day on Monday, April 15th. Both races trace their origin to the end of the 19th century, Paris in 1896 and Boston one year later in 1897. Paris may have held their marathon first, but Boston has the distinction of being the longest continuously held Marathon in the world having never missed a year since its inception. The Paris Marathon is a larger event than Boston’s, allowing 40,000 runners to Boston’s 30,000.\nThe Boston Marathon:\nThe Boston Marathon was first run in April 1897, inspired by the revival of the marathon for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. It is the oldest continuously running marathon, and the second longest continuously running footrace in North America, having debuted five months after the Buffalo Turkey Trot.\nOn April 19, 1897, ten years after the establishment of the B.A.A., the association held the 24.5 miles (39.4 km) marathon to conclude its athletic competition, the B.A.A. Games. The inaugural winner was John J. “JJ” McDermott, who ran the 24.5 mile course in 2 hours, 55 minutes and 10 seconds, leading a field of 15. The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots’ Day, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty. The race, which became known as the Boston Marathon, has been held every year since then, even during the World War years, making it the world’s oldest annual marathon. In 1924, the starting line was moved from Metcalf’s Mill in Ashland to Hopkinton Green and the course was lengthened to 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km) to conform to the standard set by the 1908 Summer Olympics and codified by the IAAF in 1921\nFor most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches. The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986.\nWomen were not allowed to enter the Boston Marathon officially until 1972. Roberta “Bobbi” Gibb is recognized by the race organizers as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon (in 1966). In 1967, Kathrine Switzer, who had registered as “K. V. Switzer”, was the first woman to run and finish with a race number. She finished despite an infamous incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial women’s leaders of 1966 through 1971. In 2015, about 46 percent of the entrants were female.\nThe Paris Marathon\nDiffering from Boston’s suburban to urban point-to-point course with it’s changes in elevation, the Paris Marathon is largely flat and loops through Paris from west to east through the heart of the city past all of the major edifices (Arc de Triomphe, The Louvre, Place de Concorde, Notre Dame), does a 10K loop around the Bois de Vincennes and then heads west along the Seine back through the city past the Eiffel Tower for another loop through the Bois du Boulogne to finish close to where the race began on Avenue Foch in the 16th arrondissement.\nTour de Paris\nThe first Paris Marathon, the Tour de Paris Marathon, took place in 1896. A big crowd gathered to watch 191 participants. It was run over a course of 40 km from Paris to Conflans-Sainte-Honorine via Versailles, and the organizers decided to award a commemorative medal to all runners who finished the race in less than 4 hours.\nThis first race was won by Len Hurst from England (much to the chagrin of all Parisians!) who crossed the finishing line in 2 hours, 31 minutes and 30 seconds. His prize money was 200 francs.\nLike the Boston Marathon, the distance of 40 km was adjusted to the standard length of a marathon, 42.195 km, following the 1908 Olympic race in London.\nUnlike the Boston Marathon, however, The Paris Marathon has always welcomed women runners and, although the International Association of Athletics Federations credits Violet Piercy as the first female to race the now-defined marathon distance of 42.195 km, other sources report that the 1918 performance of Frenchwoman Marie-Louise Ledru in the Tour de Paris set the initial mark for women.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wotpost.com/unifying-excellence-the-global-celebration-of-the-olympic-games/", "date": "2024-02-24T11:58:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474533.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224112548-20240224142548-00414.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.943240761756897, "token_count": 998, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__183512418", "lang": "en", "text": "Every four years, the world comes together to witness a spectacle of human achievement, unity, and sportsmanship that transcends borders and cultures—the Olympic Games. This unparalleled event, steeped in history and tradition, serves as a platform for athletes from all corners of the globe to showcase their skills, forge connections, and inspire generations. This article delves into the rich tapestry of the Olympic Games, exploring its origins, impact, and its ongoing role in celebrating human excellence.\nOrigins and Historical Roots\nThe origins of the Olympic Games trace back to ancient Greece, around 776 BCE, when the first recorded Olympic competition took place in Olympia. These ancient games were a testament to the Greek belief in physical prowess and served as a means to honor the gods through athletic contests. The original games included disciplines like running, wrestling, and chariot racing, with the victors held in high esteem by their communities.\nThe ancient Olympics also marked a period of truce and unity among the often-warring city-states of Greece. An “Olympic truce” was declared during the games, allowing athletes and spectators safe passage to and from Olympia. This concept of peace and unity through sport continues to be a guiding principle of the modern Olympic Games.\nRevival and Modern Evolution\nThe ancient Olympics eventually faded into history, but their spirit was rekindled in the late 19th century. The vision of Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator and historian, led to the revival of the modern Olympic Games. In 1896, the first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, drawing participants from 14 nations.\nSince then, the Olympics have evolved into the grandest celebration of sport on the global stage. With each edition, new sports have been added, reflecting the changing interests and aspirations of societies around the world. The games have also become a platform for innovation, with advancements in technology, sports science, and infrastructure enhancing the athlete experience and the viewer’s engagement.\nUniting Nations Through Sport\nOne of the most powerful aspects of the Olympic Games is their ability to transcend political, cultural, and social barriers. For a few weeks every four years, the world unites in a celebration of human excellence, solidarity, and friendly competition. The Olympic rings, representing the continents, are a symbol of this global unity.\nThe Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony is a poignant visual of this unity, as athletes from diverse backgrounds come together under their respective flags. The Olympic Village, where athletes live and interact during the games, becomes a microcosm of the world, fostering connections and friendships among individuals who might otherwise never meet.\nInspiring Heroes and Role Models\nThe Olympics have a remarkable power to inspire. Athletes who have dedicated their lives to their craft, often overcoming incredible odds, become symbols of determination and resilience. Their stories of sacrifice and triumph resonate with people around the world, encouraging them to chase their dreams and overcome challenges.\nThese athletes become role models, embodying the values of discipline, hard work, and fair play. The diversity of backgrounds and stories among Olympic competitors demonstrates that greatness knows no boundaries and that talent can flourish in every corner of the world.\nPromoting Cultural Exchange\nThe Olympics provide a unique opportunity for cultural exchange and diplomacy. In addition to showcasing athletic prowess, the games allow countries to share their cultural heritage with the world. From the artistic performances during the opening ceremony to cultural exhibits and events, the Olympics foster mutual understanding and respect among nations.\nThe Olympic Games also facilitate informal diplomatic dialogues. Athletes, officials, and spectators from various countries engage in discussions, forging connections that extend beyond the playing field. These interactions can contribute to international understanding and cooperation, fostering relationships that extend beyond the games themselves.\nChallenges and Continuity\nWhile the Olympic Games are celebrated for their unifying spirit, they are not without challenges. Hosting the games involves significant logistical, financial, and environmental considerations. Ensuring that the benefits of hosting extend to local communities and that the environmental impact is minimized remains a priority.\nMoreover, the games are not immune to controversies and geopolitical tensions. Balancing the ideals of unity and fair play with the complexities of international relations can be challenging. Striking a harmonious balance requires careful navigation and a commitment to the Olympic Charter’s values.\nThe Olympic Games stand as a testament to the potential of human achievement, camaraderie, and unity. They represent a microcosm of the world—a celebration of diversity, excellence, and the power of sport to bridge gaps and inspire generations. As the world continues to evolve, the Olympic Games serve as a timeless reminder of the possibilities that arise when nations set aside differences and come together to celebrate the best of humanity. Through triumphs and challenges, the Olympics remind us that the pursuit of excellence knows no bounds and that the spirit of unity can light up the world every four years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.holidayjunction.com/arkansas", "date": "2017-04-30T18:37:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125841.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00484-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9544714093208313, "token_count": 398, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__127541577", "lang": "en", "text": "Until Bill Clinton came along, Arkansas was most closely associated in the popular imagination with Ozark mountain hillbillies. The state isn't ashamed, either of its presidential native son or of its Appalachian heritage.\nIn Mountain View, you can experience the old-time Appalachian way of life for yourself at the Ozark Folk Center State Park, the only park in America devoted to preserving Southern mountain folkways and music. This living museum showcases traditional pioneer skills, such as furniture making, quilting, blacksmithing, tintype photography, woodcarving and 15 other craft demonstrations.\nAs for Clinton, his two-and-one-half-storey, wood-frame boyhood home in the small town of Hope is now a museum, reconstructed as it was when he lived there. And the Clinton Presidential Center and Park opened with great fanfare in Little Rock in 2004. Highlights of any visit are the authentic replicas of the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room, while Café 42, named because Clinton was the 42nd president, features recipes from the Clinton Center Cookbook.\nAlso in town is the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, where nine brave African-American students—the Little Rock Nine—were admitted in 1957 after the federal government sent troops to enforce desegregation. The museum itself is in a former gas station across the street.\nThe state's other contribution to American life is Wal-Mart, founded in Bentonville, where the Wal-Mart Visitors Center shows you how the company grew from 25 employees to 1.3 million. If you want to become a tycoon yourself, you may want to check out Crater of Diamonds State Park, where you can ogle North America's largest diamond (at 40.23 carats, no less) and many of the other diamonds that have been found in near Murfreesboro. For a small fee, you can go digging, too, and keep what you find.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ogict.com/about-us/", "date": "2023-09-28T00:19:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510334.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927235044-20230928025044-00831.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9683727025985718, "token_count": 160, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__324476557", "lang": "en", "text": "We were founded in 1947 by Mr. Lou Voegeli Sr. to supply machining services to the industries in the Naugatuck River Valley of Western Connecticut. This area was a cradle of the American Industrial Revolution, having supported Clock manufacturing, Fashion Hardware production by the millions, Tire manufacturing (Charles Goodyear’s 1st factory was in Naugatuck) and later aerospace and defense products. Mr. Voegeli started his business in the proverbial garage, outgrowing several facilities until it was relocated to Prospect CT.\nThe business is now run by the second generation of the Voegeli family.\nWe are a Women Owned Small Business, committed to carrying on the legacy of Lou Sr. This involves producing Quality work, on-demand, to our target industries.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://driftglass.blogspot.com/2015/04/rip-dan-walker.html", "date": "2018-06-25T02:12:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867364.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625014226-20180625034226-00615.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9862549304962158, "token_count": 449, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__194279404", "lang": "en", "text": "An interesting and innovative populist candidate (he walked the entire length of the state), a reformer who lost a political knife-fight with the Daley Machine --\nThe enmity between Walker and Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's political organization was deep. In 1974, Walker supported state legislative candidates against Daley allies. Walker's deputy governor, Victor deGrazia, later said: \"... I knew from the beginning that every time Daley looked at Walker, he saw the Church of England and the British suppression of the Irish, and when Dan would look at Daley, he would see the quintessential politician who was only interested in political gain.\"-- and became one of Illinois' many, many, many elected officials who did time in a House of Many Doors for forgetting that stuff about not breaking the the law.\nIn 1976 Walker was defeated in the Democratic primary, losing to Secretary of State Michael Howlett, the candidate supported by Mayor Daley, by a 54% to 46% margin. In the general election, Howlett was overwhelmingly defeated by James R. Thompson.\nFrom the Southern Illinoisian:\nIllinois' 36th governor Dan Walker dead at 92\nSPRINGFIELD -- Illinois' 36th governor was remembered Wednesday as an energetic but confrontational chief executive who would later join the state's legion of elected officials who have served time in prison.\nDan Walker, who served as governor from 1973 to 1976, died at his home in California Wednesday. He was 92.\nUshered into office after a populist campaign that included a nearly 1,197-mile walk across the state, the one-term governor ran into a buzz saw of controversy with the General Assembly. Although elected as a reformer, leaders of the House and Senate characterized the lawyer as arrogant and uncompromising, hampering his ability to carry out his initiatives.\nHis relationship with his fellow Democrats fizzled and he lost his reelection bid in a stunning primary defeat to Michael Howlett. His departure from politics in 1977 ushered in a quarter century of Republican control of the governor's office.\nTen years after leaving office, Walker served 18 months in a federal lock-up for bank fraud unrelated to his time as governor.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cnzyot.govt.nz/about/news/tourism-industry-treated-to-a-night-at-the-theatre-for-the-year-of-tourism/", "date": "2019-05-19T06:34:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254253.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519061520-20190519083520-00093.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9493616819381714, "token_count": 413, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__46302320", "lang": "en", "text": "The China Chamber of Commerce in New Zealand (CCCNZ) and China Travel Service (CTS) NZ Ltd hosted tour operators and travel agents in early December 2018 to dinner and a night of musical comedy at SkyCity.\nPeople who attended this night enjoyed a reworked version of City of 100 Lovers(external link) was organised by CTS with CTS with support from Air New Zealand, Air China, Auckland Airport and the newly created China Cultural Centre in NZ.\nThe event in Auckland was a teaser for the grand banquet being planned for the “Once in a lifetime experience,” to celebrate China-New Zealand Year of Tourism when the ancient city Xian will host up to 1,000 Kiwis on 10 September 2019 at an imperial banquet reminiscent of ancient times, just as an emperor would host with a Tang Dynasty performance.\nXian, the home of the ancient Terracotta Warriors, is rich with history and culture, and is one of the birthplaces of the ancient Chinese civilization.\nKiwis that book a September 2019 tour to China will be treated to a true “Once in a lifetime experience” as honoured guests of the Xian Provincial Government while touring China’s highlights and most popular attractions.\nPeople can get a taste of what they can expect in Xian, by checking out the Terracotta Warriors: Guardians of Immortality(external link)秦始皇兵马俑: 永恒的守卫at Te Papa as part of the China-New Zealand Year of Tourism. The exhibition is open until the end of April 2019.\nChina National Tourism Administrati(external link)on will host diplomats from both nations joined by up to 1,000 New Zealanders that have scheduled a visit to China to coincide with the 10 September 2019 event. The visitors will all be treated as VIP invited guests to enjoy a theatrical ceremony and performance and an imperial banquet, based on those hosted by the emperor in ancient times.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://hermstudio.com/blogs/journal/bloody-marie-antoinette", "date": "2018-05-24T17:21:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9778647422790527, "token_count": 684, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__141358819", "lang": "en", "text": "In the Spring of 1971, the Rolling Stones arrived at Villa Nellcôte on the Côte D’Azur as tax exiles from the UK. Keith Richards had been drawn to the house for its privacy – set back from the huge wrought iron gates by a great curved drive and shrouded with palm trees, it was kept free from prying eyes. In the 6-month house party that ensued, photographer Dominique Tarlé gained unprecedented access to the enigmatic life of the band while they created their seminal album “Exile on Main Street”.\nA 16-room mansion of the Belle Époque period, Villa Nellcôte’s opulent baroque interiors were described by Richards to have looked as though they had been designed for “bloody Marie Antoinette”. In these gilded rooms, the rock stars lounged topless on shabby seventies armchairs. For interiors designed to exhibit the wealth and station of their occupants, the indifference of the celebrities in the photographs is striking.\n“Upstairs, it was fantastic – like Versailles”, said Keith Richards. “But down there… it was Dante’s Inferno.” Downstairs was the basement, used to record the album. The house had once been used as a Nazi Gestapo headquarters in the 1940s and in the cellar, the heating vents were shaped like swastikas. Richards was apparently highly intrigued by the mansion’s sinister history, but told a visitor “It's OK. We're here now.”\nDuring the Stones’ tenancy, the cellar was soundproofed with cheap carpets and the mobile studio had been driven from England. Illegal power lines from the French railway system over the road juiced their instruments. When they overheated, they rehearsed with their trousers off.\nA carnival of characters drifted through the villa, including Bobby Keys, the sax player who taught Keith Richards the joys of throwing furniture out of windows; a drug dealer who brought his children, along with his cocaine supply; record execs; engineers; family members; lovers; groupies; wasters and journalists. A guy lived on the front lawn in a tepee. Writer Robert Greenfield recalls, “People appeared, disappeared, no one had a last name, you didn't know who anybody was.”\nWhile the band continued their irregular recording in the cellar, the time at Nellcôte passed in a hazed, concealed enchantment. \"There wasn't really any pattern, that wasn't the way they rolled,\" remembers Gretchen Carpenter, a visitor to the house. Ultimately, the spell ended with a police drugs bust, which prompted the band’s departure to the States where they worked to make sense of the Nellcôte tapes.\nToday, this infamous house is cloaked in mystery. It is presently owned by a wealthy Russian, who bought it for €100 million in 2005. Visitors are not welcome. The curious may flock to take photos outside the gates, but are shouted away by guards. Many stories emerged from those 6 months, but the truth is now concealed behind closed doors. It’s a fitting end to the story: the time the Stones spent there has passed into ambiguity, and legend.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://detv.us/2021/10/08/aiding-and-abetting-3518-murders-concentration-camp-guard-in-court-i-am-innocent/", "date": "2021-10-27T00:09:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587963.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026231833-20211027021833-00570.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9708501696586609, "token_count": 440, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__108974195", "lang": "en", "text": "The 100-year-old Josef S. is said to have “knowingly and willingly” participated in the murder of camp inmates. This is the charge in his case, which is being heard before the Neuruppin Regional Court. If you believe his statement, S. is not aware of any guilt.\nThe former security guard of the concentration camp (KZ) Sachsenhausen accused before the district court Neuruppin in Brandenburg has pleaded not guilty. “I haven’t done anything at all, I’m innocent,” said the hundred-year-old Josef S. He is accused of complicity in murder in 3,518 cases. S. is said to have “knowingly and willingly” participated in the murder of camp inmates between 1942 and 1945.\nThe trial began on Thursday when the indictment was read. According to an expert opinion, S. is only able to negotiate to a limited extent – for two to two and a half hours a day. Because of the proximity to his place of residence, the trial takes place in Brandenburg an der Havel – and there in a sports hall for reasons of space. A further 20 days of negotiations are scheduled until January.\nThe public prosecutor’s office accuses S., among other things, of aiding and abetting the shooting of Soviet prisoners of war, of murdering prisoners through the use of poison gas and of killing “through the creation and maintenance of hostile conditions”. According to the public prosecutor’s office, S. belonged to the guard battalion of the Sachsenhausen camp, in which the SS had stationed a large contingent, until 1945.\nThe camp north of Berlin was a training place for guards and commanders of the concentration camps in the entire Nazi terror system. The Central Office for Solving Nazi Crimes in Ludwigsburg handed over the case of the hundred-year-old concentration camp guard to the Neuruppin public prosecutor’s office in April 2019. This then brought charges in January of this year. In Germany there have recently been several trials against former members of concentration camp teams.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.vfmenswear.com.au/products/brando-kurtsue-melon-monk-strap-shoe", "date": "2024-02-24T01:39:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00089.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9253091216087341, "token_count": 296, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__46908392", "lang": "en", "text": "This melon suede monk strap, comes with 2 buckle strap suede leather, a good statement shoe, can dress down with a nice pair of jeans & chinos or linen trouser.\n- Suede leather upper\n- Synthetic sole & leather lining\n- 2 buckle strap\n- Cemented sole\n- Made with a approx 2.5cm heel\n- Made in Italy\nIn 15th century Europe, the life of a monk was dedicated to worship and manual labor, monks traversed the hills of Europe, reaping, sowing, plowing and binding the crops for their villages. Monks typically wore double strap sandals while plowing the fields, wearing sandals did not offer enough protection and slowed down work. The monks needed a practical shoe that covered the foot, was durable, and could withstand the rough terrains, the solution was a closed version of the traditional monks strap sandal, thus came the introduction of a monk strap shoe. The modern day monk strap, gives you a balance of two choices, it’s halfway between an oxford and a loafer, It’s a slip on, like a loafer, but includes a tongue or vamp like a closed shoe, Instead of laces, monks have their characteristic buckles, just a great all round shoe.\nWeight: 1.0 kg\nProduct of: Brando\nCountry of Origin: Italy\nCountry of Manufacture: Italy", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ooni.com/blogs/ooni-insights/let-s-get-deep-we-re-talking-pan-pizza", "date": "2023-11-28T15:32:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099892.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128151412-20231128181412-00397.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9490267634391785, "token_count": 782, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__190872695", "lang": "en", "text": "Let’s Get Deep - We’re Talking Pan Pizza!\nContinuing our trip down pizza memory lane, this week we’re focusing on pan pizza… Arguably the most indulgent of pizza styles, pan pizza tends to have a thicker, more robust base, and is loaded with toppings. We kick off in Sicily, where pan pizzas were born...\nSicily’s intriguing history has a rich multicultural past, left behind by the different rulers the Island has had. Although ubiquitous with Italian cuisine, tomatoes weren’t introduced to Sicily until the mid 16th Century, so pizza before then was without pomodori!\nSicilian style pizza is known as sfincione in Italy, and was the only type of pizza eaten on the island until the mid 19th Century. There are many stories about how Sfincione came to be, including the Nuns of the Royal San Vito Monastery in Palermo, and their resourceful nature to turn plain bread into something fit for a prince!.\nSo, what is sfincione? The Palermitan version is a focaccia style base, topped with a variety of ingredients including tomato, herbs, onions, cheese, and anchovies, and continues to be a staple of daily life. Each region has its own take on sfincione, both in toppings and form!\nCheck out Slicemonger’s recipe for classic Sicilian…\nDetroit style pizza is undoubtedly the most indulgent of all pizza-styles. A thick, bouncy base, with a crisp bottom crust, absolutely stunningly cheesy edges and indulgent toppings. Detroit is the ULTIMATE comfort pizza.\nDetroit was created back in the mid 1940s by Buddy’s Rendezvous, and was based on owner Anna Guerra’s mother’s recipe for Sicilian pizza, although there is some controversy as an employee claimed it was their recipe. The distinctive rectangular shape originates from the metal pans it was originally baked in. Buddy’s used blue steel pans, made from scrap metal created to contain small automotive parts. They were the perfect size and shape for the deep pan pizza style. The distinctive sauce stripes on top are named racing stripes, honoring the Motor City of Detroit.\nThe term Detroit style didn’t come into play until the 1980s, and wasn’t widely used until the late 2000s, as the style was still referred to as Sicilian.\nThe popularity of Detroit style took off after 2012 when Shawn Rendazzo won the Las Vegas International Pizza Expo world championship with a Detroit-style pizza. He went on to train many pizzerias in the style of Detroit.\nIt’s a firm favourite at Ooni HQ, with everyone vying for the corner piece. Here’s our how to.\nThe most famous of the pan pizzas… Chicago-style. Yep, you may remember a certain brand of micro pizzas from your youth… Chicago Deep Dish pizzas are unrivalled in flavor and style. With its characteristically tall crust and pastry-like base, each slice is loaded to the max with cheese, meat, and sauce.\nLet’s skip back to 1943. Pizzeria Uno in Chicago is commonly cited as the birthplace of Chicago-style, but there are conflicts between whether it was founder Ike Sewell or pizza chef Rudy Malnati who first developed the deep dish delight. If that wasn’t enough contention, the Saverio Rosati family claim their recipe for deep dish pizza hasn’t changed since Rosati’s authentic Chicago pizza opened in 1926! What’s food without a little competition and controversy?!\nStay tuned for the OG of pizza…", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://clivedenliteraryfestival.org/susan-jonusas/", "date": "2024-02-23T02:32:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00260.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9406949877738953, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__163918254", "lang": "en", "text": "Susan Jonusas is a historian specialising in crime and culture in the 19th and 20th centuries. After studying Modern History and English Literature at the University of St Andrews, she completed a masters in the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at King’s College London. Her first book, Hell’s Half-Acre: The Untold Story of the Benders, a Serial Killer Family on the American Frontier was published by Viking and Scribner UK, spring 2022. Susan has written for CNN, History Today and The Spectator World. When she is not writing, she is on the archery range.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://ice.burtonworld.uk/wooden-tank-evolution.html", "date": "2020-02-19T00:44:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143963.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219000604-20200219030604-00335.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9579911828041077, "token_count": 195, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__107742101", "lang": "en", "text": "My wooden tanks are all made from some old scrap wood and a few dowels. The first generation were a very basic and blocky design.\nMy second generation introduced some sloped armour and upgraded guns.\nI then got a bit more sophisticated and made a half track, fixed turret tank, an open turret tank, a flail tank and a bridge tank.\nI used an elastic band to link the flail to the wheels so the flail spins as the tank drives along.\nNext, I made some buildings, army trucks and field guns.\nMy lastest set of wooden tanks are modelled on some of my favourite real life tanks. I made a BRM-1, M3 and M4 Sherman, Russian T34 and the British FV430.\nI actually made a whole fleet of T34's and M4 Shermans (both the original US version and the upgraded British version, the Sherman Firefly, with the bigger cannon).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.firstprescaldwell.info/happenings.html", "date": "2020-02-29T12:51:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875149238.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229114448-20200229144448-00359.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9513712525367737, "token_count": 138, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__68029949", "lang": "en", "text": "Come join us on Sunday, August 5, 2018, to celebrate 150 years of the Caldwell First Presbyterian Church! We are located at 532 North Street. We have a parking lot on the corner of Lewis and Spruce streets. Music will start at 3:30 PM and the worship service will begin at 4:00 PM. A dinner will follow the service. Reservations for the dinner are $12.00 per person. Paid reservations are due to LaDonna Cordell by July 29th. If you have questions, please email the church at email@example.com or phone at (740)732-4767. Hope you can come!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bpf.org.uk/events/all-over-shop-how-can-heritage-assets-help-our-high-streets-adapt", "date": "2020-05-31T15:55:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00595.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9054794907569885, "token_count": 305, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__152674655", "lang": "en", "text": "17:45 - 20:00\nPenningtons Manches, 125 Wood Street, London, EC2V 7AW\nJoin the British Property Federation and Historic England for our joint annual seminar which will focus on how heritage assets can help revitalise the high street.\nDuring the seminar, we’ll hear from representatives from Historic England and The Architectural Heritage Fund on their work programmes in this area, following their funding packages announced as part of the Government’s Future High Streets Fund at the Autumn Budget.\nWe will also hear from a leading restaurant operator for their take on how heritage can help the high street adapt as well as be joined by Rachel Campbell, Head of Regeneration, at the Cities and Local Growth Unit, MHCLG, for the panel discussion.\n17:45 Registration and refreshments\n18:15 Introduction and welcome from Tim Johnson, Partner, Penningtons Manches\n18:20 Opening remarks from Ian Morrison, Director of Policy and Evidence, Historic England\n18:25 Claudia Kenyatta, Director of Regions, Historic England\n18:35 Simon Galkoff, Group Procurement Director, Casual Dining Group\n18:45 Matthew McKeague, Chief Executive, The Architectural Heritage Fund\n18:55 Q&A chaired by Melanie Leech, Chief Executive, BPF\n19:20 Networking drinks\nThis event is now fully booked.\nPlease email firstname.lastname@example.org to be added to a waiting list.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ks.biznet-us.com/firms/6616848/", "date": "2020-01-22T13:25:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00419.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9715733528137207, "token_count": 677, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__209426846", "lang": "en", "text": "This old Victorian Mansion provides a wonderful retreat for the couple who wants to get away, or a home away from home for business people, travelers, or hunters. Groups, comprised of families and/or friends, find the setting perfect when weddings, reunions, birthdays, or memorial services are scheduled in the area. Conference and party rooms can be arranged for these special events. Bring your own laptop and use our wireless high-speed internet anywhere in the mansion or use our computer in the work nook. Children are welcome, and pets may be boarded at \"D'Tails\" close by the Mansion (Bed & Biscuit rate is $10/day) .\nTo reserve a room for yourself or someone you care about, please give us a call at (785) 282-3798 (cell -0107) or email us at email@example.com. Gift certificates are available.\nFor information on the Ingleboro Mansion Tea Parlor, call (785) 282-3531.\nJ. R. Burrow moved to Smith Center in the early 1880s and founded the 1st National Bank of Smith Center. The mansion was built in 1899 as a private residence for Burrow and his 3rd wife, whose maiden name was Ingalls; thus they named their new home \"Ingleboro\". Burrow later moved to Topeka and became president of the Central National Bank and Kansas Secretary of State. During the Burrow's years, the house and grounds covered a city block, which included a private park complete with deer, a stream, peacocks, and a gazebo.\nBurrow sold the house to Henry Williams in 1905. Dr. C. C. Funk purchased the residence several years later and turned it into a hospital. Most of those born in Smith Center between 1921 and 1951 were delivered in an upstairs bedroom. In 1952, Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Mahin opened the mansion as a nursing home. They were joined by the Burleys in 1955.\nWhen the nursing home closed after 22 years, the Burleys renovated the residence and turned it into a restaurant. This tradition was continued even as ownership of the mansion changed two more times. In 1982, Dave Haug began operating the Ingleboro Restaurant and Lounge and added the Inglenook Bed and Dinner. Joe and Darla Conaway purchased the mansion in 1998 and operated it as a restaurant and a bed and breakfast until February of 2000 when the restaurant was closed.\nIn August 2000, the current owners, Bruce and Bobbi Miles, moved here from Denver after staying at the Bed and Breakfast several times. \"We fell in love with the friendliness of the local people and the slower pace of this mid-western town. Since it is centrally located, it is convenient for our children and grandchildren to visit no matter where in the states they move.\"\nOver the years care has been taken to preserve the Victorian flavor of the grand mansion, which has valiantly served Smith Center and the surrounding area. The two-story frame home is decorated with converted carbide and kerosene lights, imported stained glass windows, cherry, oak and maple woodwork, and bay windows. The entryway and staircase are particularly impressive as are the elaborate oak and cherry fireplaces that display the original tile work.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://collectivecraft.com/product/champa-earrings/", "date": "2022-10-06T22:42:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00497.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9311173558235168, "token_count": 145, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__288482168", "lang": "en", "text": "The Champa Earrings are inspired from the beautiful flowers of Magnolia champaca.\nCrafted with Nickel-free Brass plated with 18K Gold.\nJewellery played an important role in ancient Kalinga. Artistic representations of daily life reveal how affluent people used jewellery to display wealth and prestige. Some of the best -preserved examples come from the rock sculptures of 13th-century Sun temple at Konark, as well as the gold ornaments of Lord Jagannath crafted in 15th-century and presently housed at the Puri temple’s treasury.\nOur Jewellery is adapted from these ornaments. This piece embodies Kalinga’s rich cultural heritage.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ticketmaster.no/venue/kongsberg-kirke-kongsberg-billetter/kkk/3", "date": "2019-06-19T12:50:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998986.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619123854-20190619145854-00281.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9838575124740601, "token_count": 1127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__118277465", "lang": "en", "text": "During the 1700s the organ held such importance in the church that the interior was not considered complete before the organ was in place. The Gloger Organ was inaugurated in 1765 and its magnificent façade filled the area of the church above the pulpit. This organ, constructed in the Baroque style, was without doubt a true masterpiece.\nGottfried Heinrich Gloger (1710-1779)\nGloger was born in Hannover and received his first organ-building training under his father, Johann Heinrich Gloger. Gloger came to Norway as early as 1738, and in 1746 the King awarded him the royal privilege of organ builder. He was the greatest organ builder in Norway during the 1700s - the golden age for the European organ culture.\nA demanding contract\nOn 19 July 1760, Gloger signed the contract to build an organ in Kongsberg's new church for the price of 2 200 riksdaler (old Norwegian currency). He was personally responsible for all expenses incurred in connection with the building.\nThe finished instrument had 42 voices distributed over three manuals and pedals. The Organ was equipped with six large bellows. Via a separate register bell, the organist passed a message to the calcants (bellow treaders) to tell them when they should begin treading. This arrangement is also used today in some concerts.\nAt that time, the Gloger Organ was considered an organ of considerable size, and it was the largest Gloger would ever build.\nThe Organ was finally finished in 1765, and it was a considerably impoverished and reduced organ builder who was ultimately paid 4 000 riksdaler for his work.\nThe fate of the Gloger Organ\nIn the years leading to around 1850, the Organ underwent a number of repairs, one of these being to the bellows which were exposed to a lot of wear and tear and also hungry mice! The first major repair was probably made in 1780.\nIn 1849, there was great uncertainty as to whether the Organ was playable. Because of this concern, the country's leading church-music authority, Ludvig Mathias Lindemann, was asked to come to Kongsberg and advise on the matter. The Organ was then repaired in 1850 by the young Norwegian organ builder, Paul Christian Brantzeg.\nAt the end of the 1800s, the organ-building tradition was undergoing a period of conflict, and many people believed that Baroque organs were old-fashioned.\nDuring a fire in the church loft at the end of the 1880s, the Organ was severely water damaged and, instead of repairing the Gloger Organ, the church had a new organ built by a German, Albert Hollenbach.\nAs time passed, the church community became increasingly keen to have the old Gloger Organ restored to its original playing condition. However, efforts always fell short owing to a lack of funds.\nDrama around the Organ\nIn 1928, Tinius Olsen (a Kongsberg citizen who had emigrated to Philadelphia, USA) donated a large sum of money towards the Organ's restoration.\nIn brief, what happened was that the Organ's original air pressuriser and playing mechanism were removed and placed in the church loft. An electric console was installed in the gallery on the opposite side to the organ balcony, and everything was connected together using electric cables. Contrary to the wishes of the national antiquarian, most of the pipework was rebuilt in order to accommodate the musical preferences of the 1930s. The Gloger Organ from 1765 was therefore not restored in accordance with the conditions of the donation. In fact, it was a completely new organ which was now behind the Baroque façade.\nFortunately, most parts of the Organ had been looked after and were stored in the church loft. The next attempt to restore the Organ took place in 1974 on the initiative of the young and newly employed organist, Reidar Hauge, but the time was still not ripe for the restoration.\nScandinavia's greatest Baroque organ is restored\nThere are a number of preserved organ facades built by Gloger, but when the Gloger Committee began work on the restoration process in 1993, it was only in Kongsberg that there were enough organ parts to enable restoration of the organ itself.\nFollowing a long period of fund-raising for the restoration, in 1997 the Committee was able to sign the contract with the renowned German organ builder, Jürgen Ahrend from Leer in northwest Germany.\nIn January 2001, the Gloger Organ was finished, restored to the original Baroque organ from 1765.\nWith the addition of newly cast pipes, Jürgen Ahrend had recreated in the restored Gloger pipes the authentic sounds of old.\nWe must assume that the sounds from the Organ today are the same as those that were heard in the second half of the 1700s.\nA national treasure\nKongsberg now owns Scandinavia's greatest historical instrument with 42 voices. Because of this, Kongsberg has international status as a concert church, and the town has made significant strides in its development as a cultural centre.\nThe work of taking care of and restoring not only a national treasure but also the greatest Baroque organ in Scandinavia, was a major example of voluntary work involving many players, not least a vast number of the people of Kongsberg itself.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.queermap.com/community-quilt-projects-by-caffyn-kelley/", "date": "2024-02-25T19:36:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00112.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9327991008758545, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__102428240", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1996 Caffyn worked with the people of Kensington, Vancouver to create a 50-foot quilt for the entrance of the community centre.\nIn 2001 Caffyn worked on the Islands in the Salish Sea Community Mapping Project, creating this celebrated quilt on Salt Spring Island watersheds.\nIn 2001 Caffyn worked with the community of Trout Lake, Vancouver, creating over 40 artworks on nature and natural history. These included two community quilts and a large-scale environmental sculpture.\nOther projects include Union, a quilt created for Paula Stromberg of the Office and Professional Employees International Union to celebrate the power of collective action, and a series of quilts created on the history and environment of Indian Arm, the inlet where Caffyn lived from 1985-1996.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gmks.in/programmes/kathodi-rehabilitation/", "date": "2023-12-07T00:13:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00028.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9722729921340942, "token_count": 285, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__152528509", "lang": "en", "text": "Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society extended its all support and a helping hand to thousands of poor migrant families to resettle in the villages. It provided houses and other basic amenities. These people had no land and homes for shelter. Nor they had two square meals in a day. With the help from Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society, the Kathodi tribal people started to begin a new life.\nIt was a great sense of realization among the members of the Society to take up the plight of this Kathodi community. In 1986, the members of Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society came in to their rescue and started working for their rehabilitation. Samija village was identified for the rehabilitation of this Kathodi community. The period from 1986 to 2000 was seen as the most crucial period for development of the Kathodis. During the period, Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society had fought a battle with the government to acquire 104 acres of land for the rehabilitation of this tribal community.\nThe society constructed 382 houses to provide shelter to the Kathodi families; non-formal education centre, child labour rehabilitation school and a residential hostel were established with the help of government and other agencies.\nHand pumps, latrines and other drinking water facilities were arranged in the villages. The Society had also established a community centre in the village. The villagers were provided adequate training to start cultivation in the areas.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.botmatic.shanuboghenterprises.com/2022/06/10/post-3/", "date": "2023-12-09T05:44:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100800.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209040008-20231209070008-00024.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9536768198013306, "token_count": 233, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__15008464", "lang": "en", "text": "What is a blog?\nEven if you’re not sure what a blog is, you’ve no doubt come across one at some point in time. Perhaps you’ve stumbled across a blog when you’ve searched “healthy dinner recipes”.\nFirst, let’s go over a brief history in 1994, Swarthmore College student Justin Hall is credited with the creation of the first blog, Links.net. At the time, however, it wasn’t considered a blog … just a personal homepage.\nIn 1997, Jorn Barger, blogger for Robot Wisdom, coined the term “weblog”, which was meant to describe his process for “logging the web” as he surfed the internet. The term “weblog” was shortened to “blog” in 1999, by programmer Peter Merholz.\nIn the early stages, a blog was a personal web log or journal in which someone could share information or their opinion on a variety of topics. The information was posted reverse chronologically, so the most recent post would appear first.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cashmerepashminagroup.com/shalws-of-kashmir", "date": "2019-09-22T04:28:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575076.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922032904-20190922054904-00198.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9540821313858032, "token_count": 431, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__178293096", "lang": "en", "text": "Shawls of Kashmir\nThe ancient Shawl of Kashmir appears in recorded history from 13th century as a wrap around the shoulders used by Royalty, Elite and connoisseurs.\nMoughals immensely admired Kashmir shawls and encouraged it during 17th century until which time the weaving skill of shawl making had reached its zenith.\nIt is recorded history that the weaving skills of Artisans of the Valley of Kashmir have been acclaimed world over and it is this skill which makes a \"Pashmina\" Shawl\nIt appeared on International scene during the period of Napolean Bonapart when it became a status symbol.\nNapolean gifted his wife Jozaffin many intricately woven and colourful shawls which till date are preserved in Museums.\nThe characteristics of a Kashmir Shawl are the fine wool used, weaving skills and colorfulness. Two centuries back the beautiful colours were imparted with vegetable dyes which were extracted from herbs, plants and fruits gifted by nature in abundance through scenic beauty of the Valley.\nAnother characteristic of Kashmir Shawl is the hand embroidery which is done to adorn the shawl and in earlier times the embroidery was done depending upon specific use and ranged from Haishyadaar ( a small row running along four sides) to Jammawar (embroidered allover).\nThe specimens of these ancient motif are preserved in International and domestic Museums.\nKashmir Shawls come in two varieties:\n1). Super fine wool derived from sheep\n2). Pashmina derived from domesticated animals, the Capra Hircus Goat, living at an altitude of 12,000-14,000 ft in Himalayas. At 16,000 ft, these animals are able to withstand absolute cold conditions and temperature drops to minus 50 degrees. Nature has thus bestowed upon this animal a special undercoat of wool which sustains it through horrid winters. This undercoat is sheared, scoured, shaved, spun and woven into beautiful fabric called “Kashmir Pashmina Shawl”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://cockburn.inmycommunity.com.au/news-and-views/local-news/Unlocking-history-of-thong-a-real-feat/7616929/", "date": "2013-05-23T09:51:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703108201/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111828-00049-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9821379780769348, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__137254520", "lang": "en", "text": "THE thong, Australian in design according to popular belief, was designed in New Zealand and inspired by Japanese sandals, a retired academic plans to tell his audience in Clarkson this month.\nShoe historian and podiatrist Cameron Kippen will give a free talk on the history of the thong and how it became an international form of footwear at Clarkson Library on March 29.\nMr Kippen said when shoes started adorning feet 10,000 years ago, they were not worn to protect feet, but were the prerogative of the rich.\nHis talk would cover the early origins of sandals, their evolution to the modern era and how the popular ‘Aussie’ thong came into being.\n“It’s littered with a bit of humour and light-heartedness,” he said.\nCall 9407 1600 to book a seat at the free event, which starts at 6pm on Thursday, March 29.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.moonstartour.com/perge-aspendos-side-tour/", "date": "2018-10-23T19:09:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516892.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023174507-20181023200007-00034.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9526180028915405, "token_count": 273, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__196410881", "lang": "en", "text": "Perge Aspendos Side Tour\nAntalya has so many different kind of beauties to offer to the visitors. Perge is the largest ancient city of Pamphilia, also the capitol of Pamphilia. Also Perge has importance in Christian History since St. PAul and St Barnabas visited the city twice and “preached the word”.\nAspendos is another Pamphilian city and famous with the ancient theater still remaining. The ancient theater of Aspendos has built in 2nd century AD but still being used for concerts and other activities. It has a capacity of 15.000 seats.\nSide is one of the most famous classical antique cities of Turkey. It is dating back to 10th century BC. Ruled by different civilizations,it was an important trade center with its harbour.\nAfter lunch we will visit Side antique city and see the theatre, Roman Baths and the Temple of Apollo.You will have one hour free time to swimm and explore the city. Afterwards, we will srive back to Antalya and visit Kursunlu Waterfall on our way.\nWe will drop you off to your hotel.\n- Pick up and drop off from hotel.\n- All transfers with a modern air conditioned vehicle\n- English Speaking professional guide\n- All entrance fees", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cpri.icar.gov.in/Content/Index/?qlid=11&&Ls_is=11&&lngid=1", "date": "2022-05-29T08:00:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663048462.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220529072915-20220529102915-00733.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9451881051063538, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__210558962", "lang": "en", "text": "Though potato is a household name today in India, it came to this ancient land only about 400 years ago during Mughal dynasty. After its introduction from Europe in the beginning of 17th century, it remained an insignificant crop till independence, largely because of poor productivity of introduced European varieties that were adapted to temperate agro-climate and were suitable for cultivation in hills of India as summer crop. The Government of India established the ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute in the year 1949 to harness the potential of this promising crop for food security. The institute developed suitable varieties and technologies that virtually transformed the temperate potato crop to sub-tropical one enabling its spread from cooler hill regions to the vast Indo-Gangetic plains as a rabi crop. It triggered a revolution in potato production causing very fast growth in area, production and productivity during next five decades.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hartsvilletrousdale.com/trousdale-county", "date": "2018-04-22T00:51:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945484.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422002521-20180422022521-00148.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9659499526023865, "token_count": 166, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__4564933", "lang": "en", "text": "Nestled in the northern portion of Middle Tennessee, this rural county has a current population just over 7000 scattered over its beautiful hills and lush valleys. Farming, largely tobacco, was the economic base that formed this county, and it is still prevalent today. Many area families came to this fertile land from Virginia and North Carolina when their tobacco-growing families could not subdivide their lands any further. Tennessee was a new state looking for settlers, and this area of the Highland Rim was an ideal location to build a homestead.\nThe county seat is located in Hartsville, and other communities include Barthelia, Beech Grove, Cato, Gravel Hill, Halltown, Kings (Beasley's Bend), Providence, Puryears Bend, Shady Grove, Templow, Walnut Grove, and Willard.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://michellewalshphotography.com/tag/london/", "date": "2024-03-02T03:00:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00033.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8988561630249023, "token_count": 259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__76193506", "lang": "en", "text": "Tudor Barn Wedding Photographer, London.\nThe Tudor Barn, is a historical grade 2 listed building and a hidden gem right in Eltham. Situated in wonderful grounds and gardens with its own semi-moat it is a great venue to hold your wedding. Edith Nesbit, author of the Railway Children once resided here.\nMichelle Walsh Photography is a recommended Tudor Barn Wedding Photographer in Eltham, London SE9 and I have shot many weddings at the Tudor Barn. One of South East London’s best Wedding Venues in my opinion for a warm and inviting feeling, particularly in the winter season too.\nIf you are visiting the Tudor Barn Wedding Fayre in Eltham tomorrow, here’s a couple of photos to wet your appetite.\nI can’t wait to meet with you this Valentines weekend to discuss your wedding photography, whether you’re getting married at the Tudor Barn in Eltham or elsewhere in London or the surrounding areas. Come down and grab a glass of champagne and some hot show offers!\nSunday 12th February 2017, Tudor Barn Eltham, 11am – 4pm\nWell Hall Pleasaunce, Well Hall Road, Eltham SE9", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://capelahaveadventures.ca/cape-lahave-adventures/chignecto-and-the-bay-of-fun-dy", "date": "2019-10-22T23:29:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987826436.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022232751-20191023020251-00475.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.940573513507843, "token_count": 152, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__72582225", "lang": "en", "text": "Earlier this month we had the pleasure of guiding a three day multi-day trip in the Bay of Fundy, along the shoreline of Cape Chignecto Provincial Park. This seldom visited coastline features the highest cliffs on the mainland of Nova Scotia, impressive sea stacks and rock spires, sea caves, and of course the incredible tides of the Bay of Fundy. In addition to the unique geology, the coastline has a rich history. From our camp at Refugee Cove where we found evidence of an old mill, we hiked up to French Lookout, where the Acadians kept a watchful eye out for British ships. All in all, a fascinating coastline to explore. Many thanks to all of those who joined us for a great adventure!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gymkaki.com/threads/revisiting-9-11-unpublished-photos-by-james-nachtwey.1038/", "date": "2023-10-03T00:19:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511023.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002232712-20231003022712-00560.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9682780504226685, "token_count": 146, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__249881998", "lang": "en", "text": "James Nachtwey happened to be in New York the morning of 9/11 and made his way to Ground Zero. Ten years ago, TIME published Nachtwey’s extraordinary pictures from the day, but he had not revisited those 27 rolls of film since. A few weeks ago, we had Nachtwey in the office, poring over his contact sheets, reliving the events of that Tuesday. Here, he shares his edit of those photographs, some previously unpublished (slides: 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15), with TIME and spoke with writer David Levi Strauss about the work.\nJames Nachtwey's 9/11 Photographs - LightBox", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.goldforbeginner.com/history-gold/", "date": "2023-06-10T18:25:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00686.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9506583213806152, "token_count": 3903, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__45463751", "lang": "en", "text": "This article explores the history of human’s relationship with the yellow metal in the last five centuries. For ease of comprehension, the story is broken up into 11 parts.\nTable of Contents\n1. Ancient History and Classical era (8th century BC and the 5th century AD)\nIn Egypt and the Middle East, 5 centuries ago, gold and other metals fulfilled the functions of money, as a medium of exchange, means of payment, and store of value. However, its utility in economic transactions was still not popular.\nLydian King Croesus, in 560 BC, was the first to mint standardized gold coins with the same size and value as a medium of exchange. These standardized gold coins, in addition to their intended purpose, guaranteed the quality of the rare and precious metal.\nThe Roman Empire, in 225 BC, started using gold coins for economic transactions. This came about as a result of the glut and subsequent crash of their silver currency. The oversupply of silver from the Roman colonies led to this eventuality. Soon, Roman gold coins or Solidus were widely circulated and remained the dominant currency in Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor until the beginning of the 12th century.\n2. Medieval Era (5th century to 15th century)\nSilver was the preferred metal for coins in the middle ages. Gold served as a store of value rather than as a means of payment because of its rarity and the higher value when compared to silver. Ultimately it was the Crusades and the newly developing long-distance trade that helped in establishing gold as a means of payment. In Europe, during medieval times, gold was valued 10 – 12 times silver.\nThe hallmarking of gold began in 1300 to ensure the quality of gold. Hallmarking is a system to verify and guarantee the purity of gold. This was started in London and followed elsewhere, thus establishing a common standard for gold purity.\nThe 14th and 15th centuries witnessed a sudden rocketing of gold values. A decline in gold mining in Europe and a consequent reduction in the new gold supply is considered the main reason for this. This led to an 80% decrease in coin production, making gold coins rarer. The price of this precious metal shot up, paving way for constant deflation.\n3. Early Modern Era (15th century to 18th century)\nThe Discovery of the New World changed the course of history in many ways. When Europeans found their way to the Americas, resulting in the subjugation of the natives and plundering of their resources, vast quantities of gold found its way to Europe in the early 16th century. The arrival of fresh gold supply eased the deflation and ultimately led to inflation in Spain. This trend caught up in the rest of Europe and much later in Asia.\nDuring the late 16th century, the glut of gold from the Americas led to further loss of value for this precious metal. This situation was aggravated by the mixing of other metals such as copper with gold for coins, resulting in its loss of purity. The Seven Years War (1756–1763) forced European countries to mint more of these low-grade gold coins.\nThe fixed gold-silver conversion rate was introduced in the United Kingdom by Sir Isaac Newton, the warden of the Royal Mint, as a measure to combat the fluctuations in the value of gold coins.\nThe British Parliament in 1774 introduced the Gold Standard. The Gold Standard is a monetary standard in which the strength of a nation’s currency is determined by its gold reserves, i.e., the quantity of gold it holds.\nThe 18th and early 19th centuries witnessed the co-existence of gold and silver coins. With the introduction of a fixed conversion rate for the two metals, the European countries and the US began minting coins in both gold and silver simultaneously. In France, from 1795, the fixed conversion rate was set at 15:1. This means gold is 15 times more valuable than silver.\n4. Classic Gold Standard (1816 – 1914)\nGreat Britain made gold its official national currency with Lord Liverpool’s Act on 22nd June 1816. The convertibility of gold and Pound Sterling was legally guaranteed on 1st May 1821. All these lead to other countries pegging their currencies to the British Pound, thus making it the reserve currency. This move established British dominance in international finance and trade relations. By the end of the 19th century, the British Pound was the currency used for two-thirds of world trade and most countries were holding it as their foreign exchange reserve.\nAmerican Civil War and Gold Speculation: From 1810 to 1833, the US pursued the de facto silver standard. The gold price stood at USD 19.39 for one ounce of pure gold. The US government set the gold-silver conversion rate at 16:1 by the Coinage Act of 1834. This led to the implementation of the de facto gold standard and the price went up to USD 20.69.\nThe American Civil War (1861 – 1865) and later on the Black Friday at the New York Stock Exchange on 24th September 1869 triggered skyrocketing gold prices to USD 47.02 and USD 155, respectively. per ounce. In 1879, the US government set the gold price at USD 20.67 and reverted to the gold standard. With the implementation of the Gold Standard Act, 1900, gold was made an official means of payment.\n5. Between the Two World Wars (1918 – 1939)\nWorld War forced the central banks to abandon the gold standard to allow them to print more paper currencies to help finance the war. After the end of the First World War, in 1922, at the Genoa conference, the central banks proposed a partial return to the gold standard to encourage international trade and to stabilize the national economies. The proposed partial gold standard means the gold remained in the vaults of the central banks and this gold was represented by paper currencies.\nThe poor coordination and improper implementation of the partial gold standard paved the way for the overvaluation and undervaluation of important national currencies across the world. This ultimately resulted in the collapse of the new gold standard as a regulatory system of the international monetary system. The last straw that led to this breakdown was the decision of the Bank of England to suspend redeeming gold in 1933. This translated to the stoppage of the system that allowed citizens to exchange paper money for gold.\nIn 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the President of the USA, announced the prohibition of possessing gold by citizens. The citizens were asked to exchange gold of any form – coins, bars, and certificates – for a fixed rate of USD 20.67 per ounce. The sole exception allowed in this order was for the gold used for industrial and artistic purposes. The rationale of this move was the prevention of the circulation of privately-held gold that was threatening of becoming an alternative currency.\nA violation of this prohibitory order resulted in a fine of USD 100 or 10 years in prison. The citizens were allowed to possess up to 5 ounces of gold. This means the majority of the population was not affected by the order. This order remained in force for 40 years when it was finally abolished. The Exchange Stabilization Fund was established on 31st January 1934 and the price of gold was fixed at USD 35 per ounce.\n6. Bretton Woods System (1944 – 1971)\nNamed after the New Hampshire hotel where the World War II Allied nations held the conference of Bretton Woods in 1944, the Bretton Woods System is a monetary order that sets the rules for international currency exchange based on the US Dollar and gold. With this agreement, the British Pound lost its status as the reserve currency and was replaced by the US Dollar. The exchange rate for gold was fixed at USD 35 per ounce. This means the currencies of signatory countries of the Bretton Woods Agreement were linked to the US Dollar.\nGoal: With the US Dollar being the reserve currency, the exchange rate for gold could be set for long periods in advance. The Bretton Woods Agreement made it obligatory for the United States to redeem the foreign reserves of signatory countries held in the US Dollar for gold.\nThe purpose of the new system was to enable free trade among the participating countries on fixed exchange rates. To oversee the functioning and implementation of the Bretton Woods System, two institutions were established – International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction.\nTriffin Paradox: The Belgian-American economist Robert Triffin was the first to detect a flaw in the Bretton Woods System in 1959. The Triffin Dilemma pointed out the conflict of economic interests between short-term domestic and long-term international objectives for the United States, whose currency served as the global reserve currency. When the US Dollar was elevated as the global reserve currency, foreign nations were holding more of it than the US central bank had gold reserves. To maintain liquidity for international trade, more US Dollars had to be printed. This move would lead to a deficit in the balance of payments for the United States. To overcome this dilemma, Triffin suggested the creation of an artificial currency. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) came up with Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), a supplementary foreign exchange reserve maintained by the IMF.\nLondon Gold Pool: In 1960, when the foreign liabilities of the United States exceeded their national gold reserves, it started threatening the Bretton Woods System. To avert this danger and to sustain the system, the United States and seven European countries decided to pool their gold reserves to maintain the stability of the system and defend the gold exchange rate at USD 35 per ounce as a market intervention in the London Gold Market. The central banks of these eight nations managed coordinated gold sale/buy to counter the fluctuations in the market price of gold.\nCrisis: In 1967, Charles de Gaulle, the French President, withdrew France from the London Gold Pool citing the Vietnam War. Simultaneously, the British government devalued the British Pound. These events led to a spike in the demand for gold, upsetting the applecart further.\nCollapse: In 1969, multiple signatories of the Bretton Woods Agreement came forward to redeem their foreign reserves for gold. The United States was in no position to honor their commitment to the agreement. The United States could not manage to redeem the dollar reserves of even one participating country because the foreign reserves in the US Dollar of all the signatory nations had reached an all-time high. In 1971, the US President Nixon unilaterally canceled his country’s contractual obligation of direct redemption of the US Dollar to gold, known as the Nixon Shock. This move ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Bretton Woods System, thus ending the fixed pricing of gold at USD 35 per ounce.\n7. Bull Market: Upward Trend (1971 – 1980)\nThe aftermath of the collapse: The major consequence of the cessation of the Bretton Woods System was on the price of gold. Gold started trading freely on world markets. On 1st May 1972, the gold price went beyond USD 50 per ounce for the first time. During the first quarter of 1973, the currency markets had to be shut down for 14 days as a measure to contain the situation. Finally, the Bretton Woods System was abandoned and succeeded by a system of free-floating currencies and flexible conversion rates devoid of pegging to gold and US Dollar.\nThe beginning of gold trade: On 14th May 1973, the price of gold crossed the milestone of USD 100 per ounce. By 14th November 1973, the US government lifted the restrictions on possession of gold by private citizens. In the coming years, many more countries followed suit by allowing its citizens to own and trade in gold. By 1975, the New York Commodities Exchange was established and trading in gold futures began.\nJamaica Accords: These were a set of international agreements reached in 1976 that ratified the abolishment of the Bretton Woods System and amendment of the ‘articles of agreement’ upon which the IMF was founded. With the Jamaica Accords, an agreement was reached regarding the future of the gold standard and international currencies. The International Monetary Fund eliminated the pegging of gold to the US Dollar and recognized managed floating exchange rates. This made currencies fiat money, not redeemable by gold. Theoretically, the money supply is expandable infinitely.\nThe 1970s witnessed industrialized countries experiencing stagflation, a period of slow economic growth, low productivity, and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rose (inflation). The troubles of the decade were made manifold by the uncertainties in the financial world, the oil crisis, a monumental increase of the US national debt, a huge jump in money supply, and an exodus of investors to material assets. The gold price went up 15-fold during this decade.\nOn 27th December 1979, the gold price soared to a new high of above USD 500 per ounce. By 21st January 1980, the price of gold stood at USD 873 at the New York Commodities Exchange. The Iran crisis and the occupation attempt of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union were cited as reasons for this surge. This all-time high gold price was the beginning of the end of the bullish trend of the markets. This price was not breached for the next 28 years.\n8. Bear Market: Downward Trend (1980 – 2001)\n1980 witnessed the beginning of a slump in the international markets. The US treasury, as a market initiative to end the economic stagnation, clamped down on the increase of money supply. The short-term effect of this was a steeper recession and a worsening unemployment rate. However, in the long run, this worked well for the economy, gradually stabilizing it and bringing inflation under control. In the 1990s, the United States experienced an extended economic upturn under President Bill Clinton. The New York Commodities Exchange merged with the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) in 1994. By 1999, the gold rate in London had come down to USD 252.80 per ounce.\nIn 1982, China allowed its citizens to possess gold. The establishment of the Shanghai Gold Exchange in 2002 led to further expansion in the gold trade, resulting in huge demand for the yellow metal. Earlier, it was mandatory to sell gold to the Chinese Treasury. In just five years, China surpassed the United States in gold trade to become the second-largest buyer of gold, after India.\nTo bring the price of gold under control by regulating its sales, 15 European nations signed the Central Bank Gold Agreement. This agreement places a cap on the annual sale of gold. The cap was fixed at 400 tonnes per year or 2000 tonnes for five years (CBGA 1 1999 – 2004). The consequent second agreement, CBGA II (2004 – 2009), limited the quantity of annual gold sales to 500 tonnes. The third agreement, CBGA III (2009 – 2014), brought down the limit of annual gold sales to 400 tonnes.\n9. Bull Market: Upward Trend (2001 – 2010)\nAfter the low of 1999, the price of gold had a slow recovery. Since 2001, the gold price has gone up at a steady rate. The rise in gold price finds a clear correlation with the steady growth of the US national debt and gradual weakening of the US Dollar against world currencies. The year 2005 witnessed a spike in gold prices, reaching USD 500 per ounce for the first time since 1987.\nThis trend continued and in just three years, in 2008, the price of gold doubled to USD 1000 per ounce. The already upward curve of the gold price was aided by the financial crisis. The demand for physical gold and Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) skyrocketed. In 2010, the gold reserves of the largest Gold ETF, SPDR Gold Trust, went up to a record high of 1320 tonnes. This meant that the gold fund possessed and controlled more gold than the Chinese National Bank.\nIn 2010, many central banks decided to raise their gold reserves, the prominent among them being the Chinese National Bank, the Reserve Bank of India, and the Central Bank of Russia.\nDecember 2010 witnessed gold price soaring to a record new high of USD 1431.60 per troy ounce. At the same time, the US Dollar slumped to an all-time low. The uncertainties about economic recovery, inflation, and growing national debt-fueled this trend. The decrease in gold production since 2001, rising demand for jewelry and strong interest from institutional investors also were contributing factors driving up the price of gold.\n10. The Last Decade (2011 – 2020)\nBy August 2011, the gold price crossed USD 1900 per ounce. Gold once again became a safe investment option due to mounting US national debt, the financial crisis in Europe, and the looming threat of a new recession. From a price of just above USD 250 per ounce in late 1999 to just over USD 1900 per ounce, gold made a gain of almost 650% and an annual return of more than 18%. The closing gold price crossed USD 1900 per ounce only for a single day before it started a downward slide.\nThe most pronounced fall in the price of gold happened between October 2012 and July 2013. In a span of nine months, the precious metal lost almost a third of its value. The price drop continued to reach a low of USD 1060 per ounce in January 2016, before bouncing back. By June 2020, the gold price was USD 1751 per ounce.\nOn August 7, 2020, gold hit a new record of USD 2062.50. The economic uncertainty caused by the COVID19 pandemic was the reason for this sudden jump.\nGold Production through history\nWhen the price of gold was doing a roller-coaster ride in the last 50 years after the abandonment of the fixed-rate Bretton Woods System, gold production saw a steady, at times steep increase. Rough estimates suggest an impressive two-thirds of the gold mined in human history happened after 1950.\nUntil 2006, South Africa was the largest gold producer in the world, its peak production coming in the late 1960s and early 1970s. After 2006, its declining production, coupled with increasing production by other countries led to South Africa losing the top spot to China. In 2019, China produced 383.2 tonnes of gold, accounting for about 11% of the total world gold production. Russia with 329.5 tonnes and Australia with 325.1 tonnes are not far behind.\nWorld gold production witnessed a steep increase from 2500 tonnes in 2010 to 3300 tonnes in 2019. However, gold production seems to have plateaued since 2016. The main reason is the unavailability of ‘easy gold’. The present gold mines have been almost exhausted, which means for quality gold, miners have to dig deeper. This raises additional hazards and environmental concerns, in addition to the spiraling cost of production.\nHumans have always been dazzled by the yellow metal and this trend shows no signs of abating. With the gold finding its use not just in jewelry and stakes so high, the demand for gold will continue to rise, driving its price to never before seen highs.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://armyofthewhitepeacock.wordpress.com/", "date": "2018-04-22T21:42:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945660.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422212935-20180422232935-00077.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9649746417999268, "token_count": 506, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__151825028", "lang": "en", "text": "Makhi has gotten pretty good at speaking English, and Batrie and I have been learning some of her language Anyway, we pieced together some history, and here’s what we’ve got so far:\nThe Golden Age of Otherworld\nLegend tells of a time of great devastation, when the five dominions fought bitterly against each other. At last the great Peacock King united them.\nThe King appointed his most trusted and loyal supporters as the leaders of each dominion, guiding them to rule according to their truest gifts, strengths, and animal natures. Over time, the people of each dominion, and even the land itself, took on the qualities of their leaders.\nThe Five Dominions of Otherworld entered a golden age of peace and prosperity, with the leaders of each dominion sending the best and brightest to study in the halls of the great University in the King’s shining city.\nHow the Peacock King Was Betrayed\nBut nothing lasts forever. As time passed, one boy grew to believe that people should turn away from their animal natures and should only allow their human sides to grow and develop. He became a teacher at the University, and slowly, he developed a following. In secret, he met with his students, teaching them to turn away from their deepest core, to suppress the wildness that tied them to the land.\nTogether, this teacher, Shried, and his followers, rose up against the Peacock King and slay him while he slept.\nHow the Fiver Rulers Came to Leave Otherworld\nThe King’s closest adviser, the Priestess Arjuna, transformed into her Eagle form and carried the tragic news to the Five Rulers. The Five Rulers rushed from their dominions with their guards, but, unused to battle after so many years of peace, they were quickly defeated by Shried’s secret army.\nFearful that Shried’s army would assassinate the five rulers as well, Arjuna, along with the King’s loyal supporters, convinced the five rulers to retreat to the Forest Realm while Arjuna amassed an army. But as the rulers passed one by one through the portal to the Forest Realm, Arjuna betrayed Jarhu, the Bull, slitting his throat in a final embrace. The other four rulers escaped through the portal to the Forest Realm, a legendary world of mountains, rain, and wind.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://templumphoenix.ca/when-we-meet/", "date": "2022-07-01T07:01:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103922377.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701064920-20220701094920-00586.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9145570993423462, "token_count": 485, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__55517922", "lang": "en", "text": "JUNE 25, 2022 PREVIEW\nThe eleventh meeting of Templum Phoenix Lodge No.57 will be held on June 25th, 2022 in the quarters of the Masonic Hall, 907 Prospect Street, Fredericton, N.B. commencing at 1:00 pm sharp.\nThe in-lodge speaker will be Brother Alex DeWare whose topic will be “A New Hope-New Ways of Preserving Old Traditions” Brother DeWare will explore the various avenues open to us that allow for the preservation of our customs and traditions while meeting the needs of the young men who are joining today.\nAt this meeting we will be embracing technology for the Festive Board presentation, following our meal we will be retiring to the Blue Room where via the Zoom platform Most Worshipful Brother James Jessop will be presenting a talk on The Origins of Prince Hall in the Province of Ontario. Most Worshipful Brother Jessop will take us on a journey from the days of Prince Hall to today’s Prince Hall Freemasonry and the challenges faced along the way.\nMost Worshipful Brother Jessop is a past Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Province of Ontario & Jurisdiction and the current Grand Historian.\nThe menu for the Festive Board is as follows:\nBeet and orange salad with micro greens and crispy Pancetta.\nRoasted butternut and maple soup.\nChef Dort will be serving Salmon Confit with tomato concasse, seasonal vegetable and a salsa verde\n(The main course will be accompanied by your choice of red or white wine and is included in the cost of the meal.)\nBoca Negra, Bourbon chocolate cake with raspberry coulis and vanilla cream\nTickets for the Festive Board are $40.00 (including tax and gratuity) and are available beginning June 5, 2022 and are available on a first come first served basis. Ticket sales will close on June 18th, 2022.\nThere is a limited number of 17 tickets available for the Festive Board. Payment may be made by e-transfer to firstname.lastname@example.org\nIf you are a first time visitor please review our guidelines for visitors which is found on our website at templumphoenix.ca", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.financialpipeline.com/panama-canal/", "date": "2023-12-06T07:27:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00361.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9797083139419556, "token_count": 661, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__15644051", "lang": "en", "text": "The Panama Canal Company bankruptcy in 1889 was the largest financial scandal of the 19th century and caused the financial ruin of thousands of investors. The bankruptcy led to losses of 1.8 billion gold francs, or more than 11 billion U.S. in today’s dollars. Some 800,000 French citizens saw their entire investment wiped out. Ferdinand de Lesseps had been the French developer charged with designing and overseeing the construction of the Suez Canal. He would be the developer in charge of this canal as well. The fact that de Lesseps knew very little about finance or economics didn’t seem to matter. And the French got on board with his idea to replicate the success of the Suez with a lockless canal in Panama. De Lesseps and his sons established the Panama Canal Company. They raised capital mainly from individual investors based on exaggerated prospects from the press, parliamentarians, government ministers, and banks.\nDe Lesseps handled the vitally important work of promoting and raising money for the project from private subscriptions himself. His balanced confidence in enthusiasm for the project, as well as a dogged faith in the miracle of technology attracted many stockholders. French citizens eagerly invested because public loans too were backed by the French government. It was a safe investment. In fact, investing in the project was regarded as a sort of patriotic public service. Work on the canal got underway in early 1881. But de Lesseps was not adequately prepared for the harsh conditions in Panama. By 1889, they’d moved 50 million cubic meters of earth at the cost of the lives of 20,000 men. Yet only 11 miles of the 45 mile canal were dug. Nearly 300 million had been spent, and suddenly there was no more money. Shareholders voted to dissolve the company, placing it under legal receivership. The canal remained unfinished and the project was deemed a total failure.\nThe Canal Company stock became almost worthless overnight, and people were furious. The French government conducted an inquiry on behalf of investors. The scandal implicated numerous individuals and institutions, including de Lesseps, who was accused of fraud. De Lesseps was unable to oversee much of the work in person because of his age. And so the project had fallen into the hands of swindlers. The political class was also heavily implicated. Following the chain of bribes, slush funds and influence peddling proved that numerous legislators were involved in the scandal as well. The public was furious that the very reason for their confidence in this investment, the government backing of the loans was instead a key factor in the scandal itself.\nNewspapers, deputies, and senators accepted bribes and duped the little guy making the Panama scandal one of the most notorious financial events of the era. Several parties allegedly received bribes from key company financiers Baron de Reinach and Cornelius Herz. Some of the culprits ended up imprisoned and fined, but de Reinach died before he could even be sentenced. Ferdinand and Charles de Lesseps along with Gustave Eiffel were sentenced to prison terms they never served. And Herz fled to England. In the end, despite the inquiries, the people who bore the brunt of the burden were the thousands of French investors left out in the cold.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bookkarate.com/understanding-karates-origins-a-glimpse-into-its-historical-significance/", "date": "2024-03-05T08:46:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948223038.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305060427-20240305090427-00189.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9463789463043213, "token_count": 3011, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__50663963", "lang": "en", "text": "As a martial arts enthusiast, I’ve always been fascinated by the rich history and impact of the world’s fighting styles.\nOne such martial art that has captured my attention is karate, a discipline with deep roots that stretch back to ancient times.\nWith both physical and philosophical elements, karate has long held an important place in the history of martial arts, and it has evolved dramatically over the years to become the beloved sport and practice it is today.\nIn order to gain a better understanding of karate’s origins, I dug deep into the historical records and studied the notable figures who have left their mark on this discipline.\nBeginning my exploration, I discovered that karate originated in the Ryukyu Islands, present-day Okinawa, and was heavily influenced by indigenous martial arts and Chinese martial arts.\nAs I continued my journey through time, I learned about the underlying philosophies and technical aspects that formed the foundation of karate.\n- Karate’s roots can be found in the Ryukyu Islands and has been influenced by diverse martial arts traditions\n- The discipline encompasses both physical techniques and philosophical values\n- Throughout its evolution, numerous figures and schools have made significant contributions to karate’s history\nOrigins of Karate\nInfluence of China\nAs a martial arts enthusiast, I find it fascinating that the origins of karate can be traced back to ancient China.\nChinese martial arts, also known as Kung Fu, played a significant role in karate’s development.\nLegends suggest that Bodhidharma, an Indian Buddhist monk, introduced martial arts to China.\nKung Fu then spread throughout East Asia, influencing other local martial arts practices.\nEvolution in Okinawa\nOkinawa, a small island in the Ryukyu Kingdom, now part of modern-day Japan, became a melting pot of martial arts in the region.\nOkinawan martial arts, such as Tomari-te, were heavily influenced by Chinese martial arts.\nThe term “China Hand” was used to describe the connection between Okinawan and Chinese practices.\nIt is here in Okinawa that karate as we know it today began to take shape. Okinawan masters traveled to China and brought back valuable knowledge, which they incorporated into their own martial arts systems, creating a unique Okinawan karate style.\nSpread to Mainland Japan\nThe spread of karate to mainland Japan is an interesting part of its historical journey. In the early 20th century, many Okinawan karate masters decided to introduce their martial art to the rest of Japan.\nGichin Funakoshi, an Okinawan karate master, was pivotal in this expansion. He established the Shotokan Karate style and opened the first karate dojo in Tokyo.\nAs karate started gaining popularity in Japan, it adapted to and incorporated elements of Japanese martial arts and culture, resulting in the diverse styles of Japanese karate we see today.\nKarate’s global influence is undeniable. After World War II, karate masters from Japan began spreading their teachings across the globe, creating a worldwide interest in this martial art.\nThe World Karate Federation was established, and through their efforts, karate became an Olympic sport recognized by the International Olympic Committee.\nToday, karate is practiced by millions of people from all walks of life, showcasing its cultural and historical significance beyond its origins in China, Okinawa, and Japan.\nPhilosophy of Karate\nThe Empty Hand Concept\nWhen I think about the philosophy of karate, the first concept that comes to my mind is the “empty hand.” This term represents the unarmed nature of karate practitioners, highlighting the essence of self-defense and self-improvement.\nKarate-do, which refers to the “path of karate,” is not merely about acquiring combat skills but also emphasizes the power of the mind, developing discipline, and building one’s character.\nSpiritual and Discipline Aspects\nIn the dojo, or training hall, the spiritual and discipline aspects of karate become evident. As a practitioner, I must follow the requisites of the dojo, which focus on respect, courtesy, and humility.\nThese elements not only help in harnessing the power of the spirit but also reflect our connection to the greater power – the mind.\nLike in other martial arts, the spiritual elements of karate are pivotal in nurturing discipline, mental strength, and the ability to maintain a calm and composed demeanor, even during challenging moments.\nCharacter building is a cornerstone of the karate philosophy. Everyone who embarks on the path of karate-do soon learns that this journey is not just about physical prowess.\nThe teachings of karate help shape our character, instill courage, and develop respect for ourselves, other karate practitioners, and our surrounding environment.\nThrough diligent training, karate ingrains self-control, patience, and perseverance, which are attributes essential for personal growth and functioning as an upright member of society.\nKarate’s roots extend deep into Japanese culture. As I delve deeper into its practice, I develop a strong understanding and appreciation of this beautiful tradition.\nKarate has evolved to encompass both cultural and personal identity, as it remains an inseparable part of Japanese heritage.\nBy practicing this martial art, I am also preserving, sharing, and celebrating a small yet significant part of Japan’s unique identity.\nTechnical Aspects of Karate\nIn my study of karate, I’ve learned that it is a martial art primarily focused on unarmed combat, using a variety of defense techniques to protect oneself.\nThe foundation of karate includes basic techniques such as striking, kicking, and punching.\nAs I practice, I pay close attention to form, timing, and strength when executing these moves.\n- Striking: Utilizing hands and arms to deliver powerful blows on an opponent. Examples include the knife hand strike (shuto uchi) and the palm-heel strike (teisho uchi).\n- Kicking: Presenting an array of kicks to manipulate an opponent’s balance, inflict damage, or maintain distance. Some kicks I practice are the front snap kick (mae geri) and the roundhouse kick (mawashi geri).\n- Punching: Using closed fists to deliver quick and precise strikes to an opponent’s body. Among various punches, the straight punch (seiken chudan tsuki) and the uppercut (jodan tsuki) are commonly practiced.\nTypes of Practice\nDuring my training, I’ve discovered that karate has various types of practice to enhance one’s skills and overall understanding of the martial art.\nThese include kihon, kata, and kumite.\n- Kihon: Fundamental techniques that form the basis of karate practice. In kihon, I work on improving stances, blocks, punches, and kicks through repeated practice.\n- Kata: A series of predetermined movements that combine offense and defense techniques. I enjoy practicing kata as it simulates a choreographed fight, allowing me to apply my skills in a controlled environment.\n- Kumite: Sparring with a partner, putting my skills to the test in a dynamic situation. Matches vary from pre-arranged kumite, where specific attacks and defenses are practiced, to free sparring, which closely resembles real-life fighting scenarios.\nThe Gi and Belts\nAn essential part of my karate journey is wearing the traditional uniform known as the gi. The gi consists of a white jacket, pants, and a belt that represents my rank in the martial art.\nThe ranking system uses colored belts, starting from white and progressing through various colors until reaching black.\nDan ranks denote the level of proficiency within the black belt ranks.\nAs I practice and enhance my skills, I am tested and evaluated by my instructors. Through hard work, dedication, and countless hours of training, I aim to progress through the belts and deepen my understanding of this fascinating martial art.\nNotable Figures and Schools in Karate History\nMartial Artists and Pioneers\nIt took me a while to appreciate the significance of these karate pioneers and the significant contributions they made to the development of this martial art.\nOne of the most famous is Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan Karate. He is considered the Okinawan Karate Master who modernized this art form and helped it spread across Japan and the world.\nFunakoshi was born in the Ryukyu Kingdom, now known as Okinawa, and revitalized the discipline by introducing it to the Japanese martial arts community.