Making informed decisions helps you save money in the long run, especially if you’re in the market for high-efficiency irrigation systems. For instance, knowing how much electricity sprinkler and drip irrigation systems use can help you account for future expenses. So, how much electricity does an irrigation system use?
An irrigation system uses 0.59 kWh/m3 (730 kWh/ac-ft) of electricity. Factors such as the power and efficiency of the pump, lifting the water to the surface, required water pressure, component wears, and leaks influence how much electricity the irrigation system uses.
Today, you’ll learn about how much electricity sprinkler and drip irrigation systems use and the factors influencing how much energy they require. Also, you’ll pick up formulas that you can use to calculate the energy requirements of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems.
What Are the Energy Requirements of an Irrigation System?
Understanding the energy requirements for your irrigation system can help save hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars every year.
The average energy requirements of an irrigation system is 0.59 kWh/m3 (730 kWh/ac-ft). Pump power and efficiency, required water pressure, and vertical lift determines how much electricity these systems use. Component wear and leaks in the system can increase energy usage while reducing efficiency.
However, the energy requirement varies depending on whether you want to use the irrigation system for domestic use. For instance, watering your kitchen garden, greenhouse, and backyard garden isn’t as resource-intensive as maintaining a 1-acre (4046.86 m2) farm.
Factors Influencing Energy Costs of an Irrigation System
Let’s break down the factors determining how much you’ll spend every month on your energy bills.
1. Pump Power and Efficiency
The power rating of the pump is how much force the device has to move water from one location to another. In the U.S., horsepower (hp) is the standard unit of measurement for power. Generally, pumps with high horsepower consume greater amounts of electricity to operate.
Next is how efficiently the pump converts electricity to move the water for irrigation. An ideal system will have 100% efficiency. However, in the real world, the pump has to overcome friction.
Also, if you observe a working pump, you’ll notice it produces heat and noise. According to the second law of thermodynamics, energy can change from one form to another, but it can neither be created nor destroyed.
Following this law, some of the heat (energy) and noise (energy) generated come from electricity (energy).
2. Vertical Lift
The pump of an irrigation system has to draw water from the source and move it to its surface. This distance between the two is known as lift —the greater the lift, the more work the pump has to do while operating. And, the more work the pump has to do, the more money you’ll be spending.
3. Water Pressure
Suppose there isn’t sufficient pressure in the irrigation system. In that case, it results in wastage of water, increasing energy costs.
For example, high water pressure in sprinklers can result in misting. As the water droplets are tiny, they evaporate quickly. Also, winds can push them further away, causing significant water loss.
In this case, the pump will need more water than usual for irrigation, increasing its energy requirements.
4. Component Wear
Component wear is natural due to the presence of impurities in water. Due to the water pressure in the system, these impurities erode various parts of the pump, decreasing its efficiency. The less efficient the irrigation system is, the more money you’ll be spending without results.
Unfortunately, leaks are a problem that irrigation systems may face.
Leaks in the irrigation system increase the water volume required to irrigate the land, resulting in wastage. Therefore, you’re still paying for the same amount of water, but your system is actually supplying less, leading to high expenses with less results to show for it.
How Much Does a Sprinkler System Use?
A sprinkler system uses around 0.5 kWh of electricity a day, depending on the area size, amount of power, and amount of time used. For example, the amount of electricity used for commercial sites will be significantly higher than for residential, due to size, electrical power needed, and more use.
In the sections below, I’ll discuss how to calculate the electricity used for sprinkler irrigation systems, and go over which type of system is best for you.
Calculating Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Electricity Usage
As highlighted above, several factors influence how much energy an irrigation system requires.
If you want to find out how much electricity drip or sprinkler irrigation will use, you need to consider the following factors:
1. How Much Power the Irrigation System Will Use
Most manufacturers will print how much power the irrigation system will use during operation. If you cannot find this information, a simple search online should give you all the necessary details.
Another way to calculate the electrical power of any appliance is with this formula —
P = V x I.
P is power (measured in watts), V is voltage (measured in volts), and I is current (measured in ampere). The manufacturer will use ‘V’ to indicate the appliance’s voltage and ‘A’ for current.
E.g., If a pump uses 120 volts and 2 amperes, the power of this system is — 120 V x 2 A = 240 W.
2. The Amount of Time You Use the Irrigation System
How long do you plan on using the irrigation system throughout the day? Remember, you need to account for the size of the area you want to water. The larger the site, the more time it’ll take for irrigation.
Once you know the power and time requirements, it’s quite simple to calculate how much electricity the irrigation system will use.
Electrical consumption = Power x Time
Let’s assume you’re using the irrigation system for four hours daily, and its power rating is 240W.
Electrical consumption per day = 240 W x 4 h = 960 Wh
Energy companies measure electrical consumption in kilowatt-hours. Divide the above figure by 1000.
Electrical consumption in kWh = Power in kW ÷ 1000
960Wh ÷ 1000 = 0.96 kWh
To calculate how much it’ll cost, multiply the electrical consumption with the cost per kWh in your area.
Cost of irrigation per day = Electrical consumption in kWh x cost per kWh
Let’s assume it’s 15 cents per kWh.
Cost of irrigation per day = 0.96 kWh x $0.15 = $0.144 per day.
If you need to know the yearly cost, you can multiply the cost of irrigation per day with the number of days you’ve to operate the system.
Yearly irrigation cost = cost of irrigation per day x number of operating days
In this case, let’s say you only need to use the irrigation system for 200 days.
Yearly irrigation cost = $0.144 x 200 = $28.8 a year.
Is There a Difference to a Drip Irrigation System?
You now know how to calculate how much electricity each irrigation system will consume. But, is there a difference to a drip irrigation system? Let’s dive into which one is better in terms of power consumption.
There is a difference to a drip irrigation system. Drip irrigation reduces energy consumption by 50%. Its vertical lift and pressure requirements are low in comparison to sprinkler irrigation. Focused water delivery of drip irrigation also reduces its energy consumption.
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Irrigation Guide explains drip irrigation and its benefits.
However, this doesn’t always mean drip irrigation is the best option. Use the following factors to decide on which irrigation system you should choose:
- Availability of water.
- Climate and soil conditions.
- Energy and equipment costs.
- Plants you want to grow.
If you want to find out how much energy each irrigation system consumes, use this energy estimator from NRCS.
The average electricity consumption of an irrigation system is 0.59 kWh/m3 (730 kWh/ac-ft). Many factors affect the energy these systems require, including:
- Pump power and efficiency.
- Vertical lift.
- Water pressure.
- Component wear.
Regarding energy consumption, drip irrigation offers better value than sprinkler irrigation.


We do not collect sales tax for furniture delivered outside of Vermont, however many states do require you as a customer to report your purchase and submit the appropriate sales tax.
If you live in Vermont, our shopping cart will add the mandatory 6% Vermont State Sales Tax, plus any additional applicable local taxes to your invoice. However, watch for special Tax FREE Days offered by our state government. If you've been planning to make a purchase, that's the perfect day to do it -- No Tax! We'll announce Vermont Tax Free Days on our blog.
If you live in another state and are buying furniture and having it shipped to your home outside of Vermont, check with your state sales tax department regarding their policy on Internet purchases. In many states, customers are responsible to pay sales tax to their state department of taxation. E-Commerce Blog provides additional information although the details are constantly changing-- best to treat it as a starting place for your research, rather than an authority.


Matching your equipment needs.
Every Hackney customer has unique foodservice equipment needs. Whether you already have existing foodservice equipment or have no equipment at all, we work together to develop a foodservice solution that works for you. Plus we provide hands-on equipment and food training, either in store or at one of our facilities.
Easy equipment financing.
H.T. Hackney wants to help you get started. Our easy equipment financing options enable retailers to quickly and easily launch new and exciting food options to their customers and create new profit centers. We also provide examples of average profit margins. H.T. Hackney makes it easy to estimate and calculate your return on investment so that you can know what to expect.


IPO is the short form of Initial Public Offer.
There are two types of markets in the stock market.
1. Primary Market
2. Secondary Market
When we talk about the share or stock market, we are talking about the secondary market. But there is also one more market called the Primary Market.
Primary Market is where we buy shares directly from the company when it offers its shares to the general public for the first time (Initially). Hence the term Initial Public Offer. It is a place where the transition of a company from being privately held to publicly held takes place. Once a company offers its shares to the public, it no longer remains private and becomes a public company. Primary Market is sometimes also called as IPO market.
(In case you don’t understand what privately and publicly held companies are: if you can buy shares of a company it means it is a publicly held company and if not it is a privately held company.)
Secondary Market (a.k.a The Stock Market) is where we buy shares from other persons who have previously bought shares from the company in the primary market and are selling it in the secondary market.
When we buy shares from share market (secondary market) the company doesn’t get any money. We are simply buying shares from some other person and that other person gets the money. (This other person might have bought it directly from the company during its IPO or they may have bought it from yet another person)
But when we buy shares from a primary market, during the IPO of the company, it is only at this time that the company gets money from the public.
So, in conclusion, IPO is the process through which a company transitions from being a privately held company to publicly held company by offering its shares to the general public.
I have already covered How to buy shares in the secondary market in my previous article. In case you are wondering how to buy shares directly from the company during its IPO, I will soon write an article explaining the same.
I want to thank you for reading this article. I truly appreciate that. I hope by reading this article now you understand what is an IPO. If you have any queries, questions or suggestions please comment below. If you liked this article share it with your friends and keep coming to this blog for more articles like this.
Thanks again for reading, I will see you in the next post.


