{"url": "https://floral-dreams.com/page29328226.html", "date": "2024-04-17T16:30:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817158.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417142102-20240417172102-00087.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9444143176078796, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__35825397", "lang": "en", "text": "The lunar calendar for Chinese people has always been and remains basic. Therefore, 3000 years ago and now, the Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated when the moon in the sky is the brightest and most beautiful — on the full moon of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. In 2022, this time will fall on September 10-12, according to the Gregorian calendar.\nSingapore has become a second home for many people from China, so this holiday is a momentous day here. During these holidays, Singaporeans send unique gifts to family members, friends, business partners, and others to whom they want to express gratitude.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.hormonely.com/moon-cycle-and-periods-your-energy-explained/", "date": "2023-02-04T12:37:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500126.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204110651-20230204140651-00022.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9318528771400452, "token_count": 1475, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__210928653", "lang": "en", "text": "Do the moon cycle and periods sync up? Should you try to track and align your periods with the moon? You can, but following a moon cycle tracking chart isn’t just linked to when you get your period–it can also help explain the natural ebbs and flows of your energy throughout your cycle.\nWhat is the moon cycle and why should I care about the lunar calendar?\nSo, sometimes people kind of roll their eyes when they hear about following a lunar calendar or the moon cycle and periods or energy. It sounds really out there, but there’s actually science and history behind it. First, let’s consider that menstruation stems from Latin and Greek words for “moon” and “month.”\nNow, think about the natural flow of tides we see in bodies of water. Tides are energy, and the reason we have a tidal force is because of the sun, but mostly, the moon’s gravitational pull on the earth. We are also affected by gravity, and women’s bodies are up to 60% water. So, it makes sense that our bodies’ fluids also follow the moon’s gravitational force. From a biological standpoint, men’s bodies function on a single 24-hour rotation of the moon on its axis. Women’s bodies operate on the 28-day lunar cycle. Twenty-eight days equals the amount of time it takes the moon to circle the earth and it’s also about the length of a typical menstrual cycle.\nFascinating, but how does the moon’s phases affect our energy? During each phase of the lunar cycle, the gravitational pull of the moon changes. As a result, the energy of tidal forces change in predictable ways. So does the energy in our bodies. This makes the moon cycle really helpful in understanding and anticipating when we, ideally, need to dial it down or when we’ll have the energy to accomplish more.\nHow do the moon cycle and periods align? What can I expect with my energy levels during my cycle?\nThe moon cycle and periods can align because of the gravitational forces in play by the moon and the sun. Like some phases of the lunar calendar are less energetic or more energetic, so are we and so are the things happening in our bodies.\nThe new or dark moon\nIf your menstrual cycle is fully aligned with the moon, you’ll get your period during the dark moon or the new moon. This is called the white moon cycle. Consider how you feel on your period. Oh, I’m tired. I need to rest. I’m not digesting things as well. I don’t feel like doing anything. This isn’t the best time of the month to organize, plan, or kick off a project. Trying to do these things works against the natural energy flow of our cycles. During this particular phase of the moon, it feels best to our bodies to turn focus inward and rest and reflect.\nFrom the new moon, your energy increases as you approach a waxing moon (which is halfway to full). During this time, your estrogen levels rise and your energy and motivation goes up too. This phase is ideal for turning your reflection and evaluation from the new moon into ideas. You start to feel like making plans again and taking action.\nThe full moon phase of the lunar cycle is said to be the most powerful. When you get to the top of the full moon, your energy is the highest. The high energy you have in this phase is associated with ovulation and a rise in estrogen and progesterone. Now’s the ideal time for creativeness, to make connections, and to be visible.\nDuring the waning moon, your body is getting ready to complete its cycle and you’re close to getting your period (which is day one of your cycle). In your life, this time is so good for wrapping things up: tying up loose ends or closing out projects. If you’re not going to complete anything during this time of low energy, work with your cycle to postpone it during your period and hold off until your energy starts to build with the waxing moon.\nHow come the moon cycle and my periods don’t sync up?\nIt’s really easy to get out of rhythm with the moon and off balance in general. If your stress is up, you’re not eating well, you’re cramping or having PMS, have taken hormonal birth control, or if you’re having any life issues at all–which we all do–then your menstrual cycle might be irregular or shift out of alignment. Sometimes, trauma–especially types of reproductive trauma–can make us disassociate from what we’re feeling in our body during our cycle and that can cause us to be out of alignment.\nWill it hurt you to not follow the moon’s calendar? No. But it means your energy will be off compared to your cycle, and that can be difficult. Once you start tracking your cycles on the calendar, it’s really interesting to see the energy patterns that show up after a few months. You begin to understand why you’re struggling in some situations. Like it’s a full moon and my kids have a crazy amount of energy and I can’t deal. But instead of ovulating during the full moon and being at the highest energy point of your cycle, you realize you are at your lowest point of energy during the month because you have your period. Of course it’s going to feel more difficult to parent in that instance.\nWhat are some of the best charts for tracking the lunar cycle?\nThere are a lot of different options for tracking the moon cycle (here’s mine) and your period–and with certain trackers, you can record all types of things in relation to the moon: how you feel about work, emotions, energy, libido, or how you physically feel. Once you see your patterns, you can work with your body to re-align with the energy of the moon.\nHow do I get more aligned with the moon?\nSome simple things you can do to realign your connection are watching what you ingest (toxins, xenoestrogens, news consumption), womb meditation, vaginal herb steaming, Reiki, yoni eggs, and eating seasonally. What’s really helpful is to see where you are. Depending when you get your cycle and what it’s like, it can indicate a dosha imbalance. (Doshas are the three forces that make up your particular constitution.)\nIf you are irregular and it’s scanty flow, you might have a vata imbalance. Being really regular and getting migraines usually is a pitta imbalance. And if your kapha is imbalanced, you might have really thick blood flow, depression, sore breasts, and a lot of bloating. Once we understand which imbalance you are dealing with, we can work from there to pull it back into balance.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://visitsedonasoon.com/evening-sky-tours-features-meteor-shower-parties-2", "date": "2023-06-06T07:12:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606045924-20230606075924-00656.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8726022243499756, "token_count": 127, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__95023997", "lang": "en", "text": "Through August 22nd: The Perseids Meteor Shower makes it appearance every year and this year is expected to be a very good showing with no moon in the sky. Evening Sky Tours is highlighting the Perseids meteor shower through August 22 on tours. The peak activity will occur August 11-13, with up to 80 meteors per hour.\nEvening Sky Tours Features Meteor Shower Parties\nBy Sedona, Arizona, Events, News and Press|2010-08-21T22:19:24-07:00August 21st, 2010|Top Stories|Comments Off on Evening Sky Tours Features Meteor Shower Parties", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.maharajas-express-india.com/blog/destinations/jantar-mantar-in-jaipur/", "date": "2023-11-30T15:03:19Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00742.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9431068897247314, "token_count": 508, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__71547974", "lang": "en", "text": "Jantar Mantar, located in Jaipur, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the biggest observatories in the world. The monument was far ahead of its time at the time of its construction and the techniques involved in it. Covering an area of almost 18,700 sq. km, the Jantar Mantar combines the elements of science, art and religion. It stands as a symbol of the princely era in Jaipur and royal heritage in Pink City. The unique structure of the monument attracts both lovers of astronomy as well as those attracted with its significance and heritage.\nJantar Mantar was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1734, with the name itself derived from Sanskrit words meaning “Yantra” and “Mantra”. Yantra means instruments and Mantra means formula.\nThe term Yantra was replaced with Jantar. Inside the monument there are various kinds of astrological and architectural instruments which arouse the interests of astronomers and historians all over the world.\nMaharaja Jai Singh II, the founder of Jantar Mantar, had a passion for astrology and other subjects including religion, philosophy and architecture.\nHe was well-acquainted with several mathematical concepts including Ptolemy’s syntaxes, Aryabhatta’s master works and Euclid’s elements.\nThe Jantar Mantar observatory is renovated often and houses various instruments that provide time measurement, sun declination, constellation positions, azimuth and other astrological phenomena.\nJantar Mantar also consists of 19 geometric devices that measure time, observe orbits around the sun and track constellations.\nThe most famous structures in Jantar Mantar include Hindu Chhatri, Jai Prakash Yantra, Samrat Yantra, Rasivalaya, Chakra Yantra, Rama Yantra, Yantra Raj, Nadivalaya and Digamsa, besides other astronomical devices that help in the analysis of the universe.\nIf you and you loved ones want to explore this brilliant and historic piece of architecture, then Maharajas Express is the way to go about it. There are a number of itineraries which let you visit the Jantar Mantar, including Treasures of India, Gems of India Tour, The Indian Panorama, The Indian Splendour and The Heritage of India.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://thisismold.com/calendar-event/solar-eclipse-presented-by-pioneer-works-and-the-green-wood-cemetery", "date": "2024-04-15T23:46:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817033.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415205332-20240415235332-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8957641124725342, "token_count": 518, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__14792781", "lang": "en", "text": "On April 8, 2024, join Pioneer Works and the Green-Wood Cemetery to slow down, look up, and celebrate our solar system at a rare astronomical event, a solar eclipse – the last total solar eclipse visible from the contiguous United States until 2044. New York City will experience 90 percent totality and, weather permitting, we’ll get to observe this cosmic occurrence together.\nParticipants will gather on the grounds of Brooklyn’s historic Green-Wood Cemetery for a unique afternoon of eclipse viewing. Viewers will gather in Green-Wood’s Meadow and at the Historic Chapel, where you can enjoy the celestial spectacle through special-edition glasses and telescopes equipped with solar filters. Enhancing the experience, amateur astronomers will be on hand to operate telescopes and answer questions relating to the eclipse. The celebration will include a diverse array of activities: self-guided explorations and artist-led activations, including an intimate soil soundscape installation, a community mural with the Red Hook Art Project, a listening session pop-up with Sacred Bones Records, and a gong sound bath by Samer Ghadry alongside NASA’s livestream of the eclipse from the path of totality.\nFood and soft drinks available for purchase. Vendors include Julian Cavin and La Newyorkina. Drinks bar by Green-Wood (cash and credit card accepted). Enjoy vendor offerings or bring your own snacks. Note: This is an alcohol-free event for a family-friendly atmosphere.\nThe Cemetery is the ideal setting for eclipse watchers. It is the final resting place of some noteworthy astronomy enthusiasts: writer and astronomer Richard Anthony Proctor – one of the great popularizers of astronomy of the Victorian era who produced one of the first maps of Mars; inventor, author, scientist and philosopher Dr. John William Draper – the first to produce a successful daguerreotype of the moon; and his son, physician and amateur astronomer Henry Draper – the first to photograph a spectrum of a star and of a nebula.\nSpecial-edition eclipse viewing glasses will be available for free on a first come basis. You are welcome to bring a blanket or something comfortable to sit on. This event is free with RSVP. There is no on-site parking.\nNote: Please use caution when viewing the solar eclipse. Do not look directly at the sun (not even during an eclipse), unless you are wearing the proper eye protection for viewing.\nThis program is supported by the Simons Foundation and its ‘In the Path of Totality’ initiative.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://memesfeel.com/dark-side-of-the-moon-nyt/", "date": "2024-03-02T23:51:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00542.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9037935733795166, "token_count": 2930, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__155261307", "lang": "en", "text": "The phrase “dark side of the moon” often conjures up images of mystery and the unknown. But what’s really lurking in the shadows of our lunar neighbor? I’ve always been fascinated by what we can’t see, and it turns out, there’s quite a bit to uncover about this hidden hemisphere.\nRecent reports from The New York Times have shed light on the dark side of the moon, revealing new insights and challenging what we thought we knew. From groundbreaking lunar missions to the latest scientific discoveries, I’m here to dive into the depths of the moon’s most secretive side.\nUnveiling the Dark Side of the Moon\nIn my journey to uncover what lies on the dark side of the moon, I’ve realized that it’s a realm of the lunar surface that’s perpetually shrouded in mystery. Unlike the familiar near side that graces our night skies, the far side remains unseen from Earth, inviting both fascination and speculation among scientists and laypeople alike.