\nAnother prominent figure in early karate development was the mysterious figure Bodhidharma, who some people believe brought martial arts to China from India.\nHis teachings later got mixed with native Chinese martial arts, influencing their development in the region.\nDevelopment of Different Forms\nThrough the years, I’ve learned how karate has evolved into different forms, each with its unique style and characteristics.\nThe origins of karate can be traced back to the Ryukyu Islands, where Okinawan martial artists developed a unique fighting style.\nThese early fighters incorporated elements from native Okinawan arts as well as Chinese martial arts, making a distinct and effective way of self-defense.\nIn the early 20th century, the influence of Japanese martial arts, such as Judo and Jujutsu, led to the fusion of various techniques and the development of more standardized karate styles.\nFor instance, Shotokan was created by Gichin Funakoshi with an emphasis on posture, stances, and powerful linear techniques.\nAnother major style is Kyokushin, which was developed by Masutatsu Oyama and is renowned for its intense training, rigorous conditioning, and full-contact sparring.\nKarate has also made its way into the world of sports. Today, many karateka (karate practitioners) compete in highly regulated competitions.\nWhile some focus on kata (forms), others compete in kumite (sparring) – these competitors showcase their techniques, strength, and skill in an environment that emphasizes discipline, respect, and sportsmanship.\nIn conclusion, understanding the origins and historical significance of karate has only deepened my appreciation for this martial art.\nFrom its humble beginnings in the Ryukyu Islands to its widespread influence around the world, the history of karate is rich with notable figures and various forms that continue to contribute to its growth and evolution.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nHow did karate evolve over time?\nKarate has a rich history that dates back to ancient China. Over time, it spread to Okinawa, where it further developed and evolved into what we know as modern karate.\nThe evolution of karate can be observed through the different styles, techniques, and forms that have emerged over the years.\nAs karate spread from Okinawa to mainland Japan and eventually around the world, it continued to grow and adapt to the unique local cultures and martial arts philosophies.\nWhat are the main styles of karate?\nThere are numerous styles of karate, each with its own unique techniques, forms, and philosophies.\nSome of the most well-known styles include:\n- Shotokan: A popular style founded by Gichin Funakoshi, emphasizing long stances and powerful strikes.\n- Goju-ryu: A style that combines hard and soft techniques, founded by Chojun Miyagi.\n- Shito-ryu: Created by Kenwa Mabuni, this style is known for its fast and powerful techniques.\n- Wado-ryu: A style that focuses on fluidity and body movement, developed by Hironori Otsuka.\nHow is karate different from other martial arts like Kung Fu or Taekwondo?\nWhile there are similarities between karate, Kung Fu, and Taekwondo – such as the use of kicks, punches, and strikes – there are also key differences.\nKarate has its roots in Chinese martial arts but has evolved to incorporate elements of Okinawan and Japanese martial arts traditions.\nKung Fu originates from China and often emphasizes fluid, circular movements, while Taekwondo hails from Korea and is known for its high-flying kicks and acrobatic techniques.\nEach martial art has its own unique techniques, forms, and philosophies, which set them apart from one another.\nWhat role has Okinawa played in the development of karate?\nOkinawa, a chain of islands in southern Japan, played a significant role in the development of karate.\nAs a melting pot of Chinese, Japanese, and indigenous cultures, Okinawa was an ideal environment for the growth and development of martial arts.\nIt was here that ancient Chinese martial arts were combined with traditional Okinawan fighting techniques, laying the foundation for what would become modern karate.\nThe unique history and culture of Okinawa have greatly influenced the techniques, forms, and philosophies that define karate today.\nHow has karate influenced Japanese culture and history?\nKarate has made a lasting impact on Japanese culture and history.\nAs a martial art that emphasizes self-discipline, respect, and self-improvement, karate has become an important part of Japanese cultural identity.\nKarate has also played a role in the development of Japan’s modern martial arts infrastructure, with numerous dojos and organizations spreading throughout the country.\nThe historical and cultural significance of karate is evident in its widespread popularity not only in Japan but also around the world.\nWho are some key figures in the history of karate?\nThere have been many influential figures in the history of karate, each contributing to its development and growth.\nHere are just a few:\n- Gichin Funakoshi: Known as the father of modern karate, Funakoshi introduced karate to mainland Japan and founded the Shotokan style.\n- Chojun Miyagi: The founder of Goju-ryu, Miyagi expanded upon the traditional techniques of Okinawan karate to develop his own unique style.\n- Kenwa Mabuni: Mabuni is known for creating the Shito-ryu style, which combines elements of both Shuri-te and Naha-te, two major Okinawan martial arts traditions.\n- Hironori Otsuka: The founder of Wado-ryu, Otsuka played a pivotal role in the development and popularization of karate in Japan.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/it-s-all-history.html?start=58", "date": "2024-04-22T13:01:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818293.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422113340-20240422143340-00643.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9852315783500671, "token_count": 1209, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__50855995", "lang": "en", "text": "Memory and the meaning of history\nBy Jon Malek\nAn historian once wrote that history is often re-written because every generation has new questions and interpretations of the past.\nOn the island of Mactan, across from Cebu City, is a monument marking the encounter between Ferdinand Magellan and Lapu-Lapu. The date of this encounter, 27 April 1521, is agreed upon, however the meaning of this event has changed over time. In 1941, during the period of American administration, a plaque was placed that read, “On this spot Ferdinand Magellan died on April 27, 1521, wounded in an encounter with the soldiers of Lapulapu, chief of Mactan Island.” The plaque also notes that a ship from Magellan’s fleet went on to be the first to sail around the earth. Ten years later another plaque was placed stating that “Here on 27 April 1521, Lapulapu and his men repulsed the Spanish invaders, killing their leader, Ferdinand Magellan. Thus Lapulapu became the first Filipino to have repelled the European aggression.”\nThese are two very different interpretations of the same event, one celebrating Magellan and the other celebrating Lapu-Lapu. The first, from 1941, does not refer to the event as a battle, but rather an “encounter.” It also refers to a major event in European history, the first time a European had sailed around the world. Thus, the larger importance of this “encounter” is about European expansion and exploration. The second plaque, however, refers to the Spanish as invaders and calls Lapu-Lapu the first Filipino who fought against European intruders. The event, now remembered as a repulsion of European invasion, is placed in relation to the Philippines and the development of Filipino nationalism. It also refers to the dark forces of imperialism and colonialism, which Lapu-Lapu is praised as battling against.\nNick Joaquin, a Filipino historian, questioned in 1979 how Lapu-Lapu would react to the interpretation that he was a Filipino hero, a word that he would not have known because it did not exist when he was alive. It is well known that the Philippines was named in honour of King Philip II of Spain, and that until the late 19th century the term ‘Filipino’ did not refer to those native to the islands. Previously, the Spanish had referred to them as either indios (those native to the land) or mestizos (those whose parents were Spanish and Filipino). Yet, even though Lapu-Lapu would not have called himself a Filipino, most histories accept him as a Filipino.\nWhat the Lapu-Lapu memorial on Mactan Island suggests is that history is more than a collection of dates, events, names, and places. It is also about the meaning societies give to those “facts.” How Lapu-Lapu is remembered – as the one who killed the man who would have been the first to sail around the world, or as the one who was the first to defend what would become the Philippines – depends on who is telling the story. The first plaque had been placed in 1941, before the Pacific War and during American colonial rule. Those in power would want to avoid celebrations of Filipino resistance to foreigners such as Magellan, because it would remind the people of the American imperial presence. But in 1951, just years after the defeat of the Japanese occupation and the end of American administration, the Filipinos were in charge of their memory and Lapu-Lapu was celebrated as the first anti-colonial hero by the new Filipino republic.\nHistory and memory can show what a society values, and this is why history can change. How Lapu-Lapu is remembered today is different than it would have been in 1521, because today he is seen as one of many Filipino freedom fighters – how could he have known that the Spanish would control much of the Philippines until 1898, and that his was one of the first attempts at resistance? Or that the United States would occupy the islands for almost fifty years, except for the brief period of time that the Japanese occupied the territory? These things are well known today, and this affects how Filipinos remember Lapu-Lapu’s resistance.\nThe same goes for our own memories as individuals. Hindsight, being able to see what has happened, affects our memories. Things we have done in the past, such as deciding to move or to change jobs, can have both good and bad results that continue to affect our lives today. Many Filipinos living in Winnipeg, for example, have a shared experience of leaving the Philippines to live in Canada, either temporarily or permanently. To some, leaving was painful and hard for obvious reasons. To some, it was an opportunity for their families to have a better life. To some, it has meant being reunited with family in Canada. For most, though, it means many things at once and those who have immigrated to Canada might remember it very differently depending on their experiences and the meaning they give them. The memories we have of our past actions and decisions may change as time goes on, and the stories we tell will change depending on what we believe is important. As we continue to experience life, we will continue to rewrite our histories as individuals and as societies to answer new questions and to give new meaning.\nJon Malek is a PhD candidate in History at Western University, and an alumnus of the University of Manitoba (B.A., M.A. in History). As part of his research project on the history of Filipinos in Winnipeg, Jon would be happy to talk to members of the community about their life experiences. He can be contacted at email@example.com.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://lorinotes.wordpress.com/2019/06/26/happy-500th/", "date": "2020-04-04T19:47:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00340.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9593976736068726, "token_count": 403, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__19699888", "lang": "en", "text": "This post is my 500th—whether you’ve been with me from the beginning, or just happened upon this blog recently, I’m glad you’re here!\nFive hundred posts ago, I was working on writing down some thoughts about our recent move to Spain, and the various things I was learning. I wrote on new routines, different kinds of differences, Y’all, and My Escort. And I did my first series on Las Fallas (a summary with links can be found here).\nIt feels like I’ve covered a lot of territory since then. My posting schedule was more fluid in the early months, but these days, at two posts a week, it takes me just under a year to get from milestone to milestone. Taken in a broader context, that’s not very much time at all.\nSo I asked myself, what was going on five hundred years ago?*\nFor one thing, Ferdinand Magellan organized the Spanish expedition bound for the Spice Islands:\nTitian began a painting called Madona di Ca’Pesaro:\nand Leonardo da Vinci died in Amboise, France.\nFive years is a tiny time span in comparison, but it’s always interesting for me to look back. In my milestone posts I include links to highlight a few of the posts from the last hundred. Here’s the roundup since my 400th post:\nThat’s a quick tour of some of the things that I took notes on over the past year. If you have a favorite post of mine from the last year or so, I’d love to hear about it. And here are earlier milestone roundups: 400, 300, 200, 100.\n*Worldhistoryproject.org is helpful in providing a window on earlier times.\n[Images: news.sap.com, worldhistoryproject x 3; see original posts for their image credits]", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.pencilme.fun/free-printable-halloween-coloring-pages/", "date": "2023-12-05T21:27:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00068.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9175278544425964, "token_count": 212, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__1241825", "lang": "en", "text": "Halloween coloring pages feature a captivating array of black and white illustrations centered around one of the oldest celebrations in human history. As autumn descends after the harvest season, communities gathered for a festivity marking the culmination of their field work. An ancient belief held that during this time, the boundary between the human realm and the spirit world grew thin.\nTo ward off malevolent forces, people fashioned terrifying costumes, creating a barrier against the intrusion of evil spirits. Over time, the iconic pumpkin with its glowing eyes emerged as the holiday’s hallmark. Today, Halloween sees both young and old donning costumes, reveling in festivities, playing pranks on friends, and trick-or-treating from door to door to collect candies. In this section, children will discover an assortment of Halloween-themed elements: bats, cats, witches, ghosts, pointed hats, and broomsticks. We’ve curated a diverse selection of Halloween coloring pages, all available for free download or printing, capturing the essence of this ancient and spirited holiday.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://white-buffalo.us/the-evolution-of-tattoos-changing-public-perception-over-the-years/", "date": "2024-04-12T11:16:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296815919.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412101354-20240412131354-00553.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9626643061637878, "token_count": 746, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__108719238", "lang": "en", "text": "Tattoos have a rich and diverse history that dates back thousands of years, across different cultures and societies. While tattoos have been a form of self-expression and artistry for centuries, the public perception of tattoos has undergone significant changes over the years. What was once associated with rebellion, subculture, and even stigma has evolved into a widely accepted and celebrated form of self-expression in the 21st century. In this article, we will explore the changing public perception of tattoos and the factors that have contributed to this transformation.\nThe Stigma of Tattoos\nHistorically, tattoos were often seen as a mark of rebellion and deviance from societal norms. In many Western societies, tattoos were associated with sailors, prisoners, and biker gangs, reinforcing the perception that tattooed individuals were outsiders or troublemakers. This stigma persisted for decades, making it difficult for individuals with tattoos to find acceptance in certain professional settings and even within their own families.\nThe Rise of Tattoo Subculture\nThroughout the 20th century, tattoos began to gain a foothold in popular culture, thanks in part to prominent figures like musicians, actors, and athletes who proudly displayed their ink. The punk and rock subcultures of the 1970s and 1980s played a significant role in further popularizing tattoos as a form of self-expression and rebellion. Tattoo parlors and studios began to flourish, offering a safe and artistic space for individuals to get inked.\nTelevision and movies also contributed to the changing perception of tattoos. Iconic characters like the heavily tattooed Max Rockatansky in the “Mad Max” film series and the enigmatic Jack Sparrow in “Pirates of the Caribbean” showcased tattoos as symbols of adventure and individualism.\nTattoos as Artistic Expression\nIn recent years, tattoos have emerged as a respected and celebrated form of art. Tattoo artists are now seen as skilled professionals, and their work is frequently displayed in galleries and exhibitions. With advancements in tattoo technology and techniques, the level of detail and intricacy that can be achieved in tattoos has reached new heights. This evolution has led to a redefinition of tattoos as a legitimate art form.\nCelebrities, including actors, musicians, and athletes, have continued to influence the public perception of tattoos. Many public figures now openly flaunt their tattoos, normalizing the practice and reinforcing the idea that ink can be a beautiful and meaningful form of self-expression.\nChanging Attitudes in the Workplace\nOne of the most significant shifts in public perception has occurred in the workplace. In the past, visible tattoos were often seen as unprofessional and could limit career opportunities. However, many modern workplaces have become more accepting of tattoos, recognizing that they do not define a person’s abilities or qualifications. Some companies have even embraced tattoos as a way to showcase diversity and individuality among their employees.\nTattoo acceptance policies now vary widely across industries and organizations. While some professions, such as healthcare and finance, may still have strict guidelines regarding visible tattoos, others have adopted more inclusive attitudes, allowing employees to display their ink without fear of discrimination.\nThe changing public perception of tattoos over the years is a testament to the evolving nature of societal norms and cultural attitudes. What was once considered rebellious and stigmatized has transformed into a widely accepted and celebrated form of self-expression and artistry. Tattoos have transcended their historical associations with subcultures and deviance to become a mainstream and respected aspect of contemporary culture. As we continue into the 21st century, it’s likely that tattoos will continue to evolve and play an even more significant role in shaping our cultural landscape.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.24carrotdiet.com/canadian-thanksgiving/", "date": "2018-12-11T23:51:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823705.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211215732-20181212001232-00617.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9656273722648621, "token_count": 2182, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__201578347", "lang": "en", "text": "Thanksgiving is a uniquely North American holiday. While there is a long tradition of celebrating and giving thanks for the harvest on both sides of the Atlantic, the whole “turkey and trimmings, pilgrims on the Mayflower” theme of the holiday sets our Thanksgiving apart. Growing up, we were taught to think on this holiday as a time of cooperation between the European settlers and the First Nations who inhabited the continent long before the Age of Exploration.\nThe first yearly Thanksgiving celebrations after Confederation date back to November 6, 1879 – though the holiday as we know it today actually began in the Province of Canada in 1859. The roots of the holiday run much deeper, to European harvest festivals and First Nations celebrations of thanksgiving. (The Haudenosaunee, in whose traditional territory I was raised, celebrated thirteen different Thanksgiving festivals. Some of these lasted several days at a stretch, like the Midwinter Ceremony around the time of the January new moon: it went on for nine days.)\nAnd although Canadians are very familiar with the lore of the Mayflower and the first Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock in 1621, we look back to even earlier celebrations associated with explorers like Champlain and Frobisher. You could say that although our official celebrations began in the 19th century, the Thanksgiving tradition in Canada may be rooted in the 17th or even the 16th century.\nWhat Day Does Thanksgiving Fall On?\nWhile our American neighbours celebrate Thanksgiving between Halloween and Christmas, Canadian Thanksgiving is celebrated much earlier, on the second Monday in the month of October. Thanksgiving has been fixed on this day since 1957, though the holiday had been celebrated in Canada for hundreds of years before that. This timing coincides with the (controversial) holiday of Columbus Day in the United States.\nThanksgiving is a national holiday in Canada. It is a statutory (paid) holiday in all provinces and territories except the Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador.\nCanadian Thanksgiving Food Traditions\nA traditional Canadian Thanksgiving dinner is pretty similar to an American one. Turkey is usually the main dish on the Thanksgiving menu. The sides include gravy and stuffing (or dressing, as we called it growing up) as well as cranberries, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, and other trimmings a family enjoys. I know some people absolutely must eat Brussels sprouts with their turkey dinner, but I’m not aware of it being a particular tradition in Canada. We usually do glazed carrots and maybe a green salad. Mom likes to make broccoli salads these days, and they are very popular with the kids.\nThe stuffing is usually made with a wheat-based bread and not a cornbread stuffing as is more common south of the border. My mother always made her turkey dressing from the turkey giblets – the turkey liver, to be more precise. She’d chop the liver up into small bits and pan fry it with some onion and celery. The stuffing was made with cubed slices of white bread and seasoned with sage.\nAlso, we don’t tend to do the candied yam thing here in Canada. And we definitely never got the memo about putting marshmallows on top of sweet potato casserole. Most folks here just bake them and serve them like normal baked potatoes. And it turns out, preparing them this way also boosts their vitamin C content. That’s a huge plus in my book!\nIn some parts of Canada, a boiled dinner is preferred to a turkey. In Newfoundland, this meal is also known as Jiggs’ dinner. It consists of corned beef or some other salted beef or pork, boiled with cabbage and root vegetables such as turnips, parsnips, potatoes, and carrots. You may also find Canadians who like to serve a Thanksgiving ham.\nPumpkin pies are often on the menu for dessert, but you might also find apple pie since apples are in season around this time. Sweet potato pie is not something you would find on too many Canadian tables. But you might find butter tarts, a traditional Canadian dessert. In British Columbia, Nanaimo bars are popular; in Quebecois you might find sucre à la crème or a tarte au sucre!\nThe turkey is probably the most popular Thanksgiving symbol in Canada, though we are also seeing a lot more squash and pumpkins now. This may be due to more people eating squash as a regular part of our diet these days. Back in the 70s, I think most of us treated them the same way we did pumpkins: as decor.\nThe cornucopia, or horn of plenty, is another symbol that all Canadian children used to be taught around Thanksgiving. The horn is filled with vegetables, fruits and nuts that remind us of the abundance of the harvest.\nAnother symbol we learned to associate with Thanksgiving at an early age is “Indian” corn, otherwise known as flint corn, or sometimes calico corn because of its mottled colouring. Its botanical name is Zea mays var. indurata, a reference to the hard outer layer that protects the soft part inside the kernels. Flint corn is dried and used to make flour, cornmeal, and hominy. We grew up thinking of this corn as a decoration, as we often saw it hung on doors or added to a table centrepiece but we never saw anyone cooking with it. But the First Nations peoples who lived in North America before our European ancestors knew this corn well and grew it for eating.\nWhat Canadian Kids Learned About Thanksgiving\nGrowing up in Canada in the 70s, we learned about Thanksgiving pretty much the same way that American schoolchildren did. We learned about the pilgrims and the Mayflower, and how the “Indians” (we now call them First Nations or Indigenous peoples) shared their harvest feast with the European settlers on the very first Thanksgiving.\nThe American Thanksgiving story had migrated north with the Loyalists around the time of the American Revolution and it became part of our culture too, as did many of the foods we now associate with the holiday, like turkey and pumpkin pie (neither of which was probably eaten at the first Thanksgiving meal.)\nThe Very First Thanksgiving\nWhile Canadian children have been taught the American Thanksgiving story, Canada has contributed some very different chapters to the Thanksgiving story. In part, those contributions relate to just when the very first Thanksgiving took place.\nSome people say the first Thanksgiving celebration in North America was not the Plymouth Rock feasts of 1621, but rather Martin Frobisher’s celebration on Baffin island (in what is now the territory of Nunavut) in 1578. This celebration of thanksgiving, more than 40 years before the Mayflower landed in North America, doesn’t seem to have included any Indigenous people. Being that the occasion was one of giving thanks for surviving the rough seas – not for a bountiful harvest – it’s difficult to fit this story into the Thanksgiving narrative. While some Canadian writers have tried, these claims have been criticized.\nIn 1606, Samuel de Champlain founded l‘Ordre de Bon Temps (“The Order of Good Cheer”) to help keep spirits up in the Habitation at Port-Royal. The French settlers were shocked by the severity of Canadian winters and many had died of scurvy during the previous winter. The Order of Good Cheer was instituted in an effort to boost morale and provide nutritious meals that would keep the settlers healthy throughout the harsh winter months. Champlain’s guests to the bi-weekly dinners included the colony’s elite and members of the Mi’kmaq community. Foods served at the feasts were supplied by French settlers who took turns hunting and trading with their Aboriginal neighbours. The dishes included some foods that were familiar to the Europeans and others that were introduced to them by the First Nations people with whom they interacted.\nBecause of this festive atmosphere and the cooperation between Europeans and Indigenous people, Champlain’s feasts are also sometimes put forth as a possible origin of Thanksgiving in Canada. While this assertion is also criticized, l‘Ordre de Bon Temps does set a precedent for amicable relations and shared meals between the Europeans and the First Nations with whom they traded.\nCanada’s Early Official Thanksgiving Celebrations\nWhether we accept or reject the Frobisher and Champlain celebrations as an authentic part of Thanksgiving history in Canada, there is still more to tell. Canada held official Thanksgiving celebrations at various times to give thanks for the end of a war or the survival of a royal heir who had been gravely ill. And beginning in 1859, Protestant clergy members in Canada were petitioning the government to hold official Thanksgiving celebrations of a distinctly nationalistic flavour.\nThanksgiving in Canada was, in part, a reaction to the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species – a book that shocked the world and challenged the creation story of the Bible. A day of prayer that pointed to the abundant harvest as proof that God exists was their way to address the crisis of faith Darwin had stirred up. Thanksgiving promoted a Protestant, English-speaking Canada in a time of conflicting interests from both America and the conquered people of New France.\nOver time, Thanksgiving has lost its religious and nationalistic flavour. Apparently, the railways played a role in the secularization of Thanksgiving, marketing the holiday as a time to travel to family gatherings during the early 20th century. Right into the 21st century, Thanksgiving has retained that focus on the family and on taking time away from work for a relaxing break. Unlike our American neighbours, we don’t see it as a time for shopping. If anything, many businesses and stores are closed for the day. And then everyone is back to work on the Tuesday!\nWant to pin this post for later? Feel free to use the graphic below:\nDid you enjoy this article? Check out some related content below!\nEASY CROCKPOT SQUASH & GINGER SOUP RECIPE\nHOW TO GET THE BEST VALUE FROM FRESH CARROTS\nWHY YOU SHOULDN’T COOK BROCCOLI IN YOUR SLOW COOKER\nOriginal content ©2014-2017 Kyla Matton Osborne, aka #RubyWriter\nNote: This is an updated edition of an article first published on Bubblews\nThis article was published on my food blog, 24 Carrot Diet. If you are reading this content anywhere else, it has probably been stolen. Please report it to me so I can address any copyright infringements. Thank you!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pathayes.net/milwaukee", "date": "2021-01-20T16:49:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521139.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120151257-20210120181257-00043.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9804235100746155, "token_count": 264, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__134128383", "lang": "en", "text": "The spelling \"Milwaukie\" lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted.\nMilwaukee has three \"founding fathers\": Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker. Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler (Alexis Laframboise settled a trading post in 1785) but founded a town called Juneau's Side, or Juneautown, that began attracting more settlers. In competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side. This accounts for the large number of angled bridges that still exist in Milwaukee today. Further, Kilbourn distributed maps of the area which only showed Kilbourntown, implying Juneautown did not exist or the river's east side was uninhabited and thus undesirable. The third prominent builder was George H. Walker. He claimed land to the south of the Milwaukee River, along with Juneautown, where he built a log house in 1834. This area grew and became known as Walker's Point", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://topsidemarine.com/about-us-2/", "date": "2022-08-16T00:08:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00621.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9806205034255981, "token_count": 366, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__112127260", "lang": "en", "text": "From the Driveway to a Dream\nJim Jones established Topside Marine in late 1989 when the auto mechanics of the local Automotive Union went on strike. He made the decision not to return to work at the auto dealership. As side work, Jim had been working on ski boats from his garage in the driveway of his home for years and had a growing customer base.\nWhen his driveway became too small, Jim leased a 2,400 square foot shop in 2001. After four years, a continual increase of customers made it necessary to move to a larger shop in 2005. This 4,000 square foot shop provided much needed space for a parts department and larger service area. Jim dreamed of expanding to include boat storage, as well. For the first time, Jim was able to store a few boats during the winter months. Because of the demand for service, Jim once again found that he needed a larger shop and storage facility.\nIn late 2009, Jim leased a 23,000 square foot facility with two large buildings on a main thoroughfare in North San Jose. The one building was dedicated for storage while the other is the service center. Since 2010, the building and the outside storage areas have been and remain fully rented. Topside marine has had a waiting list for storage ever since.\nWe have many loyal customers – many who have been bringing their boats to Jim’s ‘garage’ since the 1980’s. Today, their kids now bring their family boats to us, as well. Topside Marine has grown continually through our customer referrals. Topside Marine’s mantra of providing the very best customer service and craftsmanship has resulted in a reputation second to none. In providing both service and storage, Topside Marine is the “one-stop boat service center.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sparknz.co.nz/about/about-spark/Heritage/", "date": "2018-07-19T01:41:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590443.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719012155-20180719032155-00078.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9693386554718018, "token_count": 374, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__170349784", "lang": "en", "text": "New Zealanders have always loved being connected. New Zealand was the first in the world to pass legislation to protect its 'wireless telegraphy' stations in 1903, and the first country in the Pacific to connect to the internet. By 1939, New Zealand had more phones per capita than anywhere but the USA and today, 70% of New Zealanders have a smartphone.\nThe New Zealand Post Office had been operating for nearly a century and was struggling to service a growing nation thirsty for the latest technology and connectivity when Spark (then called Telecom) was born. On March 31, 1987, the Post Office was replaced by three state-owned enterprises, one of which was Telecom. That year, Telecom launched New Zealand's first mobile phone network.\nTwo years later, New Zealand got its first internet connection, the telecommunications market was deregulated and in 1990, Telecom was sold for NZ$4.2b in what was then New Zealand's biggest deal. Soon after, it listed on the New Zealand, Australian and New York stock exchanges. In the 90s, calling cards, 0800 and 0900 numbers, voicemail and telebanking were introduced, toll calls became much cheaper, and Telecom launched its first ISP, Xtra.\nAs we ushered in a new millennium -- surviving the dreaded Y2K bug intact -- Telecom celebrated its millionth mobile customer. Next, it acquired Gen-i (now Spark Digital), greatly expanding its ICT capabilities, and in 2004 launched New Zealand's first 3G mobile network.\nChanges to New Zealand's legislation in 2006 saw Telecom reorganize itself into separate retail, wholesale and network operations. Then on August 8, 2014, CEO Simon Moutter heralded Telecom's continuing evolution into a truly transformative provider of digital services like communications, entertainment and cloud computing by rebranding Telecom as Spark New Zealand.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.brooklynhotel-nyc.com/museums-and-theatres.htm", "date": "2024-03-03T22:48:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00807.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9131088256835938, "token_count": 544, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__8091009", "lang": "en", "text": "Discover NYC Museums & Theaters near Our Hotel\nFrom botanic gardens and art museums to historic churches and theaters, NYC has it all. Check out a few of our favorite spots below or ask our staff to point you in the right direction.\nBrooklyn Botanic Garden (0.8 miles)\nBrooklyn Botanic Garden features a 52 acre garden and holds over 14,000 taxa of plants. Discover a \"Garden within the Garden\" and venture the numerous specialty collections and conservatories. It includes the Steinhardt Conservatory that houses the C. V. Starr Bonsai Museum, three climate-themed plant pavilions, a white cast-iron-and-glass aquatic plant house, and an art gallery.\nBrooklyn Museum (1.2 miles)\nNew York City’s third largest museum, the Brooklyn Museum features an art collection of approximately 1.5 million works. Significant parts of their collection include African, Oceanic and Japanese art and antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian pieces spanning over 3,000 years. American art is also heavily represented, starting with Colonial period art.\nNew York Transit Museum (2.4 miles)\nWhen you think of New York, taxi cabs and subways always come to mind. Learn about the history of mass transportation at the New York Transit Museum, which displays historical artifacts of the NYC subway, bus, commuter rail and bridge and tunnel systems. During your visit, you can board vintage cars, sit at the wheel of a city bus, step through a “time tunnel” of turnstiles and discover the extraordinary engineering feats that made it all possible.\nKings Theatre (2.8 miles)\nKings Theatre is the cornerstone of the Flatbush community and a major fixture to Brooklyn’s vibrant cultural landscape. Inspired by the French Renaissance Revival style of the Palace of Versailles and the Paris Opera House, this classic 20th-Century movie palace features high-curved ceilings, ornate plaster walls, pink marble and a glazed terra cotta ornamental façade. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2012.\nKings Theatre hosts all sorts of events and performances. Check out their event calendar to see what shows are on during your stay.\nAdditional Museums, Theaters & Cultural Attractions\n- Brooklyn Children's Museum, 0.6 mile\n- Brooklyn Public Library, 1.6 miles\n- BAM Harvey Theater, 1.7 miles\n- Music Hall of Williamsburg, 3.3 miles\n- New York Aquarium, 9.2 miles\n- New York Hall of Science, 11.7 miles", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://asftr.wordpress.com/tag/sustainability/", "date": "2018-07-17T17:29:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589757.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717164437-20180717184437-00036.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9607080221176147, "token_count": 675, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__44588408", "lang": "en", "text": "When most people think of the “Back to the Land” movement, the image that generally comes to mind is of hippies retreating to rural communes in the early 1970s. However, in her new book entitled Back to the Land: The Enduring Dream of Self-Sufficiency in Modern America, Dona Brown effectively shows how those back-to-the-landers were simply the latest manifestation of a very old American cultural tradition. As she powerfully demonstrates, the impulse to return to the land can be traced to the era when Americans first began to leave it for life in industrial cities.\nA professor of history at the University of Vermont, Dr. Brown buttresses her narrative with numerous examples drawn from her extensive knowledge of the primary sources, beginning with the very first back to the land book. Published in response to the economic crisis of 1857, Ten Acres is Enough initiated a pattern that would continue for more than a century. In moments of crisis when unemployment became rife in the cities, many people came to see owning a farm as a powerful buffer against the vagaries of the market economy (in particular, the movement seems to have appealed to the higher echelons of blue collar workers and the lower middle class). In the time from the panic of 1893 to the First World War, the back to the land impulse became an actual movement, with powerful backers, several magazines, and an extensive number of published books.\nThe War and the prosperity of the 1920s moderated the movement’s goals and vision, but its radical side reemerged with a vengeance in the 1930s, when some aspects of it were incorporated into the New Deal. Partially in response to that institutionalization, a decentralist, alternative back to the land movement, which was very suspicious of the central government, also emerged during this period, centering in Vermont. This, in turn, laid the groundwork for Vermont to be one of the main stops for the subsequent generation’s own back to the landers.\nOutlining in great detail the projects and personalities that characterized the back to the land movement over the course of the past century and a half, Dr. Brown’s book is not only a rich source of information about the past, but also casts many of the projects of the present in a new light. As her work demonstrates, things like food sovereignty and the local food movement exist are not wholly new developments, but descend from a long and venerable lineage. Even Vermont secession, which most contemporary advocates trace back to Frank Bryan’s work in the late 1980s, is shown to have reared its head in previous iterations (Vrest Orton, the founder of the still extant Vermont Country Store, was advocating a second Vermont republic as early as 1928). As such, this book is not only of great interest to those with an affinity for the history of social movements or of Vermont, but it is also essential reading for anyone involved in contemporary projects inspired by the back to the land spirit. Understanding the motivations and experiences of one’s intellectual ancestors is essential to fully comprehending the meaning of one’s own work, and Dr. Brown’s book is the best tool I’ve encountered for cultivating that consciousness. Do yourself a favor and pick up a copy of Back to the Land!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ciaron.wordpress.com/2008/07/31/ploughshares-retrieve-us-million-hammer-from-shannon-gardai-in-ireland/", "date": "2017-04-25T14:45:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120461.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00504-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9591293334960938, "token_count": 267, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__141098862", "lang": "en", "text": "A collection of hammers and other objects that were used to disable a US Navy plane in 2003 were turned over by Shannon gardai to one of the activists who carried out the action.\nVeteran anti-war resister Ciaron O’Reilly held a press conference outside Shannon Airport Wednesday July 24th., following the return of hammers used to disable a U.S. Navy war plane at the airport in Feb 03. He brought the hammers and other returned property to the press conference.\nO’Reilly was one of the Pitstop Ploughshares group, who along with Deirdre Clancy, Nuin Dunlop, Karen Fallon and Damien Moran were charged with $US 2.5 million criminal damage to a U.S. Navy war plane at Shannon in the build up to the invasion of Iraq. The group were intially imprisoned on remand in Limerick before being put on trial three times at Dublin’s Four Courts. They were eventually acquitted unanimously by a jury at the Four Courts in August 2006. The groups action is the subject of Dublin journalist’s Harry Browne’s forthcoming book “Hammered by the Irish – How the Pitstop Plougshares Disarmed a U.S. War Plane with Ireland’s Blessing!”.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.heartbeatpercussion.com/artist/ray-ayotte/", "date": "2020-10-19T15:26:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107863364.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019145901-20201019175901-00612.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9793879389762878, "token_count": 157, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__174450320", "lang": "en", "text": "Ray is a good friend of Heartbeat. In 1972, Ray was selling percussion products from his Drums Only store in Vancouver, B.C. In the early 1980s Ray started building his own drum kits under the “Ayotte” brand. In the late 1990’s Ray left the company and joined up with Taye Drums from Taiwan for distribution in Canada and contributing to designing of new products. Then in the 2011 Ray started producing his own drum products under the “Raya” name.\nRay not only plays drums regularly in the Vancouver area, but often handles percussion duties, going back to the ’70s recording with artists such as Heart and Trooper through the years today where you might catch him with The Authentics or other bands.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://i-sky.net/about/yogi-bhajan", "date": "2020-01-23T12:08:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00251.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9733069539070129, "token_count": 617, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__244689789", "lang": "en", "text": "It was Yogi Bhajan's stated mission to \"create teachers not collect students\" that led to Guru Dharam initiating the first Kundalini Yoga Instructors course in the UK in 1995 which developed into i-SKY.\nYogi Bhajan passed on 6 October 2004 but his mission continues to thrive. His teachings are now more accessible than ever both through certified teachers and through the searchable Library of Teachings.\nHistory will remember Yogi Bhajan as the person who gave authentic Kundalini yoga to the modern world, breaking the centuries old code of secrecy and elitism, which had previously shrouded this practice.\nWhen Yogi Bhajan came to the West in 1969 he clearly stated his intention; ‘I have come to create teachers not to gather disciples’. He created thousands of teachers since then who are at the heart of an international community called 3HO, the Healthy Happy Holy Organization, which supports, practices and spreads the teachings.\nYogi Bhajan was born Harbhajan Singh Puri on August 26th 1929 in India. His spiritual tutelage began formally at 7 years and at the age of 16 and a half his teacher Sant Hazara Singh pronounced him a Master of Yoga.\nAt the age of 18 he led 1000 people through the turmoil of the partition of India to safety in Delhi after their village became part of Pakistan.\nHe married Bibi Inderjit Kaur in 1953 and fathered three children.\nHe received a Masters degree in Economics from the Punjab University where he excelled both in the debating chamber and on the athletics field. He established a successful career, serving in the Tax and Customs Division of the Indian Government before travelling to the West in 1968. He received a PhD in the Psychology of Communication in 1980 from the University of Humanistic Studies in San Francisco.\nAlthough recognised as a seer, a sage, a healer, a philosopher and a religious leader, Yogi Bhajan is remembered primarily as a spiritual teacher with a global constituency.\nHe held, independently and concurrently, three major spiritual offices: as Director of Spiritual Education of 3HO; as the Siri Singh Sahib - invited by the leaders of his own faith to become the Chief Religious and Administrative Authority for Sikh Dharma in the Western Hemisphere in 1971; and by a wider constituency as the Mahan Tantric - establishing and directing the practice of White Tantric Yoga around the world.\nYogi Bhajan was lauded and lambasted. He found and lost fame and fortune. As a yogi he knew the pair of opposites and chose neither. He was at home in all circumstances and with all people sharing, inspiring and, above all, teaching the technology of living together in the Age of Aquarius as elevated and radiant human beings.\nIn the history of the US Congress, only a handful of spiritual leaders have ever inspired a Joint Resolution honouring their life and work, they include Martin Luther King Jr., Pope John Paul II, Mother Theresa and Yogi Bhajan.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.sugargarden.it/tag/tulip/", "date": "2023-12-01T03:29:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00384.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9612197875976562, "token_count": 218, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__79364212", "lang": "en", "text": "Tulips are flowers so beautiful that they don’t need embellishments when photographed.\nI’m especially fond of Canova tulips, they represent elegance and grace to me.\nLong-stemmed and pale-petalled with lovely crystal-fringed edges, they make a statement of flair and fashion.\nTulip flowers have an odd story. They were first introduced to Europe from Turkey during the sixteenth century and in less than one hundred years they grew so sought-after that the Netherlands literally developed what is called “tulipomania”. The bulbs became object of speculative trade, which eventually led to a crazy spiraling of the prices and generated the first speculative bubble in economic history.\nWeird to say, tulips were grown mostly for the love of money rather than for the lovers of the flower itself!\nBut in spite of the peculiar beginnings, the wide interest kindled by this flower and its consequent extensive cultivation allow us today to admire so many different kinds of fabulous hybrids created over 400 years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://news.mwsu.edu/iNews/view.asp?ID=1699", "date": "2018-01-17T01:35:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886792.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117003801-20180117023801-00640.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9503172039985657, "token_count": 505, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__241358775", "lang": "en", "text": "The Wichita Falls Museum of Art at Midwestern State University announces two new exhibitions, one by international artists and one by a local photographer from years past, which will run February 22-April 20, 2013. A free public opening reception will be from 6-8 p.m. Friday, February 22.\nLe Temps de líEau (The Time of Water) by the Take Me to the River (TMTTR) project includes works in painting, drawing, photography, video, sound, sculpture, installation and performance. The Take Me to the River Project was founded in 2001 by 12 artists from different countries to promote greater understanding and cooperation among people and nations during these unsettled times. Through art, TMTTR hopes to create a bridge across borders by reflecting both the diversities and similarities among people of different countries.\nThe river was chosen by the founding members of TMTTR as the metaphoric, unifying theme of the artwork because of the positive, life-affirming connotations associated with rivers and for the role in history that rivers have played as primary sources of commerce and interchange between nations and cultures, and, thus, a critical means of bridging distances between different religions, politics, and philosophies. Artist members of TMTTR all are well-established professionals with extensive national and international exhibition experience.\nThe second exhibit, Lester Jones Photography Collection: A Look at Wichita Falls, will appeal to those interested in Wichita Falls history. Jones watched Wichita Falls transition from a prairie town to the commercial center of North Texas. Always interested in history, Jones began collecting photographs, which were eventually passed on to his family. His son and daughter-in-law, Frank and Polly Jones, had the original prints and many negatives from all periods of the history of Wichita Falls. As a result of a long-standing interest in the Wichita Falls Museum of Art, Frank and Polly donated the photographs and negatives to the museum in the fall of 1980.\nThese photographs shed light on the growth and development of Wichita Falls. Some of the photographs convey important events in the cityís history such as the construction of the skyscrapers, whereas others document more personal accomplishments.\nThis exhibit represents a small selection of the photographs from the Lester Jones Photography Collection contained within the Wichita Falls Museum of Artís Permanent Collection.\nFor more information, call the Wichita Falls Museum of Art at MSU at (940) 397-8900 or visit www.mwsu.edu/wfma.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://m.smh.com.au/national/ottoman-army-enjoyed-fresh-food-on-front-line-20111004-1l7d1.html", "date": "2014-11-27T18:15:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009004.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00096-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9772449135780334, "token_count": 451, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-49__0__57871884", "lang": "en", "text": "Bridie Smith October 05, 2011\nA SIMPLE Ottoman kitchen - complete with brick oven - discovered as part of a five-year survey of Gallipoli has highlighted the two extremes of life on the 1915 battlefield.\nWhile the Diggers were eating bully beef and other canned and processed food, their Turkish opponents ate fresh produce prepared in a terraced kitchen.\nThe field kitchen was built much closer to the front line than the Allied food area, which was littered with tins and jam jars.\nLocated during the second phase of a combined Australian, New Zealand and Turkish project to survey the battlefield before the 2015 centenary, the Ottoman kitchen was among the most revealing discoveries made last month, according to the survey archaeologist Tony Sagona from Melbourne University.\n''One of the things that struck me … was that all the metal food containers that we found came from the Anzac side of the battlefield … The Ottoman army was largely cooking their food brought in from the villages.''\nThe Allies had field kitchens with camp fires and their diet differed dramatically. Turkish archives suggest soup was a feature on the Ottoman menu.\nOn the northern front line areas of the battlefield, archaeologists and historians found one of Gallipoli's most significant sites on the peninsula's scrubby vegetation - Malone's Terraces at Quinn's Post, considered a critical part of the Allied line.\nThe historian Richard Reid said the Ottoman army and the Anzacs would have been no more than 10 metres apart. ''If either side had broken through, that would have been the end of the campaign,'' he said.\nThe Allied terrace was named after Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone, of New Zealand's Wellington Battalion, who organised the building of the terraces for troops to sleep in. This dramatically improved conditions when the Kiwis took over from the Australians in June 1915.\nMalone's Terrace was one of over 30 dugouts, terraced areas and tunnel entrances surveyed last month. More than 1700 metres of trench were also traced, in addition to the 4000 metres of trench mapped last year.\nAmong more than 130 artefacts retrieved were buttons, belt buckles, bullet shells, shards from medicine jars and three bullet-holed water bottles.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gapiolucknow2024.com/ayodhya-tourism/", "date": "2024-04-23T10:33:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818474.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423095619-20240423125619-00650.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9556618332862854, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__161079701", "lang": "en", "text": "Ayodhya, located just 135 kms from Lucknow, holds immense cultural and religious significance for Hindus globally. Revered as the birthplace of Lord Ram, it attracts pilgrims and tourists from around the world.\nThe city boasts a rich tapestry of ancient temples and sacred sites, including the newly constructed Ram Mandir, which stands as a symbol of cultural and religious importance and the Hanuman Garhi, a temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman, known for its intricate architecture and spiritual ambiance. Moreover, the Kanak Bhavan temple, believed to have been gifted to Sita by Kaikeyi, showcases stunning artwork and narratives from the Hindu epic, Ramayana. The ancient city also boasts attractions such as Kanak Bhawan, Dashrath Bhavan, and the scenic banks of the Sarayu River. With the addition of the grand Ram Mandir, Ayodhya is now a prominent pilgrimage site, offering a blend of spirituality, history, and architectural marvels for tourists to explore and experience.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://secure2.eda-on.ca/imis15/EDA/About_Us/EDA_100th_Anniversary.aspx", "date": "2018-04-23T02:43:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945669.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423011954-20180423031954-00564.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9176293611526489, "token_count": 101, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__6355854", "lang": "en", "text": "EDA's 100th Anniversary\nThe Electricity Distributors Association will mark its 100th Anniversary in 2012. Together, our members have delivered a reliable, sustainable source of power to communities across the province for more than a century. As we mark this important milestone, we look forward to sharing the history of our Association and its accomplishments.\nA special microsite to commemorate the occasion of our centennial is available at www.eda100years.ca\nBecome a Sponsor\nto learn more about sponsorship opportunities", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.crowancrafts.co.uk/crowan-pottery/", "date": "2024-02-23T19:18:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474445.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223185223-20240223215223-00056.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9789854288101196, "token_count": 1284, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__210856720", "lang": "en", "text": "Harry and May Davis – Crowan Pottery\n‘Simplicity! What a hard thing to achieve.’\nHarry and May Davis met at the Leach Pottery, St Ives, and were married in 1938.\nThey set up Crowan Pottery in the mill house in Crowan in 1946, and stayed until 1962, when they left for New Zealand and opened the Crewenna Pottery near Nelson.\nThey were eccentric, idealistic and immensely practical, producing functional pottery of great beauty out of very fine stoneware, or porcelain, often decorated with brushwork or wax resist.\nAll of Crowan and Crewenna output was marked with the same pottery seal shown here, but not always as clearly! The Davises saw their potteries as workshops – not studios – so to them the whole concept of signed work was inappropriate, and only the workshop seal was used.\nOn some Crowan porcelain we have seen the impressed ‘P.’ mark, shown here, next to the pottery mark. This indicates the piece is porcelain. Perhaps necessary as from the pottery, porcelain had a 25% price mark up over stoneware.\nUnknown to us are the impressed ‘II’, ’12’, ’22’ and ‘B’ marks shown here. We have found these on stoneware plates and bowls made at Crowan.\nPlease get in touch if you have more information on these marks.\nSometimes, painted glaze marks (C21 here) and body mixture marks (59 here) can be found on (mostly Crewenna) pots. These handwritten numbers mean that the glaze or the body of the pot was a test. Only test pots had this numbering and every firing would include a few tests so that the constant experimentation with different glazes and bodies was continued to improve the aesthetic, strength, and crazing properties. Some of these test pots were then sold.\nHarry and May never used personal marks on their work.\nIn the words of Harry and May Davis\n“When we were setting up the pottery at Crowan in 1946, we wanted to broaden the current concept of quality with regard to pots and to couple this with something which has since acquired the name of an ‘alternative life style’.\nWe were looking for rewards and forms of income which were not connected with money. This led to the digging and processing of a large proportion of the raw materials, which greatly added to interest in the doing and also to the quality of the pots.\nQuality, we felt, must be extended beyond the narrow obsession with aesthetics which so dominated the craft potting scene at the time. We also intended to take a more integral view of the potter’s role, so that plate making, for instance, became a normal part of a potter’s function. Today few people realise what a novel idea this was in the 1940s and 1950s, when potters neglected plate making altogether.\nThe stimulation at the back of all this came from our awareness of the fact that traditional potters in numerous cultures and at many different periods had been able to make pots of a highly inspiring and imaginative quality for the simple purpose of domestic use.\nWe had a strong preference for a rural situation because of the many economic alternatives which country life offered. In this context ‘small’ was seen to be beautiful, even in 1946. A more creative way of working tended to raise the cost of production, and to offset this we endeavoured to give the pots the maximum durability. Indeed, the strength of our pots became something of a legend.\nThe ‘alternative living’ side offered its rewards in producing the family milk supply from goats and in using the water-wheel to process the raw materials and to provide light and heat. It made possible the production of hay to feed the animals in winter, and provided packing material for our pots the year round. A supply of garden produce goes without saying. The material and psychological satisfaction of all this was considerable.\nApart from tiles, we limited our pots to those which could be made on a wheel. The bulk of our work was stoneware with some porcelain, and the preferred decoration was wax resist, with more recently a good deal of incised decoration.”\nSome extracts from May Davis’s autobiography\nCrowan mill had seen better days. In 1946 it was milling just cattle fodder and that only once a week, but the water-wheel turned; it worked.\nThe big stone mill building and the house adjoining it were solid indeed. In true Cornish style, the house walls were about two feet thick and the roof was slate.\nAt the front was a hoist powered by the water-wheel for taking the sacks of wheat (and later clay) up to the fourth floor.\nThere was no electricity or water. Candles and oil lamps were fine and water from the stream was good for washing. Drinking water we fetched from a spring at the vicarage down the road.\nThe old mill made a wonderful workshop. The clay went to the top floor via the outside hoist, powered by the water-wheel. Here it was processed, mixed and passed through the floor to the level below.\nAs well as the four storey mill there was the throwing room, glaze room and a very big kiln shed.\nThe kiln we built was large. To load it we would walk in carrying the saggars. These are fireclay containers which we stacked up in piles called ‘bungs’.\nThe glaze firing lasted 48 hours and contained some 3,000 pots.\nA lot of the pots went out by post to retail customers, and for packing we used to collect hay from the churchyard. It was cut by hand with a scythe, or in difficult places a sickle, a laborious business, so the churchwarden was only too glad to have someone turn it and take it away.\nAs a packing material it was excellent and smelled lovely, so that our customers often thanked us not only for the pots but for the lovely country smell of hay.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.shopathome.org.uk/product/the-little-greene-paint-company-new-bond-street-wallpaper/", "date": "2020-07-06T16:50:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00561.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9518020749092102, "token_count": 175, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__94061315", "lang": "en", "text": "Based on one of the oldest surviving documents in English Heritage’s wallpaper archive, this fragment from an embossed leather wall hanging actually predates wallpaper. Panels of embossed and painted leather, usually with a floral pattern, were popular, though expensive modes of decoration in the late 16th and 17th centuries. These panels were sewn together to create large-scale decorative hangings, much in the same way that drops of wallpaper are hung side-by-side to create a much more impressive statement.\nPlease note: although we do our best to get the most accurate data for all products on this site, the companies we work with can choose to any of the prices whenever they want, and we have zero control over this. If you notice any incorrect information on the site, please let us know and we will fix it as soon as possible.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kc-semic.si/en/tic/the-jewish-house-cave/", "date": "2023-12-02T05:10:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00263.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.974153459072113, "token_count": 427, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__54587720", "lang": "en", "text": "The Jewish House (Judovska hiša) cave proves that the Semič area was inhabited eleven thousand years BC. You can see it in a very special karst cave Jewish House near Stranska vas village. The cave is located not far from the Pero’s mill. The path to it leads across the bridge by Pero’s mill and then slightly uphill through the forest above the Krupa.\nThe Jewish House is the only known site from the Early Stone Age in the Bela krajina region. Its inhabitants were then engaged in picking fruit and hunting, as evidenced by the finds of stone tools and bones of various animals. The cave was also used as a shelter in the earlier periods of prehistory.\nThe entrance to the cave is large and open, so visitors feel as if they have stepped into a basement house. Over the millennia, the stone walls in the cave have been furrowed and reshaped by water. The spacious hall in this cave gave the ancient inhabitants a very good shelter. Today, it offers shelter to bats (the lesser horseshoe bat) that reside in hidden and twisted cracks on the ceiling.\nThe mystery of the name Jewish House remains unsolved. According to oral tradition, unknown strangers, dressed quite differently from the locals, stopped in this cave a long time ago. These seemingly different foreigners may have been called Jews by the locals, and the name has survived to this day. One possible explanation is that the term “Jew” once meant pagans or non-Christians to simple ignorant people.\nNot far from the cave, a nice small haystack was set up as part of the Misterion project. It serves as a spot where you can relax on the way along the Karst Educational Trail, or as a classroom in nature, where you can listen to the words of a tourist guide.\nExceptional archaeological finds, such as cave paintings or a bone flute, have not been discovered by archaeologists at the Jewish House. But who knows—the deeper layers of the soil may be hiding another surprise!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.smpsneo.org/EventDetails/608", "date": "2018-06-22T13:02:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00061.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8706368803977966, "token_count": 141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__19983320", "lang": "en", "text": "Please join us to get a sneak peek into one of Cleveland’s most historic buildings being converted into luxury apartments. Members from the project team will present on the history of the building, the historic tax credit process, and the design & construction aspects of the transformation. The tour will include 3 phases of construction, featuring model suites, new atrium, and penthouse views.\nRegistration: 11:00 - 11:15\nProject Team Overview: 11:15 - 11:45\nTour: 11:45 - 12:45\nBoxed Lunch/Networking: 12:45 - 1:30 (Driftwood Catering)\n3 seat(s) are availableRegister for Event", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://seehund.co.uk/html/sub_development.html", "date": "2019-12-05T15:29:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540481076.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205141605-20191205165605-00193.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.981499969959259, "token_count": 1358, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__134893381", "lang": "en", "text": "Submarines are generally accepted to be craft capable of independent operation underwater. The term usually refers to large crewed autonomous vessels but can also encompass smaller vessels such as midget submarines, wet subs, remotely operated vehicles or robots. Traditionally submarines are referred to as ‘boats’ rather than ships no matter what their size.\nThe following paragraphs are by no means comprehensive, rather they give a flavour of some of the more interesting early submarine developments.\nWhilst consensus is difficult to find, the majority of people would accept that the first military submarine was the ’Turtle’ which carried a single person and was built in 1775 by the American David Bushnell. The ‘Turtle’ was so named due to its shape, which resembled a turtle on edge. It is said to have measured about 10 feet (3.0 m) long, 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, and 3 feet (0.9 m) wide. Built of wooden shells, reinforced with steel straps and waterproofed with tar the boat had a bilge tank that, when flooded, allowed the vessel to dive. Emptying the tank using a hand pump forced it to rise. In an emergency a 200 pounds (91 kg) ballast weight could be jettisoned thrusting it swiftly to the surface. Propulsion in both the horizontal and vertical planes was accomplished by hand cranked screws. It contained enough air for about thirty minutes of operation and had a top speed, in calm waters, of around three miles per hour (5 km/h). The aim of this small wooden craft was to attach an explosive charge to the hull of a ship. It was used during the American Revolutionary War, where the operator, Sgt. Ezra Lee of the Continental Army tried, but failed, to sink the British warship HMS Eagle, in New York harbour on September 7, 1776.\nIn 1854 a German, Wilhelm Bauer, built the Seeteufel (‘Sea Devil’) for the Russian Navy in St. Petersburg. Little is known about this submarine however it is said to have been some 50 feet long with iron walls 1/2” thick and had some 21 windows. It had large cylinders to hold water as diving ballast and was designed for a crew of 12-15. It was powered beneath the water by crewmen walking on a tread wheel. In addition, Bauer provided the Sea Devil with a newly invented rescue device: the airlock, by which divers could leave and enter the submerged vessel. The Sea Devil made 133 successful diving excursions within four months. But during the 134th dive in 1856, the submarine got stuck on the sea floor. By emptying the ballast tanks with the pumps, the crew managed to raise the submarine high enough so that the hatchway was above the waterline. The whole crew (including Bauer) was saved, but unfortunately, the submarine sank back to the bottom of the sea. This submarine was never used operationally.\nIn 1863 a Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley (also known as the \"fish torpedo boat\") was built. Twelve 12 m long it was, yet again, hand cranked this time by 7-8 men. It was the first combat submarine to sink an enemy warship. Constructed by James McClintock, Baxter Watson, and Horace L. Hunley, it was used in the American Civil War. The first attack in 1864 was successful, sinking the USS Housatonion Union which was on blockade duty in Charleston's outer harbour. Soon after, Hunley sank, killing all eight of her crew. This time, the innovative ship was lost but relocated in 1995. The Hunley was recovered in 2000 and is now on display in Charleston.\nThe Resurgam II (unfortunate name in Latin: \"I shall rise again\"), was the name given to a Victorian submarine built in 1879. This was one of the first functional steam-driven British submarines, designed by the Reverend George William Garrett it was built by Cohran & Co. at Birkenhead. It was constructed with an iron frame to which iron plates were attached. The submarine was was 45 feet (14 m) long by 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter, weighed 30 long tons (30 t), and had a crew of 3. The central portion of the submarine was clad in wood and was designed to be positively buoyant (it should have floated), diving would have been accomplished by means of a pair of hydroplanes mounted amidships. The engine was capable of providing enough steam to turn its single propeller for up to 4 hours.\nThe Resurgam successfully completed her sea trials in the East Float at Wallasey but following mechanical repairs in Rhyl sunk in Liverpool Bay whilst under tow by the steam yacht Elphin on 25 February 1880. The submarine was rediscovered in 1995 and on the 4 July 1996 was designated protected wreck number 42 under the Protection of Wrecks Act. Divers recently placed zinc corrosion inhibitors on the wreck in an attempt to slow its degradation. Plans to raise the wreck have so far been unsuccessful.\nThe first of the British submarines directly commissioned by the Royal Navy was the Holland 1. This was one of a batch of six that were built in secret by John Holland in 1901 at Barrow-in-Furness. Launched on 2nd October 1901 she dived for the first time on 20th March 1902. Sea trials for the batch were carried out cautiously but the submarine flotilla commander Captain Bacon is quoted as saying:-\n“....Even these little boats would be a terror to any ship attempting to remain or pass near a harbour holding them.....\".\nThe submarine was some 20 metres long with a beam of 3.5 metres weighing 105 long tons when submerged. She had a 160 horsepower petrol engine for use on the surface and a 70 horsepower electric motor for use underwater. Maximum speed would have been in the order of 7 knots when submerged with a range of 20 nautical miles when travelling at maximum speed underwater. It had a crew of 8, could travel to a depth of 30 metres and had a single torpedo tube for which it could carry 3 torpedoes.\nOn 24th October 1904 the Holland 1 along with several other Holland and A-Class boats was dispatched to attack a Russian fleet but was recalled before nay engagement took place.\nThe Holland 1 was considered obsolete by 1913 and sold for £410. It sunk under tow close to the Eddystone lighthouse. In 1982 she was raised and can now be seen in the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport (UK).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://withskulls.net/aztec-skulls", "date": "2023-11-29T19:04:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100135.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129173017-20231129203017-00306.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9839083552360535, "token_count": 1629, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__301809344", "lang": "en", "text": "The main rituals of the Aztec empire were held in the Greater Temple.\nThis well-preserved building was the religious and political center of ancient Tenochtitlan, the most important city of the Aztec empire. It was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, deity of war and sun.\nEspecially in this place, archaeologists have found abundant evidence about the practice of a huge number of human sacrifices. In order to preserve life, the Aztecs sought to please their gods. They thought one way to do it was to feed them.\nBut these deities did not settle for any food. They required to consume the blood of humans. This explains why sacrifices were so common. Those chosen for such carnage were prisoners of war, those defeated in the ball game, children who were revered as divinities and, probably, some women. The appetite of the gods was insatiable.\nThe Aztecs went to the point of going to war against other peoples with the main objective of capturing as many prisoners as possible for sacrifice. In fact, only in Tenochtitlan tens of thousands who ran this fate.\nThe Aztec skulls as offerings Many victims were beheaded after the sacrifice.\nThe heads were then cooked so that they could easily peel off their skin, exposing the skulls. These were placed in the tzompantli (row of skulls, in Spanish). It was a wall made of tezontle ashlars that was covered with stucco. Thick wood was embedded in this wall in an upright position. The timber was drilled and pierced, from top to bottom, by thin rods. The skulls, in turn, were pierced through the parietal zone and placed on the horizontal rods, one side of the other.\nA mixture of lime, sand and tezontle gravel kept them together. The tzompantli was, in fact, an altar to honor the gods. Contrary to what might be thought, this collection was part of a cult of life. The Aztecs considered death as a mere transit towards a better life in the spirit world. Some altars could contain thousands of heads. Although there is no precise data, it is believed that the Great Tzompantli of the Great Temple, in Tenochtitlan, came to house more than 100,000 skulls. Of course, in addition to its use as a sacred altar, this display of skulls served to frighten enemies. Before embedding the skulls in the Great Tzompantli, a ritual was held that sanctified them. Afterwards, they stood facing the temple of Huitzilopochtli.\nThe offerings would ensure the continuity of the solar star, which would positively impact nature, fertility and agriculture.\nThe Aztecs believed that the deceased warriors accompanied the deity from sunrise until noon, when they gave their place to the women killed during childbirth. They would travel with Huitzilopochtli until dusk.\nThen, in the underworld, warriors would have to fight with the forces of darkness for the sun to rise again one more day. Artificial skulls: dubious provenance From the second half of the 19th century, some intriguing discoveries were made. These were skulls made of crystal and quartz. With some suspicion, it was attributed mainly to the Aztecs. Some have an impeccable design and the size of a real human skull. It is these objects in particular that have caused disbelief among archaeologists and historians. What calls into question the authenticity of the pieces is that there is no evidence that the Aztecs had the knowledge and tools needed to make these works of art.\nTo overcome this obstacle, all sorts of arguments have been put forward, some very extravagant. There are those who claim that they are artifacts from Atlantis or items of extraterrestrial manufacture.\nOf course, these ideas have no scientific basis. Less support has claims that skulls have supernatural powers. If the Aztecs actually crafted at least some of these skulls, they could have been representations of their gods. In fact, some of their deities looked similar to those of these figures. Therefore, they probably used them to invoke them, as if they were an idol. In the nineties of the last century, analyses were carried out on two skulls, supposedly pre-Columbian.\nOne is in the British Museum and one is in the possession of the Smithsonian Institute. Studies revealed that the pieces had been carved by relatively modern jeweler instruments, tools that the Aztecs and any other Mesoamerican civilization were completely unaware of. It is clear that these two works are forgeries. This raises even more doubts about the authenticity of even one of the skulls.\nSkull masks The skulls served Aztecs for more than an offering. Three decades ago, eight masks made from human skulls were discovered in the Main Temple. Archaeologists long assumed that masks were made from the heads of some randomly selected human sacrifice victims.\nHowever, recent research by experts at the University of Montana has shed more light on this issue. A comparative analysis was made of the intact skulls of 30 victims of human sacrifices, 127 skulls of warriors killed in battle and the eight masks. The structure and appearance of the pieces examined allowed the experts to specify the sex, health status, age and place of origin of each subject of study. It was concluded that the masks were made with the skulls of men between 30 and 45 years of age. When they died, they were in optimal health, were well fed and had no dental problems.\nThe above traits were very unusual among the general population of pre-Hispanic civilizations. If the masks had been made with the skulls of ordinary people, the test results would have been very different. It seems logical to conclude that the skulls came from persons of noble origin. This would explain why they were in better health than the other victims studied. Therefore, the most feasible explanation, up to this point, is that royals or elite warriors captured in battle did not have the same fate as others. Instead of placing their entire skulls in the tzompantli, they were subjected to special treatment. It was also possible to determine, with a good degree of certainty, the origin of men turned into skull masks.\nThey were native to the Toluca Valley, the Gulf Coast of Mexico, western Mexico and the Valley of Mexico. There’s even speculation about the identity of one of the masks. It is believed that it could be the king of Tollocan, mentioned in some historical records. The priests cut off the skull to remove the back. Then they painted it, placed inlays in his eyes, and put a flint sheet on his nose. Once the mask was finished, it was time to fix it in the tzompantli of the temple, where it was revered as a sacred object.\nAztec skulls in present-day Mexico It is clear that the Aztecs felt an irresistible fascination with skulls. Their practical macabre have left their mark on modern Day of the Dead celebrations. For example, the bread of the dead is usually shaped like a skull and the figures of some bones.\nCertain historians claim that the Spanish conquistadors promoted its use as an alternative to human sacrifices. Another element that seems to be a legacy of the Aztecs and other pre-Hispanic cultures, is the skulls. It is a skull made with sugar, chocolate, grenetine or amaranth. It’s an indispensable part of the altar of the dead. For many experts, it is inevitable to think about the tzompantli when they see these sweets arranged in a row. In the parades organized on the occasion of the Day of the Dead, people disguise themselves allusive to the celebration. It is striking that some participants wear masks and clothing that make them look like “Aztec skulls”.\nIt is clear that even the most chilling customs can be assimilated by the folklore of a people.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stories.audleytravel.com/mexico-through-the-lens?slow=1", "date": "2017-11-20T22:35:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00545.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9604828953742981, "token_count": 315, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__188927643", "lang": "en", "text": "by Latin America Specialist, Scott H.\nI just returned from a research trip focusing on the Colonial cities north of Mexico City. I was stunned by the amazing diversity of culture and the vital significance these cities played in the fight for independence in the early 19th century. My favorite part of traveling through the colonial cities is the lack of international tourism. You really feel like you’re seeing authentic Mexico rather than a place that exists solely for tourism\nWell-known for its colorful and beautiful colonial buildings, Guanajuato was declared UNESCO World Heritage site in 1988 and is a popular stop on a trip to Mexico.\nLocated about 45 miles east of Oaxaca, Hierve el Agua is home to mineral formations that over hundreds of years have formed to look like huge frozen waterfalls. There are also two large artificial pools very close to the cliff’s edge, as well as a number of small natural pools, making for beautiful photos and a perfect off-the-beaten-track adventure.\nPuebla, one of the oldest colonial cities on the continent, is known not only for its prominent architecture but also for its popular cuisine known as “Cocina Poblana”.\nQuerataro is just over two hours from Mexico City and is also a popular destination for colonial architecture.\nVisit our Mexico page for trip ideas, inspiration and travel guides to the country.\nLearn more about traveling with Audley by visiting our website or calling a specialist today at 1-855-838-8300.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.egylandscape.org/conferences/02_2019_BA_Alexandria/", "date": "2023-03-24T19:59:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00736.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9161794185638428, "token_count": 297, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__125169182", "lang": "en", "text": "Islamic Civilization Studies Center (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) - 2019\nEGYLandscape Project Panel\nIslamic Civilization Studies Center (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) - Alexandria, Egypt 31 October 2019\nProf. Albrecht Fuess, co-leader of the EGYLandscape Project, was invited to give a series of lectures at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina from 29-31 October. In addition to his theme, “The Relations Between East and West from the Middle Ages until the Turn of the Modern Era,” Prof. Fuess proposed to present a mini-workshop and overview of the EGYLandscape Project. Joining him for the special EGYLandscape panel were Prof. Nicolas Michel (project co-leader, Aix-Marseille University), Prof. Heba Saad (Alexandria University), and Anthony Quickel (University of Marburg). The project co-leaders, Fuess and Michel, gave an overview of the EGYLandscape Project, while each member of the panel presented their own research projects in order to highlight the diversity of topics under EGYLandscape’s purview. The panel was moderated by EGYLandscape contributor Dr. Ahmed Abdel Moneim, who is a scholar at the Bibliotheca’s Islamic Civilization Studies Center. The project was very happy for the opportunity to present to a new venue, especially to a very large Egyptian audience.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://worcestercenterforcraftsenews.blogspot.com/2015/10/", "date": "2021-09-21T10:56:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057202.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921101319-20210921131319-00088.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9428544640541077, "token_count": 832, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__163017112", "lang": "en", "text": "Friday, October 23, 2015\nClick here for the Full article in the Worcester Telegram & Gazette\nLOST & FOUND COLLABORATION\nAn exhibit of vintage and contemporary architectural photographs opens in the Krikorian Gallery with a free reception on Thursday, October 22. The show is on view through November 21. Sponsored by Preservation Worcester, WORCESTER ARCHITECTURE: Lost & Found, documents well-known city landmarks extant in the 1930s and some of those same landmarks today. See what is missing! Historic photographs, from the Special Collections of the Worcester Public Library, are juxtaposed with contemporary architectural photographs by Thomas A. Lingner and images of architectural details and street life today by Randle Rae Stock. Sponsored in part by a grant to Preservation Worcester from the Worcester Arts Council.\nNOW CALL FOR ART\nCalling all artists born since 1975! We want to highlight your generation's work. The Worcester Center for Crafts is joining forces with ArtsWorcester in organizing a juried exhibition entitled NOW: New Work, New Artists which will be on view at the Crafts Center and Arts Worcester simultaneously from March 18 through April, 2016. Submission and guidelines are online; click here for all forms and guidelines . Deadline is January 15 so don't delay in making your plans and submitting your work. Juror: Roger Hankins, Director of the Cantor Art Gallery at the College of the Holy Cross. All artistic and craft media welcome. Come on craft artists! Let's make a showing. Sponsored in part by Worcester Business Journal.\nThursday, October 22, 2015\nTuesday, October 20, 2015\nWorcester, MA -- An exhibit of vintage and contemporary architectural photographs will be on view from October 22 through November 21, 2015 at the Krikorian Gallery of the Worcester Center for Crafts, 25 Sagamore Road, Worcester. Sponsored by Preservation Worcester, WORCESTER ARCHITECTURE: Lost & Found, documents well-known city landmarks past and present. Historic photographs from the Special Collections of the Worcester Public Library are juxtaposed with contemporary architectural photographs by Thomas A. Lingner and images of architectural details and street life today by Randle Rae Stock.\nThe exhibit opens with a reception on Thursday, October 22 from 5:30-7:30 pm at the Worcester Center for Crafts that is free and open to the public. \"This is an important show,\" says organizer Susan Ceccacci, Education Director, Preservation Worcester. \"It shows us what we have, and what we have to lose when it comes to the Worcester's outstanding built environment.\"\nThe historical photographs originally appeared in an exhibit, entitled \"Worcester Architecture,\" held at the Worcester Art Museum in 1937 and organized by the \"dean\" of American architectural historians, Henry-Russell Hitchcock. Contemporary photographs update this collection of historical images of Worcester landmarks with views of the buildings and the people who animate them today.\n\"We're proud to partner with Preservation Worcester and the Worcester Public Library on this exhibit as its purpose is to show us the rich resources that still exist while photographically alluding to what we have already lost,\" said Krikorian Gallery Director Candace Casey. The exhibit is underwritten in part by the Worcester Arts Council, the Massachusetts Cultural Council, and a generous framing gift from the Worcester Public Library.\nRelated programming includes:\n- An illustrated talk on Tuesday, November 10 at 5:30 entitled, \"Rediscovering Jenne Magafan's Worcester East Middle School Murals,\" given by College of the Holy Cross researchers Sarah Valente and Nicole Landry and organized by Worcester Art Museum Director Emeritus, James A. Welu. The talk is free and open to the public.\n- Author event on Wednesday, November 18 from 5:30-6:30 pm. Susan Ceccacci will sign copies of her book Living at the City's Green Edge: Bancroft Heights, A Planned Neighborhood in Worcester, Massachusetts.\nThe Krikorian Gallery hours are Tuesday through Saturday, 10 am to 5 pm. Admission is free.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://alltodaynews24.blogspot.com/2011/08/world-trade-center-memorial-guide-of.html", "date": "2018-07-19T11:34:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590866.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719105750-20180719125750-00270.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9351717829704285, "token_count": 123, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__199204073", "lang": "en", "text": "Thursday, August 25, 2011\nWorld Trade Center Memorial Guide Of Names Debuts As iPhone App\nThe guide to the names, which includes biographical information about the victims and pinpoints the location of each name at the memorial, was placed online in May. It will be available on electronic kiosks when the memorial opens next month, on the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks.\nJoe Daniels, president and CEO of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, briefed reporters about progress at the site during a New York Press Club tour that also featured a talk by trade center developer Larry Silverstein.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/32519-population-genomics-from-the-southern-end-of-south-america", "date": "2021-12-08T17:53:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363520.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208175210-20211208205210-00068.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9482508897781372, "token_count": 849, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__95103424", "lang": "en", "text": "Population genomics from the Southern end of South America\nOur paper in PNAS can be accessed here.\nThe population history of Patagonia has played an important role on both a regional and continental scale. Human presence in the region has been dated to 14,500 years BP at Monte Verde (Northwest Patagonia), one of the earliest archaeological sites in America. Additionally, the remarkable isolation of the region and biological diversity of its inhabitants have supported the hypothesis that early human populations in the region are relicts of the earliest migrants coming into the continent. The actual time for the peopling of Patagonia, the migrations routes, and diversification within the region are still a matter of debate, as well as the genetic affinities that the native human populations have with other groups across America.\nOur research in Patagonia started in 2006 when Mauricio Moraga (corresponding author) initiated a project aiming to characterize the founding mitochondrial lineages in Patagonia. Previous works in the region also explored the mitochondrial DNA diversity through historical and present-day individuals, showing a lower genetic diversity in the region than in other areas in America. Further research, also led by Dr. Moraga and the archaeologist Omar Reyes (co-author), used ancient DNA and archaeological evidence to study the Chono, one of the less known maritime populations from the Northwest archipelagos However, it was not until 2014, four years after the publication of the first ancient human genome, that we started working on full ancient genomes from Patagonia.\nBy then I was finishing my Master’s Degree, working with mitochondrial DNA of the maritime populations from Patagonia. I was particularly interested in continuing my work in the area by expanding the study to include genome-wide data. As we did not have experience neither processing nor analyzing complete ancient genomes I contacted the group of Eske Willerslev from the Center of Geogenetics at University of Copenhagen in order to visit for three-months. At about the same time, the National Commission of Science and Technology funded a proposal led by Ricardo Verdugo (corresponding author), securing the resources to produce the first ancient genomes in Chile by a national team of geneticists, archaeologists and biological anthropologists. Our research also involved a direct collaboration with the laboratory of Carlos Bustamante in Stanford University, where we started the bioinformatic analysis.\nWe were successful in obtaining full genomes from four ancient individuals associated to late maritime groups in Western Patagonia together with genome-wide data from 61 contemporary individuals. With a temporal window stretching back 1,000 years, we were able to show a strong affinity between present-day populations and the ancient individuals. Interestingly, we saw that 1,000 years ago the division of two of the main maritime populations, Kawéskar and Yámana, already took place and it was very consistent with the known historical distribution of these groups. Our results show that these populations share a common ancestor that split from Tierra del Fuego’s populations (Selk’nam) between 8,000 to 6,000 years ago. Our analyses reflect an early population structure in the region and a long-term continuity in Patagonia.\nWestern Patagonia offers a great opportunity to work with ancient DNA thanks to the exceptional preservation of the genetic material. However, there are other challenges affecting the general research in the area. Most of the human remains found in the region come from isolated findings in shelters or shell middens with different degrees of disturbances (mostly human-related) and little to no cultural context. Additionally, archaeological research has to face several difficulties, from the visibility of the sites to the organisation of fieldworks completely dependent on navigation through the fjords and channels. Our work is a locally motivated effort to integrate what is known from the region with recent genomic technologies, increasing not only the representation of Native American diversity worldwide, but also our understanding of the microevolutionary processes along America. Furthermore, it is of great value that this work involved mostly Latin American researchers (from Mexico and Chile), currently working in their home countries developing cutting-edge research in regional issues.