Nav Coin is now available for trading on the LiteBit exchange platform. LiteBit trades in Euro pairs, meaning this is the first exchange to offer a NAV / FIAT pairing.
LiteBit operates slightly differently to a regular exchange. Most exchanges consist of buy and sell orders placed by users who have sent their coins to the exchange for trading. If I wanted to buy NAV on an exchange like this, I would have to look at the sell orders placed by users on the order books and place my own buy orders which match those amounts. The trade would then take place and I would be the new proud owner of some NAV.
The way LiteBit works is actually as an exchange service. They list the price they are currently selling NAV at in Euros and how many NAV they have available to purchase. You can then go ahead and purchase NAV at the fixed rate diretly with Euros sent from your bank account.
Once you are at least Tier 1 verified, you are also able to sell NAV to LiteBit at their flat rate. Their trading limits are based on verification levels and range from €350 to €35,000.00 per day.
The spread between buy and sell rates appears to be approximately 6% either way, which is more than you would find on a regular exchange. However, keep in mind that they are cutting out all the hassle and fees involved in selling NAV for BTC and then BTC for EUR and sending it to your bank account which can stack up to at least a few percentage and hours.
The user interface looks very nice and the website itself is easy to use. If you’re in the Eurozone and want to buy or sell NAV directly into Euros, then this is a great option for you.


The Lofitech Seal Scarer was developed in 1988 for the fish farming industry, and we have through all these years further developed the scarer to be more powerful, easy to install and work. At the moment we dare say that our seal scarer is the most effective, simplest to install and operate - and the cheapest system in the market.
The interest for Lofitech Seal Scarer is increasing, and the last years we have sold many Seal Scarers to fish farmers and fishing vessels in Norway, Finland, Faroe Islands, Sweden, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Russia, England, Scotland (also governmental institutions), Shetland, Iran, Namibia, South-Africa and Angola as well.
Today every Norwegian salmon farmer that have, or are afraid to get seal problems, has invested in our scarer. Nova Sea AS – a partly owned Marin Harvest salmon farming company in our region – have more than 40 seal scaring systems from Lofitech. They never put salmon into sea without having a Seal Scarer installed at the site at least 4 weeks before the fish come.
We see a new increasing marked in the construction of wind-mill parks, and we have delivered seal scarers to construction companies in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands and UK.


Beautiful and resilient,
hardwoods are highly coveted for home furnishings, furniture and
construction. However, they are also frequently associated with
unsustainable forestry practices and deforestation. Now, a British-based
company, Woodlink UK, offers a raft of sustainably sourced and certified
hardwoods, including a new and innovative product: sustainable,
plantation-grown Lyptus® timber.
Founded in 2007 and based in Halstead, Essex, Woodlink UK was previously
part of Germany's Anders Group timber specialists. Since January 2011 it
is wholly owned and managed by Cyril Williams. The company specializes
in the import and distribution of quality, sustainable timber including
walnut, white oak, maple, cherry, ash and tulipwood, and now Lyptus®.
Its customers include wood importers, timber merchants, builders and
high-class cabinet makers, among others.
Sustainability is an important part of the company's ethos and strategy.
Woodlink UK only trades in environmentally-friendly products from
sustainably-managed sources. It does not trade in tropical woods or
exotic species. All its sawn timber is sourced from North America.
The company has been PEFC certified from the outset. Implementing PEFC
certification across its operations was a relatively straightforward
exercise as the previous parent company, Anders, was already certified,
enabling Woodlink UK to build upon already existing processes and
audits. Today, 70-80% of the products it trades in are certified. The
entire stock of Lyptus® tropical timber is PEFC certified.
Hailing from plantations in near the east coast of Brazil owned and
operated by local company Fibria, Lyptus® is a naturally occurring
hybrid of two species of Eucalyptus tree, Eucalyptus grandis and
Eucalyptus urophylla. It has been developed for quick harvesting –
typically 15-20 years – and offers many of the advantages of traditional
tropical timber – durability, weather-resistance. Crucially, it is grown
on responsibly managed plantations making it a good alternative to
traditional hardwoods such as oak, cherry and mahogany that take decades
longer to mature. The plantations are certified to Brazil's Cerflor
national sustainable forestry standard which is recognized by PEFC
International. Another important feature of this wood is that it is
being grown on plantations which are interspersed with re-introduced
native species from the Atlantic Coastal Forests of Brazil. Thus, at the
same time as offering a sustainable supply of wood, these plantations
are also helping to restore the once severely depleted native forest to
Once harvested, the Lyptus® lumber and decking are produced by the
Aracruz Produtos de Madeira S.A. (APM) sawmill, a joint venture between
Fibria and Weyerhaeuser.
A strong, hardy, durable, rich-coloured wood, Lyptus® lends itself to
many external uses, including as decking and external frames among
others, as well as joinery. It aesthetic appeal was further confirmed at
this year's Royal Horticultural Society Chelsea Flower Show in London,
where it was a key feature of the 'Monaco Garden' – sponsored by the
Principality of Monaco under the patronage of Prince Albert – one of
this year's Gold Medal Winners. The garden's eye-catching Lyptus® wood
decking proved a particular hit with the judges and visiting public
alike. Since the Flower Show, Woodlink UK has reported a substantial
increase in demand for Lyptus® wood decking accompanied by a new-found
awareness of sustainability issues and the importance of certification.
More recently, in August 2011, Woodlink UK was short-listed for a TTJ
Market Development Award. Sponsored by Timber Expo 2011 and Trada
Technology, the TTJ Market Development Awards recognize excellence and a
commitment to sustainability in the timber industry. Now in their 15th
year, the 2011 TTJ Awards will be presented on 15 September 2011, in
London, UK. Woodlink has been nominated for its PEFC-Certified Lyptus®
PEFC certification has certainly yielded benefits for Woodlink UK.
According to company owner Cyril Williams, being able to offer certified
products gives the company a market advantage. Customers are
increasingly demanding certified products from sustainably managed
sources; what is more, they are often prepared to pay a premium for such
products. Similarly, certified products give Woodlink UK access to new
customers and sectors. For example, architects and members of the
building profession are increasingly insisting on using certified
products only. In the current market and commercial environment, this
places a company like Woodlink UK in a more favourable position than
other potentially non-certified suppliers. Now, the introduction of
fully PEFC-certified Lyptus® wood is set to strengthen this position
further. By offering a rapidly renewable, fully sustainable, viable
alternative to tropical timber, Woodlink UK is in a unique position to
be able to respond to customer and market demand while at the same time
making an important contribution to sustainable forest management.
In addition to supplying customers with wood and tropical timber
products, Woodlink UK is also involved in raising awareness among its
customers and members of its supply chain of the importance and benefits


I am a Forsyth County resident of almost 13 years and have two young children. Not only do I have an in-depth knowledge of the local real estate market but I am involved in this community. Allow me to help you find your home, your favorite park, the best local restaurant, ballet lessons to baseball practices. My expertise will help you transition from new homeowner to a well informed local!
*Based on a 30-year fixed rate of 4.75% with 20% down. The estimated payment is offered for convenience and is not an offer of credit. Due to market fluctuations, interest rates are subject to
change at any time and without notice. Interest rates are also subject to credit and property approval based on secondary market guidelines. The rates shown are based on average rates for
our best qualified customers. Your individual rate may vary. Rates may differ for FHA, VA or jumbo loans.


|Banknotes of Puerto Rico 50 Pesos Banknote of 1894, Banco Español de Puerto Rico|
|Puerto Rico paper money 50 Pesos banknote, Banco Español de Puerto Rico|
Puerto Rico banknotes, Puerto Rico paper money and Puerto Rican currency pictures.
This beautiful Spain colonial banknote shows a portrait of Queen Mother and Regent of Spain Maria Cristina on left and Christopher Columbus and his men sighting land at center right.
Puerto Rico began producing banknotes in 1766, becoming the first colony to print 8-real banknotes in the Spanish Empire and which in the Spanish government's approval of subsequent issues.
The situado was discontinued during the 19th century, creating an economic crisis, as a result of Mexico gaining its independence from Spain. Salvador Meléndez Bruna, the colonial governor in office, ordered the issue of provincial banknotes, creating the Puerto Rican peso. However, printing of these banknotes ceased after 1815. During the following decades, foreign coins became the widespread currency. In the 1860s and 1870s, banknotes reemerged. On February 1, 1890, the Banco Español de Puerto Rico was inaugurated and began issuing banknotes. The bank designed four series and placed three in circulation under Spanish rule. In 1895, a Royal Decree ordered the production of provincial peso coins.
On August 13, 1898, the Spanish-American War ended with Spain ceding Puerto Rico to the United States. The Banco Español de Puerto Rico was renamed Bank of Porto Rico and issued bills equivalent to the United States dollar, creating the Puerto Rican dollar. In 1902, the First National Bank of Porto Rico issued banknotes in a parallel manner. Two more series were issued until 1913. After Puerto Rico's economy and monetary system was fully integrated into the United States' economic and monetary system, the Puerto Rican dollars were redeemed for those issued by the United States Treasury.