\nRecent revelations have significantly deepened our understanding of this enigmatic lunar region. For instance, I’ve come across a captivating report from The New York Times that details much of what we’ve discovered through cutting-edge space exploration. This report consolidates findings from various lunar missions that have contributed to an expanded astronomical knowledge base.\nWhat’s clear is that the terrain on the far side of the moon is vastly different from what we’re accustomed to. It’s riddled with craters and has a thicker crust than the near side. Additionally, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has sent back images that give us a clearer glimpse of the lunar surface features not seen with the naked eye.\nAs I delve into the complexities of lunar geology, I’m intrigued by the fact that the moon’s far side has a higher concentration of anorthosites—rocks that are rich in calcium and aluminum. These elements offer clues about the moon’s thermal history and can help explain the differences between the two hemispheres.\nMoreover, the moon’s dark side is a quieter place, shielded from radio emissions from Earth, making it an ideal spot for radio astronomy. Researchers are particularly excited about the potential for low-frequency radio observations which could open a new window into the universe. Such missions could be pivotal, and the Chang’e 4 mission by China shows it’s not just theoretical; it’s happening right now.\nOne detail from The New York Times report that sticks with me is this: the dark side of the moon isn’t dark at all. Indeed, it receives just as much sunlight as the side we see; it’s just that we never see this hemisphere illuminated. This detail challenges the name itself and reminds us that sometimes, our labels for celestial bodies carry more myth than fact.\nThe Mysteries of the Lunar Hemisphere\nDelving into the lunar hemisphere that remains largely hidden from our gaze has always evoked a certain allure for me, and with recent reports from esteemed publications such as The New York Times, my curiosity has only intensified. This side of the moon, often mistakenly dubbed the dark side, is shrouded in enigma, challenging researchers and sparking the imagination of the public.\nThe terrain on the far side is markedly different, characterized by a substantial proportion of anorthosites. These highland rocks are evidence of the moon’s tumultuous past and offer clues to the ancient processes that shaped our nearest celestial neighbor. This region’s unique geological makeup makes it a goldmine for scientists eager to unravel the moon’s secrets.\nIn stark contrast to the bustling radio waves that flood the earth, the far side of the moon offers a respite from the clamor—a sanctuary of silence. Consider the moon’s far side the universe’s natural radio quiet zone. Here, the conditions are perfect for low-frequency radio observations, which can provide unparalleled insights into the early universe.\nChina’s ongoing Chang’e 4 mission is a testament to the importance of these observations. This mission has not only triumphed in being the first to explore this uncharted territory but also emphasizes the potential for groundbreaking scientific discovery. The instruments aboard Chang’e 4 could give us eyes into phenomena that remain unseen and data that can answer longstanding questions.\nYet, it’s a misconception that this side of the moon never sees sunlight. In fact, both sides of the moon experience equal amounts of daylight. Learning how the dark side of the moon is just as illuminated as the side facing Earth but remains dark to us encapsulates the true essence of lunar mystery.\nAs we uncover more about the moon’s far side, we connect deeper with the cosmos. Understanding the lunar hemisphere goes beyond mere curiosity—it’s about expanding our horizons and grasping where we stand in the grand tapestry of space. Each discovery peels back a layer, inviting us to ponder what else lies beyond our current knowledge. With the Chang’e 4 mission paving the way, I’m eager to witness the next leap in lunar exploration.\nLunar Missions: Exploring the Uncharted\nEver since the Apollo missions of the 1960s and 1970s, I’ve been captivated by the vast expanse of space, but few regions pique collective curiosity quite like the dark side of the moon. Unlike the near side, which proudly displays its silver glow to Earth, the far side remains shrouded in mystery. It’s this allure that’s propelled nations to daringly send missions to uncover its secrets.\nChina’s Chang’e 4 lander, the first vehicle to softly land on the far side of the moon, marks a pivotal chapter in lunar exploration. The mission, which includes a rover named Yutu-2, provides unprecedented insights about the moon’s composition and geology. I’ve learned that data from these missions are critical for future endeavors, whether they’re scientific in nature or aiming for lunar colonization.\nInternational collaboration is essential in expanding our lunar knowledge base. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, a NASA endeavor, has been mapping the moon’s surface since 2009. It’s pushed the boundaries of our understanding and underscored the value of exploring the enigmatic far side. Bridging efforts from various countries, these missions could ultimately unravel the complex history of our celestial neighbor.\nAs I delve into reports from The New York Times on these missions, I’m fascinated to find how they’re not just feats of engineering and science but also stepping stones towards an interplanetary future. The terrain’s unique characteristics make it a hotbed for scientific discovery, perfect for studying the solar system’s evolution. To enhance my understanding of the Apollo missions’ historical significance, I typically turn to NASA’s official Apollo mission page, which provides in-depth information about those landmark expeditions.\nThe collaboration between countries and the advanced technologies developed for the moon’s far side investigation show that when it comes to space, collaboration overshadows competition. This cooperative spirit could be the key to unlocking the potential of not just the moon’s dark side but space exploration as a whole. It’s not just about planting a flag; it’s about planting the seeds of human curiosity and reaping the knowledge for generations to come.\nScientific Discoveries that Challenge Our Understanding\nAmidst the backdrop of an ongoing race to unravel the secrets of the lunar surface, I’ve been captivated by recent scientific discoveries on the dark side of the moon that have flipped our understanding of this celestial body on its head. The Chang’e 4 mission has been particularly instrumental in shedding light on what was once a shadowy mystery.\nThe terrain on the far side is markedly different from the familiar face that greets us each night. Vast and ancient impact craters intermingle with mountainous regions, some soaring as high as the Himalayas on Earth. The New York Times reported on the distinct lack of maria, the dark basaltic plains visible from Earth, which has led scientists to hypothesize significant differences in crustal composition and thickness between the two hemispheres of the moon.\nFurther probing by lunar rovers revealed the presence of materials unusual in the rest of the lunar surface. Minerals such as olivine and low-calcium (ortho)pyroxene have been detected, which are typically found deeper beneath the moon’s surface. This suggests that the dark side has encountered violent impacts that have churned the moon’s innards to its surface, exposing what lies beneath.\nEqually fascinating have been the results related to the moon’s thermal properties. Around-the-clock measurements have shown the nightside lunar surface to experience drastic drops in temperature, which may affect the composition and mechanical behavior of the lunar soil, a phenomenon known as regolith. This could have profound implications for potential human habitats and the longevity of equipment on lunar bases. The data paints a picture of a more dynamic moon than previously thought, one that experiences not just the trials of space but its own unique brand of lunar weathering.\nThese scientific strides aren’t a solo journey, though. Collaborative investigations, such as those facilitated by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group, emphasize the collective effort in lunar exploration. With a long list of questions yet to be answered, the exploration of the dark side thus continues – an odyssey not just to another world, but into the depths of our own origins.\nThe New York Times: Shedding Light on the Dark Side\nExploring the dark side of the moon, typically hidden from Earth’s view, has perplexed and intrigued scientists for decades. The New York Times, a trusted source of information, recently delved into this fascination with a comprehensive report on the area’s unique features and the scientific endeavors to understand it better. The Chang’e 4 mission, spearheaded by China, has been a linchpin in these efforts.\nMy research on these recent reports reveals a treasure trove of data. The surface of the moon’s far side is pockmarked with impact craters and littered with rocks that have tales to tell about the early solar system. Unlike Earth’s relatively young crust, the moon’s crust has remained largely unaltered for billions of years. Reading through the article, I’m struck by the references to unusual materials found on the dark side, which suggest it may have a different composition than the side facing Earth.\nOne of the most groundbreaking findings reported by The New York Times is the discovery of thermal properties that could have significant implications for future lunar exploration. The surface temperature on the dark side of the moon, which endures long nights that last approximately 14 Earth days, is cooler than initially expected. This fact, which came to light thanks to the data from the Chang’e 4 mission, adds yet another layer of complexity to the moon’s already enigmatic profile.\nThe article also outlines the types of instruments used to measure these thermal properties, and the results are helping scientists back on Earth understand lunar surface and subsurface temperatures with remarkable precision. This insight is not only fascinating but crucial in planning human and robotic missions to this region.\nI found it particularly interesting to see the emphasis placed on the potential for scientific discovery on the dark side of the moon. With its distinct terrain and exposure to cosmic radiation, it serves as a natural laboratory for geological and astronomical studies. The ongoing quest to uncover the secrets of the dark side continues, and international collaboration remains key. The New York Times report harnesses the knowledge gleaned from these collaborative missions and serves as a window for us to peer at this distant, shadowed part of our natural satellite.\nThe dark side of the moon continues to captivate and challenge our understanding with its hidden secrets and potential. Through the lens of The New York Times and the pioneering Chang’e 4 mission, I’ve seen how exploration there isn’t just about the thrill of discovery—it’s about piecing together the cosmic puzzle of our solar system. It’s clear that the far side’s unique landscape is a treasure trove for scientists and that the collaborative efforts in space exploration are yielding extraordinary insights. I’m excited about what these endeavors might reveal and how they’ll shape our knowledge for generations to come. The dark side of the moon isn’t just a place—it’s a journey, and I’m eager to see where it leads us next.\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhat is the dark side of the moon?\nThe dark side of the moon refers to the hemisphere of the moon that is perpetually turned away from Earth, making it difficult for us to observe and study from our planet.\nHow is the Chang’e 4 mission contributing to our understanding of the moon?\nChina’s Chang’e 4 mission has made a historic landing on the far side of the moon, providing valuable data on its topography, mineral composition, and geologic structure.\nWhy is international collaboration important in space exploration?\nInternational collaboration combines resources, expertise, and perspectives, which enhances the chances of success in space missions and shared understanding of scientific discoveries.\nWhat makes the far side of the moon’s terrain unique for scientific study?\nThe far side’s terrain is pocked with more craters and less volcanic activity compared to the near side, offering a pristine environment for exploring lunar formation and the solar system’s history.\nWhat recent scientific discoveries have been made on the dark side of the moon?\nRecent findings on the dark side include identification of unusual materials like mantle rocks, which could shed light on the moon’s early history, and new insights into its thermal properties.\nHow does exploring the dark side of the moon benefit future generations?\nUnveiling the dark side’s secrets helps us understand the moon’s development and the evolution of our celestial neighborhood, paving the way for future missions and potential settlement.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.aniwilliams.com/magdalene-venus.htm", "date": "2013-05-24T00:28:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704117624/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113517-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9367613792419434, "token_count": 3465, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__80751707", "lang": "en", "text": "text and photos ©Ani\nWilliams June 2004\nAs published in the Four\nThe following CDs have songs\ndedicated to Magdalena:\n\"Homage to Hathor\"\n\"Medicine Song II\"\nMistress of the Grail\n\"Then Zeus-born Aphrodite stepped forward and drew near,\nChanged to the form and stature of a young unwedded maid,\nLest his eyes discern her godhead and the hero grow afraid,\nThen Anchises saw and wondered so beautiful she seemed,\nSo tall she towered before him, so gay her garments gleamed.\nFor the robe that rippled round her shone like a fire ablaze,\nRichly her twisted armlets, her earrings flashed their rays,\nRound her soft throat fair chains of gold glanced fitfully,\nLight from her soft breasts shimmered, like moonlight, strange to see.\nThen passion gripped Anchisis. Swift was his greeting given\nHail to Thee, Queen, who'er Thou art among the Blessed in Heaven!\nHomer, Hymn to Venus\nThe Venus Transit\nSecond to the Sun and the Moon, Venus is the brightest object in the sky. Because of some similar physical aspects, Venus is considered Earth's sister and she is often called the planet of fortune, as she comes bearing gifts. On June 8 of 2004, we will witness a once in a lifetime astronomical event called a Venus transit, in which Venus will pass directly in front of the sun. It is very rare for Venus to pass directly across the face of the sun, as it usually passes either above or below it from our line of sight. This is because Venus' orbit is on a slight angle, as compared with the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.