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://epiczone.ng/breaking-king-charles-iii-crowned-at-westminster-abbey/", "date": "2023-09-28T14:47:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00083.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9689919948577881, "token_count": 576, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__36428484", "lang": "en", "text": "In a historic ceremony watched by millions around the world, Prince Charles was crowned as King Charles III, marking the beginning of a new era for the United Kingdom. The grand event took place at Westminster Abbey, where the newly crowned monarch swore an oath to uphold the constitution and serve the people of the nation.\nAmidst a regal atmosphere and a sense of both tradition and anticipation, King Charles III took the crown, following in the footsteps of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, who had reigned for an astonishing 70 years. The coronation symbolized the passing of the torch to the next generation of the British monarchy.\nEpiczone understands that the ceremony was attended by dignitaries, political leaders, and members of the royal family, including Prince William and his wife, Catherine, who were present to show their support for the newly crowned king. As King Charles III knelt before the Archbishop of Canterbury, the atmosphere was filled with a mix of excitement and solemnity, underscoring the weight of the moment.\nIn his coronation address, King Charles III expressed his deep gratitude for the opportunity to serve as the monarch of the United Kingdom. He acknowledged the legacy left by his predecessors and vowed to carry out his duties with dedication and integrity. The new king also emphasized his commitment to addressing the challenges faced by the nation, such as climate change, social inequality, and the ongoing process of modernization.\nThe coronation of King Charles III came at a time of both celebration and reflection for the British people. It marked a transition from a long and successful reign to a future that promised continuity, stability, and progress. As the nation enters a new chapter under King Charles III, there is a renewed sense of optimism and anticipation for what lies ahead.\nThe reign of King Charles III is expected to bring some changes to the monarchy, as every monarch leaves their unique mark on the institution. However, the fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy and the role of the sovereign as a symbol of national unity and continuity are likely to remain unchanged.\nAs the first days of King Charles III’s reign unfold, the world will be watching closely. His actions and decisions will undoubtedly shape not only the United Kingdom but also its relationships with other nations. The challenges he faces will require careful navigation, but with his wealth of experience and dedication to public service, King Charles III is poised to lead the nation with wisdom and compassion.\nAs the coronation ceremony concluded and King Charles III left Westminster Abbey, a wave of excitement and anticipation spread throughout the streets of London and beyond. The people of the United Kingdom looked to the future with hope, as a new chapter in their history began under the reign of their new king. The coronation of King Charles III was not only a symbol of continuity and tradition but also a testament to the enduring strength and resilience of the British monarchy.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.christmasquiz.co.uk/tag/christmas-facts/", "date": "2022-08-17T02:20:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00318.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9379273056983948, "token_count": 358, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__158449932", "lang": "en", "text": "Some random Christmas facts, in no particular order.\nAll the gifts in the Twelve Days of Christmas would equal 364 gifts.\nThe first evidence of a Christmas tree is from a pamphlet that dates back to 1570.\nElectric Christmas tree lights were first used in 1895.\nThe first Christmas was celebrated on December 25, AD 336 in Rome.\nCoca-Cola was the first company to use Santa Claus in a winter promotion.\nThe day after Christmas, December 26, is known as Boxing Day. It is also the holy day of St. Stephen.\nSt. Francis of Assisi began the custom of singing Christmas carols in church in the 13th century.\nMistletoe (Viscum album) is from the Anglo-Saxon word misteltan, which means “dung twig” because the plant spreads it’s seeds though bird droppings.\nThe Christmas wreath symbolises Jesus’ blood with the red berries and the holly represents the crown of thorns.\nPresident Teddy Roosevelt, an environmentalist, banned Christmas trees from the White House in 1901.\nThere are 3 towns in the US that are named Santa Claus. One in Georgia, one in Arizona and one in Indiana.\nThe word Christmas originates from the words Christ’s Mass.\nThe best-selling Christmas song ever is White Christmas by Bing Crosby. It has sold more than 50 million copies around the world.\n“Jingle Bells” was the first song to be sung in space. On December 16, 1965 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra sang it.\nDue to international time zones, our modern day Santa Claus actually has 31 hours to deliver presents to all the children of the world.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bettingroyalascot.co.uk/royal-ascot-history.php", "date": "2024-02-25T22:18:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474643.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225203035-20240225233035-00659.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9683266878128052, "token_count": 1296, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__210079263", "lang": "en", "text": "The Ascot Racecourse was founded in 1711. It was Queen Anne who founded the Ascot racecourse and since then, it’s become one of the premier horse racing tracks in Britain and the world. The first race, “Her Majesty’s Plate”, was held on 11th August 1711. Seven horses competed. This first race comprised three separate four-mile (6437 m) heats.\nEarly Royal Ascot History\nIt’s believed that Queen Anne rode her horse from Windsor Castle to the field where Ascot racecourse now sits and said “ this wold be a fine place for a horse race”. It didn’t take long for that statement to become reality, with the first race held later that year in 1711.\nWith Queen Anne’s death in 1714, this caused the cancellation of races the following month at the new track – with racing not resuming there until 1720. This was due to her successors – George I and George II not showing an interest in horse racing. It wasn’t until George II’s third son – William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland, who was a keen sportsman – revived the Ascot track.\nIn 1785 the Ascot racecourse took another step forward when the Straight Mile part of the track was built, and this attracted quicker horses that could now run over trips that ranged from five furlongs up to a mile – creating a lot more races and opportunities for speedier thoroughbred horses.This was nothing like the Royal Ascot meetings we see now. To start with, only seven horses competed, with three different heats of four miles each and every horse carrying 12 stones. The first racecourse was designed by William Lowen, though he was helped by a team of experts in various fields, across painting, carpentry, and administration.\nDecades later, the first permanent building was built by a specialist from the area, in 1794. This structure was fit to accommodate over 1,600 people, and saw regular use for around 50 years.\nParliament took a decisive part in Ascot’s future in 1813, when they passed the Act of Enclosure. This ruled that Ascot Heath would be maintained only as a public racecourse, ensuring that events could entertain the British populace without fear of the venue being commandeered for any other purpose.\nThe Royal Ascot Meeting title though dates back to 1825, when racing at the track during the third week of June became known as ‘Royal Week’. Since then members of the Royal family started attending the meeting with a horse-drawn procession still taking place before the horse racing starts – a tradition that still takes place to this day. This helps to attract the thousands upon thousands of spectators each year. Being able to see the British monarchs in person, in a formal setting, is a rare thrill for many people.\nRecent Royal Ascot History\nThe sense of spectacle and British tradition ensures visitors come from across the globe, while millions more watch on television and online.\nWhile the first race was held in 1711, the first Royal Meeting as we know it today (or, rather, as close to it as we can imagine) took place in 1768. The arrival of the Gold Cup, decades later in 1807, ushered in the event’s more modern structure, and Royal Ascot was the only fixture held at the racecourse for over a century, until 1939. It was in this year that additional events started to take place at the venue throughout the year, making broader use of Ascot’s facilities.\nIn 1970 we saw the introduction of the famous Ascot bandstand – a place that racegoers go after racing for a proper ‘English sing-song’. This was an idea from the wife of the clerk of the course at the time and has grown in popularity ever since. It’s next big overhaul was in 2004, when the track closed for two years with a £200 million redevelopment that saw the Royal Meeting re-route to York during this time.\nRoyal Ascot Statistics\nAround 300,000 people attend Royal Ascot each year and with many attractions before and after the horse racing to keep racegoers interested then these numbers are only set to increase in the coming years. In the current age there is over £7.3 million in total prize money on offer, which makes the meeting the most valuable on the annual horse racing calendar each season. It currently stages eight Group One races over the five days.\nOver the years the track developed but it was in 1961 that the Ascot track got a major facelift with the new Queen Elizabeth II Grandstand being built at a cost of £1million. This contained 280 private dining rooms and saw the first boom of the corporate hospitality boom in horse racing and other top sports.\nKey Recent Royal Ascot Trends\n- 2015 – Top UK jockey, Ryan Moore rides 9 Royal Ascot winners at the 2015 meeting – the most in the modern era.\n- 2013 – The Queen’s Estimate wins the 2013 Ascot Gold Cup, the first time in the race’s history that the race has been won by a reigning monarch.\n- 2012 – Top trainer, Henry Cecil, recorded his 75th Royal Ascot win – with the wonder horse Frankel, who won five times at Ascot, including a magical win in the 2012 Queen Anne Stakes at Royal Ascot.\n- 2011 – Top Australian-based horse – Black Caviar – made the 10,000mile trip to Royal Ascot and with a whole nation behind her, she didn’t let them down. She landed the 2011 running of the Diamond Jubilee Stakes with a nail-biting finish that saw jockey Luke Nolen stop riding in the closing stages that almost cost her the race.\n- 2009 – Top staying horse – Yeats – landed his fourth Ascot Gold Cup. He’d landed the 2006, 2007 and 2008 runnings and after taking the 2009 renewal became the only horse to win manage this feat.\nYou might also like…\n[mosaic tag=”info_tickets” post_type=”post,page” limit=”12″]", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://powderandglory.com/film-description", "date": "2023-12-02T18:27:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100448.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202172159-20231202202159-00020.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.979300856590271, "token_count": 329, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__8104851", "lang": "en", "text": "The Powder & the Glory tells the story of two of the first highly successful women entrepreneurs in America, Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein. One hundred years ago these women immigrated to the United States and, starting with next to nothing, created what is today the $150 billion global health and beauty industry.\nAlthough they lived and worked only blocks apart in New York for over 50 years, the two women, by design, never met! Their competition drove them both to great creativity and success.\nTheir competing companies defined the business of beauty, making cosmetics both newly respectable and, finally, indispensable. Along the way they developed many advertising and marketing techniques that became part of the business landscape, and they themselves became household names, cultural icons, and two of the world's wealthiest women.\nThey both influenced and were influenced by the major movements of the day in art, style, and women's roles:\n- When the close-up became a staple in the movies, makeup became au courant\n- Their salons were showcases of modernist design\n- They helped usher in the \"new woman\" of the 1920s — young, independent, and in every way equal to men\n- Throughout their careers, they supported women's empowerment and rights\nTheir accomplishments continue to be relevant to both women and men in business today. This is an inspiring story about perseverance, genuine creativity, and continual reinvention to meet the changing needs and demands of consumers and society. When they started their businesses, makeup was used mostly by prostitutes and performers, and businesses were run mostly by men. They changed all that, and they transformed us.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pacman.com/en/news/?p=950", "date": "2021-01-16T03:52:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00258.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8236021399497986, "token_count": 348, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__187916353", "lang": "en", "text": "- Postet on:\nStoryworld presents: Wakawaka! 40 Years of PAC-MAN\nPAC-MAN is the first true video game icon, recognized and loved around the world. The simple yellow dot proved to be an irresistible force, and transformed not only the world of video games, but also popular culture at large. Celebrating 40 years of PAC-MAN, from October 3rd Dutch museum Storyworld explores the incredible game design, the worldwide success and the cultural impact of a character that, after forty years of munching, still hasn’t lost its appetite, in the temporary exhibition ‘Wakawaka! 40 Years of PAC-MAN’.\nThe exhibition explains the crucial role of the game design.\nOur exhibition will therefore include the first pencil sketches of PAC-MAN and the first Japanese PAC-MAN posters and adverts.\nVisit Storyworld to learn about the origins of PAC-MAN. Find out why the game was so revolutionary and why the tiny yellow muncher became such a huge success in Japan and beyond.\n“Boys playing PAC-MAN, 1984 © Hans Singels”\nFor further information, please check here!\nNew Music Video from PAC-MAN 40th Anniversary Album!\nBANDAI NAMCO ENTERTAINMENT INC. AND THE NBA ANNOUNCE PARTNERSHIP CELEBRATING PAC-MAN’S 40TH ANNIVERSARY!\n“Be PAC-TIVE” with PAC-MAN in 2021!\nFollowing the S.H.Figuarts figure, PAC-MAN joins the Chogokin and PROPLICA series!\nPAC-MAN™ Gold and Silver Coins", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.stjohnaugustine.co.uk/history-2/", "date": "2022-01-17T07:29:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300343.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117061125-20220117091125-00177.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9859302639961243, "token_count": 413, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__115459092", "lang": "en", "text": "Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations in the history of the world. It lasted for over 3000 years from 3150 BC to 30 BC.\nThe Nile River\nThe civilization of Ancient Egypt was located along the Nile River in northeast Africa. The Nile was the source of much of the Ancient Egypt's wealth. Great Egyptian cities grew up along the Nile as the Egyptian people became experts in irrigation and were able to use the water from the Nile to grow rich and profitable crops. The Nile provided food, soil, water, and transportation for the Egyptians. Great floods would come each year and would provide fertile soil for growing food.\nHistorians usually group the history of Ancient Egypt into three major kingdoms called the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. It was during these times that Ancient Egypt was at its strongest. The times between the Kingdoms are called intermediate periods.\nAncient Egypt was rich in culture including government, religion, arts, and writing. The government and religion were tied together as the leader of the government, the Pharaoh, was also leader of the religion. Writing was also important in keeping the government running. Only scribes could read and write and they were considered powerful people.\nPyramids and Treasure\nThe Pharaohs of Egypt were often buried in giant pyramids or in secret tombs. They believed that they needed treasure to be buried with them to help them in the afterlife. As a result, archeologists have a lot of well preserved artifacts and tombs to examine in order to find out how the Ancient Egyptians lived.\nEnd of the Empire\nThe Ancient Egyptian Empire began to weaken in about 700 BC. It was conquered by a number of other civilizations. The first to conquer Egypt was the Assyrian Empire, followed a hundred or so years later by the Persian Empire. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Greece conquered Egypt and set up his own ruling family called the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Finally, the Romans came in 30 BC and Egypt became a province of Rome.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://galapagosholidayadventures.com/?ait-dir-item-location=cuenca", "date": "2017-08-22T03:36:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109893.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822031111-20170822051111-00236.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8605318069458008, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-34__0__1944158", "lang": "en", "text": "6-DAY THE ANDES AND CASCADE AVENUE – FROM $1,499\nA six-day immersion in the Andean World, from Quito, along the Avenue of the Volcanoes, Riobamba, Devil Nose Train, and Colonial Cuenca. Enjoy the spectacular scenery of the Andes, with visits to centenary Haciendas, fertile fields of vegetables and roses, in close contact with the local culture. This is a journey along the history, the spirituality, the flavors, the customs, traditions, and legends of the Andean Region.\nShowing 1 from 1 Items", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ask-aladdin.com/all-destinations/egypt/category/egypt-tombs/page/yuya-tuya-valley-of-the-kings-kv-46", "date": "2023-10-03T14:54:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00589.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9573756456375122, "token_count": 717, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__119359008", "lang": "en", "text": "Yuya and Tuya: Unearthing the Secrets of KV46 in the Valley of the Kings\nThe Valley of the Kings, one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, continues to captivate historians, archaeologists, and visitors alike with its deep-seated secrets and stunning royal tombs. Among these ancient wonders, KV46, the final resting place of Yuya and Tuya, holds a special place for its remarkable preservation and the wealth of information it offers about the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.\nWho were Yuya and Tuya?\nYuya and Tuya were not pharaohs, but their influence and status in ancient Egyptian society were unquestionable. Yuya served as a key advisor to Pharaoh Amenhotep III, while Tuya held the important position of the chief queen's mother. Their daughter, Queen Tiye, was the Great Royal Wife of Amenhotep III and the mother of Akhenaten, making them the grandparents of the famed boy-king, Tutankhamun.\nThe Discovery of KV46\nThe tomb of Yuya and Tuya, designated KV46, was discovered by James E. Quibell and his team in 1905, under the auspices of Theodore M. Davis. Located in the Valley of the Kings, the tomb is rather modest compared to the grandeur of pharaohs' tombs. Yet, it remains significant due to its exceptional condition at the time of discovery.\nMuch to the surprise of Quibell and his team, the tomb was almost intact, with only minor disturbances caused by tomb robbers. This rarity offered a unique glimpse into the burial practices of high-status individuals during the 18th Dynasty.\nInside KV46: A Journey Through Time\nUpon entering KV46, one is transported back in time, into the world of ancient Egypt. The tomb consists of a staircase leading to a corridor, followed by a burial chamber where the mummies of Yuya and Tuya were found in their original coffins. The walls, though devoid of the elaborate decorations found in royal tombs, emanate a profound sense of history.\nThe burial chamber was filled with a variety of funerary goods, including furniture, food offerings, alabaster vases, and golden funerary masks, reflecting the high status of Yuya and Tuya. Perhaps most striking were the anthropoid (human-shaped) coffins of Yuya and Tuya, made from wood and covered in gold. Yuya's mummy was found to be remarkably well-preserved, providing invaluable insights into ancient Egyptian mummification techniques.\nThe Legacy of Yuya and Tuya\nThe discovery of KV46 greatly enriched our understanding of the 18th Dynasty. The artifacts found in the tomb have provided invaluable insights into the funerary practices, religious beliefs, and artistic styles of the period. Moreover, the DNA analysis conducted on the mummies of Yuya and Tuya has helped clarify the complex familial relationships within the 18th Dynasty royal family.\nIn conclusion, KV46, the tomb of Yuya and Tuya, serves as a testament to the grandeur and complexity of ancient Egypt. Although they were not royalty, the respect and reverence afforded to Yuya and Tuya in their burial practices speak volumes about their significant roles in the royal court. As we continue to unearth and study the secrets of the Valley of the Kings, the legacy of Yuya and Tuya remains etched in the annals of Egypt's rich history.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://superheroesactionfigures.blogspot.com/", "date": "2017-04-26T17:36:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121528.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00321-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8646948933601379, "token_count": 204, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__114135058", "lang": "en", "text": "Here are the newest Superman stamps from Canada Post!\nThe 5 stamps on this Souvenir Sheet showcase the evolution of Superman’s image throughout 75 years of comic book appearances. The illustrations come from:\n1939: Superman #1, cover drawn by Joe Shuster\n1945: Superman #32, cover drawn by Wayne Boring\n1971: Superman #233, cover drawn by Neal Adams\n2004: Superman #204, interior image drawn by Jim Lee\n2012: Superman Annual #1, cover drawn by Kenneth Rocafort\nThese postcards feature designs from some of the most memorable comic book covers of the past 75 years!\n1939: Superman #1, drawn by Joe Shuster\n1939: Action Comics #13, drawn by Joe Shuster\n1986: Man of Steel #1 Special Collector’s Edition, drawn by John Byrne\n2004: Superman #204, drawn by Jim Lee\n2012: Superman Annual #1, drawn by Kenneth Rocafort\nGet yours today!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.alaskastories.fathompublishing.com/", "date": "2024-02-25T14:31:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474617.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225135334-20240225165334-00355.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9541515707969666, "token_count": 644, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__110997739", "lang": "en", "text": "Alaska's Early Days and History\nAlaska Cruise 1909\nCruise Alaska aboard the Steamer Northwestern and discover what it was like to travel to Alaska in the early 1900s. These are the stories told by America’s writers and editors as they visited Alaska’s cities, glaciers, mines and farmlands at the end of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909.\nThe original story was written by Bertha Adele Penny, as she shared her personal experience of the trip with friends and family. Her story was shared decades later with Constance Taylor in 1977 and remained in a box of treasures for 42 years. When she rediscovered it in 2019, she knew it needed to be published.\nThe delightful story, told in the voice of turn-of-the-century America and full of humor as well as poignant beauty, has been compiled and comes to life with vintage photographs, newspaper clippings, and an appendix of articles written by others who shared the grand adventure.\nNext Generation Indie Book Award Finalist Memoirs (Historical/Legacy)\nFavorite Quotes from Alaska Cruise 1909\nThe brilliant mass of color lengthened out into rays, the rosy fingers stretching across the sky formed a luminous arch that spanned the heavens.\nAt that time there was always a group in the bow of the boat happily gazing at the ever-changing panorama, watching the sapphire water roll in symmetrical waves from either side of the Northwestern’s graceful bow and waiting, waiting for the strangeness and vagueness of an Alaskan twilight.\nThere is a subtle illusive, intangible something that grips the heart of the visitor to Alaska.\nConstance Taylor was given a charming, witty description of a 1909 Alaska cruise aboard the Steamer Northwestern. In publishing that writing, she brought the travelogue vividly to life by adding about 50 photographs of the scenery and towns mentioned. The book is short enough to read once for the words, then again for the photos. Attractively assembled, Alaska Cruise 1909 also has footnotes to explain some terms, an index for easy reference, and an appendix of other writers’ descriptions of the same 1909 cruise.\nI liked the entire presentation. The early photos of San Francisco, Seattle and Alaska are historic treasures not often seen in print. The historic content and writing style is refreshing as well as educational. The index makes the content easy to go to quickly, if one is interested in a certain aspect of the journey.\nI was captivated from the moment I picked up this story. The writing style and voice is a delightful step back into early 1900's America, and the author has a fascinating blend of wit and poetic description as she writes about her experience travelling to Alaska. She captures the beauty and grandeur of Alaska so that I could almost picture in my mind's eye what she was describing. The vintage photographs and additional perspectives of the trip in the appendix were wonderful additions. This is a great short read, and I am ordering extra copies to send to friends and family.\nCustomer reviews on Amazon.com.\nHow to Order\nChat with Connie", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://richardnathanson.co.uk/artists/40-samuel-palmer/works/35/", "date": "2021-10-26T22:01:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587926.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026200738-20211026230738-00320.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8713594079017639, "token_count": 258, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__132627597", "lang": "en", "text": "28 1/8 x 20 1/4 ins\nAlfred Palmer, the artist’s son.\nHis sale at Christies [24.5.09, lot 118]\nSampson, acquired at the above sale.\nChristies Anon sale, [25.5.1936, lot 109].\nF.R.Meatyard, acquired at the above sale.\nLeger Galleries, 1937.\nHenry Reitlinger, acquired from the above.\nSotheby’s, sale of Reitlinger collection [27.1.1954, lot 124].\nAgnews, acquired at above sale.\nAcquired from the above by the father of the present owners in 1954.\nThe British Museum, London, Samuel Palmer, Bicentenary Exhibition, October 2005 – January 2006.\nThe Metropolitan Museum, New York, Samuel Palmer, Bicentenary Exhibition, March – May 2006.\nThe above exhibitions represent the first major showing of Palmer’s work since 1926.\nRaymond Lister, Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of Samuel Palmer, 1988. Reproduced Plate.178.\nThe exhibition catalogue for the British Museum bicentenary exhibition mentioned below [reproduced in colour].", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://guidememo.com/nikko-toshogu/", "date": "2024-04-23T21:48:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818740.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423192952-20240423222952-00013.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9437713623046875, "token_count": 1276, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__43337835", "lang": "en", "text": "n Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture, there is a shrine called Nikko Toshogu, which is dedicated to Ieyasu Tokugawa, the first shogun of Edo period.\nFutarasan Shrine, Rinnoji Temple, and the mountain forest around the shrine are both registered as UNESCO World Heritage sites.\nThis article introduces Nikko Toshogu Shrine, where Tokugawa Ieyasu’s tomb is located, and its highlights.\n- About Nikko Toshogu Shrine\n- Highlights of Nikko Toshogu Shrine\n- Nikko Toshogu Trivia\n- Access and Parking at Nikko Toshogu Shrine\nAbout Nikko Toshogu Shrine\nNikko has been a sacred place for mountain worship since ancient times\nNikko has long been a sacred place for mountain worship, with Mt. Nantai (another name for Futarasan) under the patronage of the Minamoto clan, the mountain was worshipped by the samurai.\nNikko Toshogu Shrine was built by Iemitsu\nIeyasu Tokugawa, the first shogun of Edo period, left a will that he wanted to watch over the Shogunate from Nikko after his death, and was honored at Nikko Toshogu Shrine.\nNikko Toshogu Shrine was built by Ieyasu’s grandson, the third shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, for Ieyasu.\nIemitsu himself is enshrined at Rinnoji Temple in Nikko, a five-minute walk from Toshogu Shrine.\nHighlights of Nikko Toshogu Shrine\nAfter passing through the stone torii gate and walking down the street to the front gate, you will see the colorful five-story pagoda on your left.\nThe five-story pagoda of Nikko Toshogu is 36 meters high and is designated as an important cultural property.\nAfter paying the entrance fee and passing through the front gate of Nikko Toshogu, you will first come to a square with three Shinto vaults, a Shinkyu-sha stable, and a Omizuya.\nThe Shinkyu-sha stable is where the horses of the gods are kept.\nThe five-story pagoda in front of the front gate alone is a conspicuous enough building, but once you enter the front gate of Toshogu, an even more glittering world opens up before you.\nAs far as the eye can see, there are brightly colored sculptures carved into the buildings of the shrine.\nAmong the sculptures of Nikko Toshogu Shrine, the sculpture of the three monkeys, “see no evil,” “hear no evil,” and “speak no evil,” in the Shnkyo-sha stables are the most famous.\nThe Yomeimon Gate, which is said to be the most gorgeous and ornate in Nikko Toshogu, has a total of 508 carvings of imaginary animals and figures.\nThe Yomeimon Gate is called the “Higurashi-no-mon” because one could look at it until sundown and never get tired of it.\nWorship Hall and Main Hall\nAfter passing through the Yomeimon gate, you will see the main shrine. To visit the shrine, you must first take off your shoes, enter the hall of worship, listen to a talk by the priest of Toshogu, and then visit the main shrine.\nAfter the main shrine, we went to the inner sanctuary, where Ieyasu Tokugawa’s grave is located. To get to the inner sanctuary, you must first pass through the Sakashita-mon Gate on the right side of the main shrine.\nAt the Sakashita-mon gate, there is a carving of the famous “Sleeping Cat,” but it is so small that some people may miss it. Please pay attention to the direction indicated by the arrow.\nVisit the inner shrine where Ieyasu Tokugawa is buried\nClimbing the long stone stairs leading to the inner sanctuary, you will come to the tomb where Ieyasu Tokugawa is buried at Nikko Toshogu Shrine. The pagoda in the center is made of an alloy of gold, silver, and copper.\nCompared to the splendor of the Yomei-mon gate, the inner shrine is a quiet and serene place.\nNikko Toshogu Trivia\nHow many Toshogu shrines are there in Japan?\nToshogu refers to a shrine dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Toshogu shrines exist not only in Nikko, but all over Japan.\nIt is said that at one time, nearly 700 Toshogu shrines were built, of which only 130 remain today.\nWhere are the tombs of the shoguns of the Edo period?\nIt is well known that Ieyasu Tokugawa and Iemitsu Tokugawa are buried in Nikko, but where are the graves of the shoguns of the Edo period other than Ieyasu and Iemitsu?\nThe shoguns of the Edo period are not buried in Nikko. The shoguns are buried at Zojoji Temple in Minato Ward, Tokyo and Kan-eiji Temple in Taito Ward, Tokyo.\nOnly the last shogun of the Edo Shogunate, Yoshinobu Tokugawa, is buried at Yanaka Cemetery in Taito Ward, Tokyo.\nAccess and Parking at Nikko Toshogu Shrine\nArriving at Nikko Toshogu Shrine in 2.5 hours from Tokyo\n|If you go by train, it takes about 30 minutes by foot or 7 minutes by bus from Tobu Nikko Station or JR Nikko Station to Nikko Toshogu Shrine.\n|Nikko Official Guide\n|Paid parking available", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.hawkgriffin.com/about/", "date": "2023-09-22T08:46:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00703.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9202679991722107, "token_count": 237, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__30100180", "lang": "en", "text": "Hawk & Griffin brings the character of a traditional British pub experience to Vienna, Virginia. Our design and décor transport patrons back to the Edwardian era (1900-1918). Come in and enjoy our uniquely British menu along with our selection of British style beers and spirits while enjoying live music, premier sports viewing or a friendly game of darts. The message in our entry foyer is our promise. “There are no strangers here. Only friends you have not yet met”\nInspiration for the name comes from the community itself. The hawk represents the Madison High School mascot (Warhawk) and the griffin represents the GC Marshall High School mascot. These local schools have a long-standing rivalry that brings the community together.\nHawk and Griffin boasts two cozy “snugs”. The traditional pub snug was a small lounge area for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Women, clergy and the local police officer could enjoy a discreet pint of ale or nip of gin. Snugs also became the meeting space for local matchmaking where marriages would be arranged.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/25940", "date": "2019-07-19T04:41:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525974.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719032721-20190719054721-00000.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8475258350372314, "token_count": 251, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__160780709", "lang": "en", "text": "BERNARDINO DE RIBERA’S COMPOSITIONAL SUMMARY: TOLEDO POLYPHONIC CODEX NUMBER 6\nAño del Documento\nBernardino de Ribera (ca. 1520 – 1580) was a highly recognized maestro de capilla in the sixteenth century Spain. Nevertheless, his actual status is highly associated with the great figure of Tomás Luis de Victoria, since it seems that both coincided in their years spent at Ávila, Ribera as a consolidated master, Victoria as a young choirboy. The present study analyses the large choirbook that Ribera himself charged as a present for the cathedral of Toledo. The article examines the history of the manuscript (mutilated some years after its making because of the value of its illuminations), the construction of the Codex and the repertoire contained within, showing the importance of some neglected figures like Bernardino, a significant composer that deserves more consideration by himself.\nBernardino de Ribera\nDepartamento de Musicología\nFiles in this item\nExcept where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://watsonlv.net/corris.shtml", "date": "2017-09-26T14:25:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696182.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926141625-20170926161625-00467.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7175853848457336, "token_count": 684, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__65343826", "lang": "en", "text": "The Corris Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Corris) is a narrow gauge preserved railway based in Corris on the border between Merionethshire (now Gwynedd) and Montgomeryshire (now Powys) in Mid-Wales.\nThe line opened in 1859, and originally ran from Derwenlas, south east of Machynlleth north to Corris and on to Aberllefenni. Branches served the slate quarries at Corris Uchaf, Aberllefenni, the isolated quarries around Ratgoed and quarries along the length of the Dulas Valley.\nThe railway closed in 1948, but a preservation society was formed in 1966, initially opening a museum; a short section of line between Corris and Maespoeth was re-opened to passengers in 2002. The railway now operates as a tourist attraction. A new steam locomotive was built for the railway, which was delivered in 2005. The two surviving locomotives, plus some of the original rolling stock, are preserved on the nearby Talyllyn Railway.\nThe gauge of the railway is 2 ft 3 in (686 mm). (Wikipedia)\n|COR1 MAIN ROUTE|\n|m||c||m||c||place||slate, open||slate, closed||passenger,|\n|8||43||Capel Ratgoed (Tramway)||1/4/1859||20/8/1948|\n|6||8||Matthew Mill Siding||1/4/1859||20/8/1948|\n|4||22||49||Maespoeth Junction, with COR2||1/4/1859||20/8/1948||MAESPOETH||3/6/2002|\n|58||Current end of line|\n|2||40||TAN-Y-COED - proposed end of line||?|\n|38||FRIDD GATE HALT||1/4/1859||20/8/1948||7/1887||1/1/1931|\n|Cambrian Railway over bridge||1/4/1859||1864|\n|Ysgol Bro Ddfyfi (footpath)||1/4/1859||1864|\n|CEI WARD (Morben)||1/4/1859||1864|\n|CWI GOGH (Carreg)||1/4/1859||1864|\n|COR2 UPPER CORRIS TRAMWAY|\n|1||58||End of line||1/4/1859||1941|\n|60||Braichgoch and Gwaewern Quarries||1/4/1859||1941|\n|0||Maespoeth Junction, with COR1||1/4/1859||1941|\nThe author - Leslie (Lez) V Watson - has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.\nI use Chrome web browser and Notepad++ script editor.\nv18.9 :: August 2017", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.litup.org.uk/visit-bridlington/", "date": "2017-07-24T06:30:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424756.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724062304-20170724082304-00426.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9296436309814453, "token_count": 243, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__191463493", "lang": "en", "text": "Set in fifty acres of stunning parkland, this historic country house and estate has a great deal to offer to visitors of all ages.\nWith breathtaking views of the East Yorkshire coast, the house and gardens have something for everyone whatever the season, offering a beautiful and inspiring venue for our Poetry Festival events.\nSewerby Hall and Gardens\nBuilt between 1220 and 1425 as the Parish Church of St. John and St. Martin, Beverley Minster is an iconic venue offering spectacular features both inside and out and is regarded as one of the best surviving examples of gothic art.\nJeremy Fletcher has been the vicar at Beverley Minster since 2009 and has welcomed festival events as an opportunity not only to showcase the magnificent building but also to welcome new audiences to the Minster.\nMinster Yard South\nBuilt between 1890 and 1892, and extended in 1901, Toll Gavel United Church is a very active church set in the heart of Beverley which has welcomed festival events from both Beverley and Bridlington for many years.\nThe church offers a warm and welcoming venue with an impressive array of stained glass windows and traditional church organ.\nToll Gavel United Church", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://ux.northjersey.com/story/news/morris/lincoln-park/2017/03/08/lincoln-park-mayor-named-elected-officials-hof/98915204/", "date": "2018-06-18T23:08:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861456.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618222556-20180619002556-00102.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9766430258750916, "token_count": 359, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__167012279", "lang": "en", "text": "Join the Conversation\nTo find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs\nLincoln Park mayor named to elected officials' HOF\nLINCOLN PARK—Mayor David Runfeldt has been named to the New Jersey League of Municipalities Elected Officials Hall of Fame. The league also named him to its Mayors Hall of Fame in the fall.\nFirst elected to borough council in 1997 as a representative of Ward 2, Runfeldt was elected mayor in 2007 when his predecessor David Baker stepped down, said Municipal Clerk Cynthia Sloane, who nominated Runfeld.\nTo qualify for the hall, a candidate has to be nominated and have served as 20 years in elected office. Runfeldt is a chiropractor and has lived in town for 35 years.\n\"I do believe I am the only one from Lincoln Park to have been named to both the mayor's hall of fame as well as the elected officials',\" he said.\nRunfeldt joins a number of other prominent and long-serving elected officials in the Elected Officials Hall of Fame including Lincoln Park Ward 4 Councilman James Wild. Also in the Hall are former Pequannock Councilwoman Ruth Spellman, Butler's former Mayor Joseph Heywang, former Riverdale Councilman Joseph Falkoski and former Councilman and Mayor William Budesheim, Wanaque's longtime mayor, the late Warren Hagstrom, Ringwood's Walter Davison and Kinnelon's former Councilman Anthony La Marca and long-time former Mayor Glenn Sisco. (Sisco was recently appointed to the Kinnelon Council to fill an unexpired term. He served as mayor from 1968 to 2012.)\n\"It is of course a great honor to be named,\" Runfeldt said.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kmstudio.gr/ama-lachei", "date": "2024-04-19T05:49:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817289.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419043820-20240419073820-00699.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.950160562992096, "token_count": 233, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__33040140", "lang": "en", "text": "project: transformation of existing facility to a restaurant\nlocation: Athens, Greece\nfloor area: 500 m2\n400 m2 (courtyard)\nyear: 2013, 2017\nconstruction: km architecture studio\nartwork (wall-cut): teokon design\nphotos: Lef Tetris, B. Giritziotis\nThis listed two-storey building, located in a historic neighbourhood of Athens center, dates from late 19th century and was initially designed and functioned (until 1981) as an elementary school. The project involved the renovation of the restaurant, which was established here in the mid 1980s.\nThe concept was to preserve and highlight the architectural style and the original interior arrangement of the building, along with the unique courtyard (rarely encountered in buildings of Athens centre).\nIt is the building’s simplicity of geometric form, the distinctive interior space (wide and tall classrooms separated by impressive doors) and the courtyard’s imposing size that implement the quality of intervention, which focuses mainly on removing any additions or alterations and maintaining characteristic elements of the original ...", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://aspiritedlife.com/2008/05/drawing-on-the-past-globe-and-mail/", "date": "2024-02-27T11:00:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00022.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9767434000968933, "token_count": 287, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__145902806", "lang": "en", "text": "In Amsterdam, a museum exhibit titled Superheroes and Schlemiels shows how Jews turned to graphic novels to tell their stories\nBy ALEXANDRA HUDSON\nReuters News Agency\nApril 29, 2008 at 3:28 AM EDT\nA large part of the exhibition, titled Superheroes and Schlemiels, is devoted to artist Will Eisner, showing his comic strips and large-scale drawings as well as pages from his later graphic novels.\nEisner co-founded the first American comic strip production studio in 1936 and created the masked crime fighter the Spirit in 1940, but he is also credited with creating the first long-form comic in 1978, which he termed a “graphic novel.”\n“That created a cultural space,” said Couch, helping to gain the graphic novel respect in the 1970s and launching a canon of works in that format exploring Jewish history and personal experience.\nBy printing “graphic novel” on his 1978 work, Eisner also gained access to the U.S. public library market, then closed to comics.\nThe exhibition, which shows the work of about 40 comic-strip artists, also includes pages from Spiegelman’s 1986 graphic novel Maus, an award-winning book exploring the generational conflict between Holocaust survivors and their children, and where the Jews are drawn as mice and the Nazis as cats.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cebeco-group.com/en/about-us", "date": "2022-06-27T17:46:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103337962.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627164834-20220627194834-00370.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9446926116943359, "token_count": 273, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__79914113", "lang": "en", "text": "Cebeco is one of the oldest companies in Lithuania, established in 1993, just after the Independence.\nThe company was founded by Carl Berneheim - one of the first Swedish businessmen to establish operations in the Baltics.\nWithin a few years, Cebeco grew to be one of the top suppliers of pulpwood exporting by ships from Klaipeda port. This part of operations was later sold to BillerudKorsnäs in Sweden.\nOther activities included and successfully continue to this day are timber impregnation, drying, and pole production.\nIn 2018 construction operations were added as a result of new management coming on board that came with long-term expertise in this field.\nOur production facility is located in a strategically convenient location, close to a highway halfway between Vilnius and Kaunas.\nUAB Cebeco grupe\nKalniniu g. 8\nLT-26131 Elektrenu sav.\nGoogle coordinates: 54.8001076, 24.6190809\nTel.: +370 346 42321\nCompany code: 211551010\nVAT code: LT115510113", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://galleries.realclearpolitics.com/gallery/nationwide_day_protest/slideshow/Egyptian_policemen_march_with_opponents_of_Egypt's_Islamist_President_Mohammed_Morsi_in_Cairo%2C/0ejzdoe2KB6K6", "date": "2014-12-19T18:08:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768831.100/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00038-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9569661617279053, "token_count": 110, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-52__0__25694365", "lang": "en", "text": "Egyptian protesters hold a banner in Tahrir Square during a demonstration against Egypt's Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in Cairo, Sunday, June 30, 2013. Hundreds of thousands of opponents of Egypt's Islamist president poured onto the streets in Cairo and across much of the nation Sunday, launching an all-out push to force Mohammed Morsi from office on the one-year anniversary of his inauguration. Fears of violence were high, with Morsi's Islamist supporters vowing to defend him.\nCredit: Amr Nabil/AP\nDate: Jun 30, 2013", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.gfparks.org/parks-facilities/veterans-memorial-park/", "date": "2024-03-04T00:46:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00641.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9427241683006287, "token_count": 642, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__129787380", "lang": "en", "text": "Through community philanthropy and the tireless work of local veterans and the VMP Committee, the Veterans Memorial Park was built as an outdoor gathering place for veterans, military members, families, and community members to celebrate, recognize, remember, and honor the lives of those who are serving or have served in the United States Military.\nVeterans Memorial Park Features\n- Five Obelisks representing each of the five branches of military service\n- Educational Memorial Granite Wall with laser-etched images depicting the American veteran role from the first wars and conflicts to the latest electronic warfare\n- Visitor Center with interactive educational kiosk and restrooms\n- Anchor from the USS Kiska, a Navy ammunition ship that saw service during the Vietnam War\n- Walk of Honor* – Path of memorial stones to honor loved ones who have served or are currently serving*\n- Park Benches for meditation & reflection\n- Park Shelters for gatherings and events\n- Future development incorporating additional military equipment\nBrief History of the Park\nThe Veterans Memorial Park vision began a number of years ago with a veteran named Roger Westerso. He envisioned a park with a wall and various sculptures complemented by five pillars, each representing a branch of the military. A portion of his artwork was added to a Harley Davidson chopper which became the “Veterans Memorial Bike”. Don Purpur and John Hanson met at the 2011 Red River Valley Motorcyclists Show where the bike was on display.\nDon and John began a discussion on the importance of building a Veterans Memorial Park (VMP). Our community has a rich military tradition from the North Dakota National Guard’s 164th Infantry dating back to 1885, the Grand Forks Air Force Base dating back to the 1950’s, and the thousands of community members who have served or are serving honorably in the military throughout the world.\nProminent support began with the Grand Forks Park District, the Grand Forks Parks & Recreation Foundation, the Red River Valley Motorcyclists, the City of Grand Forks, veteran organizations, and local veterans. The Grand Forks Park District generously offered the land at 2357 S 34th St, for the VMP and a groundbreaking was held on July 8, 2015. The Anchor from the U.S.S. Kiska was placed in the VMP on August 22, 2016.\nBeginning in 2017, the VMP Officers and Committee Members under Chair Gen Al Palmer came together to make a vision a reality. Gen Palmer, Gary Shields, and Mike Hagen with their major fundraising activities, have led to the installation of: The Memorial Wall, the five Obelisks, the five shelters, the five Service Benches, the 15 Park Benches, the Gen Al Palmer Visitor Center, and the Donor Recognition Wall. Planning for the installation of General Atomics “Reaper”, a Northrop Grumman “Global Hawk” and a B-52 Bomber is underway.\nAs the Veterans Memorial Park Committee pursued the vision, donations from numerous patriotic individuals, families, businesses, and organizations have made this beautiful park a destination location.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.white.de/pt/for-true-gentlemens/", "date": "2022-11-27T15:58:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710409.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20221127141808-20221127171808-00371.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9521434307098389, "token_count": 810, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__93437180", "lang": "en", "text": "Jeremy Hackett, always the perfect gentleman.\nFOR TRUE GENTLEMENMENSWEAR AS AN OUTLOOK\nDistinctive luxury for the modern bon vivant. HACKETT\nisn’t just a gentlemen’s outfitter, it’s an outlook on life –\nexpressed in the form of classic design, fine details and superb\nIT WAS THEIR LOVE of traditional British men’s clothing that brought Jeremy Hackett and Ashley Lloyd-Jennings together when they met at London’s famous Portobello Road flea market in 1979. Later that year, the two of them went into business together, selling upmarket second-hand menswear at the same market. Four years later, they took the plunge and opened their first store. Here too, they started off selling high-quality traditional British clothing and accessories – all of it preloved. In 1985, the two founders decided to produce their first own collection. It was the birth of the HACKETT brand as we know it today.\nAnd yet HACKETT’s confidently stylish aura and classic design paired with the finest materials tend to conjure up the idea of a traditional, old-established company that has grown over many decades and been handed down from one generation to the next. This image is further cultivated by the brand’s nostalgic-looking logo, which consists of a bowler hat and two umbrellas.\nHACKETT’s rise to global prestige was a rapid one. In the late 1980s, a growing number of anglophile Europeans began to discover their love of British clothing. Stores opened in Madrid and Paris, and in 1992 HACKETT stepped onto a new and prestigious stage with its flagship store in London’s Sloane Street. But it was in 2005 that its global expansion really gained momentum: more and more stores were opened, giving the luxury brand a presence not only in numerous European countries but in Japan, South Africa, Kuwait, Dubai and Tokyo as well.\nHis clothing and accessories are renowned all over the world.\nIn the meantime, the modern gentleman with a penchant for British style can purchase his entire wardrobe from HACKETT, including accessories. There are three lines to choose from: Mayfair, the premium range with clear-cut shapes – superb shirts, blazers and suits, as well as chinos, jeans and leather jackets for the weekend; the casually elegant leisure collection, which goes by the name of London; and finally the Sport line, designed for the “urban athlete”.\nAnd if customers’ male offspring want to dress just like daddy, there’s the Essential British Kids collection as well.\nIn 1987, a sponsorship enquiry from two army officers prompted the brand to start making sportswear. It was the beginning of the Hackett Polo Team, and the shirts were so popular that they soon went on sale in the stores too.\nJeremy Hackett’s label dresses such\ninternationally famous world-class players and\nteams as Aston Martin Racing, the British Army\nPolo Team and Chelsea Football Club.\nToday sports sponsorship plays an important role at HACKETT, because Jeremy Hackett’s schedule echoes the sporting diary of the British upper classes: polo, rowing and rugby are a tradition in England, as are racing, football and tennis. This has led to a succession of new partnerships that have influenced the style of the collections. Jeremy Hackett’s label dresses such internationally famous world-class players and teams as Aston Martin Racing, the British Army Polo Team and Chelsea Football Club.\nFor the last five years, HACKETT has also been the official outfitter of the prestigious EE British Academy Film Awards. A perfect alliance in view of everything the brand has in common with the event: success, style and tradition.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bundesstiftung-bauakademie.de/en/", "date": "2023-12-10T19:12:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102637.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210190744-20231210220744-00181.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9616729617118835, "token_count": 1559, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__303114711", "lang": "en", "text": "Building the Future\nAn institution in the making. A building in the making. The Bauakademie.\nWhat is the Bauakademie?\nThe Bauakademie is both an institution and a building. The institution was founded in 1799 in Berlin as a state educational institution for the training of architects and civil engineers. In 1836 the Bauakademie moved into its own building, which was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The building was in the historic center of Berlin, within proximity of the Royal Palace. Schinkel’s Bauakademie building was one of the most significant and influential works in the history of European architecture. It was torn down in 1962.\nWhen was the Federal Bauakademie Foundation established?\nIn 2016 the German Bundestag resolved to reconstruct the Bauakademie, and in 2019 it established a nonprofit foundation to do so. The Federal Bauakademie Foundation has the mandate to manage the construction of the building and develop an educational and outreach program. As a forum for innovative construction and sustainable urban development, the Bauakademie is set to once again become a pioneering institution.\nWhat significance does Schinkel’s Bauakademie building have in architectural history?\nThe building pointed the way for modern construction. It was one of Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s principal works and also his most innovative project. The clarity of its plan, the compact overall form, and its construction principles were far ahead of their time. The building was a cube-like block with four equal sides. The facades were subdivided in a grid and dominated by large windows and protruding piers. The skeletal structure was very modern: instead of solid walls, the Bauakademie had a system of freestanding piers that were braced together with iron struts. Wall panels, windows and ceiling vaults were inserted in the spaces between the structure. Equally modern was the building’s incorporation of sliding windows and central heating.\nHow did the Bauakademie building influence modern architecture?\nThe skeletal structure of the building accommodated the new industrial production methods of the time. Thanks to the uniform grid, many building elements could be mass-produced in advance. This innovation continues to shape architecture right up to the present. The Bauakademie was also the first prestigious government building with a facade made entirely of unplastered bricks. Brick technology would later be widely adopted for public buildings. Many schools, hospitals, military barracks and office buildings were built this way. Schinkel advanced brick construction into an exceptional art form. In order to enliven the large wall surfaces, he used colored glazed brick courses and decorative terracotta reliefs, giving the brick walls a delicate and lively appearance.\nWhat other works did Schinkel create?\nKarl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841) was one of the most important architects of the 19th century and strongly influenced the construction activity in the Kingdom of Prussia. His built works in Berlin include the Neue Wache (New Guardhouse), the Altes Museum (Old Museum), the Schauspielhaus (Theater, now Konzerthaus Berlin) and the Friedrichswerder Church. Some of his designs were never realized, including a design for a large department store on the boulevard Unter den Linden. Schinkel worked as an art theorist and art expert and as an exhibition organizer and product designer. He painted landscape panoramas and other works on canvas, and he designed furniture and stage sets. His most famous stage designs were those he created for Mozart’s “Magic Flute.”\nHow was the Bauakademie building used?\nIn the first half century after it opened, the Bauakademie was primarily dedicated to the training of architects. The number of students grew from 26 in 1836 to nearly 800 in 1870. Because the spaces in the Schinkel building could no longer accommodate the demand, the Bauakademie moved in 1885 to the campus of the Technische Hochschule (now TU Berlin) in Berlin-Charlottenburg. The Bauakademie building also housed the Oberbaudeputation, Prussia’s highest building authority. As director of this government agency, Schinkel himself lived on the top floor of the building until his death. There were retail shops on the ground floor, which Schinkel envisioned would generate rental income to help defray the construction costs. After the Bauakademie moved out, the building housed various museums, research facilities and educational institutions.\nWhat institutions were located in the building after the Bauakademie moved out?\nFrom 1885 to 1934, the Preussische Messbildanstalt, or Royal Prussian Photogrammetric Institute, had its headquarters here. This state photo archive created an extensive documentation of historical architectural monuments. From 1886 to 1945, the Prussian Meteorological Institute and its very own weather station were based in the Bauakademie. The Royal Collection of Musical Instruments (now the Museum of Musical Instruments) also resided here between 1888 and 1902, as did the University of Berlin’s Historical Seminar from 1908 to 1922. In 1913, the Bildnisgalerie, or Portrait Gallery, opened on the second floor as a branch of the Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) dedicated to its portrait collection. In 1920, the newly founded Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, or German Academy for Politics, which specialized in providing nonpartisan training to political scientists, moved in. The National Socialists transformed the school into an educational institution that supported the regime, one that was later affiliated with the University of Berlin. In 1938, the art historian and museum director Paul Ortwin Rave set up his office in the Bauakademie, which then became the center of Schinkel research.\nWhy was the Bauakademie demolished?\nIn February 1945, the building burned after a bombing raid. The roof and most of the floors collapsed. After 1950, the East Berlin authorities aspired to reconstruct the building. The goal was to establish the official seat of the newly founded Deutsche Bauakademie (German Building Academy, later: Building Academy of the GDR) here. The reconstruction, which began in 1952, progressed rapidly at first. By 1953, it was already possible to celebrate the topping-out ceremony. But the interior work stalled. New plans called for the area to undergo a “socialist transformation.” The new building for the East German Foreign Ministry was now slated to be erected on part of the Bauakademie site. So the GDR government had the Bauakademie torn down in 1962, despite protests from home and abroad.\nHow did the commitment to reconstruction evolve?\nAfter reunification in 1990, civic initiatives with construction- and architecture-related use concepts formed to advocate for reconstruction of the Bauakademie. In 2002, it proved possible to erect a full-size mock-up of a corner of the building. A prototype building, the so-called Red Hall, was opened in the middle of the site to accommodate information sessions. Between 2004 and 2019, a giant facsimile printed on tarpaulins replicated the former appearance of the Bauakademie. These initiatives led to the resolution by the German Bundestag to reconstruct the Bauakademie and to establish the Bauakademie Foundation.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://pisethkham.com/tag/public-speaking/", "date": "2018-01-24T09:26:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893629.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124090112-20180124110112-00019.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9477800130844116, "token_count": 223, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__248760958", "lang": "en", "text": "Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, “That was their finest hour”\n– Speech to the British People, 1940\nWe shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight in the seas and oceans…we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for the moment I believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle until, in God’s good time, the new world, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the world.\n– Speech to the House of Commons, 1940", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://don-gaspar-inn-santa-fe.booked.net/", "date": "2017-02-21T23:15:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170864.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00351-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9344730973243713, "token_count": 136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__93849859", "lang": "en", "text": "Don Gaspar Inn welcomes guests in the heart of Santa Fe meters away from galleries and the chapel. Founded in 1916, the hotel underwent a renovation in 1992.\nThe property offers quiet location at a close proximity to New Mexico State Capitol (Roundhouse), Museum of Indian Arts & Culture and Loretto Chapel. Don Gaspar Inn is also located near Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, The Plaza and San Miguel Mission.\nGuests can reach Don Gaspar Inn by car from Santa Fe airport in 20 minutes.\nThis central hotel provides individual rooms equipped with a refrigerator, a patio and a microwave.\nEat & Drink\nA complimentary breakfast is served every morning.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://mtbhome.com/mountain-biking/history/", "date": "2020-01-22T05:20:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00254.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9730046987533569, "token_count": 587, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__100908690", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of mountain biking is short compared to many sports. Bicycles have been around for a few hundred years, but it wasn’t until the second half of the 20th century that we reached a critical mass of adventurers exploring mountains on their bikes.\nThe Birth of Mountain Biking\nPeople started using bicycles for mountain transportation shortly after biking was invented. In fact, the Buffalo Soldiers of Montana invented bikepacking in 1896 when they created the 25th Infantry Experimental Bicycle Corps. They hoped to replace horses with bikes for two reasons. Bikes don’t need to eat and they can’t get scared or killed during battle.\nIn the 1960s, people started building bikes specifically to go into the mountains. That’s also when people started to mountain bike because it was fun. Crested Butte, along with Marin County and Cupertino in California, burst onto the mountain biking scene with their bikers pushing the limits of what bikes could do.\nKlunkers and Pearl Pass\nCrested Butte’s claim to fame in the mountain biking world during the 1970s rested on two things: “klunkers” and the Pearl Pass Mountain Bike Tour.\nCrested Butte residents tinkered with their bikes, modifying a mix of road bikes, motorcycle parts, junkers, and the occasional bit of flare. They called these creations Crested Butte Klunkers. They didn’t have lofty goals for these klunkers. Instead they were just hoping for something that could handle our potholed main street. But once they had klunkers, Buttians started to venture farther from town and higher into the mountains.\nIn September of 1976, the Crested Butte Klunker riders decided to make the trek to Aspen over Pearl Pass. Those who were there say it was to get back at the Aspen men for riding their motorcycles to Crested Butte to steal our women. After word got out about the tour, the Marin County cyclists started bringing their fancy California bikes to Crested Butte to attempt the annual Pearl Pass tour. At that time it was the gnarliest terrain bikers were able to ride and a great way to test the latest bike technology.\nSince then, we’ve developed over 750 miles of trail in the Gunnison Valley, much of it far more thrilling than Pearl Pass. We have one of the best adaptive mountain biking programs in the United States. And we still tackle Pearl Pass every September on the way to Aspen.\nMountain Bike History Exhibit\nOur Crested Butte Mountain Heritage Museum plays tribute to the history of mountain biking in the Gunnison Valley with their mountain bike history exhibit. So while you’re here riding trails, don’t forget to stop in and learn a little bit more about the klunkers.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.arizonapottery.com/item.asp?iid=5759&tag=mexican+talavera", "date": "2018-01-23T01:50:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891705.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123012644-20180123032644-00441.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9525074362754822, "token_count": 370, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__33990625", "lang": "en", "text": "Arizona Pottery sells one of the largest collection of talavera pottery, garden animals, luminarias, spheres and so much more. We imported directly from the factory to our Tucson warehouse where we ship it across the US to you our beloved customers. So, you see it and you love it but let's talk a bit about what it is and where it comes from.\nTalavera is one of the finest ceramics of Mexico and from the Spanish colonial period of rich old world design and colorful heritage. Talavera pottery was first introduced to Mexico by Spanish guild artisans of the colonial perios. Commonly called \"majolica\" in Spain, Mexican Talavera draws its name from the 16th century Spanish pottery center, Talavera de la Reina.\nThe process to create Talavera pottery is elaborate and it has basically not changed since the early colonial period when it was first introduced. The first step is to mix black sand and white sand. It is then washed and filtered to keep only the finest particles.\nNext it is shaped by hand on a potters wheel, then left to dry for a number of days. Then comes the first firing . The piece is tested to see if any cracks occur. The initial glazing, which creates a milky white background is applied. After this, the design is hand painted. Finally, a second firing to harden the glaze.\nOne of the most desired things about talavera pottery is the bold bright colors and unique patterns. Since each piece is hand painted they are one of a kind. Everyone knows the look of talavera and it is well loved through out the world.\nAt Arizona Pottery we try to carry the largest and most unique patterns and designs.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.boothandbooth.co.uk/Peridot.htm", "date": "2018-05-24T07:49:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866107.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524073324-20180524093324-00409.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9754140973091125, "token_count": 212, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__164324559", "lang": "en", "text": "Today most peridot is mined by Native Americans in Arizona on the San Carlos Reservation. Fine large peridots are found in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and peridot is also mined in China and Sri Lanka.\nThe Romans called peridot \"evening emerald,\" since its green colour did not darken at night but was still visible by lamplight. Peridot was later often used to decorate mediaeval churches, probably carried back to Europe by the Crusaders. Large peridots, more than 200 carats in size, adorn the shrine of the three magi at the Cologne Cathedral.\nPeridot had the power to drive away evil spirits and the power was considered to be even more intense when the stone was set in gold. It was also said to strengthen the power of any medicine drunk from goblets carved from the gemstone.\nPeridot is the birthstone for August and the gemstone for the sixteenth wedding anniversary.\nExplore our complete peridot jewellery collection!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thefancarpet.com/movie_news/icon-film-distribution-unveil-photo-set-poster-set-trailer-toa-frasers-6-days-inspired-1980-iranian-embassy-siege/", "date": "2019-05-27T05:45:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232261326.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527045622-20190527071622-00052.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9489527344703674, "token_count": 402, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__130253755", "lang": "en", "text": "Icon Film Distribution unveil Photo set and Poster set and Trailer for Toa Fraser’s 6 DAYS Inspired by the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege\nAhead of its release this August, The Fan Carpet are delighted to bring you the Trailer, Photo set and Poster set for Toa Fraser's 6 DAYS, courtesy of Icon Film Distribution!\n6 Days is a new feature film chronicling the events that took place during the notorious Iranian Embassy siege in London, 1980, when the whole country stopped still and looked on as a tense standoff played out between the British security forces and armed militants, culminating in a dramatic and brutal assault.\nDirected by Toa Fraser, the film was shot on location in London’s Knightsbridge. The screenplay was written by acclaimed screenwriter Glenn Standring after extensive research and interviews with various individuals who played a key part in the days leading up to, during, and after the Embassy siege.\nThe framework for the film largely follows the perspective of three people who played a vital part in the events at the time – Hostage negotiator Max Vernon (played by Mark Strong), the man responsible for communicating with the terrorists inside the building; News Reporter Kate Adie (Abbie Cornish), who was covering the events for the BBC and Rusty Firmin (Jamie Bell), leader of one of the SAS assault teams that entered the Iranian Embassy to end the siege.\nIn April 1980, six armed gunmen stormed the Iranian Embassy in Princes Gate, London, taking 26 people inside hostage. Over the next six days a tense standoff took place, all the while a group of highly trained soldiers from the SAS prepared for a raid, the likes of which the world had never seen before.\n6 Days is a definitive inside account of a historic military operation, where for the first time ever the public witnessed the incredible bravery of the Special Air Service (SAS) in action.\n6 DAYS HITS CINEMAS NATIONWIDE ON AUGUST 4", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mla2013.thatcamp.org/author/andie/index.html", "date": "2022-09-25T12:05:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334528.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925101046-20220925131046-00563.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9116013050079346, "token_count": 137, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__23117449", "lang": "en", "text": "- PhD Candidate\n- Wayne State University\nI am a PhD candidate at Wayne State University working on early modern print culture and history of the book. In my dissertation project, I analyze paratexts designed and authored by printers, publishers, and booksellers, and the ways these paratexts functioned as marketing strategies. I hope this project will lead to creating a database that catalogues all the indexes, prefaces, and dedications I have located. I am definitely a novice at Digital Humanities, but I am eager to talk and learn about new developments, ideas, and projects in the field!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/independent_resources.htm", "date": "2017-02-25T18:36:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171807.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00180-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8404155373573303, "token_count": 1177, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__268197381", "lang": "en", "text": "The six-day war and resolution 242 - Maurice Ostroff\nWatch Michael Oren's complete Shalem Institute lecture on the dramatic history of the Six Day War: 40 Years of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern World.\nVideo Clips: Michael Oren, Natan Sharansky, Moshe Ya'alon, Martin Kramer and Yossi Klein Halevi offering their expert analyses of the ongoing global ramifications of the Six Day War:\nThe Global Impact of the Six Day War - Chris Mitchell, CBN News \"The Six Day War certainly changed the landscape of the Middle East, but the impact of the war reached far beyond the shifting Middle East borders to places like Moscow, Washington, and the capitals of Europe.\"\nLessons of the Six-Day War - Ariel Cohen The Heritage Foundation\nRemembering The Six-Day War - David Meir Levi Frontepagemage Magazine\nwww.sixdaywar.org compiled by CAMERA (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America)\nFull account of the dogfight of April 7th 1967\nNasser's Challenge - chapter 21 from Professor Martin Gilbert's book Israel - A History, this chapter republished by kind permission of the author.\nThe Miraculous Six Day War - commemorating the 40th anniversary a special microsite by IsraelNationalNews (Arutz Sheva)\nFrom the Ammunition Hill to Bint Jbail - Eviathar H. Ben-Zedeff - Global Report\nSix-Day War 40th Anniversary Guide - comprehensive documentation, including detailed maps and full speeches. For the media there is also a list with contact details of experts on different aspects of this topic. Recommended!\nSecurity Council Resolution 242 According to its Drafters - exceptionally well-researched, using comments by those who originally drafted this Resolution. It shows that impeccable care had been used to avoid the very misrepresentations that Israel's opponents frequently apply to this document!\nHidden Miracles - the spiritual dimension. Was there more than simply superb planning and execution that allowed Israel to destroy the Egyptian air force so rapidly?\nThe Six-Day War and the Mid-East Peace Process - Cameron S. Brown, Deputy Director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. - useful brief analysis. April 18 2007.\nThe Six-Day War: 40 Years On - Dr. Jonathan Spyer, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. - brief summary of long-term impact of the war.\nThe Six-Day War: Israel’s defensive pre-emptive strike - David Meir-Levi. Some commentators have suggest Nasser's actions in dismissing the UN buffer force, moving vast concentrations of troops and armour to the Sinai, closing the Straits of Tiran and issuing clear threats to anihhilate Israel were simply posturing. Had Israel failed to respond, the argument goes, Nasser would have backed down. This excellent article discusses why Israel carried out its pre-emptive strike.\nThe Six-Day War of 1967: Build-Up to War - Dr Jonathan Spyer, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. [direct link to PDF file] April 18 2007\nSix Days War - Wikipedia\nNEW Jerusalem 1948-1967 vs. 1967-2007: Comparing the Israeli and Jordanian Record - Linda Machaud-Emin, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. April 18 2007\nSix Days in June - William C. Varner: \"In six brief and dizzying days, a small but determined civilian army beat incalculable odds and altered the future course of Middle Eastern history. At the same time they gained new respect for a people long thought doomed to humiliating exile among the nations...\" Discusses the spiritual implications\nWhat led to the 6 Days War 1967? - www.palestinefacts.org\nThe Six Day War - Andre Oboler, for Zionism On The Web\nThe 1967 Six-Day War - Mitchell Bard - Jewish Virtual Library\n1967: Why Israel entered the West Bank - www.beyondimages.info\nSIX DAYS OF WAR: The Six-Day War - very interesting and informative interview with Michael Oren by the Hoover Institution - page has transcript of the programme along with links to both an audio version (mp3) and streaming video in both WMV and RealMedia formats)\nThe Mid East: A Century of Conflict: Part 4 The Six Days War 1967 (transcript of NPR programme)\nThe Grand Mufti of Jerusalem meets with Hitler - Youtube clip\nThe Mideast: A Century of Conflict Part 4: The 1967 Six Day War - NPR (audio and written transcript)\nOrigins of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict:The Defining Moment - David Schafer - The Humanist, January/February 2003\nA Brief History of Israel and Palestine and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict - Ami Isseroff - exceptional balanced overview of Middle East history\nDocuments relating to the Israeli-Palestinian dispute - comprehensive list of good links\nDe Zesdaagse Oorlog (5-10 juni 1967) - an account in Dutch of the Six Day War\nRadio Days: Michael Elkins - The Six-Day Middle East War (with mp3 audio of report made for CBS by BBC reporter during battle for Jerusalem)\nA Paratrooper's Story - Dr. Moshe Amirav His experiences leading up to the battle for Jerusalem", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.locustgrove-ga.gov/our-government/boards-commissions/historic-preservation", "date": "2020-06-02T17:39:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425481.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602162157-20200602192157-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8360735774040222, "token_count": 823, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__5361599", "lang": "en", "text": "The Historic Preservation Commission as defined in Chapter 14.03 of the Locust Grove Code of Ordinances consists of (5) members appointed by the Mayor and City Council charged with the study and recommendation of historic districts and any historic district overlay regulations, which includes the Certificate of Appropriateness review process for properties within the Historic Preservation District Overlay. The City of Locust Grove was designated in 2014 by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division as a Certified Local Government for our outstanding level of commitment to local preservation. Information regarding the Locust Grove National Register District (honorary) and the protected Historic Preservation District Overlay can be found below.\nHDPO Ordinance (approved May 2, 2011)\nLocust Grove HPDO Design Guidelines – Please note that the HPDO includes only commercial buildings. The included residential guidelines are used for commercial buildings with residential character or features within the commercial district.\n2019 Proposed Expansion Nomination Report (adopted December 2, 2019)\nLocust Grove Historic District Listed in the National Register of Historic Places (August 3, 2016 Press Release) – This designation allows property owners to become eligible for tax credits to perform restoration work to structures within the district boundaries.\nThis commission meets on the second Tuesday of each month at 6:00 PM in City Hall.\nPlease select \"All Upcoming\" to see the upcoming meeting schedule.\n|CANCELLED HPC Meeting||05/12/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:HPC May 2020 Cancel notice||Not Included|\n|CANCELLED HPC Meeting||04/14/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:HPC April 2020 Cancel notice||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||03/10/2020 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||02/11/2020 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||01/14/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:01-14-20 HPC Agenda||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||12/10/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:12-10-19 HPC Notice||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||11/12/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Special Meeting||10/29/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:10-29-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|\n|HPC Special Meeting||10/21/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:10-21-19 HPC Agenda Agenda:09-19-19 HPC Resource Report||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||10/08/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||09/10/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting (cancelled)||08/13/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Special Meeting||08/12/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:08-12-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|\n|HPC Special Meeting||07/23/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:07-23-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting (cancelled)||07/09/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||06/10/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||05/13/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||04/08/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||03/11/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|\n|HPC Meeting||02/11/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.flpost304.com/", "date": "2014-04-18T17:16:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533957.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00539-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9485780596733093, "token_count": 188, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__198378602", "lang": "en", "text": "Post 304 is named in honor of Lt. Albert Marshall LaBree Jr. USMC, who was the first resident of Dania, Florida to die in service to his country during WWII.\nPost 304 received its charter from the American Legion in 1949 and serves under the American Legion Department of Florida, Southern Area, 9th District.\nMarshall LaBree Post 304\n41 NE 1st Court\nDania Beach, Florida 33004\nLegion Membership Meeting: 4th Tuesday of the Month @ 7:00PM\nAuxiliary Membership Meeting: 2nd Monday of the Month @ 7:00PM\nSAL Membership Meeting: 1st Monday of the Month @ 7:00PM\nBroward Law Enforcement Detachment #549 of Dania Beach, Inc.\nGathers at Post 304 every Thursday at 5:00PM\nMonthly Meeting: 3rd Thursday of the Month at 5:00PM", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://tramp-v2.herokuapp.com/news/uk-news/2014_sep_26_roman-coin-hoard-clinton-devon-estates", "date": "2023-03-27T01:01:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946584.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326235016-20230327025016-00733.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9795235991477966, "token_count": 600, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__131852422", "lang": "en", "text": "One of the largest hoards of Roman coins ever discovered in the UK has been unearthed by a builder.\nMetal detector enthusiast Laurence Egerton discovered the haul of 22,000 fourth-century copper-alloy coins in Devon in November last year.\nAfter uncovering the coins on the Clinton Devon Estates, near Seaton Down, Egerton reported the find to the landowner and the local authority – and slept in his car for three nights to guard it.\nThe hoard was then carefully removed in its entirety by a team of archaeologists. Over the past 10 months the coins have been lightly cleaned, identified and catalogued by experts from the British Museum.\nThe Seaton Down hoard, which includes coins that are very well preserved, has been declared treasure by a coroner.\nThe Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter is now launching a bid to purchase the coins for public display in the city.\nEgerton spoke of his shock at finding the haul, which was located near a Roman villa and possible fort at the Honeyditches site.\n“Initially I found two small coins the size of a thumbnail sitting on top of the ground and then, as I began working in a grid formation in the surrounding area I had a 50-50 signal on the metal detector, which means that there is probably iron involved,” he said.\n“Most detectors are set up to ignore iron but I decided to dig the earth at that spot and immediately reached some iron ingots which were laid directly on top of the coins.\n“The next shovel was full of coins – they just spilled out over the field.\n“I had no idea how far down the coins went so I stopped immediately and phoned my wife to come to the site with a camera.\n“Under the terms of my licence, I contacted Clinton Devon Estates and Devon county council and was instructed to take away what was loose and then fill in the hole.\n“Between finding the hoard and the archaeologists excavating the site I slept alongside it in my car for three nights to guard it.\n“It’s by far the biggest find I’ve ever had. It really doesn’t get any better than this.”\nMost of the coins are associated with Constantine I and his family, who became emperor while in Britain in AD306.\nOther coins date from the joint reign of Constantius II and his younger brother Constans, from AD337 to 40.\nDr Roger Bland, from the British Museum, said: “It is one of the largest coin hoards of the fourth century ever found within the Roman empire but, despite the number of coins found, the financial value would not have been great, amounting to approximately four gold coins.\n“This sum of money would possibly have provided the ration of four soldiers for one year or a worker’s pay for two years.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.beziers-in-mediterranee.com/en/must-sees-and-dos/heritage-and-culture/museums-and-exhibitions/site-et-musee-d-enserune-937881", "date": "2020-05-28T15:23:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347399820.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528135528-20200528165528-00082.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7612975835800171, "token_count": 251, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__175741658", "lang": "en", "text": "The museum has an exceptional collection of exhibits on display discovered during the excavations. These archaeological artefacts are spread across three main rooms named after the archaeologists who made their mark on Ensérune (Salle Sigal, Salle Mouret and Salle Jannoray). Ensérune is one of the most remarkable Gallic sites in Languedoc. Multiple influences have left their mark on it (Iberian, Celtic, Greek, Italic, etc.). Excavations that started at the beginning of the 20th century have shed light on an important necropolis and inhabited areas, with many houses showing traces of various periods of occupation. You can discover these remains for yourself by exploring the site.\n* Dernière chance de visite jusqu'au 13 octobre 2019\nL’équipe du Site archéologique et musée d’Ensérune vous informe :\nREPRISE DES TRAVAUX D’ADDUCTION D’EAU ET D’ASSAINISSEMENT\nREOUVERTURE DU PARC JARDIN PROGRAMMEE AU MOIS DE FEVRIER 2020 et le MUSEE EN JUIN 2021", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://my-wwe-2k-universe.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_ECW_World_Heavyweight_Champions", "date": "2018-09-21T04:13:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156780.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921033529-20180921053929-00505.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9758628010749817, "token_count": 462, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__47422003", "lang": "en", "text": "The ECW World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was the original world title of the Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion, later used in WWE as the world title of the ECWbrand and one of three in WWE, complementing the WWE Championship and World Heavyweight Championship. It was introduced as the ECW Heavyweight Championship on April 25, 1992. Originally a part of the Eastern Championship Wrestling promotion, which joined the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) on September 18, 1993. It was established as a world heavyweight championship in August 1994 following the promotion's secession from the NWA. The promotion became Extreme Championship Wrestling and the title became the ECW World Heavyweight Championship. It remained active until April 11, 2001 when ECW was closed and WWE subsequently purchased its assets. WWE relaunched ECW as a WWE brand in June 2006 with the title being recommissioned and designated as the ECW brand's world title. The brand dissolved February 16, 2010, rendering the title inactive.\nThe championship was contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition. All title changes occurred at ECW or WWE shows. The inaugural champion was Jimmy Snuka, who defeated Salvatore Bellomo in a tournament final on April 25, 1992 to become the first ECW Heavyweight Champion. WWE, however, does not recognize ECW Heavyweight Championship reigns from April 1992 through August 1994. Instead they recognize Shane Douglas' second reign, which originally began on March 26, 1994, but is recognized as starting on August 27, 1994 – the same day the championship was renamed the ECW World Heavyweight Championship – as the inception of the title's history. The Sandman holds the record for most reigns, with five. At 406 days, Douglas' fourth reign is the longest in the title's history. Ezekiel Jackson's only reign was the shortest in the history of the title as it was retired as soon as he won it. He defeated the previous champion, Christian, on February 16, 2010 at an ECW television taping event. Overall, there have been 49 reigns shared between 32 wrestlers, with one vacancy, and 2 deactivations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://hannahkc.com/tagged/H", "date": "2014-10-22T15:21:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507447421.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005727-00324-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.970103919506073, "token_count": 250, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__186439479", "lang": "en", "text": "The iconic Hollywood sign has sat atop the star studded area since the early 1920s, and now the original “H” has been incorporated into a unique piece of Marilyn Monroe-themed artwork.\nThe sign was first erected in 1923 and originally read “HOLLYWOODLAND”, as an advertisement for a residential development in the Hollywood Hills area. Intended to last for just a year and a half, it gained international recognition and the decision was made to keep the sign.\nThe letter H from the sign was famously destroyed, after its caretaker, Albert Kothe, drunkenly drove his car through it in the early 1940s. The letter has now been transformed into a brilliant piece of art.\nCreated by Bill Mack, The Gentleman’s H is a mixed media, acrylic and oil work depicting Hollywood’s favourite leading ladies Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. It features three sections of the original sign panel, which have been reconstructed to a proportionally correct version of the complete letter, and mounted on to metal tubing.\nWith an image of the iconic sign serving as the background, it is expected to sell for $150,000-250,000.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.morvillechurch.co.uk/church-history/morville-bells", "date": "2022-05-18T03:49:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521041.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518021247-20220518051247-00785.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9825373888015747, "token_count": 397, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__126626158", "lang": "en", "text": "The predominantly Norman tower of Morville Church has contained bells for as far back as the local records go. In medieval times it was known that there were four bells. These were mentioned in an inventory of parish property dated 1539 following the dissolution of the monasteries, by which time Morville’s Benedictine Priory had already fallen into a ruinous state. These four bells were recorded again in a survey of Shropshire bells of 1730, but in 1759 the parish splashed out on a brand new set of six, cast in Gloucester by the famous Rudhall Foundry. These were hung in a locally built oak frame. In 1854 the tenor (largest) bell cracked and was recast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in London. These six bells were in regular use for almost 200 years until the mid1950’s at which point the condition of the frame and fittings led to them being declared unringable.\nThe bells were silent, despite several attempts to launch restoration schemes. Then in 2006 a small group of enthusiastic villagers decided that they would like to learn to ring and get the bells going again. They began to take lessons a nearby tower and launched a campaign to raise many tens of thousands of pounds for the project. Thankfully it turned out to be a hugely successful appeal. During 2007/8 a total of over £100,000 was amassed from the fundraising, personal donations and grants. So in May 2009 the six original bells were restored and reinstated on a new steel frame. Two new bells were also added to make the tower an eight-bell tower. The end result is a very fine set of bells that are rung from the new first floor ringing chamber, attracting ringers from all over the country.\nIf you are interested in ringing the Morville Bells please contact the Tower Captain, Ian Rowe (01746 714357).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.laurenwrightphoto.com/blog/may-we-never-ever-forget", "date": "2019-07-19T10:03:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526210.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719095313-20190719121313-00448.