As part of their digital innovation strategy to enhance customer satisfaction, the Spanish team of the international discount retailer Lidl was seeking a leading approach that would make it easier to explore its extensive online inventory.
Even though Lidl is known for offering high-quality grocery products, their catalog is more than just food. Everyweek they offer a new variety of products from household items, apparel, DIY tools and more.
With so many options to choose from, their customers are used to searching for any kind of low-priced offers. But, due to the ever-changing nature of these seasonal items, it became a tiresome task to keep up to date with all the new arrivals.
That’s why when the Christmas season started, Lidl wanted to find a solution that would improve the onsite customer experience and let them:
To make the discovery process simple and deliver a relevant experience to their consumers, Lidl Spain leveraged Discoverfy’s platform to build a Product Recommendation Quiz, which was strategically located to help visitors uncover all the new toys offered on the Christmas season.
By embedding their Gift Finder prominently on their website, consumers can save time and receive personalized product recommendations based on their preferences owing to an engaging quiz that complements their customer journey.
Lidl’s on-site Product Recommendation Quiz not only personalize the customer’s path to purchase, but also yielded the below results:


Hat, Sun Hat, Adult, Asia, Asian and Indian Ethnicities
Yangon, Myanmar - February 17, 2011: Passengers in a crowded boat watch a flock of seagulls fly about their boat as the driver carefully navigates out of the busy Yangon port. Yangon is the largest city of Myanmar and the Port of Yangon is the country's most import port, handling about 90% of the imports and exports of Myanmar. Tourism is a major source of income for the port which unfortunately has been down since the revolution of 2007 and Cyclone Nargis. The port is also home to many light industry zones, consisting of 2500 factories that account for a large percentage of local employment.