\nThis eclipse' will last 6-7 hours and will be visible as a dark spot on the sun in Asia, Africa (except the western portion), all of Europe (except the tip of the Iberian Peninsula), and Greenland. The very end of the eclipse will be visible as the sun rises in some locations in Africa and northeastern North America. Even though it won't be visible to most of us living in the Americas, this transit will be impacting the entire globe by initiating an important new cycle.\nThis turning point is being termed variously, the Exaltation of the Goddess, the beginning of the Golden Age and Gaia Harmonica. This illuminating of Venus by the Sun can be interpreted as the return of the principles of beauty, love and the sacred feminine. According to Carl-John Calleman Ph.D, the extraordinary global gatherings during the 1987 Harmonic Convergence and the 2003 Harmonic Concordance were just preparing for this time of the Venus transit!\nBasically, a Venus transit happens approximately every 125 years, occurring in pairs, separated by 8 years. The last transit was in 1874/1882, and the previous transit pairs occurred in 1761/1769, 1631/1639 and 1518/1526. The partner to our current transit will occur on June 6, 2012, the same year which marks the ending of a 26,000 year cycle and the beginning of a new great time cycle, according to the Mayan calendar system. And in certain eastern Vedic calendar traditions, this Venus transit signals the actual beginning of a Golden Age, with the second Venus transit in 2012 completing the transition into this wondrous age of enlightenment.\nThe Venus Transit of June 8, 2004 is clearly the astronomical event of the year. But it may be much, much more than that. The Venus Transit has always preceded great breakthroughs in human consciousness and played a very significant role in the Mayan Calendar.\nVenus Transit of June 8, 2004: A Breakthrough of Intuitive Awareness\nby Carl-John Calleman and Anders Bjarstedt\nDr. Calleman feels that this Venus transit initiates a time of global communication, not just in a technical sense, but a time of increased intuitive awareness, which will serve to reveal that which was hidden. This global intuitive field will serve to bring more truthfulness in both personal and global communication and precipitate greater harmony and joy and love. What a hopeful message when one considers the growing distortion and perversion as reported on the daily news broadcasts!\nAphrodite and Venus\nVenus is the daughter of the Moon and is symbolic of the many forms which issue forth from the Great Mother. Her glyph depicts the marriage of the male and female forces of the Universe into One. The Egyptian Ankh, a more ancient form of Venus' glyph, means life.\nAs Above, So Below by Alan Oken\nEgyptian Ankh of Life\nThere are many levels that can be examined in this Venus transit. Venus has long been associated as the circular, rounded female symbol, with Mars as the testosterone directed male archetype. While this is an oversimplified view of male-female dynamics, nevertheless, these two planets have symbolized the yin-yang duality within humans for eons.\nAs Venus passes directly in front of the Sun June 8, his solar radiance illuminates and exalts her, prompting the return of beauty, love, and the revival of the sacred feminine. Venus is our harbinger of a more harmonious Earth, 'Harmonica Gaia', and brings the possibility of healing our relationships on every level, to change our world.\nWith the current sexual abuse scandals in Iraq as well as within the Catholic Church an overall pattern can be seen regarding this astronomical event. With Venus' association with Aphrodite, goddess of love and sexuality, she is definitely revealing the great misuse and abuse of sexual energy. She is illuminating and making very distinct all that obscures the true beauty of our world.\n(A rare view of Mars and Venus on either side of a misty crescent moon appeared in the western night sky in late May, presenting a poignant visual show of this male-female dance).\nMary Magdalene and the Pentagram of Venus\nMary Magdalene is perhaps our most prominent representative of maligned sexuality. For nearly two millennia she was considered a forever penitent, reformed prostitute. It was only in 1969 that the Catholic Church reversed their position and announced that Magdalene was in fact not a prostitute, but the one who witnessed and proclaimed Jesus' Resurrection. Because of her presence at both the Crucifixion and Resurrection, Magdalene was seen by the Gnostics and mystics of the Middle-Ages to be The Medium of Secret Revelation.' These same Gnostics also associated her with the planet Venus, a shining symbol of the sacredness sexuality and love.\nPlanetary archetypes and observation of significant celestial events are guiding symbols, way-showers to help us understand the complexities of the universe and human existence. In Egypt, China, Babylon, and Druid, Mayan and most native traditions, the world-view included the mirroring of celestial patterns upon the earth in temple and ceremonial site design, as a way of insuring a continuing harmonious relationship between earth and sky.\nWe can find many examples of this in the building of earthly temples to reflect celestial patterns. One of these is found in the location of Magdalene sites and Knights Templar castles in Southern France. As the planet Venus moves through the heavens, the pentagram is formed by the pattern of her orbit. At Rennes le Chateau, a place steeped in Templar Grail mystery and dedicated to Mary Magdalene, a five-pointed star is formed by the prominent mountain peaks and Magdalene shrines. The pentagram's image is also seen as a secret code revealing Magdalene and Holy Grail mysteries within the art of Leonardo Da Vinci and Poussin, as well as the old parchments of the Priory of Sion found at Rennes.\nAs they turn, the planets are showing us the mysterious workings of God's hand, expressed in the harmonious movements of the spheres. Each planet, as it revolves in its orbit, reaches positions where Earth, Sun and Planet form distinct alignment patterns. Only one planet shows us a perfect geometrical form. This form is pentagonal and the planet is Venus. Creating five equally-spaced alignments over a period of eight years, she draws the perfect, hidden and secret symbol of the five-pointed star in the heavens. As above, so below. The very landscape bears the sign of her secret revelation.\nKey To The Sacred Pattern by Henry Lincoln\nVenus in Avalon\nEach morning, according to a legend, a group of angels lifted Magdalene where she could listen to the entire choir of angelic hosts, the divine sounds of original and continuing creation.\nThe Gospel of Mary Magdalene, edited by Jean-Yves Leloup\nIn late October of 2003, I was in Britain to film a documentary focusing on sites related to Mary Magdalene and the Holy Grail. While filming in Glastonbury (site of the ancient Isle of Avalon), I joined sound healer Tom Kenyon and his partner Judi Sion to present a sound healing event, Magdalene in Avalon'. Tom and Judi co-authored The Magdalen Manuscript, a Magdalene-channeled treatise on the true nature of sacred relationship and the use of sexual high alchemy for transformation. The focus of this Magdalene event was to disseminate the divine feminine healing energies through Tom's extraordinary voice, using the magnified power of the Glastonbury Tor. (The Glastonbury Tor is the ancient labyrinth hill at the center of Avalon, where the healing waters of the red and white springs emerge, and adjacent to the famous Chalice Well Gardens. See the Four Corners article Maria Magdalena).\nCoincidentally, many friends in Arizona reported that at the exact hour of the Glastonbury Magdalene event, an eerie solar phenomena occurred. The solar flares, which were unusually strong and active at that time, created violet colored sun spots over a deep orange mid-afternoon sun ...a mysterious sign of the power of focused intention and the return of the Goddess?\nAnother interesting synchronicity with the Magdalene and the Tor arrived in a recent email from Glastonbury England from Sig Lonegren, author and internationally renowned dowser. Having been a fan of Mary Magdalene for many years, he took a walk one day on the road that goes around the Tor to see if he could discover any new clues as to the nature of the Earth Energies there. His eye was drawn to a plant with heart-shaped leaves, which grows prolifically all around the Tor and within the nearby Chalice Well Gardens. The common name of the plant is Lords and Ladies and the botanical name is arum (meaning lily) maculatum (spotted or besmirched'). (Sun spots are also called macula!) As Sig pondered the symbolic nature of the plant, he mused that the immaculate lily would obviously be the Blessed Virgin Mary, but the maculate, tainted, besmirched one had to be Magdalene. The Tor is surrounded by her energy!\nVenus in Sedona's Landscape Temple\nIn Nicholas Mann's book Sedona Sacred Earth, he presents his discovery of a natural five-pointed star pattern in the red rocks, with the dominant high points and vortex's of the landscape falling at each point, amazingly similar to the Rennes-le-Chateau Magdalene pentagram.\nAccording to Mann, a perfect pentagram\nis formed by five prominent formations, including Courthouse Rock,\nCathedral Rock, Airport Mesa Vortex, a butte behind Camel Head Rock,\nand Lee Mountain. The striking aspect of this naturally occurring\nfive-pointed star pattern, is that Madonna Rock which is adjacent\nto the Chapel of the Holy Cross, is at the exact center of the pentagram.\nIn esoteric mystery schools, the pentagram represents the realized\nhuman, and the ideal human proportions are seen by overlaying the\nhuman form upon it, with the reproductive organs at the center.\nThe five-pointed stars appear repeatedly on the Egyptian temple\nceilings, symbolizing eternal perfection, and in another Egyptian\nreference, when one both perceives and expresses beauty through\nall five senses, the possible star' or realized human is born.\nMadonna and Child near Chapel of the Holy Cross, Sedona\nPhoto by Ani Williams\nTo the Pythagoreans, five is the perfect number of love because it represents three, the first male number, and two, the first female number.\nVenus, pentagrams, Madonnas and the return of beauty is this all be hinting at a divinely ordered blueprint for a potential Golden Age on Earth?\nMagdalene Meets the Pentagon\nDuring Easter weekend of this year, three hundred people met within a mile of the Pentagon in Arlington Virginia, to celebrate the return of the sacred feminine at an event called The Magdalen Conclave. Hosted by Tom Kenyon and Judi Sion, this sound healing event was powerful and deeply transformative. Magdalene's message brought through Tom and Judi proclaimed this as the time of the return of the Goddess, and a balancing of male-female energies on earth, a time when women will be speaking out to assist in the healing of our planet. During the final ceremonial meditation of the gathering, I had a very distinct vision of great red dragons rising up from deep within the earth in the Washington, DC area, and that these large dragons that had long been sleeping are now awakening.\n...our environment is being charged with extremely powerful energies that were previously stored within the planetary body and only rarely imparted to the life on its surface. Mythology knows them as the dragon powers'. Once distributed upon the surface of the earth, they may bring about an unprecedented increase in the power and beauty of life on the planet.\nThe Daughter of Gaia by Marko Pogacnik, Findhorn Press.\nPlanetary alignments and the Venus Transit\nThe exact moment of the Venus-Solar conjunction is at 1:42 am Mountain Standard Time on June 8. There are several potent planetary alignments at that time, which can be described in simple terms. Jupiter is in opposition to Uranus indicating increased momentum for change, higher vision, and expansion. Venus is in opposition to Pluto signifying a powerful, deep transformation of Venus related issues, i.e., our attitudes regarding love, sexuality, beauty, and the feminine. The Sun conjunct Venus, as already mentioned, signals an illumination and exaltation of Venus, as well as a celestial marriage of the feminine Venus and masculine Sun. With the Sun and Venus are both in opposition to Pluto, there is a transmuting of old male-female belief systems, birthing a new potential for co-creation.\nPerhaps the most fascinating aspect of this celestial timing is the retrograde' motion of Venus at the time of the transit. A retrograde motion means simply that the planet appears from the perspective of earth, to be moving backwards. A retrograde planet has the effect on the psyche of reviewing and rethinking our patterns. When Venus moves forward, or direct, and reaches the transit position of 17 degrees, it denoting the actual activation point of the seed that was planted during the transit June 8. This occurs on the Feast Day of Mary Magdalene, July 22! And the degree of the Sun on July 22 gives a fated quality to that day for bringing in mastery of relationship. What an amazing universe we live in.\nThrough the medium of a recent dream-vision that I had, I was shown a deeper understanding of the wide reaching effects throughout our universe that healing of the male-female dynamics within us and in our relationships can have. Mary Magdalene appeared repeatedly during the dream sequence with her consort, the Unicorn the Christed One, who then united with the Great Goddess in sacred Hieros Gammos. I was shown that their union is immersing this realm in healing light, bringing mystical love into the density and transforming matter. I was shown that their union is galactic, and huge emissions of light-photon particles are a result of this reunion, igniting an awakening in the hearts and minds of humans.\nUnicorn and the Lady\nA Medieval Tapestry\nThis mystical union is an archetype for rebirth, and when humans acknowledge the sacredness of life, sexuality and beauty, it births a corresponding tone throughout the universe and all is changed. Yes, their song and their loving changes everything.\nBack to top of page\n2675 W. Hwy 89A, Suite 1081,\nSedona, AZ 86336\n2005 Ani Williams, All Rights Reserved\nDesign and Development by Galacti-Graphics, Avon, MN", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://allmeblog.com/nasa-to-fire-up-most-powerful-rocket-ever-built-eastmojo/", "date": "2021-01-19T15:12:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519395.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119135001-20210119165001-00009.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.905095100402832, "token_count": 213, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__287293794", "lang": "en", "text": "When the SLS core test-fires, it will become the most powerful rocket ever ignited on Earth.\nAt 322 feet tall (98 meters), the SLS stands a head shorter than the 363-foot (110 m) Saturn V rockets that carried astronauts to the moon in the 1960s and ’70s. But this rocket is substantially more powerful, producing 15% more thrust during liftoff and ascent.\nRaw power doesn’t translate neatly into how much mass the rocket can carry into space.