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.957445502281189, "token_count": 657, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__56088673", "lang": "en", "text": "Today, in honor of Independence Day, I've decided to share something a little different than I normally do. The following is a narration written by my friend Matthew McCord for a performance of the \"Hymn to the Fallen.\" It touches my heart in a profound way, and I hope that it will move you as well. Today, may we remember and celebrate as a nation what it means to have courage beyond our fears to stand for what is right.\n\"To those visionary patriots who gathered in Philadelphia to announce to the world for the first time the uniquely American ideal that we do believe that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights:\nToday we remember you.\nTo those who were among the first to give their lives for liberty at Bunker Hill; to those who stood with one General Washington that winter at Valley Forge; to those who drove tyranny from American soil for the last time at Yorktown: Today we remember you.\nTo that brilliant collective of minds that gathered once again at that miracle in Philadelphia to pen the credo of American freedom, the United States Constitution, forever establishing a government of the people: Today we remember you.\nTo those who, in our nation's darkest hour, fought brother against brother and friend against friend, in that contest to determine whether a nation conceived in liberty can long endure; to those who fought to bring a new birth of freedom to this the last best hope of mankind on earth: Today we remember you.\nTo those who stood in the trenches of World War I, fighting oppression on foreign shores, and to those who, some twenty years later, perished at Pearl Harbor; to those who fought in the theater of the South Pacific at Manila, Luzon, and Midway; to those who raised the flag on Iwo Jima; and to those brave souls, who, with courage beyond their fears, stormed the beaches of Normandy, securing freedom for an entire world in what we now know as our nation's greatest generation: Today we remember you.\nTo those fought in Korea; to those who made the ultimate sacrifice in Vietnam for the truth that democracy and freedom are no longer uniquely American ideas, but that they are engraved on the hearts of all men: Today we remember you.\nTo those who stand in the sands of the middle east: You send a message that no tyrant, no terrorist, no one who opposes freedom will ever be safe as long as there is a United States of America.\nBecause with a light that shines from 1776 to today, the torch of freedom has been passed from generation to American generation, and today, as always, the United States of America is a shining city on a hill.\nBut those of us who live in the land of the free and the home of the brave, we are free because you were brave. Look home from Heaven heroes. The Star Spangled Banner still waves.\nSo, to all who have pledged their allegiance with your blood, with your sacrifice, with your lives, from the heart of a grateful nation, in the most simple but honest words we have, we say, \"thank you.\"\nToday, we remember you. May we never, ever, forget.\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.conservation-by-design.com/category.aspx?id=1", "date": "2017-03-29T21:00:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191396.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00105-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9070864319801331, "token_count": 390, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__12520026", "lang": "en", "text": "Boxes & Storage Products\nStorage Boxes, Archive Boxes, etc\nThe Conservation By Design (CXD) range of storage boxes is one of the largest available and has been built up over many years. It is unique in the variety and quality of materials used to produce them. We provide a design and manufacturing service for die-cut, mass-produced or one-off, computer-generated, made- to-measure Storage Boxes - Smart Boxes’.\nMost of the storage boxes are manufactured at the CXD Timecare Works factory in Bedford with others made by our sister company in France. All of our storage boxes have been designed in partnership with clients for the safe long-term storage and preservation of books, documents, newspapers, artworks and photographs. A key figure in the development of the CXD box range is Christopher Clarkson who developed an integrated box, folder and envelope system in 1981 when he was the Conservation Officer at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Stuart Welch, the founder of CXD, worked with Christopher to develop an improved range of papers and boards from which to produce the Clarkson system. This was the beginning of the CXD Premier Duo’ Archival Folding Boxboard range and Heritage Archival pHotokraft’ papers.More information on the Clarkson/Bodleian system and its history can be found on our web site.\n|CXD Archival Boxboard Range||Construction|\n|Premier™ Archival Folding Boxboard||Solid Board|\n|Premier™ Archival Fluted Boxboard||Corrugated Centre|\n|pHlute™ Archival Colour Print Corrugated Boxboard||Corrugated Centre|\n|EcopHant™ Recycled Archival Boxboard||Solid Board|\n|Superior Millboard™ Bookbinding/Boxmaking Board||Solid Board|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.vydehischool.com/news/vse-school-in-bangalore-republic-day-celebrations-2013/", "date": "2019-03-22T18:36:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202688.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322180106-20190322202106-00282.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9680566191673279, "token_count": 442, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__159295499", "lang": "en", "text": "Vydehi School of Excellence, a premier school in Bangalore, celebrated Republic day on 24 January with great enthusiasm and enchanting spirit. The children participated actively in the Republic Day celebrations held on 24th January. The theme of the Special Assembly (Republic Day) was “Unity in Diversity”. The preamble of our Constitution was read out by the students. The idea was to inform all the students about our country’s constitution that paved the whole design for our country’s future.\nRepublic Day Celebrations in Vydehi Primary School witnessed most students of Vydehi School of Excellence wear Gandhi Topi that added a white color tone to the whole assembly section. Gandhi Topi is an indicative of the Swadeshi Movement happened in India, in the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi himself. In Swadeshi movement, Gandhiji and his followers boycotted foreign goods and In Gandhiji’s opinion the white Topi was light and elegant and it gradually evolved as a symbol of India and nationalism. To remind those times and passion of independence struggle, many of our students also wore Indian clothes such as Kurta and Pyjama.\nTo wear such ethnic outfits was the idea of teachers in VSE as it will help to light up the memory of our great freedom fighters. The preamble of our Constitution was read out by the students. Many children also wore outfits that had Indian flag’s tri-color on them. They also wore badges on their outfits with labels such as ‘justice, ‘liberty’ and ‘fraternity’ imprinted on them. These concepts echoed the slogans of our independence struggle. The assembly concluded with a beautiful song “Mile Sur Mera Tumhara” sung by the students. Vydehi School of Excellence believes in reminding the future generations of the struggles their ancestors had gone through to make our country a free paradise. Such school activities help to create awareness about our great freedom struggle in new generation.It is very important for the future generation to know the past because it enlightens them to act responsibly and stand for national causes.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://bulgarianhistory.shop/catalog/bulgarian-history-100-destinations/", "date": "2019-03-24T11:37:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00289.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9275277256965637, "token_count": 169, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__114203208", "lang": "en", "text": "Authors: Ivan Kanchev, Ivomir Kolev, Mario Mishev (BULGARIAN HISTORY NGO)\nEdition: First Edition\nPublished: February, 2018\nThe book Bulgarian History in 100 destinations is the third part of the popular science series of BG Uchebnik, published in Bulgarian. The first and the second parts are dedicated to 100 personalities who have contributed to Bulgaria’s development and 100 events which have happened in Bulgaria or are directly related to it.\nThe current book continues the work of the previous two and presents 100 historical destinations. Various places linked to Bulgarian history are included – towns, villages and cities, fortresses and monasteries, museums and natural landscapes.\nWithout a doubt, this book is for everyone who wishes to know Bulgaria, its history and sights!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://archive.asianlite.com/top-news/2014/eduard-shevardnadze-dies/", "date": "2024-04-20T19:46:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420184033-20240420214033-00870.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9833580255508423, "token_count": 292, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__102954536", "lang": "en", "text": "Former Georgia President Eduard Shevardnadze has died aged 86\nHis aide Marina Davitashvili said he had passed away on Monday after a long illness.\nIn 1992 he became the head of state of Georgia after it broke away from the Soviet Union.\nHe led the country out of instability and civil war but in November 2003 was toppled in the “Rose Revolution” sparked by opposition allegations of irregularities in parliamentary polls.\nBorn in 1928 in the city of Lanchkhuti, Mr Shevardnadze joined the Communist Party’s youth movement in 1946 and became the party’s head in Georgia in 1972.\nIn 1985, he was appointed foreign minister of the Soviet Union under reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev and was credited with helping end the Cold War.\nMr Gorbachev told the Russian Ekho Moskvy radio station that Mr Shevardnadze was a “very capable, talented man, very much predisposed to working with people, with all strata of society”.\nMr Shevardnadze resigned from the post of foreign minister in 1990 before briefly taking it up again in 1991 as the country was disintegrating.\nAfter returning to Georgia he managed to quell a civil war but was seen as having failed to tackle corruption in his time as president.\nHe spent his final years in a quiet retirement in the capital, Tbilisi.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://stosyth.gov.uk/historical-society/", "date": "2018-03-20T01:48:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00232.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9381181001663208, "token_count": 491, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__13076378", "lang": "en", "text": "St. Osyth itself is steeped in history: there is evidence of both Bronze Age and Roman settlements in the Parish, and we boast 116 listed buildings.\nOur Society was founded in 1995, and at present we have just fewer than 100 members. Subscriptions are currently £15 per annum but this includes entry to the monthly meetings as well as some of the many organised trips. Single meeting visitors are encouraged at a charge of £3.50 per visit. The programme includes talks on various historical topics – many relevant to our locality.\nMeetings are held in St. Osyth Village Hall on the second Thursday of each month at 7 p.m. The Annual General Meeting being held in March.\nA highlight of each year is the two-day exhibition, which is based on a special theme relevant to the district. Recent exhibition titles have been ‘Pubs Past and Present’, ‘Childhood Days’, Toosey Trade and Tradesmen’, ‘Farms and Farming Life’, ‘Sea and Shore’, ‘Bygone Leisure, Pleasure & Pastimes’, ‘The Long Years of War’.\nThe Society also runs the St. Osyth Social History Museum which houses artefacts, maps, documents and hundreds of old photographs of the village. All items are carefully stored, thus safeguarding them for future generations. Due to its small size there is no room for a permanent display, but Open Days are advertised. Family historians making use of school registers, burial records and census returns etc regularly use the museum for research.\nFor an appointment to visit the museum please contact: Miss Phyllis Hendy, 1, Johnson Road, St. Osyth, Clacton-on-Sea, Essex, CO16 8PL. (01255 820524)\nThe Society officers currently are:\nChairman: Sean O’Dell.\nVice-Chairman and Secretary: Mrs Josephine Cole, 98, Colchester Road, St Osyth, CO16 8HB (telephone 01255 821759).\nTreasurer: Mr Nick Lee.\nMembership Secretary: Catherine Pollard.\nProgramme Secretary: Joy Clinton\nMuseum Archivist: Miss Phyll Hendy\nThe Society is a Registered Charity. Registration number 1059097.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://rvcarchitects.com/history-of-us/", "date": "2024-02-24T07:09:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474523.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224044749-20240224074749-00651.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9507801532745361, "token_count": 227, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__94793496", "lang": "en", "text": "During the pivotal 1970’s, David Reiser, associate professor at Ohio University’s College of Fine Arts – Architecture, was seeking a permanent location for his newly formed architectural firm. An abandoned 1920’s electrical substation was ripe for retrofitting. As part of a communal effort, David and his students re-envisioned the existing structure and then participated in the construction of the iconic home of RVC Architects. Many of the features of the building are fundamental in the modern green movement and are evident in:\n- Waste reduction by reusing locally salvaged materials\n- Minimal building site impact\n- Passive solar design\n- Clearstory windows\nThe building was completed in 1975 and won recognition by Progressive Architecture and the Southeastern Ohio Preservation Society.\nDuring the early 1980’s, John Valentour and David Callahan joined the firm as full partners. As experts in their respective areas of architecture, the firm expanded and maintained an ardent clientele.\nIn 2014, the firm was entrusted to long standing and faithful employees willing to maintain the high standards and unique values of the three original founders.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://meyerandco.com/cuny-chancellor-tours-holocaust-center-at-queensborough-community-college/", "date": "2024-04-24T09:01:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819089.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424080812-20240424110812-00825.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9547710418701172, "token_count": 439, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__26076198", "lang": "en", "text": "CUNY chancellor tours Holocaust center at Queensborough Community College\nCUNY Chancellor Félix V. Matos Rodríguez took a tour of Queensborough Community College’s (QCC) Harriet and Kenneth Kupferberg Holocaust Center in Bayside on Thursday, April 7.\nHe was accompanied by QCC President Christine Mangino; executive director of the Kupferberg Holocaust Center (KHC) Laura B. Cohen; Holocaust survivor and current chairman of the KHC advisory board Manfred Korman; Associate Director at the Kupferberg Holocaust Center Marisa Hollywood; and Dr. Cary Lane of the school’s Department of Academic Literacy, among others.\nThe exhibit, “The Concentration Camps: Inside the Nazi System of Incarceration and Genocide,” focuses on the complexity of the mechanism of Nazi terror and extermination and explores the broader ramifications of prejudice, racism and stereotyping. In order to better convey the physical feeling of the ghettos and concentration camps, some of the walls in the building had were made from bricks and wood. Additionally, an iron gate at the entrance of the exhibit symbolizes those found at entrances to concentration camps.\nAccording to Cohen, many of the students prefer physical exhibits compared to reading about people, places or things related to the Holocaust online.\n“You can’t just read or write about the Final Solution in one sentence,” Cohen said. Interpersonal connection has proven to be a great way to draw their attention.\nAccording to Hollywood, a big challenge had been making the students better relate to the atrocities committed, as they happened so far away from New York City. Bringing in artifacts from the Holocaust for the exhibit and survivors to speak to the students has proven effective at drawing their interest.\n“Many of these survivors were teenagers or children then,” Hollywood said. “Students can relate to that.” Recorded interviews the school had done with 13 Holocaust survivors in February 2020 are available to be viewed at the exhibit. In them, each survivor described their experience at the camps and the aftermath.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://optometry.nsuok.edu/Clinics/Ochelata-Cooweescoowee-Health-Center", "date": "2018-12-18T10:39:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829140.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218102019-20181218124019-00488.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8704251646995544, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__217127809", "lang": "en", "text": "The facility carries historic Cherokee Nation Principal Chief John Ross’s Cherokee name, Cooweescoowee, which is a type of bird. Ross is the longest serving chief of the Cherokee Nation, leading the Cherokees from 1828 to 1866 and across the Trail of Tears. Cooweescoowee is also the name of the northwestern historic district of the Cherokee Nation.\nScope of Service:\nFamily medicine, full lab services, optometry, dental, behavioral health, pharmacy with drive-thru, radiology, disease prevention and more.\nHours of Operation:\nMonday through Friday 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.\n395200 W 2900 Rd.\nOchelata, OK 74051\nToll Free: 877-293-4271", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://scoutcamp.secondlifekid.com/", "date": "2017-04-30T03:08:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124297.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00398-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9594800472259521, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__173770694", "lang": "en", "text": "Tonight Chris took the troop to learn more about Railroading. We started our trip by heading to the SLRR Rolling Museum (http://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Tropical%20Sands/139/195/21). The location has some great locomotives on display and you can see some interesting work by some of SL’s illustrious train builders, as well as read info about the RL locomotives.\nAfter reading on the history of some famous locomotives we headed to one of the oldest RR Sims in SL. The SLRR VRC (http://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Anilis/212/50/102).\nBy earning this badge, Scouts can learn about the history of railroading, its place in modern society, careers in railroading, and hobbies related to railroading.\nIt was awesome to explore this multi Sim railroad network and appreciate the hard work put into building this SL transportation system as well as the detailed locomotives built in SL.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://donnybrookparish.ie/parish-history/", "date": "2024-04-13T02:55:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816535.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413021024-20240413051024-00520.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9719875454902649, "token_count": 1686, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__106115002", "lang": "en", "text": "From Donnybrook: A History. By Dr. Beatrice Doran. Dublin: The History Press, 2013.\nThere are very few records from 1630 until the eighteenth century in relation to the development of a Catholic parish at Donnybrook. In 1615 The Catholic Church in Kilkenny held a Provincial Synod where it was decided, among other things, to re-constitute the parishes in Dublin. From 1617 to 1787 Booterstown, Blackrock, Stillorgan, Kilmacud and Dundrum, were all pre-Reformation sub parishes of Donnybrook. In the eighteenth century the Archbishop of Dublin, John Troy, created a parish consisting of Booterstown, Blackrock, Stillorgan and Dundrum. Donnybrook retained Ballsbridge, Ringsend and Irishtown, and a Fr Nicholson was appointed parish priest. Shortly afterwards Archbishop Troy decided a new chapel was needed in Donnybrook and he appointed Fr Peter Clinch to the parish. A new chapel for Catholics was built in 1787 beside the Protestant Church of St Mary In Donnybrook Graveyard, and it too was called St Mary’s. The wall of this church is the wall dividing the graveyard from the Garda Station in the village. This church remained in use until the Church of the Sacred Heart, the present Catholic Church, opened in 1866 facing the site of the Donnybrook Fair, now the home of Bective and Old Wesley Rugby Football Clubs. During the years when there was no Catholic Church in Donnybrook,the Old Catholic families like the Fitzwilliams, the Archbolds, and the Wolverstons, provided sanctuary for priests who celebrated Mass in the chapels attached to their homes.\nThe boundaries of Donnybrook parish have changed dramatically over the centuries. It once included not only Sandymount and Ringsend, but also Haddington Road, Dundrum, Booterstown and Blackrock. According to the Census of 1831, the Catholic population of Donnybrook was about 8,000 people, most of them living in great poverty. In the 1840s it was decided that the Catholic church in the graveyard was not sufficiently large for the growing Catholic population of Donnybrook. Monsignor Andrew O’Connell, was appointed by the Archbishop of Dublin, to the combined parishes of Donnybrook, Irishtown, Ringsend and Sandymount. in 1849, he began a building campaign to replace the old churches with new ones. Dr O’Connell acquired a new site on the right bank of the River Dodder, facing the old Fair Green, as a location for the new Catholic Church for Donnybrook. Work on the new church, which was to be dedicated to the Sacred Heart, began in 1860. The foundation stone was blessed and laid on the 12 June 1863 by Archbishop Paul Cullen. It has been said that it was built in reparation for the sins of intemperance, and the violent and righteous behaviour which was common at the Donnybrook Fair over the centuries. The new Catholic church cost approximately £ 7,000 to build. The original architect was Patrick Byrne (1783‑1864), but he had to resign due to ill health in 1863. Pugin and Ashlin, a well known firm of Dublin architects who were in partnership from 1860 to 1868, then took over. Edward Welby Pugin (1834‑1875) was the son of Augustus Welby Pugin (1812‑1852), the well-known church architect. George Coppinger Ashlin (1837‑1921) had married Edward Pugin’s sister, Mary Pugin (1844‑1933), so there was a family connection between the two. The builder of Donnybrook church was Michael Meade, a wellknown Dublin builder, who constructed a number of important buildings around Dublin, together with many houses at the Merrion Road end of Ailesbury Road.\nThe Church of the Sacred Heart was built of granite with Bath stone dressings. It was highly ornamental in character and the internal dimensions are 148ft in length by 58ft in width. The aisles of the church are separated from the nave by an arcade of six arches that rest on polished Cork marble shafts, with carved Caen stone capitals. The opening ceremony took place on 26 August 1866, which was the same date that the Donnybrook Fair normally started. The church contains a beautiful rose window in the west gable and there are some lovely stained-glass windows (St Malachi and St Bernard) by Harry Clarke and Michael Healy (St Patrick, St Eithne, and St Feidhlim). A Mrs Jury of Greenfield presented the Stations of the Cross to the Church in 1887 and Mrs Catherine Dignam presented the High Altar, in memory of her husband. The Altar of Our Lady was a gift from William McDermott Fitzgibbon while John R. Corballis of Roebuck presented the windows over the Sacred Heart Statue. Other benefactors were the Egan and Martin families who presented the windows of St Rita and St Bernard.\nAt a meeting held in 1912 to raise funds for the completion of the Church of the Sacred Heart, it was decided to erect a tower instead of the spire that was in the original design of the church. Many might\nhave preferred a steeple for the top of the church, but a tower was considered a much safer proposition. The tower was completed at the cost of £1,200. In 1915, Monsignor Dunne took over the parish building debt of £3,000. Through the generosity of parishioners, and with the proceeds of a bazaar, the debt was cleared. There was also money left over to be used for improvements to the church and, as a memorial to his predecessor, Cannon Gossan, Monsignor Dunne used portion of this money to install electric light in the church. It is interesting that the Church of the Sacred Heart was not consecrated until 1923, when the parish debt was cleared!\nOn 19 July 1923, Revd Dr Edward J. Byrne, Archbishop of Dublin, consecrated a stone cross which had been found in the old Donnybrook Graveyard when the road was widened. This probably belonged to the earlier church,which was located in the old graveyard in the centre of the village. In 1936 the old stone cross was incorporated on the top of a wall of the new extension to the church. The architect for the extension was W.H. Byrne and Sons and t it was built by W & J. Bolger the well known Dublin builders whose family continue to live on Eglinton Road to this very day. The extension consists of two transepts, which have a capacity of 700, together with a baptistery and a mortuary chapel.\nThe present-day parish of the Sacred Heart extends from the south side of Ranelagh Road to the RDS Ballsbridge and from Belfield to Leeson Street Bridge.\nParish Priests Since 1849\n|Very. Rev.Dr. Andrew (Dean) O’Connell\n|Very. Rev. Michael (Canon) Doyle\n|Very. Rev.Charles (Canon) Horris\n|Very Rev. Pierce (Canon) Gossan\n|Rt.Rev. James (Dean) Dunne, V.G.\n|Very Rev. Daniel (Canon) Molony\n|Very Rev. Timothy Condon\n|Very Rev. Cyril P. Crean\n|Most Rev. Bishop A. Joseph Carroll D.D.\n|Rt.Rev.Monsignor Richard Sherry D.D.\n|Very Rev. Patrick Carroll\n|Very Rev. Martin Clarke\nThank you to Dr. Beatrice Doran for the kind permission to publish this extract from here book ‘Donnybrook: A History’ : The History Press, 2013.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://chemicalmarketreports.com/business/washington-business-district-is-on-its-way-to-become-a-historic-business-district/", "date": "2024-04-16T05:22:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817043.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416031446-20240416061446-00433.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9454193711280823, "token_count": 414, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__23105958", "lang": "en", "text": "Washington’s business district may become a historic business district. The National Road Heritage Corridor made a partnership with the Washington Business District Authority and the Washington Community Development Corp. This partnership aims to have the city’s central business district designed as a National Register Historic District. Moreover, the organization organized a workshop on Tuesday to talk about the benefits of the designation. The workshop had a discussion about this with business and property owners. Donna Holdorf, executive director of the National Road Heritage Corridor, said this is a competitive advantage when we’re trying to attract developers and new property owners.\nThe Heritage corridor hired a historic preservation planner with the independent Clio Consulting of Pittsburgh Angelique Bamberg. Bamberg did a survey on the business districts over the summer. Angelique found boundaries for the potential historic district register. Also, Bamberg submitted a draft nomination to the state’s Historic Preservation Office. Bamberg said the district would include a total of 162 properties. Out of the 162 properties, 138 are buildings. Moreover, the boundaries would primarily follow the lines of the central business district. This boundary will include the railroad tracks on South Main Street up to Walnut Street, and from Franklin Street to College Street.\nBamberg said that she would make the nomination available to the public after the revision. The nomination will then go to the state’s historic preservation board in Harrisburg. The national park service will review the nomination before declaring it a part of the permanent record of American history. According to Bill Callahan, the community preservation coordinator for the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, the Thursday meeting eliminated the myths about district designation on national registers. The stakeholders and property owners had a fear of losing the ability to do whatever they want with their properties. However, the designated historic district does not restrict the management of properties by owners. The meeting cleared many misconceptions about the historic property. Washington has a very long history going back to the 18th century. This program will be a great way to identify assets and create tourism areas within the community.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://carmelchurch.org/church-history/", "date": "2023-12-06T08:54:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00807.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9911847710609436, "token_count": 894, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__41381857", "lang": "en", "text": "Carmel Reformed Church Rock Valley, Iowa\nIn the late 1800’s a group of Dutch immigrants settled in the northwest part of Sioux County, Iowa. Religious freedom and worship were very important to them. They began attending First Reformed Church in Sioux Center, which was seven or eight miles away. Since they traveled by horse and buggy, this was not an easy trip. On May 3rd, 1895, a severe tornado struck the area. There was much destruction and many lives were lost. After such a tragedy, the pioneer families felt the need more than ever to have their own local church.\nRev. De Pree, Pastor of the First Reformed Church of Sioux Center, chose to make work of the matter and presented it before the Classis of Iowa. The Dutch settlers were encouraged by the people in their area and soon their hopes and dreams were realized. The Carmel Reformed Church was organized on July 18, 1895. The charter members numbered 27 with 70 baptized members.\nA parsonage was built in 1895-1896. The church was built in 1896 and was erected in the same area where the present-day church now stands. Carmel was the name chosen for the church from many submitted. It was suggested by Rev. Te Selle because the church is on a hill and reminds one of the victory of Elijah on Mt. Carmel (I Kings 18:20-42).\nThis church building served the Carmel congregation well until it was destroyed by fire in January 1916. The fire, starting in the sanctuary, was due to an overheated furnace duct and quickly spread throughout the building. The entire building was destroyed but fortunately the men of the church, through heroic effort, were able to save the pews and organ.\nThe members of the congregation, undaunted by their misfortune and loss, immediately set about making plans to re-build their church. Through unity of purpose and spirit, enough money was collected to build a new church building and it was erected in the summer of 1916. While construction was going on, services were held in the church barn and used the furniture that had been salvaged from the fire.\nThis building served the congregation well. As the congregation grew, various additions and extensive remodeling projects were done. In 1964, a new parsonage was built. It has undergone various updates and remodeling projects and is still in use today.\nIn 1995, Carmel celebrated its centennial, 100 years of God’s faithfulness.\nIn the late 1990’s, the needs of the congregation were again discussed and a building committee was formed. They recommended constructing a new building rather than remodeling the old. In December 1999, the building project was approved and would begin when 60% of the total cost was received.\nIn June of 2003, we broke ground and construction began on the new building just east of the old building. Countless hours of volunteer labor, hard work, and dedication were put in by many individuals. Exactly one year later, construction was completed and the congregation walked from the old building to the new one and began worshipping there.\nThe new building was dedicated to the Glory of God on July 25, 2004. Through hard work and generous giving, we were able to pay off our mortgage in five years. A mortgage burning ceremony took place on July 19, 2009.\nCarmel has always been a mission-minded church and after our building project, we broadened our emphasis on mission. We expanded our Partner in Mission Shares and added several new mission projects which we continue to support. An Outreach Fund was started to assist those going on mission trips and a 15-passenger church van was purchased. As the various programs in our church continued to expand and grow, we began to explore the need for a multi-purpose building. In 2011, a fund was started to raise money for a future multi-purpose building.\nToday, as a rural congregation, Carmel Reformed Church continues to draw its members from several surrounding communities. As we look back, we realize we have much for which to give thanks. The Lord has richly blessed us as a congregation and we praise Him for his faithfulness. We pray that we may continue to be faithful in all things so that “the Glory of God may endure forever”, and that we may be Bound in God’s Love.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.luos.io/blog", "date": "2021-04-20T22:32:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039491784.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420214346-20210421004346-00113.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.982849657535553, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__190562781", "lang": "en", "text": "Safe, fast and lightweight\nIn 1904, Orville Wright made the world’s first controlled and sustained flight in a powered aircraft. He flew a total of 23 metres. For the time, it was a breathtaking event. Less than a year later, his brother, Wilbur, flew over a kilometer. One hundred and fifteen years later, I flew 10,722 kilometers from Paris to Singapore. As far as firsts in aviation goes, It was far from breathtaking. It was totally normal, and just one of dozens of flights to arrive in Singapore that day, as they have been doing for years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://te-ao-hurihuri.wikispaces.com/Ngapuhi+Nui+Tonu?responseToken=5f095dbf576832131e58081a4d469f8f", "date": "2016-07-26T17:55:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825048.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00102-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9364334344863892, "token_count": 2584, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-30__0__7254161", "lang": "en", "text": "Skip to main content\nMake the most out of any wiki by using our free sister product,\nBlendspace by TES\n, to create interactive lessons and presentations!\nPages and Files\nNgapuhi Nui Tonu\nAdd \"All Pages\"\nNgapuhi Nui Tonu\nhokianga whakapou karkia\nko kupe te tupuna\nko rahiri te tupuna\nte whare o ngapuhi nui tonu\nTe Whare o Ngapuhi Nui Tonu\nKo Papatuanuku te Paparahi\nKo nga Maunga nga Poupou\nKo te Rangi e titiro iho nei te Tuanui\nThe Earth is the floor = Papatuanuku\nThe Mountains are the supports = Nga Pou Irirangi\nThe Sky above is the Roof = Te Rangi\nThe epic story of Ngapuhi unfolds down the generations, beginning in a distant time and place, with an incident that is at once both ordinary & extraordinary.\nThis time was approximately 20 generations before\nthe great navigator who discovered Aotearoa - New Zealand, with another two or three generations before the great migration to these shores. The place was Hawaiki, which is sometimes described as a mythical place, although it most certainly existed even if we no longer know its exact location.\nderived from the chieftainess\nwho gave birth to a child known by 3 names,\nPuhikaiariki, Puhimoanariki & Puhitaniwharau -\nthese 3 names collectively give rise to the plural\nAll waka with\nwhakapapa landed in\nand spread out from there. So it is that we\nclaim a tribal area whose boundaries are described in the following whakatauki or proverb.\n'Te Whare o Ngapuhi, Tamaki Makaurau ki Te Rerenga Wairua.\nKo nga paatu ko Ngati Whatua, Te Rarawa, Te Aupouri, Ngati Kahu, Ngapuhi ki roto.\nKo nga Rarangi Maunga nga Poutokomanawa i hikia te Tahuhu o Te Whare o Ngapuhi'\nThe house of Ngapuhi stretches from Tamaki Makaurau (Auckland) in the south to Cape Reinga in the north.\nIts walls are the sub-tribes: Ngati Whatua in the south, Te Rarawa in the west, Te Aupouri in the north & Ngati Kahu in the east\nNgapuhi holds the centre of the house &\nThe mountains of significance with Ngapuhi are the pillars of poupou, which hold the ridgepole aloft.\nKo Kupe te Tupuna\nKupe left Hawaiki in his waka\nand travelled in search of the fish of his ancestor,\nHe chased Te wheke Muturangi (a great octopus) during this search. While approaching what Kupe believed to be Te-Ika-a-Maui, the wife of Kupe,\n, saw the Southern Alps from a distance. She thought they were a cloud (an indication of land) and exclaimed \" He ao!, He ao!\" (\"A cloud!, a cloud!\"). As they drew closer she exclaimed \" He aotea, he aotearoa!\" ( \"A cloud, a long white cloud!\"). From this, the name is given to this new land.\nKupe continued to chase the giant wheke around many places of Aotearoa, fianlly defeating it at the entrance to\n(Queen Charlotte Sound) at\nKura Te Au\n(Troy Channel). He struck Te wheke with his toki name\nTe Raka Tuu whenua\n. He then changed weapons to a great patu made of whale bone and finally defeated Te wheke.\nKupe travelled around Aotearoa naming many places along the way. In particular he named two islands in\n(Wellington) after two of his daughters\nMatiu & Makaro\nKupe finally returned to the harbour that became known as Hokianga. At this place he turned his son\ninto a taniwha and threw him into a spring which he called\nTe Puna o Te Ao Marama\n, to act as a kaitiaki (guardian) of this newly discovered land. He then uttered the fomous whakatuaki from which the harbour gained its name;\n\"Hei konei ra, e Te Puna o Te Ao Marama. Ka hoki nei tenei, e kore e hoki anga nui mai\".\n\"Farewell, Spring of the The world of Light. This one is going home and will not return again\"\nOn his arrival back in Hawaiki, there was a great war raging and Nukutaawhiti asked his grandfather Kupe for the great waka\nto take his people away to the new land of Aotearoa. kupe agreed and Nukutaawhiti asked that the waka be re-fitted to take more people.\nTwo toki pounamu were used to re-fit the waka for its return journey. These toki were named\n(a small bladed toki) also known as\n(a wide bladed toki also named\nAt the completion of the re-fit, karakia were done to release the mana of the old commader (Kupe) from the Matawhaorua and to replace it with the mana of the new commander (Nukutaawhiti). The waka then became known as the Nga Toki Matawhaorua (Ngatokimatawhaorua) to recognise the original name and the contribution of Nga toki in its re-fit.\nThe waka was made tapu by Kupe and was not able to carry kai, so a sister waka was found to accompany it on the journey. This was the\n(married to Niwa, the sister of Nukutawhiti).\nKupe gave 4 taniwha to Nukutaawhiti and Ruanui to accompany them on their journey\nPuhi Moana Ariki\nRangi Uru Hinga\nFour other 'wairua' taniwha were sent with the waka;\nTe hiko-o-te-rangi (Lightning of the sky)\nMahere-tu-ki-te-rangi (Binding to the sea)\nKanapu-i-te-rangi (Lightning of the day\nTe-tuhi-o-te-po (The glow of the night\nKupe gave instructions for the waka to lay the bows in the direction south west. At night fall steer towards the star Atua-tahi. hold to the left of Mango-roa (the Milky Way) and at day break continue towards the cloud pillar.\nhokianga nui a Kupe (The great returning place of Kupe) and his son Tuputupu Whenua in Te Puna o Te Ao Marama.\nHokianga Whakapou Karakia\nOn arrival in Hokianga, Nukutaawhiti went ashore to do a karakia. He returned with eight Rimu fronds, giving 2 to each taniwha. He then sent 2 taniwha back to Hawaiki to let Kupe know that they had arrived safely. He then sent Ara-i-te-uru and Niua to the entrance of the Harbour to protect them. Ara-i-te-uru guards the south & Niua guards the north at the mouth of the harbour. It is from these taniwha that Nga Puhi gain much of their strength and mana; hence the whakatauki;\n\"Kotahi ki reira, ki Ara-i-te-uru.\nKotahi ki reira, ki Niua.\nA homai he toa, he kaha, e aua taniwha, ki Nga Puhi\"\n\"One there is for Ara-i-te-uru.\nOne there is for Niua.\nmay those taniwha bring courage and strength to Nga Puhi\"\nNukutaawhiti and Ruanui settled with their people in and around the Hokianga Harbour area. Both set about building whare; Nukutaawhiti built his on the northern side of the harbour and called it Te Whatu Pungapunga, while Ruanui built his on the southern side and called it Te Pouahi.\nTe Poahi was completed first but Nukutaawhiti asked Ruanui to delay the opening until his whare were complete so they could be opened together. Ruanui agreed, however, by the time Te Whatu Pungapunga was complete all the food Ruanui had stored up for the opening had been used up.\nRuanui then decided to do a powerful karakia to lure a Tohora (whale) into the harbour for their hakari (feast). Nukutaawhiti took exception to this and recited another powerful karakia to send the whale back out to sea. Ruanui countered this with another karakia and this was again countered by Nukutaawhiti.\nThis contest went on for many hours until both ariki (chiefs) had exhausted all their karakia. From this incident Hokianga has often been referred to an old whakatauki;\n\"Hokianga Whakapou Karakia\"\n\"Hokianga which exhausts incantations\"\nKo Rahiri te Tupuna\nKa mimiti te puna i Taumarere\nKa Toto te puna i Hokianga\nKa toto te puna i Taumarere\nKa mimiti te puna i Hokianga\nWhen the fountain of Taumarere is empty\nThe fountain of Hokianga is full\nWhen the fountain of Taumarere is full\nThe fountain of Hokianga is empty\nI trace my ancestry back to Rahiri, a formidable Rangatira and warrior. He is credited with the whakautauki\n'mehemea, he Ngapuhi koe, kihai koe i puta i a Rahiri, he hoiho ke koe' that is; If you claim to be Ngapuhi and did not descend from Rahiri, you are a horse'\nRahiri is descendant from the noble line of Rangatira who were among the first to land here in Aotearoa. He has direct linage to Kupe, the first Maori who discovered Aotearoa and his mokopuna, Nukutawhiti who re-adzed the hull of his Tupuna's waka and sailed Ngatokimatawhaorua to these shores. He is also direct descendant of Awa and his son Awanui of the Mamari waka.\nRahiri's father was Tauramoko and his mother was Hauangiangi, a daughter of Puhimoanariki, of Ngati Awa descent, who relieved his tuakana, Toroa, of the waka mataatua and sailed north to establish his own tribe in the north.\nRahiri had 3 wives;\n, of Ngai Tahuhu descent, bore him a son called uenukukuare.\n, who bore him 4 children. The most famous of these children was a son called Kaharau (who I am directly descended), he lived with his father at Whiria Pa in Pakanae where he learned all the karakia and fighting traits of his famous father finally\n, the 3rd wide, from the Kaeo area, however, there is not enough information as to this 3rd union or whether they produced any offspring.\nhelp on how to format text\nTurn off \"Getting Started\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dottodotstudio.co.uk/product/folkwear-rosie-the-riveter-overalls-dungarees-shirt-jumper-snood-paper-sewing-and-knitting-pattern/", "date": "2024-04-12T15:12:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816024.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412132154-20240412162154-00811.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9502631425857544, "token_count": 337, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__172138029", "lang": "en", "text": "The heroic working women of World War II inspired this factory wardrobe of camp shirt, pleated slacks, and overalls with sweetheart bib. Rosie the Riveter was the fictional character pictured in posters to recruit women into the work force during World War II in the late 1940’s. Women started working in large numbers building airplanes, slacks or overalls, and “utility clothes” became the uniform of Rosie and her colleagues. Folkwear pays tribute to the accomplishments of the heroic women with this hard working wardrobe of Shirt, Overalls, and Slacks to sew.\nThe Shirt is styled from men’s sport shirts and is know today as a “camp” shirt. It is timeless is a crisp white cotton and lots of fun made extra-large in bright tropical prints or patterns.\nThe pleated Slacks have side pockets and a back zipper. Straight legs fall smoothly from the hips for a clean look. Add the sweetheart-shaped bodice for Overalls with straps that cross in the back.\nThe pattern includes historical information and instructions for a knitted sweater and a crocheted snood to keep hair in place.\nSuggested fabrics: For Shirt, choose medium-weight cotton, rayon, silk, or blends. For Slacks and Overalls, choose medium to heavyweight cotton, wool, blends, corduroy, denim, velvet, or velveteen.\nThis pattern has lots of ease, which was useful to working women who needed to do lots of moving around. Just keep that in mind when determining your size (a muslin may be helpful too).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.schoolofartsgent.be/en/calendar-news/calendar/kask-lecture-heiny-srour", "date": "2020-02-21T11:38:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145529.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221111140-20200221141140-00203.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9519256353378296, "token_count": 526, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__81459861", "lang": "en", "text": "Heiny Srour (1945, Beirut) studied sociology at the American University in Beirut and went on to study social anthropology at the Sorbonne in Paris, where she was a student of both Marxist sociologist Maxime Rodinson and anthropologist-filmmaker Jean Rouch.\nIn 1969, while pursuing a PhD on the status of Lebanese and Arab women and working as a journalist for AfricAsia magazine, she learned about the struggle of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf, which led an uprising in the province of Dhofar against the British-backed Sultanate of Oman, while at the same time seeking to liberate women from their oppression. Determined to make a film about this movement, Heiny Srour and her team crossed 500 miles of desert and mountains by foot, under bombardment by the British Royal Air Force, to reach the conflict zone and capture a rare record of a now mostly-forgotten war. The film, titled Saat El Tahrir Dakkator (The Hour of Liberation Has Arrived), was completed in 1974 and selected to compete at the Cannes Film Festival, making Srour the first Arab woman to have a film selected for the international festival. It took her seven years to finish her next film, Leila wal Zi’ab (Leila and the Wolves, 1984), in which she continued her research into the hidden histories of women in struggle, in particular in Palestine and Lebanon, by weaving an aesthetically and politically ambitious tableau of history, folklore, myth and archival footage. In her words: “Why shouldn't women be ambitious? Because men only want women to exclusively deal with women's issues like home, family and so on, they want to ghettoize us. I resent this. We should deal with the public affairs and political issues too.”\nSince initiating a feminist study group in Lebanon in the early 1960’s, Heiny Srour has been vocal about the position of women, in particular in Arab societies. She has written and spoken extensively about the image and role of women in Arab cinema and, in 1978, along with Tunisian filmmaker Selma Baccar and Egyptian film historian Magda Wassef, she co-authored a manifest \"for the self-expression of women in cinema.\" To this day, Heiny Srour remains passionately active in her feminist advocacy.\nAfter the lecture the film Saat El Tahrir Dakkator will be shown in KASKcinema.\n- KASK lectures\n- Godshuizenlaan 4, 9000 Gent, free", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://79.170.44.88/firstfootguards.org/about_us_page.html", "date": "2017-10-18T09:31:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822851.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018085500-20171018105500-00276.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9732682108879089, "token_count": 326, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__6052869", "lang": "en", "text": "1st Foot Guards (1815)\nThe First Foot Guards Living History and Re-enactment Unit portrays Wellington’s Foot Guards at the time of Waterloo.\nDrill practise takes place throughout the year on the first Sunday of each month at Dover Castle in Kent from 10:00 ‘til 13:00. Exceptions from this rule include those months when the unit is engaged at an event elsewhere or when there is a special English Heritage event taking place at the castle.\nThe castle was home to many soldiers during the Napoleonic wars and at that time much alteration was made to the buildings; in fact historians of the medieval period still consider many of these changes as wanton vandalism. Curtain wall towers were levelled and in-filled, the curtain wall was ramped with earth, the slopes around the castle were re-scarped, a new entrance was created closer to the town than Constable’s gate, the medieval tunnels were redesigned and, due to the demand for troop accommodation, the cliff casemates were excavated.\nShould you meet us during a visit to the castle, feel free to ask us about the unit or our period in history.\nBooking and Arranging Visits\nVisits to schools or voluntary organisations such as Scouts or Guides are always welcome.\nIf you are planning an event and you would like to have a fully functioning period camp with Napoleonic soldiers, surgeon and ladies of the period to add colour and excitement please contact us for a brochure. (See 'Join/Contact Us' Page)\n|Back to Top|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://soryu.pl/products/shakudo-nanako-fuchikashira-decorated-with-taira-tadomori-and-old-monk", "date": "2023-09-28T11:42:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00586.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9496413469314575, "token_count": 213, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__27318282", "lang": "en", "text": "Shakudo Nanako Fuchikashira Decorated with Taira Tadomori and Old Monk\nShakudo nanako fuchikashira decorated with Taira Tadamori and monk in Gion district of Kyoto. \"The warrior Taira Tadamori (1096–1153) was serving the retired emperor Shirakawa (1053–1129) when, one rainy night, they set out to visit a favorite concubine in the Gion district of Kyoto. On the way, a ghost-like figure appeared among the trees of a shrine. Tadamori went to subdue the beast but discovered that in fact it was an old priest with a small torch and a pot of oil, replenishing the lanterns. The emperor rewarded Tadamori's courage by granting him his concubine.\"\nMade of shakudo with nanako ground. With copper, shakudo, shibuichi, silver and gold inlay.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sf.blueherontours.com/2012/02/radio-history-at-point-reyes.html", "date": "2019-05-26T04:10:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258621.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526025014-20190526051014-00035.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9489851593971252, "token_count": 347, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__160866869", "lang": "en", "text": "Monday, February 20, 2012\nRadio History at Point Reyes\nA visit to Point Reyes National Seashore usually includes hiking, spectacular ocean views, wildlife viewing, and spring wildflowers. However, there is also a bit of radio history at Point Reyes.\nIf you are driving out to the lighthouse or Chimney Rock on a Saturday afternoon, you may see a sign by the side of the road announcing \"Historic Radio Equipment.\" Take the turn and you will arrive at the historic receiving station opened by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1920. Initially, the array of radios captured messages transmitted from around the Pacific Rim and forwarded them to the RCA office in San Francisco.\nAfter World War II, maritime station KPH, started operations in the building. KPH, which first transmitted from San Francisco's Palace Hotel in 1905, provided telegram services to ships at sea via Morse Code. Point Reyes was the receiving station for KPH, while the transmitting station was in Bolinas, about 20 miles south of the park. KPH ceased commercial operation in 1997.\nNow members of the Maritime Radio Historical Society have brought the station back to life. Volunteer radio operators have restored much of the old equipment and transmit and receive messages via Morse Code from nostalgic radio operators aboard ships and on land. The receiving station at Point Reyes usually welcomes visitors on Saturdays from noon until 4:00 p.m. However, don't make a special trip to visit the station without first contacting the Society to make sure the station will be open. You can reach the Society at email@example.com. More information is available on the Maritime Radio Historical Society's website, www.radiomarine.org.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://m.caltech.edu/campus-life-events/calendar/becoming-caltech-building-a-research-community-19101930-reopening-1", "date": "2022-10-05T11:58:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337625.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005105356-20221005135356-00761.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9358993172645569, "token_count": 428, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__224623099", "lang": "en", "text": "Becoming Caltech: Building a Research Community, 1910–1930 - Reopening\nBecoming Caltech: Building a Research Community, 1910–1930 reopens to Caltech ID holders on November 8th.\n- Reopens November 8th, 2021 to Caltech ID holders.\n- Open on weekdays, Monday to Friday: 11 am to 4 pm\n- Closed on holidays\nLocation: The Beckman Room is located in room 131 on the first floor of the Beckman Institute.\nAdmission: Admission is free. Only open Caltech ID holders.\nIn the 1910s and 1920s, Caltech dramatically reinvented itself, transforming from a manual arts academy to an engineering school, then expanding into a research institute. The school began building its current campus, recruited renowned faculty, constructed sophisticated laboratories, trained students to become leading researchers, and established new relationships with industry and government. On February 10, 1920, the Institute's trustees acknowledged this transformation by changing the institution's name from Throop College of Technology to California Institute of Technology.\nA century later, the Caltech Archives presents the exhibition \"Becoming Caltech: Building a Research Community, 1910–1930.\" It tells the story of Caltech's early growth through historical documents, objects, photographs, and film, organized into three sections. \"Becoming\" traces Caltech's evolution through the reformation instigated by George Ellery Hale and catalyzed by World War I. \"Building Research\" chronicles both the history of science, engineering, and the humanities at Caltech—ranging from the core activities of the 1910s (electrical engineering, chemistry, and physics) to the new fields of the 1920s (genetics, seismology, and aeronautics)—and the architecture and construction of the buildings which housed this research. \"Community\" explores the lives and culture of the students, faculty, and staff who made up the Institute, including athletics, clubs, the Athenaeum, and the big T that students carved out of the forest on the side of Mt. Wilson.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cross-stitch.com.au/1139-61.htm", "date": "2020-04-09T13:29:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00064.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9270755052566528, "token_count": 159, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__197708346", "lang": "en", "text": "#1139-61 - Egyptian Sampler\nMuch time was spent researching symbols from ancient egyptian art and history detailed in this Counted Cross Stitch sampler by Teresa Wentzler.\nThe elements are symbols of gods and godesses and of Egypt. They include Kephri, Ra Horus, hieroglyphs among others. A detail writing of this symbolism is included with this kit and is both informative and interesting.\nEach kit contains 28-count Evenweave fabric, 6-strand cotton floss, beads, metallic thread, needles, chart and instructions in English, French and Spanish. Stitch Count: 160W X 198H.\nDesign size: 11.5\" x 14.25\" (29.2cm x 36.2cm).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.dontspreadmywealth.com/remembering-steve-jobs-apples-think-differently-commercial/", "date": "2021-12-04T00:35:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362923.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204003045-20211204033045-00413.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9352643489837646, "token_count": 162, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__2413053", "lang": "en", "text": "This 1997 “Think Differently” Apple commercial with Steve Jobs narrating, marked the beginning of Job’s comeback with Apple. The campaign debuted on September 28, 1997 and quickly became popular.\nThe ad campaign won awards and developed a cult-like following. After the first campaign, Apple started sending complimentary posters to public schools across the nation featuring different celebrities (including Pablo Picasso, Jane Goodall, and Ron Howard) to visit classrooms. The complete packets now sell for hundreds of dollars on the internet.\nApple maintained the campaign until 2002, and some of the early Apple retail stores featured Think Different tableaus and “Here’s to the Crazy Ones.”\nIt’s only fitting and seems right to say goodbye to Steve Jobs this way. Enjoy…", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.bayarealesbianarchives.org/about", "date": "2022-05-16T06:20:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00723.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9687637090682983, "token_count": 318, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__22376546", "lang": "en", "text": "WHY A LESBIAN ARCHIVE?\nLesbians are and have long been society’s most renegade women. For this reason, regardless of the culture, lesbian history has often been buried and erased. Though it’s likely that lesbians have always existed, because of this erasure, it’s difficult to prove. These omissions distort our collective understanding of the past.\nThe Bay Area has long been home to one of the largest and most diverse lesbian communities in the world, rich in visionary activism, art and culture. Our current focus is on collecting the memorabilia and oral histories of lesbians who were visible and active during the 1970s and 1980s. Lesbians were leaders in the fight for women’s liberation. They broke barriers to make it possible for women to see themselves as more than society’s limited ideas of what they could be.\nToday there is little trace of the culture and communities that Bay Area lesbians created during those decades. Those trailblazers are now aging, dying, downsizing and leaving the Bay Area. We are now at a critical moment, as two decades of this history are at risk of being lost forever if that history is not soon captured.\nBALA is uniquely positioned, geographically and through community ties, to capture this rich history. We think that to lose this legacy would be a tragedy -- that Bay Area lesbian history should be an integral part of the historic record and is essential to the accurate documentation of Bay Area, women’s, LGBTQ+ and American history.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mss.ministers.treasury.gov.au/media-release/011-2018/", "date": "2019-07-17T13:09:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525187.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717121559-20190717143559-00250.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9041311144828796, "token_count": 464, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__210207553", "lang": "en", "text": "The Australian War Memorial’s iconic eternal flame will now circulate in coloured $2 coins released by the Royal Australian Mint ahead of Anzac Day.\nProduced in partnership with the Department of Veterans’ Affairs and the Australian War Memorial, the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coin continues the Mint’s tradition of releasing $2 coins into circulation as part of the Anzac Centenary Coin Program.\nThe Hon Michael Sukkar MP, Assistant Minister to the Treasurer, said the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coin is a tangible tribute to those who have made the ultimate sacrifice.\n“The striking design of the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coin is inspired by the eternal flame at the Australian War Memorial and captures aspects of the Anzac spirit in permanent form,” Mr Sukkar said.\n“Currency is part of everyday life in Australia and the release of this circulating coin will be an appropriate reminder of our Anzac history for years to come.”\nRoss MacDiarmid, CEO of the Mint, said the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coin symbolises remembrance and sacrifice.\n“Like other cultural institutions, the Mint is responsible for sharing stories of Australia’s past. We have a long tradition of commemorating Australia’s military history through coin and are proud to be introducing 5,555,550 of the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coins into circulation.”\nDr Brendan Nelson, Director of the Australian War Memorial said, “The Eternal Flame at the Australian War Memorial symbolises our nation's perpetual gratitude towards, and remembrance of, those 102,800 men and women who gave their lives for us and our freedoms in war and operations for more than a century. We are proud to support the Royal Australian Mint in releasing the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame $2 coin into circulation.”\nIn addition to the circulating coin, the Mint is commemorating the Centenary of Anzac with collectable coins recognising the Armistice Centenary and an uncirculated version of the Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame $2 Coin.\nThe Lest We Forget – Eternal Flame coin will be released into circulation throughout April. The collectable coins are available now from the Royal Australian Mint.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://townofbethanybeach.com/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=684", "date": "2023-09-27T08:37:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510284.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927071345-20230927101345-00661.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9705510139465332, "token_count": 311, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__171107847", "lang": "en", "text": "The Bethany Beach Museum at Dinker-Irvin Cottage officially opened its doors to the public on Saturday, April 30th, 2022, and remained open year-round. Since its opening, the museum has steadily gained interest and hosted hundreds of visitors including the great granddaughter of William Dinker.\nFrom May 1st through October 30th, the Museum will be open three days a week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 10:00 a.m. to noon. Docents will be on hand to answer questions. Admission is free and parking is available in front of the museum.\nThe museum, located at 318 Garfield Parkway, offers an immersive experience of an historically significant early 1900 era home and a glimpse of what life was like during the early days of the town. It is one of the few remaining original cottages in Bethany Beach and the oldest public building in town. It served as a U.S. Post Office from 1922-25, was donated to the Town in 2016 and was listed on the United States Registry of Historic Places in 2018.\nThe current museum in the Town Hall lobby will remain open Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m.– 4:30 p.m.\nThe Museum at Dinker-Irvin Cottage is one of fifteen homes and landmarks on the Bethany Beach Heritage Trail, a self-guided walking tour. Brochures are available in the Town Hall and at the Dinker-Irvin Museum.\nFor more information visit the Town Museum page.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://pptet.com/history/", "date": "2023-02-01T22:26:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499953.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201211725-20230202001725-00677.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9121338725090027, "token_count": 223, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__3333154", "lang": "en", "text": "Glory Started 50 Years Ago\nIn 1964, the government of the republic of Indonesia gave that of Japan the official green light to establish Indonesia-Japan joint venture company importing crude oil into Japan, and reached the agreement between both sides.\nAfter that, Far East Oil Trading Co.,Ltd. was established in 1965, and Japan Indonesia Oil Co.,Ltd was established in 1972 respectively to handle the marketing of Indonesian crude and fuel oil into Japan along with the partnership with Pertamina, Indonesia state-owned oil & gas company. These two companies merged and its name changed to Pacific Petroleum & Trading Co., Ltd in 1996.\nIn 2010, we changed the name to PPT Energy Trading expanding its business responding to new energy era.\n|1965:||Far East Oil Trading Co.,Ltd. established in Tokyo|\n|1972:||Japan Indonesia Oil Co.,Ltd. established in Tokyo|\n|1996:||Integrated as Pacific Petroleum & Trading Co.,Ltd.|\n|2010:||Changed name to PPT Energy Trading Co.,Ltd.|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/tag/drug-stores/", "date": "2023-05-28T13:31:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528114832-20230528144832-00535.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8770002126693726, "token_count": 905, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__227570902", "lang": "en", "text": "By Johanna Goldberg, Information Services Librarian\nThis is part of an intermittent series of blogs featuring advertisements from medical journals. You can find the entire series here.\nBy the late 1800s, a pharmacist (or druggist) stood at an interesting intersection in the marketplace. Both business person and medical professional, the pharmacist had to balance the responsibilities of dispensing medicine with the need to keep a business afloat.\nThis was in part due to changes in the field. As Gregory Higby explains in a Bulletin for the History of Chemistry article, “With most basic preparations now available from drug companies, anyone with enough courage and capital could open up a drugstore. The number of pharmacists grew enormously, and the quality of prescriptions dispensed declined accordingly.”1 Fortunately, this decline led to increased industry regulation.\nThe first pharmacy school in the United States, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, opened in 1821, a year after the formation of the U.S. Pharmacopeia.2 By the end 1870s, state laws began regulating pharmacy throughout the Unites States, including state licensing exams for pharmacists.1 Not everyone attended a pharmacy school before taking the exam; a correspondence course option existed, as advertised in The Practical Druggist in 1917.\nDrugs, too, came under closer scrutiny. In 1848, Congress passed the Drug Importation Act, which aimed to prevent the importation of tainted drugs from abroad. In 1906, Congress passed the Food and Drug Act, setting up the regulatory charge of the Food and Drug Administration and requiring the listing of alcohol and opiates on ingredient labels.3,4 In 1912, the Sherley Amendment prevented drug labels from including false health claims.3 Cocaine was available over-the-counter until 1916; heroin and other opiates could be sold legally in the United States until 1920.5,6\nThe pharmacy had “developed the warmth and hospitality of a country store,” with tobacco counters, home goods for sale, and, beginning in 1835, soda fountains.7 The soda fountain business turned pharmacy shops into social centers; as they grew in popularity, store owners added seats and tables, devoting large parts of the store to the soda fountain business (a trend that lasted into the 1960s).7\nEnjoy these ads showing the wide variety of merchandise available to pharmacists, presented chronologically. Click on an ad to enlarge the image.\n1. Higby GJ. Chemistry and the 19th-century American pharmacist. Bull Hist Chem. 2003;29(1):9–17. Available at: http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v28-1/v28-1%20p9-17.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2014.\n2. pharmacy. Encycl Br. 2014. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/455192/pharmacy/35617/History-of-pharmacy. Accessed August 21, 2014.\n3. Food and Drug Administration. A history of the FDA and drug regulation in the United States. 2006. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/UnderstandingOver-the-CounterMedicines/ucm093550.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2014.\n4. Baker PM. Patent medicine: Cures & quacks. Available at: http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/Patent_Medicine.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2014.\n5. Miller RJ. A brief history of cocaine. Salon. 2013. Available at: http://www.salon.com/2013/12/07/a_brief_history_of_cocaine/. Accessed August 27, 2014.\n6. Narconon International. History of Heroin. Available at: http://www.narconon.org/drug-information/heroin-history.html. Accessed August 27, 2014.\n7. Richardson LC, Richardson CG. The pill rollers: A book on apothecary antiques and drug store collectibles. Harrisonburg, Va.: Old Fort Press, 1992.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.lilianschaer.com/2012/06/17/oslo-highlights-in-pictures/", "date": "2013-12-11T20:46:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164046334/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133406-00047-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9800838828086853, "token_count": 648, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__24478038", "lang": "en", "text": "For one day in Oslo we tried to see as many things as we could. Here are some of the highlights.\nThe Oslo opera house is a crazy sloping building that lets you walk up the roof all the way to the top to give you some unique views of the harbour. It is built into the water in such a way that makes it look like it is actually rising out of the waterfront.\nOslo is a major port for cruise ships – here is one from the Costa line (yes, of the sinking Costa Concordia fame!) – as well as for ferries that transport people, cars and trucks to Copenhagen and Fredrikshaven in Denmark and Kiel in Germany.\nAt the Norwegian Folksmuset, we saw this Stave Church, which is a traditional Norwegian wooden church of the middle ages. Apparently these types of timber-frame construction churches used to be popular all over northern Europe but the only surviving ones these days are found in Norway. This particular one is in an open air museum where the Norwegian state has brought houses and buildings of historical and cultural significance from all over the country together into a single park to showcase the country’s cultural history from the 16th century to the present day\nHere’s another of the museum’s old buildings.\nOne of my favourite stops of the day was the Viking Ship Museum. The boat in this photo is the Oseberg Ship, a viking burial ship built around 820 AD and used as a burial ship for a powerful woman and her maidservant in 834. It was found in a large burial mound where it had been buried to transport its rich owner to the realm of the dead, along with three elaborate sledges, a wagon, five carved animal heads and five beds, much of which is on display at the museum.\nThe remains of two women found in one of the Viking ships on display at the museum.\nThis is Norway’s parliament building, where 40 per cent of the representatives are women.\nThis is NOT the hotel we stayed at while in Oslo – but it is where Nobel laureates are put up when they are in town to receive their awards. The day we were there, Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi was in Oslo to finally accept her Nobel Peace Prize, which she had originally been awarded in 1991. At the time she was under house arrest in Burma and wasn’t released until 2010. During her speech a couple of days ago, she said she had always said her first trip abroad when she was released would be to Norway.\nThis is Karl Johan Gate, the main pedestrian zone in downtown Oslo. It is lined with shops and restaurants – but I haven’t yet sufficiently adjusted to the high prices of everything to indulge in too much shopping! Karl Johan was the king of Norway and Sweden during the time of its union with Sweden at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, although both countries maintained separate constitutions. Norway marks its national holiday – like our Canada Day – on May 27 to commemorate the signing of their constitution on that day in 1814. Norway became an independent monarchy with its own king in 1905.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.carrarovalvole.it/en/the-company/history/", "date": "2024-04-19T15:03:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817438.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419141145-20240419171145-00407.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.966217577457428, "token_count": 262, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__137462539", "lang": "en", "text": "The CARRARO Company was incorporated in Milan in 1924 thanks to the vision of Mr. Eng. Luigi Carraro, who decided to exploit his broad experience of international commerce in the thermo-technical field. Very soon an own production of pressure reducing and relief regulators for steam applications was started.\nThroughout the years the activity was constantly implemented and developed by the Carraro family, especially since the ’70s when, under the lead of Mr. Eng. Pierantonio Carraro, Luigi’s son, the Company has been moved to the current Segrate facility.\nThe development and the constant investments in engineering know-how and production capacity, as well as the tight links to leading foreign companies with whom CARRARO has always entertained an active commercial exchange, have allowed the Company to reach an excellent industry knowledge, among the first in Italy and in Europe.\nStarting from the ’90s, with a broad range of regulators and safety valves suitable for all kind of fluids, the Company was able to grab the challenge of the globalization in trade and of the fall of commercial barriers.\nToday CARRARO, led by the third and fourth generation of the family, sells its products worldwide also thanks to a structured network of agents, distributors and authorized maintenance centres.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://us1exports.com/porsche-550-spyderlong-racing-history", "date": "2023-09-23T13:29:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506481.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923130827-20230923160827-00528.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9658695459365845, "token_count": 1552, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__223697728", "lang": "en", "text": "Alberti 857 (1642) San Isidro\nBuenos Aires , Argentina\nPorsche’s brilliant ‘giant killer’, the 550 Spyder, earned a special place in the annals of international motor racing history. The fledgling automaker’s first product specifically designed for competition, it was inspired by several successful Porsche-powered, privateer-built ‘specials’ in the early 1950s. Quick to succeed, the open-topped, mid-engined Spyders dominated their inaugural outing at the Nürburgring in May 1953 in preparation for Le Mans a month later, where they would claim 1st and 2nd in their class. It was an auspicious beginning; 550 RS Spyders were steadily improved with upgraded suspensions, and most importantly, with the new 1,500-cc Type 547 DOHC engine designed by Dr Ernst Fuhrmann. Fed by a pair of twin-choke downdraft carburettors, these tough little roller-bearing motors with dry-sump lubrication and twin ignition developed a solid 110 bhp. Tipping the scales at approximately 550 kg, 110 bhp was plenty of power to put the 550 Spyder on the podium at races around the world. With these new engines, the 550 RS was soon established as consistent winners in small-displacement sports racing. Production of customer Spyders began in 1955, enjoying a reputation as a very balanced, almost docile racing car with good power and excellent handling characteristics. Not only supremely competitive, these cars were truly just as good to look at as they were to drive, and both drivers and motorsport fans alike quickly fell in love with Porsche’s little Spyders. Presented here is a well-documented Porsche 550 RS Spyder that enjoyed motorsport success on an international scale at the hands of a number of celebrated drivers. Chassis no. 550-0082 was completed in March 1956, and was the ninth from last of just 99 of its type produced. Ordered by Porsche’s Belgian distributor, D’Ieteren Freres in Liege, it was delivered new in Belgium’s racing colour of bright yellow to Ecurie Nationale Belge, the team formed by the merger in 1955 of Jacques Swaters’ Ecurie Francorchamps and Johnny Claes’ Ecurie Belge. Over the course of the next several years, this car would be a key instrument in Ecurie Nationale Belge’s repertoire of racing cars and was a memorable entry due to both its bright yellow paint and its propensity to race at the front of the pack in some of Europe’s most competitive races. This example was soon put to work and raced extensively by many noted amateurs, including Claude Dubois, Christian Goethals, Georges Harris, Freddy Rousselle, Georges Hacquin, Alain Dechangy, Yves Tassin and the celebrated female driver Gilberte Thirion. With six events on its calendar for the 1956 season, it achieved a number of podium finishes, including 2nd at the Côte de la Roche aux Faucons with Thiron, and 3rd at the 12 Hours of Reims. Its crowning achievement that season was a class victory at the 1000 km of Paris at Montlhéry, finishing 20 seconds behind Phil Hill and Alfonso de Portago in a Ferrari 857 S. Without a doubt, the car’s most significant event was the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, making it just one of 10 550 Spyders to contest the fabled race. Unfortunately, Dubois and Hacquin were disqualified after pitting to add oil on the 70th lap in a year that saw over half the field drop out. However, this was 550-0082’s only DNF of the season, and it continued to see similar success throughout 1957. After two hill-climb victories at Roche aux Faucons and Charreau de Leffe in March, the car secured a pair of 3rd place finishes at the Grand Prix de Spa and 1,000 km Nürburgring in May, finishing behind two other 550 Spyders, and a 2nd place finish at the Grand Prix des Frontieres at Chimay. Its final race with Ecurie Nationale Belge was the 1957 Swedish Grand Prix where the car finished 8th in class with Tassin and Ms Hacquin. From 1958 through the early 1960s, 550-0082 was sold to Jacques Thenaers, who ran it in hill climbs, minor races and rallies. According to a series of letters in the car’s history file, it was rebodied as a coupe by APAL and fitted with a 2.0-litre Carrera engine after being purchased by Edmond Pery from Ecurie Francorchamps around 1965 and subsequently sold to Belgian racing driver Pierre Bonvoisin. In APAL guise it continued to race in Belgium through 1967. Sold to a Mr Michaelis of Embourg, Belgium, in September of 1970, at this time the car had a S-90 engine. Sometime thereafter in his ownership, the car was taken off the road and it remained in storage for roughly two decades. After passing through Philippe Jegher’s of Esneux, Belgium, chassis no. 550-0082 was purchased by Corrado Cupellini of Bergamo, Italy, in March of 1989 missing both its engine and APAL bodywork, before passing to Bruno Ferracin in May of 1995. The car was later purchased by Peter Ludwig of Germany in January 2000, and a comprehensive restoration, which included producing new bodywork and sourcing a correct series engine and transaxle, was undertaken by Porsche Zentrum Würzburg in 2000 at a cost of nearly €100.000. Afterwards which the car participated in the 2001 Mille Miglia Storica. The Fuhrmann four-cam engine was rebuilt in 2003. Furthermore, the car is fitted with rare aluminium and steel wheels to complement the 60-mm brake discs, both of which were designed specifically for use at Le Mans. Porsche’s 550 RS Spyders are among the most-coveted sports racers from the 1950s. Stated Road & Track magazine in February 1957: ‘Combining as it does terrific performance, faultless handling, and excellent brakes, it is no wonder that the Porsche 550 RS Spyder . . . is the car to beat. . . .” The desirability of this 550 RS Spyder lies in its colourful racing history, including the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, and current eligibility. Raced across Europe at some of the most competitive and rigorous events of its time with Ecurie, Nationale Belge, 550-0082 remained in competition for over a decade, speaking to the 550 RS Spyder’s inherent competitiveness and reliability. Today, it is ready to add to that record at events such as the Mille Miglia and the Le Mans Classic amongst numerous other vintage races, in addition to concours events worldwide. Without doubt one of the most competitive and eligible cars of its class, a well-prepared 550 Spyder is an astute purchase for anyone aspiring to race to win. Boasting a very impressive and well-detailed history file, this is a very special 550 RS and one that holds a myriad of possibilities for its new owner.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.panchodatos.com/our-story", "date": "2023-06-10T04:27:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656963.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610030340-20230610060340-00287.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9510571956634521, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__33920798", "lang": "en", "text": "top of page\nTequila inspired by the Mexican Revolution\nIn 1947 Ricardo Grijalva de Leon gave life to the character Pancho by writing great poems about his experiences in the Mexican Revolution.\nThese stories became an iconic piece of Mexican literature and two generations later Luis Carlos Grijalva chose to honour his grandfather’s legacy through a proudly Mexican product.\nTequila Pancho Datos is the result of this work, a premium tequila crafted to revive the stories in the book and ignite a passion in others to share their own stories with the world.\nbottom of page", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.cbcrabcakes.com/blog/as-seen-on-cbs-morning-news-smith-island-cakes/", "date": "2020-06-02T13:30:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425148.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602130925-20200602160925-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9589688181877136, "token_count": 303, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__60110169", "lang": "en", "text": "Accessible only by boat, Smith Island, Maryland, is a fishing village located ten miles offshore in the Chesapeake Bay. Years of limits on crabbing and oyster harvesting restricted the work of watermen, the main source of income on the island. Little did they know a cake originally made in the 1800’s for oysterman by their wives would provide a much-needed economic boost to the island. Comprised of at least eight impossibly thin layers, bakers used fudge for the icing which lasts longer than other icing recipes of the time. Each cake is handmade with recipes passed from generation to generation. And so the Smith Island Cake was born.\nIn 2008, Maryland named the Smith Island Cake its official State Dessert. “Florida has the key lime pie, Massachusetts has the Boston cream pie and Maryland has the Smith Island cake,” said D. Page Elmore, who represents the rural lower Eastern Shore. “This is a source of revenue for them — and a source of pride.” The Chesapeake Bay Crab Cakes & More catalog began featuring the Smith Island Cake in 2007, sending trucks to meet the ferry from Smith Island and transport the cakes back to a warehouse outside of Baltimore for shipment to customers nationwide. In 2010, Mackenzie began featuring a new flavor of the Smith Island Cake, titled the Devilish Cake. Today, our catalog features four flavors of the cake including Traditional, Devilish, Spice, and Lemon (see links below).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://milleetibbs.com/EXPANSIONtn.html", "date": "2017-03-23T23:59:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187227.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00635-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9536811113357544, "token_count": 131, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__133334457", "lang": "en", "text": "Expansion is a series of photographic works that explore the disjunction between the history of the American West and the popular romanticized narrative of that history. The work focuses on the ways that cinema and vernacular images have constructed the myth of the West through the creation of a visual language that promotes ideologies inherent to Manifest Destiny and westward expansion. The title refers to both the historical expansion of white settlers onto land that was previously inhabited by Native Americans and an ever expanding archive of photographs of the Western landscape that sustain the illusion of unoccupied spaces. It is a work in progress.\nCreated with the support of the Wayne State University Faculty Creative Research Grant", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oldsite.cpepphysics.org/order_australia.html", "date": "2022-10-02T10:37:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337307.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002083954-20221002113954-00772.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9460939168930054, "token_count": 171, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__17361197", "lang": "en", "text": "|Former CPEP President Helen Quinn awarded the Order of Australia|\n|The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established\nby Elizabeth II \"for the purpose of according recognition\nto Australian citizens and other persons for achievement\nor for meritorious service\".\nThe photo above of CPEP member and former President Helen Quinn shows:\nThe Australian Consul-General, the Honorable David Lawson, and Professor Helen Quinn on the deck of the HMAS Sydney, with the San Francisco skyline behind them. (HMAS = \"Her Majesty's Australian Ship\"). Helen is wearing the Order of Australia, which David Lawson has just presented to her on the bridge of the ship. She holds the citation for the award.\n|Click to see a larger version of this image.||The Officer of the Order of Australia medal.|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://mlmj.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/der-letzte-kreuzzug-der-1-weltkrieg-und-die-geburt-des-modernen-islams-abc-religion-ethics/", "date": "2017-04-29T15:26:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123530.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00099-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8982715606689453, "token_count": 384, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__50177837", "lang": "en", "text": "Der letzte Kreuzzug: Der 1. Weltkrieg und die Geburt des modernen Islam – ABC Religion & Ethics\nDer letzte Kreuzzug: Der 1. Weltkrieg und die Geburt des modernen Islam\nThe Last Crusade: The First World War and the Birth of Modern Islam – ABC Religion & Ethics\nSeeing all the commemorations of the First World War centennial, many might ask what relevance such distant struggles can have for the modern world. Why do they matter? But if they look at the world’s most dangerous storm centres today – in Iraq and Syria, across the Middle East and South Asia – they will get their answer. In these regions, as in so much of the world, the First World War created our reality.\nOut of the political ferment immediately following the war came the most significant modern movements within Islam, including the most alarming forms of Islamist extremism. So did the separatism that eventually gave birth to the Islamic state of Pakistan and the heady new currents transforming Iranian Shi’ism. From this mayhem also emerged what would become the Saudi state, dominating the holy places and rooted in strictly traditional notions of faith.\nWhen the war started, the Ottoman Empire was the only remaining Islamic nation that could even loosely claim Great Power status. Its rulers knew, however, that Russia and other European states planned to conquer and partition it. Seizing at a last desperate hope, the Ottomans allied with Germany. When they lost the war in 1918, the Empire dissolved. Crucially, in 1924, the new Turkey abolished the office of the Caliphate, which at that point dated back almost 1,300 years. That marked a trauma that the Islamic world is still fighting to come to terms with. ……\nmore The Last Crusade: The First World War and the Birth of Modern Islam – ABC Religion & Ethics", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.commodityfoods.org/24Hotel", "date": "2023-12-10T04:52:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00212.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8678503632545471, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__169949277", "lang": "en", "text": "Stay at Marriott St. Louis Grand to experience the vibrant, authentic spirit of St. Louis, Missouri. With a prime downtown location near the St. Louis Zoo, City Museum, Busch Stadium, Ballpark Village, and the Gateway Arch, our downtown St. Louis hotel is a National Historic Landmark. It was originally the Statler Hotel, an icon of the St. Louis skyline since the 1900s.\nHOST HOTEL - Marriott St. Louis GrandACDA is excited to welcome you to the Marriott St. Louis Grand for the Annual Conference. All meetings and conference activities will be held at this location.\nMarriott St. Louis Grand\n800 Washington Ave, St. Louis, MO 63101\nNightly Rates: $199 + Taxes / Cut Off Date: March 29, 2024", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tnstatefair.org/2011-tennessee-state-and-county-fairs/", "date": "2021-04-23T05:17:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00567.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9511594772338867, "token_count": 207, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__65568777", "lang": "en", "text": "Click here for the full article.\nTennessee State Fair\nFair Dates:September 9 – 18, 2011\nTennessee State Fair Location:Tennessee State Fairgrounds Nashville, Tennessee\nAbout the Tennessee State Fair: The first Tennessee State Fair, which took place in 1869, was held at the Old Fairgrounds, located at the end of the West End Avenue streetcar line. In 1906, the Fair was moved to its current location and has been held annually, except for four years during World War II. Today, the Tennessee State Fair attracts over 230,000 visitors and participants, with recent trends showing a steady growth in popularity.\nFeaturing a variety of educational and entertaining exhibits, the Tennessee State Fair offers good old-fashioned fun with great midway rides and Kid Zone fun, blue ribbon livestock, agricultural, and creative arts competitions, grilling and cooking competitions, mule pulling, racing pigs (competitors include Tammy Swine-ette and Oprah Hamphrey), cow milking and plenty of tempting fair food.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.snicklefritzcollection.com/products/black-is-beautiful-t-shirt", "date": "2023-05-30T01:58:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00116.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.831449031829834, "token_count": 116, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__70620746", "lang": "en", "text": "Celebrate Black History Month all year long with our Black is Beautiful T-Shirt. Black History should be celebrated everyday because Black History is American History. At Snicklefritz Collection we have a variety of Black History Month tees for kids + adults.\nThis item is made to order. Please allow 10-21 business days to make and ship.\nTurn garment inside out.\nHand wash or Machine wash COLD [Gentle Cycle].\nHang to dry. Do not iron directly over design.\nFree shipping on US orders $99+", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://shop.kellermeister.com.au/product/Pious-Pioneer?pageID=154A82C0-039A-D815-54D3-D0F83555206D&sortBy=DisplayOrder&maxRows=100&", "date": "2024-02-22T04:42:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00373.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9850946068763733, "token_count": 224, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__66845914", "lang": "en", "text": "As you stand at the Barossa’s Mengler’s Hill lookout and admire the patchwork landscape of the valley below, you will find a memorial to those who made it all possible. The memorial reads thus: “The Barossa was first settled by scattered British families in the early 1840's. They were followed from 1842 onward by large groups of Germans who had fled from their homeland to escape religious persecution”. This wine pays homage to those pioneers who sought a home where they could quietly live their lives centred around their family and their faith. This they did, putting their hand “to agricultural pursuits, but soon they also turned to fruit and grape growing, for which the Barossa has become renowned”. Today Barossa shiraz stands as the most renowned fruit variety of them all, and enjoys a status that would have likely been impossible to achieve without these now ancient, venerable vineyards – some of which are amongst the oldest in the world. As you enjoy this shiraz, be sure to raise a glass to The Pious Pioneer!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.nebraskaeducationonlocation.org/businesses/campbells-nurseries-garden-center/", "date": "2019-02-15T20:49:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247479159.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190215204316-20190215230316-00568.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9737598896026611, "token_count": 363, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__186244232", "lang": "en", "text": "Campbell's Nurseries and Garden Center, Inc. was founded in 1912 by Claude C. Campbell, then only 34 years old, at 28th and Vine Street, Lincoln, Nebraska. Claude, employed by the U.S. Government as a railway mail clerk, had a love of plants and grew a large garden in his backyard.\nWhen neighbors and friends began asking whether he would sell his extra plants, Claude simply expanded a hobby he loved and added a little extra to his family's income at the same time.\nAs the business grew, the lawn maintenance department was closed, and in 1960, 80 acres south of Lincoln was purchased for growing of additional landscape nursery stock. Another 45 acres was added on Yankee Hill Road during the mid 1980s, and in 1989, 24 acres was purchased at 84th and Holdrege. An additional 96 acres adjacent to the Yankee Hill property was purchased for field production in 1996.