- Swap tokens with Uniswap
- Mint stablecoins with MakerDAO
- Lend crypto with Compound Finance
- Liquidity mining to boost yield with Compound Finance
- Yield farming with Curve Finance
- Automated investing with Yearn Finance
- DeFi dashboard with Zerion & Zapper
- DeFi 2.0 & Stablecoin Wars
- Deep liquidity with OlympusDAO
The previous three design course modules (1, 2, 3) cover important background information on Web3. Now, we enter the Web3 ecosystem, starting with Decentralized Finance (DeFi). This article will quickly give UX Designers a quick understanding of what DeFi is, DeFi’s foundational products, and where DeFi is heading in the future. By the way – there’s also a video version of this article just below.
DeFi, or decentralized finance, refers to a complex ecosystem of dapps that offer financial services without the centralized intermediaries of traditional finance like banks, stock/bond brokers, and fintech companies. It offers foundational services – somewhat infrastructural – that the greater Web3 ecosystem can build on. These services include:
- token swaps (Uniswap and Curve)
- stablecoins for payments (MakerDAO and DAI)
- lending/borrowing crypto (Compound)
- automated fund managers (Yearn Finance)
- dashboards (Zerion)
Just like in traditional finance, DeFi users want to earn yield on their crypto to grow their assets. DeFi is the cutting-edge of fintech. In this course module we review the flagship protocols that have laid the foundations for a thriving DeFi ecosystem. These are some of the most mature and battle-tested dapps in the entire Web3 ecosystem. After discussing them, we move on and talk about the next wave of innovative protocols, called DeFi 2.0.
Swap tokens with Uniswap
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) allow users to swap between different tokens. It’s a simple use-case, but one of the most foundational dapps in the Web3 ecosystem. Before, users had to temporarily give up custody of their tokens to a centralized exchange to make swaps. DEXs, on the other hand, facilitate token swaps with open-source smart contracts and no intermediaries. Uniswap is one of the most well-known DEXs – let’s see how it works.
After connecting their wallets, users select which token they want to swap from (Token A), and which token they want to swap to (Token B). Uniswap then calculates the exchange rate between this token pair. This tells users how many of Token B they should expect to receive. In the case above, I’m swapping .02 ETH for about 40 DAI, with an estimated network fee of $7.32. I will need to have extra ETH in my wallet to pay this network fee.
Now let’s talk about what is happening under the hood. For example, where did the DAI come from that I swapped into? Decentralized exchanges use a different method than centralized exchanges for making these trades. Centralized exchanges (CEXs) use something called a central limit order book, or CLOB, to match buyers and sellers. Basically, buyers place bids for how much they are willing to pay for an asset, and sellers place bids for how much they are willing to sell an asset. The transaction is executed when there is overlap between the buy and sell bids. An order book for Bitcoin is shown above, where the green area represents buy orders, and the red sell orders.
CLOBs are costly to run on-chain because they are transaction heavy and benefit from fast transaction processing. Thus, DEXs implement a different approach to token swaps. Every token pair you can swap on a DEX has a liquidity pool. So, in the example above, I made my swap using Uniswap’s ETH-DAI liquidity pool. We see $54.82M of tokens are locked in the ETH-DAI liquidity pool, made up of 23.81M DAI and 15.52k ETH. As users make swaps on these liquidity pools by depositing Token A and withdrawing Token B, an algorithm automatically recalculates the exchange rate for the token pair. These algorithms are known as “automated market makers”, or AMMs, and are responsible for updating token prices on DEXs based on supply and demand dynamics.
Now, where do the tokens in the liquidity pools initially come from? Liquidity providers (LPs) are other Web3 users who want to earn yield on their tokens. Uniswap charges a trading fee (0.3%) on each swap, and this trading fee is distributed to the liquidity providers for that pool. LPs deposit Token A and Token B into a liquidity pool, and receive LP tokens in return. At any point, users can burn their LP tokens for their initial liquidity plus whatever trading fees have accrued to them.
So, those are the basics of DEXs. Liquidity providers deposit tokens into liquidity pools to earn trading fees. Traders use these liquidity pools to make token swaps. And, AMM algorithms reprice tokens within liquidity pools based on market conditions. Uniswap is not the only DEX out there. Other DEXs have been created that excel for different use-cases. For example, Balancer allows liquidity pools containing up to 8 different tokens, whereas Uniswap liquidity pools always contain only 2. And, Curve is a DEX focused on stablecoin swaps, resulting in less slippage and reduced risk of impermanent loss.
Speaking of stablecoins… The vast majority of Web3 tokens have volatile prices, but a subset of them, called stablecoins, are designed to maintain a stable price over time. This makes them more attractive as a medium of exchange compared to volatile tokens. As Ryan Selkis puts it, “no one wants to spend currency they believe will be worth 10% more tomorrow, and no one wants to accept currency they think could be worth 10% less tomorrow.” This leads into another foundational DeFi protocol, MakerDAO, which allows users to deposit their volatile tokens (e.g. ETH), and mint stablecoins for tax-free spending.
Mint stablecoins with MakerDAO
In the previous section, we swapped ETH for DAI stablecoins on Uniswap, but this is a secondary market for DAI. DAI is quite unique in how it is minted. DAI comes from a DeFi protocol called MakerDAO, where users deposit volatile assets into a Maker vault and then mint DAI stablecoins.
This is known as a collateralized-debt position (CDP), because the user borrows DAI against their collateral, and pays interest (i.e. “stability fee”) on the loan. In the picture above, users open a vault, deposit ETH into the vault, and then take out a DAI loan. The ETH is locked in the vault until users pay back the DAI loan, which is the principal amount plus whatever interest is owed.
MakerDAO requires that the collateral deposit is worth more than the stablecoin loan. This is known as “over-collateralization”, and is necessary when using volatile assets as collateral. For example, let’s say you deposit 1 ETH (worth $3000), and take out $2000-worth of DAI – this makes for a collateralization ratio of 150% (i.e. over-collateralized). If the price of ETH drops by 20% the collateral is now worth $2400, changing the collateralization ratio to 120%. The vault would still be over-collateralized, but could soon be under-collateralized if the price of ETH continues to drop. In fact, in the ETH-B vault pictured above, MakerDAO automatically liquidates the collateral to pay back the DAI loan, and closes out the vault, when the collateralization ratio drops below 130% (i.e. “min collateralization ratio”).
You may wonder what the point of this is. If these vaults need to be over-collateralized, then you’re essentially borrowing with money you already have. Aren’t loans about spending money you don’t have? We may eventually see under-collateralized crypto loans as Web3 matures. At a minimum we would need verified Web3 identities in order to track who has defaulted on their loans and assign credit scores accordingly. But still, for now, there are beneficial use-cases for crypto-collateralized stablecoins.
These stablecoin loans allow users to go long their collateral asset, while unlocking a portion of its value, in the form of DAI stablecoins, which can be used for payment throughout the rest of the Web3 ecosystem.
For example, if I’m bullish on ETH, and believe it will 2x within a year, then I want to continue holding ETH. In fact, I want to accumulate as much ETH as possible, and certainly do not want to swap my ETH for a stablecoin. Swapping ETH for a stablecoin hurts me in two ways. First, it triggers a tax event, and I will have to pay capital gains on my ETH. Second, I lose exposure to ETH’s upside potential during a bull run. Instead, borrowing DAI against my ETH with a Maker vault does not trigger a tax event, allows me to keep ownership of my ETH, while also freeing up liquidity so I can make payments in the meantime.
MakerDAO’s stablecoin, DAI, is decentralized and maintains its peg to the US dollar without reliance on reserves held by centralized entities, like USDT’s Tether and USDC’s Circle. Stable, decentralized assets are an important DeFi building block, and an open area of experimentation, which we’ll see later on.
You can think of MakerDAO as a protocol for self-loans; however, another class of lending protocols exist, like AAVE and Compound, that support peer-to-peer token lending. Lending protocols like these are foundational to DeFi because they establish lending/borrowing interest rates for a variety of tokens. Now, Web3 tokens have a time-value aspect to them, just like risk-free interest rates for fiat currencies in traditional money markets.
Lend crypto with Compound Finance
Compound creates a peer-to-peer lending marketplace for a variety of Web3 tokens. Suppliers are paid interest for depositing their tokens into lending pools. This has become a popular passive income strategy for Web3 users in DeFi.
Similar to how Uniswap liquidity providers receive LP tokens, Compound suppliers receive cTokens for depositing tokens into lending pools. At any point, users can burn their cTokens for their initial deposit, plus the interest that has accrued. For example, cETH represents ETH that is actively earning interest in Compound.
On the other end of things, borrowers take loans out on these lending pools. Borrowers first must supply tokens to a lending pool, and select to use the token as collateral for a loan.
Just like with MakerDAO, all Compound loans must be over-collateralized based on a collateral factor (similar to collateralization ratio). The collateral factor varies by token, but let’s say it’s 75%. It means I can only borrow up to 75% of the collateral I have deposited. So with $100-worth of Token A collateral, I can borrow at most $75-worth of Token B. This borrow limit is indicated to the user at the bottom of the modal (“Borrow Limit Used”) in the picture above. If the value of a borrower’s collateral drops then he is at risk of liquidation.
To close the position, borrowers repay the token loan back into the lending pool plus the interest payment they owe. Note that interest, for suppliers and borrowers, is paid in the token that is being lent/borrowed. Since I borrowed DAI in the example above, I made a small interest payment of DAI.
Compound is powered by smart contracts that automatically set interest rates based on the liquidity of tokens in the lending pools. Tokens with lower liquidity will have higher interest rates, as supply and demand dictate. These are “floating” interest rates meaning they change over time. Compound calculates an interest rate for each lending pool at every Ethereum block.
You can see why liquidity is important here. The lower the token liquidity, the more it will cost to borrow the token. This issue of liquidity is a challenge for all DeFi protocols – token liquidity is required to get the protocol off the ground, and to continue offering a usable service. Generally, the more liquidity the better, so DeFi protocols compete to attract liquidity to their platform.
So how do DeFi protocols attract liquidity in the first place? Compound was the first to try out liquidity mining. Compound distributes COMP – its native governance token – to its current suppliers and borrowers. This strategy worked well for Compound, and other DeFi protocols followed suit, leading to an explosion in liquidity in summer of 2020 (i.e. DeFi Summer).
Liquidity mining to boost yield with Compound Finance
Notice that suppliers on Compound are actually paid two interest rates. In the example above, where I’ve supplied ETH, one interest rate pays me back in ETH. This is from the interest paid by borrowers on their ETH loan. The other interest rate is paid in COMP. This is Compound’s liquidity mining reward, which is meant to incentivize me to keep my ETH liquidity locked in the protocol.
Back in 2020, Compound minted its COMP governance token with a fixed supply of 10M COMP. 4.2M COMP were allocated to its liquidity mining program, which distributes 1139 COMP tokens across its suppliers and borrowers on a daily basis. This will run for around four years until the allocated COMP runs out.
Compound was the first to implement liquidity mining, but many other DeFi protocols followed suit, using their own governance tokens as reward. These tokens give holders the ability to vote on governance proposals that could be anything from technical improvements to adjusting protocol parameters like interest rates and the list of assets approved for collateral (e.g. MakerDAO). Discussing protocol governance leads to the concept of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). This is an entire course module in itself that will be covered later. For now, understand that DeFi governance tokens have real-world value as they are traded on secondary markets, seen in the picture above.
Compound launched its liquidity mining program in June 2020. Other liquidity mining programs cascaded from there, leading to a boom known as “DeFi Summer”. Liquidity flooded into DeFi protocols as yields increased across the entire ecosystem. Look at the increase in Total Value Locked (TVL) in the chart above. The TVL chart shows all the token liquidity “locked” in all of the DeFi protocols on Ethereum. This could be tokens in DEX liquidity pools, Maker vaults, lending pools, and more. TVL is a great metric for comparing the health of DeFi protocols (e.g. AAVE versus Compound), as well as entire DeFi ecosystems (e.g. Ethereum DeFi versus Solana DeFi).
So far we’ve talked about several ways of earning yield on Web3 tokens, such as becoming a liquidity provider on a DEX, supplying tokens to lending pools, and participating in liquidity mining programs. In the next section we discuss another DeFi yield activity – staking – and show how DeFi users stack multiple yield activities on top of one another to maximize yield. This is known as yield farming.
Yield farming with Curve Finance
Staking is the idea of locking tokens to receive other additional token rewards, paid out over time. This is an odd idea at first, but locking tokens in stake pools can be beneficial to DeFi protocols – let’s look at why this might be.
Remember back to the first section how users receive LP tokens for depositing their tokens in a DEX liquidity pool. Not only is it important for DEXs to initially attract liquidity, but they also must retain liquidity to maintain good UX for its users. Some DEXs encourage users to stake their LP tokens in order to receive additional incentives.
Curve is a DEX for stablecoin swaps that offers this kind of LP token staking. Liquidity providers deposit tokens into a Curve liquidity pool, and receive Curve LP tokens. These LP tokens can be staked in Curve Gauge Pools where the user receives regular payouts of CRV tokens. Users are unable to remove their liquidity so long as their LP tokens are staked, and they are receiving CRV rewards. Do you see how this incentivizes users to keep their liquidity on Curve?
Staking increases yield for Curve liquidity providers. For example, in the first Curve liquidity pool above (“tricrypto2”), the yield is 1.89% from the pool’s trading fees; however, users receive additional yield – anywhere from 4.23% to 10.59% – paid in CRV tokens. This means, if I deposit $100-worth of liquidity in the pool, I’d expect to earn $1.89-worth of trading fees, plus $4.23-worth of CRV, annually.
Things do not end here on Curve. It has additional staking opportunities. Users can stake CRV in the Curve DAO for veCRV in return. veCRV is the governance token, so it allows users to make Curve governance decisions; however, it also boosts CRV rewards by up to 2.5x, which is veCRVs main draw. That’s why the CRV APYs – shown two images above – are displayed as a range (e.g. +4.23% – 10.59% CRV). Looking at the image above, CRV is time-locked anywhere from one week to four years. This takes CRV off the market, making it a deflationary asset, which some believe has led to its favorable price performance compared to other DeFi tokens.
Are you starting to see how yields can be stacked on top of each other? On Curve, users can deposit tokens into a liquidity pool to earn trading fees. They can then stake their LP tokens to earn CRV rewards. And then stake their CRV tokens to boost their CRV rewards. This is what “yield farming” is all about – stacking yield to maximize return on investment.