\nWhen complete, if everything goes right, the SLS will have the capacity to carry more than 27 tons (24,000 kilograms) to the moon — much more than the 24 tons (22,000 kg) the Space Shuttle hauled into low-Earth orbit, though technically less than the Saturn V carried to the moon. (However, according to Live Science sister site Space.com, less of the SLS carrying capacity will be wasted on the different rocket stages and fuel, making the SLS an overall better cargo mover.)", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.chisuchinta.com/pix-pomes--prose/stargazing", "date": "2024-04-24T13:05:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819273.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424112049-20240424142049-00483.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9756481647491455, "token_count": 305, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__88243210", "lang": "en", "text": "I was somewhere between 3 and 4 years old. Our parents had gone out. My older sister Asoki snuck me out of bed to go stargazing on the lawn. I had never seen the night sky before. I was blown away!\nI could count to 10, so started counting the stars. Wow! There were waaaay more than 10 stars!!!\nDecades later, when I developed the Creative Holistic integration (CHI) system of self-care and self transformation, at the center was the Wholeness Exercise. I visualize that I am at the center of a black circle - a Mandala. I breathe slowly and deeply few times. On the last breath I exhale a burst in light from my heart into the black circle. It's the big bang! I create my universe of suns and planets. I see it like a giant night sky that I consciously create. I recognize myself as all of who I am that includes earth, sun and universe.\nFor my doctoral dissertation I studied the effect of doing this. I found it to be a quick, easy and highly effective form of stress management. I now teach this to others who wish to learn, I can see that doing this helps them too.\nInterestingly, about 10 years ago I discovered that I am descended from astrologers who were also Ayurvedic physicians. I guess we've come full circle.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://cfif.org/v/freedom_line_blog/date/2012/05/", "date": "2017-04-30T22:33:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125881.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00460-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9262251853942871, "token_count": 336, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__82936033", "lang": "en", "text": "First Commercial Flight to Space Successfully Completed Today\nABC News reports that the SpaceX Dragon, the first private spacecraft to service the International Space Station, successfully returned to Earth this morning at 8:42am Pacific Daylight Time, off the coast of San Diego.\nThe mission wasn’t glamorous. The unmanned Dragon “carried extra supplies, experiments and garbage that the space station astronauts had loaded on board.” However, the success of the flight indicates that May 31, 2012 might become a milestone in commercialized space travel.\nUntil now, all flights to the space station have been made by the U.S., Russian or European space agencies. NASA hopes SpaceX and other commercial firms will take over space jobs previously done only by governments.\n[Space entrepreneurs] say space could be a bit like the old West: Governments sent explorers, such as Columbus or Lewis and Clark, to open the frontier, and then private settlers followed.\nPayPal founder Elon Musk started SpaceX in 2002 and is moving his company closer to becoming the private sector alternative to ferry U.S. astronauts to the ISS. (With the shuttle fleet mothballed, the Russians are doing the job now at price-gouging levels.) Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com started Blue Origin to build, test, and deploy reusable spacecraft. Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic wants to make orbits around Earth the high-flying equivalent of a five-star cruise.\nWith the economy in the tank and NASA failing to find an extraterrestrial mission Congress will fund, it’s time to let these and other capitalistic cowboys take their shot at taming the final frontier.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://maxpolyakov.com/solar-sail-the-driving-force-of-light/", "date": "2023-12-05T08:57:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100550.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205073336-20231205103336-00154.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9545977711677551, "token_count": 2755, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__218662264", "lang": "en", "text": "Over 5,000 years ago, the invention of the sail in ancient Egypt completely changed navigation history. The wind power, which propelled the first sailing vessels, enabled ancient sailors to make long sea passages that had never been possible earlier. At the dawn of the space age, it was decided to resort to sail technology again, this time for the organization of orbital and, in the long term, interstellar motion.\nBasic principles of photon acceleration\nThe principle of the solar sail (also called photon sail) is based on the propagation of sunlight in space. As we know, light consists of photons that have no weight. However, as they move through space, photons carry momentum. This photon impulse is transmitted to the reflecting surface of the solar sail when light hits it.\nThe impulse carried by the photons is relatively weak, but the conditions of the environment in which the solar sail moves help it. The space vacuum has zero resistance, so even a weak light force can provide the spacecraft with the desired acceleration vector. In addition, the acceleration of a spacecraft equipped with a solar sail will continuously increase as it is affected by sunlight. This means that spacecraft equipped with a solar sail can achieve speeds beyond the reach of today’s chemical-fueled rocket technology while using a completely renewable energy source for their purposes.\nIt is worth noting that solar sails do not move only in a straight line, just along the path of sunlight. They can change the spacecraft’s direction by modifying the sail’s angle or shifting the center of the spacecraft’s mass. An active attitude control system (ACS), located on the spacecraft and assists with slowly correcting the tilt of the solar sail based on its orbital trajectory, is responsible for this process. The ACS must provide zero net torque to keep the spacecraft in a stable position.\nApart from the ACS, the change of the spacecraft position can be achieved if the solar sail is made in the form of rotating blades (such as the experimental model, Znamya-2, which experimented on the reflection of concentrated solar radiation on Earth).\nDesign features of solar sails\nA solar sail must be made of ultralight materials to ensure proper acceleration. By far, the best solutions are solar sails made of mylar (BoPET from Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate) and polyimide (PI). It is also important to apply a reflective coating often made of aluminum to these materials. It will prevent photons from passing through the sail, as this process can cause the spacecraft to lose its acceleration.\nAnother parameter directly affecting the speed a solar sail can develop is the size and thickness of the reflective coating. There is no minimum limit here, but the smaller the coverage area of the sail, the more time it will take to develop the speeds required for space travel. A properly adjusted ratio of spacecraft mass to the area of its solar sail matters too. Therefore, to achieve optimal characteristics of the speed a photon sail can develop, engineers either increase the area of its reflecting surface or try to reduce the weight of the spacecraft to which it will be attached.\nThe acceleration of a spacecraft equipped with a photon sail also depends on the intensity of the sun’s light emission. In the inner boundaries of the solar system (up to the orbital trajectory of Jupiter), sunlight will be sufficient for the vehicle to develop its acceleration in a relatively short period. Still, the further away our star is, the greater loss of acceleration will be noticed.\nThis problem can be solved by hybrid solutions, namely by having a laser installation that could generate a powerful laser beam and direct it to the reflecting surface of the sail. The availability of such a laser setup can guarantee a spacecraft to maintain its acceleration in case of a solar radiation intensity decrease, but, currently, this technology is still difficult to implement. Such laser installations could significantly expand the scope of the application of solar sails. They would even allow spacecraft with photonic sails to be guided to the nearest stars from the Sun in the future.\nFrom idea to first attempt at implementation\nThe concept of moving objects through the solar wind’s force was first formulated by Johannes Kepler in his letter to Galileo Galilei, dated 1610. In particular, Kepler wrote to his colleague, “Provide ships or sails adapted to the heavenly breezes, and there will be some who will brave even that void.” Later, James Maxwell, who proved that light has momentum that can exert pressure on objects by his equations, indirectly confirmed the possibility of a solar sail in the future.\nThe first tech analysis of the possibility of solar navigation was formulated by the Baltic German Georg Zander. In his 1925 work titled “Problems of Jet Propelled Flight: Interplanetary Flights,” the scientist considered the possibility of technically implementing solar sails that could reflect the sunlight using a system of ultrathin mirrors.\nHowever, more than 50 years passed before humanity started the first attempts to implement the idea of moving with the help of sunlight. In 1976, the American company Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) began to develop this idea. The idea of JPL was more than ambitious – a probe equipped with a solar sail with the dimensions 850×850 m had to go to Halley’s comet and approach it in March 1986. After approaching, the spacecraft was supposed to detach its sails and use its jet engines to land on Halley’s comet.\nAs an alternative to the giant solar sail, JPL considered another option – a solar sail in the shape of 12 blades, which was named heliogyro. Each of the 12 blades of the heliogyro was to reach 8 m in width and 6.2 km in length. The total reflective coverage area of the solar sail developed by JPL was to be 0.6 million sq. m. A full rotation of the blades was to be carried out every three minutes. It was this solution that JPL specialists settled on in 1977, after which painstaking work began on the implementation of the first working prototypes.\nUnfortunately, when the first blueprints for a working heliogyro were already on the table, NASA began to experience severe funding problems. As a result of budget cuts, on the one hand, and a rush to meet the project deadline, on the other hand, the solar sail was replaced by a SEP rocket engine, which created thrust through the separation of electrons from the inert xenon gas. However, the lack of funding did it all, and the NASA shuttle, which was to take the spacecraft to meet with the comet, did not start at the appointed time. Thus, the dreams of the first working prototype spacecraft, driven by sunlight, could not come true until 2010.\nThe massive IKAROS and the ultralight Light Sail\nThe first working prototype of a solar sail appeared in Japan. JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) was responsible for its development. The sail was mounted on the IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun) spacecraft launched in May 2010 aboard the Japanese H-2 rocket. After undocking its launch vehicle, it successfully deployed its reflective web on June 14 that year.\nThe IKAROS solar sail was only 7.5 µm thick, and the coating was made of a polyamide film. To release its 14x14m sail, IKAROS used innovative spinning technology and, with a speed of 20-25 revolutions per minute, slowly released the canvas sail thanks to four weighted tips. During this procedure, the sail took on a cruciform shape, and then spread the membrane of its reflective web like a cosmic kite. By July 2010, the first photons began to arrive at the solar sail, causing it to gradually gain acceleration and reach its maximum speed of 1,410 km/h.\nThe IKAROS photon sail also had a set of solar panels to store solar energy to provide autonomous operation of the space probe’s radio and telemetry systems. Japanese specialists carried out a number of operations to control spacecraft orientation during the IKAROS mission. In particular, JAXA engineers discovered that they could control the orientation of the spacecraft using a system of liquid crystal panels mounted on the sail’s edges.\nSpace tests of the first working version of the IKAROS solar sail came to an end in December 2010, marking the beginning of a new era of space satellites and cubesats driven by the power of sunlight. One of the major successes was achieved by the Planetary Society, which launched the first cubesat equipped with the LightSail solar sail to demonstrate the possibility of launching photon-powered nanosatellites into Earth orbit back in 2015.\nLightSail was 60 times lighter than IKAROS (5 kg versus 315 kg), but its solar sail was only six times smaller. Due to its low mass, LightSail’s initial flight speed was only 0.058 mm/s², but over a month of constant exposure to sunlight, the cumulative acceleration effect increased, enhancing LightSail’s flight speed to 549 km/h.\nIn 2019, the Planetary Society repeated their experiment, launching a second version of the solar sail called LightSail 2. The Solar Sail Cubesat was launched on June 25, 2019, using SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy super heavy launch vehicle as part of the STP-2 program. As early as July 23, the vehicle was able to deploy its sail successfully, and a day later, it managed to send the first photos from its onboard cameras to Earth (shown above).\nLightSail 2 was virtually identical to 1, except for a few differences compared to an earlier version of the vehicle. For example, LightSail 2 was designed to fly on a higher orbital trajectory. It was equipped with an inertia wheel, which helped the apparatus make 90° turns and complete rotations around its axis to gain acceleration from sunlight and increase its orbital altitude with each revolution around the Earth. In addition, the software for LightSail 2 control and spatial orientation was improved.\nThe launches of LightSail 1 and later LightSail 2 demonstrated that it was possible to use sunlight to maneuver microsatellite orbital constellations (cubesats) without resorting to rocket engines and propellants, but only to rely on photon physics.\nTechnology has given several new opportunities to control cubesats, with which the scope of their application has significantly expanded. It is assumed that these spacecraft will be used for monitoring missions to study the Sun and its activity in the future. The possibility of launching satellites into unstable orbits for rocket engines will open the way to new approaches to studying the Earth’s polar poles.\nAdvantages, disadvantages, and the future of the technology\nThe main advantage of solar sails is the absence of a rocket propulsion system and its fuel supply. This mass can be replaced with other payloads (research equipment, air, and provisions for astronauts). The presence of a constant light source driving the solar sail creates a balancing force, due to which vehicles equipped with photonic sails can reach orbits unstable for conventional rocket technology, which means a broader range of applications for such spacecraft.