\nToday Campbell's Nurseries has grown to include many aspects: landscape design, installation and maintenance, both residential and commercial; two full line garden centers at 2342 So. 40th and 5625 Pine Lake Road which offer gifts, home accessories and gardening supplies as well as nursery stock; and more than 200 acres of production””greenhouse, container and field. Dick, Mike, Doug, and Sandy now run the company. Dick oversees the Landscape and Maintenance Department and handles corporate matters; Doug supervises the Production Areas; Mike oversees the Garden Centers; and Sandy is in charge of the office.\nIn September of 2006 Ellen Campbell passed on and Bob followed in March of 2009 but they enjoyed watching their eleven grandchildren become involved with the business. Four grandchildren, Cassie Garrett, Cory Priefert, John Campbell and Andy Campbell, are full-time employees.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://evemasr.com/the-first-coming-of-the-black-comic-book-hero/", "date": "2019-10-21T20:02:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987787444.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021194506-20191021222006-00373.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9570321440696716, "token_count": 816, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__105431036", "lang": "en", "text": "The year was 1966 and between civil rights and the brewing Vietnam War, America was a hotbed of social change. Every headline was a grim reminder of the intensely racially charged atmosphere of the time. Under the leadership of sociopolitical and religious icons like Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, the majority of the black community was in lockstep toward the goal of rising from beneath the boot of oppression. The echoing cry for a new breed of black hero was in the air and just as the cry reached a pitch Marvel Comics would answer with the introduction of the Black Panther, the first Black Superhero to appear in a mainstream comic book.\nUp until that time, there had never been a black superhero in mainstream American comics. Although Lobo, a black character that appeared in (1950) is considered the first black man to have his own comic book and Gabriel Jones had a well-established in the popular Sgt. Fury title, Black Panther represented inclusion in the mainstream popular media of that time.\nThe historical record makes it clear that the creators of Black Panther saw opportunity in the fervent racially-charged and war-torn emotional state of the country and capitalized on the absence of color in both the Marvel and DC universes.\nBy 1969 the Falcon, would appear alongside Marvel’s Captain America in issue #117, which marked the second appearance of a BLACK SUPERHERO in mainstream comic community. and the first African American super hero to do so as panther was a native African. Still, the floodgates were open and a litany of male and female black superhero characters would be introduced into the comic mainstream throughout the 1970s including: The Guardian in 1970 and Nu Bia in 1973 from DC and Power Man (Luke Cage) in 1972 and Misty Knight by 1975. At least a dozen more black comic heroes would be introduced throughout the rest of the 70s, which represented the largest influx of black comic characters to date; what many would call the first coming of black superheroes.\nTo many historians and black comic fans, this influx of blackness into the comic mainstream was the bi product of the previous decade’s racial and political tensions when considering the real life events that transpired in the previous decade:\n- Assassination Johns Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1963\n- Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964\n- Onset of the Vietnam War, 1965\n- Desegregation of public schools in the US, 1965\n- Assassination of Malcolm X, 1965\n- Black Panther Party Founded in Oakland, 1966\n- Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., 1968\n- Assassination Robert Kennedy, 1968\nAs it were, the black community’s appetite for heroes after the brutal assassinations of the 1960s, would be partially addressed in the pages of comic books (as it was with Captain America’s pre WWII story lines) but in real life the burgeoning blaxploitation movement would also rise from the emotional and political ashes of the previous decade. Now, with the rise of black comics paralleled by 1970s blaxploitation cinema, the step-n-fetch it, “sambo-style” “shuckin and jiving” stereotype previously displayed in newspaper comic strips and movies was replaced with the new super bad, afro wearing, butt kicking, “bad mother fu – watch yo mouth” characters that became permanently endeared to the hearts and minds of black America. With such a close correlation between current events of the 60s and early 70s and their use in comic book lore, many ponder the true purpose and timing of the introduction of Black Super Hero characters. Many believe that black comics were merely an extension of the same pre WWII propaganda pioneered in the Captain America comics first released in 1941 while others regard comics as nothing more than harmless entertainment for children. Propaganda or not, a historical view of black comics and the culture surrounding them reveals some interesting facts, correlations and coincidences that would raise even the most ardent fan’s eyebrow.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.icelandicroots.com/ir-volunteers/benedikt-j%C3%B3nsson", "date": "2023-09-23T20:21:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00813.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9715874791145325, "token_count": 483, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__79042322", "lang": "en", "text": "Benedikt Jónsson was born in Reykjavík but grew up on the farm Hamrar in Haukadalur in Dalasýsla county. At a very young age he decided that he was not cut out for farm life and consequently pursued the path of education. After graduating with a BA in English and Literature from the University of Iceland in 1979, Benedikt moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, for post-graduate studies. He completed his post-graduate studies in English literature at the University of Edinburgh in 1981.\nBenedikt has been interested in genealogy for many years and even wrote and published a book called Hamraætt (1999), which details the family history of his grandfather and grandmother who lived at Hamrar. With Þorkell Örn Ólason, he co-edited the book Fyrir Opnu Hafi (By the Open Sea, 2009), which lists the descendants of Guðmundur Guðmundsson and Ragnheiður Halldórsdóttir who lived at Bær on Selströnd, Kaldrananeshreppi in Strandasýsla county. Since 2017, Benedikt has served as chair of the Icelandic Genealogy Society.\nProfessionally, Benedikt has worked as a teacher, held various office and publishing jobs, and in 2002 began working as a project manager at the National Archives of Iceland (Þjóðskjalasafn Íslands). At the National Archives, Benedikt’s responsibilities have included acting as webmaster and helping build census databases as well as the online digital document repository, heimildir.is. In 2016, the National Archives signed a contract with FamilySearch of Utah to digitize various documents of genealogical interest. Benedikt has supervised that work, which is still ongoing.\nBenedikt is now semi-retired from his job at the National Archives and is excited to be part of the Icelandic Roots team. Benedikt has three children and seven grandchildren and lives in Hafnarfjörður with his wife Guðný Árnadóttir.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://andrejicm.blogspot.com/2009/08/", "date": "2021-06-24T23:52:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488560777.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624233218-20210625023218-00620.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9605481624603271, "token_count": 224, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__155385848", "lang": "en", "text": "Ambras Castle, located above Innsbruck in Tirol, can be seen far and wide—and it is one of the provincial capital’s most important sites. Its cultural and historical significance is inseparably linked with the personality of Archduke Ferdinand II (1529–1595), a true “Renaissance prince” who was an enthusiastic patron of the arts and sciences. He founded the Ambras collections, which became world-famous during his own lifetime, and had a specially conceived museum complex built for them—something like a prototype of the present-day museum.\nThe display at the Lower Castle attempts to reconstruct the Archduke’s museum: his Chamber of Art and Curiosities, the Chambers of Armour and the Antiquarium.\nThe Upper Castle contains the exceptional Portrait Gallery of the Habsburgs with its over 200 paintings, including ones by artists such as Lukas Cranach, Titian, Van Dyck and Velázquez.\nOn the ground floor of the Upper Castle is the Collection of Late Medieval Sculptures.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.robot-circus.com/games/q-e-d-cosmos-casebook/", "date": "2024-02-22T11:05:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00747.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.901050329208374, "token_count": 197, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__195260569", "lang": "en", "text": "Q.E.D: COSMO’S CASEBOOK\nQED: Cosmo’s Casebook is a mystery-adventure game set in Ancient Rome, during the final decades of the Roman Republic. You play as Cosmo Veritas, a hot-shot lawyer with a heart of gold, seeking fame and fortune in the Roman law courts. Cosmo, and his feathered sidekick Aquila, champion the rights of the downtrodden, taking on the cases that no other Roman lawyer would touch.\nPart-gumshoe mystery, part-courtroom drama: QED: Cosmo’s Casebook presents three exciting cases which take you from the glittering heights to the stinky depths of Roman society. Have you got what it takes to lay down the Lore?\nQED: Cosmo’s Casebook is an original history game for designed for late primary and secondary students.\nAdventure, mystery, educational", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://uccdewitt.org/our-history/", "date": "2022-12-07T21:09:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711218.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207185519-20221207215519-00477.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9444421529769897, "token_count": 196, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__45629035", "lang": "en", "text": "Founded more than 180 years ago, First Congregational United Church of Christ was the first church in DeWitt, Iowa. We also believe that it was the first church in Clinton County, and we know that it was one of the first churches in the state of Iowa. It even predates the state of Iowa! When First Congregational United Church of Christ was founded, this land was part of the Iowa Territory: the land of the Kiikaapoi (Kickapoo), oθaakiiwaki‧hina‧ki (Sauk), Meškwahki·aša·hina (Fox), Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, and Báxoje Máyaⁿ (Ioway).\nThis part of our website is constantly evolving as we learn more about our own history. Check back for updates as we add new pages and update existing ones!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.gilbertstoneprimary.com/year-4/", "date": "2018-09-23T07:11:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159160.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923055928-20180923080328-00547.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9310545325279236, "token_count": 157, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__50627143", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to Year 4!\nThis term, Year 4 will be taking a great Learning Journey back to Roman times. We will be answering the question: ‘Were the Romans really rotten?’ Throughout our Learning Journey we will explore how the Romans lived and what impact they had on our modern society. Our Super Start will be on 22nd September 2017 and we look forward to creating Roman coins with our family members. We look forward to our trip to Lunt Fort on Tuesday 31st October 2017.\nDon't forget about our Year 4 Class Assembly ‘The Rotten Romans’ due to take place on Wednesday 8th November 2017.\n4ML – Dance (Friday)\n4H – Swimming (Wednesday)\nInvasion Games and Football Skills (Monday)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tamarindholiday.com/view-destination.php?id=1", "date": "2022-10-04T09:04:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337490.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004085909-20221004115909-00604.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9583970308303833, "token_count": 179, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__92907399", "lang": "en", "text": "Sigiriya, also called Lion Rock or Lion Mountain, is one of the most valuable historical monuments of Sri Lanka. The palace is located in the heart of the island between the towns of Dambulla and Habarane on a massive rocky plateau 370 meters above the sea level.\nSigiriya was a royal citadel for 18 years (477-495) when it was fortified by King Kasyapa. The architectural and irrigational technologies of Sigiriya, such as the Water Gardens, still baffle engineers. The climb up steep steps of metal with railings passes a wall decorated with frescoes of bare-breasted women. Art experts consider them unique. Referred by locals as the Eighth Wonder of the World this ancient palace and fortress complex has significant archaeological importance and attracts thousands of tourists every year. It is probably the most visited tourist destination of Sri Lanka.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://jmmtrackandfield.com/index-112.html", "date": "2024-04-14T04:34:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816864.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414033458-20240414063458-00373.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9619949460029602, "token_count": 883, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__87333777", "lang": "en", "text": "Don Cockell, a prominent figure in the world of boxing during the mid-20th century, left an indelible mark on the sport with his impressive achievements and tenacity. His life’s story is a captivating tale of perseverance, courage, and determination. In this informative article, we will delve into the biography of Don Cockell, exploring his early life, boxing career, and the legacy he left behind. Here we will discuss about Don cockell boxer biography book.\nEarly Life and Beginnings\nBorn on April 22, 1926, in Paddington, London, Don Cockell’s journey began in a modest setting. Growing up during the challenging times of the Great Depression and World War II, Cockell’s life was far from easy. However, it was his tough upbringing that instilled in him the resilience and determination that would later define his boxing career.\nBoxing Career and Rise to Prominence\nDon Cockell’s introduction to boxing came in the Royal Navy, where he honed his skills as a fighter. He made his professional debut in 1947, quickly establishing himself as a formidable contender in the British boxing scene. Standing tall at 6 feet 4 inches and weighing around 195 pounds, Cockell possessed both the physical attributes and the fighting spirit to excel in the ring.\nIn 1950, Cockell made headlines by knocking out the well-regarded Freddie Mills, a feat that catapulted him into the national spotlight. His subsequent victories against top-ranked opponents solidified his reputation as a formidable fighter and earned him a shot at the British Empire heavyweight title.\nThe Fight with Rocky Marciano\nCockell’s most memorable moment came on May 16, 1955, when he faced the undefeated and reigning world heavyweight champion, Rocky Marciano. The bout took place at San Francisco’s Kezar Stadium, with millions of fans around the world eagerly anticipating the clash between the British underdog and the dominant American champion.\nCockell put up a valiant effort, impressively holding his own against Marciano in the early rounds. However, as the fight progressed, Marciano’s relentless aggression and devastating power began to take a toll on Cockell. In the ninth round, Marciano delivered a crushing right-hand punch that sent Cockell to the canvas. Despite bravely rising to his feet, the referee stopped the fight, declaring Marciano the winner by TKO.\nAlthough he did not emerge victorious, Cockell’s courageous performance against the undefeated champion earned him admiration and respect both in Britain and the United States.\nLife After Boxing\nFollowing his bout with Marciano, Don Cockell continued to compete in the boxing circuit, but he never regained the same level of prominence. Eventually, he retired from the sport in 1960, having amassed an impressive record of 67 wins (30 by knockout), 14 losses, and 1 draw.\nPost-retirement, Cockell remained involved in boxing as a trainer and mentor to aspiring fighters. He also found success in the business world, running a successful chain of hotels and pubs.\nLegacy and Impact\nDon Cockell’s legacy extends beyond his achievements in the ring. He is remembered as a fighter who never shied away from a challenge and always gave his best effort. His story serves as an inspiration to aspiring boxers and athletes worldwide, showcasing the power of resilience and determination in the face of adversity.\nIn 2005, Don Cockell was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, a testament to his significant impact on the sport and his enduring legacy as one of Britain’s finest heavyweight boxers.\nIn conclusion, the biography of Don Cockell tells the tale of a fighter who rose from humble beginnings to become a remarkable boxer in the annals of boxing history. His life’s journey exemplifies the virtues of perseverance, courage, and determination that have inspired generations of athletes.\nFrom his early days in London to his historic clash with Rocky Marciano, Don Cockell’s story is a testament to the power of the human spirit. The biography of this remarkable boxer is a captivating narrative of triumph and tribulation, showcasing the indomitable will of a true sportsman. To know more about Don cockell boxer biography book just follow us.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://abeandthebabe.com/meet.html", "date": "2023-02-05T20:35:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500288.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205193202-20230205223202-00453.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9469869136810303, "token_count": 259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__121741597", "lang": "en", "text": "Max and Donna have an extensive background in community theatre and have been\nportraying Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln professionally since 1988. They are past\nVice-Presidents of the National Association of Lincoln Presenters and have\nreceived its awards for \"Best Abraham,\" \"Best Mary,\" \"Best Abraham and\nMary Lincoln Team,\" and \"Lincoln Legend.\"\nThey have been featured on C-Span Cable Network in the Lincoln-Douglas Debate series, the \"Someone You Should Know\" program on ABC/Channel 7 in Chicago, and the Investigating History series on the History Channel. They have performed at the Lincoln Home Visitor Center in Springfield, Illinois and at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. They participate in Memorial Day ceremonies at Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery, and took part in the dedication of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum in Springfield, IL. They research and write their own original scripts, receiving many compliments for the entertaining way in which they present their programs. They are popular attractions at Civil War Reenactments throughout the Midwest and make over 200 appearances each year for schools, libraries, and other organizations. They take great pride in bringing history to life for audiences of all ages.\nFor more information or our brochure", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://adventurestoventures.com/2017/04/12/the-three-must-see-temples-of-angkor-wat/", "date": "2017-12-13T07:24:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522205.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213065419-20171213085419-00386.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9698483943939209, "token_count": 665, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__175754140", "lang": "en", "text": "The temples of the Angkor Wat complex are the largest religious monument in the world and it is something you have to go and see if you are in Cambodia. Siem Reap is the best place to base yourself beforehand and the easiest way of getting to and from Angkor Wat is via a tuk tuk driver which you can hire for around $15 a day.\nWe rose early at 4.30am and met our driver outside who took us to the ticket office. The price of a daily ticket has just been increased to $37 but it is still worth the money for what you get to see. We then drove into the temple complex and headed for our first temple, Angkor Wat.\nFirst must see temple – Angkor Wat\nWe joined the masses who had the same idea as ourselves, to go and see the sun rising behind the magnificent temple. It is a spectacular image and you can see the reflection of the temple on the lake which makes for a great photo.\nWe then spent a couple of hours walking through the inner walls of the temple itself. All of the temples were built by the Khmer civilisation but unlike some of the other Angkor monuments, Angkor Wat was never abandoned to the elements and has been in virtually continuous use since it was built.\nSecond must see temple – Bayon temple\nThis was my favourite temple as the level of detail is astonishing. The Bayon was the last state temple to be built at Angkor and was constructed in the 12th-13th century. The dense jungle that surrounds the temple camouflaged its position in relation to other structures at Angkor so it was not known for some time that the Bayon stands in the exact centre of the city of Angkor Thom.\nThere are over 2000 large faces carved on the 54 towers and you can test your photographic skills on certain faces whilst you’re walking round to see if you can get the perfect shot. You will probably fare much better than us!\nThird must see temple – Ta Phrom\nThis temple came to fame as it was featured in the Tomb Raider films starring Angelina Jolie. For this reason it is likely to the busiest temple that you visit as Chinese tour groups flock to this temple. As such, finding a quiet secluded spot to take a photo may be a bit difficult. The temple itself has been left largely unreconstructed and is being conserved as a partial ruin.\nThere are dozens of gigantic trees that engulf parts of the temple and one of these trees is the famous ‘Tomb Raider Tree’. The appeal of Ta Phrom lies in the fact that, unlike the other monuments of Angkor, it has literally been swallowed by the jungle, and looks very much the way most of the monuments of Angkor appeared when European explorers first stumbled upon them.\nSo that’s our three must see temples if you only have time to explore the Angkor complex for a day. There are dozens of other temples to see, some close by and others a bit further away, which i’m sure also make for fascinating viewing! If you are exploring the rest of Cambodia be sure to check out our blog – Backpacking Cambodia: Must see places!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.campchetek.org/history", "date": "2019-10-15T04:32:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655864.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015032537-20191015060037-00558.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9784507751464844, "token_count": 937, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__142444420", "lang": "en", "text": "Chetek Baptist Assembly, INC\nThe ministry of Camp Chetek today continues a legacy that stretches back nearly one hundred years in the northern woods of Chetek, Wisconsin.\nChetek Baptist Assembly was incorporated in 1944 and purchased the grounds, previously owned by a Methodist group, that several Baptist churches had been renting for church camps for many years already. They first started using the site, along with another camp site on the north end of Chetek, in the early 1900s.\nIn 1925, Pastor Ralph Barry held a Bible camp for the young people in his church at a Boy Scout camp on Long Lake just north of Chetek. He had just been through World War I helping the YMCA run camps for soldiers, but he was concerned that they were fast losing their Christian foundation. He once commented that there wasn't much \"C\" left in the “Y”—the Young Men's Christian Association. He felt a camp could still be greatly used for reaching and training young people for Christ—he just wanted to keep Christ firmly in the center.\nThe first camp was successful, and he continued running summer camps in Chetek, renting a Presbyterian campground on this property. Other churches joined, and he was even able to get a Baptist Convention to begin sponsoring it with money.\nChetek proved to be a great site for the special blend of fun and Biblical seriousness that the camp wanted to promote. Daisy Sanasac, who started coming in 1927, remembered some of the pranks they used to play on each other in the old dormitories above the old chapel hall.\nThe Bible classes weren't wimpy either. How would you like a class in Homiletics, Eschatology, Hermeneutics, or Exegesis? This was in the day before Bible colleges were generally accessible, and the list read like classes offered in a seminary. In the early years Senior Week ran from teens up to age 30, and after four years you could get a Camp Chetek diploma.\nThe late 1930s saw some struggles arise over the direction of the camp. These struggles were most obvious in 1936 when camp was not held because of difficulties between the sponsoring convention and the local churches. Camp resumed the following summer despite the continuing tension, and for several years continued on under the leadership of Pastor Barry, helped by Pastors John Hein and Jack Bowen.\nIn the fall of 1939, Pastor Barry was called home to glory. Pastor M.R. Siemens succeeded him as pastor of First Baptist Church in Eau Claire, and as the head of the camping program at Chetek.\nThe year 1944 saw two major changes in the history of Camp Chetek. The troubles between the local churches and the convention were brought to a head when the pastors decided to cut ties with the convention, and officially incorporated Chetek Baptist Assembly. At about the same time, the Presbyterians decided to sell their campgrounds, and with the purchase of this property, Camp Chetek had a permanent home.\nAt its incorporation, Camp Chetek was legally run by two boards—one to own and maintain the land, the other to run the camp program. This protected the camp legally as the camp itself did not own any property and thus was protected from lawsuits. These two boards remained until the 1990s when changes in the law allowed them to be combined into the current board that runs camp.\nAlso in 1944 came a big push to build a new chapel and honor Pastor Barry who had died just five years earlier. By the next year the building was completed, and if you look up at the ceiling today, the white boards you see are those they salvaged from the old original chapel building. This new chapel and other improvements paved the way for the amazing growth that was to follow. Pastor Siemens saw his role grow and expand as he oversaw the camp for over 20 years.\nThe original 16 acres were expanded greatly in the 1960s when a neighbor sold her property to the camp. Caretakers and maintenance men lived on the premises, from Neil Coaty to Larry Griffiths to Gary Schultz. Directors following Pastor Siemens include Armin Erb, Dick Robinson, Mike Duffy, his son Mick Duffy, and the present director, Randy Tanis.\nWith the advent of Christian colleges, camp classes were not so intense, but Gospel preaching and the Word of God have never lost their importance here on the grounds of Camp Chetek. This passion for Christ has reverberated through the multitude of pastors, missionaries, evangelists, and musicians that have passed through our doors. Camp is truly \"Christ Centered Camp Chetek!\"", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://manitobacrimestoppers.com/unsolved-crime/strathclair-museum-breaking-entering-theft-july-1-2018/", "date": "2023-11-28T19:56:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099942.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128183116-20231128213116-00691.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9159450531005859, "token_count": 155, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__208881139", "lang": "en", "text": "On July 1, 2018, a break and enter at the Strathclair Museum, located in the R.M. of Yellowhead, was reported. To gain entry into the museum, the unknown suspect(s) broke a window, and a door. Once inside the building, the suspect(s) took a number of items:\n2 rifle bolts\nMauser pistol World War 2 serial number 1239 (decommissioned)\nDouble Barrel Shotgun circa. 1880 (decommissioned)\n5 framed pictures\ngold ore and fools gola stones\nAnyone with information about the break and enter, or the stolen items, is asked to call the Shoal Lake RCMP Detachment at (204) 759-2390 , or submit a tip.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://fccgrayson.com/10-plagues", "date": "2022-12-09T21:54:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711552.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209213503-20221210003503-00582.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8582872152328491, "token_count": 607, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__98903994", "lang": "en", "text": "*images & supplementary content used with permission from TVC Resources\nThe 10 plagues of Egypt were acts of divine justice by God against the oppressors of His people. They demonstrated the power of the one, true God and exposed the gods that the Egyptians worshiped as false. Each plague corresponded to particular Egyptian gods and served to prove— both to the Egyptians and the Israelites—who the true Sovereign Ruler was.\nWater turned to blood\nApis, Isis, Khnum and Osiris, gods of the Nile\nIt killed all the fish and made the water unusable, devastating the economy\nHeqet, the frog goddess\nFrogs invaded all the homes and later died. The Egyptians believed frogs to be sacred.\nSet, god of the desert\nThe dust of the desert turned to gnats and swarmed over everything—the first plague that the Egyptian sorcerers couldn’t duplicate.\nUatchit, the fly god\nFlies swarmed the Egyptians—the first plague that didn’t also affect the Israelites.\nHathor and Apis, cattle gods\nThe Egyptian cattle died, devastating the economy further.\nSekhmet, Sunu and Isis, gods over health and disease\nBoils covered the bodies of the Egyptians and kept the sorcerers away from the royal court.\nNut, the sky goddess, Osiris, the crop fertility god, and Set, the storm god\nHail and fire ruined the Egyptians’ land.\nNut, Osiris and Set\nThe locusts devoured the Egyptian crops, preventing a harvest for that year.\nRe, god of the sun, also symbolic of Pharaoh himself\nDarkness covered Egypt for three days, but the Israelite homes still had light.\nDeath of the Egyptian firstborn sons\nIsis, the protector of children, and also served as judgment on Pharaoh himself\nThe angel of God killed the firstborn sons of the Egyptians but passed over the homes of the Israelites.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.travelsmarttours.com/2020england.html", "date": "2024-04-17T19:24:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00204.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9355671405792236, "token_count": 2312, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__179721301", "lang": "en", "text": "Stone Arch Brewpub\nDay 1 - Thursday, September 10\nDepart for London.\nDay 2 - Friday, September 11\nArrive in London Heathrow or Gatwick airport. Our guide will meet you in the airport and transfer you to a luxury coach for your trip to Kent.\nDepending on arrival time, we will have a 2-hour walking tour of Canterbury with our guide. Canterbury is located in Kent, a county in the southwest of England famed for the rich foliage and extensive agriculture. The city is most well-known for its stunning Cathedral and significance in Chacer's seminal work, The Canterbury Tales.\nTonight we will enjoy dinner at a local pub.\nOvernight in Kent.\nDay 3 - Saturday, September 12\nBreakfast at the hotel.\nThis morning we will visit The Hop Farm with Oast Houses and Shire Horses in the stables. The Hop Farm is Kent's iconic and historic landmark, featuring the world's largest collection of Victorian oast houses. It was a major supplier of hops to London breweries in the 19th and 20th centuries. Families across the South East and beyond used to spend the summer holidays working in the rolling countryside around the Hop Farm, harvesting hops and preparing them to be transported. The hop pockets were delivered to the local train station using the strength of the famous Shire horses.\nLunch in Whistable, a picture-perfect seaside town. Quirky and independent, this lively harbor town in Kent is bursting with great views, world famous oysters and narrow alleyways calling out to be explored.\nAfter lunch we will visit Kentish Craft Brewer. This brewery concentrated on making the more unusual, hard to find beers and was not afraid of experimenting with new raw materials and other ingredients, which could add new dimensions to favored Belgian and American style bottle conditioned strong ales. Their overall plan is about developing exciting new beers that will offer a broad mix of styles to satisfy the taste buds of the specialist beer drinker.\nWe will then have exclusive access to the National Hop Collection, held at Queen Court Farm, Faversham. It comprises historic English hop varieties and elite breeding lines from the commercial hop improvement program of the British Hop Association.\nWe will have dinner and a private tour at Shepherd Neame brewery, England's oldest operating brewery. We will join a guided tour which will take us through the heart of this busy working brewery to see how beer is made from barley to bottle and from hop to hand-pump! We will taste natural mineral water from the brewery's well, try some malted barley and smell locally-grown Kentish hops. The tour covers all aspects of brewing from raw material to distribution. Vehicles from the brewery's historic fleet are on display, along with a recreated cooper's workshop, bygone pub signs and a collection of hop-picking memorabilia.\nOvernight in Kent.\nDay 4 - Sunday, September 13\nAfter breakfast at the hotel we will depart for London, one of the oldest, most dynamic, diverse, cultural and historic cities on Earth. We will enjoy an overview to get us familiar with the city and its highlights. We will be shown the great sights of London.\nCovent Garden – at leisure. Covent Garden in London's West End is a popular destination for visitors and Londoners who enjoy shopping, theatre, restaurants, bars, history and culture. Geographically, Covent Garden is located in Central London, bordered by the City of London and Leicester Square. We will enjoy lunch on our own.\nThis afternoon we visit the Tower of London, a royal palace, a treasury of jewels, a state prison, an observatory, a place of execution and torture, and even a zoo. These are just some of the functions of the Tower of London over the past 900 years. Kings have been murdered here, Queens have been executed here. See the places where these major historic events have occurred, have a photo taken with a Beefeater or even a raven! The Tower also houses the Royal Armories and the Crown Jewels. Her Majesty’s regalia on display here includes the Cullinan Diamond, the world’s largest ever found (3106 carats!)\nDinner at leisure followed by a Soho historic pub crawl.\nOvernight in London.\nDay 5 - Monday, September 14\nBreakfast at the hotel.\nThis morning we will visit Westminster Abbey, Britain’s most important religious building. It has been the site of coronations, royal weddings and funerals for nearly 1000 years, the burial place of Kings and Queens as well as some of the most important British citizens who have ever lived. Inside this stunning medieval Gothic church, British history has been and continues to be made.\nWe will then visit St Paul’s Cathedral. Dominating the skyline of London is the dome of this magnificent 17th Century cathedral. Inside is one of the glories of the city, a sumptuous work of Baroque architecture. Built in the aftermath of the Great Fire of London in 1666, St Paul’s has been the focus of the city ever since. National heroes are buried here; major funerals are held here. The emblem of London’s survival during WWII, Lady Diana Spencer married Prince Charles here in 1981 and the old woman sold her bird food here in the movie ‘Mary Poppins’.\nFor lunch we will head to Borough Market and take in the atmosphere of a true London market! Since medieval times, Londoners have been buying their food from this market just south of London Bridge. Nowadays it is a foodie heaven with cuisine from around the world as well as local artisan fare.\nIncluding: A visit to George Tavern (oldest coaching house in London)\nNote: Here you have the option for a Borough Market Food Tour including tastings.\nAfter lunch we will take the Bermondsey Beer Mile Brewery Tour. We will have an expert lead us on a tour of 3 taprooms in Bermondsey and discover some great new beers. Our guide will take us through the history of the area and the beers we will discover along the route.\nDinner at leisure followed by a City of London historic pub crawl.\nOvernight in London.\nDay 6 - Tuesday, September 15\nAfter breakfast at the hotel we will depart for Oxford.\nWe will start our day with a tour of Blenheim Palace and Park & Gardens. The finest, grandest, largest private palace in Britain, Blenheim Palace is a Baroque masterpiece. Built by a grateful nation in 1704 for the victorious general John Churchill, it was where his descendant, Winston, was born in 1874. The Palace’s collection of paintings, tapestries furniture and sculptures are amongst the finest in Europe. Its 2,000 acres of landscaped gardens are picture perfect.\nWe will then explore Oxford at leisure. Oxford is one of the oldest cities of education in the world. It is also one of the most beautiful. The ancient colleges, cloisters and quads, libraries, bridges, gardens and narrow, cobbled streets have thronged with students for 800 years. C.S. Lewis dreamt up the Chronicles of Narnia whilst teaching here. J.R.R. Tolkien created the Lord of the Rings here. Lewis Carol wrote Alice in Wonderland while a lecturer at Oxford. Generations of students from Bill Clinton to Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, have studied here. It is still a world-class educational institution.\nVisit social enterprise brewery, who rehabilitate people serving prison sentences. Sour brewery and keg-led brewing. Tap Social Movement is a craft brewery based in central oxford, specializing in bold and flavorful keg beer. They are the first brewery to bring sour beer to Oxford, and our core range includes an exciting mixture of hoppy pales, dark, Belgian, gluten free, and sour styles.\nOvernight at hotel in Oxford.\nDay 7 - Wednesday, September 16\nAfter breakfast we will head to Stonehenge. Walk in the footsteps of your Neolithic ancestors at Stonehenge – one of the Wonders of the World and the best-known prehistoric monument in Europe. With a history spanning 4,500 years, Stonehenge has many different meanings to people today. It is a spiritual place and a source of inspiration. Explore the ancient landscape on foot and step inside the Neolithic houses to discover the tools and objects of everyday Neolithic life. Visit the world-class exhibition and visitor center with 250 ancient objects and come face-to-face with a 5,500-year-old man.\nWe continue our day with the Wadworth Brewery Tour. We will discover traditional brewing skills and appreciate cask ales at their best as you enjoy an extensive tour of the Victorian tower buildings, starting in the Visitor Center. You’ll gain knowledge of the Wadworth history and heritage as you learn about the unique, traditional skills that the brewery still practices today. Follow the interesting gravitational brewing process down through four floors and round off your tour with a tasty selection of Wadworth cask ales.\nOvernight at The Nobody Inn.\nDay 8 - Thursday, September 17\nAfter breakfast we will travel to Dartmoor for a day of leisure. Discover a magical, ancient landscape of stunning views, awe inspiring granite tors, deep wooded valleys with fast flowing rivers, and rugged, wide open spaces. This is Dartmoor, where you can truly escape to find peace, quiet and extreme beauty.\nOvernight at The Nobody Inn.\nDay 9 - Friday, September 18\nVisit Yeovil Ales brewery\nThe Yeovil Ales brewery was founded in 2005 by father and son, Dave and Rob Sherwood. The range of handcrafted beers now stands at seven permanent real ales and a growing number of occasional and seasonal brews - including their YOLO (You Only Live Once) series of 10th anniversary beers and their 'Hop' experimental British hop development ranges. They brew and rack in-house, allowing them to keep control of the high-quality beers they produce. Their very own Drayman delivers the beers direct to trade customers throughout Somerset, Dorset, Devon, Wiltshire and Hampshire, in both cask and keg.\nSalisbury & Wilstshire\nCentered on a majestic cathedral that's topped by the tallest spire in England, Salisbury makes an appealing Wiltshire base. It's been an important provincial city for more than a thousand years, and its streets form an architectural timeline ranging from medieval walls and half-timbered Tudor town houses to Georgian mansions and Victorian villa.\nReal Ale steam train. Evening (approx. 18:30 - 22:30 Hrs – to/from Alton)\nDinner at stops along the route. The Real Ale Train continues its tradition of serving real ale from a restored bar carriage pulled by a steam locomotive.\nLate transfer from Alton to Osterich Hotel (near airport)\nOvernight at the Osterich.\nDay 10 - Saturday, September 19\nAirport transfer for international flights.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.theatreontheroad.com/cemetery-tour.html", "date": "2019-07-17T07:24:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525094.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717061451-20190717083451-00207.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9236405491828918, "token_count": 560, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-30__0__104907139", "lang": "en", "text": "Private Tours Available\nPrivate tours for groups of 20 or more are available upon request. Call 845-475-7973 for scheduling and availability.\nOctober 2019 - Our fifth year!\nIn cooperation with the Old Dutch Church in Kingston, New York, Theatre on the Road will present the LIving History Cemetery Tours each Saturday in October. Group and private tour discounts are available. To reserve your spot call 845-475-7973 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.org.\nPlease arrive by 6:45 PM and line up at the Wall Street door of the Old Dutch Church. The address is 272 Wall St., Kingston, NY 12472. Each tour is approximately one hour.\n$15 per person, $10 students and seniors. $1.00 for 12 and under.\n\"This is an incredible experience! Watch as history comes to life through the amazing and talented cast of Theatre on the Road. Wonderful entertainment for the whole family. Thank you Frank Marquette, Murder Cafe and Theatre on the Road for all the great shows! I love them all.\" - Cheryl DeForest, Kingston, NY\nOur Fall 2018 Historic Cemetery Tours attracted over 500 people on the four tours we scheduled.\n\"What a fun event! I was sad when it was over. I wanted to hear more stories of the people who once walked the same Kingston streets that we do! GO SEE THIS ! It is definitely family friendly. It's not a \"spooky\" tour. It's historical.\"\n-MARY TARCZA, Kingston, NY\nLiving History Cemetery Tours\nJohn Vanderlyn, internationally known artist and Kingston native.\nTraitor, Jacob Lefferts\nAll new characters and stories for 2019!\nIf you are uncomfortable with the PAYPAL LINK call 845-475-7973 and leave your name, date of tour and number of guests. You will pay at the door on the night of your tour.\nYour one hour tour begins in 1659 and ends in 1910.\nJacob Adriansen, a young man who was the first casualty of the Esopus-Indian Wars when Kingston was still Wiltwyck will be standing on his grave. After telling you his story Jacob will lead you to John Vanderlyn, a Kingston born, internationally known artist. Next on the tour will be General George Sharp, Kingston native, lawyer, diplomat and Civil War hero. Returning from the hereafter to preside over her actual paintings will be Kingston native Julia Dillion, an artist and Kingston native who ran an ironworks company. Also making appearances will be philanthropist and donor of Forsyth Park Mary Forsyth, and Roswell Randal Hoes, an Old Dutch Church 19th century clergyman and Dutch historian.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.milforce.cn/Introduction-of-desert-boot-id561878.html", "date": "2023-10-01T21:04:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510941.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001205332-20231001235332-00291.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.989862859249115, "token_count": 379, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__81571566", "lang": "en", "text": "A variant of the Chukka boot is the desert boot, but these always have suede uppers and crepe rubber soles. Desert boots were popularized in the 1950s by UK shoe company C. & J. Clark.\nDesert boots were officially introduced to the world with the debut of the Clarks' Desert Boot at the 1949 Chicago Shoe Fair. After feature coverage in Esquire magazine, their popularity took off. According to Clarks, inspiration came from \"the crepe-soled, rough suede boots made in Cairo’s Khan elKhalili bazaar for British Eighth Army officers.\"\nThese boots were based on the South African veldskoen which became a popular footwear item in Southern Africa due to their robust and simple design. Often being bought by soldiers for use in the various bush wars of the region they have become popular across the world as \"desert boots\".\nThe year was 1941, and the soldier, well he wasn't just any infantryman, he was Nathan Clark, and he'd been sent to war with two missions. First and foremost to protect his country, and, secondly, to discover some new shoe designs for his family's company. As a member of the Eighth Army, Clark had been deployed to Burma, and it was here that he noticed that the officers in his formation were wearing these strange, sand colored chukkas during their downtime. Clark investigated the shoes and learned that they had originally been commissioned to Cairo cobblers by South African soldiers whose old-military issue boots had failed them out on the desert terrain. They wanted something that was both lightweight and grippy which led to creation of a boot with a suede upper on a crepe sole.\n—Jake Gallagher, GQ Magazine, August 15, 2012\ncontent is empty!\nProfessional Military Boots Manufacturers ——since 1984", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ehgezmasr.com/en/aswan/blog/", "date": "2023-12-07T06:05:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00201.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9539872407913208, "token_count": 1182, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__90934899", "lang": "en", "text": "Spread out along the banks of the Nile, Aswan is a casual and well disposed town that gives a peaceful break on the off chance that you've quite recently landed from Cairo. It's old Egypt's portal to Africa, this is a flawless base for investigating the sanctuaries and landmarks in the southern scopes of Upper Egypt and the region's particularly diverse Nubian society. The most ideal approach to find Aswan's charms is to jump on board a felucca (sailboat) and take a deep look into the town from the watery roadway that once made Aswan a vital exchanging post.\nHere the most attractions in Aswan\nBased on the west bank of the Nile River, between the first and second waterfalls of the Nile, the site of Abu Simbel is a standout amongst the most conspicuous antiquated locales in Egypt.\nIt contains two sanctuaries, cut into a mountainside, that were worked by pharaoh Ramesses II.\nThe entranceway to the sanctuary is exceptional, to the point that on two days of the year, October 22 and February 22, the light would sparkle into the internal haven and light up three statues situated on a seat, including one of the pharaoh. It's been theorized that these dates might praise his crowning ceremony and conception.\nThe consecrated Temple of Isis (known as Philae Temple) is one of Upper Egypt's most bewildering landmarks both for the lovely masterfulness of its reliefs and for the dazzling symmetry of its design, which made it a most loved subject of Victorian painters. Like Abu Simbel, the sanctuary was spared by the rising waters of Lake Nasser by UNESCO's salvage extend and moved the whole kit and caboodle from its unique home on Philae Island to adjacent Agilika Island where it sits today.\nThe Philae Temple, is an inside the old faction of Isis, which is the principle part of the Philae complex, however the island is additionally home to the Temple of Hathor and different structures from the Roman and Byzantine periods.\nMonastery of St. Simeon\nThe brilliantly photogenic Monastery of St. Simeon sits between the sand hills on the Nile's West Bank. Established in the 7th century lastly relinquished in the13th century because of water deficiencies, it's one of the biggest and best protected Coptic cloisters in Egypt.\nInside the yard, an aisled Basilica takes up the southern side of the religious community. At the east end of the wide nave, once secured by two arches, is the expansive apse, with three rectangular specialties under semi vaults. In the focal corner are the remaining parts of a fresco delineating Christ enthroned between heavenly attendants. Toward the north and west of the congregation are different auxiliary structures and little grottoes, while the eastern side is comprised of living quarters. Upstairs, are some all the more very much protected barrel-vaulted living quarters, including the minister cells, with block quaint little inns and Arabic engravings upon the dividers.\nTombs of the Nobles\nThis arrangement of rock tombs etched out of the West Bank's bluffs.\nThe main tombs you enter are Tombs 25 and 26 where sixth tradition governors Mekhu and Sabni were covered. Up the way to the privilege is Tomb 31, fitting in with Prince Sarenput II, a contemporary of King Amenemhet II. This is one of the biggest and best protected tombs in the necropolis. Past the tomb chamber is a little passageway with three specialties on either side. Look to one side of the main corner to see a figure of the dead man and his child with brilliantly safeguarded hues.\nKalabsha Temple is the best safeguarded of the three sanctuaries here furthermore the most youthful, dating from the season of Roman Emperor Augustus. The most forcing landmark in Nubia after the Temple of Abu Simbel, it was based on the site of a prior sanctuary established by Amenhotep II and re-established amid the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The improvement was never finished and the reliefs that do exist are roughly executed. Amid the Byzantine time the sanctuary was changed over into a congregation.\nJust toward the northwest is the Temple of Beit el-Wali worked by Ramses II and comprising of a vestibule, transverse chamber, and asylum. There are enthusiastic chronicled reliefs all through the inside portraying a significant number of Ramses II's fights and triumphs including the lord's triumph over the Kushites and his wars with the Syrians and Libyans.\nFor archeological-beasts, Aswan's Western Quarry makes an intriguing excursion. It was from here that quite a bit of old Egypt's most unmistakable statuary started their life; etched out of the slope of Aswan stone. Archeologists imagine that Luxor's mammoth Colossi of Memnon originate from this quarry. Today, you can in any case see the tracks where gigantic pieces of stone were dragged to the waterway for their trip down the Nile to beauty the sanctuaries of the pharaohs. There are no streets here, so in case you're up for a camel enterprise, a visit here is likewise a lot of fun.\nSlap in the focal point of Aswan's downtown area, al-Souq is a gift seeker's fantasy. The slows down overflow with flavors and fragrances aplenty, conventional galebeyas (long robes) and scarves in rainbow tones, basketry, and flatware. It's a fun spot to scan and - generally - free from the seller hustle that you get in different parts of Egypt.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://speakingthai.com/tourist/2001/dec2000.htm", "date": "2020-02-26T18:14:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146485.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226181001-20200226211001-00383.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9108090400695801, "token_count": 445, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__8737464", "lang": "en", "text": "Trooping of The colours\nDecember 3, 2000\nThe Royal Plaza, Bangkok\nTheir Majesties the King and Queen preside over this impressive annual event, held in the Royal Plaza near the equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn. Dressed in colourful uniforms, amid much pomp and ceremony, members of the elite Royal Guards swear allegiance to the King and march past members of the Royal Family.\nH.M.The King's Birthday Celebrations\nDecember 5, 2000\nH.M. King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the world's longest reigning monarch. is well beloved and deeply respected by all Thais old and young. The occasion of his royal birthday provides his loyal subjects the opportunity to express their reverence for him. All over the country. buildings and homes are elaborately decorated and the area around the Grand Palace is spectacularly illuminated.\nThe 14th Phuket King's Cup Regatta\nDecember 5 - 11, 2000\nNai Han Beach, Phuket\nThis internationally popular regatta is held in the crystal blue waters of the Andaman Sea off Phuket. Competitors come from all over the world to vie for trophies that are awarded in several different categories.\nChiang Mai Food Festival\nDecember 13 - 17, 2000\nTha Pae Gate, Chiang Mai\nInternationally renowned, the unique tastes of Thai food are further enhanced in this annual festival in Chiang Mai that focuses on northern fare. Fruit and vegetable carving, ancient Thai dessert making demonstrations and enchanting Lanna cultural performances are some of the activities that can be enjoyed.\nAyutthaya World Heritage Site Celebrations\nDecember 13 - 19, 2000\nAyutthaya Historical Park, Ayutthaya\nDesignated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991, Ayutthaya, an ancient Siamese capital, celebrates its glorious past with displays of traditional culture and lifestyles, numerous forms of entertainment, as well as spectacular light and sound presentations amid the ruins of this ancient city.\nSource : The Tourism Authority of Thailand\n|Sat, 29 March, 2003|\nThai / Thai Principles /\nThai Stories / Thai", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://english.police.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=379772823&ctNode=15854&mp=108002", "date": "2018-01-17T10:49:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886895.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117102533-20180117122533-00602.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9346637725830078, "token_count": 352, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__89163062", "lang": "en", "text": "Winners Announced for 2017 Old Building New Life Award\nThe winners have been announced for the 2017 Old Building New Life Award on January 5!The gold medal has been presented to two winners: “U-mkt” and “Ama Museum.” The second place winners include “Museum 207” and “Long Nice Hot Spring,” while “Hehe Qingtian” walked award with the bronze medal. Deputy Commissioner Wang Yu-fen of the Department of Urban Development noted that the competition spotlights the “micro-facelift” of old buildings and edifices, retaining old memories while adding new functions. This allows these old historical sites to play the role of story tellers, passing down tales and stories of the building and the community to new generations.The competition for 2017 received a total of 53 submissions. Each of the projects comes with their respective stories, showing how the society supports the idea of infusing new energies into old buildings across the city. Entering its 17th year, the organizers invited experts and academics including Wang Chun-hsiung, Lee Wei-yi, Lee Ching-chih, Ho Tai-wen, C.H. Lin, Hsu Chin-chih, Yang Shih-hung, and Su Ying-min to serve as jury members. Additional details are available at the award’s Chinese website: http://www.taipeiface.com/2017/. For further information, please contact URO (TEL 02-2781-5696, ext. 3126, Mr. Chiu) or RandL (TEL: 02-2781-0111, Mr. Wei).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://leftbankcafe36.com/the-lbc-family/", "date": "2021-05-14T17:23:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991428.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514152803-20210514182803-00358.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9371065497398376, "token_count": 250, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__185357367", "lang": "en", "text": "In WWII, Jack Weissberg served in Europe in the US Army Air Force.\nWhen he returned home, he opened the Saranac Lake Bakery and Left Bank Cafe, hoping to bring to the Adirondacks the spirit of the Left Bank in Paris that was the center of Artistic and cultural life from the 1920s to the 1960s.\nBack then, the Left Bank was the “in” place. Hemingway, Picasso, Cole Porter, and many other avant-garde artists mingled in the bistros of Saint Germain des Prés and Montparnasse, where they found their inspiration to create Modern Art.\nJack’s son and daughter-in-law, Kenneth and Noella, have continued his legacy, first by creating the Sister City Association between Saranac Lake and the town of Entrains-sur-Nohain, in the vineyards of Burgundy, and then in 2010, by re-opening the Left Bank Café.\nThe Left Bank Café is proud to serve the local products of Crown Point Bread, Asgaard Dairy, Sugarhouse Creamery, Fledging Crow, Saratoga Olive Oil and All from the Woods.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://goldenageposters.com/products/1944-invest-in-invasion-buy-war-bonds-harold-lehman-abbott-laboratories-wwii", "date": "2023-03-29T16:33:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00395.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9018735885620117, "token_count": 231, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__39425700", "lang": "en", "text": "1944 Invest in Invasion Buy War Bonds Harold Lehman Abbott Laboratories WWII\nArtist: Lehman, Harold\nSize (in): 15.5” x 11”\nSize (cm): 39.4 x 28\nLinen backed: No\nThis vintage original WWII poster is one in a series issued by Abbott Laboratories in conjunction with the United States Treasury Schools-At-War Program. This poster features dramatic image of an American paratrooper with submachinegun preparing to jump out of an airplane with the title Invest in Invasion - BUY WAR BONDS. The back of the poster has a small text box with information on the poster’s artist Harold Lehman who had created WPA murals at Riker’s Island and other locations prior to the war.\nThis vintage original poster is in very good condition with no tape or pinholes and only light handling wear. It doesn’t appear this poster was ever hung up or used. Overall condition is very good. Please see our other listings for more posters this WWII Abbott Laboratories Schools-At-War Series.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://pitayafoodtours.com/2017/01/27/a-story-about-a-small-town-tlaquepaque/", "date": "2018-01-22T22:10:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891543.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122213051-20180122233051-00243.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9655499458312988, "token_count": 492, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__61644535", "lang": "en", "text": "A Story About A Small Town: Tlaquepaque\nDowntown Tlaquepaque is an amazing place to wander through its streets and enjoy its many art galleries. This city is known for its craftsmanship in leather, pottery and rich history.\nBefore the colonization of the Spaniards, this town was famous with the indigenous tribes as a place where high quality pottery could be found. It was ruled by a queen who managed and controlled a population of 500 inhabitants.\nUpon the arrival of the Spaniards most of the customs of the local people were lost and Tlaquepaque was officially founded on the 25th of March of 1530 and was given the name of San Pedro by Fray Antonio de Segovia.\nSince then, Tlaquepaque has been a center for change for the state and the country. Many key figures of Mexico have visited this town such as: Miguel Hidalgo, Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz, among others. In 1835, Tlaquepaque became the first city to open schools for both genders (male and female) and promoted equality of wages for all of its residents.\nIn modern times, Tlaquepaque has a healthy economy due to multi-national companies, tourism and its local festivals. Some of the most notable are: Day of the Dead Festival, Winter Cultural Festival and the Cattle Expo.\nTlaquepaque features many places to visit for which we recommend to use the local guide Descubre Tlaquepaque if you want to explore the city more in depth and to shop for some gifts.\nInteresting things to do in Tlaquepaque:\nWalk the Streets\nTlaquepaque is a place to explore by foot as many of its attractions are not far from the city center. We recommend walking through Independence Street to get a bigger scope of the traditional side of Tlaquepaque.\nThis building is from 1878 and it's named after a Filipino word which means market. Nowadays it's a building that houses different restaurants that serve traditional Mexican food. Enjoy a meal here while listening to amazing mariachi music.\nFood is everywhere in downtown Tlaquepaque - from high end restaurants to mom and pop shops - the majority of these places sell traditional Mexican food and sweet bread. They cater to all types of budgets.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bigbelectronics.in/product.php?product=piezo-electric-buzzer", "date": "2020-02-23T05:10:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145746.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223032129-20200223062129-00352.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9533795714378357, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__111426364", "lang": "en", "text": "Piezo Electric Buzzer\nCategory: Other Collections\nA buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.\nbuzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are sometimes called, were invented by Japanese manufacturers and fitted into a wide array of products during the 1970s to 1980s. This advancement mainly came about because of cooperative efforts by Japanese manufacturing companies. In 1951, they established the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, which allowed the companies to be \"competitively cooperative\" and bring about several piezoelectric innovations and inventions.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.ehealth-standards.eu/2021/01/22/hl7-europe-10-year-celebration/", "date": "2024-04-18T20:53:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817239.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418191007-20240418221007-00817.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9576185941696167, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__176572847", "lang": "en", "text": "The CEN/TC 251 would like to congratulate HL7 Europe on its 10 year existence.\nIt has been 10 years since HL7 International opened an office in Brussels, with the aim of participating in a number of leading European projects. This milestone was celebrated with an online party conference!\nOn Monday January 18, 2021 the 10th anniversary of HL7 Europe was celebrated with a webinar with the title:\nHL7 Europe : Past, Present, and Future\nThis included a panel discussion with Jasper van Lieshout (Dutch ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports) and Kai Heitmann (German Health Innovation Hub).", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://wildflower.sd8.bc.ca/metis-honouring-ceremony/", "date": "2020-01-27T19:18:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00067.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9750533103942871, "token_count": 1079, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__42106695", "lang": "en", "text": "On November 21, we gathered to honour our Metis brothers and sisters, and raised a flag to honour Louis Riel Day.\nWho are the Metis people?\n- The Historic Métis emerged as a distinct people and nation on the plains of western North America during the late 1700’s. Metis people typically have Cree or Ojibwe and French or Scottish ancestry. They developed a culture that was not European nor First Nations but rather a fusion of the two cultures.\n- Métis have been documented in BC as early as 1793\n- Métis Nation British Columbia (MNBC) was established in 1996 as the representative organization for Métis in BC.\n- In our district, we are honoured to have many teachings shared by our Metis Elders. Crawford Bay students know our dear Elder, Donna Wright. Another Elder that supports us a lot in our school district is Elder Bob Adams. We also are very supported by Elder Don Courson who is the president of the Nelson and Area Metis, as well as knowledge keeper Maurice Trudel.\nLouis Riel Day\n- On November 16th, we celebrate Louis Riel Day.\n- He was a famous Metis leader.\n- One of his titles was “The Father of Manitoba”\n- He negotiated Manitoba’s entry into Canada in 1871.\n- Louis Riel was elected to Parliament 3 times, but never took his seat. He returned to the Northwest at the request of the Métis during the initial stages of the Northwest Resistance in 1884.\n- Following the defeat of the Métis at Batoche, Riel was tried for treason. His lawyers tried to plea insanity as his defense, but Louis Riel denied those claims. He was found guilty of High Treason in May 1885.\n- Despite the jury recommending leniency, he was sentenced to hang. During his own life, Riel was recognized as the father of Manitoba and is currently acknowledged to be a founding father of Confederation in Canada.\n- In addition to advocating for Métis rights, Riel also fought for greater religious freedom, French language rights, First Nations rights, and greater gender equality throughout the Northwest. Riel died as an advocate for the Métis and as a defender of minority rights in general.\n- It is Riel’s legacy that continues to attract Métis to remember the ideals and values that he died defending. For that reason, Métis across the homeland commemorate the anniversary of his death, as opposed to the day he was born.\n- Louis Riel Day is a day to celebrate the lasting culture and impact that Métis have had on Canadian society. It is a day to recount that Métis have long advocated democracy and freedom of expression for all Canadians.\nFun Facts about the Metis. Did you know….\n- Métis people have their own unique culture. It is n mixture of cultures of the First Nations, French Canadian, English, and Orkney/Scottish.\n- The Métis are known for their love of fiddle playing, but traditional instruments also included the concertina, the harmonica, and the hand drum.\n- Metis people have a style of dancing called jigging. Traditionally, dancing included such moves as the Waltz Quadrille, the Square dance, Drops of Brandy, the Duck, La Double Gigue and the Red River Jig.\n- Metis people were famous for their horsemanship and breeding of horses\n- Métis people have their own language called “Michif”. This language was a result of the combining of French nouns and Cree verbs.\n- One item of clothing worn by Métis people is the sash. It is traditionally about three metres in length and is made by weaving yarn together with one’s fingers. The sash is worn around the waist, tied in the middle, with the fringed ends hanging.\nFamous Metis People\n- Today we are learning about Louis Riel. Two other famous Métis leaders were Cuthbert Grant and Gabriel Dumont.\n- Tantoo Cardinal, actress; of Métis and Cree ancestry\n- Jon Gallant, bassist for the Canadian band Billy Talent\n- Kinnie Starr, musician\n- Actor August Schellenberg is of Métis descent (Free Willy and Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee)\n- Metis writer and filmmaker Maria Campbell has shown the sound and song of traditional stories through her work\n- On May 7, 2004, Métis Todd Ducharme became a judge of the Ontario Supreme Court of Justice.\n- Other well known Canadians of Métis descent are Sharon Bruneau, a Canadian female bodybuilder and fitness model\n- British Columbia New Democratic Party Leader Carole James is of partly Métis ancestry.\n- NHL star defenceman Sheldon Souray is of Métis ancestry.\n- Former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin is of partly Métis ancestry.\n- Canadian Professional Wrestler Ben Saulnier, better known for his ring name Jake Benson, is a Métis from Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://impeccablemyanmar.com/uppermyanmardetail_8.php", "date": "2021-12-01T02:27:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201022332-20211201052332-00594.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9405670166015625, "token_count": 1344, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__71747842", "lang": "en", "text": "Magnificent Shwedagon pagoda, one of the world’s wonders, is the most famous Myanmar’s pagoda. Legend says that the relics of the four Buddha are enshrined in the pagoda which makes Shwedagon one of the most revered Buddhist temples in the world. Its stupa, 99 m high, is covered with millions of tiny gold leafs, and the spire of the pagoda is incrusted with precious stones including diamonds, rubies and sapphires.\nYour guide will reveal you the secrets of the pagoda and you will enjoy an unforgettable view of the splendid Shwedagon in the shafts of sunlight of the parting day.\nOvernight in Yangon.\nFormer capital of Myanmar, Yangon is still keeping the status of the financial, economic and cultural center of the country. Thanks to its remarkable colonial architecture, colorful Chinese and Indian quarters, evergreen parks and picturesque lakes, Yangon has the reputation of one of the most attractive and charming cities in Asia.\nYou will stroll in the downtown area admiring impressive colonial-era buildings, and will visit the Chauk Htet Gyi Reclining Buddha image, one of the biggest in the world. You will also visit the most popular country’s market Bogyoke where you will see traditional Myanmar handicrafts, and will relax, in the late afternoon, in the picturesque Kandawgyi park.\nEvening transfer to the bus station. Night bus to Mandalay (approximate time 9 pm – 6 am).\nMandalay is the last capital of Myanmar kings and the second largest city in the country, world-famous for its rich cultural, religious and historical heritage.\nIn the morning your guide will lead you to Amarapura, ancient capital of one of the successive Burmese Kingdoms of the past. In Amarapura you will witness the daily life of the Buddhist monks at Maha Gandaryon Monastery, an important center of study of the Theravada Buddhism and known for its strict code of conduct set up for the monks. You will also walk along the famous U Bein Bridge built 150 years ago and which is now believed to be the oldest and the longest teakwood bridge in the world.\nIn the afternoon you will come back to Mandalay and will visit the most sacred and prominent Mandalay’s landmarks among which are the Kuthodaw pagoda, often called “the biggest world’s book”; the Shwenandaw monastery, the only authentic part of the Ancient Royal Palace remaining until nowadays and famous for its astonishing wood-carvings; the Maha Muni pagoda housing the huge Lord Buddha image, one of the most revered by the Myanmar Buddhists. You will also admire the sunset over the Irrawaddy river and surrounding valleys from the viewing point on the Mandalay Hill.\nFree evening and overnight in Mandalay.\nThanks to its cool climate and picturesque scenery, Pwin Oo Lwin was one of the most popular resort stations in the country during colonial times. Today, this small town, located at about 1000 m above the sea level, is surrounded by mountains covered with pine forests, and is a place of peace, relaxation and well-being. Often called “The City of Flowers”, Pwin Oo Lwin is slowly gaining popularity among both local and foreign visitors.\nYou will spend a pleasant day visiting the most interesting landmarks of the area such as The Kandawgyi Botanical Gardens, huge caves Peik Chin Myaung housing thousands of Buddha images of different sizes and forms, and the beautiful waterfall Pwe Kauk.\nReturn to Mandalay. Free evening and overnight in Mandalay.\nArrival to Bagan in the late afternoon. Free evening and overnight in Bagan.\nBagan is one of the world’s three major Buddhist sites, a candidate to inscription into the UNESCO World Heritage list and one of the main symbols of the country, often called “The heart of Myanmar”. Once the capital of the legendary Pagan Kingdom, Bagan concentrates more than 2000 stupas and temples dated back as early as the 9th century. Thousands of people visit the city every year to admire its extraordinary beauty.\nYou will start your day with the visit to the Shwezigon pagoda, built as an important reliquary shrine in Bagan, and will continue to the unique Ananda temple, those look combines features of both traditional Indian and ancient Mon styles and which houses four huge Standing Buddha images oriented strictly to the four cardinal points. You will also make a stop in Anauk Pwa Saw village where you will learn about traditional cotton weaving, and Minanthu village, one of the few remaining centers of the traditional peanut oil production.\nIn the afternoon you will continue to explore the mythical Bagan visiting, among others, the biggest pagoda Dhammayangyi, and you will enjoy an amazing sunset view from one of the most scenic spots of the town.\nFree evening and overnight in Bagan.\nMountain Popa, one of the emblematic sites of the country, is an extinct volcano. On the top of one of its rocks is located the sacred monastery Taung Kalat which is considered home for 37 Burmese spirits (or nats). The staircase of 777 steps is leading to the monastery, and once the top of the rock reached, you will be awarded with the breathtaking panorama of the surrounding valleys.\nWe would be also glad to offer you a choice: instead of climbing up to the monastery, you could make a pleasant walk in the nearby Mountain Popa National Park.\nArrival to the Inle lake (town of Nyaung Shwe) in the late afternoon.\nFree evening and overnight in the hotel in Nyaung Shwe.\nInle Lake, the second largest lake in Myanmar, is situated in the picturesque mountain area in the north-east of the country. Wonderful landscapes, exotic floating gardens and markets and the unique one-leg rowing style of the local people from the Intha tribe make the lake notorious all over the world.\nYou will have a full day boat tour around the lake visiting its most prominent landmarks, observing local life, visiting the workshops of the traditional handicrafts and admiring lake’s peaceful landscapes of the rare beauty.\nFree evening and overnight in the hotel in Nyaung Shwe.\nArrival to Yangon airport.\nEnd of the program.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cubepost.red/learn/app/online-dictionary/word/hieratic", "date": "2022-11-30T16:25:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710765.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130160457-20221130190457-00257.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9600667953491211, "token_count": 183, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__50249164", "lang": "en", "text": "hieratic is an Adverb\n Consecrated to sacred uses; sacerdotal; pertaining to priests. Hieratic character, a mode of ancient Egyptian writing; a modified form of hieroglyphics, tending toward a cursive hand and formerly supposed to be the sacerdotal character, as the demotic was supposed to be that of the people. It was a false notion of the Greeks that of the three kinds of writing used by the Egyptians, two -- for that reason called hieroglyphic and hieratic -- were employed only for sacred, while the third, the demotic, was employed for secular, purposes. No such distinction is discoverable on the more ancient Egyptian monuments; bur we retain the old names founded on misapprehension. W. H. Ward (Johnson`s Cyc.).\nAllow Updates from cubepost.red", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.hucklow.net/h_grindlow.htm", "date": "2013-05-22T18:07:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702185502/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516110305-00011-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9571586847305298, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__70898305", "lang": "en", "text": "Grindlow from Hucklow Edge\nGrindlow in the snow\nGrindlow is a hamlet of a dozen or so houses and farmsteads and lies just to the south east of Great Hucklow. It is a familiar stop for groups of walkers passing through from Foolow, Wardlow and Abney.\nAt its centre lies Grind Low, a small limestone knoll surmounted by a few trees. There are also two bronze age burial mounds near the footpath to Foolow.\nGrindlow was a mining village for many centuries. After the demise of mining, agriculture remained as the principal form of income. Today with with demand for rural property Grindlow finds renewed prosperity but only a handful of residents depend on agriculture and the lead mines are of course long gone.\nMore on Grindlow history", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.ppcpinc.com/history_content.html", "date": "2014-07-24T10:39:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888236.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00070-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9781298041343689, "token_count": 506, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-23__0__68281701", "lang": "en", "text": "Pennsylvania Precision Cast Parts, Inc. has a rich heritage in the steel industry in south central PA. Four generations of the Miller family have been converting raw materials into quality cast components for over 70 years.\nQuaker Alloy was founded by Leroy Miller, James Blauch, John Juppenlatz, and Richard Miller Sr. in 1954. Quaker grew to have over 1300 employees and pour 7000 tons of steel annually in Myerstown, PA. Leroy and Richard Sr. sold the business to Harsco Corp in 1969. Richard Miller Jr became actively involved in the business in 1973 and started an investment cast division for Harsco in 1977. In 1983 Richard Miller Jr resigned from Harsco to start his own investment casting foundry with partner Ron Civita. PPCP was formed in the summer of 1983. A facility was found, equipment purchased, and a few employees hired to start making castings for a handful of customers.\n1987 was a monumental year in the history of PPCP. That summer a blaze destroyed the original facility. All that had been built was lost to the fire. By 1987 Richard Miller Jr. was the sole owner of PPCP and determined that rebuilding the facility was the best course of action. The facility was rebuilt and production resumed during the last week of 1987.\nBy 1990 the business had grown to the point where expansion was inevitable. PPCP purchased the facility that was once part of Lebanon Steel Foundry. The business has continued at this site since the early nineties.\nIn 2003 PPCP acquired the assets and customer base of Quality Investment Castings, another commercial investment foundry which had been located in Berks County, PA. Through the work of merging the two companies many new business relationships were developed that remain today.\nIn 2008 PPCP expanded again to a second 25,000 square foot facility adjacent to their current site. This expansion brought exciting efficiency improvements to the operations.\nThe business grew steadily over the past 25 years to where today it is recognized as a leader in the industry. In 2008 Richard Jr. sold the business to his son Andrew, now the fourth generation to own and run a steel casting facility in Lebanon County, PA.\nPPCP is a non-union, privately held enterprise with over 175 employees and producing casting sales of over $16 Million annually. The company has invested heavily in the equipment and resources to remain on the cutting edge of the technology available to investment cast foundries today.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://anappendage.blogspot.com/2020/06/jim-crow-of-north-daniel-bergin-2019.html", "date": "2024-04-21T21:03:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817819.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421194551-20240421224551-00862.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9288846850395203, "token_count": 164, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__47448956", "lang": "en", "text": "Why does Minnesota suffer from some of the worst racial disparities in the nation? One answer is the spread of racially restrictive real estate covenants in the early 20th century.\nDaniel Pierce Bergin’s Jim Crow of the North details how the Mapping Prejudice Project, a public history initiative, is revealing this obscured history of systemic racism. The project’s cutting-edge research is documenting, mapping, and presenting data on restrictive covenants in Minneapolis.\nThe story charts the progression of discriminatory policies and practices from the advent of covenants after the turn of the last century through to their final eradication in the late 1960s. It also illustrates how African-American families and leaders resisted this insidious practice, and how they built community within and despite the red lines that these restrictive covenants created.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.kaiserburg-nuernberg.de/englisch/castle/imperial-hall.htm", "date": "2020-02-22T05:50:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145654.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222054424-20200222084424-00488.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9781474471092224, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__165902166", "lang": "en", "text": "The upper hall of the Palas, the so-called Imperial Hall, was used for festive purposes during visits by the emperor. It also served the emperor and the court on an everyday basis as a dining hall.\nWhen it was rebuilt after the Second World War, the hall was lengthened by about a third at its western end, as can be seen by the bend in the ceiling. The shallow moulded wooden ceiling has been restored and retains the traditional old imperial colours of black and yellow.\nIn the Imperial Hall the focus is on the ”Holy Roman Empire”, in particular the question of how it actually functioned. How did the emperor succeed in maintaining peace, law and order in the realm?\n| top |", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://canny.click/cannyclickindexitems/jeffriesonpalestine.html", "date": "2022-08-16T06:14:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00429.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9732641577720642, "token_count": 94, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__182551010", "lang": "en", "text": "Palestine: The Reality, by J.M.N. JeffriesChapter IV\nJM.N. Jeffries (1880-1960) was a British journalist who covered World War I in the Middle East, and emerged as a committed anti-Zionist. These pages are taken from the original publication by Longman, Green and Co., in 1939, which I have in my library. The book was republished by Skyscraper Publications in 2017.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.sailusfood.com/miriyala-annam-pepper-flavored-rice/", "date": "2023-04-02T08:54:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950422.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402074255-20230402104255-00092.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9731049537658691, "token_count": 643, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__145980380", "lang": "en", "text": "Did you know that the humble, shriveled black pepper corn has a great history, status and a glorious past behind it? During its long and fascinating history, black pepper has often been more valuable than gold or precious stones and trade in pepper has been an extraordinarily influential factor in ancient history. When Barbara of Tigers & Strawberries announced the theme “Ancient Spices” for her food event “The Spice is Right”, the first thought that came to my mind were Sesame Seeds and Black Pepper Corns. Since I had already blogged about sesame seeds in one of my earlier posts “Nuvvulu Annam”(sesame flavored rice), I decided to blog about Black Pepper which is one of the most exotic ancient spice of India after saffron and is known to be the King of all spices.\nBlack Pepper, whose name is derived from the Sanskrit word Pippali and Latin name Piper Nigrum meaning pepper black, is native to Malabar, the Western Coast of South India(Kerala). Black Pepper was a valuable spice during ancient times and was used as a currency to trade between east and west. It’s been said that no other spice has had a greater effect on world history than pepper. The term ‘peppercorn rent’ actually came from rent which was paid in the form of pepper during the middle ages and that often a man’s wealth was measured by his accumulation of pepper. So high was its value that during ancient times it was used as a currency to pay taxes and there are stories of how 3000 pounds worth of pepper was paid as ransom/tribute when the Germanic tribe or Goths laid siege to Rome, soldiers being paid in pepper for a successful campaign, dowries of pepper given and it was also used as a sacred offering. Read more about the fascinating history of black pepper and how to select, store and tips on cooking with pepper. Ancient Chinese and Sanskrit texts dating to more than 3000 years ago have mentioned about black pepper with Ayurvedic nutrition and Chinese medicine advocating the importance of black pepper as an important spice with powerful healing properties and used in treatment of ailments of stomach and throat. Its also considered to have anti-aging properties, good digestive and a detoxifier too. One of the best home remedies for cold and flu is drinking tea made of pepper corns and ginger. Aromatheraphy oil of pepper is used to clear the head, great for massaging aching muscles and for treating poor circulation.\nThis exotic spice with a sharp, pungent woody aroma and flavor when cooked for too long, loses its flavor and aroma, so adding it towards the end of the cooking will help preserve its flavor. To bring out the sharp flavor of black pepper, I prepared Miriyala Annam or Pepper Flavored Rice with pepper being the main ingredient and curry leaves and seasame seeds were used to offset the heat of black pepper.Hints of the aromatic flavor of curry leaves, mild nutty taste of seasame seeds and the sharp flavor of pepper blended into the rice giving it an irresistable authentic flavor.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://historyofscoutingva.wordpress.com/2020/12/12/five-deaf-eagle-scouts-in-virginia/", "date": "2022-09-28T16:19:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335257.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928145118-20220928175118-00729.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9789358973503113, "token_count": 1525, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__115350350", "lang": "en", "text": "by Ray Ezell, Virginia Headwaters Council Historian\nThe Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind (VSDB) was established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly on March 31, 1838 and officially opened in 1839. It is located on a 73-acre tract in historic Staunton, Virginia in the Great Valley of Virginia, and it is one of the oldest schools in the Commonwealth. The school was fully co-educational from the time of its founding although it only accepted white students. The first superintendent was Joseph D. Tyler. The first teacher hired was Job Turner, who served the school for 40 years. J. C. M. Merrillat, a native of Bordeaux, France, served as the first principal of the Blind Department. He became superintendent of both the Deaf and Blind departments in 1852. The school was used as a hospital during the Civil War.\nRobert Aumon Bass, who was deaf himself, graduated from the VSDB in 1908 and became a faculty member in 1925. He quickly became involved in Scouting at the school, first as assistant scoutmaster, then as scoutmaster of Troop No. 2. In 1948, Bass wrote the History of the Education of the Deaf in Virginia which provides details of Scouting at that institution. The information presented in this essay summarizes the Scouting information contained in Chapter 26 of Bass’ publication, among other sources.\nTroop No. 2 was first organized (without a charter from the BSA) in October 1925 under Scoutmaster Tovio Lindholm, and R. Aumon Bass and T. Carlton Lewellyn were assistant scoutmasters. Lewellyn was the first Physical Education director of the school, and he served from 1913-1962. The unit operated under this organization until February 1927 when it received a formal charter from BSA Headquarters in New York City. The troop was popular, quickly growing to a membership of 40 scouts. Scout Louis Cohen was the first scribe of Troop No. 2 and provided faithful, descriptive reports which were included in the regular Scouting section of the Staunton newspaper. The troop established four patrols: Lion, Eagle, Tiger, and Kangaroo.\nIn October 1927, a second troop (No. 10) was organized at the VSDB under Scoutmaster Bass and Asst. Scoutmaster Lewellyn. Scout Lewis Elliott was appointed as the first scribe of this troop. Scout Flae Shook was elected patrol leader of the Pine Tree patrol of Troop No. 10.\nDuring the Easter holiday of 1928, Troop Nos. 2 and 10 held a joint encampment at Grand Caverns, Virginia, and according to a description included in the April 26, 1928 edition of The News Leader, a total of 17 scouts were present at the 3-day excursion.\nIn 1929, a decision was made to enroll all deaf scouts in Troop No. 2 and all blind scouts were enrolled in Troop No. 10. Tovio Lindholm left the VSDB in 1929, and Aumon Bass was installed as scoutmaster of Troop No. 2. Charles A. Bradford, a new faculty member in 1929, was made the new scoutmaster of VSDB Troop No. 10. He continued as its scoutmaster through 1935. By the Spring of 1930, Troop 10 had two blind Life scouts, Clifton Virts and George Corrie–two of the first blind scouts to reach this advanced rank in the country. The May 15, 1931 issue of The News Leader reported that George Corrie earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He was the first Eagle Scout at the VSDB. Corrie would also be awarded distinction in leadership during the VSDB commencement in June 1931.\nOn May 16, 1931, Troop No. 2 erected and presented a 40-ft. flag pole near Swanson Hall on the campus. Two flags were presented and accepted for the school by Superintendent McManaway (and former president of the Stonewall Jackson Council). In June 1931, Troop No. 2 gained special recognition from the Stonewall Jackson Area Council for its delivery of Scouting. The troop was presented with the overall points trophy for efficiency in scout work for the Staunton District and the overall points silver cup trophy for the entire council, which was presented by Executive J.W. Fix.\nAt the commencement of the VSDB on June 1, 1932 a tremendous milestone was reached for the VSDB. Five deaf scouts of Troop No. 2 were presented with the rank of Eagle Scout. Stonewall Jackson Council President John J. Gravatt made the presentations to scouts Albert Fletcher (Winchester, Va.), Clarence Jennings (Cliffview, Va.), Lacie Mullins (Grundy, Va.), Fred Norman (Norfolk, Va.), and Flae Shook (Ellerson, Va.). Eagle Scout Fletcher was a charter member of the troop, enrolling in February 1927. Eagle Scout Jennings joined the troop the following June. Eagle Scout Mullins was also a charter member of the troop. Eagle Scout Norman joined the troop in June 1927, and Eagle Scout Shook also joined the troop in June 1927. He also served a troop scribe for a year.\nDeaf boys at VSDB were in no way handicapped in the field of Scouting, as evidenced by the fact that the troop has to its credit eight troop presidential awards beginning in 1935, the highest award bestowed by the Stonewall Jackson Area Council for outstanding unit performance each year. By 1932, forty percent of all deaf boys in the school had spent time in the troop, and, according to an article in the June 4, 1932 edition of The News Leader, twenty-eight of these scouts advanced beyond the rank of First Class. During the Summer of 1939 two Eagle Scouts from Troop No. 2, Arthur Allen and Warren Blackwell, joined a group of scouts of Stonewall Jackson Council who visited the World’s Fair. By April of 1940, there had been a total of 11 deaf Eagle Scouts in the troop (as well as 40 deaf Life scouts).\nOn November 23, 1940, Troop No. 2 Eagle Scouts made and presented a large log cabin squirrel house to Virginia Governor James H. Price. For a time, it was displayed in a tree in the yard of the Governor’s Mansion on capitol square in Richmond.\nAnother notable distinction achieved by a VSDB Scout was when President Roosevelt visited Staunton in 1941 and delivered a speech at the dedication of Woodrow Wilson’s birthplace. One of Troop No. 2’s Eagle Scouts was on guard, flanking the Chief Executive’s podium at the front of the crowd during the address.\nThe methods of Boy Scouting also were incorporated into the curriculum for the education of deaf students generally at the school. A February 16, 1949 article in The News Leader reported that the Boy Scout Oath and Law were taught by both sign language and the manual alphabet under Aumon Bass.\nThe deaf troop at the VSDB continued for many years with great effect in delivering the promise of Scouting. Many of the accolades and accomplishments of Troop No. 2 are on display at the Deaf History Museum on the VSDB campus, providing an historical archive of the unit. This unique story of Scouting, in a somewhat non-traditional setting, is deserved to be remembered and retold.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://fiveleaflabs.com/celebrating-national-hemp-month-the-remarkable-history-of-hemp/", "date": "2024-04-18T13:29:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817206.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418124808-20240418154808-00167.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9503467082977295, "token_count": 733, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__7996577", "lang": "en", "text": "July is National Hemp Month, a month dedicated to celebrating the incredible versatility and rich history of hemp, one of nature’s most valuable plants. We’ll look at the fascinating history of hemp and its role in shaping societies throughout history. From ancient civilizations to modern-day developments, hemp’s significance has remained constant, providing an array of benefits ranging from sustainable agriculture to industrial applications and beyond.\nAncient Origins and Global Spread: The history of hemp stretches back thousands of years, with its origins believed to be in Central Asia. Its cultivation can be traced back to 8,000 BCE, when early societies discovered the plant’s exceptional fibrous qualities. Hemp quickly spread across continents, reaching civilizations such as China, India, and Egypt, where it played an important role in the production of textiles, ropes, and paper.\nHemp in Ancient Civilizations: Hemp became a cornerstone of society in ancient China, used for clothing, food, medicine, and even religious rituals. Around the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese invented hemp paper, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge and contributing to the development of writing systems.