But all this makes my head spin. The yield farming I’ve described here is complex, manual, and costly. For example, CRV rewards accumulate over time and users must manually claim CRV on Curve’s UI (image above), which requires a transaction and costs a network fee. Yield aggregators – another class of DeFi dapps – solve these problems by automating yield farming for users. Users’ funds are pooled together in vaults that follow pre-programmed yield farming strategies designed for efficiency and maximal return.
Automated investing with Yearn Finance
Yearn Finance was one of the first yield aggregators. On Yearn, DeFi experts propose yield farming strategies and implement them as Yearn vaults that Web3 users can deposit tokens into. Essentially, these vaults aggregate a lot of tokens, and deploy them to various DeFi protocols, sharing the yield with its depositors (i.e. yToken holders).
Yearn vaults generally accept Curve LP tokens, and automate the yield farming process from here, such as moving tokens into different lending protocols in pursuit of the highest interest rate. Or, stake the LP tokens in other protocols, and automatically recycle the rewards back into the vault for a compounding effect.
This brings us to a concept called “token composability”, which is at the heart of yield farming. Essentially, Web3 tokens are interoperable with other protocols. DeFi tokens can be used throughout the DeFi ecosystem in order to stack rewards.
Let’s look at Yearn’s “Curve USDN” vault strategy. Users deposit crvUSDN tokens into this Yearn vault. Yearn then stakes these LP tokens in another DeFi protocol, Convex Finance, to earn CRV and CVX. As the vault earns tokens, Yearn automatically harvests them and converts them into more crvUSDN, which it cycles back into Convex Finance. This automation simplifies yield farming for users, and reduces their network fees. They only need to send two transactions: one to deposit tokens into a vault, and the other to withdraw tokens from the vault.
At this point in the article, we’ve discussed all the major DeFi building blocks: tokens swaps, minting stablecoins, lending/borrowing, staking, and yield farming. This all takes place across different protocols, often requiring the user to visit multiple web apps. This can make the DeFi ecosystem feel scattered. DeFi dashboards bring everything together for a more seamless UX. Let’s look at how dashboards take advantage of the open-source nature of Web3 to stitch DeFi protocols together into one dApp.
DeFi dashboard with Zerion & Zapper
DeFi dashboards provide the user access to multiple DeFi protocols all from one UI. The first way to think of these dashboards is that they extend wallet functionality. Popular browser extension wallets like MetaMask have small UIs with limited feature sets like viewing token balances and sending tokens to other wallets.
However, users can connect their wallet to a dashboard like Zerion to view their wallet as an asset portfolio, not just simple token balances. These portfolio views help users see how their wallet’s value changes over time. Also, Zapper allows users to bundle multiple wallets together so they can track the combined value of multiple wallets.
Dashboards also directly integrate multiple DeFi protocols into one UI. This is an example of open-source software composability. Web3 protocols are open-source so other projects can use them as building blocks in their own dApp. This is juxtaposed to the proprietary APIs of Web2 applications. Users can search for the best yields across the entire DeFi ecosystem, and directly deposit tokens into lending protocols (AAVE and Compound), liquidity pools (Curve, Sushi Swap, Uniswap), staking pools (Curve and Convex), and yield aggregator vaults (Yearn and Harvest). All accessed from Zapper’s “invest” tab.
These dashboards are packed full of other useful features. For example, the Zerion dashboard has “swap” functionality that searches across multiple DEXs to find the best exchange rate to execute a token swap. This is called a DEX aggregator, and is a convenience utility for Web3 users.
The thesis that we will live in a multi-chain world continues to be proven correct. More and more, people will use multiple blockchain networks, and will increasingly want to transact tokens between these cryptonetworks. Blockchain interoperability has a long way to go and Web3 ecosystems feel siloed; however, dashboards are well positioned to improve the UX here.
Zapper tracks the value of a user’s portfolio across 11 different cryptonetworks (all EMV-compatible). And, Zerion aggregates blockchain bridges so that users can transfer tokens to other Layer 1 cryptonetworks (BSC, Avalanche, Fantom), Ethereum Layer 2s (Optimism, Arbitrum), and sidechains (Polygon), all from one UI.
So that wraps up the first wave of DeFi from token swaps to dashboards. There are other protocols I consider slightly less foundational than what we’ve covered, but the curious reader may be interested to look into some of them. DeFi Derivatives platforms allow users to trade advanced financial instruments like options (Opyn), perpetuals (DyDx & Perp), and synthetic assets (Synthetix). Also, there are token index funds that diversify a single investment across multiple tokens (see Index CoOp). This is the same idea as ETF’s and mutual funds in traditional markets. Finally, there are insurance protocols that protect users from things like impermanent loss, and DeFi smart contract exploits (see Nexus Mutual).
DeFi 2.0 & Stablecoin Wars
Interest rates have been at all time lows in traditional markets over the past several years as the U.S. 10 Year Treasury Bond hit 0.60% APY in 2020. At the same time, DeFi was on the rise, giving investors alternative markets to earn much higher (albeit riskier) yields. All the DeFi products we’ve talked about were some of the first to find product-market fit in Web3, evidenced by the fact that they onboarded millions of users onto Ethereum; however, like any first iteration of technology, there exist some problems in the current DeFi ecosystem. Let’s discuss some of the problems facing DeFi 1.0, and peer into the emerging DeFi 2.0 landscape, which seeks to address them – starting with stablecoins.
Demand for stablecoins is rapidly increasing as the Web3 ecosystem is more and more in need of non-volatile assets for things like payment. There are many types of stablecoins each with their pros and cons. And it’s also an active area of experimentation as entrepreneurs search for optimal stablecoin designs. Let’s take a look at the different stablecoin categories.
The first category is fiat-collateralized stablecoins. These are, by far, the most popular right now based on market cap. Here, regulated companies, like Tether and Circle, issue stablecoins that are fully-backed by their fiat reserves. USDC and USDT are pegged to the US-dollar, but some stablecoins track other currencies (e.g. EURS). Historically, fiat-collateralized stablecoins have maintained their peg better than others; however, their fiat reserves are custodied within the traditional financial system. Governments have the ability to seize these reserves and undermine fiat-collateralized stablecoins, which many consider unacceptable for a means of payment in the world of Web3.
Enter crypto-collateralized stablecoins. This brings us back to MakerDAO where users can deposit crypto into Maker vaults and mint DAI – a stablecoin also pegged to the US-dollar. This is a big deal, because the crypto collateral backing the stablecoins cannot be seized by centralized entities. Thus, crypto-collateralized stablecoins are truly decentralized; however, the problem is that crypto is volatile, and using it as collateral is risky because the value of collateral can quickly fall below the loan’s value. Therefore, crypto-collateralized stablecoins must be over-collateralized, which isn’t an efficient use of capital.
MakerDAO was the first crypto-collateralized stablecoin protocol. Since then, other DeFi protocols have iterated on, and improved the original MakerDAO concept. For example, the crypto locked in Maker vaults is just sitting there, not earning yield. On Alchemix, users deposit crypto collateral to generate alUSD – Alchemix’s stablecoin. But here, Alchemix deposits collateral into Yearn Vaults that earn interest, which is used to automatically repay the user’s alUSD loan. It’s a self-repaying loan. Similarly, Abracadabra.Money supports yield-bearing tokens as collateral, like Yearn (e.g. yvDAI) and Convex (e.g. cvx3pool) tokens. But I digress – let’s move onto the third stablecoin category – algorithmic stablecoins.
The first two stablecoin categories are asset-backed. Either fiat reserves, or crypto collateral in vaults, support the price of the aforementioned stablecoins. A lot of recent experimentation has been done on algorithmic stablecoins, which have no assets backing them. An algorithm automatically maintains the peg of a stablecoin based on real-time market conditions for that stablecoin. This is usually done through mint and burn mechanics. Let’s pause and talk about the most popular algorithmic stablecoin – UST.
UST is built on the Terra blockchain, and is pegged to the US-dollar. UST is paired with Terra’s native token – LUNA, which is a volatile crypto asset. UST and LUNA can be exchanged in a 1:1 ratio with each other. At any point, 1 UST can be minted by burning $1-worth of LUNA. Alternatively, 1 UST can be burned in exchange for $1-worth of LUNA. Arbitrageurs utilize this mint-burn mechanism when UST is trading on centralized exchanges for a premium, or at a discount. For example, let’s say UST breaks its peg, and trades at $1.02 on a CEX. Arbitrageurs can burn $1-worth of LUNA, and mint UST in order to realize a 2% gain. On the other hand, if UST is trading at $.98, then it can be exchanged for $1-worth of LUNA. This is how UST maintains its peg.
However, it’s ironic that I’m writing this now. Just last week UST failed massively. There was a major sell-off in UST as investors lost faith, reflexivity kicked in, and caused an even greater sell-off. Billions of dollars of UST were liquidated over several days, and UST is sitting at around $.09 at the time of writing. This points to the immaturity of algorithmic stablecoins, and puts into question the feasibility of algorithmic stablecoins in general.
There is another category of stablecoin – fractional reserve stablecoins – that is a middle ground between algorithmic and crypto-collateralized. These stablecoins are partially crypto-collateralized hence the term “fractional reserve”, and partially rely on an algorithm to maintain their peg. FRAX is the most popular example of fractional reserve stablecoins.
All the stablecoins we’ve discussed so far are pegged to fiat currencies. The issue with this is that pegged stablecoins are beholden to central banks that control the monetary policies of fiat currencies. Some argue it’s unacceptable to have any reliance on central institutions in the decentralized Web3 ecosystem. The final category of stablecoins we talk about is non-pegged stablecoins. OlympusDAO is the most popular project in this space with its non-pegged OHM stablecoin.
“Stablecoin” is a bit of a misnomer for OHM. Currently, its price is around $17 – and it’s been as high as $1,300+. So OHM can be highly volatile, but one of the main features of OHM is its floor price, or risk-free value. Users exchange crypto with OlympusDAO for discounted OHM in a process called bonding. All bonded crypto is held in OlympusDAO’s treasury, which ensures a floor price of at least $1 OHM. Thus, the value of OHM is free-floating, but users can always have faith in the floor price, backed by Olmypus’ war chest.
This leads into the next problem that DeFi 2.0 is attempting to solve – that of deep, permanent token liquidity. OlympusDAO controls a massive treasury, which is a great example of an upcoming concept – “protocol controlled value” (PCV). The protocol can deploy liquidity as it sees fit to ensure liquidity for its native token, or to earn yield and grow the treasury larger. Also, their protocols can rent out their liquidity to help other protocols bootstrap token trading, or bolster their liquidity pools.
Deep liquidity with OlympusDAO
We know that liquidity is important in all aspects of DeFi. Without tokens in liquidity pools you can’t make swaps on DEXs, borrow tokens in lending protocols, and enact automated yield farming strategies. Without liquidity DeFi grinds to a halt. And the more liquidity the better. For example, the more liquidity in a DEXs liquidity pool, the less slippage users are subjected to when making token swaps. That’s why DeFi protocols compete with one another to attract liquidity, and increase the TVL of their protocol.
Liquidity mining, first seen with Compound in 2020, attempted to overcome the liquidity bootstrapping challenge. Protocols mint their governance token, and distribute it incrementally as a reward to its liquidity providers. Unfortunately, this only solves the liquidity problem in the short-term. Liquidity mining programs attract mercenary capital. Without loyalty to any single protocol, users switch their liquidity between protocols whenever higher interest rates popup elsewhere. It’s difficult for protocols to maintain this liquidity, and they have to continue inflating their governance token in order to do so. But more and more, liquidity is managed at the protocol-level, called “protocol controlled liquidity” or “protocol owned liquidity”.
DeFi 1.0 protocols do not own user liquidity. Users own their LP tokens, and can redeem them for the underlying liquidity at any time. This is changing in DeFi 2.0. Let’s go back to OlympusDAO, and users bonding their crypto in the treasury. Here, user crypto is exchange for discounted OHM. In this case, the users no longer own their liquidity – the liquidity is now permanently held in OlympusDAO treasury. In fact, OlympusDAO controls over 99% of its liquidity in DEXs (e.g. OHM-FRAX LP & OHM-DAI LP).
This ensures that the liquidity remains in place so that users can trade in and out of OHM, with low slippage. Also, the protocol earns almost all of the liquidity pool trading fees, and is becoming a large holder of SUSHI, which all work to further grow the protocol.
Frax Protocol is another good example of PCV. Users mint FRAX stablecoin by depositing their crypto assets into Frax protocol’s reserves. Frax Protocol applies automated market operations (AOMs) on its reserves for a variety of reasons. For example, its collateral investor AMO moves USDC reserves into lending protocols like Compound and Yearn, which earns interest. Another AMO provides FRAX liquidity on exchanges like Curve and Uniswap to ensure deep liquidity pools for FRAX-stablecoin pairs. Fei Protocol is similar – the protocol controls reserves for yield farming strategies to grow its reserves, as well as to provide FEI liquidity on Uniswap.
These protocols can also rent out their liquidity to other DeFi protocols, known as liquidity-as-a-service (LaaS). Tokemak is a great example of this. Essentially, individual liquidity providers deposit tokens into reactors, and liquidity directors (LDs) rent out this liquidity to various DEXs. LD’s create liquidity on-demand – they vote on which token reactors get paired together, and which DEXs to send these token pairs to. Of course, Tokemak earns DEX trading fees, which its building up a treasury with. This treasury, controlled by TOKE governance, will be utilized for additional LaaS operations in the future. Tokemak is like a liquidity aggregator, supplying liquidity to other specific areas in the DeFi ecosystem.
Finally, LaaS is being used to help other up-and-coming protocols launch their native token. Before, to start sellings a token on a DEX you either needed to seed the liquidity pool with a lot of up front capital, or attract users to bring their own liquidity. This brings us back to liquidity mining, which we’ve already established is ineffective in the long run. However, now, OlympusDAO launched a product called Olympus Pro, which generalizes its token bonding mechanism for other protocols. For example, users can bond their LP tokens in exchange for the protocol’s discounted governance token. Now that protocol owns the LP tokens, so the liquidity will remain in place without continuous liquidity mining. This is known as “protocol pwned liquidity” (POL).
Also, FEI and FRAX have partnered with Ondo Finance, which provides liquidity pools to protocols looking to list their governance token in an IDO – initial DEX offering. The protocol deposits its governance token in a pool, which is matched by either FRAX or FEI stablecoins. The Frax and Fei protocols earn 5% APR on the liquidity it provides. This is like renting out stablecoin liquidity so that other protocols can quickly get up and running selling their governance tokens.
I, Travis Kassab, am not a financial advisor, tax professional, broker, or legal advisor. None of my podcasts, videos, or articles constitute financial advice. This content is purely for educational purposes, and is not intended to endorse any cryptocurrency or other investment vehicle. At the time of writing this, my cryptocurrency holdings include: BTC, ETH, CEL, SNX, BANK, SOL, DOT, KSM, USDC, GERO.