\nAlong with its undeniable benefits, solar sail technology also has its drawbacks. The main pitfall is the high vulnerability of the solar sail to small meteorites, which can damage the ultra-thin fabric of the reflective material. However, even in this case, engineering solutions to minimize the adverse impact of possible collisions exist. For example, most modern solar sails are reinforced with carbon fiber, which helps maintain the integrity of the reflective fabric in the case of a collision with space visitors.\nThe future of solar sail technology today is more like a sci-fi movie plot, but the development of ultrafast nanosatellites equipped with solar sails is more than real. In 2016, the Breakthrough Initiatives group announced the launch of a crowdfunding platform with the main goal to investigate the possibility of launching a 1-g nanosatellite driven by a photonic sail and a laser system to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri, which would be able to maintain its acceleration as it moves away from the Sun.\nIt is assumed that a nano-satellite equipped with such an engine will be able to develop up to 20% of light speed (≈60 000 km/s) and reach the nearest star to the Sun in around 20 years (for comparison, the star is 4.367 light years from the Sun, and it would take ≈6300 years to reach it with today’s fuel-powered engines). Now, this engineering task looks monumental because currently, the maximum speed that a spacecraft with solar sails can develop is ≈0.05% of the speed of light (with a spacecraft weight of 10 kg and a total reflecting sail coverage area of 1 sq. km). Nevertheless, to definitively confirm (or refute) the hypotheses put forward by Breakthrough Initiatives, several theoretical and experimental studies should be carried out first.\nRegardless of whether Breakthrough Initiatives’ ambition translates into reality, the photon sail has already given rise to the development of a new generation of rocket engines. The principle of photon momentum transfer, on which it is based, already forms the basis for the photonic engines and rockets under development. The speed of light offers humanity a unique opportunity for ultrafast interstellar travel in the future, and today the solar sail stands at the origin of these fundamental discoveries.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://sharemyattitude.blogspot.com/2008/10/", "date": "2018-07-23T07:18:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676595531.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723071245-20180723091245-00629.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9346581101417542, "token_count": 709, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__66551314", "lang": "en", "text": "India on Wednesday became the sixth nation to launch a moon mission when indigenously built PSLV-C11 rocket blasted off from the spaceport here carrying with it Chandrayaan-I, which will map the lunar surface.\nIndian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) home-grown rocket PSLV-C11 lifted off at 6.22 a.m. from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre taking the spacecraft beyond the thick dark cloud cover over this coastal town.\nAfter 18.2 minutes, ISRO's warhorse rocket had injected Chandrayaan-I, its maiden moon mission, in the earth orbit.\nWith the launch, India joined the elite club of moon faring nations -- the US , Russia , European Space Agency , China and Japan .\n\"The launch was perfect and precise. The satellite has been placed in the earth orbit.\n\"With this, we have completed the first leg of the mission and it will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit,\" ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair said.\nPresident Pratibha Patil, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Leader of the Opposition L K Advani congratulated space scientists on the successful launch.\nChandrayaan-I is carrying an Indian flag which will be placed on the lunar surface when the Moon Impactor Probe lands on the moon during the course of the two-year mission.\n\"Our baby is on the way to the moon,\" Chandrayaan-I spacecraft director Mylswamy Annadurai said after the satellite was injected in the Transfer Orbit with a perigee of about 250 km and apogee of about 23,000 km, about 19 minutes.\nAbout 18 minutes after liftoff, Chandrayaan-I separated from the rocket and began circling the earth in an elliptical orbit powered by its own engines.\nAt opportune moments, space scientists tracking the mission will fire the spacecraft's Liquid Apogee Motors (LAM) repeatedly to take it into more elliptical orbits.\nSubsequently, the LAM would be again fired to take the spacecraft till it reaches 387,000 km from earth which is called the Lunar Transfer Orbit (LTO).\nAfter Chandrayaan-1 reaches the LTO, its LAM would be fired again so as to slow down the spacecraft sufficiently to enable the gravity of the moon to capture it into an elliptical orbit.\nThe next step would be to reduce the height of the spacecraft orbit around the moon in various steps.\nAfter some more procedures, Chandrayaan-1's orbit would be finally lowered to its intended 100 km height from the lunar surface, which is expected to take place around November 8.\nLater, the Moon Impact Probe would be ejected from Chandrayaan-1 in a chosen area following which the cameras and other payloads would be turned on and thoroughly tested, marking the operational phase of the mission.\nThe MIP will not survive the fall but demonstrate technologies for a future soft-landing mission. During its crash on the lunar surface, the MIP will send high resolution images of the moon and also analyse terrain.\nOf the 11 instruments carried by the satellite, five are Indian, three are from the European Space Agency, two from the US -- including a radar that can search for ice under lunar poles -- and one from Bulgaria .\nBeyond 3-D mapping the moon and scanning for mineral deposits, the mission will test systems for a future moon landing", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.foreverkidz.net/product-page/60349-lunar-space-station", "date": "2024-04-19T00:29:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817249.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240418222029-20240419012029-00037.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8901499509811401, "token_count": 564, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__187129175", "lang": "en", "text": "Send creative play into orbit with the LEGO® City Lunar Space Station (60349) playset. This NASA-inspired space toy comes with lots of realistic features for imaginative play, including science and botany labs and a docking space capsule, plus 5 astronaut minifigures. Combine this set with others from the LEGO City Space range, such as the LEGO® City Rocket Launch Center - 60351, or the LEGO® City Lunar Roving Vehicle - 60348 (sets sold separately), for even more cool space fun!\nThis LEGO construction set includes a step-by-step printed building guide and interactive digital building instructions. Available in the free LEGO Building Instructions app for smartphones and tablets, the digital guide comes with intuitive zoom and rotate tools that allow kids to visualize each model from all angles as they build.\nLEGO City Space toy playsets come with feature-rich models inspired by real NASA machines, vehicles and spacecraft, plus inspiring astronaut characters for imaginative, open-ended play based on real-life space missions. With the LEGO city space range, even the sky isn’t the limit!\n- LEGO® City space-themed playset – The LEGO City Lunar Space Station (60349) is packed with NASA-inspired features and functions for imaginative space play\n- What’s in the box? – Everything kids need to build a Lunar Space Station with a docking space capsule, plus 5 astronaut minifigures\n- 500 Pieces - A gift for all occasions – This LEGO® toy can be given as a birthday, holiday or any-other-day gift for children aged 6 and up\n- Can be given as a birthday, holiday or any-other-day gift\n- Space Station dimensions – When built, the Lunar Space Station measures over 5 in. (13 cm) high, 12.5 in. (32 cm) long and 11 in. (28 cm) wide\n- Includes LEGO® minifigure accessories – The minifigure accessories in this toy space station playset include a camera, wrench, drill, helmets and plants\n- Interactive building instructions – Kids can zoom, rotate and view models from all angles as they build with the LEGO® Building Instructions app, available for smartphones and tablets\n- Kids develop key skills and confidence as they build and play\n- Quality in focus – All LEGO® components meet strict industry standards to ensure they are consistent, compatible and fun to build with – it’s been that way since 1958\n- Play and learn – LEGO® City Space toys are inspired by real NASA machines, vehicles and spacecraft for open-ended play based on real-life events\n- Putting safety first – LEGO® bricks and pieces are dropped, heated, crushed, twisted and analyzed to make sure they meet stringent global standards for safety", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://hubbardstonpubliclibrary.org/", "date": "2020-02-18T09:21:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143646.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218085715-20200218115715-00316.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9234825968742371, "token_count": 524, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__2031086", "lang": "en", "text": "Your Adventure Awaits!\nJoin us Wednesday at 10:30 a.m. with Miss Michele for songs, games, stories and lots of hands on learning.\nStory Hour is open to young children and their caregivers.\nWe hope you'll join us!\nReach for the Stars!\nBorrow the Library's telescope\nFebruary 9 - Full Moon, Supermoon. The Moon's face will be fully illuminated. This phase occurs at 07:34 UTC. This full moon was known by Native American tribes as the Full Snow Moon or the Full Hunger Moon. This is the first of four super moons in 2020. The Moon will be at its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual. February 10 - Mercury reaches greatest eastern elongation of 18.2 degrees from the Sun. This is the best time to view Mercury since it will be at its highest point above the horizon in the evening sky. Look for the planet low in the western sky just after sunset. February 23 - New Moon. The Moon will located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This phase occurs at 15:33 UTC. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.\nFree and Reduced AdmissionThe library has 9 different passes to area attractions\n- The Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art\n- Magic Wings Butterfly Conservatory & Gardens\n- Old Sturbridge Village\n- House of the Seven Gables\n- Mystic Aquarium\n- Tower Hill Botanical Gardens\n- Massachusetts State Parks Pass\n- Museum of Science\n- Zoo New England\nDrop In Lego Hour and Lego Challenge\nCome build with us!Join us Thursday from 3:00 to 4:15 p.m.\nWe provide the LEGOS, You provide the IMAGINATION!\nWant a challenge? come inon Thursdays at 6:00 pm and take the challenge to build something.\nYou asked for them, and here they are!The most requested item on our survey was for more evening hours. So now we will be open on Tuesday evenings from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Thank you Hubbardston!\nThe property underwent a historical restoration project in 2000 to address many of its needed repairs.\nIn 2016, the library had an interior restoration which included restoring the original heart pine floors, new carpet in the entry, electrical work, a new sunny yellow paint in the children's room and some new furnishings.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.jasonfalinski.com.au/news/northern-beaches-businesses-urged-to-get-involved-in-mars-shot", "date": "2023-12-01T13:03:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100287.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201120231-20231201150231-00582.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.939177393913269, "token_count": 607, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__314281021", "lang": "en", "text": "The Morrison Government is backing Australian businesses to develop and launch new products into space, as part of a plan to get more local companies to be part of NASA’s Moon to Mars program.\nMinister for Industry, Science and Technology Karen Andrews said the Demonstrator Feasibility grants will allow businesses and researchers to look into whether their projects are viable – showcasing local space capabilities on the global stage.\n“Investing in space is investing in our future. By backing Aussie businesses to be part of global space supply chains we can grow our economy and create new jobs,” Minister Andrews said.\n“These grants will provide opportunities for businesses and researchers to scope out the feasibility of projects which have the potential to operate or support operations in space, including activities related to NASA’s Moon to Mars endeavours.\n“Space isn’t just about launch. Space technology can improve our lives, from assisting in the delivery of remote rural medicine, helping us stay connected with loved ones across the world and assisting farmers to manage their land through advancements in robotics.\n“We’re also focused on building manufacturing capability and growing the space sector here at home – a key priority area of our Government’s Modern Manufacturing Strategy.”\nMember for Mackellar, Jason Falinski has urged Northern Beaches based industries to get involved in the process.\n“The Northern Beaches is home to many businesses which have previously contributed to Australia’s defence industry. I would encourage them and others to contribute towards Australia’s quest for the stars.” Mr Falinski said.\nHead of the Australian Space Agency Dr Megan Clark AC said the Demonstrator program will support commercially focused projects to build capability in the national civil space sector and open up global market opportunities.\n“The Demonstrator Feasibility grants are about building capacity and capability in entities that are at the starting point on the path to developing and launching products into space,” Dr Clark said. “The grants will help businesses and researchers identify the feasibility of potential projects before they embark on the next stages of a space mission.\n“Space exploration opens up new opportunities for Australia as it provides an avenue for Australian businesses to apply our best technology and know-how to space missions. These activities can also support the creation of high-value manufacturing capability, which can be transferred to other industries.”\nGrants of between $50,000 and $200,000 are available under the two-year Demonstrator Feasibility program. Visit https://business.gov.au/m2m-demo-feas for more information or to apply.\nThe $150 million Moon to Mars initiative is part of close to $700 million being invested by the Australian Government into the Australian civil space sector as part of its goal to triple the sector’s size to $12 billion and create up to an extra 20,000 jobs by 2030.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://thecolorawesome.com/2012/02/29/seti-i-dont-think-were-alone-now/", "date": "2024-03-01T07:14:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475203.