\nMeanwhile, hemp fibers were used to make sails, ropes, and clothing in ancient Egypt, with remnants of hemp textiles discovered in the tombs of pharaohs such as Ramses II. Because of its versatility, hemp became an invaluable resource, aiding in the advancement of ancient civilizations.\nHemp’s Journey to the New World: Hemp’s global presence continued to grow. Hemp accompanied civilizations as they ventured into new territories. European explorers like Christopher Columbus brought hemp seeds to the Americas in the 16th century, and the plant quickly found a new home in the New World.\nThe potential of hemp was recognized by early American settlers, who began cultivating it for a variety of purposes such as textiles, shipbuilding, and currency. In fact, hemp was legal tender in some American colonies, and farmers were encouraged to produce it. Its fibers were used to make everything from clothing to ship riggings, demonstrating its versatility and practicality.\nHemp’s Role in the Modern Era: Fast forward to the twentieth century, and hemp faced a number of challenges as a result of shifting societal and political landscapes. Misconceptions about the relationship of hemp to marijuana led to widespread bans and restrictions on its cultivation and use. However, hemp has experienced a renaissance in recent years, owing to increased awareness of its industrial potential and environmental benefits.\nHemp is now celebrated for its versatility and sustainability. Its fibers are uses in textiles, building materials, and bio-composites, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional resources. Hemp seeds, which are high in essential fatty acids and proteins, have become a popular superfood, and hemp oil and CBD products have gained recreational popularity.\nNational Hemp Month: Recognizing hemp’s remarkable history and modern resurgence, National Hemp Month serves as an opportunity to honor the plant’s legacy and raise awareness about its many applications. The month-long celebration aims to raise awareness about the importance of sustainable agriculture, advocate for hemp legalization and research, and promote innovation in a variety of industries.\nNational Hemp Month is a time to acknowledge the enduring significance of hemp and its journey through history. From its ancient origins to its remarkable modern applications, hemp continues to captivate and inspire. As we celebrate National Hemp Month, we embrace the versatility, sustainability, and potential of this extraordinary plant. Visit our product catalog to experience the magnitude of hemp’s benefits and integrate them into your daily life. Happy Hemp Month!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stephengrosjean.ch/?portfolio=1871-3", "date": "2023-10-03T13:58:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00459.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9766699075698853, "token_count": 117, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__166479889", "lang": "en", "text": "1871 is a tower defense game set during the tumultuous events of the fall of Paris in 1871.\nPlayers must strategically place their defenses in order to protect against waves of enemy attacks. T\nhe game was developed at the SAE Institute with the theme of the song “La Commune” by Jean Ferrat, adding a unique historical and cultural twist to the gameplay.\nIn this game, players will have access to a variety of different tower types, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.\nThe game was created using the Unity engine", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://getabuxijeh.maisondesvautours.com/history-of-the-polish-reformation-book-40074gk.php", "date": "2021-06-23T21:28:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488540235.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623195636-20210623225636-00195.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9196438193321228, "token_count": 3066, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__161507527", "lang": "en", "text": "5 edition of History of the Polish Reformation found in the catalog.\nIncludes bibliographical references (p. -768) and index.\n|Statement||Stanislas Lubieniecki ; translated and interpreted by George Huntston Williams.|\n|Series||Harvard theological studies ;, 37, Harvard theological studies ;, no.37|\n|Contributions||Williams, George Huntston, 1914-|\n|LC Classifications||BR420.P7 L813 1995|\n|The Physical Object|\n|Pagination||xx, 995 p. :|\n|Number of Pages||995|\n|LC Control Number||92022680|\nBy Janusz Tazbir Institute of History, The Polish Academy of Sciences Poland faced the problem of the co-existence of confessions as early as the 14 th and15 th centuries. In contrast to the states of Western Europe, where it was the Reformation that brought about confessional fragmentation, Poland had long numbered among her inhabitants, in addition to Catholics, members of other branches of.\nThe Land & Wildlife of North America\nGods way, my way\nnature and importance of walking by faith\nA treatise on tenures\nLaw and social science\nAlexander C. Morrison.\nMolecules of life & mutations\nFamily law and practice\nAll in a life\nFirst report of the Royal Commission on Unemployment Insurance.\nControl of environment.\nA teachers view\nEngineering as a career\nClymer Kawasaki Bayou KLF220 and KKF250, 1988-2010\nCounter-reformation in Poland refers to the response (Counter-Reformation) of Catholic Church in Poland (more precisely, the Kingdom of Poland untiland thereafter the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) to the spread of Protestantism in Poland (the Protestant Reformation).Counter-reformation in Poland lasted from the midth century until the midth century and ended with the victory of.\nBig plus, the author makes a concerted effort to cover as many facets of Polish history as History of the Polish Reformation book, namely the cultural and artistic contributors, not just monarchs, political leaders, and generals.\nFor someone looking for a general overview of Polish history, this book would be a good choice/5(88). It is a very interesting book about the reformation by an author who is an expert on the history of Christianity.\nHistory of the Polish Reformation book is rather bogged down with too much detail but otherwise gives a balanced view about the Reformation History of the Polish Reformation book Counter Reformation (reform within the Catholic Church itself).\nIt's not History of the Polish Reformation book towards the Catholic or Protestant faiths/5(). The history of the Reformation is the history of one of the greatest outpourings of the life that cometh from God.\nMay this work contribute to unite always more and more all those who are partakers of that Divine life. Signed J. Merle D’Aubigne Eaux Vives, near Geneva, February 7 CONTENTS CONTENTS TO VOLUME FIRSTFile Size: 5MB. Get this from a library.\nHistory of the Polish Reformation: and nine related documents. [Stanisław Lubieniecki; George Huntston Williams] -- Stanislas Lubieniecki's History, composed in the middle of the seventeenth century, remains the most comprehensive account of the people and events of the period.\nWritten after the Polish Brethren. LITERATURE IN POLISH The New Book Market Encyclopedias and Picturesque History of the Polish Reformation book The History of Polish.(iterature Lukasz Gornicki Mikolaj Rej Jan Kochanowski Other Lyric Poets Descriptive and Satirical Poetry Polemical Prose The Theater WRITINGS IN OTHER LANGUAGES IV.\nThe Seventeenth Century: Counter Reformation and the Baroque BACKGROUND. Just finished Fatal Discord by Michael Massing. “Brilliantly tracing the crisscrossing paths of the two most important thinkers of the sixteenth century, Michael Massing shows that where Martin Luther and Erasmus of Rotterdam parted ways—on the ad.\nA History of the Reformation, it appears to me, must describe five distinct but related things--the social and religious conditions of the age out of which the great SUBSCRIBE TODAY. Full access to this book and o more. Books About Polish History And World Politics - Our Book Recommendations The Doomed Soldiers Book Recommendations: Great Books About History And World Politics.\nIt must be recalled that the Polish Government In Exile, marshaled the third or fourth largest military force of the Allies during World War II, providing oversoldiers to the allied cause in the West - initially behind France. The Reformation (alternatively named History of the Polish Reformation book Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular.\nAlthough the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther. This is a pity, although understandable, because even histories of the Reformation usually ignore the story of Poland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.\nIt comes as a shock to be reminded that at one time Poland was the largest country in Europe; the majority of its populace was Protestant; and a major portion of that Protestantism was. Puritan and Reformed books at discounted prices. Haykin, Michael. Glory to the Three Eternal Tercentennial Essays on the Life and Writings of Benjamin Beddome () (Haykin, Paul, Yoo).\nFrequently the Reformation is described as a movement that revolved around two pivotal issues. The socalled “material” cause was the History of the Polish Reformation book over sola fide (“justification by faith alone”). The “formal” cause was the issue of sola Scriptura, that the Bible and the Bible alone has the authority to bind the conscience of the believer.\nPuritan and Reformed books at discounted prices. Sign up to receive our special offers and new releases. English Reformation stressed organization more than doctrine. The Reformation in England is essential to understanding the history of Christianity in America, for the early religious beliefs of the U.S.A.\ncame from England. REFORMATION UNDER KING HENRY THE VIII () A. There was a general dissatisfaction with the Roman Church. A Brief History of Europe is a free content online book published on English Wikibooks. Also available on a single page, which should be printable if needed.\nA printable version of. A new history of the early Reformation in the Polish monarchy under King Sigismund I () (OUP, ) The first major study of the early Reformation and the Polish monarchy for over a century, this volume asks why Crown and church in the reign of King Sigismund I. James Michener \"Poland\" is by far the best book I have read.\nIt covers three families over the course of eight centuries. It will take time to read but you will walk away with a wealth of historical information that will last a lifetime. I recom. Polonia reformata: essays on the Polish reformation(s).\nand questions certain myths about Poland's Reformation and Counter-Reformation history and culture. The book's general introduction about Polish 'religion on the perifery' is followed by essays on the reception of John Calvin's works, the role of Socinianism, religious polemics and.\nThe book chronicles the evolution of the church's political power throughout Poland's unique history. Beginning in the tenth century, the study first details how Catholicism overcame early challenges in Poland, from converting the early polytheists to pushing back the Brand: Palgrave Macmillan US.\nPoland, country of central is located at a geographic crossroads that links the forested lands of northwestern Europe to the sea lanes of the Atlantic Ocean and the fertile plains of the Eurasian frontier. Now bounded by seven nations, Poland has waxed and waned over the centuries, buffeted by the forces of regional history.\nPublished on Five hundred years ago, Martin Luther kicked off the Protestant Reformation, which contributed to the birth of our. Polish literature, body of writings in Polish, one of the Slavic languages. The Polish national literature holds an exceptional position in Poland.\nOver the centuries it has mirrored the turbulent events of Polish history and at times sustained the nation’s cultural and political identity. Poland. the polish reformer. the polish reformer in the netherlands and in friesland. beginning of reformation in the netherlands. “toothing-stones.” the victims of charles the fifth.\nlouvain. footnotes ; history of the reformation in the time of calvin >history of the reformation in europe ; vol. 1 - spain, england, germany ; preface ; note by the.\njohn calvin - history of the reformation - book hungary, poland, bohemia. the netherlands. Introduction.\nThe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—also called the Commonwealth of Both Nations, Poland-Lithuania, the Commonwealth, or, pars pro toto, simply Poland—was at first a dynastic (till ) and then a federal multiethnic and multireligious union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lasting from to At its height, in the late 16th and early 17th.\nA Companion to the Reformation in Central Europe analyses the diverse Christian cultures of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Czech lands, Austria, and lands of the Hungarian kingdom between the 15th and 18th centuries. It establishes the geography of Reformation movements across this region, and then considers different movements of reform and the role played by Protestant, Catholic.\nThe Polish people are descendants of ancient Lechites and Poland's recorded history dates back over a thousand years to c. – AD, when the Western Polans – an influential tribe in the Greater Poland region – united various Lechitic clans under what became the Brazil: 3, A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.\nTycho Brahe () established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of The first major study of the early Reformation and the Polish monarchy for over a century, this volume asks why Crown and church in the reign of King Sigismund I () did not persecute Lutherans.\nIt offers a new narrative of Luther's dramatic impact on this monarchy - which saw violent urban Reformations and the creation of Christendom's first Lutheran principality by - placing.\nThe period of the Renaissance to the present is the bulk of many European history courses in the English language world. It’s big, packs in a lot, and the single author ties Author: Thoughtco Editors. book 9 history of protestantism from the diet of worms,to the augsburg confession, chapter 1 — the german new testament chapter 2 — the abolition of the mass chapter 3 — pope adrian and his scheme of reform chapter 4 — pope clement and the nuremberg diet chapter 5 — nuremberg chapter 6 — the ratisbon league and reformation.\nHistory of the Reformation The usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs.\nEuropean Renaissance and Reformation Summary. The Renaissance & Reformation chapter of this Major Eras in World History Study Guide course is the most efficient way to study the transformative events and key figures of the European Renaissance, including the Reformation.\nJean Henri Merle d’Aubigne’s History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century provides one of the absolute best accounts of the Reformation through d’Aubigne’s compelling, informative, and prestigious writings.\nThis collection’s five volumes and 20 books teach you everything you need to know about the Reformation during the sixteenth century as it spread across Europe and changed. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks.\nIt is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures.\n“If you printed copies of a book in Venice, you could sell five to the captain of each ship leaving port,” says Palmer, which created the first mass-distribution mechanism for printed : Dave Roos. Get Textbooks on Google Play. Rent and save from the world's largest eBookstore.\nRead, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. This statement was made by Martin Luther in the 16th century, during a period of religious change known as the Reformation, in Europe’s history. Here is a German site with plenty of Images of 16th Century Woodcut Book-plates of famous Renaissance and Reformation era people, etc.\nAt the beginning of the 16th century, the power of kings was. Religious tolerance was a necessary precondition for the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian state. The nobility of Poland and Lithuania, over the following decades, merged to form a unit, a Polish-Lithuanian nobility speaking Polish.\nOn West Prussia's diet, German language was discontinued ca. replaced by Polish. B.) The Counterreformation. At the end he reminds pdf that the Reformation stretched from to pdf, and Europeans were at peace for only thirty of those years.\nAt the end, the borders had moved, but Catholics were still Catholics and Protestants were still Protestant, although very heterogeneous. This book is that rare thing--an exciting history book/5().Oppressed by download pdf Polish magnates, they took their wrath out on Poles, as well as the Jews, who often managed the estates of Polish nobles.\nThe advent of the Counter-Reformation worsened relations between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Many Orthodox Ukrainians considered the Union of Brest as a threat to their Orthodox faith.Sigismund I, Polish King Tolerated Reformation Poland is known ebook as one of the most Catholic of European countries.\nThe native land of Pope John Paul II.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://wittkieffer.com/placements/former-governor-brian-sandoval-named-president-of-the-university-of-nevada-reno", "date": "2024-04-23T10:32:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818474.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423095619-20240423125619-00356.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9781400561332703, "token_count": 406, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__31399629", "lang": "en", "text": "Former Governor Brian Sandoval Named President of the University of Nevada, Reno\nThe Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE) Board of Regents voted to appoint former Gov. Brian Sandoval as the University of Nevada, Reno’s 17th president....\nThe Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE) Board of Regents voted to appoint former Gov. Brian Sandoval as the University of Nevada, Reno’s 17th president. He becomes the first Hispanic person to ever be appointed to this position in the 146-year history of the University.\nGov. Sandoval was the 29th governor of Nevada who served two terms from 2011 to 2019.\nPrior to becoming governor, he served as U.S. District Court judge for the District of Nevada, being appointed the state’s first Hispanic federal judge. He also served as Nevada’s attorney general, was a member and chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission, and he served two terms as an assemblyman in the state Legislature.\n“Gov. Sandoval is a highly respected leader and visionary. As a two-term governor of Nevada, he has always worked to build bridges of support. His leadership during the Great Recession was instrumental in Nevada recovering from that economic downturn,” NSHE Chancellor Melody Rose said. “I am confident that his experience, along with his love for the state and the university is what this institution needs in a president at this time.”\n“I have believed in the promise of the University of Nevada, Reno my entire life,” President Sandoval said. “I am extremely humbled and deeply honored to be given the opportunity by the Nevada System of Higher Education and the Board of Regents to lead our University and my alma mater into the future. The University and its people are the bedrock of our community. The work going forward will be to make our University an even better institution, building on the visionary legacy of our 146-year history.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://e-teausa.com/tea.php", "date": "2013-05-24T08:29:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704392896/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113952-00086-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9862226247787476, "token_count": 210, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__156215735", "lang": "en", "text": "According to Chinese mythology, in 2737 BC the Chinese Emperor, Shen Nung, scholar and herbalist, was sitting beneath a tree while his servant boiled drinking water. A leaf from the tree dropped into the water and Shen Nung decided to try the brew. The tree was a wild tea tree. There are many authentic and supposed references to tea in the centuries before Christ, according to the Chinese dictionary dated circa 350 AD. The Chinese t'u was often used to describe shrubs other than tea, hence the confusion when Confucius allegedly referred to tea or t'u when writing about the \"sow thistle\" plant in the Book of Odes.\nFrom the earliest times tea was renowned for its properties as a healthy, refreshing drink. By the third century AD many stories were being told and some written about tea and the benefits of tea drinking, but it was not until the Tang Dynasty (618 AD - 906 AD) that tea became China's national drink and the word ch'a was used to describe tea.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.busido.cz/en/odborne-clanky/uvaha-o-historickem-ninja-to-meci-ninju", "date": "2017-04-30T12:40:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00471-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9715543985366821, "token_count": 2266, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__87050560", "lang": "en", "text": "Ninja-to, a short sword in scabbard of usual measurements\nProbably hardly any weapon used by Japanese Ninjas 忍者 evokes so much arguing and discussions like Ninja-to 忍者刀, or Shinobikatana 忍び刀, a ninja sword. The main issues of the “disputes” are whether this sword was straight or curved and what was the main way of using it. There have been many articles and essays written about this kind of Japanese sword. However, many of these materials are unfortunately based on what could the authors meet with on the screens rather than on a serious study of Japanese sword (Nihonto 日本刀 in Japanese), or a study of the martial art (Ninjutsu 忍術) itself.\nIt is shocking how the image of ninja sword given by the film industry got deep in the consciousness of people around the world, even in Japan itself. Yes, even in modern Japanese books, the authors of which generally do not care much about studying the history, we found drawings of ninja-to with straight blade, square tsuba 鍔 and saya 鞘 with removable end. Then no wonder that we can meet exhibits with a tag saying it is a real ninja sword when visiting modern museums with Ninjutsu exhibitions. And why not?, these sword are in most of the movies anyway, so there must be something true about it. Let’s have a closer look on how is it with ninja sword in reality without trying to find anything fantastic.\nThis is some older photography of Masaaki Hatsumi, Soke (grandmaster) Togakure Ryu Ninjutsu in one of the positions with Ninja-to\nLet´s just very simply describe the evolution of Japanese sword in relation to its shape. From the point of view of studying the history of Nihonto we can find several types of swords with straight blade. One of them is Ken 剣, with double-sided edge. This sword however, is connected religion and mythology rather than ninjas. Another swords were Chokuto 直刀, with the cutting edge only on one side, ending with a skew cut of the tip and these appear with hardened part – Hamon 刃文. These swords were usually mounted in Tachi 太刀 style of koshirae (mounting) and worn hanging on two stripes under the belt on the left side with the edge facing ground. Chokuto used to be a part of the gear of Japanese nobility and therefore it has nothing to do with ninjas.\nThe swords with straight blade are typical for the period around before the 9th century. Swords with big curvature of the blade followed. The reason for using curved blades and the curvature to origin at the first place was that the curvature gives the swords longer durability and better ability to cut in comparison to the used strength. Swords with big curvature lasted approx. up until the 16th century, when they got replaced with sword with smaller curvature of the blade. The blades got straighten out the most in Kanbun period 寛文 (1661 – 1673). Swords of that time were only of minimum curvature, often only a few millimeters. This trend soon went aside and the blades were again produced with bigger curvature, around 15 mm and more. Nevertheless in every of these mentioned periods originated swords that deviated from the common standards, swords of no “category”. Where to place the blade of Ninja-to then?\nWith a deeper study we find out that the blades of Ninja-to differ in many ways from the swords of common shape of that time. It was much shorter than blade of classic Katana 刀 and its design and production was by far not that precise. With swords, ninja let to make for themselves, the focus was mainly on their practical use in fight, disregarding the aesthetic side of the weapon as an artistic and spiritual object. In this matter we also need to mention the fact that ninja had just a very few chances to have their swords made by master swordsmiths of the top class. It was not unusual that the swords were made by master swordsmiths who were actually part of the ninja community, family or clan. The blade had mostly a plain edge, but there are also blades with rough edges in shape of saw. Such blade did not cut but actually tore out the flash from opponent’s body.\nMasaaki Hatsumi demonstrates the techniques of Bikenjutsu with his student Ken’ichi Someya. Notice the shape of the Ninja-to blade used by Hatsumi Sensei\nHere we get to the essence of Ninja-to – it is actually a weapon that closely relates to ninja tradition, their families, clans or individual schools, Ryu-ha 流派. Their shape reflects especially the needs of their wearers. The edge was often used for cutting through door and window frames. Short blade allowed easier manipulation on short distance in tight spaces and also allowed faster drawing. Because Ninja-to was not usually that long neither it was elegant like samurai sword, his usage was different from the traditional Japanese Kenjutsu 剣術. Samurai 侍 could effectively cut with the edge of his sword and therefore he could use precise and elegant body movements. On the contrary, ninja had to use his whole body to make his cuts effective. The hips were during the technique often twisted much more in order to equal the length of the weapon and therefore more effective techniques could be used. Less fine edge of ninja sword made ninja to rely more on thrust attacks and cutting strokes rather than cuts common for samurai swords. The skills in sword techniques were mentioned in Bikenjutsu part.\nLet’s just get back to the sword itself now and let’s split it into single parts and have a closer look. Although the blade was shorter, the scabbard – Saya 鞘 was as long as usual samurai Katana scabbard in order to hide the true length of the blade. This was the surprising fact when drawing Ninja-to. The free space on the bottom of Saya was used to carry messages, as a place for blinding powders or explosives. These or similar sword boxes also appeared with traditional samurai swords. In their cases these were used for carrying a little knife Kozuka 小柄 and skewer Kogai 笄. Hidden boxes could be also used to carry coins or other things that would fit. Nevertheless the system of hidden boxes in the scabbard of Japanese sword and especially in its lower part was in case of Ninja-to used much more.\nBlinding powder hidden in free space in the sword’s scabbard\nTsuba 鍔, a hand guard or hand protection, often a delicate and valuable work on samurai swords, in case of Ninja-to often made in more humble conditions. It often had a shape of a square without any working what so ever, but not in every case. Square shaped tsuba, in Japanese terminology called Kukagata 角形, quite regularly appeared on samurai swords as well. Handguard on Shinobigatana was in comparison with samurai sword Tsuba often more robust and wider with respect to its various usages. Such Tsuba could have been used for example as a support when climbing over a wall.\nTsuka 柄, or a sword handle, had a classic shape and was a bit longer than Tsuka of samurai Katana in order to help the manipulation with the sword. Unfortunately today we often meet with replicas of ninja swords with Tsuka much longer than it really was in the history.\nLet’s just stop a bit with Sageo 下緒, or a string fasten to an eyelet called Kurigata 栗形 on the side of Saya. Sageo was a regular accessory of Koshirae 拵 type of sword set and was used for example to fasten the sword to the belt or to tie the sleeves of Kimono 着物 before actual fight, etc. In case of Ninja-to Sageo was a lot longer and more robust so that it could have been used for example for tying up the captured enemies. Straining the Sageo above the ground could have been used in order to slow down the pursuers. Sageo have been also used for creating an improvised seat for observance on the trees. We can find many ways of using Sageo in terms of Ninpo 忍法 in historical materials.\nShihan Ken’ichi Someya in the guard with Ninja-to originating from Togakure Ryu 戸隠流\nWhat to say for the conclusion… Probably just that ninja looked on his sword as one of many weapons within his equipment and although he respected its value, he never pay his sword such respect as it was in common with samurais, whose swords were kept as family treasures. Despite of that, or just because of that Ninja-to was an important weapon in the history of martial art called Ninjutsu, although in comparison with beautiful Tachi and Katana (often swordsmiths´ masterpieces) Ninja-to seems to be just a little bit more than „machete“. Regarding the shape of the blade, it is possible to meet straight blades used by ninja, but it was unlikely with the swords. These blades more likely appeared as Shikomi-zue 仕込み杖. Shikomi-zue was a weapon similar to stick that concealed blades of various lengths and shapes, chains or other weaponry equipment that could have been used in the history of ninja. But that is a different story. Anyway, looking at the shape of Ninja-to we could say that it could not had been different at mere glimpse from an ordinary sword at certain period. If it was, ninja would be immediately discovered and that was definitely not acceptable for these warriors.\nConcealed sword in a stick – Shikomi-zue 仕込み杖 with blade signed Gassan 月山, blade – the beginning of the 16th century; fittings – Bakumatsu period 幕末 – Meiji 明治, 2nd half of the 19th century. (from collection of Jakub Zeman)\nBujinkan Dojo Prague\ntel.: +420 736 208 050\nbook “Ninjutsu, history and tradition“ from Masaaki Hatsumiho\nbook “Sengoku Ninpo Zukan“ from Masaaki Hatsumiho\nmagazine “The Hiden Budo and Bujutsu“\narticle “Ninja sword – fact or myth?“ from Pavel Bolf", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.castlelachlan.com/history/clan-symbolism", "date": "2023-03-29T00:14:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948900.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328232645-20230329022645-00427.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9402228593826294, "token_count": 236, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__16315846", "lang": "en", "text": "Members of Scottish clans show their allegiance to their clan and chief where crest badges. These are usually worn on a bonnet. Crest badges are usually made up of the chief's heraldic crest surrounded by a strap and buckle with the chief's heraldic motto or slogan. The crest badge used by members of Clan Maclachlan contains the Latin motto FORTIS ET FIDUS, which translates to \"strong and faithful\". The blazon of the crest within the badge is (Issuant from a crest coronet of four (three visible) strawberry leaves Or) a castle set upon a rock all Proper. Another clan symbol used to show a clan member's affiliation is a clan badge or plant badge. Consisting of a particular plant, these badges are sometimes said to be the original means of identification used by Scottish clans. Clan Maclachlan has two clan badges attributed to it. These include: rowan (or mountain ash) and lesser periwinkle.\nMany clans are also attributed pipe tunes. Clan Maclachlan's pipe music is Moladh Mairi (translation from Gaelic: \"In Praise of Mary\").", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dungeonsynth.fandom.com/wiki/Secret_Stairways?action=history", "date": "2019-12-08T08:34:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540507109.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208072107-20191208100107-00112.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9449383616447449, "token_count": 210, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__180224452", "lang": "en", "text": "Browse history From year (and earlier): From month (and earlier): all January February March April May June July August September October November December Deleted only For any version listed below, click on its date to view it. For more help, see Help:Page history. (cur) = difference from current version, (prev) = difference from preceding version, m = minor edit, → = section edit, ← = automatic edit summary (cur | prev) 08:28, April 15, 2017 188.8.131.52 (wall) . . (216 bytes) (+216) . . (Created page with \"== Secret Stairways == Secret Stairways was a Dungeon Synth project created by Matthew Davis. Only two releases were made; Enchantment of the Ring in 1997 and Turning Point in...\") (VisualEditor) Retrieved from \"https://dungeonsynth.fandom.com/wiki/Secret_Stairways\" Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bristol-buddhist-centre.org/womens-mornings/", "date": "2018-03-19T14:06:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646952.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319140246-20180319160246-00117.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9213634133338928, "token_count": 244, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__255696501", "lang": "en", "text": "All women welcome to our first outdoor ritual of the year in honour of Akshobya!\nwith Dharmamrta and Beate.\nPlease wear outdoor clothing. Paths accessible for wheelchair users.\nWhen: Tuesday 20th March, Spring Equinox, 6-7 am ( Dawn at 6:13 am) with optional breakfast afterwards on Park Street\nWhere: There is a row of benches in front of the water feature at the foot of Cabot Tower on Brandon Hill (see picture)\nContact: Beate for further questions on 07769181714\nInteresting facts about the location:\nBrandon Hill is named after the chapel dedicated to St Brendan which once stood on its summit. Sailors would pray for protection to the saint.\nBrandon Hill has one of the best collection of trees in Bristol with almost 500 trees on the hill covering nearly 100 different species.\nCarmelite friars constructed St John’s Conduit, which still carries water from the springs on the hill to a fountain outside St John the Baptist Church on Quay Street. This was the only source of fresh water for a time during the Blitz.\nBookmark the permalink.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://natepedersen.com/2011/06/", "date": "2013-05-26T04:57:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706628306/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121708-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9539744257926941, "token_count": 192, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__123805734", "lang": "en", "text": "New Feasts & Holidays column on St Swithin’s Day in the June/July issue of Renaissance Magazine.\nCo-written with April Tucholke.\n“St. Swithin’s Day (also called St. Swithun) was celebrated on July 15. While midsummer (June 24) was a festival that welcomed the new warmer season, St. Swithin’s was a time to rejoice in the plethora of summer fruits and vegetables. It was also a portentous day to predict the weather. An old tradition says that if it rains on St. Swithin’s Day, it would rain for 40 days after. In turn, a dry St. Swithin’s meant 40 days of drought. St. Swithin’s was the Renaissance version of Groundhog Day, but for the summer months, and without the rodent.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://throbbing-gristle.com/", "date": "2022-01-23T11:20:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304261.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123111431-20220123141431-00449.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9003438949584961, "token_count": 290, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__146781521", "lang": "en", "text": "COSEY FANNI TUTTI\nAs part of the Coventry City of Culture Deliaphonic Festival Cosey Fanni Tutti will be performing a live one hour set of new music based on and incorporating elements of her original soundtrack to the BBC docudrama Delia Derbyshire: The Myths & Legendary Tapes.\n10pm Friday 4th March in Coventry Cathedral\nThe Oral History Of Coum & Throbbing Gristle\n'OTHER, LIKE ME' The Oral History Of Coum & Throbbing Gristle\nThe British industrial town Hull could hardly have a more appropriate name. It is a fitting place for a nihilistic avant-garde collective, which at the end of the 1970s aggressively confronted every conceivable taboo: sex, pornography, violence and self-mutilation. But COUM Transmissions was only the beginning. Led by the artists Genesis P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti., COUM became the visionary and utterly unruly industrial/noise band Throbbing Gristle, which was named 'the wreckers of civilisation' by a shocked conservative politician. The many rare archive clips speak for themselves.\nTitle: OTHER, LIKE ME - Director(s): Marcus Werner Hed, Dan Fox - Producer: Marcus Werner Hed - UK/USA - Run time, 59 min", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.festfloor.com/blog/old-london-house-renovation-with-microcement/", "date": "2023-12-10T01:31:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00762.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.953737735748291, "token_count": 613, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__176042475", "lang": "en", "text": "Old London house renovation with microcement. Colors: GR1, FL02 Rose Beige [photos]\nOur clients like to use microcement for their renovations. They praise its versatility and ease of use.\nToday we’d like to present the effect of the work of one of our British clients, who gradually renovates a terraced house in London and reports the renovation on Instagram – Steady Eddie Renovation.\nOld house in a new version – a bit of history\nThe house that our client is renovating comes from the Edwardian era, i.e. the period in the history of Great Britain during the reign of King Edward VII – the son of Queen Victoria (1901-1910). The most typical buildings from those times were detached, semi-detached or terraced houses with a large garden and driveway, situated in the suburbs.\nWith the great social and political changes of the early 20th century, the Edwardian era perpetuated the idea of green suburban neighborhoods, seeking to provide beautiful, functional homes for all. The stuffy and cluttered interiors of Victorian houses were gone – and the new style was less formal and fresh.\nThus, unlike the smaller, darker Victorian houses, the Edwardian houses were squatter, wider and spacious, with larger corridors and more windows. The lounges often had windows at both ends, covered with a small sloping roof on the outside.\nEdwardian houses are famous for ornamental decorative details such as floor tiles, stained glass and wood, as well as large rooms with high ceilings.\nWhat are the main features of Edwardian-style houses?\n- Houses built in a straight line\n- Red brick\n- Porch with wooden frames\n- A wide corridor\n- Parquet floors\n- Wider, brighter rooms\n- Simple interior\nOld London house renovated with microcement – GR1 Light Gray and FL02 Rose Beige\nOur client, deciding to thoroughly renovate the old house, was looking for modern and practical solutions in the interior. He needed a system that could be used on underfloor heating and that would create a uniform, minimalist surface without joints. Finally he put on a microcement floor throughout the house. In the kitchen, dining room and living room, he used the Festfloor Life system in the lightest shade of gray GR1. In turn, the walls in the bathroom in the shower were finished with a slightly warmer shade of FL02 Rose Beige (more info about microcement in the shower).\nDecorative plaster imitating concrete was used on the walls and ceiling. Gray walls and floor create a neutral base for lamps and fittings in the color of old gold, renovated wooden furniture and a black simple kitchen (see how to combine wood and concrete). Thanks to large windows that overlook the garden, the interior is bright and cozy, and the microcement looks a bit different at any time of the day – the rays of the sun bring out its subtle beauty.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://board.missionboardbrazil.org/churches/1277-maceio-state-of-alagoas", "date": "2021-01-18T13:21:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00378.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9911590218544006, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__206381916", "lang": "en", "text": "Maceio was instituted as a member of the IRB federation in January 2013. Rev. Flávio Silva was installed as the first Brazilian minister of this church in mid 2013.\nCornerstone Canadian Reformed Church currently have one missionary, Rev. Bram deGraaf, who lives in the area with his family. The Board of Mission has supported Reformed ministry in Maceio since 1993.\nRev. de Graaf not only completed the project of planting this church, but is also heavily involved in the federation, serving as a church visitor and teaching regularly at the seminary Instituto João Calvino.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://anoldfashionedworld.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-cedar-chest-music-break-6.html", "date": "2017-05-01T02:23:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00328-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9792962670326233, "token_count": 607, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__34580539", "lang": "en", "text": "This is my great grandparent's cedar chest.\nI've shared it before, but not the story behind it.\n(Although, some of you might remember it from my last blog.)\nThat chest up there just happens to have been where they stored their money.\nYou see, my great grandfather didn't trust the banks, because they weren't insured. Back then, if you put money in them it didn't necessarily mean that you'd be able to get your money back out. This didn't change until the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp) was created by the banking act in 1933. You can read more about that 'here'.\nBecause of his mistrust, the crash of 1929 and the Great Depression didn't affect them as much and he was able to keep his business alive, and eventually sell it to their two sons, one of them being my grandfather.\nAlso, during the Great Depression, my great grandmother, using some of that money, helped out her friends and neighbors by buying up some of the wares they were selling in order to survive. Now I'm the keeper of quite a few of those items and that seemingly plain old chest, that my great grandfather used to steer the course of history for my family.\nI'm extremely grateful to him, for having the foresight not to trust the banks back then, but sadly, as we all know, a lot of people weren't as fortunate.\nHere's an excerpt from History.com :\nThe Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the country’s banks had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear.\nFor this music break I'm sharing two songs that embody that time period.\n\"Brother, Can you spare a dime?\"\nMusic by Jay Gorney and lyrics by Yip Harburg.\nSung by Bing Crosby in 1932\nYou can read more about the history of this song 'here'.\n\"Happy Day are Here Again\"\nMusic by Milton Ager and lyrics by Jack Yellen.\nSung by Annette Hanshaw\nThe song eventually became the 1932 presidential campaign song for Franklin Delano Roosevelt and it's also associated with the repeal of prohibition in 1933.\nWhich is a whole other post for another time ;)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gusej.academic.wlu.edu/2019/05/17/blog-1-hohokam-architecture/", "date": "2023-12-08T13:13:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00591.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9786382913589478, "token_count": 267, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__277395223", "lang": "en", "text": "On our first full day in Arizona, we visited two historic Hohokam sites: Pueblo Grande and Casa Grande. Both sites were built over 1000 years ago, and what really stood out to me was the ability of this ancient civilization to create buildings and canals on such a large scale.\nBoth Pueblo Grande and Casa Grande have been preserved by archaeologists in the modern day, and it was amazing to be able to get so close to the structures. When we were in the museum at Pueblo Grande, we got a look at some of the tools that the Hohokam used to create their canals and buildings. I was stunned by the simplicity of their tools, especially the “digging sticks” used to dig the canals. I can barely imagine digging a 10 x 30 foot canal with proper shovels, let alone sticks.\nI think that the lack of proper construction tools really speaks volumes about the Hohokam people’s refusal to migrate away from their sacred lands. It took extraordinary efforts from every adult in the community to build these structures and canal systems when they could have migrated to somewhere with greater rainfall. Admittedly they did do this eventually (we think); however, this still illustrates the idea of place centeredness in Native American cosmology.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sussexwi.us/sussex-annual-memorial-day-parade", "date": "2019-03-23T12:44:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202804.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323121241-20190323143241-00466.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.939720094203949, "token_count": 136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__3133111", "lang": "en", "text": "Sussex’s annual Memorial Day parade will take place Monday, May 25 at 1 p.m.\nThe parade, led by the Horne-Mudlitz VFW Post 6377 Color Guard, will commence at the corner of Highway 74 and Waukesha Avenue in Sussex. The parade will proceed west on Main Street through Sussex to the former VFW Post. All veterans are invited to march in the parade. Following the parade, a short memorial service to recognize the Armed Forces will be presented by the VFW Post. After the service, hot dogs and soda will be provided by the Post at W232 N6342 Waukesha Avenue.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://treehousekidandcraft.com/products/free-virtual-family-day-uga-special-collections-library", "date": "2020-07-04T15:18:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886178.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704135515-20200704165515-00166.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9173360466957092, "token_count": 158, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__213729910", "lang": "en", "text": "$8.00 Flat Rate Shipping | FREE shipping on orders over $150 | ATL families: email orders to email@example.com\nJoin UGA's Hargrett Library for Virtual Family Day on Saturday, May 30th highlighting the exhibit “The Strategies of Suffrage: Mobilizing a Nation for Women's Rights\". We'll provide instructions and supplies for crafting your own sash and buttons, just like those worn by suffragists who campaigned to get women the vote more than 100 years ago! For craft instructions, as well as video tour stops and suffrage storytime, visit our family day website.\nThis event is supported by the Lucy Hargrett Draper Center and Archives for the Study of the Rights of Women in History and Law.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.emiliea.co.uk/coverage/kilburn/", "date": "2019-08-20T12:53:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315329.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820113425-20190820135425-00262.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9726316928863525, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__79739965", "lang": "en", "text": "Kilburn is an area of north west London, England, which is divided between three London Boroughs, Brent, Camden, and a small part in Westminster. The main thoroughfare running northwest-southeast is Kilburn High Road, part of the modern A5 road which forms the boundary between the boroughs of Brent and Camden. The road dates back to pre-Roman times and is part of the Roman road known as Watling Street. The town of Kilburn has its origins in a 12th century priory on the banks of the Kilburn Brook. Kilburn today is a busy and multicultural London district. It has the highest Irish population of any London area, as well as a large Afro-Caribbean community. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.thetemplebookstore.com/sports.html", "date": "2017-04-30T05:14:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124299.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00385-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8873992562294006, "token_count": 148, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__316451946", "lang": "en", "text": "For the first time, English speaking martial artists can discover the historically accurate writings of the Muye Dobo Tongji – the only surviving classical text on the Korean arts of war. Commissioned by King Chongjo of the Yi dynasty in 1789 and compiled by General Yi Duk-moo, this official textbook documents all martial art forms up until the late 18th century.\nTake an entertaining and enlightening journey into the search for a deeper meaning in the martial arts with Herding the Ox. Using the 10 ox-herding pictures of Zen as a springboard, it discusses the spiritual and ethical dimensions of martial arts training. Go beyond the physical concepts through thought provoking analysis of some of Japan’s greatest warriors.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://mkgroup.ca/property-details/1595044-o/144-carleton-street-st-andrews-new-brunswick-canada/", "date": "2021-04-12T22:43:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038069267.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412210312-20210413000312-00261.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9246010184288025, "token_count": 373, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__131760028", "lang": "en", "text": "144 Carleton Street, St. Andrews, New Brunswick\n$1,699,990 - For Sale\nLinden Grange is an estate of historical and architectural importance - a once in a lifetime opportunity to own one of the last truly significant, fine homes in Saint Andrews, NB. Linden Grange was the summer home of Sir Leonard Tilley, Father of Confederation and Lt. Governor of NB. Built in 1829, this estate has been lovingly cared for and restored.\nAn exquisite treasure that has not been on the market for over 60 years. Linden Grange is recognized for its architecture, grand size, style and its magnificent property. It is a great example of a late 19th century Second Empire residence. The \"Mansard\" style roof with dormers was changed in 1871 by the Tilleys, the elaborate entranceway are lasting expressions of old world craftsmanship.\nLarge principle rooms are great for entertaining and a fabulous porch wraps around most of the home – simply perfect for early summer evening cocktails. Well set back from the street, this estate, built of brick and wood, enjoys a stately presence in the neighborhood. The Maxwell designed extension completely renovated in 2000 hosts 1600 square feet of living space on one level.\nThere are gorgeous staircases, beautiful wood trim, hard wood floors and 6 large and comfortable bedrooms, 4 full baths and a powder room off the gracious front entranceway for receiving guests. A beautiful sunroom, large windows throughout and several fireplaces for a chilly maritime evening – this is truly a dream come true for one of us.\n- Property Address:144 Carleton Street, St. Andrews, New Brunswick\n- Property Type:Residential\n- Taxes:$21,172 (2020)\n- Structure Type:Single Family\n- Exterior Type:Brick, Other", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://standrewstuskegee.com/id35_m.htm", "date": "2017-11-20T02:22:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00491.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9683355689048767, "token_count": 123, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__233130822", "lang": "en", "text": "St. Andrew's Episcopal Church is located in Tuskegee, Alabama, adjacent to the campus of Tuskegee University where it was organized in 1912. It is the only Episcopal church in Macon County. Currently, 130 baptized members and 88 communicants comprise the membership; in addition, approximately 60 Episcopal students are enrolled at the University. The membership is multiracial, with the majority being African-Americans who fall within the category of \"advanced age.\" Many are retired from professional careers, self-employment, and the military. Their talents, skills, dedication and commitment bring strength to the Church.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://liggettvectorbrands.com/about-us/tobacco-industry-settlements/", "date": "2023-11-29T21:47:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00524.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9731211066246033, "token_count": 488, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__54571470", "lang": "en", "text": "In March 1996, Liggett Group broke ranks with the tobacco industry and settled smoking-related lawsuits brought by Attorneys General of Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Mississippi, and West Virginia. Among other things, the settlement provided for certain payments to the states as well as compliance with proposed FDA regulations. It was a historic settlement marking the first time, after many decades of litigation, that a tobacco company ever settled such a lawsuit. Leading government officials and public health authorities across America praised Liggett's settlement, calling it a \"historic watershed\" in the country's efforts to address smoking and health issues. President Clinton called Liggett's first settlements \"a major breakthrough\" and acknowledged their significance as \"the first crack in the stone wall of denial.\"\nAfter Liggett Group's 1996 settlement, the number of States filing lawsuits against the tobacco industry increased from 6 to 22. In a May 18, 1997 article in The Washington Post, Attorney General Mike Moore of Mississippi stated, \"The Liggett settlement gave us credibility. That helped me get more states. Our travel schedule really picked up.\"\nIn March 1997, Liggett Group entered into a comprehensive settlement of tobacco litigation with Attorneys General of 17 additional states and with a nationwide class. Under this settlement, Liggett Group made significant public acknowledgments - that smoking causes disease, that smoking is addictive, and that the tobacco industry marketed to youth. Liggett also waived privileges and released thousands of previously undisclosed internal documents relevant to smoking and health.\nLiggett Group has since become the first and only American cigarette manufacturer to add a \"SMOKING IS ADDICTIVE\" warning on its cigarette packaging and has instructed its marketing and advertising personnel to scrupulously avoid any and all advertising and marketing that could appeal to children or adolescents.\nIn March 1998, Liggett signed a third settlement agreement with more states, bringing the number of states with which it had settled to approximately 40. By mid-1998, Liggett Group had settled with approximately 40 states. Liggett's earlier settlements became the catalyst for the other major tobacco companies to eventually resolve claims in all 50 states and certain territories as well, ultimately resulting in the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (\"MSA\"). In November 1998, Liggett Group joined the MSA. Vector Tobacco joined the MSA in early 1999.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mathtuition.sg/", "date": "2016-10-23T07:51:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719192.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00182-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9462170600891113, "token_count": 173, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-44__0__223267667", "lang": "en", "text": "23 October 2016\nThe Law of the Land exhibition at the National Gallery was officially opened by Communications and Information Minister Yaacob Ibrahim last week.\nFor the exhibition, more than 20 documents from the National Archives of Singapore and the National Library’s collection will be on display.\nDr Yaacob said it is important for a young nation to be “familiar with our history”.\nSome of the highlights of the exhibition include six regulations set out in 1823 by Sir Stamford Raffles, in an attempt to impose law and order in the growing settlement, the 1958 Singapore Constitution, which sets out the framework for Singapore’s then newly won self-governance, documents proclaiming Singapore’s merger with Malaya in 1963, as well as documents detailing Singapore’s separation from Malaysia to become an independent republic in 1965.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://tomsriver.macaronikid.com/articles/5e4411e0e8fd6f44fc4a0dfd/2023-easter-bunny-train-ride-and-egg-hunt", "date": "2023-06-03T00:23:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00365.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8923172354698181, "token_count": 292, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__27653576", "lang": "en", "text": "The Easter Bunny Train Ride & Easter Egg Hunt\nRide the Easter Bunny Train Ride and visit with Mr. Bunny on the train. Your ride will wind along the scenic Delaware River leaving from the Historic District of Phillipsburg, New Jersey. The train will travel along the river to Carpentersville and our destination will be the site of the historic Lime Kilns. In front of the 150 year old Lime kilns is a beautiful little glade filled with Easter eggs!\nAt The Easter Egg Patch\nOnce we arrive you can get off the train, take a picture with Mr. Bunny. The children can grab their baskets and gather a few Easter eggs! The eggs are filled with candy\nThe Historic Lime Kilns\nThe pumpkin patch sits in a beautiful glade in front of the century old Carpentersville Lime Kilns. The lime kilns are not only the oldest but also the largest left in existence in New Jersey, dating to before the Revolutionary War!\nDates: April 1,2,8,9; Timeslots: 11:00 am, 12:30 pm, 2:00 pm and 3:30 pm\nTickets are $14.00 Child, $20.00 Adult and Lap Sitter $4.00 and available for purchase here.\nEnter HERE for your chance to win a 4-pack of tickets to The Easter Bunny Train Ride & Egg Hunt", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.mighty1090.com/episode/gulls-in-flight-willie-oree/", "date": "2017-03-26T09:17:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189198.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00045-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9552581310272217, "token_count": 165, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__302854811", "lang": "en", "text": "The San Diego Gulls and the Mighty 1090 proudly present Gulls In Flight, the weekly San Diego Gulls podcast! Join “The Voice of the Gulls” Craig Elsten and B.J. MacPherson for a weekly discussion of the past week’s games played and the contests right around the corner in the week to come.\nThen, stay tuned for a special in-depth interview each week. We start with the legend of San Diego hockey, Willie O’Ree, known as the “Jackie Robinson of the NHL” as the first African-Canadian to play in the National Hockey League. Willie sits down with Craig to talk about his long and fruitful career, which led him from New Brunswick to the San Diego Hall of Champions.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://theconcreteinitiative.eu/case-studies/98-a-concrete-portrait-of-king-willem-alexander", "date": "2020-12-05T11:18:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747774.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205104937-20201205134937-00677.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9684984087944031, "token_count": 252, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__17528374", "lang": "en", "text": "A concrete portrait of King Willem-Alexander\nEach year in the Netherlands, the birthday of Queen Beatrix is celebrated on 30th of April. It's a national holiday, with everyone dressed in orange and celebrating with music and markets. Normally, the Royal family visits two Dutch towns to celebrate with the inhabitants of the village. In 2013, however, the announced visit of the Royal family was cancelled, due to a historic event: Queen Beatrix handed over the power to her son, Willem-Alexander. He was crowned king of the Netherlands on the 30th of April 2013.\nThe cancellation of the visit to the chosen towns was a disappointment for the local communities. As a result, the Dutch Precast Association (BFBN) decided to comfort the towns and their inhabitants with a special gift: a portrait of the (soon to be) king Willem-Alexander, made out of concrete pavement stones. The portrait, made out of five shades of grey stones, got a place of honor in the two Dutch towns Amstelveen and Graft-De Rijp. The portrait is best to be viewed from a height. In the picture the portrait as it is to be seen in Amstelveen, on the city square.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.civillaproject.com/locations/kefalonia/", "date": "2018-03-23T06:51:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648198.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323063710-20180323083710-00245.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9409676790237427, "token_count": 201, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__239841518", "lang": "en", "text": "Kefalonia is one of the largest islands of Greece and part of the seven islands of the Eptanese island complex in the Ionian Sea in western Greece. Like all the islands of the Ionian Sea, Kefalonia combines beautiful beaches, a green environment across its area and interesting routes between the picrturesque villages and settlements.\nArgostoli is the capital town of the island and holds one third of the total population of approximately 40,000 inhabitants.\nKefalonia has an interesting history that begins in the ancient years with a great archaeological significance and rises up to the era of Venetian and Roman rule in the Middle Ages. Its guests have the opportunity to visit the traditional village of Fiskardo and Assos, which maintain a very charactersitic architecture and offer a unique by the sea experience with the small shops and the tavernas with the local delicacies.\n(Photo rights to Antonis Nikolopoulos, “anphotography”)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://bluesguitarcenter.com/new-epiphone-electric-guitar-deals/", "date": "2021-07-25T02:52:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151563.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725014052-20210725044052-00422.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9812420010566711, "token_count": 383, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__4908320", "lang": "en", "text": "EPIPHONE AND GIBSON\nIn the early '50s, Epiphone's former champion and favorite late night tinkerer Les Paul became a household name with a television show, a radio program, and chart-topping hits, all played with his name-brand Gibson Les Paul. Les had been perfecting his solid body guitar design in the Epiphone factory and when Fender emerged with their Telecaster, Gibson President Ted McCarty made Les Gibson's first solid body electric guitar endorser.As Epiphone's fortunes continued to decline, Les suggest McCarty reach out to Epiphone. McCarty took the advice and reached out to Orphie, expressing Gibson's interest in Epiphone's critically acclaimed upright bass division which Gibson had not picked up again after World War II. When Orphie replied in 1957, McCarty was offered the entire Epiphone company, including the remaining inventory of the Philadelphia factory, for $20,000. McCarty accepted on behalf of Gibson. The Stathopoulo family was out of the instrument business.\nThough McCarty's original intention was to bring the Epiphone bass models into the Gibson catalogue, by 1957, he changed his mind. Instead, as McCarty wrote in a memo that year, the Epiphone brand would be revived with a new line of instruments.\nMcCarty's marketing plan was to offer Gibson-made Epiphones to dealers who were keen to win a Gibson contract, but had not yet proven themselves as profitable dealers. (The right to sell Gibson models was hotly contested between dealerships at this time). It was the perfect solution. Dealers would get a Gibson-quality product without treading on the toes of dealers who already sold the Gibson line. The entire Epiphone operation was relocated to Kalamazoo, Michigan. Epiphone was back in business.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ccnneighbors.com/event-3368217", "date": "2020-10-21T16:35:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876768.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021151342-20201021181342-00250.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.914915144443512, "token_count": 263, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__113864708", "lang": "en", "text": "Inventor, artist, scientist, anatomist, engineer, architect, sculptor, philosopher. Although Leonardo da Vinci died in 1519, his influence has endured. His extraordinary legacy comes to life in the exhibition “Leonardo da Vinci: 500 Years of Genius,” now open at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science. Join Museum Educator Jennifer Moss Logan for a private guided tour through the exhibition and a Q&A session afterward.\nThis event is open only to Paid CCNNA Members and space is limited!\nFurther Event Details:\n3:15: Gather near benches outside Museum entrance.\n3:30: Launch tour with brief introduction from museum educator Jennifer Moss Logan, who will then move through each section of the gallery, offering a brief synopsis of the section and staying in the section to answer questions for a short while before moving onto the next section.\n4:20: Conclude tour, gather in the 2nd floor seating area for a Q&A with Jennifer until the Museum closes at 5 p.m. If desired, attendees may remain in the exhibit and skip the Q&A.\n5:00: Event concludes; Museum closes.\nCCNNA - Cherry Creek North Neighborhood Association PO Box 6010Denver, CO 80206", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://outbackfree.com.au/injalak-hill-rock-art/", "date": "2022-05-21T14:45:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539131.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521143241-20220521173241-00204.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9093055725097656, "token_count": 134, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__99314189", "lang": "en", "text": "Travelling into remote Western Arnhem Land you will witness Ancient Aboriginal Art brought to life by your indigenous guide at Injalak Hill.\nDiscover a natural marvel on this tour of Injalak Hill, located in the Arnhem Land region. In this place of black soil plains and tranquil wetlands, extending from the base of a vast escarpment, you can see a wide variety of birds, wallabies, goannas and other wildlife. Beautiful sandstone caves, where you will find the ancient remnants of Aboriginal dwellings and rock paintings, are also explored on this memorable tour. The tour is led by an indigenous guide, providing a unique perspective.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.clumsycrooks.com/pictures/native_texan.htm", "date": "2018-01-19T05:17:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887746.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119045937-20180119065937-00291.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9804040789604187, "token_count": 101, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__57396788", "lang": "en", "text": "A woman found a racoon trespassing in her garage on Garrison Road Oct. 16 at 8:30 a.m. No arrest was made.\nNew Jersey crooner Frank Sinatra was arrested by police in Bergen County, New Jersey in 1938 on charges of adultery and seduction. The charges were later dismissed. Sinatra remained under surveillance by the FBI through the course of his life under suspicion of Mafia-related activity. Despite over two thousand pages of allegations, Sinatra was never charged.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.debrasloan.com/roof-guardian-research-in-st-ives/", "date": "2024-02-25T06:03:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474581.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225035809-20240225065809-00591.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9908091425895691, "token_count": 327, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__68703882", "lang": "en", "text": "Once I had arrived and started my research on these equestrian tiles, I was told that there were three other equestrian tiles still on roofs in St Ives. The common knowledge was that Leach had made these three equestrian tiles, as well as his Horse and Rider1 and 2 sculptures. Matt Tyas and I located and then photographed the three roof tiles, and as we scrutinized the images with Peter Smith, we noticed that these tiles reflected the traditional styles of the ancient tiles, and it was unlikely that Leach had made them. However, they were not nearly as weathered as the tiles in the Royal Cornwall Museum. Then we realized that these three tiles were on roofs of homes of old friends of Leach – all members of the Old Cornwall Society, as was Bernard Leach. So in all likely-hood were made during the 1920s by local potteries with the encouragement of the Old Cornwall Society. The understanding of the origins of all these different tiles came together slowly over the four weeks in St Ives, and continues as we write an article about their history. The oldest I saw was at the Royal Cornwall Museum in Truro, about 15th century, and two 17th century tiles, donated by R.J. Noall, a great collector and expert in Cornwall pottery, and a colleague of Leach’s in the Old Cornwall Society. Leach’s own equestrian sculptures are, in themselves, a response to a long tradition of horse and rider tiles, and I suppose, my own responses will join what I hope will be a continuum.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mymalteseguide.com/shore-excursions/introduction-to-malta-shore-excursions", "date": "2022-10-07T05:37:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337971.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007045521-20221007075521-00334.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8665170669555664, "token_count": 176, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__282216954", "lang": "en", "text": "Our professional private guides introduce you to the history, culture, art, architecture, cities, food, nature and street life of our extraordinary island. Walking the footsteps of the Knights of Malta who ruled and protected the island from 1530 until Napoleon’s invasion in 1798. Experience vibrant colours in the traditional fishing villages and visit our prehistoric temples. These tours balance a comfortable pace with a convenient set of highlights. Explore an urban atmosphere in the capital Valletta and the Three Cities across the harbour. Or pick natural wonders like the Blue Grotto, Golden Bay and Dingli Cliffs for the best photos settings. We also recommend a step back in time with a visit through the medieval hillside streets of Mdina and Rabat.\nThis tour is flexible, we’ll work something out suited just for you.\nAreas that you’ll visit:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.armyflyingmuseum.com.au/ourhistory", "date": "2018-06-23T02:11:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864919.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623015758-20180623035758-00078.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9668979644775391, "token_count": 324, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__101126394", "lang": "en", "text": "History of the Museum\nThe museum had it’s humble beginning in a single room at the Army Aviation Base back in the mid 1980’s with Terry Egan as the curator.\nIn the early years, the museum didn’t have possession of any aircraft however, there were a number of aircraft at Oakey ‘strategically located’ that were a valuable part of the Army Aviation Corps History and these aircraft formed the foundation for what is now the museum.\nThose aircraft included:\nA Cessna 180, A98-045, three Bell 47 Sioux, A1-568, -720 and -738, and an O1-G Bird Dog – Bunny II.\nDue to the efforts of Terry Egan, the museum eventually obtained a hangar to store the aircraft.\nOn 01 July 1989, the museum was officially opened by the Honorary Colonel, Colonel Ross Harding (Retd).\nDuring the following years, the museum expanded to include four hangars and a memorabilia room.\nIn August 2005, the museum moved into a new purpose-built facility on the airfield at Oakey and opened for business on the 02 September 2005\nThe new museum complex was officially opened on 02 September 2005 by local MP Ian McFarlane.\nFrom its humble beginning the museum has continued to grow and now houses 22 aircraft on display within the museum and a number of aircraft undergoing restoration and in storage, with more to come.\nThe museum also includes a memorabilia room displaying objects and relics of significance from WW1 through to current conflicts in Afghanistan.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.orangejets.com/single-post/2016/12/08/orange-jets-has-become-a-proud-member-of-baca-the-air-charter-association", "date": "2022-09-30T13:42:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335469.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930113830-20220930143830-00353.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9469605088233948, "token_count": 358, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__137199118", "lang": "en", "text": "Orange Jets: proud new member of BACA -the Air Charter Association\nOrange Jets' membership to BACA - the Air Charter Association has been approved by the BACA Council. We are proud to be the first ever Dutch Member of this International recognised organisation for Air Charter professionals.\nBACA, the Air Charter Association, is the successor to the Airbrokers’ Association founded by members of the Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange in March 1949. Its purpose was to bring to aircraft chartering the same standards of integrity and professionalism for which the Baltic Exchange and the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers have for so long been known and respected.\nIn 1976 membership was opened to include airlines and other non-members of the Exchange who could show that they operated their aviation businesses to the same high standards set by the original association. The name then changed to its present title. Later advances in communications resulted in a decline in air charter trading actually taking place on the trading floor of the Exchange, but members continued to use the facilities offered for social functions and private meetings.\nThe Baltic Exchange gives BACA very generous support with administrative and social resources to BACA members, and the council recommends that members take full advantage of the benefits available. Located in the heart of the City of London, the Exchange gives members a central base where they can hold meetings, hire secretarial services, use the bar and restaurant, review their emails etc. Details are available at The Baltic Exchange’s own website.\nThe name of the Exchange itself, Baltic, originates from the city coffee house of that name where shippers and merchants met to conduct broking business in the early 18th century. Similarly, Mr Lloyd’s coffee house was where London’s insurance market started.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.definingmoments.co.nz/testimonials/simon-johnston", "date": "2022-07-07T10:34:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00354.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9616634845733643, "token_count": 349, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__211078196", "lang": "en", "text": "I have had the privilege of working with Defining Moments for our recent History Tour to Europe in July, 2019. I found their professionalism, support, communication and experience invaluable. We embarked on an adventure with 28 students 4 staff through the World War One battlefields of France and Belgium, the horrific sites of the Holocaust and the Cold War in Berlin and Warsaw, and we explored the incredible sites of St Petersburg to glimpse at the past Romanov Dynasty. This is to name ,but a few highlights.\nFrom a tour co-ordinators perspective, I found the organising and running of the expedition manageable with the ever increasing workload that a teacher now endures in today’s world. Simply put, this was because Defining Moments supported me at every step along this journey. We were impressed with all of our tours, accommodation, transfers and guides. Their professionalism in assisting us 24/7 must be noted and their calm and effective manner is needed whilst traveling with students in a foreign country.\nA memory for me that perhaps, encompasses why we as teachers give up our holiday and add to our workload was when I watched our students’ reflect in their own individual manner at the memorial in Treblinka. Experiencing such a dark history and hearing the guide talk about the importance of sharing the victims memory brought home to me the importance of why we were there. We are messengers of history and we must share these stories to ensure history cannot repeat itself. I am thankful to have shared this journey with incredible young people who I know will make a difference in our society.\nIt is for this reason, I believe educational travel is such an incredible opportunity to undertake and would not pursue such endeavours without Defining Moments moving forward.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://cal479.wordpress.com/2016/04/10/womens-history-onlinenwhm-digital-exhibits/", "date": "2018-12-14T14:31:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825916.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214140721-20181214162221-00461.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9565526843070984, "token_count": 271, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__200006927", "lang": "en", "text": "For this post, I once again explored public history institution websites to see how they presented online exhibitions. This time I looked at the National Women’s History Museum, a privately funded institution working to build a physical structure on the National Mall. As of now, the NWHM researches, collects and shares women’s history through its website. Its exhibits use the collections of other institutions, and several of them take advantage of the LIFE photo collection available through the Google Cultural Institution platform.\nThe first exhibit, Standing Up For Women: African American Women and the Civil Rights Movement, highlights the contributions of black women to the fight for civil rights throughout American history.\nThe striking LIFE magazine photos, along with items from the Library of Congress and the National Archives, feature prominently in the exhibit. Although very simple, I find the design very visually appealing and great for focusing on the women individually and as a group.\nOne part of the exhibit highlights individual women who played significant roles in the Civil Rights Movement. Audio recordings or video clips from oral history interviews from these women, or those who knew them and worked with them, would have added another layer to this compelling exhibit. Other exhibits might be able to take advantage of news recordings from the time, but it can be expected that these would be more likely to exist for male leaders than women.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.estyranch.com/about-esty-ranch/", "date": "2024-02-26T18:16:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474661.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226162136-20240226192136-00811.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9670424461364746, "token_count": 181, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__37362733", "lang": "en", "text": "The historic Esty Ranch is located three miles north of Gunnison, and borders approximately one mile of the Gunnison River in the scenic Gunnison Valley. Esty Ranch is a 457-acre property at an elevation of 7,900 feet that is dedicated to the production of top-quality Timothy and mountain meadow grass hay. The hay produced on Esty Ranch is sold throughout Colorado and other states to feed pleasure and rodeo horses, and is especially valued for prize racehorses.\nOriginally homesteaded in 1880 by John B. Outcalt, this ranch was owned and operated by the Outcalt, and later Esty, families for over 100 years, resulting in recognition as a Colorado Centennial Farm by the Colorado Department of Agriculture and the Colorado Historical Society.\nThe Esty Ranch operations consists of approximately 457 deeded acres, which includes extensively flood-irrigated hay fields", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://efismusic.blogspot.com/2012_11_02_archive.html", "date": "2020-07-07T18:11:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655894904.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707173839-20200707203839-00058.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9832300543785095, "token_count": 217, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__216644479", "lang": "en", "text": "\"Which Side Are You On?\" is a song written by Florence Reece in 1931.\nReece was the wife of Sam Reece, a union organizer for the United Mine Workers in Harlan County, Kentucky.\nIn 1931, the miners of that region were locked in a bitter and violent struggle with the mine owners. In an attempt to intimidate the Reece family, Sheriff J. H. Blair and his men (hired by the mining company) illegally entered their family home in search of Sam Reece.\nSam had been warned in advance and escaped, but Florence and their children were terrorized in his place. That night, after the men had gone, Florence wrote the lyrics to \"Which Side Are You On?\" on a calendar that hung in the kitchen of her home.\nShe took the melody from a traditional Baptist hymn, \"Lay the Lily Low\", or the traditional ballad \"Jack Munro\". Florence recorded the song, which can be heard on the CD Coal Mining Women.\nFlorence Reece - Which Side Are You On", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://marion-harris.com/victorian-scottish-jewelry/", "date": "2018-02-25T17:05:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816841.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225170106-20180225190106-00526.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9696265459060669, "token_count": 290, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__172576568", "lang": "en", "text": "Victorian and Scottish Jewelry\nVictorian, as an adjective, isn’t just defined by dates (1809 -1901) but relates to the influence of Queen Victoria on British culture and tradition during her reign.\nQueen Victoria’s power and popularity coincided with the growth of print media, allowing her opinions and taste to serve as a role model for her subjects who followed the example she set in dress and jewelry and behavior. Queen Victoria identified with ordinary people and they in turn related to her and Prince Albert as they watched them through love, marriage, childbirth, death and mourning.\nThese milestone events were keenly observed by the British public through myriad portraits and photographs of Victoria and her public, leaving us a remarkable social history of 19th century British style in fashion and jewelry.\nWith the expansion of the railways, travel in Britain and the continent was an important component of changing styles and jewelry in particular reflected this. Cameos and mosaics were collected in Italy, ivory and wooden carvings in Germany and high design jewelry in Paris.\nScottish agate jewelry, produced mainly from 1860 -1900 became highly sought after Queen Victoria, mindful of her Scottish origins, had hard-stones from the North of Scotland polished and set in gold or silver in bracelets and brooches and wore them often. These ranged from simple to complex depending on the manufacturing process comprising lapidary, stone-setting and design.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://radio.kttz.org/term/true-sex", "date": "2018-10-21T20:58:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514355.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021203102-20181021224602-00548.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8931640982627869, "token_count": 116, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__218817862", "lang": "en", "text": "Tensions rose across the US when lawmakers in some states debated which door transgender people should enter when using public restrooms. That prompted a Texas Tech assistant history professor Dr. Emily Skidmore to explore the history of transgender men in the US. Her new book dispels the idea that the issue is new in this country.\n“One thing that I hope readers will take away is just the fact that there’s a long history of trans-men existing in the United States,” she says. “It’s not a new phenomenon.”", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://simona-halep.ro/masters-series-simona-halep/wta-cincinnati-simona-halep/", "date": "2018-10-23T06:02:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516071.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023044407-20181023065907-00529.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9674289226531982, "token_count": 1103, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__10739251", "lang": "en", "text": "The Cincinnati Masters (currently sponsored by the Western & Southern Financial Group and called the Western & Southern Open) is an annual outdoor hardcourt tennis event held in Mason, Ohio near Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The event started on September 18, 1899 and is the oldest tennis tournament in the United States played in its original city.\nThe tournament is the second largest summer tennis event in the U.S. after the U.S. Open, as its men’s portion is one of nine elite Masters 1000 tournaments on the ATP World Tour and its women’s event is one of five Premier 5 events on the WTA Tour\nThe tournament was started in 1899 as the Cincinnati Open and was renamed in 1901 to Tri-State Tennis Tournament, a name it would keep until 1969 (it would later be known by several other names, including ATP Championships), and would eventually grow into the tournament now held in Mason. The original tournament was held at the Avondale Athletic Club, which sat on property that is now Xavier University, and would later be moved to several various locations due to changes in tournament management and surfaces. The first tournament in 1899 was played on clay courts (described in a newspaper article of the time as “crushed brick dust”), and the event was mostly played on clay until 1979 when it switched permanently to hardcourts.\nIn 1903, the tournament was moved to the Cincinnati Tennis Club, where it was primarily held until 1972. In 1974, the tournament was nearly dropped from the tennis calendar but moved at the last moment to the Cincinnati Convention Center, where it was played indoors and, for the first time since 1919, without a women’s draw. In 1975, the tournament moved to the Coney Island amusement park on the Ohio River, and the tournament began to gain momentum again.\nIn 1975, the tournament reins were taken by Paul M. Flory, then an executive with Procter & Gamble. During his tenure, the tournament enriched its considerable heritage while donating millions of dollars to charity: to Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tennis for City Youth (a program to teach tennis to inner-city children), and to The Charles M. Barrett Cancer Center at University Hospital. Flory was honored with the ATP’s Arthur Ashe Humanitarian Award, enshrinement in the USTA/Midwest Hall of Fame and the Cincinnati Tennis Hall of Fame, and was named one of the Great Living Cincinnatians by the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce. Flory began his involvement as a volunteer with the tournament in the late 1960s and remained a volunteer until the end, never accepting a salary. Flory, who was born on May 31, 1922, died on January 31, 2013, remaining tournament chairman until his final day.\nBetween 1978 and 1989 it was a major tournament of the men’s Grand Prix Tennis Tour and part of the Grand Prix Super Series.\nIn 1979 the tournament moved to Mason where a permanent stadium was built and the surface was changed from Har-Tru clay to hardcourt (DecoTurf II.). Later, two other permanent stadia were constructed, making the Cincinnati Masters the only tennis tournament outside the four Grand Slam events with three stadium courts – Center Court, Grandstand Court and Court 3. A new Court 3 was built in 2010, increasing the number of stadium courts to four, with the existing Court 3 renamed Court 9. The women’s competition was reinstated in 1988 for one year, and then again in 2004 when the organizers, with the help of the Octagon sports agency, bought the Croatian Bol Ladies Open and moved it to Cincinnati.\nIn August 2008, the men’s tournament was sold to the United States Tennis Association, the owners of the US Open.\nIn 2002, the tournament was sponsored for the first time by Western & Southern Financial Group, with the company continuing its sponsorship until at least 2016. In 2011 the men’s and women’s tournaments were played at the same time making a joint tournament. As a result, the name of the competition changed from the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Women’s Open to the Western & Southern Open\n|Women’s singles finals|\n|2017||Garbiñe Muguruza||Simona Halep||6–1, 6–0|\n|2016||Karolína Plíšková||Angelique Kerber||6–3, 6–1|\n|2015||Serena Williams||Simona Halep||6–3, 7–6(7–5)|\n|2014||Serena Williams||Ana Ivanovic||6–4, 6–1|\n|2013||Victoria Azarenka||Serena Williams||2–6, 6–2, 7–6(8–6)|\n|2012||Li Na||Angelique Kerber||1–6, 6–3, 6–1|\n|2011||Maria Sharapova||Jelena Janković||4–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–3|\n|2010||Kim Clijsters||Maria Sharapova||2–6, 7–6(7–4), 6–2|\n|2009||Jelena Janković||Dinara Safina||6–4, 6–2|", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mp4moviez.live/movie/7473/Dharam_yudh_morcha_(2017)_punjabi_hdrip.html", "date": "2017-11-21T20:52:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00220.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7148571610450745, "token_count": 117, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__148917597", "lang": "en", "text": "Movie Description : Dharam Yudh Morcha (2017) Punjabi HDRip Full Movie Download Hd Mp4 During a family visit, a devout man tells his grandson about significant events from the history of Sikhs in India.\nMovie Name : Dharam Yudh Morcha (2017) Punjabi HDRip\nCategory : Punjabi Movies\nGenre : Action, Biography\nStarcast : Karamjit Singh Batth, Amritpal Singh Billa, Sunny Gill\nRelease Date : 2017\nDuration : 2h 2min", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://egallery.phxart.org/view/objects/aslist/4524/0/title-asc;jsessionid=40C1C8D82A0E9F21D1E84CAFC895E6AA?t:state:flow=ea535340-3192-448b-94bf-aa9870d7f737", "date": "2017-04-26T13:51:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121355.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00488-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9497941732406616, "token_count": 97, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__194870639", "lang": "en", "text": "This project was supported in part by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.\nAny views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed on this site do not necessarily represent those of the\nInstitute of Museum and Library Services.\nThe Thorne Miniature Rooms were conceived, designed and created by Narcissa Niblack Thorne beginning in the 1930s. The rooms faithfully depict the architecture and interior design of the 16th century to 1925 in Europe and the United States.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://silly-speeders.xooit.com/t451-The-Berlin-Galleries-Giving-A-History-Of-The-Kaiser-Fried.htm", "date": "2018-11-16T12:00:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743011.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116111645-20181116133645-00501.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8133222460746765, "token_count": 323, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__113188613", "lang": "en", "text": "Inscrit le: 07 Avr 2016\nMoyenne de points: 1,00\n|Posté le: Ven 30 Juin - 21:33:02 (2017) Sujet du message: The Berlin Galleries Giving A History Of The Kaiser Fried\nExcerpt from The Berlin Galleries: Giving a History of the Kaiser Friedrich Museum, With a Critical Description of the Paintings Therein Contained, Together With a Brief Account of the National Gallery of XIX Century Art\nA further extension of the museum group was had in the completion of the Pergamon Museum, in 1901, where the great altar of Pergamon, the products of the Schliemann excavations, and other plastic antiquities are found.\nAbout the Publisher\nForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com\nThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.\nbound: 440 pages\npublisher: Forgotten Books (May 2, 2017)\nisbn: 1330303393, 978-1330303399,\nweight: 1.3 pounds (", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://pirateghs.wordpress.com/2014/04/24/larry-bird/", "date": "2018-10-17T18:07:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00549.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.983099639415741, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__218242392", "lang": "en", "text": "He was born on December 7, 1956, in West Baden, Indiana. He graduated from Springs Valley High School in French Lick, Indiana in 1974. He attended Indiana University briefly, then transferred to Indiana State University in Terre Haute. He then embarked on an outstanding basketball career, establishing himself as one of the best shooting forwards in the history of the game. He led the Sycamores to the 1979 NCAA Title Game versus Michigan State that year. Bird then joined the Celtics in the fall of 1979 and played with them his entire career. He led the Celtics to five NBA Finals appearances, winning championships in 1981, 1984 and 1986. Bird won three straight league MVP’s, two NBA Finals MVP’s, NBA Rookie of the Year, and was selected as a first team NBA all-star nine times. Back injuries forced him to retire in 1992, and his number 33 was promptly retired by the Celtics. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Mass. in 1998.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://agentlegal.com/product/mora-banc-personal-account/", "date": "2024-02-24T23:09:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00550.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9588534235954285, "token_count": 164, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__188238601", "lang": "en", "text": "Founded in 1952, Mora bank is a family owned financial institution based in Andorra. The bank offers an array of banking services including basic banking, private banking, asset management and online brokerage services.\nMora bank originally began in 1938 as an exchange bureau called Bonaventura Mora. It was not until 1952 when Bonaventura Mora obtained permission to handle a variety of currency operations. In the year 1956 the financial institution changed its name to Banca Mora. The bank rebranded in 2011 under the name Mora bank.\nThe bank was awarded the Andorran Bank of the Year by The Banker magazine four times in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015. It was also named the Best Banking Group of Andorra by World Finance in 2010, 2011 and 2014.