Harley-Davidson Q3 2010 income climbs as sales slip
Harley-Davidson's 3rd quarter 2010 financial results are in: income climbs as sales drop. Net income totaled $88.8 million, or 38 cents per share, which compares with income of $26.5 million, or 11 cents per share for the same period last year.
H-D reported a 7.7 percent decrease in motorcycle sales worldwide, including a 9.4 percent decrease in the U.S.
The company posted a net profit of 40 cents per share from continuing operations. Revenue fell 2 percent to $1.09 billion.


In March 1950, the Minister for Immigration, Harold Holt, announced that the Commonwealth Government would build hostels for 7,500 British migrants in NSW one of which would be in the Port Kembla area and would accommodate 2,000 British migrants. These proposed hostel units were referred to as Port Kembla Migrant Workers Hostels Units, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and they were to be constructed at Berkeley. This was in addition to existing Port Kembla Migrant Workers Hostel Units 1 and 2 which was later called Unanderra Migrant Workers Hostel Units 1 and 2.
It was proposed that about 100 acres would need to be acquired to be able to construct a 5 unit hostel at Berkeley and the Commonwealth Government commenced negotiations with three of the incumbent property owners of Lots 8, 9, and 10 of the Berkeley Estate being a total of 133¼ acres then valued at £15,925.
As the departmental officer from the Commonwealth Government’s Department of the Interior set about arranging the negotiations to purchase the land, the Housing Commission of NSW informed the Department of Immigration that the land was also required for the State’s housing development program.
The Council of the Greater City of Wollongong was against having migrant hostels concentrated in one area and on Monday, 29 May 1950, the Mayor of Wollongong, Alderman Dawson, gave a tour of an alternative site for a family hostel for British migrants. The alternative site was land at Fairy Meadow, the Collaery Estate, in the process of being purchased by Wollongong Council.
The Department of Immigration and Housing Commission of NSW, equally aware of each other’s need to build temporary accommodation for migrants and permanent housing for the people in the Illawarra, as well as migrants, agreed that the Housing Commission of NSW would resume all the land it needed for the housing development at Berkeley and then the Commonwealth Government would the acquire the land from the NSW Government on the proviso the NSW Government would have first offer once the land was no longer needed for the migrant hostels.
An altered plan for Commonwealth hostels for British migrants was then conceived being two hostel units at Berkeley and a 3 hostel unit at Fairy Meadow that would be known as Balgownie Migrant Hostel, later changed to Fairy Meadow Migrant Hostel.
A total of 19 acres 3 roods 12½ perches, part of Lot 8 of the Berkeley Estate and fronted Flagstaff Road was acquired from the Housing Commission of NSW by the Commonwealth Government to construct Berkeley Migrant Hostel Unit 1 and a total of 12 acres 1 rood and 39 perches part of Lot 9 of the Berkeley Estate and fronted Canterbury Road was acquired from the Housing Commission of NSW by the Commonwealth Government to construct Berkeley Migrant Hostel Unit 2. A further 36¼ perches was acquired directly from the owner of Lot 8 by the Commonwealth Government. This small piece of land was at the northern end of Lot 8 and had not been resumed by the Housing Commission of NSW but was needed as part of the Berkeley Hostel Unit 1 site layout.
Berkeley Migrant Hostel commenced operations in December 1951 and although built for British migrants and their families, other nationalities would also be accommodated there after assisted migration agreements for people of non-British backgrounds commenced.
There are no visible remains evident of the Berkeley Migrant Hostel today and with the layout of the Housing Commission homes and new roads, changes to Flagstaff and Canterbury Roads had occurred. The location of the former Berkeley Migrant Hostel today would be for Unit 1 (formerly Flagstaff Road) on Nannawilli Street with Wylandra Place, Tarra Place and Oliver Place located within the boundary of the area acquired for Unit 1. The location of Unit 2 today is also on Nannawilli Street (formerly Canterbury Road) with Boronga Crescent running through the centre of the land acquired for Unit 2. Halyard Street runs between what would have been the location of Units 1 and 2 of the former Berkeley Migrant Hostel.
More to come….


We first worked with Landscape Architect Don MacNair to install the landscape with an eye towards total water conservation. Water from the car wash is captured and stored for irrigation through the use of 3 storage tanks, a small pressure tank and a booster pump. The beauty of the system is that the storage system is constantly being replenished by water otherwise destined to go down the drain. Since there is no irrigation meter, no water is being used from the city system which equates to a sizable savings in money and a plentiful supply of water. The system has been designed to increase in size as necessary to irrigate both Splash Express Car Wash and the adjacent Kia Auto Dealership.
Keeping Splash Express looking good is now the responsibility of our Maintenance Division and we look forward to the task for many years to come. Check them out!


Business Type: Quarry Owner,Factory,Exporter
Establishment Date:Dec 31,1912
No. of Total Employees:51 ~ 200
Main Products:Cosmic Gold, Porphyry, Boreal Black, Nero Boreal Granite, Gris Perla, Coco Brown, Santa Fe Brown
Contact Person:Javier De Stefano
Fax:54-11 4488 1007
Addr:E. Comesaña 4385 (B1702BOC), Ciudadela, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Our firm entered the stone business in 1913 as a distributor of marble in Argentina. Since then, the firm has grown consistently and started to integrate vertically. Today we are leaders in the marketplace in both local sales and exports. Our main export destinations are North America, Asia, South America and Europe.
We own three plants equipped with world class technology where we process granite and porphyry as well as several quarries to ensure consistent quality and a reliable production. Our production capacity is over 500,000 sq mt per year. This production level is achieved with 14 saws, 4 polishing production lines, 2 flaming lines and 2 porphyry production lines.
Our main concern is to continue developing our knowledge in natural stone to keep serving the most sophisticated consumers around the world.


Why This Blog Exists
This blog was started to provide insights, solutions, and thoughts about business problems, ideas for making money, and saving money for everyone but especially small business owners. It is our hope that through this blog, everyone can learn from our successes, manage time, and find solutions to their problems in an effort to build your business and help you reach your goals.
Your Helping Hand
If you’re looking to take your business to the next level, you will run into problems. These could include things like time management, book-keeping and tracking clients and work. It could be your thinking about whether you should charge more or less for your goods or services. This blog exists to bring you ideas and solutions to these. We also want to help you save money and to make more money. We exist to help businesses be successful. Our motto is your success is our success. Techfriends Digital provides a wide variety of professional digital services, but we go beyond just providing these services. We look to help you and your businesses reach your goals through our ideas, and through sharing thoughts, ideas, and suggestions. We want to build a community of friends who benefit from our blog and from our services. This blog will be your helping hand.
There is no one-size-fits-all solution to the myriad business problems we bump into, but there are many ways to make a difference. Talk about solutions to problems in your community, with us, and in the world. Be part of the solution, not the problem. Give us your ideas and share them with us. We will do our best to always provide quality content to help you reach your goals and your success.
There are a number of ways to make money online and offline. One way to make money online is to sell products or services online. This can be done through a variety of platforms, such as online marketplaces, websites, or even social media platforms. Another way to make money online is to provide content or services that others are willing to pay for, such as through writing, graphic design, or web development.
There are also a number of ways to make money offline. One way to make money offline is to sell products or services in person. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as through brick-and-mortar stores, pop-up shops, or even door-to-door sales. Another way to make money offline is to provide services that others are willing to pay for, such as tutoring, child care, or home repair. Our hope is to share ideas that can be added to your existing business or maybe for those who are looking to start a profitable business and idea they can start.
Wrapping up we at Techfriends Digital want to welcome you to our blog, and hope you will continue to find content that is of use to you and maybe even be convinced to use some of the ideas and suggestions we will come up with.