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301062009-20240301092009-00603.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.934382975101471, "token_count": 583, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__15954764", "lang": "en", "text": "I’m not a Sci-Fi junkie now, but as a kid I was obsessed. Whether it was Mork & Mindy, Star Wars, or E.T. The Extra Terrestrial, I always wondered if we were alone. And really, what would we do if we did find little E.T.’s out there? I’m sure with all the paranoid world leaders we put up with (and of course the media), we’d be coerced into FREAKING OUT. Sci-Fi films in the last several years have been sparse, and usually portray our bug eyed lizard friends as aggressive and evil. One recent film however, Another Earth, explores the idea of another YOU out there. Another Earth had me pondering equations I’m not qualified (or educated) enough to solve; the last scene will have you scratching your head for hours. It’s not a spaceship-droid-bad guy affair, but is thought provoking enough to make you wonder – WHAT IF?\nSETI has launched a new site which lets you at home sift through radio frequencies from stars which they believe have the highest chance of alien life. From the SETILive site:\nSETILive is taking the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) directly to you by presenting radio frequency signals LIVE from the SETI Institute’s Allen Telescope Array (ATA) while it’s pointed at stars that, based on Kepler exoplanet discoveries, have the best chances of being home to an alien civilization. We’ll also be putting you “in the loop” where if enough of you see a potential extraterrestrial (ET) signal in the same data, then within minutes, the ATA will be interrupted and sent back to take a second look. The data you see will be from frequencies where human-made Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) crowds them and we believe the human eye will have a better chance than SETI’s computer algorithms to find ET signals there.\nThat’s a lot, but fascinating as all get out. Maybe you could take a listen to our extraterrestrial themed COLORCAST FOUR while you’re collecting data for SETI. It contains interviews from Susan Hiller’s WITNESS, an installation where you can listen to eyewitnesses recount their own UFO sightings, from South Africa to Oklahoma. It also contains tracks from Spiritualized, Cocteau Twins, Mahogany, O.M.D., Glass Candy, and more. And of course, if you find anything let us know.\nHere is video of Susan Hiller and team installing WITNESS at the Tate. Also check out the Another Earth trailer and Carl Sagan’s message to humanity. Wow, he makes science so sexy!\nposted by phil", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://hamoid.com/post/2011-12-gravity-acceleration/", "date": "2024-03-04T22:49:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476532.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304200958-20240304230958-00666.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.974433958530426, "token_count": 543, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__31464111", "lang": "en", "text": "Sat Dec 3, 2011\nI remember discussing with my math and physics teacher. I was about sixteen years old. She argued that the attraction the Earth exerts on any bodies around it increases as we get closer to the center. My intuition was telling me that if gravity acceleration is caused by mass, the point of maximum gravity should be the surface of the planet, not the center. At the center of the earth we would be surrounded by mass, so nothing would be pulling us towards the center of the Earth anymore. I believe she probably had this formula in her head: F = Gm1m2/r*r. That’s Newton’s law of universal gravitation. In that formula, as the distance between the two masses decreases, the force gets stronger. If the distance (r) would approach 0, the force (F) would increase towards infinite. This formula is useful if we consider the two masses (m1 and m2) to be points. But the Earth is not a point. Points have no inside and outside, but this planet does.\nSomehow a few days ago, twenty years after that discussion, these ideas came back to me. So I went and asked Mr. Internet. It turns out we were both partially right. The gravity acceleration does not immediately decrease as we move towards the center of the Earth, as my intuition had told me. In fact, it first increases a little as we go down. There are at least two reasons. One, the effect of the planet rotation, which tries to throw us up into space, is stronger on the surface than down below. And two, density of the matter inside the planet is not always the same: it changes depending on the depth.\nThat means that as we start digging towards the center of the planet, the gravity acceleration initially increases, reaching the maximum at about half way through our trip to the center of the Earth. But after that it decreases down to zero, as I had suspected.\nMy teacher did not appreciate so much my ability to get the right answers without knowing or remembering all the theorems and rules. At least publicly she didn’t, I don’t know what she thought about it. In any case I believe it was an ability to be promoted, not something to get rid of. My feeling is that teachers wanted students who were able to memorize things, not understand them. That’s why I find this video important: Changing Education Paradigms, why I enjoyed the book Hackers and Painters. And maybe one reason why I’m interested in the Khan Academy and recorded almost 100 episodes of Fun Programming.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://kokolevel.com/2017/12/bruce-mccandless-first-nasa-astronaut-space-to-fly-untethered-dies-at-age-80/", "date": "2021-10-16T14:59:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323584886.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016135542-20211016165542-00705.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9715233445167542, "token_count": 547, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__34699138", "lang": "en", "text": "Bruce McCandless was a NASA astronaut who was the first person to fly freely and untethered in space during a 1984 space shuttle missions has passed away on Dec 21 in California at aged 80.\nAt age 26 in 1966, NASA picked him as the youngest member of a newly recruited 19-man astronaut group.\nMcCandless is survived by his wife, Ellen Shields McCandless, two children and two grandchildren.\nHe was a member of the support crew for the Apollo 14 mission and a backup pilot for the first manned Skylab mission, before serving as mission specialist on two space shuttle missions.\nThe US space agency did not give the cause of death on Thursday for the longtime resident of the western state of Colorado.\nWith a jetpack, McCandless travelled 100m (328ft) from the Space Shuttle.\n“That may have been one small step for Neil, but it’s a heck of a big leap for me,” he joked, adapting astronaut Neil Armstrong’s famous moon-landing line.\nArmstrong’s words were in fact relayed to McCandless, who was in mission control for the moon landing in 1969.\nPhoto of Bruce soaring effortlessly in space has inspired generations of Americans to believe that there is no limit to the human potential,” said Senator John McCain, who was a classmate of McCandless at the US Naval Academy.\n1984 McCandless first flew to space, at the age of 46, but his untethered flight captured the imagination of a public that was becoming accustomed to space flight.\nMcCandless orbited at 18,000mph (29,000km/h), using a hefty jet pack to propel himself away from and then back towards the Space Shuttle.\nArmstrong’s words were in fact relayed to McCandless, who was in mission control for the moon landing in 1969. His voice was recorded in those era-defining moments, communicating with Armstrong and his fellow astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Mike Collins as they planted the US flag on the moon. “Oh, it’s beautiful, Mike. It really is,” he said over the radio.\nMcCandless had over the years been involved with the design and development of the jet pack that allowed him to fly alone, and over the radio from space he told mission control “we sure have a nice flying machine here” BBC report”.\nThe son and grandson of decorated war heroes, he graduated near the top of his class at the US Naval Academy. In the navy, he learned to pilot at least nine different aircraft, rising to the rank of captain.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.christiedigital.com/help-center/customer-stories/reopened-cosi-planetarium-en/", "date": "2024-04-19T22:34:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817455.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419203449-20240419233449-00746.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9395278692245483, "token_count": 236, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__137015021", "lang": "en", "text": "Evans & Sutherland\nMuseums & science centers\nThe sky is the limit for reopened COSI Planetarium\n“It’s a dream come true.”\nThat’s the sentiment held by Kate Storm, the Director of Theaters at Columbus, Ohio’s Center of Science and Industry (COSI), when speaking of the reopening of the COSI Planetarium. “I worked at the planetarium when it closed in 2004 and it was heartbreaking,” she says, “for me, it became a mission to get it open again.”\nA beloved institution nestled along the west bank of the Scioto River, COSI welcomes hundreds of thousands of visitors annually to explore various science-focused exhibits, activities and events. One of the more popular attractions is the COSI Planetarium, a fulldome, 211-seat theater with a 60 ft.- diameter concave screen. First opened in 1999, it closed 5 years later and then sat unused until this latest technology upgrade and reopening in the fall of 2014.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://netloid.com/nasas-kepler-planet-hunting-spacecraft-has-found-two-new-worlds-just-like-earth/", "date": "2022-12-04T22:05:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710980.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204204504-20221204234504-00028.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9486969113349915, "token_count": 466, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__90944413", "lang": "en", "text": "NASA’s Kepler planet-hunting spacecraft has found two new worlds that have orbits and sizes similar to our world. NASA’s Kepler spacecraft also recently found a new planet – called HIP 116454b – that’s 180 light-years from Earth, 2.5 times its diameter, and has nine-day orbit around its sun.\nHIP 116454b moves around a star that’s smaller and cooler than our sun – but conditions would still be too hot for life as we know it. The planet and its star are in the direction of the constellation Pisces.\nHere’s what NASA says about how the Kepler spacecraft found the new planet:\nKepler’s onboard camera detects planets by looking for transits — when a distant star dims slightly as a planet crosses in front of it. The smaller the planet, the weaker the dimming, so brightness measurements must be exquisitely precise. To enable that precision, the spacecraft must maintain steady pointing.\nThe full academic report on the number of habitable planets includes three that had been previously confirmed, as well as one body, KOI-4427.01, that hasn’t technically been classified as a planet.\nThis is because the computer program that helped scientists determine the planetary mass and measurements was only 99.2 percent sure that KOI-4427.01 might be a planet.\nFor all the other planets, the determination was 99.7 percent. We’re counting it as the ninth planet in our numerical roundup because we’re unwilling to give poor KOI-4427.01 the Pluto treatment over a paltry .5 percent differential.\nAll 12 of these planets have been confirmed as existing within the habitable zone of their star, and nine of them are known to be rocky.\nBut don’t start getting ready to welcome your new alien overlords just yet. The potential for habitability is just that, potential. And if life is ever found elsewhere in the universe, the chances are good that it will be microscopic.\nStill, the discovery is exciting. After all, now science fiction writers have 12 more planets (including KOI-4427.01, don’t forget!) to fill with fictional alien civilizations.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://reinventinghome.org/our-home-in-the-cosmos/", "date": "2021-10-18T13:19:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585203.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018124412-20211018154412-00665.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9544792175292969, "token_count": 4783, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__260151723", "lang": "en", "text": "Physicist Brian Swimme talks about finding our home in the body of the universe — how the cells in our bodies and the dust on our bookshelves originated with the Big Bang, and the organic relationship between creativity and destruction.\nBrian is a professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies and author of The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos, a book about how the universe was born.\nFor more than thirty years, Brian has been teaching evolutionary cosmology to graduate students. But he’s more than a scientist. He’s a storyteller – intent on bringing awe and wonder back into our lives, with a new understanding of this galaxy, this solar system, this earth.\nHis first book, The Universe is a Green Dragon, explores the 14 billion year trajectory of the birth of the cosmos. He’s also the author of The Universe Story with Thomas Berry, and producer of the DVD series: Canticle to the Cosmos, The Earth’s Imagination, and The Powers of the Universe.\nRecently he created the Emmy award-winning film and book, Journey of the Universe, drawing on discoveries in astronomy, geology, biology and the humanities to tell the greatest story ever told: how we came to call this planet home. Here are some highlights.\nOur Home in the Galaxy: “We now have direct empirical evidence that around 14 billion years ago the universe was very small, small as a walnut, and very simple. It just consisted of elementary particles. Over those 14 billion years, the universe brought forth stars, galaxies and planets and butterflies and skyscrapers. Today we find ourselves inside an amazing creative story.”\nThe Role of Awe and Wonder: “We need bold new intuitions about the nature of the universe and not just coming from science by any means, but coming from human intuition. This is one of the great statements made by Thomas Berry: We need to reinvent the human at the species level. It’s not just a new economic system, or new religions, new education, we’re talking about. We need to reinvent ourselves as cosmological beings, to come alive with the sense of awe and the glory and the grandeur of our existence.”\nThe Relationship of Creation and Destruction: “One of the things that has struck me is the way in which the universe relies upon destruction, upon chaos. When we examine particles coming forth from the quantum field, we see that they come in pairs. A proton will come forth with an anti-proton and they both annihilate each other. But there’s also asymmetry — at one point, there was this plus-one proton that broke through.