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://papczynski-kanonizacja.pl/trips-to-the-canonization/", "date": "2017-12-13T08:52:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522343.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213084839-20171213104839-00219.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8947615623474121, "token_count": 344, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__229286858", "lang": "en", "text": "TRIPS TO THE CANONIZATION OF BLESSED FR. STANISLAUS PAPCZYŃSKI ORGANIZED BY THE PILGRIMAGE OFFICE AT THE CONGREGATION OF MARIAN FATHERS\nNow that the official announcement of the date of the canonization of Bl. Fr. Stanislaus Papczyński has been made, the Marianum Travel – Pilgrimage Office at the Marian Fathers – organizes pilgrimages for the canonization, which will take place on June 5, 2016, at the Holy See.\nA charter plane for the canonization\nWe chartered a plane from Warsaw to Rome for June 5, 2016. The flight would depart from the Okęcie Airport at 3:50am, and the return fligth will take off at about 7:30pm. The cost of participation is 1,260 Polish zlotys. Price includes: airfare, transfer by coach from the Ciampino airport to St. Peter’s Square, participation in bl. S. Papczyński’s canonization ceremony, entering through the Holy Door, prayer at the tomb of St. John Paul II, guide services, sightseeing of the ancient Rome with a tour guide, and insurance. Please book soon.\nPilgrimages by plane and coach\nWe also organize trips by plane and coach intended for a longer stay in Italy and visit of many important shrines and historic sites such as Rome, Assisi, San Giovanni Rotondo, Manoppello, and Cascia.\nPersons interested in attending the canonization ceremony, please contact:", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://people.duke.edu/~markt/gone.htm", "date": "2022-12-05T11:52:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00875.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9503832459449768, "token_count": 1256, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__18908073", "lang": "en", "text": "The following railroad depots and structures are, to the best of my knowledge, no longer standing. They were razed, burned, fell down, or were destroyed in wrecks. If you know of any errors here, please contact me at email@example.com\nI have a collection of negatives and slides of U.S. depots mostly taken in the 1980's through the early 1990's, mostly south of a line running from Buffalo, NY, to San Francisco, CA, and with a concentration in the southern plains (Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas). I'd like to add other depots to this page. If you know of any depots standing about 10-15 years ago that are now gone, please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.org so I can see if I have a photo of it, and if I do I'll put it up on this page.\nTexas had a law through about the1950's that corporations doing business in the state had to be incorporated there. National corporations had to form separate Texas subsidiaries or purchase a previously existing Texas company. A company like the Santa Fe or Southern Pacific might have several Texas subsidiaries, whose names often turn up in Official Guides and other literature of the time. I'll usually list the \"Texas\" version of the company that operated this particular line at the time the structure was built, with the \"real\" railroad in parentheses, even though it may long have been part of the larger national system.\nAll images © Mark A. Thomas.\nInternational-Great Northern (Missouri Pacific)\nSeen on February 17, 1985.\nThis was a 1940's replacement station. An earlier depot on this site, which burned, was a standard IGN brick \"hammerhead\" design (two large bays on either side of one end), similar to ones in Rockdale and Marlin, Texas. After Union Pacific absorbed MoPac, the station seen here was razed, on December 20, 1990. Full image 66 KB\nGulf, Colorado & Santa Fe (ATSF)\nSeen on November 29, 1981.\nThe Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe, although beginning as a separate railroad running north from Galveston, became one of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe's Texas subsidiaries before the end of the 19th century. This 20th century depot looks like a typical Santa Fe \"county seat\" combination station of the sort found throughout Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. (Cameron is the county seat of Milam County.) Note the Santa Fe cross incorporated into the brickwork at the top of the end gables. The depot was gone by December 1982. Full image 51 KB\nCarson City, Nevada\nVirginia and Truckee\nSeen on August 19, 1983.\nThis cut stone engine house dated, I believe, from the 1860s. Although in a sad state here, I remember hearing that it was more completely destroyed in a fire, although I don't know if any of the walls remain. Full image 90 KB\nSeen on June 26, 1985.\nClinton was where three IC lines crossed, warranting this substantial station: the line from Gilman (on the main line south of Chicago) headed to St. Louis; an east-west line from Champaign to Havana, IL; and a north-south line from Freeport, IL, to Centralia. Full image 78 KB\nLake Charles, Louisiana\nKansas City Southern\nSeen on July 25, 1983.\nAt one of the southern terminuses of the KCS. The plaque dates from after KCS acquisition of the Louisiana & Arkansas, which itself never had a line into Lake Charles. Full image 66 KB Plaque 142 KB\nLake Charles, Louisiana\nSeen on July 25, 1983.\nThe line is on Espee's Sunset Route and the depot was on Railroad Avenue. Burned around the late 1980's. Full image 89 KB\nLordsburg, New Mexico\nSeen on December 29, 1982.\nAlso on Espee's Sunset Route, this was razed on November 24, 1988 (per an informant). Full image 64 KB\nNorth Zulch, Texas\nTrinity and Brazos Valley (Burlington-Rock Island; Burlington Northern)\nSeen on September 26, 1984.\nThis classic depot (or, part of one, since it looks like the freight portion is missing) survived into the 1980s, when it was crushed by grain-filled 100 ton covered hoppers after a derailment. Full image 119 KB\nRoxboro, North Carolina\nNorfolk & Western\nSeen on October 29, 1984.\nThis was on Norfolk and Western's Lynchburg, VA, to Durham, NC, branch, built as the Lynchburg & Durham Railroad from 1887-1890 and absorbed by the N&W shortly thereafter. Remarkably, an earlier 19th century frame station of the L&D is still standing, having been moved back from the track and used for storage. Full image 66 KB\nDenver & Rio Grande Western\nSeen on August 16, 1983.\nThis beautiful art deco station was in the town in the Arkansas River valley, on Rio Grande's Royal Gorge/Tennessee Pass line, where at one time the original narrow gauge main line had split off to the west to go over Marshall Pass and through the Black Canyon of the Gunnison. The Rio Grande travelled \"Through the heart of the Rockies, not around them.\" Full image 80 KB\nAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe\nSeen in December, 1972.\nThis depot (and Harvey House) was on Santa Fe's main line through northern Arizona. Sorry it's a little fuzzy. Full image 40 KB\n[ Top | Railroad Station Historical Society ]\nMark Thomas's home page\nLast Update: 10 Jan 2004", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://johansenquijano.wordpress.com/tag/nintendo-vs-sega/", "date": "2020-03-29T15:05:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494349.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329140021-20200329170021-00550.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.973209023475647, "token_count": 504, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__206960595", "lang": "en", "text": "I finally finished reading through Blake J. Harris’ Console Wars, (one week reading time) and I can confidently say that, outside of fantasy and poetry, it is the most enjoyable book I have ever read. Even during the week and with my duties (correcting papers, preparing lessons, etc) I often found myself sneaking time in to be able to follow the exploits of SEGA of America and its team of executives. As I mentioned in my First Impressions post, the book focuses on the only true console war that the video game industry has ever experienced – the 16 bit console war. The book chronicles the exploits of Tom Kalinske and his steam at SEGA of America as they grow the small company from one with a hold on a meager 5% of the video game market share to a gargantuan powerhouse that at its highest point dominated over 60% of the 16-bit market.\nThe book, written in accessible prose, is full of interesting (if remixed) conversations between Kalinske and his lieutenants at SEGA of America. Some of the most memorable figures in the story include Al Nilsen (the likable mastermind who marketed the Genesis and its 2 cool mascot), Race (a video game veteran who worked at Atari, Nintendo, SEGA, and Sony, and whose comments on Japanese culture made him come across as one of the least likable figures on Kalinske’s team), EBVB (Ellen Beth Van Buskirk Knapp, a brilliant executive whose efforts helped build the image of the Genesis as the “cool” gaming system), and Shinobu Toyoda (the liaison between SEGA of America and SEGA of Japan).\nAlthough the book does go into historical events that changed the face of the gaming landscape and the industry as a whole, such as its exposition of the lawsuits between Universal and Nintendo over Donkey Kong and the clash between EA, who successfully reverse-engineered the Genesis, and SEGA, its focus is not to document historical events as much as it is to chronicle the story of a company and its CEO, and it does so brilliantly.\nMy favorite thing about the book is how it sheds light on the events and corporate philosophies and decisions going on behind the curtain – events that help shed on the disastrous turn of events that happened for SEGA during the end of its 16-bit days and that help explain, to some extent, the current condition of the Wii U.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://stu-offroad.com/glockhistory.asp", "date": "2021-04-13T10:21:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072180.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413092418-20210413122418-00360.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9696494936943054, "token_count": 1135, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__101632782", "lang": "en", "text": "These days, the Glock is one of the most well-known and reliable handguns available to professionals and shooting enthusiasts of all kinds. Despite being founded back in 1963 by Austrian engineer and businessman, Gaston Glock, Glock Ges.m.b.h. actually didn’t release its very first firearm until almost two decades later. Prior to that release, the company focused on manufacturing other products for the Austrian military, such as knives, machine gun belt links, and grenade casings. That changed, however, when the Glock 17 got its shot in 1982.\nIn the early 1980s, the Austrian Armed Forces were in dire near of a new and reliable sidearm for their combatants. At the time, their military was still using the out-of-date Walther P38 from World War II. In response to this, the Ministry of Defence of Austria announced that they would take into consideration several new and modern handguns proposed to them, so long as they met the 17-item long list of required criteria. Among these requirements was the need for it fire 9x19mm parabellum rounds, be self loading, and have preventive measures to prevent any accidental discharge.\nEnter Gaston Glock.\nUp until that point, Mr. Glock had never made even a single firearm. However, with the help of several European handgun experts and his company’s machine specifically designed for crafting custom polymer parts, Mr. Glock was able to produce the Glock 17 after only one year.\nThe Glock 17 was designed to be a simple yet durable sidearm that was easy to learn and even easier to maintain. The weapon consisted of only 35 parts, included three internal safeties, and a 17-round magazine. The Austrian military was a big fan of the new pistol and adopted it as their official firearm in 1983.\nThen in 1986, after witnessing its success overseas, law enforcement agencies in the U.S. also went on to adopt the handgun as their official sidearm. The U.S. was facing an ever-escalating problem with international drug trade at the time and the Glock 17 gave them an edge that they desperately needed.\nThe first generation of the Glock 17 remained in production until 1988, when the Gen 2 model was finally revealed.\nDuring the second generation of their pistols, Glock made several small but important quality of life improvements to their firearms. Now that the weapon was an international staple for military and police, the company began to manufacture the gun with a steel plate that clearly displayed the weapon’s serial number so that it was in compliance with ATF guidelines.\nIn addition to the steel plate, Glock also began to produce the weapons with upgrades to its magazine floorplate and magazine follower spring, a new checkered grip texture for improved handling, and began to offer the weapon in several different calibers.\nAlongside the second generation of the Glock 17 that was released in 1988, the company also unveiled its newest product – the Glock 19. Still considered arguably the company’s most iconic pistol. Later on, in 1995, the Glock 26 and Glock 27 would also be release and aimed more at casual consumers as opposed to military or police personnel.\nInitially kicking off in 1998, the Gen 3 Glocks have now been in production for over 20 years and are still sold today. With the arrival of the third generation, the weapons began to be produced in two new calibers (.45 GAP and .357 Sig) and now came with an accessory rail. This rail allowed for more tactically advantageous options like a mounted flashlight or laser for improved accuracy.\nIn addition to the new calibers and rail, the Gen 3 Glocks received several other upgrades including thumb shelfs on both sides of the weapon for both right and left-handed shooters, finger grooves in the handle, and an extractor for indicating a loaded chamber.\nGeneration 4 of the Glock started in 2010 and brought along with it several new improvements to the firearm and its first significant change in dimensions since the original Glock 17 in 1982.\nOne of the biggest changes made to the Glock in the fourth generation was the introduction of a much larger magazine catch/release. At nearly three times the size of previous generations, the catch/release could now be swapped to either side of the gun to accommodate all shooters, regardless of their dominant hand.\nGeneration 4 also brought along a much more stable shooting experience. The Gen 4 Glocks feature a dual recoil spring that drastically cuts back on the weapon’s recoil and allows for much more precise firing. As an added benefit, the reduced recoil also extended the life of Gen 4 Glocks by minimizing wear and tear on the weapon from prolonged firing.\nThis generation also witnessed the introduction of the Glock 42 .380 ACP and Glock 43 9mm. Both are subcompact single stack handguns.\n2017 saw the arrival of the Gen 5 Glocks, including the Glock 47 and 45 that are now the service weapons of both U.S. Borer Patrol and Customs agents. The Gen 5 models boast new trigger guard relief cuts, a flared magazine well to increase reloading speed, as well as alterations to the Glock’s internal components.\nThe internal mechanisms of the Glock have remained largely the same since the original Gen 1 weapons. This, however, changed with the arrival of the fifth generation. The standard barrel has been swapped out in favor of a Glock Marksman barrel in all Gen 5 models, the cross pin has been removed, and Generation 5 Glocks also use a nDLC coating to help prevent against scratches and corrosion.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://chronicleclassroom.com/?p=10236", "date": "2018-12-13T22:15:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825112.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213215347-20181214000847-00097.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9366637468338013, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__9543524", "lang": "en", "text": "http://alpineguide.cz/cs--kontaktOranĹžovÄ‚Ë By: Cristian Moralez\nWhy is every body getting gifts, roses, big bears and chocolate on February 14th? It seems like an easy question to answer, but do you actually know the history of Valentine’s Day?\nValentine’s Day came from the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia. An annual three-day ritual believed to ward off evil spirits and increase fertility, that was held on February 13th to 15th.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://paddleoutloud.co.uk/libro/1910394173.html", "date": "2019-05-19T12:51:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254882.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519121502-20190519143502-00342.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9609690308570862, "token_count": 173, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__79704014", "lang": "en", "text": "John Plant con Cruiser Tank Warfare\nCruiser Tank Warfare is a term used to describe the British concept of armoured warfare based on fast, thinly armoured tanks. The book traces the history of this concept from the publication of 'Mechanised and Armoured Formations' in 1929 up to the end of the war. It does this by following the British understanding of the subject in manuals, 'Modern Formations' being extensively quoted, by considering the development of Cruiser tank design, and by looking at the major actions that Cruisers were involved in. The conclusion drawn is that the Cruiser Tank Warfare concept was fundamentally flawed. It is important to note that the book restricts itself to a detailed investigation of the British experience of tank warfare, only occasionally referring to foreign armies and then purely for comparison. It is confidently planned to publish a companion volume titled 'Infantry Tank Warfare'.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.centercityemergencydentists.com/history-of-dentistry/", "date": "2023-09-24T07:56:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00408.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9614346027374268, "token_count": 632, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__126987196", "lang": "en", "text": "As we approach the end of the year, it’s usually customary to take a little look back on times gone by. As a company that has a long history in the field of dentistry, we’ve always made a point of taking pride in all the hard work from years past that we’ve built our success on, but without living in the past. This month, though, to celebrate the end of another successful year, we thought it might be fun to tell you a little bit about the history of our profession. It’s a very long and eventful history, so we can only fit bits and pieces into one blog post, but we hope they give you a general idea.\nDentistry is literally an ancient profession, as it can be traced all the way back to Ancient Egypt where, around 7500 B.C., people are known to have had the first replacement teeth (ancient versions of dentures and crowns). You can track the development of, and discussion around, dentistry throughout the Ancient World, with the first recorded reference to a professional dental practitioner made in 2600 B.C.\nMoving on to Ancient Greece, legendary thinkers like Hippocrates and Aristotle also dedicated some of their thoughts to dentistry, describing dental methods from how to treat decayed teeth to using wires to fix loose teeth. Similarly, there are extensive writings about topics like the importance of oral hygiene (yes, dentists have been desperately trying to promote it for several millennia now) from the Ancient Roman medical writers.\nAs is often the case in any field of medicine, the traces of the beginning of the profession itself, as well as several innovations within the field, can be traced back to China. For example, in 700 A.C. Chinese medical writers were already discussing the use of a type of amalgam in dental care. One of the most important developments to the profession itself is made in 1200 in France, when the first Guild of Barbers is established. In case you didn’t know, both surgery as well as dentistry were performed by barbers for hundreds of years during the Middle Ages.\nThe 19th century saw plenty of developments in dentistry techniques as well as the starting of the first dentistry practice in the United States by John Baker in 1760, an immigrant from England. As an interesting addition, 1776 is when the first known post-mortem dental forensics procedure was done, used to verify the identity of a deceased based on a bridge a dentist can confirm as one he had earlier constructed for the patient. The next two hundred years are a whirl of innovations at a pace that’s ever increasing and impossible to detail in one blog post. But essentially they’ve led us to a place where we can alleviate almost any pain situation, fix practically all aesthetic problems and, generally, make people’s smiles more beautiful than ever.\nIf you want to know more about what we as the leading providers of procedures from emergency dentistry to dental implants in Philadelphia can do for you, please don’t hesitate to contact us directly.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://silvercrown.com.np/installing-iceland-girls/", "date": "2023-12-03T14:29:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00817.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9735037684440613, "token_count": 1052, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__256453739", "lang": "en", "text": "When I requested Rakel about the method ahead for women’s historical past in Iceland, her first thought was not the future of an educational field; she as an alternative shared her thoughts on the state of equality and activism right now. Iceland is arguably one of the world’s most gender-equal international locations. It is listed as primary within the 2016 best locations to work by The Economist’s ladies index. It has been named essentially the most feminist country on the earth, and has been listed primary on the World Economic Forum gender pay gap index since 2009. After the law was brought in, greater than 90% of fathers used their paternal go away. Research found that this put men and women on a extra equal footing in the workplace, however didn’t seem to have an effect on the pay gap. In 2012, there were plans to steadily increase the leave to be 5 months for each mother or father, plus two months of transferable leave, by 2016.\nWhile having no standing armed forces, Iceland contributes to NATO operations with monetary contributions and civilian personnel. Suddenly, the entire country was shut down at sure hours, because all of the factories, businesses and eating places relied on women to keep them going. The women’s strike made world information, and in 1980, when presidential elections got here round, somebody stated, “we cannot have this election without a lady.” Imagine my surprise after I began seeing my name within the newspapers. I resisted at first, but when somebody made me see this position as being a spokesperson for others, it helped change my mind. That modified in 1903 however still that means that greater than 50 years glided by the place only men with sure status in society had the proper to vote.\nFollowing this achievement, on June 15, 1915, girls older than forty gained the right to vote in national elections. Before this, males may vote from 25 years of age and women only at 40 years old. In 1920, Iceland eliminated “the age barrier to voting eligibility for women” completely. Then, in 1922, Iceland elected Ingibjorg Bjarnason as the first feminine member of the Icelandic Parliament. In 2003 Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir was elected as the primary female Prime Minister of Iceland in addition to the world’s first openly lesbian head of presidency. She held that place for 16 years and used her leadership to attempt to ban strip golf equipment “explaining it as a needed measure to result in justice, which is unimaginable, as she concluded, when women are handled like commodities”.\nThe agency features a three part council which incorporates the Equal Status Council, the Complaints Committee, and a new Centre for Gender Equality. This worries me,” mentioned Gro Bruntland, Norway’s first female prime minister. I could see that this interconnectedness of past and present informed Rakel’s work on the Women’s History Archive as properly. The Archive was began by feminist activists and librarians in 1975, and was housed within the house of considered https://planetofwomen.org/icelandic-women one of its founders, Anna Sigurðardóttir, until 1996, when it turned a half of the National Library. From the start, the Archive had the assist of Iceland’s women’s associations, and right now the relationship between the Archive and women’s teams continues to be a central part of the Archive’s work. Members of parliament in 1924, including Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason, the primary women elected to Icelandic parliament.\nThe legacy of the herring era, and particularly of the herring women, is vividly and tenderly recounted at the Herring Era Museum in Siglufjörður. Iceland’s largest maritime museum, it occupies five former fishery buildings, including a salting station that also served as a women’s dormitory, a fish meal and oil factory, and a reconstructed boathouse.\nThere had been no shifts or pre-scheduled hours.” As vessels approached, native boys ran or biked from home to house, knocking on home windows to wake the ladies up. For women who weren’t indentured, life nonetheless revolved around home chores and was largely rural, as sheep-rearing was the largest business on the island. “These ladies have been used to being residence alone all year round, cleaning, cooking and caring for his or her families,” says Elefsen. Though herring fishing had lengthy been practiced in Iceland’s waters, the country’s herring era only began in forcein 1903, when Norwegian fishing fleets showed up with huge drift nets able to capturing big caches of herring.\nYou may need heard of a few of the ladies I’m featuring however there are others that you’ve got most likely never discovered about. The country created agency to examine and stability progress on advancing equality as a part of a revisions to the Act on Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://ecseco.com/blog/the-origins-of-material-handling-equipment/", "date": "2023-09-26T12:04:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00792.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9629645943641663, "token_count": 984, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__192133708", "lang": "en", "text": "The Origins of Material Handling Equipment\nThe world of material handling moves at the speed of light today; but did you ever wonder how the technology developed. Doing so could involve a history lesson dating back to the Egyptians and use of logs, block and tackle pulleys and an assortment of other basic material handling processes.\nHowever, this is not history class and you’re not here to be bored. Seriously though, material handling has come a long way in the past 100 years and much of it is interrelated.\nMany material handling tools used today evolved around the same time in history as one improvement led to another. The pallet is a prime example. Prior to mass production, most items were made as needed and shipped the same way.\nAs demand and production increased, inventions such as the cardboard box led to improved methods of shipment. The box increased the amount of products a company could ship, but demand still made this mode costly and required another solution.\nEnter the pallet.\nThe pallet and forklift\nThe modern [wooden] pallet decreased the amount of labor required to ship the same amount of products in boxes. Pallets allowed for multiple boxed on a single platform. This reduced the amount of labor needed from one location to another, but was still very labor-intensive for loading and unloading.\nFurthermore, loads could not be too heavy because there was no means other than human power to move from the assembly line to storage or the loading dock. An economical method of moving, loading and unloading pallets was needed.\nThis ushered in the development of the forklift.\nEarly forklifts were nothing more than motorized carts. These did allow for easier transportation of products but manual labor was still required to load and unload the carts. Actual lifting of products used more crane-like devices and only allowed for lifting the load a few inches off the ground.\nIt was not until 1915 that “forks” or skids appeared to lift a pallet, but only a few feet. Finally, the forklift with actual forks became more prevalent in the late 1920s as improved technology such as hydraulics allowed for increased lifting capability. Refinements continue to this day. However, the basic concept has changed little since.\nForklifts allowed for movement of product inside the warehouse and the loading dock. This vehicle saved time and moved product efficiently. However, as companies continued to move into a mass production approach to manufacturing, the need for storage space became critical.\nPractically all products and materials were stored at ground level requiring companies to expand warehouses to accommodate the storage space requirements. As expected, the need created new opportunity to develop a new storage method.\nThe idea of vertical storage (pallet racks) also appeared in the 1920s. Metal racks made from steel allowed pallet storage of two, three and four levels high, revolutionizing the warehouse. Significant floor space was no longer a critical need for storage.\nThese early pallet racks paved the way for improved warehouse efficiency and with the development of stronger metals and improved engineering. Racking was mainly a one-size fits all style before.\nThen in 1947, Demetrius Comino, invented the Dexion Slotted Angle.\nThis invention revolutionized racking by making it possible to adjust the shelves thereby accommodating different size loads. More innovations followed that helped in the development of specialized racking including selective, pushback, drive-in, flow racks and others.\nThese improvements allowed the warehouse to grow with the company with many of today’s racks now reaching several stories high.\nThe concept of a system to move materials from one location to another has its origins back hundreds of years ago. However, the first real conveying system to gain notoriety dates back to Henry Ford and his use of the conveyor to maximize efficiency on the assembly line.\nBefore Ford’s assembly line conveyor, automobiles required at least 12 hours to build. The conveyor reduced that time to two and one-half hours, an 80 percent improvement! However, the conveyor systems found in today’s warehouses really became practical once the conveying belts became durable enough to handle the rigorous demands of moving large quantities of products and materials without needing repair or replacement.\nNew materials such as plastics, synthetic rubber and urethane combined with improved controls allowed conveyors to move products over longer distances without breaking down. Today’s conveyors take these advancements further by reducing energy and improving efficiency through the use of variable frequency drives, computers and technology that aids in sorting.\nMany aspects of material handling dovetailed into the other, bringing us to where we are today. A complete material handling system now consists of many components and with the advent of computerized technology, more change is on the way.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://thillasthanam-swamy-sabha.in/tsksabha/", "date": "2020-01-23T07:14:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00051.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9603108167648315, "token_count": 313, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__186823516", "lang": "en", "text": "Sri Thillasthanam Swamy Kainkarya Sabha was formed in the year 1957 to commemorate the memory of HH Sri Satagopa Ramanuja Yathindra Mahadesikan fondly called Sri. Thillasthanam Swamy.\nThe Sabha has been celebrating his Thirunakshatram and Aradanam since then without fail . Year 2016 marked the completion of 60 years since the sabha was formed . A good number of scholars and devotees assemble at Sri Prasanna Krishnaswamy temple , Tulasivanam , Majestic Bangalore and conduct Sevai – both Divya Prabhandam and Veda and large number of people congregate on these occasions.\nSri. Swamy’s Brindavanam is located close to Dasavarathara Sannidhi at Srirangam near Trichy town . The Brindavanam was renovated by the Sabha with contributions from patrons and devotees in year 2015-16 .\nSri Swamy would stay for long periods at Bangalore , and would conduct his programme of lectures at Sri. Prasannakrishnaswamy temple , Thulasithottam , Majestic Bangalore. He took great interest in the working of the Sri. Prasannakrishnaswamy temple and organised the worship procedure at the temple according to Agama and Vedic precepts. He also arranged the installation of Divya Mangala Moorthi of HH Sri. Adivan Satagopa Mahadesikan at the temple.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://zavicajni-muzej-ogulin.hr/muzej-na-raskrizju/lovriceva-fontana/", "date": "2024-03-02T02:46:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475727.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302020802-20240302050802-00515.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7525201439857483, "token_count": 345, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__56003134", "lang": "en", "text": "Centar Ogulina je 1847. godine dobio vodovod, no većina građana nije imala pitku vodu u svojim kućama, već se donosila s fontana, ili po ogulinski funtana kojih je bilo u svim dijelovima grada. Pored nekih funtana nalazila su se i korita iz kojih se napajala stoka, a bila su to mjesta druženja odraslih i djece.\nJedina sačuvana funtana, osim vrela Cesarovac u parku kralja Tomislava, je Lovrićeva funtana na kraju Mucekove ulice. Ime je dobila po obitelji Lovrić koja živi u blizini funtane.\nThe center of Ogulin received water supply in 1847, but most of the citizens did not have drinking water in their houses, so it was brought from the fountains or funtane, which were all over the town. Next to some fountains, there were also troughs from which cattle were fed, and these were places for adults and children to socialize.\nThe only preserved fountain, apart from the Cesarovac spring in King Tomislav Park, is Lovrićeva fountain at the end of Mucekova Street. It was named after the Lovrić family who lived near the fountain.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://delhiagrajaipurtour20730.educationalimpactblog.com/1811861/helping-the-others-realize-the-advantages-of-delhi-agra-jaipur-tour", "date": "2018-10-19T00:53:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512161.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018235424-20181019020924-00426.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9234765768051147, "token_count": 1381, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__106146088", "lang": "en", "text": "Golden triangle is perhaps the most favored vacation circuits in northern India. Towns lined using this type of fascinating vacation circuit Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. Each and every year numerous tourists from numerous elements of the World embark on gold triangle travel and excursions. In this magnificent touring different in northern India travellers have an awesome chance to Have got a profound Perception into wealthy cultural heritage of India by checking out many historic and heritage monuments like Purple Fort, India Gate, Qutub Minar, Taj Mahal, Itmad-Ud-Daullah, Agra Fort, Buland Darwaza, Town Palace, Jantar Mantar, Amber Fort and Hawa Mahal. Travelers can notice An impressive combination of ancient charm and modernity In this particular touring choice in northern India.\nIt has been Just about the most contemporary towns in your complete environment but nevertheless maintains its ancient allure. Traveling inside of this historical city can be a Excellent journey for travelers have a great chance to stop by several historical and heritage monuments as well as a number of present day attractions. You'll find just 3 UNESCO environment heritage sites inside of this metropolis. They are Qutub Minar (the greatest brick minaret on the planet), Red Fort (one of many very opulent Mughal fortresses in India) and Humayun's Tomb (the extremely first yard grave of India).\nAnother vacation spot of Golden triangle vacation is Agra - town of Taj Mahal. Agra is a gorgeous town located in the financial institutions of Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh. Likewise Delhi, Agra also characteristics a few UNESCO globe heritage Internet sites. The Taj Mahal (the indication of affection) is well-known for its matchless architectural attractiveness and never fails to entice visitors arriving from numerous elements of the planet for India trips. This stunning romance Tale was developed by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the taking part in of his darling spouse, Mumtaz Mahal. The vista of white marble monument Taj Mahal is just matchless Particularly in the course of sunrise, sunset or total moonlight. Agra Fort, created by Mughal emperor Akbar, is well-known for its architectural excellence. It really is also referred to as the infant Taj or maybe the Modest Taj Mahal or the Draft on the Taj Mahal. You might enjoy Agra tours an incredible deal.\nJaipur, the pink town of India, is the following and previous desired destination of thrilling Golden Triangle Excursions. It is the state capital of Rajasthan and famous for magnificent temples & palaces, havelis, temples, gardens and heritage resorts. You could really like an incredible offer the attraction of Delhi Agra Jaipur excursions with this particular interesting India tour offer. So, arrive and examine these 3 historic metropolitan areas of India and treasure experience of a lifestyle.\nDelhi Agra Jaipur Tour handles the all of the sightseeing of gold triangle in India particularly Delhi Agra Jaipur.\nDelhi Agra Jaipur Tour facilitates you to definitely pomp India within the liveliest method. The unbelievable see of your magnificent and ostentatious architecture of your temples together While using the loaded custom of art and tradition are the main attraction of your tour. This excursion handles 3 gorgeous towns of your nation which are reckoned for history and epic grandeur.\nDelhi Agra Jaipur Tour addresses the the many sightseeing of gold triangle in India particularly Delhi Agra Jaipur.\nDelhi Agra Jaipur Tour facilitates you to pomp India from the liveliest fashion. The unbelievable look at with the magnificent and ostentatious architecture of the temples in combination with the rich custom of art and tradition are the most crucial attraction with the excursion. This excursion addresses a few beautiful towns in the country that are reckoned more info for background and also epic grandeur.\nThese sites are famed for personification from the Indian historical, architectural and cultural heritage.\nIf you wish to go in the actual magnificence of India and also have a limited time frame, Delhi Agra Jaipur tour is perfect for you. It is to get a working day excursion that gives you the actual architectural and cultural heritage. About the extremely to start with dayyou will be able to have an understanding of one of many earliest metropolitan areas of your World. It's possible you'll go to Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate and a Few of the click here aspects of central Delhi. In addition to this you will also take a look at Himayun Tomb and Qutub Minar and within the afternoon you may visit Jaipur.\nOn another dayyou may well visit the hilltop fortress and ascend the imposing fort on a painted elephant.\nIn the noon you could visit the old walled town of Jaipur the'pink town'. That is definitely meticulously made about the traces from the Shilpa-Shastra architecture. Later while in the dayyou might take a look at Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal, more mature city palace plus the memorial that display the unusual fusion of Mughal as well as Hindu architecture. Right here you can value a unusual array of paintings of Rajasthani armory along with the costumes. At nighttime chances are you'll notice the vitality of Rajasthani folks society at Chokhi Dhani.\nThe subsequent working day it's possible you'll en-route Fatehpur Sikri to Agra that is globally well-known for your Taj Mahal.\nThis architectural grandeur from the fort as well as the palaces is actually a vivid reminder of 16th and also the early seventeenth generations. For almost any tourist, his India Tour is incomplete with no Taj Mahal-the indication of affection.\nIt was built by the Moghul Emperor Shahjehan for Queen Mumtaz Mahal for getting enshrining her mortal stays.\nShould you be checking out India for the incredibly 1st time then there's no better option in comparison to the Delhi Agra Jaipur excursion. Using this tour, you might have to know The three famous towns of India-Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. You will definitely adore the allure of Delhi Agra Jaipur excursions for this enjoyable India tour offer.\nSo, prepare to treasure The journey for a lifestyle by browsing the land of sand, camel swaying, and stress-free oasis.\nRajasthan is these types of a big put that nobody tours can pay for The entire spot. You will discover a large range of adventures are intriguing excursions in Rajasthan that could go away your head numbness with the many anticipations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.tortoisebox.org/raeburnretro/english/director_e.htm", "date": "2024-03-02T21:59:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00519.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9689978361129761, "token_count": 383, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__79177987", "lang": "en", "text": "Born in 1948 in Cairo and grown up in Harare, Zimbabwe Michael Raeburn is one of the most versatile and renowned filmmakers of Zimbabwe. Like many others of his colleagues he had to leave the country for several times living in the Diaspora, due to the Zimbabwe’s long and chequered history.\nHis work as a film director ranges from feature to documentary film, which investigates by examples of micro-social or micro-economic changes the big switches of postcolonial societies in Africa or in the so-called Third World in general. Quite early yet as a student in 1969 he questioned and criticized the apartheid system of Ian Smith’s Rhodesia, opposing it publicly and through the release of his first film „Rhodesia Countdown“. As a consequence he had to leave the country for the first time continuing his studies in Paris and London. But besides working as critical filmmaker Raeburn started as a novelist as well. His book “Black Fire” from 1978 is based on interviews with Zimbabwean freedom fighters offering a profound insight into the background and circumstances of the 15 years long liberation struggle. Two years later, shortly after the birth of the nation of Zimbabwe and at the beginning of the government of Robert Mugabe, Raeburn returned. Zimbabwe became a role model for modern African nations. Its spirit of optimism and its euphoric atmosphere in the first decade of independence was also documented in Raeburn’s feature film “Jit”. However in the middle of the 1990s the situation of the country turned again as the economic conditions of the country were becoming increasingly tense. Historical and ethnic sores started to get reopened again and the raising political and social repressions finally became unbearable. Startled by this Raeburn reacted with his documentary “Zimbabwe Countdown” in 2003 – and better left for a second time.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://caldye.com/about-us/", "date": "2023-10-03T20:12:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511220.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003192425-20231003222425-00535.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.97113037109375, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__260785854", "lang": "en", "text": "The helm was passed from William MacNeill to his nephew, William M. Fitch, after World War 2. Machines were updated to the latest automated ones and more capacity was added to the dyehouse. Caledonian could now dye more poundage than before. Caledonian Dye Works continued to offer quality dyeing and color matches at affordable prices.\nIn 1968, Richard D. Fitch, William’s son, joined the business. As the years passed, Richard became the President. Under his command, Caledonian added the ability to use computerized color matching software. The business changed as more customers wanted package dyed yarns. Some of the Hussong/Walker/Davis skein dye machines gave way to add more package dye machines in different sizes. A lab was added to the plant to aid in color matching and to provide customers with small sampling jobs.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://iibblog.kelley.iu.edu/2017/12/01/ciber-focus-nationalism-and-identity-in-greater-kurdistan-with-dr-djene-bajalan/", "date": "2023-09-21T22:28:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506045.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921210007-20230922000007-00750.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9350221157073975, "token_count": 145, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__173594246", "lang": "en", "text": "CIBER Focus Interview\nCIBER Focus Topic: Nationalism and Identity in Greater Kurdistan with Dr. Djene Bajalan\nDecember 1, 2017\nDr. Bajalan is an Assistant Professor of History at Missouri State University and has studied and taught in Turkey, Great Britain, and Iraqi Kurdistan. He holds a Ph.D. in Oriental Studies from the University of Oxford and focuses his research on ethno-national activism of Kurds in the late Ottoman Empire. He is currently finalizing a monography on Kurdish participation in Ottoman affairs leading up to World War I.\nIn this video, Dr. Bajalan will draw on his extensive research into Kurdish history to discuss contemporary issues and identity in Kurdistan.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dooleylawfirm.com/adooleysr.php", "date": "2023-03-20T13:05:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00446.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9747099876403809, "token_count": 327, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__154311293", "lang": "en", "text": "Albert J. \"A.J.\" Dooley, Sr. (1930-2022) was a lifelong Lexington County resident. Mr. Dooley graduated from Lexington High School in 1947. He then graduated from the University of South Carolina and the University of South Carolina School of Law receiving his Juris Doctorate (J.D.) in 1954.\nMr. Dooley opened his law practice on Main Street in Lexington in 1954. It is this practice which has now grown and evolved into The Dooley Law Firm, P.A., a firm with a proud tradition of legal service to Lexington and the surrounding area for decades.\nIn addition to a distinguished legal career, Mr. Dooley also distinguished himself as a community servant. Mr. Dooley served in the South Carolina House of Representatives for eight years and in the South Carolina Senate for six years. Mr. Dooley served on the Lexington County School District One Board. He has served on the Board of Director for The Lexington State Bank, Southern National Bank, and BB&T. Mr. Dooley was also active in the Lexington Chamber of Commerce and the Lexington Lions Club.\nIn 1978 Mr. Dooley was recognized for his rich community service to the state of South Carolina when Mr. Dooley was awarded the Order of the Palmetto by Governor James B. Edwards. The Order of the Palmetto is the state of South Carolina's highest civilian honor bestowed by the Governor in recognition of service to the state.\nHe was married in 1951 to the late Connie S. Dooley, and had five children and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.balefireblades.com/post/the-granat-sword-and-dagger", "date": "2024-04-17T10:23:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817146.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417075330-20240417105330-00419.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.913608968257904, "token_count": 893, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130331606", "lang": "en", "text": "This appealing pair of weapons is inspired by the Royal Armouries IX.2574, a beautifully preserved extant example of a 16th-century basket-hilted sword.\nWith its straight, single-edge blade and decorative carving to the pommel and hilt, it is fetching and functional in equal measure. Chris formed the guards and pommels using historical techniques, such as splitting the saltires from a single bar and brazing the two hemispheres of the pommel together.\nThe sword is named for the pomegranate - both a reference to the shape of the pommel and to the fruit's prevalence in 16th-century royal designs. Like the Rosanglica, it offers a fine compromise between comprehensive hand coverage and nimble weighting, its single-edge blade offering a further degree of blade presence.\nWith a scaled-down version of the sword's pommel and matching carvings to the saltire and quillon terminals, the dagger marries the aesthetics of the sword with the protective durability of our alehouse daggers. It is usable both as a single weapon in its own right, and as a fitting main gauche for the sword.\nPlease see our pricing structure for an idea of what a similar sword would cost.\n∴ Specs ∴\nTotal length: 107cm\nBlade length: 91.5cm\nBlade width: 3.5cm\nBlade stock: 6mm\nGrip length: 9cm\nGrip and pommel length: 13.5cm\nQuillon span: 20cm\nPoint of Balance: 11cm\nTotal length: 55cm\nBlade length: 41cm\nBlade width: 3.5cm\nBlade stock: 6mm\nGrip length: 9.5cm\nGrip and pommel length: 12.5cm\nQuillon span: 19.5cm\nPoint of Balance: at the cross\n∴ Notes ∴\nThe hand-forged and heat-treated hilts of both sword and dagger are blackened to a matte finish. The delicately carved pommels are made of two hemispheres brazed together. The saltires of both guards feature hand-carved details and the quillon terminals feature flower-bud-style decorations in the style of the original.\nThe custom-sized oak grips are wrapped with twisted steel wire, with Turk's head knots to the top and bottom. Both sword and dagger are fitted with felt-lined leather liners, offering further protection to the hands.\n∴ Gallery ∴\n∴ A Fruit of Battle ∴\nYou press your palm against the familiar globe of the pommel, and try instead to recall the fruit. How you marvelled in the palace garden as the duke plucked a pomegranate from the Queen's own tree, breaking apart the tough skin with his nails to reveal jewel-like innards. The pleasing tartness of those precious seeds, and the strange dryness to its juice - a nectar that would never sate your thirst.\nYou recall gasping in recognition the first time you glimpsed the same round, ribbed fancies adorning the halls of palace itself - emboidered, gilded and carved. It was the emblem of Granada, the duke explained, and a symbol of Queen Catherine. A symbol of the union between our kingdom and her father's.\nThose innocent days of bitter-sweet pips and perusing the royal halls are gone now, you remind yourself. Your hand tightens about the wire grip of your weapon, and you contemplate the cage of black crosses that protects your curled fist. Those seeds were not garnets after all, you think, but drops of ruby rich blood waiting to be spilled. Your queen is gone - banished - a new mistress, and a new faith found in her place.\nThe sword is all you have left of that simpler time - and the familiar weight of it brings the simplicity of your mission home. You once swore on this blade to protect your Queen - be it heresy or not, you intend to do just that.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://getty.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_uUPGZIVfR1CSN__y1hFtmA", "date": "2021-12-08T06:47:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363445.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208053135-20211208083135-00259.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9100639820098877, "token_count": 167, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__35579037", "lang": "en", "text": "The Getty Museum recently acquired Lucretia, a newly discovered painting by Artemisia Gentileschi—arguably the most famous Italian woman painter of the 17th century. In this panel discussion, four leading experts on the work of Artemisia Gentileschi focus on the discovery of new documents and the emergence of unknown paintings over the last 20 years, which have deepened our understanding of her artistic trajectory.\nThis program is co-presented by the Italian Cultural Institute of Los Angeles.\nImage: Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as a Lute Player (detail), c. 1615–18. Oil on canvas. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT. Charles H. Schwartz Endowment Fund, 2014.4.1. Photo credit: Allen Phillips/Wadsworth Atheneum", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.sjwomansclub.org/tour.html", "date": "2017-04-26T03:55:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121153.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00499-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9191199541091919, "token_count": 238, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__273611190", "lang": "en", "text": "2015 Fifth Naglee Park Vintage Home and Garden Tour\nSaturday, April 25, 2015\n10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.\nDay of event ticket sales and will call at 699 S. 14th St.\nTreasure Boutique Free and Open to All at 267 S. 14th St.\nRefreshment Garden at\n258 South 14th Street\nSJWC's Fifth Naglee Park Vintage Home Tour includes five historic homes and three lovely gardens, a boutique of hand-made items and antiques, a chat with local historian April Halberstadt about the history of Naglee Park and General Naglee, and delightful boxed lunches served in at a lovely garden. All events occur within a few blocks. Park once and enjoy the day walking through historic Naglee Park.\nAll proceeds from the event are dedicated towards preserving the historic SJWC Clubhouse and expanding its capacity to meet the needs of the 21st century. Tickets are fully tax deductible.\nBuy tickets below or at Willow Glen Home & Garden, 1123 Lincoln Avenue, San Jose, or Eclectic Consignment , 1250 The Alameda, San Jose.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://longbeach.macaronikid.com/articles/60f234b105e554747a610a58/visit-the-long-beach-historical-and-preservation-society%2C-its-free", "date": "2021-07-31T12:30:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731105716-20210731135716-00063.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9533655047416687, "token_count": 430, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__201985129", "lang": "en", "text": "Did you know that Long Beach had a historical society? They do! This would make a great visit for the family. And it's free!\nThe Long Beach Historical and Preservation Society was founded in 1980 with a mission to educate the public about Long Beach and to preserve and enhance the city’s architectural and historical heritage. The Society has been granted a permanent charter by the New York State Department of Education and U.S. Department of the Interior National Register status for its museum.\nAs a not for profit all-volunteer organization, funds for the activities are largely obtained through annual fundraisers, membership dues, contributions, occasional grants and its museum gift shop. It is governed by a volunteer Board of Trustees each of whom is elected to serve three-year terms. Trustees are directly involved in all aspects of the daily operations of the Society including maintenance of the museum property.\nIn pursuit of its mission, the Society serves as the guardian of thousands of pieces of Long Beach history for which it maintains an archive and repository. The archived documents, pictures, artifacts and memorabilia are made available to the public through themed exhibitions, as well as for research purposes. In addition, the Society conducts docent-guided house tours and neighborhood walks to highlight the city’s historic architecture. Local history tours and activities are provided for elementary school children, teachers and alumni reunion groups. The Long Beach City Historian is the Society’s founder and a lifetime trustee. Along with other trustees she conducts classes and discussion groups for members and the general public.\nThe Society publishes Heritage, its quarterly newsletter, to further its mission to accurately disseminate the history of its unique city. It also publishes and distributes essay brochures and pamphlets on the historical development of Long Beach.\nAll are welcome to visit! Their newest exhibit is The Lido Club Hotel based on the book by Joanne Belli.\nThe Long Beach Historical and Preservation Society\n226 West Penn Street, Long Beach NY 11561\nThe Museum is open on Sundays 1:00 – 4:00 PM\nAdmission is Free – Donations Welcome!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://politicon.com/see-the-nixon-limo-at-politicon/", "date": "2019-08-21T10:23:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315865.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821085942-20190821111942-00268.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8500575423240662, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__184521648", "lang": "en", "text": "See the Presidential Limousine at Politicon\nThe Nixon Foundation will display the Presidential Limousine, used by several Presidents, at Politicon this weekend.\nSome fun facts:\n- Served Presidents Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter\n- In Service: 1968-1978\n- Manufacturer: Ford Motor Company\n- Make/Model: 1967 Lincoln Continental\n- Weight: 11,000 pounds\n- Manufacture Cost: $500,000 (most expensive car ever built at the time)\n- Countries Traveled: 32\n- The limousine traveled with President Nixon on his historic trips to the Soviet Union in 1972 and 1974.\nThe Presidential Limousine will be on display in Democracy Village.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://aponpost.com/sheikh-mujibur-rahmans-historic-7th-march-speech/", "date": "2024-04-23T21:43:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818740.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423192952-20240423222952-00168.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9469587206840515, "token_count": 432, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__32760500", "lang": "en", "text": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father of Bangladesh, delivered a groundbreaking speech on 7th March that echoed the sentiments of millions and became a pivotal moment in the nation’s quest for independence. Commemorating the 52nd anniversary of this historic address, people across Bangladesh and beyond reflect on the enduring impact of the visionary leader’s words.\nIn his compelling speech delivered at the Racecourse Ground (now Suhrawardy Udyan) in Dhaka on March 7, 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman fervently called for unity and independence, setting the stage for Bangladesh’s liberation from Pakistani rule. The charismatic leader’s words resonated deeply with the people, stirring a sense of collective identity and determination.\nThe 7th March Speech is hailed as a defining moment in the struggle for Bangladesh’s independence. Sheikh Mujib’s impassioned call for autonomy and justice inspired millions to stand united against oppression and discrimination. The speech played a crucial role in galvanizing support for the Bengali nationalist movement, ultimately leading to the declaration of Bangladesh’s independence just weeks later on March 26, 1971.\nThroughout the decades, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s 7th March Speech has remained a source of inspiration and pride for Bangladeshis. The iconic address is often remembered for its powerful rhetoric and unwavering commitment to the principles of democracy, human rights, and self-determination.\nOn this anniversary, citizens, leaders, and scholars alike are paying tribute to Sheikh Mujib’s enduring legacy. Various events, seminars, and cultural programs have been organized across the country to honor the memory of the visionary leader and reflect on the progress Bangladesh has made since gaining independence.\nSheikh Mujibur Rahman’s 7th March Speech continues to be a symbol of resilience, courage, and the indomitable spirit of a nation that fought for its right to determine its own destiny. As Bangladesh celebrates this significant milestone, the words spoken on that historic day serve as a timeless reminder of the power of unity, freedom, and the unwavering pursuit of justice.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.honoreproperties.com/andersonville", "date": "2019-11-12T23:57:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665809.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112230002-20191113014002-00301.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9864522218704224, "token_count": 119, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__153956942", "lang": "en", "text": "Andersonville is a neighborhood to the west of Edgewater. Once a sleepy little village made up primarily of Swedish immigrants, the community is particularly known for its diversity, including a continued Swedish cultural presence led by the Swedish American Museum and other Swedish businesses. Swedish businesses include the bar Simon's Tavern, which serves the Swedish wine drink as glögg, and Svea restaurant. At one time there were more Swedes in Chicago than any city outside of Stockholm. Many of Andersonville's Swedes were carpenters, contractors and architects, and played a significant role in building the city.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.aerosolarabic.com/uncategorized/the-reign-of-the-pen-new-artwork/", "date": "2020-07-14T10:32:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149819.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714083206-20200714113206-00004.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9913467168807983, "token_count": 141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__48540111", "lang": "en", "text": "I started painting this exploring the heritage of the city of Birmingham – where i am born and raised. Birmingham was once known as a city of a thousand trades, and we once made 75% of the worlds pens around WW2. During the war, one of the factories in Birmingham was bombed, and it an impact on the industry. Whilst i was painting this piece, halfway through, the Charlie Hebdo attacks took place. Suddenly the painting took a different focus, where the pen as a symbol of pacifism and enlightenment became one associated with provocation and violence. The surveillance cameras were added near the end, when statements were made by the government about how surveillance was now a key priority following the attacks in Paris.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://unionjackpub.co/about/", "date": "2017-06-24T22:17:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320362.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624221310-20170625001310-00519.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.967650294303894, "token_count": 764, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__194826552", "lang": "en", "text": "Since 1979, Union Jack Pub–Broad Ripple has been a landmark in Indianapolis. UJP has the feel of an English pub with an American twist. We offer an extensive assortment of beers (including 21 rotating taps), malt scotches, and whiskies. Our innovative menu offers English fare, American pub favorites and our signature deep-dish pizza.\nThe recipe for our famous pizza has set the bar of excellence for more than 34 years; earning many “best of” awards throughout the years. Many national chains have attempted to emulate our pizza and while it may have been duplicated it has never been replicated. To this day all of our top quality ingredients, recipes, and preparations remain unchanged, still making it the best pizza in the land!\nUnion Jack Pub has a place for everyone; family-friendly dining and an adult-friendly bar. Enjoy the energy of a soccer match, watch your favorite sports team, or just enjoy good drink, good food, and good friends (both old and new).\nThanks for your support,\nYour Union Jack Pub–Broad Ripple Team\nThe History of Pubs\nAmong other hotly debated subjects discussed within the walls of a local pub, the argument for the importance of the English Pub as a community center is historically proved. Much more than an establishment where drinks and food are consumed, the pub has been the meeting place for friends and strangers alike. A venue where business and city planning was, and still is, discussed, colleagues also came together to mull over current events. Travelers have known for centuries that they could locate warmth, nourishment and rest within the walls of a local pub. And, of course, neighbors found a place to celebrate small victories and discuss tragedies, throughout war and peace.\nEdgar, King of Kent regulated the size of drinking vessels during the tenth century. This vessel was passed around the alehouse, each consumer’s portion measured and marked by a peg. Drinkers often drank beyond their appropriated measure, taking the next drinker ‘down a peg or two’.\nChristianity brought a new taxation on ale in order to raise funds for church building; the brew becoming known as ‘scot ales’. Some brewers made ale secretly to avoid the church tax. Customers of these early tax evaders were accused of drinking ‘scot free’.\nGrowing industries and population began to pollute the water supplies during the Middle Ages. As ale became the only safe drink, alehouses took on a more important role within society.\nThe reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) brought prosperity. As the professional class developed, so did the need for a high class meeting place that became known as the tavern. The alehouse was a place of necessity where the poor were sheltered, spending what little money they had. The tavern was a place for leisure and pleasure where the lawyers, bankers, writers and civil servants met to eat superior food, drink ale and wine while relaxing in comfortable surroundings.\nIn the City of London, Dr. Samuel Johnson stated “…No, Sir; there is nothing which has yet been contrived by man, by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn.” It is safe to assume that the elite of England structured many ideas of growth in the comfort of a pub.\nAlthough many variations and evolutions presented themselves throughout the centuries, the style of 20th Century pubs reflected a more wholesome, romanticized view of the Olde English Pub. Today the pub still fills a special need as a meeting place for friends to enjoy good food and drink. We hope you enjoy your visit to Union Jack Pub. We look forward to meeting your needs in the best of British traditions.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://csmonscy.com/embracing-luxury-the-evolution-of-womens-lingerie/", "date": "2024-03-05T14:01:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00452.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9266000390052795, "token_count": 583, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__120652225", "lang": "en", "text": "From its humble origins to its status as a symbol of sensuality and empowerment, women’s lingerie has evolved into an exquisite blend of comfort, craftsmanship, and elegance. Explore the captivating journey of lingerie’s transformation into a symbol of luxury.\nHistorical Foundations: Lingerie’s journey traces back centuries, beginning as functional garments designed for modesty and support. Corsets, chemises, and bloomers served practical purposes, but over time, they also became objects of desire, representing femininity and allure.\nRedefining Comfort: As the 20th century dawned, a shift occurred towards prioritizing comfort alongside aesthetics. The emancipation from restrictive corsets led to the creation of softer, more relaxed silhouettes that celebrated the natural form.\nGolden Era of Hollywood: The glamour of Hollywood’s Golden Era played a significant role in shaping lingerie’s image. Iconic stars like Marilyn Monroe and Ava Gardner showcased luxurious negligees and satin robes, popularizing intimate apparel as a symbol of allure and sophistication.\nFeminist Empowerment: The feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s brought forth a new perspective on lingerie. Comfort and practicality took precedence, with the emphasis shifting towards designs that women could wear for themselves, rather than for the male gaze.\nThe Age of Diversity: The late 20th century brought about a celebration of diversity Swimwear, reflected in lingerie’s evolution. Brands embraced inclusivity in sizing and styles, acknowledging that beauty transcends size and shape.\nSensual Expression: The 21st century saw lingerie further evolve into a means of self-expression. From delicate lace to daring strappy designs, women began choosing lingerie that resonated with their personality and sensuality.\nCraftsmanship and Artistry: Today’s luxury lingerie blends artistry with comfort. Meticulous attention to detail, premium fabrics, and innovative designs result in pieces that are not just worn, but cherished as works of art.\nEmpowerment at the Forefront: Modern lingerie embraces empowerment. It’s not just about appearance; it’s about feeling confident and empowered from within. Brands focus on creating pieces that celebrate individuality and encourage women to embrace their bodies.\nSustainability and Ethics: The evolution of lingerie also extends to sustainability and ethics. Many brands are making conscious choices by using eco-friendly materials and ethical production practices, recognizing the importance of caring for both the wearer and the planet.\nFrom its origins as a functional necessity to its status as a luxury that empowers, women’s lingerie has traversed a remarkable journey. It encapsulates the changing attitudes towards femininity, beauty, and self-expression, all while embracing the art of luxury and self-celebration.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://dinosaursanddandelions.blogspot.com/2013/09/spring-forward-fall-back.html", "date": "2017-05-22T21:25:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607120.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170522211031-20170522231031-00612.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.978934109210968, "token_count": 85, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__100468537", "lang": "en", "text": "Did you know that New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to officially adopt a nationally observed standard time? Well, apparently we were. Daylight saving was adopted in 1927, at first involving only a 30 minute leap into the future. An hour jump was trialled in 1974/75 and made permanent the year after. The period daylight saving lasts for has been extended twice since then, in 1990 and in 2006.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://skeernews.com.au/anzac-day-2019-hundreds-gathered-at-dawesville-dawn-service/", "date": "2022-06-25T23:14:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036176.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625220543-20220626010543-00420.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9690729379653931, "token_count": 130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__270763761", "lang": "en", "text": "Hundreds of locals flocked to the Dawesville War Memorial for the 2019 Anzac Day dawn service.\nChildren, parents and seniors from across the Dawesville area gathered as the sun rose over the water, behind the memorial, showcasing the silhouettes of Australian Defence Force cadets and the word ‘ANZAC’.\nDawesville RSL vice president Bart Mavrick was the speaker for the event.\nPoems were read and wreaths were laid as the community showed their respects, remembering those who served and had fallen.\nAfter the service, a gunfire breakfast was provided at the Port Bouvard Recreation and Sporting Club", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://financialsurvivalnetwork.com/2012/08/hyperinflation-and-kotlikoffs-figures/", "date": "2017-03-29T19:07:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191353.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00569-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9740509390830994, "token_count": 174, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__2169842", "lang": "en", "text": "by Gary North, Tea Party Economist\nHyperinflation is always a possibility for any national government or central bank. If a national government is running massive deficits, it can call upon the central bank to buy treasury bills or treasury bonds with newly created money. This digital money is transferred to the treasury, which then spends the money into circulation.\nThere have been cases of hyperinflation in the past which have become legendary. The most famous of all of these hyperinflations is Germany from 1921 through 1923. Simultaneously with that hyperinflation was a hyperinflation in Austria. These were not the worst cases of hyperinflation in history, but they were the worst cases in industrial societies. The worst case was Hungary for two years immediately after World War II. The second worst case took place a few years ago in Zimbabwe. Both were agricultural nations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://monmouth.floorcoveringsinternational.com/blog/monmouth-tile-flooring-history/", "date": "2018-07-16T20:07:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589455.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716193516-20180716213516-00613.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9691324234008789, "token_count": 363, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__58266598", "lang": "en", "text": "Tile flooring is a popular choice in many homes today. It may seem like a relatively modern invention, but did you know that this type of floor dates back thousands of years? Today, we’ll take a look at some of the ancient roots of tile flooring.\nAs evidenced by the iconic pyramids, Egyptians were skilled with using stone in construction. Ancient Egyptians would create earthen tiles and bake them in the sun or in kilns – some scholars believe they may have been the first to develop this method. The pyramids at Giza still have some of the original stone flooring, a testament to the longevity and strength of the material. The glazed tiles developed by the Egyptians spread through Persia and beyond, influencing many cultures after it.\nGreeks and Romans\nThe Greeks created mosaic floors, using small stones to create patterns or art pieces. Eventually they moved towards more efficient larger tiles. Greek architects often used marble in construction, as its lighter shade made buildings seem brighter and more prestigious. The Romans invented a form of concrete mortar, allowing for more advanced construction projects.\nTile is closely connected to pottery. Just as China is well known for porcelain creations, they developed tiles using a similar method. Based on white clay, these ceramic tiles were also decorated with beautiful images. Similarly to the tiles of Egypt, these decorative tiles were also spread throughout the ancient world by Persian ceramicists and traders.\nThe development of tile was an important development for the world of architecture. Beyond affecting flooring, these stone crafting methods were instrumental in building larger and stronger buildings as well as striking art pieces. If you think tile has a place in the future of your home, give Floor Coverings International of Monmouth County a call today for a free in-home consultation!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://botteghestoricherimini.it/project/bounty/?lang=en", "date": "2023-09-25T05:41:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506686.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925051501-20230925081501-00696.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9681812524795532, "token_count": 383, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__17140215", "lang": "en", "text": "The “Bounty Rimini Adventure Club” was founded in Marina Centro in 1990 inspired by the homonymous ship which was the scene of the most famous mutiny in history. The club was built following its extraordinary structure, completely in naval style, becoming unique in its kind, so much so that it was included among the 50 best clubs in the world.\nEntering Bounty gives guests the sensation of getting on board an ancient XVIII-century sailing ship, surrounded by masts, barrels, sails and creels, under a magnificent sky full of stars and served by a crew dressed up as a real ships’ crews: a fascinating scenario that gives visitors the possibility to enjoy an enchanting, almost magic atmosphere.\nSmiling, some people have said that Bounty is more famous than Rimini’s historical monuments such as Ponte di Tiberio and Arco d’Augusto, because on TripAdvisor the restaurant has more than 8,000 reviews, more than the city’s historic landmarks.\nBounty is one of the most appreciated venues of the Riviera Romagnola, the ideal place to spend unforgettable evenings together with friends in a cheerful and funny atmosphere. Over the course of the years, this historic brewery has become one of the best night clubs in Rimini. Famous for its pizza and first courses, the “Ship of Fun” also inaugurated in 2019 the outdoor sea view space, also in style, which reproduces the bow of a ship.\nGiuliano Lanzetti manages it in the name of a family tradition that has always been active in tourism: his grandfather built the hotel above the club, his father created the disco and now Giuliano and his family manage Bounty, always trying to add something more to the city’s entertainment offer.\nPhone number: +39 0541 391900", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.royalcarsofudaipur.org/Restoration.aspx", "date": "2024-04-20T18:55:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420184033-20240420214033-00550.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9840307831764221, "token_count": 172, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__188294353", "lang": "en", "text": "As mentioned in the earlier chapter, RR GLK 21 was cannibalized and its engine put in RR 42 GO. The engine from 42 GO was in turn put in GLK 21, but it was in need of work and moreover it did not match with the gearbox. As a result, RR GLK 21 lay unused and almost forgotten for over half-a-century in the City Palace, Udaipur.\nThen in the year 1999, it came to the notice of Shriji Arvind Singh Mewar. He asked his Palace Motor Garage to take full stock of the Rolls-Royce 20 HP with Barker body and chassis no. GLK 21. A list of all available and missing parts was made. The work required to restore it was also listed and at the same time restoration experts in both India and the UK were contacted.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://madeiratraveller.blogspot.com/", "date": "2017-07-26T02:45:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425751.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726022311-20170726042311-00183.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9702094793319702, "token_count": 683, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-30__0__144166893", "lang": "en", "text": "domingo, 9 de julho de 2017\nOxcarts in Madeira? Yep. Until the end of the 1970s the traditional oxcarts toured along Avenida do Mar, to the delight of residents and visitors.\nThis cart without wheels, built with wicker and wood, with seats showing bright colored fabrics, glided like a sled and was pulled by two oxen led by a “boieiro” (a herdsman dressed in white, with flat boots and straw hat). The herdsman carried a lamp with him to light the way in the absence of street lighting. The story goes that the first oxcart built in Madeira, in 1477, belonged to the English captain C. Balkey.\nUntil the first quarter of the twentieth century this was the most popular form of transport in Funchal and it was classified into two categories: luxury carts and modest carts. The first was aimed at tourism services, weddings and funerals, and the other was used in all other situations.\nThe oxcarts, however, fell into disuse for hygienic reasons and due to the circumstances inherent to regional development.\nThe Monte “Railway”, on which once ran the Monte Train, linked Rua do Pombal, Funchal, to Terreiro da Luta, Monte, ascending a total extent of 3.911 km.\nThe studies for the Monte “Railway” were drawn up in 1886 by the engineer Raul Mesnier Ponsard, and the first stretch to Levada de Santa Luzia was officially opened on 16th July 1893. In 1894 an imported German steam locomotive started operations, and in 1912 the train went as far as Terreiro da Luta, located at about 850 metres of altitude.\nOn 10th September 1919, when the train was climbing in the direction of the Monte, its boiler exploded, which put the locomotive out of action until 1st February 1920.\nAn additional accident occurred on 11th January 1932 when the train derailed. From then on the railway operations gradually decayed as it was considered dangerous.\nThis fact combined with the beginning of World War II, and the consequent decrease in the number of visitors to Madeira, the company that exploited the railway services went bankrupt. The train's last journey took place in April 1943.\nThe first football game in Portugal was held on the island of Madeira, more precisely at Largo da Achada, in Camacha. The year was 1875 when the young British citizen Harry Hinton, who was a resident on the island of Madeira, introduced this sport for the entertainment of all.\nIn 2010, over 600 thousand Portuguese voted our Laurel Forest as one of the 7 Wonders of Portugal in the \"Forests and Woodlands \" category. Porto Santo won the prize in 2012 in \"Dunes Beaches\" category. It is remarkable that in so little space we have one of the most beautiful forests in Portugal and at the same time, one of the most beautiful dunes beaches.\nIn June 2011, Santana - one of Madeira's municipalities - was recognized by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as \"World Biosphere Reserve\". The region sees, once again, the richness of its heritage being recognized worldwide.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.prairiedoc.org/blog/correcting-vision-with-polished-crystals-venetian-glass-and-laser-beams", "date": "2024-02-29T14:22:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00833.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9813472032546997, "token_count": 390, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__120263968", "lang": "en", "text": "The oldest known lens was found in the ruins of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nineveh and was made from polished rock crystal. The Greek playwright Aristophanes mentions the use of such a lens to burn holes in parchment in one of his plays. Allegedly, Pliny the physician used a similar lens to cauterize wounds. A thousand years later monks started using \"reading stones\" which were sliced off sections of polished quartz spheres. Sometime in the latter half of the 1200s the monks put these reading stones up on their noses in what today we would recognize as spectacles.\nIt was in Venice, Italy, where glassmaking was (and still is) an art, that convex reading and magnifying glasses were refined. About three hundred years later, concave lenses were used to help the near-sighted Pope Leo the 10th. He apparently wore his special spectacles to aid him while hunting. It took just about three hundred more years for bifocals to be invented by America's own Benjamin Franklin.\nIt was in the mid 1800s that a protective lens was made to fit directly over the eyeball of a man who had lost his eyelid from skin cancer. This first \"contact lens\" protected his eye from drying out, which would have resulted in blindness. Over the next 150 years, contact lenses came into commercial use and moved from blown, to ground, to molded glass lenses and then to a whole variety of hard, then soft, plastic lenses.\nThe knowledge of refracting light with lenses has, more recently, brought us to correct vision by surgically altering the shape of the cornea with laser beams. Where will we go next?\nWatch On Call with the Prairie Doc® most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central on SDPTV and follow the Prairie Doc® on Facebook and YouTube for free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.plainuseful.com/product/garden-trowel", "date": "2019-10-21T05:42:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987756350.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021043233-20191021070733-00226.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9515007734298706, "token_count": 206, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__210822607", "lang": "en", "text": "Our supplier has been making spades and garden tools here in Yorkshire for over 275 years. In the 1870’s they developed a shovel for the rapidly expanding coal mining industry, and then when the First World War broke out, the demand for tools increased enormously, and every day, new supplies of spades and shovels were dispatched from the local village railway station to the troops on the front line.\nThey’re one of the few surviving companies in the country that still have the traditional skill of hand turning the wooden handles for tools on a lathe, though some of them are now mechanised.\nThis hand trowel is a lovely weight. The ash handle sits comfortably in the hand. The blade is strong and has a 4” depth gauge etched on. It has a leather hanging strap for when you are ready to call it a day. It’s the perfect tool for light weeding, and sorting out hanging baskets and planters.\nOverall length: 33cm\nMade in England", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.davisopticians.co.uk/News.asp?display=286&title=Victorian-Optics-and-Eye-Care-Over-the-Last-100-Years...-", "date": "2017-04-28T16:09:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122996.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00139-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9763235449790955, "token_count": 178, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__25408374", "lang": "en", "text": "Our Optometrist Director Kim is looking forward to her talk for the Thrapston heritage society on Thursday 20th April. After our involvement with their exhibition last year Kim was pleased to be asked to give a presentation to the society at one of their monthly meetings.\nThe Heritage society has been meeting regularly since 1965, and Kim will be joining them at the church hall of St James Church in the town. You can attend the society meetings as a guest or by joining and becoming a member, check our their website on http://www.thrapstonhistorysoc.co.uk for further details.\nOur Exhibition 2016\nKim has enjoyed researching Victorian eye care in preparation for her talk, and we have some fascinating antique optical equipment and photographs to share on the night. If you would like to speak to anybody about the society you can contact Eric Franklin via our Thrapston branch.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://lonzada.com/news/british-historian-seeks-family-of-kiwi-soldier-killed-in-wwii-aircraft-crash/", "date": "2018-01-19T09:48:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887849.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119085553-20180119105553-00655.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9703739285469055, "token_count": 683, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__209617910", "lang": "en", "text": "British historian seeks family of Kiwi soldier killed in WWII aircraft crash\nIt’s June 25, 1943, the middle of World War II, Holland. The Battle of Ruhr.\nEighteen Royal Air Force Lancaster aircraft were flying to join 457 heavy British bombers attacking the German town of Gelsenkirchen.\nAmong the fleet was West Auckland gunner Lawrence Porritt, 21, and six other crew on board a 100 Squadron Lancaster bomber. This would be its final flight.\nAt 12.54am on June 26, the aircraft was shot down on its way to Gelsenkirchen by a German night fighter – captained by Karl-Heinz Scherfling.\nThe bomber crashed 20 kilometres north of Amsterdam, in the Dutch district of Beemster, killing the entire crew.\nDutch civilians pulled three of the crew, including Porritt, from the wreckage but three hours later its bomb load exploded and no further bodies were recovered.\nNearly 75 years later, the Beemster Historical Society would erect a memorial in Beemster on June 26 to honour the seven killed.\nBritish war historian for 100 Squadron Greg Harrison said it would be great to find family members of Porritt.\n“We would be delighted to try and locate any of Lawrence’s surviving family and invite them to the service.”\nPorritt was pictured with his crew in a photo (top), but it was not known which one he was.\n“That’s one of the mysteries we hope to be able to clear up if we get any contact from relatives,” he said.\nPorritt was born on April 23, 1922. He was the son of George and Linda Porritt, of Henry St, Avondale in West Auckland.\nHe attended Mount Albert Grammar School before enlisting in the New Zealand Air Force in 1941.\nPorritt trained in Canada as an air gunner in 1942, was sent to the United Kingdom for flight training, and became a sergeant through RAF training.\nHe arrived with the 100 Squadron at RAF Grimsby in North Lincolnshire in May 1943.\nIn that month, he was promoted to flight sergeant and completed eight successful sorties, or attacks on troops, in Dortmund, Dusseldorf, Essen, Wuppertal and Krefeld.\nPorritt was one of about 55,000 RAF Bomber Command men who died from 1936 to 1965.\n“If any of Lawrence’s surviving relatives can be found, it would be a chance for them to come to the place where he made the ultimate sacrifice for the freedom we have all enjoyed ever since,” Harrison said.\n“Although, we are mindful of the long and expensive journey from New Zealand to Holland.”\nLawrence George Porritt was listed on the Auckland Museum’s Online Cenotaph database, but only his parent’s names were listed on the biographical information.\nPorritt’s name was recorded on a memorial cross at St Judes Church, Avondale.\nIf you know of, or are, family of Porritt contact Greg Harrison in Wales at firstname.lastname@example.org or 0044 7564 714678.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://blog.deltadentalmn.org/the-history-of-dental-floss", "date": "2023-11-30T06:55:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00593.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9665666222572327, "token_count": 229, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__15498754", "lang": "en", "text": "We all know dental floss, that ever-important tool to cleaning mouths of bacteria, plaque and other build-up. But did you ever wonder how it came to be?\nIn 1815, a New Orleans dentist advised his patients to use a silk thread to clean between their teeth – giving us our first version of dental floss.\n- In 1882, Codman and Shurtleft began manufacturing the first commercial dental floss from unwaxed silk.\n- In the 1940s, due to the rising costs of World War II, nylon replaced silk as the material of choice for dental floss in the United States.\n- James B. Kirby, also known as the inventor of the Kirby vacuum, created the first floss pick in 1963. The floss pick is a Y-shaped angled dental tool that doubles as a toothpick and dental floss.\n- In 1994, an inmate managed to escape from jail by weaving dental floss into a rope as thick as a telephone cord.\n- Today, dental floss is most often made from a combination of rubber and plastic which is coated in wax.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://fruitbelt-clt.org/news/how-do-we-get-more-power/", "date": "2023-06-08T14:05:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655027.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608135911-20230608165911-00321.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9826887249946594, "token_count": 163, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__53507367", "lang": "en", "text": "Faced with an existential threat from the forces of gentrification, residents of Buffalo’s historic African American Fruit Belt neighborhood organized, joined together, and took control of their destiny.\n“Power, as it does for many disenfranchised communities, came through organizing. The Fruit Belt decided to beat the developers at their own game and buy up the neighborhood’s vacant lots themselves—not to resell them for a profit, but to hold them in a land trust that would lease them out one by one at predetermined rates existing residents could afford. The lessee would own the house that was built on the structure, but the trust would own the land, allowing the neighborhood a degree of control over what got developed and how much it cost…”\nBy Will Doig of Open Society Foundations", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.nitten.com/en/services/culture/", "date": "2023-03-23T11:20:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00637.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.917054295539856, "token_count": 284, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__194753256", "lang": "en", "text": "Cultural / Educational\nMuseum, Science Center, Disaster Reduction Learning Center, Educational Facility, and More\nWe offer exhibits and experiences that stimulate the interest of visitors and foster their love of learning, including transmitting history and culture to future generations, sharing the excitement of nature and science, and informing visitors with knowledge useful for protecting themselves from natural disasters.\nKASHIWAZAKI CITY MUSEUM\nNITTEN produces exhibitions that trace back history from recent to ancient and create inter-generational conversations and interactions\nThe Kashiwazaki City Museum has been renovated for the first time in 32 years since its opening. Based on a concept of “discovering many facades of Kashiwazaki,” the humanity exhibition space was transformed into a history exploration space that traces back history in reverse chronological order, from recent to distant past. We created a participatory and interactive venue that has many local fans through a design that integrates archeology, history, and folk customs in a way that showcases the diverse characteristics and attractions of each era, along with explanations and displays that are accessible to visitors and turn them into storytellers.\n- March, 2018\n- Kashiwazaki City\n- Scope of service\n- Basic design, Detailed design, Construction", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://thewritingandthebook.com/2023/04/17/adrift-how-our-world-lost-its-way/", "date": "2023-12-01T07:12:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00712.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9735183715820312, "token_count": 1720, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__262130688", "lang": "en", "text": "Adrift, How Our World Lost Its Way\nJoseph Mallord William Turner\nSnow Storm – Steam-Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth (exhibited 1842)\n“I was born hale and healthy into the arms of a dying civilization, and I have spent my whole life feeling that I am surviving, with no credit or blame, while around me so many things were falling into ruin; like those characters in films who walk down the streets where all the walls are crumbling and yet emerge unscathed, shaking the dust from their clothes, while behind them the entire city is no more than a pile of rubble.” This is how Amin Maalouf describes his life during his time in Beirut.