Business Insurance in and around Valencia
We also offer Business insurance in:
- Santa Clarita
- South Bay
- Canyon Country
- San Fernando Valley
- Los Angeles
- Redondo Beach
- Litchfield Park
Cost effective insurance for your business.
As a business owner, you have to manage all areas of business, all the time. The details can be overwhelming! You can save time by working with State Farm agent Enrique Borja. Enrique Borja can relate to where you are because all State Farm agents are business owners themselves. You'll get a business policy that covers your worries and frees you to focus on growing your business into the future.
PROTECT YOUR BUSINESS WITH STATE FARM
State Farm has been helping small businesses grow since 1935. Business owners like you have counted on State Farm for coverage from countless industries. It doesn't matter if you are an optician or a plumber or you own a newspaper distributor or a beauty salon. Whatever your business, State Farm covers it with customizable policies that meet each owner's specific needs. It all starts with State Farm agent Enrique Borja. Enrique Borja is the person who understands where you are firsthand because all State Farm agents are business owners themselves. You'll get a business policy that covers your worries, which will free you to focus on growing your business into the future. Contact State Farm agent Enrique Borja today to check out how one of the leaders in small business insurance can ease your business worries here in Valencia, CA.


The State Secretary for Budget and Expenditure (SEPG, Secretaría de Estado de Presupuestos y Gastos), which reports to the Minister of Finance and Public Administration, directs and coordinates:
The formulation of criteria and objectives for budgetary policy, multi-year programming of public sector income and expenses programmes and the drawing up of the State Budget, its monitoring and the assessment of its implementation, through the Directorate General of Budgets.
- The planning, programming and budgeting of public sector personnel costs and the recognition and payment of pensions of the General System of Passive Classes, all through the General Directorate of Personnel Costs and Public Pensions.
- The design, planning and management of EU funds and the state implementation of the regional incentives policy, together with the monitoring and management of the Spanish participation in the Community budget of the European Union through the Directorate General of Community Funds.
It is also attached to the State Secretary for Budget and Expenditure and the Government Comptroller's Office.
In the exercise of these functions, the Secretary coordinates the Commission on Expenditure Policy and the Revenue Commission (chairing these in the absence of the Minister of Finance and Public Administration). The SEPG also chairs the Programme Analysis Commissions and is vice-chair of the Commission on Financial Coordination of Real Estate and Property Actions. In addition, the Secretary acts as chair of the Public Investment Committee and the Governing Council of Regional Incentives, and also heads the Special Delegation of the Ministry of Finance and Public Administration at RENFE-Operadora; the administrative units of this delegation report structurally and functionally to said Secretary.
These pages contain up-to-date information on all of the SEPG's actions and allow for the possibility of contacting the different units through the following contact addresses.


ABOUT US / BOARD MEMBERS / PARTNERS
KarmSolar is a private Egyptian company established in 2011 dedicated to providing innovative off-grid solar energy solutions that are commercially viable and easy-to-use in the agricultural, industrial, and business sectors. Through developing unique approaches to each project, we develop systems that harness the power of the sun and replace diesel-powered processes and thereby producing energy that is affordable, stable, reliable, and environmentally friendly.
Meaning “a fruitful vine” in Arabic, the name for the company was inspired by the Karm Eco Lodge, a nature preserve in South Sinai and represents our commitment to sustainability. Our goal is to commercialize sustainability, enabling businesses to gain from an increase in productivity whilst benefiting from, and protecting, the environment.
The first company to install a high-capacity off-grid solar water pumping station in the Middle East and North Africa in April 2013.
International recognition for projects: HCT-Wharton Innovation Tournament in 2012, celebrating breakthroughs in innovation for sustainable global solutions.


The great history of such prestigious shipyard in the Gulf of Mexico dates back to 1929 in the Port of Veracruz, when by initiative of Commodore Ignacio Garcia Jurado the dockyard arose as a small construction patio immediate to the San Juan de Ulua Fort, that came to life until 1935 with only one dry dock of 50 meters length, 9 meters breadth, and 2.7 meters draft, under the same mission of conducting the construction of 5 coastguards and thus prepare the Mexican workforce for the expansion of the maritime industry.
Later in Veracruz, a year after the creation of the Secretaria de Marina, the construction of dry dock number 2 started, with 157 meters length, 19 meters breadth and 4.8 meters draught, as part of the edification of the Naval Base Unit in what used to be the lower ground of San Juan de Ulua. This important construction required emerging the surface to 1.20 meters above the sea level and gain 40 hectares of sea land using the dredging products from the bay.
Fourteen years later, directed by Admiral Antonio Vazquez del Mercado, the shipyard in Veracruz conducted the construction of the first vessel with steel casing in Mexico; It was a small merchant with 765 tons of deadweight, 52.8 meters length and 8.28 meters breadth, which was baptized under the name of “Mexico” and was launched in June 15th 1958 under the guardianship of the Italian Engineer Alberto Farina; so being modestly supervised and designed with foreign technology, that another vessel was constructed in Mexico after 150 years of inactivity for the vessel construction industry.
Astilleros de Veracruz S.A.
During this stage, in May 1962 with resources from Maryland Dry-dock Company, the company Astilleros de Veracruz S.A. was born, which followed the construction of fishing boats, patrol vessels, tugboats and barges for Mexico and abroad, as well as performing dry and afloat repairs.
Astilleros Unidos S.A.
In the 70’s, during the government of Luis Echeverria Alvarez, the government-sponsored company Astilleros Unidos S.A (AUSA) was formed by presidential decree, that would be the one in charge of managing the 4 biggest shipyards on our country, with the one in Veracruz among them, which during the period of June 1976 and November 1978 conducted the construction of 7 patrol vessels of 112 meters length for Mexico’s Army.
Astilleros Unidos de Veracruz S.A. de C.V.
With the oil boom and the increase of oil exports in the 80’s, Mexico suffered the consequences of hold up against the International Maritime Industry, since the oil exports had to be defrayed in their majority to foreign vessels with the subsequent currency leak. Due to this, Mexico faced the biggest challenge for the national maritime industry at that time: building tanker vessels to avoid paying foreign transportation and place the Mexican maritime industry in a better scenario.
Thus being crystallized when Jose Lopez Portillo, President of the Republic at that time, entrusted the company A&P Appledore of England with a feasibility study for the development of shipyard for heavy maritime repair and construction, the same that once proven efficient started in 1979 and contemplated the inclusion of another drydock with 271 meters length, 36 meters breadth and 5.18 meters draught, project that finalized in 1982 under the name of Astilleros Unidos de Veracruz S.A de C.V (AUVER), becoming the first heavy maritime construction centre in Mexico.
Such infrastructure, the first of its type in Mexico, was the one that started the mass production of tanker vessels Nuevo PEMEX I, II, III and IV built with a capacity of 45 tons of deadweight from 1983 to 1989 with more than 6 thousand workers, such being the biggest maritime construction in the country ever since, and the one that gave way for the construction of more vessels like boats, reduced draught casing for Holland, dredgers for PEMEX and hundreds of major repairs for national and foreign vessels.
Talleres Navales del Golfo
Later on, in 1995, after the Port requisition in Veracruz, the shipyard continues its operations under concession with the now prestigious name of Talleres Navales del Golfo (TNG) and enters the metal works industry, fabricating structures such as offshore modules, jackets, bridges, decks, wind towers, heliports, funnels, steel tanks, rolled pipes, beams pills and buoys, among others, which reduced the maritime repair activities, until 2003 when the the shipyard stood out with the construction of two rigs “Carina” and “Aries” for Argentina.
Miembro del grupo Hutchison Ports
In 2006, Talleres Navales del Golfo became a member of Hutchinson Ports, main port investor, developer and operator in the world, event that returned the great shipyard in the Golf of Mexico to its Alma Mater regarding service providing in the maritime sector; In this way, and thanks to Jose Antonio Sardiña Aguirre, as General Manager since 2011, the shipyard retook steady course with the intention of placing the shipyard as the tip of the spear for the Mexican Maritime Industry, without leaving aside the expertise reached among the metal works sector. This became a reality when in April 2nd, 2014, through an strategic alliance with PEMEX and SEMAR, TNG announced the reactivation of the Naval Construction in Mexico, with the beginning of the construction of 4 azimuth tugboats for PEMEX Refinery and the shot blasting process, application of shop primer, cutting and beveling of the more than 3000 steel plates required for the 16 vessels which would renew part of PEMEX’s minor fleet.
Hutchison Ports TNG cumple 80 años.
This is how 2015 represent a year of accomplishments and celebration for Talleres Navales del Golfo, because it cements 20 years as assignee in the Port of Veracruz only a few days after the recent Floating ceremony of the Azimuth tugboat C-130, same that will incorporate PEMEX’s minor fleet midyear, crowning with this the commemoration of 80 great years of the shipyard that has been constructing history.