\n“This is the universe we have to deal with. There’s no way we are going to eliminate chaos or disruption or annihilation. It’s absolutely essential to the ongoing creativity of the universe.”\nWelcome to Reinventing Home, an exploration of culture, creativity and character. I’m your host Valerie Andrews and today we’re going to talk about home on the largest scale imaginable — our place in the universe.\nValerie: Brian, I’d like to begin by asking you this. As a scientist and a storyteller, what image comes to mind when you think of the word “home”?\nBrian: Here we are on Earth, on our little cozy planet. But if we realize that the Milky Way galaxy as a whole gave birth to our stellar system, then the Milky Way, created the sun, and the earth comes out of the sun, we begin to realize that the roots of our existence, go right back into this process. The Milky Way is our home. This is what gave birth to us. I like thinking of the Milky Way galaxy as my home!\nValerie: Is part of the reason that we don’t think of this larger home because we are so deprived of looking at a natural sky? I’m thinking of all the ambient light that interferes with our direct perception of the universe. What do we really see of what’s out there, and how much has that changed in the last generation or two?\nBrian: Well, that of course is the great sadness. I live in the San Francisco Bay Area and it has blotted out the universe for its habitants. On a good night, in the past, an indigenous person would have seen 3,000 to 4,000 stars. Now, that experience is almost, almost impossible if you’re living in a city. In San Francisco, when you look up at night, you can see 30 stars. So there are 3,000 to 4,000 wanting to peak through, but they can’t get through the pollution.\nValerie: Right now we’re awfully stuck on where we are on Google maps and where we are on our GPS, but we don’t have a creation myth.\nBrian: And yet, we do. We have the makings of a new creation myth and this is what I’ve devoted my life to. We now have direct empirical evidence that around 14 billion years ago the universe was very small, small as a walnut, and very simple, just consisted of elementary particles. Over those 14 billion years the universe has been developing, it brought forth stars, galaxies, planets and butterflies and skyscrapers, and we find ourselves inside an amazing creative story.\nValerie: As small as a walnut in the beginning? Can you tell me how something could expand from something so tiny to something so vast?\nBrian: Right now the universe consists of around two trillion galaxies. Each galaxy having around 100 billion stars. No human up until our time knew this, they had no idea that we had two trillion galaxies. That was a big question: Is there one galaxy— the Milky Way — or are there many?\nNow we have this sense of this vast universe, and we know that it came from a very, very small space. So how can something the size of a walnut give birth to two trillion galaxies? I can give you the scientific theory. But we have to remain in the state of awe that we have actually located the birth of the universe, it was something the size of a walnut and it gave birth to all of us. That’s the great thing about the creation myth, it just shatters our preconceptions about the nature of existence.\nValerie: What I’m getting from your description is this creation from nothing, this creation ex-nihilo. How something can come where there was nothing at all before.\nBrian: The most startling discovery, I think, in all of modern science is this expansion of the universe. But the second most startling discovery is the realization that elementary particles are emerging into existence out of emptiness. The word in science is the quantum field, and this is the primary reality. The quantum field doesn’t have things, it simply is a realm that gives birth to things. That we discovered this generative realm that pervades the universe, yeah that blows my mind all the time. All the particles that seem so solid, and that for so long we thought were eternal — they’re not! They’re momentary excitations of the quantum field. It means that everything we look at is like a flame.\nValerie: Well, this has a lot of implications I think for social theory. I recall how Darwinism applied “survival of the fittest” to commercial enterprise. We have to look at science’s next big idea and ask how that is likely to effect social theory as well.\nBrian: Let me give you a discovery in contemporary cosmology that has kind of amazing implications for social theory. I just talked about two trillion galaxies, that they’re all expanding away from each other. And this expansion is strange.\nThe simplest way of saying is that is when we look out from the Milky Way galaxy, we’re looking at the other galaxies out there and they are all moving away from us. And on the basis of that, we conclude that we are at the center of the expansion.\nBut here’s the kicker, if we found ourselves at another galaxy far, far out in the universe, we would see all the galaxies expanding away from that point. So we’re in a very weird situation compared to what we’d thought. Every point is the center of the universe. This goes against the thinking of the modern era. We have this idea that we could arrive at a single perspective and see the truth, right?\nThat perspective might be America, it might be Communism, it might be Darwinism. It might be Christianity. But we’re now discovering that all of those perspectives, could be at the center and could have something valuable to offer. We’re questioning something as simple as the notion that the human is the ultimate species, that our point of view is what really matters, what really counts. From this new orientation every species is central to the whole web of life.\nAnd I think that, as this understanding seeps into our social theory, we will begin to realize that every culture, every race, every civilization has something central to offer and we will be living in a very different world than we are right now.\nValerie: Oh that is beautifully put.\nYou know the other thing that’s fascinated me has been our discussion of dust and that the particles that were present at the Big Bang are still present. We have a direct line back in time to the creation to the dust that’s under our beds and on our book shelves. We’re talking about a kind of primal material that’s always existed since the beginning of the universe, aren’t we?\nBrian: Yeah. We are. All of the hydrogen atoms of our body come from a time almost 14 billion years ago. Each of us has been assembled by the universe. Each of us. The hydrogen atoms come from the very, very beginning. And then later on, the stars explode, and they give birth to calcium atoms and phosphorous atoms. So those parts of us come from them. And our cells still have the same dynamics of the first early cells, so each of us is a 14 billion year construction.\nEach of us is just an individual by the name of Brian or Valerie or whatever. And yet each of us is the entire universe in a very particular mode.\nThe Misminay Indians in South America say, “That in order to be human, one must dwell upon the immensities of the universe.” I just love that. You don’t just have to be an adult with a job, with credit cards, no. You have to dwell in the immensities of the universe because that is your larger self. And so we’re discovering this kind of, this insight that has been cherished by indigenous groups for millennia. We’re discovering this anew in the scientific context.\nValerie: This way of looking at the universe makes me wonder if we need a new ecology of things. For most of human history, one of the dominant beliefs has been pan-psychism, the sense that everything is alive and has a presence. That my writing table, for example, contains the same molecules as a cloud or a tree and therefore, it deserves to be honored. This way of looking at the universe brings us back to the miracle of creation and it asks us to regard things, to have an I-Thou relationship with the material world. Is that the way you see it?\nBrian: I don’t know what more I could add to that. That’s a great statement. An I-Thou relationship, yes.\nValerie: The novelist Carson McCullers says, “If you want to love a human being first you have to love a rock, then you have to love a tree, then you have to love a cloud.” And she has this… well it’s not exactly a hierarchy but an embrace of things. The more you’re capable of loving the natural world around you, the more you’re capable of loving another human being, because you can love creation in all of its aspects.\nBrian: Let me give you a response from mathematical cosmology. One of the true mysteries that we’ve touched upon in science has to do with the way in which the universe is expanding. The simplest way of saying it is this: If the universe were altered, even slightly, in its rate of expansion, there would never have been the structure as we find about us now. It’s almost impossible to believe, but this is coming from the work of Stephen Hawking. He was the first to calculate that if you altered the expansion even by one part in a trillion, then there wouldn’t be this amazing universe we live in today. That means then that a planet like earth was aimed at by the dynamics of the early universe. When I think about that I quiver because, in science, we never talk about the universe having directions. But that’s starting to break down.\nValerie: You mean we’re beginning to think about intention?\nBrian: That is exactly what I’m saying. I’m saying that there’s a form of intention we can even call cosmic intention. I’m saying that the universe intended stars, intended life, intended what we see about us and that includes boulders. I got this huge charge when I first learned this from Stephen Hawking, and realized that a rock is intended by the universe— that it’s a cosmological construction.\nThis universe was going to make sure that rocks and boulders and life came fluttering forth and that is a step toward regarding each peg in the universe, as sacred or holy or something of that order.\nValerie: When I was in college, I remember being fascinated by the pre-Socratic philosophers with their emphasis on the sacredness of earth, air, water and fire. When you read them, it’s like reading a hymn to creation. And yet they were looked down upon as being naive and unscientific and lacking in any empirical notion of the universe. There is this magic that you got from pre-Socratics. The sense that all things have intention and are sacred.\nBrian: Yeah, absolutely. I remember when I first came across Pythagoras when I was studying mathematics and physics and loving all of it. Pythagoras talked about the music of the spheres, and that phrase did something to me at a deep level. I never got over it. Some way or another I knew that Pythagoras, and the others, were in touch with something that can easily escape the reach of mathematical science.\nValerie: Is that why you set your film, The Journey of The Universe, on the island where Pythagoras was born? You went back to the source?\nBrian: Absolutely. I think we live in an era that’s something like that of the pre-Socratics. We need bold new intuitions about the nature of the universe and not just coming from science by any means, coming from human intuition. This is one of the great statements by Thomas Berry — that we need to reinvent the humans at the species level, so it’s not just about creating a new economic system, or new religion, or new type of education. We need to reinvent ourselves as cosmological beings, to come alive with the sense of awe and the glory and the grandeur of our existence.\nValerie: I think that’s the deepest meaning of what we’re trying to do at Reinventing Home. People have an impoverished sense of home today, because we don’t look at our place in the body of creation. And therefore, we don’t even regard the simple things that we share our homes with, like a piece of wood or a beautiful table as emissaries of that natural world that’s outside the door or outside the gate.\nBrian: Ah, I love that.\nValerie: So the question is, Who are we? How do we become ourselves within this new concept of home, and how big does our concept of home get to be?\nBrian: Valerie, you asked me the question earlier, but I would love to know what image comes to mind for you when you hear the word home.\nValerie: I think of the home as something that’s always revealing itself. There’s always a slight curve and there’s always something new to be discovered right around the corner.\nAnd I agree with you: In order to really understand who we are and where we belong, we need to understand that we do come from 14 trillion years of evolution, of something mysterious and wonderful.\nBrian: Yeah. Beautiful.\nValerie: So I’ve got to ask you this. And it’s a hard question. What do you think is the role of chaos in cosmic evolution?\nBrian: That’s a difficult topic for us to consider because we fear destruction and we fear our own annihilation.\nOne of the things that has struck me is the way in which the universe relies upon destruction, it relies upon chaos. Just to give you an example: When we examine particles coming forth from the quantum field now in the laboratory, we see that they come apart in pairs. And so, a proton will come forth with an anti-proton. And if they meet they both annihilate each other. Our current understanding is that there was this huge upsurge of particles, but a slight asymmetry sets in. For every billion anti-protons, there were a billion-plus-one protons. So, right from the beginning there’s this massive annihilation with only one proton squeaking through.\nLet me just give one more example to tie it in. It was a big shock for biologists to discover that over the course of three-and-a-half billion years of life, at least 99% of the species that came forth have gone extinct. So that you see, you’re like, “Whoa, the species that we have around they are less than 1% of the number of species that came forth.” So this is the universe we have to deal with. It creates all these forms of life, and then it destroys them. And so, annihilation and creativity go together in this universe.\nThere’s no way we are going to eliminate chaos or disruption or annihilation. The universe thrives on death. It’s absolutely essential to the ongoing creativity of the universe.\nSo, the question I ask is, what aspects of my life should be annihilated? Or another way of saying is this, what parts of my psychology are actually blocking my own creative development? And this is the way then to enter consciously into the annihilation process of the universe, because what happens with these vast annihilations is that new life comes forth and it’s life that has novel features.\nJust to sum it up. The universe hates to be bored. The universe is deeply committed to bringing forth something new and interesting. And so, that’s how at least I look at this terrible dynamic of chaos and destruction. It’s part of what is needed for the universe to show a form of beauty that has not yet manifested.\nValerie: I find great relief in that explanation, because our lives are so precarious in so many ways. We need a framework of consciousness to understand the remarkable time that we’re living through.\nWhat really fascinates me about this explanation is that plus-one proton. All these protons and anti-protons cancelling each other out, and then the plus-one just skips through. It reminds me of Leonard Cohen’s song about the crack where the light comes through.