\nAmin Maalouf, a renowned French author of Lebanese descent, has gained global recognition for his works of historical fiction, essays, and non-fiction. In 1993 he received the Prix Goncourt for his novel “The Rock of Tanios”. In his latest book “Adrift: How Our World Lost Its Way,” published in 2020, he vividly recounts his personal experiences of living in Lebanon. Maalouf was born into a Christian family in Beirut in 1949 and spent much of his childhood in Cairo, Egypt. He later moved to France, where he studied sociology and economics at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales. Maalouf began his career as a journalist, working for various newspapers and magazines before turning to writing full-time. He longs for a simpler world. A world where people treated “others” with respect. A world he was born into, a universe he calls “the Levant.”\nThe term “Levant” refers to a geographic region in the eastern Mediterranean, which includes countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Cyprus, and parts of Turkey and Egypt. The thing that made the Levant exceptional in Maalouf’s mind is the ability people had to live with one another in close quarters.\n“If citizens of different nations and the followers of monotheistic religions had continued to live together in this part of the world and had managed to pool their fates, humanity as a whole would have had an eloquent beacon of peaceful coexistence and prosperity to inspire and light the way. Regrettably, what happened was the reverse, hatred prevailed and an inability to live together became the rule. The enlightenment of the Levant guttered out. Then shadows spread across the globe.”\nHaving been a journalist for years, he tracks global events with great attention. In “Adrift,” he attempts to unravel the significant historical events that have led to our current state of the world. In a timeline that goes back to the First World War and continues till recent years, he looks back at the key events that led us to our present world of conflict, with regret, nostalgia, and melancholy.\n“Beginning with the political and moral upheaval that rocked the Arab world. The Suez crisis in 1956, the Israeli attack in 1967, the Arab defeat and despair, which were then aggravated by the conservative revolutions in both East and West that began around 1979; until finally the events of September 11, which sent the whole world into a “tailspin”, setting off the chain reaction that is now leading us into the unknown- and most likely towards disaster.”\n“Adrift” is full of historical details and lucid explanations of the events like the great fire and the Egypt Revolution which led to the long reign of Gamal Abdel Nasser, the issue of Arab unity, and the origins of the Israel-Palestine conflict in the Middle East and the near-impossible task of achieving lasting peace in the region and how the intricate links between power, religion, and nationality, complicates everything.\n1979: A year that Amin Maalouf calls “the year of the great reversal”. It was a year when numerous parallel political and social events took place all around the world.\nIn 1979, a conservative revolution swept across various parts of the world. In the aftermath, socially conservative and politically radical governments took hold of power. In the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher was elected, while in the United States, Ronald Reagan overthrew Carter. In Europe, a significant event was the appointment of the first non-Italian Pope, Jean-Paul II, as the head of the Catholic Church. Meanwhile in Iran, Khomeini’s version of a revolutionary, traditionalist Islam, in the name of the poor and wretched of the earth, spread throughout the world, taking on many forms and followed by other revolutions in the twentieth century.\nThe Soviet Union progressed through the region, prompting armed militias to take up arms in a holy war against the enemies of Islam. The United States seized the opportunity to provoke Moscow by supporting the Mujaheddin in a mission known as “Cyclone,” with the aim of creating a Vietnam War-like situation for Russia. Sanctions against Russia were imposed, with several countries that had suffered under communism joining the cause, including Saudi Arabia, which provided financial support for the Mujahedin. Among the individuals who joined the Mujahedin was a 22-year-old Arab student, Osama Bin Laden.\nHe is a vocal critic of colonialism and its impact on the region. In his book “The Crusades Through Arab Eyes,” he describes the Crusades as a form of colonialism and argues that the legacy of the Crusades is still felt in the Middle East today. However, he also believes that the conservative revolution had a positive impact on the world by promoting free trade and bringing prosperity to nations. He believes that during the cold war, it was not wrong of the US and other countries to oppose Soviet communism, which ultimately failed and caused misery around the world. However, the moral failure of the invaders and their greed left the countries in a corrupt and disastrous state.\nThe conservative revolution has also led to the rise of identity politics. People are searching for a sense of “US” in all the wrong places. Globalization and mass immigration have left newly formed nations with no common ancestors and no national narratives. They may have common values, but it has been shown it cannot hold. For example, in the United States even after the election of Obama, racial tension still exists. Religion alone cannot hold nations together. Partitions between different cultures and people with a wall could only lead to disaster, as we have seen in the case of India and Pakistan in the past. So, what is the answer? What is the glue that holds nations together? Amin Maalouf is curious to find an answer. While not necessarily advocating for empires,\n“he regrets the disappearance of a particular mindset that existed in the time of empires, one that considered it normal and acceptable for people to be part of a single political entity without necessarily sharing the same religion, the same language, or even the same history.”\nAmin Maalouf credits the United States when it helped rebuild Europe with the Marshall Plan after World War II and made efforts to promote democracy in post-war Japan. But in 2013 when the Syrian government used chemical weapons against its own people, the Obama administration did not respond, which Maalouf views as a failure to act in the face of a humanitarian crisis.\nIn his opinion, the United States has lost its legitimacy to serve as a global example, particularly since the era of Gorbachev when the US had the opportunity to either assist a nation in standing up on its own or to destroy it. Now it is Europe’s responsibility to lead by example. Despite his criticism of Europe in the past, Maalouf still retains hope that the Western world, can and should live by example.\nAmin Maalouf traveled across the world as a journalist. He has seen things and observed them with a curiosity of a historian and in his book Adrift, expresses his worries about the world. The situation is alarming. Reading Amin Maalouf, you may sometimes question his arguments, but one thing that undoubtedly dominates his thinking is the importance of “empathy” in our modern world and the need to think about it and act upon it. He believes with that, and a little moral compass, we may find our way out of this chaos that we live in today.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://handehamtej.com/blogs/news/from-ancient-times-to-present-natural-beauty-secrets", "date": "2024-03-03T12:05:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00808.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9270041584968567, "token_count": 467, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__138036630", "lang": "en", "text": "From Ancient Times to Present: Natural Beauty Secrets\nBeauty has captured the interest of both men and women throughout history, leading to the exploration of unique beauty secrets in different cultures. In this article, we will take a look at the natural beauty secrets used in ancient times and explore the impact of these time-tested methods on the present.\n1. Egypt: Corn Masks for Beautiful and Healthy Skin\nAncient Egyptians enriched their beauty rituals using the moisturizing and skin-renewing properties of corn. Corn masks were used to nourish and revitalize the skin, serving as a natural method for women to preserve their beauty.\n2. Ancient Greece: Olive Oil and Laurel Tea\nAncient Greeks considered olive oil a precious ingredient among their beauty secrets. Olive oil nourished and moisturized the skin, providing a youthful and healthy appearance. Laurel tea, renowned for its antioxidant properties, was also used as a elixir of youth.\n3. Chinese Empire: Rosewater and Green Tea Masks\nIn the Chinese Empire, beauty was preserved through rosewater and green tea masks. Rosewater was used to soothe and refresh the skin, while the antioxidants in green tea helped maintain a youthful and vibrant complexion.\n4. Roman Empire: Milk and Honey Baths\nRomans frequently utilized milk and honey baths in their beauty rituals. While milk nourished the skin, honey's antibacterial properties cleansed and smoothed the skin. These baths helped both men and women maintain healthy and youthful-looking skin.\n5. India: Turmeric and Sandalwood Masks\nIndia is known for beauty secrets involving turmeric and sandalwood. Turmeric, with its anti-inflammatory properties, cleansed the skin, while sandalwood provided freshness and radiance to the complexion.\n6. Medieval Europe: Rose Cream and Apple Cider Vinegar Tonics\nIn medieval Europe, rose cream and apple cider vinegar tonics were popular. Rose cream nourished and softened the skin, while apple cider vinegar tonics balanced and cleansed, serving as natural remedies for maintaining beauty during that era.\nThese beauty secrets from ancient times highlight the importance of natural and effective ingredients in beauty rituals. Today, alongside modern cosmetic products, many people still explore and use these ancient beauty secrets to enhance and maintain their beauty.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.jimcaseyyouth.org/legacy-jim-casey-founder-ups", "date": "2016-05-28T18:00:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278042.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00029-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9660615921020508, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-22__0__61171499", "lang": "en", "text": "The Legacy of Jim Casey, Founder of UPS\nJames (Jim) E. Casey was a visionary who revolutionized package delivery through the founding of United Parcel Service (UPS) and improved the lives of millions of America's children by founding two of the nation's leading child welfare-oriented foundations.\nHis father's failing health forced Jim to leave school at age 11 to help support the family as a $2.50-a-week bicycle messenger for a department store in Seattle. Jim's father died four years later, in 1902, leaving behind a widow and four children. In 1907, he and a brother, George, and some friends started a new delivery service, American Messenger Company, which became Merchants Parcel Delivery in 1913. They expanded to Oakland, California in 1919 and renamed the company United Parcel Service. With its move to New York City in 1930, UPS began its development into one of the world's largest package-delivery companies.\nTo honor their mother, the Casey siblings—Jim, George, Harry and Marguerite—created the Annie E. Casey Foundation in 1948 to make grants to programs that help disadvantaged children. In 1966, the siblings created an operating foundation, Casey Family Programs, to provide long-term foster care to children in Washington and, eventually, other Western states. At Jim's suggestion, the Annie E. Casey Foundation established Casey Family Services in 1978 to provide long-term foster care to children in Eastern states. Jim had become convinced of the importance of strong families through his interactions with his young messengers. When Jim died in 1983, he left his fortune to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, which has since become one of the largest foundations in America.\nIn 2001, the Annie E. Casey Foundation and Casey Family Programs collaborated in the founding of the Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative to help young people in foster care make successful transitions to adulthood. The missions of the foundations that bear the Casey family name have been refined and expanded over the years. But all remain committed to improving outcomes for children and young people.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.shiksha.com/news/isc-class-12-history-semester-2-exam-2022-concludes-check-exam-review-analysis-here-blogId-90387", "date": "2022-05-19T19:25:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00043.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9833944439888, "token_count": 298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__225576265", "lang": "en", "text": "ISC Class 12 History Semester 2 exam 2022 concludes, check exam review, analysis here!\nThe ISC Class 12 History Semester 2 exam 2022 was conducted today, May 11. Read to know exam review and analysis!\nISC History exam 2022: The CISCE has successfully conducted the ISC Class 12 History exam today, May 11. ISC History exam was conducted for a duration of 1.5 hours for a total of 40 marks. The ISC History exam started at 2 pm, as per schedule and ended at 3:30 pm. The paper was held offline at various centres across the nation. The ISC 12th History Exam 2022, like other papers, has received mixed reactions from students and experts. The ISC 12th History exam question paper was divided into 3 sections.\nAccording to some students, the ISC Class 12 History exam was lengthy but moderate, however, some say that some questions were tricky. Some students also said that the exam was easy and was doable. A student said that solving ICSE Specimen papers helped her in appearing for today's exam.\nThe students were required to answer the questions across the three sessions in the question paper. Section A of the ISC History exam consisted of 1 question for 8 Marks while Section B had an option between 4 questions for 12 Marks. ISC History Section C also consisted of 5 questions for 20 Marks.\nThe next ISC Class 12 exam is Chemistry, on May 13, 2022.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://dentdelion.net/the-times-podcast-essential.html", "date": "2022-10-03T09:10:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337404.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003070342-20221003100342-00674.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9343667030334473, "token_count": 135, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__174913421", "lang": "en", "text": "Podcast: Vin Scully, the greatest\nVin Scully was the broadcaster for the Dodgers baseball franchise for 67 years, from its time in Brooklyn through its move to Los Angeles. In the process, he not only became a sports legend; he became a summer soundtrack for generations of fans in Southern California and beyond.\nToday, we remember the life and legacy of Vin Scully. Read the full transcript here.\nHost: Angel Carreras, former fellow at The Times\nGuests: L.A. Times sports columnist Bill Plaschke, Los Angeles Dodgers broadcaster Jaime Jarrín, sportscaster Bob Costas\nAbout The Times", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://saintgeorgecatholics.com/Ministries/Knights/indexKofC.html", "date": "2017-06-26T18:53:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320863.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626184725-20170626204725-00656.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9684719443321228, "token_count": 713, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-26__0__222542227", "lang": "en", "text": "Knights of Columbus\nCouncil 10733, Assembly 2393\nThe Knights of Columbus is a fraternity of Catholic men, founded in New Haven, Connecticut on March 29, 1882, by Rev. Michael J. McGivney.\nThis original group has blossomed into an international society of over 1.6 million Catholic men, plus their families, who belong to over 11,000 Councils that are spread throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guatemaia, Panama, Cuba, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Dominican Republic, the Bahamas, Taipan, and Poland.\nThese Councils have dedicated themselves to the Columbian principles of Charity, Unity, Fraternity, and Patriotism. The Knights are founded upon ideals inspired by the teachings of our Catholic faith and the proud heritage of service to our Church, Country and Neighbors.\nThe Vic Giasson Council 10733 was started in 1991 with just a small group of men, some who were Knights from before and others who became a Knight for the first time. In the 17 years since its beginning, the Council has now grown to over 160 men in the St. George and Kanab areas.\nBecome a part of the largest Catholic men’s fraternal organization. Contact Gene Coryell 925-786-0257 or email@example.com\nJune 11th, 2017\nMembers of our Parish’s Knights of Columbus joined many local citizens in celebrating Memorial Day at the Sun River Memorial Park. Our council’s Honor Guard was one of the featured groups, and our council’s chaplain, Father Glenn Dare, Lt Col USAF Ret, (far right) attired in his Air Force uniform, offered one of the prayers.\nMarch 19th, 2017\nOn Saturday, February 25, 2017 at 1 pm, 27 couples gathered at our church for a special mass, celebrated by Father Martin, to renew their marriage vows.\nEach “bride” received a red rose and baby’s breath bouquet upon entering the church. Each couple was then escorted to their seats by a fourth degree Knight. In attendance were eight members of the Knight’s Color Corps from Assembly 2393. There were also six altar servers and flowers decorated the church.\nThe event was organized by the Knights of Columbus. Says Grand Knight Gene Coryell, “The Knights are committed to building the ‘domestic church’. The cornerstone of a strong family is a strong marriage commitment.”\nIn his homily Father Martin emphasized the importance of couples taking time to be alone together. He noted that it does not have to cost money, that a simple walk in nature is enough.\nAfter mass the couples and their family members—a total of 120 participants—were served punch and cake while a musical accompaniment played love songs. The reception table was decorated with a photo from each couples’ wedding day. While some photos were fairly recent, most were decades old. Gene’s wife Judy, who assisted in planning the event, noted that the marriage commitment of several couples has spanned 60 years or more.\nParticipants will be able to recall their happy memories of this special day through the many photographs taken by parishioner Bob D’Angelo. Couples will be notified by the Coryell’s when their photographs (on CD) are ready.\n(Above photo courtesy of Luz Tellez)", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mnvc.org/speakers/trans1rick-randall-president-ceo-2/", "date": "2023-09-22T08:08:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506339.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922070214-20230922100214-00635.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9719842076301575, "token_count": 171, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__83908734", "lang": "en", "text": "TranS1, Inc. was founded in 2000 by Dr. Andrew Cragg, a Minneapolis-based interventional surgeon who developed and patented the trans-sacral approach to accessing the spine for lumbar spine surgical procedures. The company is an early stage medical device company dedicated to advancing the minimally invasive technique for spine disorders. Rick Randall joined TranS1 as full time CEO in June 2002. Previously, Mr. Randall founded and served as President and CEO of Incumed, Inc., a medical device incubator. He also served as President and CEO of the sports medicine firm, Innovasive Devices, Inc., and was President, Chairman and Director of Target Therapeutics, Inc., a medical device company that pioneered the minimally invasive, interventional neurosurgery market. TranS1 is headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.thepaintlystore.com/product-page/money-doesn-t-float", "date": "2020-07-08T11:28:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896932.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708093606-20200708123606-00088.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.941392183303833, "token_count": 309, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-29__0__236527006", "lang": "en", "text": "Title: Money Doesn't Float\nMedium: Ink on Paper\nDimension: 21.0 x 29.7cm\n© Maisoon Al Saleh\nThe story behind the artwork:\nThe Dara Chronicles\nMaisoon Al Saleh presents a second solo exhibition of artworks—from digital paintings to mixed-media prints— that explore retold stories and documented accounts about the M.V. Dara passenger liner explosion on April 8th, 1961.\nAl Saleh grew up hearing stories that her grandfather would tell about that night on the vessel. Newspaper articles and other reports at the time only account of an explosion in middle of the ship and that the cause was possible sabotage. Beginning with an exploratory dive at the Dara gravesite, Al Saleh begins to discover and research the event experienced and retold from different personal perspectives. The works are inspired letters about the incident written by the boat company and police investigators, as well as news articles, and stories told by survivors or family members of those who perished in the shipwreck.\nThe artist further juxtaposes the different viewpoints expressed regarding the Dara explosion, beginning with three suitcases as a counterpoint of the different nationalities on board—in particular British, Indian and GCC passengers. Portraits of passengers, stories of the explosion and the events that followed illuminate personal narratives versus that which is documented in the media. Through this exhibition Al Saleh attempts to bring viewers into a discussion about the importance of this historical event of Emirati history on the sea.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://craftlakecity.com/exhibitor/the-copper-elephant-llc/", "date": "2017-12-18T20:13:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948623785.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218200208-20171218222208-00374.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.947773814201355, "token_count": 135, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__139123250", "lang": "en", "text": "Rachel Ouzounian started The Copper Elephant after many promptings from family and friends to sell her jewelry. She began with wire wrapping, but soon grew to love the art of silversmithing. Rachel is a self-taught silversmith whose style is heavily influenced by the granite mountains, red rock deserts, and energy of Native American history contained within her state of Utah. She is first-generation American and comes from a rich Armenian heritage. All of Rachel’s work is a tribute to her late grandmother, Mary Ouzounian, whose brave history, master craftsmanship, and little elephant figurines inspire every piece forged by The Copper Elephant.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.spreebird.com/seattle/20563-the-hydroplane-and-raceboat-museum", "date": "2014-04-19T07:31:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00473-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9442539215087891, "token_count": 313, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__156229449", "lang": "en", "text": "Expires 6 months from date purchased Limit 10 per customer, may purchase 10 additional as gifts. This voucher has no cash value. Cannot be combined with other offers. Total voucher value must be used in 1 order. Tax & gratuity not included.\nDo you suffer from a need for speed and an incurable love for the water? Grab today's deal and discover the cure with 2 Admissions to the Hydroplane & Raceboat Museum for just $10!\nThe Hydroplane & Raceboat Museum is the nation's only public museum dedicated solely to powerboat racing. Formed in 1983, their mission is to preserve and exhibit important artifacts from the sport of hydroplane racing. The museum features an incredible collection of vintage hydroplanes spanning seven decades, including boats that have won 17 Gold Cups.\nThe Hydroplane and Raceboat Museum is also the nation's primary resource for historical and educational information on hydroplane racing, housing an extensive collection of books, magazines, race programs, newspaper, photos, trophies and other memorabilia dating back to the turn of the last century. In addition to great archives on the the history of hydroplanes, the museum is also a fully equipped boat restoration shop, and over the years has restored seven of the most famous Gold Cup and Harmsworth winners to full running condition.\nCheck out the museum and find the remedy to your hydroplane and raceboat obsessions on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10am to 8pm; Wednesday, Fridays, and Saturdays from 10am to 4pm; and closed Sundays and Mondays.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://mitsubishielevator.in/history.php", "date": "2019-06-15T23:01:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997501.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615222657-20190616004657-00496.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8580496311187744, "token_count": 194, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__166906282", "lang": "en", "text": "In the 1930s, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation(MELCO) began manufacturing elevators.\nIn the 1980s, MELCO introduced the world’s first inverter VVVF elevator.\nIn 1985, MELCO invented a “spiral escalator” and the first spiral escalator in the world was installed in Osaka, Japan.\nIn 1993, Mitsubishi supplied elevators to Yokohama Landmark Tower, which is the fastest elevator in the world at that time until 2004.\nIn 2011, Mitsubishi Electric was awarded project from Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co. Ltd for the Supply and Installation of World’s fastest Elevators, traveling at 18 meter per second. Currently Shanghai Tower is under construction in the Pudong District of Shanghai, China.\nMitsubishi Electric Inazawa Works, Japan.\nMitsubishi Elevator & Escalator factory, Thailand", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://sheedyprogram.nd.edu/contact/sophie-white/", "date": "2023-09-22T17:17:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00175.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9102815985679626, "token_count": 694, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__20685586", "lang": "en", "text": "Professor of American Studies\n- 1042 Flanner Hall\nNotre Dame, IN 46556-5611\n- +1 574-631-6529\nSophie White is Professor of American Studies. She also holds Concurrent Appointments as Professor of Africana Studies, of History, and of Gender Studies, and is a Fellow of the Nanovic Institute for European Studies, the Klau Institute for Civil and Human Rights, and the Institute for Race and Resilience at the University of Notre Dame.\nShe is an historian of early America with an interdisciplinary focus on cultural encounters between Europeans, Africans and Native Americans, and a commitment to Atlantic and global research perspectives.\nHer newest book, Voices of the Enslaved: Love, Labor, and Longing in French Louisiana (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture/University of North Carolina Press, 2019, 2021) foregrounds an exceptional set of source material about slavery in French America: court cases in which enslaved individuals testified and in the process produced riveting autobiographical narratives.\nVoices of the Enslaved has won 7 book prizes, including the 2020 James A. Rawley Book Prize from the American Historical Association, the Association for the Study of the Wordwide African Diaspora’s Terborg-Penn Book Prize in Gender & Sexuality, and the Frederick Douglass Book Prize for most outstanding book on slavery published in 2019.\nHer first book, Wild Frenchmen and Frenchified Indians: Material Culture and Race in Colonial Louisiana was published with the University of Pennsylvania Press/McNeil Series in Early American Studies in 2012, and was a finalist for the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Book Prize.\nWith Trevor Burnard, she has co-edited a volume on slave testimony in French and British America 1750-1848 (Routledge, 2020) https://www.routledge.com/Hearing-Enslaved-Voices-African-and-Indian-Slave-Testimony-in-British-and/White-Burnard/p/book/9780367541866). She is completing a digital humanities project, Hearing Slaves Speak in Colonial America, that will launch in Spring 2022 with the Omohundro Institute and is collaborating on a number of other DH projects on race and slavery.\nShe has two new book projects. One, His Master’s Grace, is a study of slavery and extra-judicial violence. The other, Strangers Within, examines redhead myths, juxtaposing cultural history with the new genetic discoveries and biological implications of red hair, a project that falls within her purview as a scholar of appearance and of cultural constructions of otherness. She is signed to the Dunow, Carlson & Lerner Literary Agency for this book.\nIn addition, White is the author of over twenty articles and essays, in journals such as The William and Mary Quarterly, Gender and History and The Winterthur Portfolio.\nAmong other grants and awards, White was a recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities for Wild Frenchmen, Voices of the Enslaved, and Strangers Within.\nFor more information, please go to https://www.professorsophiewhite.com", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://sidneymt.chambermaster.com/events/details/american-art-and-democracy-come-together-in-jazz-14856", "date": "2018-12-16T06:42:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827281.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216051636-20181216073636-00270.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9719550609588623, "token_count": 154, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__53908587", "lang": "en", "text": "America is the only place where the art form called jazz could have been created. In American Art & Democracy Come Together in Jazz, musician Wilbur Rehmann begins by describing the roots of jazz in the field hollers and work songs of slaves and follows the art form through to the modern jazz era of the ‘40s, ‘50s, ‘60s, and beyond. He illustrates points with examples from recordings, his own saxophone playing, and video footage.\nJoin the MonDak for this entertaining and enlightening program and performance as part of Hometown Humanities. Monday, March 12 at 7:00 p.m. at the MonDak Heritage Center. Sponsored by Humanities Montana. FREE to the public!", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://oliveandpopeyetheneighbourgnomes.blogspot.com/2012/10/family-reunion-at-mallala.html", "date": "2022-01-25T17:34:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304859.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125160159-20220125190159-00332.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9867430925369263, "token_count": 233, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__48974766", "lang": "en", "text": "Tuesday, October 16, 2012\nFamily reunion at Mallala\nI wont bore you with the details of the family but I couldn't help myself, being a lover of old buildings, I took time out to take a couple of pictures of the GRAND STAND which would seat approximately 100 people, but only if they were all skinny (lol) It is built with stones collected from the fields and a few red bricks for the quoins and decorative features, as were many of the old farm houses in the 1800's.\nI love to dream about who built these buildings, maybe some of my ancestors were involved, after all the two brothers that migrated from Scotland about 155 years ago (yes, that's right, no convicts in my family tree!) were stone masons, one of whom built the wall around the Adelaide Botanical Gardens, the old wall around the Adelaide Prison and the (now demolished) broken glass topped wall that surrounded the old building at Glenside that housed the \"insane\" .......(glad things have changed since then)\nThey certainly knew how to build something to stand the test of time in the \"old days\".", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://adbou.dk/collection/", "date": "2024-02-22T14:38:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00402.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9394110441207886, "token_count": 241, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__131454885", "lang": "en", "text": "Since its establishment in 1992, the skeletal collection ADBOU at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense has specialized in curating and studying skeletons excavated from cemeteries dated to Viking age, Medieval and Early Modern times.\nThe skeletal collection stores more than 16,000 skeletons. The number of skeletons in the collection increases continuously, when museums excavate and bring in skeletons for storing. The skeletons are primarily from the Danish areas of Jutland and Funen.\nADBOU was established when two separate skeletal collections were merged – one from Funen and one from Jutland. The name ADBOU is an abbreviation of Anthropological DataBase Odense University, but the collection has retained its name despite the fact that the university has changed its name to the University of Southern Denmark. The term DataBase refers to the skeletons representing a valuable research base, providing data for both Danish and international research projects.\nThe main focus of the research group at ADBOU, is population based studies aimed at developing methods within the fields of paleoepidemiology and paleodemography, and studying the presence of chronic infectious diseases in the past and demographic profiles of past populations.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://dzogchen.gr/en/dzogchen/chogyal-namkhai-norbu/", "date": "2021-09-25T20:55:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057775.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925202717-20210925232717-00542.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9424262046813965, "token_count": 532, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__47689883", "lang": "en", "text": "Chögyal Namkhai Norbu was born in Derghe, eastern Tibet, in 1938. As a child he was recognized as the reincarnation of the great Dzogchen Master Adzom Drugpa (1842-1924) and later by the sixteenth Karmapa as a reincarnation of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594-1651), the first Dharmaraja of Bhutan.\nWhile he was still a teenager he completed the rigorous programme of traditional studies, receiving teachings from some of the greatest masters of the time. In 1955 he met Changchub Dorje (1826-1961), his main Dzogchen teacher, whose lifestyle and way of teaching deeply inspired him.\nIn 1960, following the deterioration of the social and political situation in Tibet, he moved to Italy on the invitation of the well-known orientalist Prof. Giuseppe Tucci. There, he contributed to giving a concrete stimulus to the spread of Tibetan culture in the West. In the early 1960s he worked at the Ismeo (Institute for the Middle and Extreme Orient) in Rome and later on, from 1962 to 1992, he taught Tibetan and Mongolian language and literature at the Istituto Universitario Orientale in Naples. His academic works reveal a profound knowledge of Tibetan culture and a steadfast determination to keep the extraordinary cultural heritage of Tibet alive and fully accessible.\nAfter teaching Yantra Yoga in Naples for several years, in the mid-seventies Chögyal Namkhai Norbu started giving Dzogchen teachings, encountering a growing interest first in Italy and then throughout the West. In 1981 he founded the first centre of the Dzogchen Community in Arcidosso, Tuscany. Over the years thousands of people from all over the world have become members of the Dzogchen Community. Centres have been created in the United States, in various parts of Europe, in Latin America, in Russia and in Australia.\nIn 1988 Chögyal Namkhai Norbu founded ASIA (Association for International Solidarity in ASIA), a non-governmental organization that is mainly active in meeting the educational and medical needs of the Tibetan population.\nIn 1989 Chögyal Namkhai Norbu founded the Shang Shung Institute, which has the task of safeguarding Tibetan culture by promoting and spreading it.\nEven today Chögyal Namkhai Norbu continues to travel constantly all over the world, giving talks and holding retreats attended by thousands of people.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.jaeonline.org/issue-article/australias-lost-capitol/", "date": "2023-12-05T15:06:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00616.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9360348582267761, "token_count": 141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__126669262", "lang": "en", "text": "In 1911, the Commonwealth of Australia—then only a decade old—self-confidently launched an international design competition for its federal capital, afterward named Canberra. Chicagoans Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin famously won the contest the next year (no doubt to the consternation of their former employer, Frank Lloyd Wright). In 1914, the couple arrived in Australia to begin implementing their prizewinning plan. Based upon extensive archival research, this study surveys the couple’s unrealized Capitol building, envisaged as Canberra’s—and the nation’s—cultural epicenter. It also reconstructs the disappointing saga as to why the edifice was never constructed.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.larrythompsonorg.com/prince-lorenzo-de-medici", "date": "2023-09-22T15:10:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00044.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8783468008041382, "token_count": 1617, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__286159291", "lang": "en", "text": "PRINCE LORENZO DE' MEDICI\nLarry A. Thompson Organization\nis pleased to announce the Worldwide Representation of\nPrince Lorenzo de' Medici\nA Modern Day Prince, but Forever\nA Renaissance Man.\nPrince Lorenzo de' Medici is a direct descendant and heir to one of the most famous family names in human history. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici The de' Medici Dynasty, which created the Italian Renaissance, symbolizes unparalleled historical contributions to art, politics, banking, cuisine, medicine, accounting, philanthropy, commerce, geography, agriculture, religion, textiles, and fashion. The family tradition continues with Prince Lorenzo, who is a cultural ambassador, trendsetter, Royal TV Reality Star, Chef & Culinary Expert, Artist, Auto Enthusiast, Philanthropist, and International Keynote Speaker, fluent in English, Italian, Spanish, Polish, and Russian. TV shows about the Medici Family and the Renaissance are hugely successful in today's marketplace as evidenced by NETFLIX's Medici: Masters of Florence and Starz's Da Vinci's Demons. Prince Lorenzo is presently starring in The Prince of History.\nRoyal TV Reality Star, Chef & Culinary Expert, Artist, Auto Enthusiast, Philanthropist,\nand International Keynote Speaker\nThe Royal TV Reality Star\nAmong many U.S. and International television appearances, Prince Lorenzo starred in TLC's Secret Princes. He was also featured in Italy's Wild West, as well as the reality show Undercover Princes in the Ukraine. He is available for a Reality Series on his exciting life, or be a Host of, or Judge for, a Reality Show (Travel, Cooking, History, Dating, Art), Host Radio Show, Podcast, Online Series, Live Appearances (e.g. Night with a Prince), Host a Pageant, Infomercial (Luxury Goods), Soccer Commentary, Endorsements: Fragrances, Watches, Fashion, Auto, Food, Furniture, Linens, Wine & Spirits...\nThe Chef & Culinary Expert\nPrince Lorenzo de' Medici is a food expert. From his upcoming royal cookbook, The Noble Art of Cooking, he shares secret recipes from the de' Medici kitchen handed down from generation to generation.\nAs an accomplished artist, Prince Lorenzo paints unique portraits of his ancestors to perpetuate their immense legacy as well as to bring them to the language of contemporary art.\nThe Auto Enthusiast\nHe recently designed his own automobile, and he can often be seen riding his personally designed motorcycle.\nPrince Lorenzo donates much of his time and resources to charitable causes. He is the General Prior of the Knights Order of San Martino in Rome.\nThe Keynote Speaker\nAs an international keynote speaker, Prince Lorenzo engages audiences on a variety of Speaking Topics:\nARTS & ENTERTAINMENT - BRANDING - CHRISTIAN FAITH & INSPIRATION - CULINARY - DESIGN - FASHION - FINANCIAL - MOTIVATION - PHILANTHROPY\n1. The Italian Renaissance: Then and Now\nFrom Lorenzo the Magnificent to today's movers and shakers, Prince Lorenzo colors history with tales from his family and the impact his ancestors have all had on our lives today. From patrons of the arts to popes, the influence of the de' Medicis may be found everywhere. The de' Medici Dynasty, which created the Italian Renaissance, symbolizes unparalleled historical contributions to art, politics, banking, cuisine, medicine, accounting, philanthropy, commerce, geography, agriculture, religion, textiles, and fashion. Even America itself would not exist as we know it without the de' Medicis financing Queen Isabella's investment in Columbus. The de' Medicis revolutionized the banking business, inventing the first paper check. But it is in the world of art that their contributions to the world are most greatly known and felt. Patrons of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and countless other artists, the legacy of the de' Medicis lives on.\n2. The Art of Living and Giving\nPrince Lorenzo de' Medici relates his experiences in giving back to the world and continuing the philanthropic legacy of his de' Medici namesake. He discusses the art of giving, the myths and reality of royalty, and how a royal mindset can benefit everyone in their lives.\n3. Secrets and Romance of the de' Medicis\nRare untold stories of the de' Medici Dynasty. The Royal Women of the Renaissance and their influence on style, fashion, perfumes, cuisine, and their men. Sex and the Renaissance - Royal Blood behind closed doors.\n4. A Culinary History - A Royal Recipe\nPrince Lorenzo de' Medici is a food expert. From his upcoming royal cookbook, The Noble Art of Cooking, he shares secret recipes from the de' Medici kitchen handed down from generation to generation. How did the Queen of France, Catherine de' Medici, influence French cuisine and use artichokes to get pregnant? Where was ice cream invented, hot chocolate, pasta, tiramisu, and lasagna? Did Leonardo da Vinci invent the microwave? As a speech dessert, Prince Lorenzo will show his audience how to prepare and set a royal dinner.\nPrince Lorenzo resides in both Rome and Los Angeles with his wife, Rosemary, and baby girl, Maddalena.\nFor additional information, please visit the following links:\nPersonal Website: http://www.princelorenzodemedici.com/\nArte Divine: (at 3-minute mark) https://vimeo.com/135688617\nSecret Princes (2013-USA):\nFull Episodes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPaR-ha-EIY\nUndercover Princes (2012-Ukraine)\nFull Episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMtdNHiCGDM&spfreload=1\nWild West (2006-Italy) - Trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcHXVdR2EFg\nChef & Culinary Expert\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_pMhPyUGY8&feature=youtu.be (Spanish Interview)\nArte Divine: (at 3-minute mark) https://vimeo.com/135688617\nSan Martino: https://vimeo.com/108512175\n3rd Annual Roman Gala (at 26-minute mark): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhmAbB4hk8g\nArt Presentation: https://youtu.be/9o8Voqlpllg\nSampling of Recent Previous Engagements\nArte Divine, Los Angeles and Various Cities in U.S.\nKnights Order of San Martino, Rome, Italy\nKiev Luxury Fair, Kiev, Ukraine\nSorvetiega Shipping Company, Bogota, Columbia\nDel Mar Country Club, San Diego\nIf you would like a general, creative meeting with Prince Lorenzo or require additional information, please feel free to contact us. Thanks and we look forward to our continued or new association with you.\nAll my best,\nPresident and CEO\nLarry A. Thompson Organization, Inc.\n9663 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite #801", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://jdpecon.e-junkie.com/product/880181?custom=mkt", "date": "2024-04-21T15:32:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817780.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421132819-20240421162819-00126.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9178895950317383, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__86246362", "lang": "en", "text": "ABH Timeline, Second Edition\nThis updated version of the timeline from americasbesthistory.com covers the most important historic events from 1491 until today. It is a primer for students to adults to put the Timeline of the United States, and before that, colonial America, in perspective and as an easy to use reference tool and trivia quiz for the history buff in your life from junior high school age students to adults. It is not a book of comprehensive articles, but short paragraphs reminding us the when and what of American history, with the most important events of each decade or year highlighted in order to understand the flow from pre-Columbus days until the present. Updated with new photographs and decade years through 2021.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.varmazis.art/portfolio/comics/bostonstrong/", "date": "2022-01-28T05:12:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305420.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128043801-20220128073801-00069.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9881051182746887, "token_count": 110, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__78802270", "lang": "en", "text": "Living with terrorism, both in NYC for 9/11 and for the Boston Marathon bombing.\nI was living in NYC during 9/11, and about a decade later was living/working a street away from the Boston Marathon bombing when it happened. This comic was my reflection on what it was like to be in the vicinity of both those tragedies.\nThis comic is felt tip pen and ink on paper, and I made it in 2013. It was shown in the “Doodle” group show in Somerville, MA in 2014.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.olivercrampton.com/about-us/news", "date": "2021-05-16T09:59:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516075201-20210516105201-00420.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9325881004333496, "token_count": 106, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__50534690", "lang": "en", "text": "Oliver Crampton & Sons Ltd are delighted to announce that we are the proud WINNER of the Irish Construction Industry \"Conservation Project of the Year\" Award 2017. The awards ceremony took place on Tuesday 9th May.\nThis award recognises the conservation, restoration or heritage project undertaken in Ireland over the past 12 months that can best demonstrate excellence.\nWe would like express our sincere thanks to all who were involved in the Blackrock House Project.\nPlease click here to see prizewinning photos of the event", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://luado.ro/en/despre-luado-chocolate-producator-local/istoria-inghetatei/", "date": "2023-09-28T06:48:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510368.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928063033-20230928093033-00805.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.941830039024353, "token_count": 1187, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__50514846", "lang": "en", "text": "The history of ice cream begins in ancient times, when people used ice or snow to make cold desserts.\n500 BC – During the Ahemenid Empire, a cold dessert was prepared in Persia, which was consumed on hot summer days. It consisted of concentrated syrup, poured over snow and mixed with saffron, grape or fruit juice and other flavors.\nThe acient Greeks used to consume snow mixed with honey and fruit in the markets of athena. Hippocrates encourages their patients to eat ice, ” as it invigorated vital functions and improved well-being”.\n400 BC – An ice cream recupe, created especially for the royal families of the persian Empire, consisted of ice, rose water, soda(starch), saffron, fruit and other sweet spices. It has remained to this day a traditional Iranian dessert, called “fālūde”.\nto create or store ice even in the desert, Persian engineers build ice pits, called “yakhchāl”.\nThe structure consisted of an underground storage space, covered above the ground by a dome which facilitated cooling by evaporation. The heat-resistant building material contributed to the insulation of the storage space throughout the year.\nImage: Yakhchal – Persian construction for ice preservation.\nIn ancient China a dessert of milk and rice was consumed, which was cooled to freezing. The dessert was placed in a container, then poured over the outside a mixture of snow and salpeter, until the content of the container reached cloze to freezing.\n37-68 BC – Roman Empero Neron was stocking up on ice from the moutains so that he could consume cool delicacies made with fruit and honey.\n800-900 – Arabs define the modern recipe of ice cream by introducing milk and sugar as the mains ingredients.\nDuring the 10th century, ice cream made from milk, cream, rose water, dried fruit and nuts spread throughout the Arab territory, especially in Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo.\nDuring Arab rule in Sicily, a drink made from fruit and brown sugar, kept in containers surrounded by snow or crushed ice, is prepared. Also prepare a dessert obtained from mixing snow with syrups and fruit juices. These desserts, which have become traditional, are those we call “granita” and “sorbetto”.\nSo-called “nivaroli” (snowmen) collects snow from Etna and the Nebrodi and Peloritani Moutains, then stores it in “niviers”, natural or artificial caves that provide low temperatures for snow storage. Snow is then transported in summer to the sunny cities of the coast.\nThe fame of these Sicilian deserts soon reaches the royal courts, and especially florence.\nImage: Neveriera, artificial ice cave in sicila\nIce cream became a popular dessert in Italy in the 16th century. Florence is believed to be the birthplace of the “modern” ice cream, which has a ingredients milk, cream and eggs.\n1533 – When the Italian duchess Caterina de’ Medici marries Henry 2 of France, the Italian chefs who accompany her bring with them recipes of ice cream and sorbet. Thus these recipes spread to France and then to the rest of the world.\nThe Sicilian Francesco Procopio de Coltelli improves the traditional recipe of sorbet with two innovations: It replaces honey with sugar and adds a little salt wich, mixed with ice in the appropriate proportion, greatly increases the time the produces remains cold.\nProcopio settles in Paris. Get a patent from King Louis XIV for the marketing of cold desserts and drinks, including ice cream.\nIn 1686, he opened the famous “Café Procope” In Paris, which still works today.\nImage: Le Precope in Paris\n1744 – Scottish settlers bring the ice cream recipe to North America.\n1774 – Italian Filippo Lendi opens the first ice cream shop on American soil in New York.\nNancy Johnson from Philadelphia, Usa, patented a small, cranked ice cream machine in 1843. William Young has been producing these machines since 1848.\nAgnes Marshall of the United Kingdom patented a similar machine in 1885, which can prepare a pint of ice cream in just five minutes.\nWith the helpof these machines, the domestic production of ice cream becomes much easier. But at the same time it also takes off commercial production.\nIn 1851, Jacob Fussel of Baltimore opened the first commercial ice cream factory, which produces on a large scale.\nAlso in 1851, Swiss Carlo Gatti opened an ice cream stand near Charing Cross Station (London), where he sold a portion of ice cream for just a penny.\nThe industrial refrigeration, made by German engineer Carl von Line in the 1870s, eliminated the need to cut and store natural ice. Invented by Clarence Vogt in 1926, the continous-process freezer reduced labor and utility costs and increased the production volume of frozen desserts.\nThus, the automated commercial production of ice cream was created.\n1934 – Eskimo pie is the first chocolate-covered ice cream.\n1939 – The mass production of American ice cream that was sent to boost the morale of allied troops in Europe was able to popularize this dish around the world. The majority though ice cream was an American invention.\nThe second part of the 20th century – Cheap refrigeration, the explosion of table products brands of ice cream and introduces “soft ice cream”, which has come to be one of the most popular desserts served in the summer.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.14whsc.com/", "date": "2024-04-20T01:56:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817463.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419234422-20240420024422-00101.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.961899995803833, "token_count": 130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__183408478", "lang": "en", "text": "14 West Hamilton Street Club\nThe 14 West Hamilton Street Club, a group of Baltimoreans who enjoy good company, lively conversation, and excellent meals, was formed in 1925. Since the 1930s, it has occupied the historic row house at 14 West Hamilton Street in Baltimore’s Mount Vernon district.\nThe Club draws members from a variety of professions and avocations: medicine, the law, journalism, architecture, the arts, and scholarship (both vocational and avocational), along with members of Baltimore’s business and civic community. It was the first social club in the Mount Vernon neighborhood with both men and women as regular members.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://racepass.com/o/pretoria-marathon-club", "date": "2024-02-22T15:10:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00578.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9309426546096802, "token_count": 248, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__122255260", "lang": "en", "text": "Pretoria Marathon Club\nWelcome to the historic Pretoria Marathon Club (PMC), the oldest running club in Pretoria! Established over four decades ago, PMC boasts a rich legacy that has shaped the running community in the region. In 2013, we proudly celebrated our 40th anniversary, marking years of passion, dedication, and countless running milestones.\nFounded by the esteemed George Claassen Sr., a key figure in the club and father of the iconic Springbok captain Wynand Claassen from the '80s, PMC has become a cornerstone of Pretoria's running culture. In honor of our founding member, we host the prestigious annual race named after George Claassen Sr., a testament to the enduring spirit and commitment to excellence that defines PMC.\nOver the years, PMC has been a breeding ground for exceptional runners, with many achieving silver or gold medals in the renowned Comrades Marathon. Join us at the Pretoria Marathon Club, where history meets the road, and every stride is a part of our proud legacy. Whether you're a seasoned athlete or a newcomer to the running scene, be a part of our community as we continue to make history one race at a time.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://springvalleyeda.org/events/root-river-antique-tractor-show/", "date": "2022-10-04T20:01:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337524.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004184523-20221004214523-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8163834810256958, "token_count": 110, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__35181981", "lang": "en", "text": "Root River Antique Tractor Show\nAnnual Antique Engine & Tractor Show – the 40th Year\nPresented by: The Root River Antique Historical Power Association, Inc.\nWhen: Friday through Sunday, July 15th, 16th & 17th 2022\nFeaturing: Oliver Tractors & Equipment\n2nd Feature: Classic Cars and Chain Saws\nWhere: Spring Valley, MN\nShow Ground Gates Open 7:00 a.m.\nRoot River Antique Historical Power Association is a Registered Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://siranjofuw.co.ke/index.php/2018/12/11/jamhuri-day-trooping-the-colours/", "date": "2019-06-24T09:35:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999298.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624084256-20190624110256-00364.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9446542263031006, "token_count": 576, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__136031273", "lang": "en", "text": "Trooping the Colours\nThis is a ceremony performed by the regiments of the British and Commonwealth armies since C 17th. On battlefields, a regiment’s colours, or flogs, were used as rallying points. Regiments would have their ensigns slowly march with their colours between the soldiers’ ranks to enable soldiers to recognize their regiments’ colours.\nThis event marked the official birthday of the British sovereign, which is held in London on Horse Guards Parade.\nOn this particular ceremony (usually held annually on a Saturday in June), the Queen travels down the Mall from Buckingham Palace in royal procession with a sovereign’s escort. She receives a royal salute, and inspects her troops. Music is also provided by the massed bands from the particular troops.\nOther countries practicing the trooping of colours include Australia, Canada, Jordan, Malaysia, Malta, Singapore and Kenya.\nIn Kenya, Trooping of Colours takes place on Jamhuri Day.\nJamhuri Day, also Independence Day, is a National holiday in Kenya celebrated yearly on December 12.\nHaving been very keen to the events that take place in this particular day, here is a list of activities you should expect this Jamhuri Day in the Central Stadium.\n- The ceremony begins at 11:30 am after the President of Kenya takes the national salute and inspects the parade.\n- The bad plays a slow march followed with a quick march.\n- The lone drummer the breaks away to take his position besides number one guard to play the drummers call thus signaling the officers of number one guard to take positions to receive the colour.\n- The escort for the colour then marches off to collect the colour as the massed KDF band plays the chosen Kenyan Tune.\n- After the handover and as the escort presents arms, the first verse of the Kenya National Anthem is played.\n- The escort to the colour marches off in a slow march to the tune of the British grenadier guards.\n- The first tune normally played during the march is always “By land and sea.”\nOther relevant facts.\n- It was a strict tradition of the Kenya Defence Forces to withhold information on its activities during public holidays.\n- Jamhuri Day’s celebration are usually reserved for the trooping of colours by various units of KDF.\n- The history of trooping the colour is as old as formation of armies in the C 17th, which originated an old Guard Mounding Ceremony. At this ceremony, the Queen’s colour symbolized the country’s sovereignty.\n- The Colonial Queen’s and Regimental Colours were superseded by todays Presidential and Regimental Colours respectively after Kenya attained independence. The colours symbolize the spirit of the Regiment.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.mcaknights.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=387002&type=d&pREC_ID=879844", "date": "2024-03-03T23:10:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00683.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9460654258728027, "token_count": 319, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__168677765", "lang": "en", "text": "The annual Tour of Texas is the highlight of the 6th grade year. Texas history is begun in class and continued on the road with a 4-day tour of the great State of Texas in April among the blooming Texas wildflowers. Students experience interactive history through visiting key historical areas that cover the timeline of Texas history. The roadmap takes us to Abilene's Frontier Texas Museum where students learn about the ranching industry. The Alamo in San Antonio is a favorite, and of course, the great Texas State Capitol and Bob Bullock Museum in Austin rank high also. Dallas features The George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. Recreational fun provides an exhilarating diversion after a day of travel and study. Students will hear the timeline of Texas history many times along the journey, but that is not the only reason for this excursion. It is an opportunity for both core day students to interact and get to know one another outside of the school setting, which builds unity looking forward to joining hearts and minds in their 7th grade year at the upper school.\nMCA sponsors an American History Trip for the junior class each year in May. The trip occurs over the first ten days of the summer break. The trip is an extension of school and is designed to enhance the American History class that the students will take in the fall as seniors. The trip also seeks to promote unity in the senior class and to reward students in good standing for their hard work. The trip visits Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Plymouth, New York City, Gettysburg and Washington, D.C.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://putlocker.tl/watch/EdBrNr7d-bravo-common-men-uncommon-valor.html", "date": "2023-05-29T12:30:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00533.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9110091328620911, "token_count": 100, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__72604880", "lang": "en", "text": "Bravo! Common Men, Uncommon Valor\nDirector: Ken Rodgers, Betty Rodgers\nGenres: Documentary, History, War\nCountry: United States\nRelease Year: 2011\nDuration: 118 min\nSynopsis: Twenty weeks before Khe Sanh, these men were boys, sitting in their mother's kitchens. Then they went to war. Through interviews, film footage, photographs and audio recorded in Vietnam in 1968, fifteen former Marines and Navy Cor...", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://africhome.com/emancipation-movie-download/", "date": "2023-09-23T00:07:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00527.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9699575304985046, "token_count": 261, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__156066482", "lang": "en", "text": "Emancipation is a 2022 American historical action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and starring Will Smith as an enslaved man in Louisiana in the 1860s who escapes his plantation.\nThe film, written by William N. Collage, is loosely based on the real-life story of Gordon (named “Peter” in the film), a former slave, and the photographs of his bare back, heavily scourged from an overseer’s whippings, that were published worldwide in 1863, giving the abolitionist movement proof of the cruelty of American slavery. The film also stars Ben Foster and Charmaine Bingwa.\nEmancipation had its first screening in Washington, D.C. on October 1, 2022, and was released in select cinemas on December 2, 2022, before its streaming release on December 9, by Apple TV+.\nThe film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the cinematography, action scenes and Smith’s performances, but criticized the screenplay, plot and its handling of real-life events.\nDisclaimer ⚠️ : This Content is Either forwarded From Other website Or Taken From the Internet, We Don’t Own Any Content.❌No copyright infringement intended, Fair Usage Applies❌", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://margatecatholic.org/about/", "date": "2018-01-18T01:28:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887054.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118012249-20180118032249-00314.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9665928483009338, "token_count": 336, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__106116084", "lang": "en", "text": "The parish of St Austin and St Gregory with St Anne in Margate is a Roman Catholic parish belonging to the Archdiocese of Southwark and part of the Thanet Deanery.\nSt Austin’s is a beautiful Church in the heart of Margate, on the corner of Charlotte Place and Victoria Road. (If you are coming from the sea front, bear right at the clock tower, proceed up the hill to Cecil Square and turn right at the traffic lights. Charlotte Square and Charlotte Place is the fourth turning on the left). Our parish, established in 1797, is centred round our historic church, which began its life in 1804 as a mission chapel. Although the exterior is modest, visitors are pleasantly surprised by its fine interior.\nEverybody is welcome to visit the Church for Mass, or any of our other services. We also have social events which are open to all. See our weekly newsletter Margate Parish News for information about events.\nOn March 1st 2012 the parish of Ss Austin & Gregory formally merged with the parish of St Anne, Cliftonville to form one new parish. The presbytery at St Anne’s is now closed and all administration and enquiries are dealt with by the Parish Office at St Austin’s.\nSt Anne’s Church is situated on the Eastern Esplanade, Cliftonville. Built in 1926, the Church was originally intended to accommodate over 1000 people. The present building was completed in the 1960s and remains an impressive building in the perpendicular gothic style. An important feature of the Church is the statue of St Anne with the Blessed Virgin Mary.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://forgeofwars.com/designs/american/ship_los_angeles.php", "date": "2020-02-27T13:02:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00088.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9769725799560547, "token_count": 978, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__102530316", "lang": "en", "text": "Designed by Stephen Huda\nThe Fleet 2300 Project was a revolution in naval technology and design. A century of haphazard design and construction of new classes had left the American navy with divergent capabilities that did not always complement each other. One class might boast a new hyperdrive while another had improved deflection grids but lacked the smartest missile launchers. It was the Shiny Toy Syndrome, and in the century after Contact we had many Shiny Toys to discover. To further exacerbate issues, it was often difficult to upgrade the ships since many of them were designed as more test bed projects than fully-realized modern warships. These ships did their duties well despite the difficulties, but the complaints of captains and crews were often legendary. The Fleet 2300 Project ended the series of sporadic upgrades and placed every advanced technology we knew how to build into the action. The Austin-class destroyer, Los Angeles-class heavy cruiser, and Empire-class battleship were the most successful results of that project.\nThe Los Angeles-class heavy cruiser was the last of the Big Three designs to come out of the Fleet 2300 Project, and very nearly did not make it into production at all. Design goals changed often over the twenty years it took to bring them to space. One administration would ask for heavy weapons. The next would ask for fighters. Another would say it has to be a command ship. Another would say it would have to operate independently. And many a congressman slipped some new requirement into the design proposal after a well-timed meeting with a major corporate donor. The shifting requirements were legion, and the plans changed all the way up through and after final production. Everybody wanted their fingers in on what everybody knew was the future of the American navy.\nThe prototype Los Angeles sailed out of Yosemite Yards in 2295 and promptly broke down. A year of rigorous testing and redesign helped the ship to set sail successfully in 2296. But stray harmonics in the hyperdrive nearly tore the ship apart when they tried to test it. Another year fixed that, but the maximum power engine test in 2297 resulted in three of the engines ripping away from the ship and burying themselves in the Lunar surface. The fourth engine held fast but refused to shut down, sending the ship into a dizzying acrobatic display that made most of the congressional witnesses throw up. The ones not inside the ship. Those inside would spend months in and out of the hospitals recuperating.\nDesperate to save the flagging design, Yosemite Yards sought accomplished fleet captains and experienced crewmembers to help them nail down all the gremlins. That was when Captain Olivia Wyatt joined the project. The experienced naval personnel explored the prototype from stem to stern and tore almost every cubic centimeter apart during the twenty-six month process. Congressional oversight nearly cancelled the project a dozen times and corporate protests against their favorite system being torn out, sometimes through brute force, filled the halls of Congress. But the prototype set sail again in early 2301 and passed every naval test.\nThe prototype did not enter service though. After six years of cutting, prodding, and poking, the admiralty noted distrust that the ship could be spaceworthy, despite the protestations of her crew, and refused to christen her. They did authorize the first construction run of eight new cruisers based on her though, and Yosemite Yards went to work. The eighth ship of the class had recently launched from her docks and was undergoing space trials on June 15th, 2304 with her sisters when the Shang attacked and destroyed Yosemite Yards. The War had come.\nThe surviving admiralty quickly rechristened every ship of the class in honor of cities destroyed or badly damaged by the Shang attack. They renamed the class after destroyed Los Angeles and even rushed the prototype into deployment. She became the USS Los Angeles. Those original cruisers and others soon built by other yards became the backbone of the American fleet in the early years of The War, and continued to serve until Wars End. Most have been retired since then, though they are still seen in system and corporate guard squadrons.\nThe Los Angeles comes equipped with two heavy spinal gravitic cannons and six forward-firing capital-class laser cannons for anti-ship use. Thirty-eight heavy missile turrets and dozens of anti-fighter weapons make her a more powerful warship than any Earth ship before the Fleet 2300 Project could boast. The hangar bay behind the armored wedge easily supports a squadron of Hellcats, numerous shuttles, and an armored Marine company. Her cargo bays can carry enough consumables for six months of deployment without resupply, and ships of this class often carry enough to maintain smaller warships attached to them.\nShe is a true multi-role warship and the lessons learned in her design and construction are followed to this day.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.ext2.org/microsoft-windows/", "date": "2014-03-07T15:50:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645491/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00067-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9583427309989929, "token_count": 405, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-10__0__76032115", "lang": "en", "text": "Microsoft Windows is a relatively old operating system, developed in the mid-1980s as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the increasing demand for computers with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI).\nEarly Versions of Windows\nThe first version of the Windows operating system didn’t allow windows to overlap, and came with a set list of applications (including Calculator, Calendar, and Reversi, among others). The next version, Windows 2.0, greatly improved over this fledgling system by allowing for overlapping windows, better keyboard shortcuts, and expanded memory. At this time, Windows still wasn’t really regarded as a stand-alone operating system, but as an extension of MS-DOS for users who preferred to use a GUI for accessing applications. It wasn’t until the 1990s that Windows became more recognizable as the precursor to Windows Vista, Windows 7, and other modern forms of the operating system.\nToday, Windows is a full-fledged operating system, with very few applications requiring users to understand how MS-DOS works. Application windows are still stackable, and several other features have been added to the operating system over the years to improve stability, security, and ease of use. There’s also a much greater variety of software available for use with Windows, with most computers already coming pre-installed with more Windows software than the earliest versions were capable of running. The System Restore function was introduced with Windows Millennium Edition, which allowed a computer’s settings to be rolled back to how they were at a previous backup point, for ease of maintenance. The NT family of Windows operating systems was also introduced for business use, which offered corporate environments more reliability with the NTFS-based Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft is already working on their operating system‘s next incarnation, Windows 8. While the details haven’t been released yet, it promises to be another easy-to-use addition to the Windows operating system family.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/history", "date": "2024-04-18T11:41:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817206.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418093630-20240418123630-00537.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9626825451850891, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__24515914", "lang": "en", "text": "Kozhikode Corporation is the oldest municipal corporation in Kerala, founded in 1962. H Manjunatha Rao was the first mayor of Kozhikode Municipal Corporation. Kozhikode Corporation is the municipal corporation responsible for the administration of the city. The mayor is responsible for the administration of the corporation. Corporation consists of four constituencies - Kozhikode North, Kozhikode South, Beypore and Elathur. They are part of the Calicut Parliamentary constituency. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 75 wards, from which the members of the Corporation Council are elected for a term of five years.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://westcoastrap.club/disco/cia-1", "date": "2024-02-29T08:20:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00365.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9817944765090942, "token_count": 361, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__47392976", "lang": "en", "text": "|Los Angeles, CA\nC.I.A., also known as Cru' in Action!, was a rap trio from the Los Angeles rap scene in the 1980s. The group consisted of K-Dee, Sir Jinx, and Ice Cube. Initially known as Stereo Crew, they changed their name to C.I.A. and signed with Kru Cut Records, a sublabel run by Grandmaster Lonzo of the World Class Wreckin' Cru.\nC.I.A. made their debut at parties organized by Sir Jinx's cousin, Dr. Dre, who was a member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru and later became part of the influential gangsta rap group N.W.A. In 1986, Stereo Crew released the single \"She's a Skag\" under Epic Records, but the group was dropped due to poor sales.\nThe trio went on to do backing vocals on the World Class Wreckin' Cru's song \"Cabbage Patch.\" In 1987, C.I.A. released their only single, \"My Posse,\" which was produced by Dr. Dre and featured the classic Roland TR-808 sound. However, shortly after the release of \"My Posse,\" Ice Cube and Dr. Dre, along with Eazy-E, formed the groundbreaking gangsta rap group N.W.A, while K-Dee and Sir Jinx went on to form Da Lench Mob.\nAlthough C.I.A's time as a group was short-lived, their involvement in the early days of the Los Angeles rap scene and their collaborations with influential artists like Dr. Dre and the World Class Wreckin' Cru played a significant role in shaping the trajectory of West Coast hip-hop.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://grandpark.seoul.go.kr/conts/contsView/en/S002002001002.do", "date": "2023-03-23T18:29:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00688.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9458054304122925, "token_count": 321, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__233898414", "lang": "en", "text": "Frequently Used Menu setting\nYou can easily navigate the site by setting the menu you frequently visit!\nOn November 1, 1909, the first\nzoo in Korea was established.\nKorea's first zoo was built in Changgyeongwon during the Japanese colonial period on November 1, 1909.\nIt was built 36th in the world and 7th in the Orient.\nAt the time of its opening, the zoo had a total of 361 animals of 72 species, including 121 mammals of 29 species and 240 birds of 43 species.\nThe Cultural Heritage Management Bureau, which was in charge of Changgyeonggung at the time,\nmade plans to restore the palace and create Seoul Grand Park for the ever-increasing number of\nvisitors and animals to protect historic cultural properties.\nChanggyeongwon Zoo 1910\n60th anniversary of the opening of Changgyeongwon\nGroundbreaking ceremony for Seoul Grand Park\nMovement of animals from Changgyeongwon\nConstruction began in 1978,\nOn May 1, 1984, Seoul Grand Park opened in Gwacheon.\nOn November 1, 2009,\nin commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the zoo's opening,\nThe Ape Pavilion was remodeled and opened along with the 100th-anniversary plaza and the time capsule was buried.\nSeoul Zoo began remodeling aging animal cages through preparing annual plans and has been striving to fulfill its role as a representative zoo of Korea by promoting exchanges internationally and by holding other international events.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://liongl.best/articles/how-did-slaves-get-to-new-orleans", "date": "2023-03-27T06:56:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00068.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9613755941390991, "token_count": 599, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__261484693", "lang": "en", "text": "How did slaves get to New Orleans?\nThe first slave ships from Africa arrived in Louisiana in 1719, only a year after the founding of New Orleans. Twenty-three ships brought slaves to Louisiana in the French period alone, almost all embarking prior to 1730.\nThe French introduced African slaves to the territory in 1710, after capturing a number as plunder during the War of the Spanish Succession. Trying to develop the new territory, the French transported more than 2,000 Africans to New Orleans between 1717–1721, on at least eight ships.\nNow known as Algiers Point, the land directly across the river from the French Quarter was once the primary port of disembarkation for captive Africans brought to Louisiana in the transatlantic slave trade.\nThe city of New Orleans was the largest slave market in the United States, ultimately serving as the site for the purchase and sale of more than 135,000 people.\nThe first slaves from Africa arrived in Louisiana in 1719 on the Aurore slave ship from Whydah, only a year after the founding of New Orleans. Twenty-three slave ships brought black slaves to Louisiana in French Louisiana alone, almost all embarking prior to 1730.\nOn Sunday afternoons, city leaders allowed slaves to gather outside of the city north of Rampart Street. Originally, this area was called Place de Negres, or Place Congo. Eventually, the city grew past this gathering point and it became known as Congo Square.\nThere were few enslaved people in Louisiana before 1720. As in other New World colonies, efforts to enslave the indigenous population in Louisiana proved futile and contributed to the colonial authorities' decision to import enslaved Africans.\nAuction blocks in the sumptuous rotunda of the St. Louis Hotel, private residences, public parks, decks of ships moored along the Mississippi, high-walled slave pens, and commercial complexes such as Banks Arcade all served as sites for the buying and selling of human beings.\nLouisiana's current constitution allows slavery and indentured servitude as punishment for a crime.\n“They went to Louisiana because it was another colony of France,” says Henry. “It was part of the French network.” Now, people had been fleeing Haiti over the course of this 13-year revolution to go live in other French colonies.\nDid the Spanish bring slaves to Louisiana?\nDuring the Spanish regime, the total population of Louisiana increased from 10,000 to 30,000, and the enslaved population likewise increased from 4,500 to nearly 13,000.\nIn the middle of the night of April 24, Admiral David Farragut led a fleet of 24 gunboats, 19 mortar boats and 15,000 soldiers in a daring run past the forts. Now, the river was open to New Orleans except for the ragtag Confederate fleet. The mighty Union armada plowed right through, sinking eight ships.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://elliottwavestreet.com/post/the-bretton-woods-agreements/", "date": "2023-10-04T19:41:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511406.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004184208-20231004214208-00268.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9748100638389587, "token_count": 710, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__164005994", "lang": "en", "text": "Very few events, in the development of the world economy, have had this kind of impact than the Bretton Woods Agreements. The Yalta Conference was to the political scene, what these agreements, were to the economic scene, they had to become the pillars to settle the reconstruction of the new world order which was under the devastating effects of the Second World War. A war created these agreements, but another war put an end to them, 27 years later. From the Bretton Woods Agreements, The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were born.\nThe Genesis of the Bretton Woods Agreements\nIt was the year of 1944. The Second World War was underway, but really close to its final conclusion. The chosen scenery was the Mount hotel, in the small community of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. There, 44 nations gathered, to set the new foundations required to rebuild a decaying Europe, and with it, a new form of monetary stabilization. A few weeks later, the attack on Normandy was about to happen, marking the beginning of the end, of the wartimes initiated by Germany.\nFor almost 3 weeks, on July 1944, began a conference to discuss two models to rebuild and stabilize the economy. On one side, Harry Dexter White, the U.S treasury department official and on the other side, John Maynard Keynes, a British economist. Keynes wanted a unique and nonnational monetary system, he named it Bancor. Meanwhile, White had the idea of a monetary exchange system, using the American dollar and their own gold reserves.\nOf course, one of them had more advantages. During the war, United Stated accumulated huge product reserves from its industrial development and the selling of weapons to countries in wartimes. The same was happening with some emerging nations, which their primary productions, linked to food products, such as Argentina, saw a growth in their reserves.\nFinally, it was the American proposal that was imposed and a parity of $35 an ounce of gold was established. Thus the United States became a kind of central bank with global characteristics and its main function was to print banknotes and accumulate gold. In addition, the US was going to have the task of “financing” the reconstruction of a Europe that was totally in ruins. The Bretton Woods Agreements were the end of the pound sterling as a reference currency.\nThe agreements also helped in the creation of the IMF and the World Bank, credit organisms that worked with each country’s capital. From the initial 8.000 million dollars required for it to work, the United States would provide 31%. The IMF had the mission of financing the fiscal deficits of all these countries, using midterm credits, but at the same time, it set the economic guidelines of those countries, to guarantee the repayment of these credits.\nThe End of Bretton Woods\nWhile almost all nations, required to create goods and services, the United States only had to print bills. By 1970, and as a consequence of the pressure to finance the war in Vietnam, the United States flooded the markets with dollars, depleting the gold reserves in the process. President Richard Nixon, with the advice Paul Samuelson, devalued the North American currency, and on August 15, 1971, he declared the inconvertibility of the dollar to gold.\nThus, the Bretton Woods Agreements came to an end, and with it, the imposition of the floating exchange rates in the whole world, starting a new era of crisis.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://www.damsiterecreationalarea.com/", "date": "2015-03-02T23:06:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463093.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00097-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9794039726257324, "token_count": 200, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-11__0__99380004", "lang": "en", "text": "Damsite Recreational Area offers the only accommodations in the Elephant Butte State Park. We have private cabins and guest suite lodging available as well as scenic dining. We are conveniently located for avid fishermen, sailboaters, campers, boaters, families, and sightseers. We welcome private groups and companies interested in hosting large events such as family reunions, retreats, and trainings.\nDamsite Recreational Area offers a very unique history. Much of the area was constructed in the early 1900s as part of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Damsite Recreational Area was one of the largest projects in New Mexico under the CCC. These projects included the construction of the Elephant Butte Dam, Lodge, and Cabins. The Lodge has been fully restored. It originally served as the administrative and engineering building for the construction of the Elephant Butte Dam. The Cabins were built in 1940 and are currently being remodeled in keeping with historic tradition.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.igoldrush.com/about", "date": "2024-02-29T12:44:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474808.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229103115-20240229133115-00335.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9769845604896545, "token_count": 493, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__209006358", "lang": "en", "text": "iGoldrush was launched in 1996 when there was no domain ‘industry’ to speak of, and the Internet was still in its infancy.\nAt the time there were an estimated 500,000 domain names registered, and most people didn’t even know what a domain name was. In comparison, nowadays, the same number of domains are registered every few days. There was very little information available that could help someone understand what a domain name was, how to register one, or even what purpose it served, and those were some of the questions that iGoldrush set out to answer.\nThe founder of iGoldrush was Edwin Hayward, an early pioneer and still a well respected participant in the domain industry. The site provided a complete overview of the industry and how domains work, posted new and archived domain news, provided a showcase for users to buy and sell domains, and explained how to make money from domain names. iGoldrush became an instant hit, being quoted on thousands of websites, cited in dozens of printed news articles, and known to this day by many long-time domainers as their first introduction to the industry.\nIn 2000, Paul Goldstone (online entrepreneur, domainer, registrar, and good friends with Hayward) took the reins and became the new owner and manager of the site. At that time iGoldrush was re-launched with a new look, updated news and articles, and new information to meet the ever changing domain industry. Over the course of the next 8-9 years the website underwent minor updates, and although still cited as a great resource for domainers, was in dire need of a complete overhaul to get up to date with the industry.\niGoldrush was re-developed by a group of individuals with over 35 years of combined experience in the domain industry, led by Paul Goldstone. Among other updates, the design was given a full facelift. The domain guide was completely re-written, top company reviews and useful domain resources were added and updated and a discussion forum was implemented. The website was officially re-launched back to its former glory in April 2010 at which point iGoldrush also welcomed Victor Pitts to the team.\nToday, iGoldrush is known as the most comprehensive and up-to-date source of domain name information, industry news, legal matters, resources, and a meeting place for both newbies and experts alike.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://gateway-ranch.ticketleap.com/sunday-soul-session-at-the-old-red-roost/details", "date": "2023-10-03T08:40:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511055.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003060619-20231003090619-00631.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.976081907749176, "token_count": 317, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__171661381", "lang": "en", "text": "Ari Neufeld and Nico Boesten are going to treat y'all to a real grass roots concert...bring your own chair, bring your own snacks and refreshments and we supply the music and the breathtaking view! The Gateway Ranch was established in 2019 on a rugged 10 acre property nestled in the mountains of the Similkemen Valley, 3000ft above sea level. Here amidst Crown Land and cattle range you get the feeling you are in the middle of nowhere, yet you are only a half hour away from Oliver, Penticton or Kermeos. It is the ideal place for small gatherings and musical events.\nOnce known as the “Red Roost”, a local gathering spot and garden centre, the ranch was home to Larry and Janet Burbidge, who built it in 1995. They were well known in Kaleden and the Twin Lakes for their garden parties, Easter egg hunts, Secret Santa parties and many “teas” or luncheons that they held for their clients, the locals and their neighbours. They made the ranch a gathering place where people could connect and they were well known for their never-ending gardening projects as well as for their beautiful home decor shop, which was the centre of many community events. This event is a tribute to Janet who passed in May this year and also a celebration of communtity brought together by music...\"the new normal\" is going back to basics!\nParking is roadside beyond the cattle guard.\nGates at 3pm\nMusic from 5-7pm", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "http://rmadisonj.blogspot.com/2012/11/all-saints-day-2012.html", "date": "2017-03-25T05:47:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00453-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9636985063552856, "token_count": 659, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__189987122", "lang": "en", "text": "All Saint's Day 2012\nThe vigil of this feast is popularly called \"Hallowe'en\" or \"Halloween\".\nSolemnity celebrated on the first of November. It is instituted to honour all the saints, known and unknown, and, according to Urban IV, to supply any deficiencies in the faithful's celebration of saints' feasts during the year.\nIn the early days the Christians were accustomed to solemnize the anniversary of a martyr's death for Christ at the place of martyrdom. In the fourth century, neighbouring dioceses began to interchange feasts, to transfer relics, to divide them, and to join in a common feast; as is shown by the invitation of St. Basil of Caesarea (397) to the bishops of the province of Pontus. Frequently groups of martyrs suffered on the same day, which naturally led to a joint commemoration. In the persecution of Diocletian the number of martyrs became so great that a separate day could not be assigned to each. But the Church, feeling that every martyr should be venerated, appointed a common day for all. The first trace of this we find in Antioch on the Sunday after Pentecost. We also find mention of a common day in a sermon of St. Ephrem the Syrian (373), and in the 74th homily of St. John Chrysostom (407). At first only martyrs and St. John the Baptist were honoured by a special day. Other saints were added gradually, and increased in number when a regular process of canonization was established; still, as early as 411 there is in the Chaldean Calendar a \"Commemoratio Confessorum\" for the Friday after Easter. In the West Boniface IV, 13 May, 609, or 610, consecrated the Pantheon in Rome to the Blessed Virgin and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary. Gregory III (731-741) consecrated a chapel in the Basilica of St. Peter to all the saints and fixed the anniversary for 1 November. A basilica of the Apostles already existed in Rome, and its dedication was annually remembered on 1 May. Gregory IV (827-844) extended the celebration on 1 November to the entire Church. The vigil seems to have been held as early as the feast itself. The octave was added by Sixtus IV (1471-84).\nNew Advent, which only tells us what it says there, in tiny print, about Halloween. But I got that.\nOtherwise, what is there to say that hasn't been said before?\nIn the communion of the Holy Spirit, with the faithful and the saints in heaven, with the redeemed in all ages, with our beloved who dwell in thy presence and peace, we, who still serve and suffer on earth, unite in ascribing:\nTHANKSGIVING, GLORY, HONOR, AND POWER UNTO THEE, O LORD OUR GOD.\nGlory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,\nAS IT WAS IN THE BEGINNING, IS NOW, AND EVER SHALL BE, WORLD WITHOUT END. AMEN.", "domain": "history"}
{"url": "https://www.shawpallet.com/supporting-the-local-community/", "date": "2023-12-05T12:43:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00244.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9698063731193542, "token_count": 369, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__93500682", "lang": "en", "text": "We have sponsored this unique festival ever since it was launched 30 years ago and we are delighted to have seen it grow over the years to become an internationally renowned event.\nSlaithwaite Beer Festival\nAn annual charity event where local businesses fund and sponsor barrels so visitors have the widest possible choice and the event raises the maximum possible for local charities and good causes\nKeeping Huddersfield Town’s Heritage Alive\nWe are proud to support our local team. Several of our employees (directors and staff) have been season ticket holders for many, many years. Over that time, we have endured defeats and relegation and enjoyed the triumphs of promotion and even the odd trophy – never more so than on 29th May 2017 when the Terriers won promotion to the Premier League.\nIn 1994, when Huddersfield Town moved from their Leeds Road ground their new stadium nearby (now known as the John Smiths Stadium), the team at Shaw Pallet decided that some heritage from the old ground needed retaining and so bought the fabric of a turnstile gate from the Bradley Mills End of the Leeds Road ground; which was subsequently re-constructed ‘brick by brick’ next to the company’s main Slaithwaite factory gate.\nThe old turnstile stood as the company’s official personnel entrance for ten years until it was damaged by a heavy storm; it was then donated to the club who organised a second rebuilding exercise and incorporated it into a secure area at the John Smiths Stadium where it has been featured on TV on numerous occasions and especially so upon the club’s return to the top flight of English football.\nWe were delighted to see the turnstile gate used as the backdrop for Huddersfield Town’s 2018/19 home kit launch.", "domain": "history"}