Food & Goods
Borderless Aid comes to the aid of families in need and collects donations of food, clothes, toys or other items. We also offer support for the fuel for the transport of goods in the county.
Home appliances & furniture
From furniture to electronics, we collect donations of such items or buy them. The collected items will be stored and then transported to those in need.
We provide legal advice in partnership with a lawyer for those in need.
We buy medication for elders or families whose members are following a treatment and cannot afford to buy it.
We renovate improper and inadequate shelters or houses of poor and deprived citizens.
Social & cultural events
We organize cultural events for the local community.


Impact of Taxes and Inflation
Estimate the potential impact taxes and inflation can have on the purchasing power of an investment.
You are viewing this website at a small screen resolution which doesn't support calculators. Click here to view this calculator.
Charitable Giving: Smart from the Heart
Do you have causes that you want to support with donations?
Counteracting Capital Gains with Tax-Loss Harvesting
You may have heard the phrase "tax-loss harvesting." A financial professional may be able to provide some guidance.
What Is a 1035 Exchange?
1035 exchanges provide a way to trade-in an annuity contract or life insurance policy without triggering a tax liability.


|10 Months Ended|
Dec. 31, 2020
|Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]|
NOTE 7. COMMITMENTS
Pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into on October 27, 2020, the holders of the Founder Shares, Private Placement Warrants and warrants that may be issued upon conversion of Working Capital Loans (and any shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants and warrants that may be issued upon conversion of Working Capital Loans) will be entitled to registration rights requiring the Company to register such securities for resale. The holders of the majority of these securities will be entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that the Company register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the completion of a Business Combination and rights to require the Company to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The registration rights agreement will not contain liquidating damages or other cash settlement provisions resulting from delays in registering the Company’s securities. The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.
The underwriters are entitled to a deferred fee of $0.35 per Unit, or $3,850,000 in the aggregate.
Right of First Refusal
Subject to certain conditions, the Company granted Chardan Capital Markets, LLC, for a period of 15 months after the date of the consummation of a Business Combination, a right of first refusal to act as lead underwriters or minimally as a co-manager, with at least 30% of the economics; or, in the case of a three-handed deal 20% of the economics, for any and all future public and private equity and debt offerings. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(E)(i), such right of first refusal shall not have a duration of more than three years from the effective date of the Initial Public Offering.
In connection with the closing of the Initial Public Offering, certain qualified institutional buyers or institutional accredited investors not affiliated with any member of the Company’s management (the “anchor investors”) purchased an aggregate of 10,370,000 Units. Separately, each of the anchor investors entered into a separate agreement with the Sponsor pursuant to which such investors purchased membership interests in the Sponsor representing indirect beneficial interests in up to 60,500 Founder Shares and 224,490 Private Placement Warrants upon closing of the Initial Public Offering.
Neither the membership interests in the Sponsor nor the Founder Shares or Private Placement Warrants to be indirectly owned by such investors will be subject to forfeiture without their consent.
The price paid by the anchor investors for the preceding Founder Share and Private Placement Warrant membership interests is approximately the same, proportionally, as that paid by the other members of the Sponsor, collectively, for the rest of such membership interests.
There can be no assurance as to the number of Units the anchor investors will retain, if any, prior to or upon the consummation of a Business Combination. In the event that the anchor investors purchase such Units and vote them in favor of a Business Combination, a smaller portion of affirmative votes from other public stockholders would be required to approve a Business Combination.
The entire disclosure for commitments and contingencies.
Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef


Sadly, UK Tier 1 Investor visa is now abolished and it is no longer possible to apply. This blog post is left unaltered for historic purposes only.
As an ultra high net worth individual you may feel bombarded with the vast choices you can make and yet unable to make your decision.
You hear people talk about UK Tier Investor visa, European Golden visa and Citizenship by Investment schemes.
They all require substantial investment. Still you are not sure what you are getting if you went with one choice, but not the other. How likely you are to make the right choice or overlook the necessary details and miss out on the life-changing opportunity altogether.
What does it entail to you exactly? What are the practical consequences for you and your family?
UK Tier 1 Investor visa as a version of British Golden visa
UK Tier 1 Investor visa is a UK immigration category. This is an opportunity for you to relocate to the UK and earn long-term residence rights, known as indefinite leave to remain.
Only after you meet specific residence requirements and earn your own indefinite leave to remain you may be eligible to apply for British citizenship.
There is no direct route to British citizenship based on making an investment alone.
European Golden visa
Golden visa is coined by property developers. Typically, the golden visa was started in Portugal (Europe / EU).
The idea was that if you bought property in Portugal, this would allow you to relocate to Portugal.
Portugal being a member of the European Union (EU) with free movement rights means that you would be able to travel throughout Europe on your Portuguese residence permit.
Similar Golden visa proposition was extended to Spain and some other European (EU) countries.
This option is no longer relevant if you are looking to create your residence rights in the UK. The UK left the EU and the EU free movement rights are no longer supported in the UK.
Global Invitation: Citizenship by Investment
Citizenship by Investment is an option that you find in the Caribbean islands and some other remote areas, such as Vanuatu.
Some European countries set up their own schemes, such as Cyprus, Greece and Malta. All in an attempt to attract additional funds in support of their own fragile economies.
The European Commission is known to have fiercely criticised such regimes.
Nonetheless, some countries appear to be doing better than others.
The most attractive part of the citizenship by investment option is the opportunity to be awarded citizenship and passport soon after you make the necessary investment.
In some jurisdictions it may take less than a year, while in others, this may take a bit longer.
However, the final reward is the actual passport.
This can be an important choice if you are looking to acquire secondary citizenship, which allows you a visa free travel.
If you are coming from a country where international travel may be unduly tricky, this may be one of the options you may be considering.
However, if your ultimate destination is to move and live in the UK, then citizenship by investment may not be what you are looking for.
Perhaps, you are better off applying for the UK Tier 1 Investor visa and earn your rights to British citizenship.
Not sure where to start or how to find the right UK immigration adviser for you to apply for the right UK visa for you and your family, schedule a phone call with me!
You will be first guided to a payment page when you choose “book a call” option. After making the payment, you will be able to choose the most convenient date and time for our Zoom meeting. You can report a payment issue here.
Saule Voluckyte, M.A.E.S, LL.B, FAIA
I have been working exclusively with UHNWI in Mayfair, London since January 2008. I built specialist knowledge and expertise required to serve ultra high net worth individuals investing, operating and relocating to the UK or Switzerland.
Within the industry, I am the single adviser who is able to traverse the different areas of expertise and bring a comprehensive approach across: global structuring, UK immigration, international taxation and FOREX to develop their global wealth strategy, while they build, grow and expand their wealth worldwide.
Previous experience as one of the senior advisors for the government, made me a go-to person when delicate and uncomfortable scenarios involving heads of state need to be handled with care and preserve privacy.


Melioratus Group was founded in Slovakia in August 2011. From the beginning it focused mostly on consulting in call centre management, quality management setup and process improvement in contact centres. After less than two years of successful activities in Slovakia we accepted our first international client and expanded our business throughout the European Union. In autumn 2013 the second company of the group was founded in Portugal. It has extended the working business model to new activities, such as coaching and mentoring of managers, due dilligence or mediation of business meetings.
While developing its name as a premium boutique consultancy in customer service, Melioratus started to consider entering the retail business itself. Driven by very strong belief that customer care can always be improved and it is the number one factor in customer retention and satisfaction, the company realized that it had all the right tools, experiences and skills at hand to create a customer-centric retail business. Right now, Melioratus prepares to open its first two ventures into e-commerce: Geekpub.sk and Foiro.eu.


Due to the demanding nature of DVD and CD production schedules, many customers find that they benefit from the peace of mind offered by our extended warranty options. Reduce your downtime and maximise your profits with an extended warranty.
Newsflash: We have introduced our new CopyCredit service. Customers of CD-writer.com duplication products can now get discounted DVD and CD production via our Duplication Service.
CopyCredit is a great service provided exclusively by CD-writer.com Ltd to support duplicators from a range of manufacturers. CopyCredit is a method by which customers can purchase credits for discounted CD and DVD production work.
Available in a range of sizes CopyCredit is bought at the time of the first duplication job and ensures that the customer can meet their growing production demands. For example, CopyCredit 300 offers the customer the ability to produce 300 DVDs or CDs (printed and copied) via the CD-writer.com duplication service, whilst making a 20% saving on the service.


NFT is a hydroponic technique in which the roots of a plant grow in a plastic film or a fixed channel through which the nutrient solution is continuously circulated to provide the plant with the necessary nutrients and water.
The NFT hydroponic system consists of three parts: Environmental Control, water and fertilizer control, and circulation pipeline.
NFT hydroponic system has become the choice of many large-scale production enterprises, because of its low input cost, saving costs in the initial stage of construction, so that enterprises quickly into the profit model. NFT hydroponic systems are also suitable for small businesses and individual growers to choose from, the early stage does not need too high investment, can also grow high-quality vegetables. The world's population is expected to reach 9.1 billion by 2050, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , leading to the possibility of a serious imbalance in the supply of vegetables in the future. NFT hydroponics eliminates the risk of disease caused by soil microorganisms, has the advantages of short growth cycle, high yield, low investment, High cost-performance ratio, reble water resources, and the production center can be close to cities and close to consumer markets, nFT hydroponics is a feasible solution to solve the problems of shortage of arable land and water resources by saving transportation and cold storage costs.