\nValerie: I find this very helpful. If you can hang on to that plus-one that makes it through the fence, you can still continue to be an activist. You can still believe that what you do counts.\nBrian: To be part of that plus-one proton that makes it through the fence. Yes. I like it.\nValerie: I want to follow up with one final question. How can we help our children feel more at home in the universe and in these concepts that we’ve been discussing? Do we need to become better storytellers?\nBrian: My wife teaches grade school and when she was teaching kindergarten, she asked me to come in and talk to the students. When I’m teaching adults I point out the ways in which Newtonian science and classical physics have been replaced by quantum theory and relativity, and all the rest of it. Obviously, these kids are not going to know anything about that, and so I started to tell them how the universe grew up from a seed. Then I focused on how the stars created the atoms of our body. And then the stars dispersed throughout the Milky Galaxy and then here we are. And I said, “Each of these atoms actually came from a star.”\nA little kid in the first row was looking up at me as I was talking and didn’t move his eyes away from mine. Then he lifted his hands up and touched his cheek. It was so fantastic. He was entering into his participation in the universe and recognizing that he was a cosmological being.\nSo, I do think that we need to become better storytellers. These young minds, they’re prepared. They are all ready to hear the truth. They already know this in an intuitive way, because the very atoms of the body did come from the star. I’m not telling the atoms anything they don’t know!\nValerie: That’s great. Our bodies are recognizing themselves as part of the body of the universe.\nBrian: Why not?\nValerie: Oh, that’s a beautiful story, Brian. It really takes all this theory down to something very simple. To this notion that home must embrace all of nature, all of the elements. It must embrace our bodies, and the stars.\nValerie: Thank you so much for this conversation. I hope everybody will go out and watch your marvelous film, The Journey of The Universe, and read The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos where you bring together so beautifully the role of the scientist to ask questions and the role of the storyteller to give images that help us see deeper into the questions.\nBrian: Thanks Valerie. It’s always fun talking to you.\nValerie: What I love about what you do, Brian, is that you’re always taking us home.\nThe Universe is a Green Dragon by Brian Swimme\nThe Hidden Heart of the Cosmos by Brian Swimme\nThe Dream of the Earth by Thomas Berry", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://alleghenycampus.com/14617/opinion/multi-billionaire-ceo-plans-to-launch-space-mission/", "date": "2017-04-29T23:23:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123632.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00017-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9449244737625122, "token_count": 1229, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__294473612", "lang": "en", "text": "Multi-billionaire CEO plans to launch space mission\nSpaceX aims to send a manned spacecraft around the moon in 2018\nMarch 9, 2017\nFiled under Opinion\nHang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like.\nEmail This Story\nOuter space, once the dark void beyond the earth, is now an emerging real estate venture. Elon Musk, widely known as the co-founder and CEO of Tesla, Inc., has brought a commercial perspective to the industry of space exploration, reimagining the outer space frontier with SpaceX.\nSpaceX, of which Musk is also CEO, was founded in 2002 as a private spacecraft and spaceflight company that seeks to “revolutionize space technology with the ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets,” according to the company’s website.\nSpaceX announced on its website on Feb. 27 that it will launch a manned Dragon spacecraft mission in 2018.\nThe Dragon, a SpaceX designed craft, features a trunk section for support during launch and a pressurized capsule for accommodating people and cargo.\nThe Dragon model has the capacity to function as either a cargo, crew or laboratory vessel. A cargo configuration of the model traveled into space in 2012, becoming the first commercial spacecraft to deliver supplies to the International Space Station and return to Earth.\nThe company will send two private citizens into space, around the moon and back to Earth in the crew configuration of the Dragon, according to the SpaceX announcement.\nHowever, before the private mission, SpaceX plans to complete at least two other trips to the International Space Station, an unmanned delivery this year and a professionally crewed delivery in late 2018 as part of the company’s contract with NASA.\nOnce those missions are completed and the two individuals have completed necessary tests and some basic training, SpaceX will launch the two member crew in the Dragon model from the Kennedy Space Center near Cape Canaveral, Florida, on the same pad used for the Apollo program.\nThe announcement stated that the unnamed private citizens, “have already paid a significant deposit to do a moon mission,” and during a phone conference with reporters the day of the announcement, Musk revealed that the journey would take approximately one week to complete.\nThis mission is perhaps the first major step for Musk and SpaceX in working toward their ultimate goal of cultivating human life on other planetary bodies.\nThe February announcement came after September 2016 statements from Musk about colonizing Mars.\nA National Geographic article outlined Musk’s September statements at the International Astronautical Congress in Guadalajara, Mexico, the SpaceX CEO believes that flying humans to Mars will be possible by the mid-2020s.\nMusk’s plans for achieving that goal though, are questionable. His timeline is vague, delays are anticipated for the completion of necessary equipment and sources of funding will have to come from private industries as well as governments.\nSpace exploration is a valuable tool for better understanding our solar system and universe, but if powerful people like Musk keep their heads in the clouds for too long, they risk overlooking the realities of what it takes to make space travel possible, and they risk forgetting about what lives beneath them.\nInternational space programs have historically functioned as means of development and advancement — of opportunities to see above the clouds — but those programs have largely come to exist within the bounds of law, according to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.\nAnd it is more than international law — it is space law.\nWhether or not they realistically work, the existence of governing bodies such as the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is fundamentally important.\nThe UN committee oversees five agreements of international cooperation between member nations, one of which prohibits any one country or organization from claiming ownership of the moon or any other celestial body.\nSo Musk’s colonization rhetoric undermines the current laws of space and fails to recognize the logistic and historic implications of “new world” discoveries and settlements.\nEngaging in the establishment of human society on other planetary bodies in the rapid way that Musk expects does a disservice and an injustice to humanity by neglecting the social unrest that plagues our own planet. What does leaving Earth accomplish, especially for people who will not be able to afford a trip around the moon or a new life on Mars?\nContrary to what Musk would hope, instead of providing inspirational answers for the future of humanity, SpaceX provokes more questions.\nWill people of all countries and classes have access to this interplanetary travel?\nIs the 2018 private moon mission a way of preparing for more extensive space travel, or is it just a way of claiming a “first” for SpaceX?\nMusk seems to think the adventurous spirit of space exploration is enough to merit SpaceX an all-access pass to the world beyond our own, but Musk’s way of redefining space and putting international efforts into creating a multi-planet world abandons any hope for the future of our own planet.\nMusk’s vision is understandably appealing space — it is a difficult yet exciting method for dividing humanity’s chances of survival among several celestial bodies. But as long as people can come back down to Earth, breathe the polluted air and decide to do something about it, hope for our home will endure. Maybe that hope amounts to the smallest fraction of the tiniest particle in the entire universe, but it would still exist.\nBecause Musk’s path to realizing the interplanetary dream in his own lifetime is impractical at best, his vision may actually accentuate that hope for Earth. Perhaps if we realize we cannot live on other planets as soon as Musk would like, then we would be forced to more substantially address the future of the one we have so systematically abused.\nIn any case, a unique experience certainly awaits the two people who will fly around the moon in the Dragon. The 2018 mission, if successful, could make history, providing another “first” for SpaceX and humankind.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://knowledge-centre.com/2023/08/05/exploring-einsteins-universe-an-easy-explanation-of-gravity-and-relativity-and-a-bit-of-time-travel/", "date": "2023-11-29T11:54:00Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00300.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9425643682479858, "token_count": 1803, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__255182934", "lang": "en", "text": "Gravity. We’re all familiar with it—it’s the unseen force that keeps our feet firmly on the ground and our world in constant motion. Yet, despite its constant presence in our lives, gravity remains one of the most mysterious forces in the universe.\nIt all started with a falling apple. When young Isaac Newton saw an apple drop from a tree, he wondered why it fell straight down and not sideways or upwards. This led him to propose the universal law of gravitation: every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Simply put, massive objects have a strong pull, and the closer objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them. This idea served us well, explaining why planets orbit the sun and even why the tide rises and falls.\nBut gravity had more secrets to unveil, and it took the genius of Albert Einstein to crack them open with his Theory of Relativity.\nEinstein’s Special Theory of Relativity\nIn 1905, Einstein introduced the Special Theory of Relativity, built on two fundamental ideas:\n- the laws of physics are the same for everyone, and\n- the speed of light is constant for all observers, no matter their speed or direction.\nImagine you’re standing by a railroad track as a train speeds by. According to Einstein, if a passenger on the train and you both measured the speed of light, you’d both get the same answer—even though one of you is moving and the other is standing still!\nThis leads to some mind-bending implications, like time dilation, which suggests that time can slow down for an object moving really fast compared to an object at rest.\nTime Dilation: the secret to time travel?\nThis key concept of time dilation in Einstein’s theory of relativity, can indeed cause some interesting effects that seem a lot like time travel. However, it’s important to note that it doesn’t allow for time travel in the way you might see in science fiction, with people hopping back and forth between the past and the future.\nAccording to special relativity, time slows down for an object moving fast compared to an object at rest. This is known as time dilation. For instance, if you were to travel in a spaceship near the speed of light, time would pass more slowly for you compared to someone who stayed back on Earth. To you on the spaceship, it might feel like you’ve only been gone a few years, but when you return to Earth, you could find that decades have passed. In a sense, you’ve traveled into the future.\nAs for traveling into the past, our current understanding of physics doesn’t allow for it. General relativity allows for the existence of “wormholes” — shortcuts through spacetime that could, in theory, allow for backward time travel. However, we’ve never observed a wormhole, and even if they do exist, many scientists believe they’d collapse too quickly for anything to travel through.\nSo while time dilation can give us a sort of one-way trip into the future, the idea of time travel as we often imagine it — with the ability to freely move back and forth through time — remains firmly in the realm of science fiction based on our current understanding of the universe.\nSo why does E equal M C squared?\nEinstein’s formula, “E=mc2“, is part of his Special Theory of Relativity, and it has deep implications for our understanding of energy and matter. Here’s what the equation means in simple terms:\n- E stands for energy.\n- m stands for mass.\n- c is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is a constant.\nThe formula says that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared. In other words, mass can be converted into energy, and energy can be converted into mass. They are different forms of the same thing.\nThis equation explains why the sun and other stars shine: in the core of the sun, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium in a process called nuclear fusion. During this process, a small amount of the mass of the hydrogen atoms is converted into energy, as described by E=mc2. This energy is then emitted as light and heat.\nIt also explains the workings of nuclear power plants and atomic bombs, where a small amount of matter is converted into a large amount of energy.\nFinally, it even relates to the time dilation and the increase of mass with speed, as mentioned earlier. As an object with mass gets closer to the speed of light, its energy (and therefore its mass, according to E=mc2) must increase, because the energy required to keep accelerating it gets larger and larger. This is why no object with mass can reach or exceed the speed of light: it would require an infinite amount of energy.\nEinstein’s General Theory of Relativity\nEinstein didn’t stop with his first theory. Ten years after his “Special Theory of Relativity”, he took things a step further with his “General Theory of Relativity”, offering a radical new understanding of gravity. Instead of seeing it as a force pulling objects together, Einstein pictured gravity as the warping of space and time (collectively called spacetime) by mass and energy.\nImagine a rubber sheet stretched out flat—a stand-in for spacetime. If you place a heavy ball (like a bowling ball) on the sheet, it will sag, creating a sort of well around it. Now, if you roll a smaller ball (like a marble) near the heavier one, the smaller one will fall towards the heavier ball. Not because there’s an invisible force pulling them together, but because the heavier ball has warped the rubber sheet. The marble moves along the curves created by the heavier ball.\nIn this view, Earth isn’t pulling us down; instead, it’s warping spacetime around it, creating a ‘well’ that we’re stuck in. The Moon orbits the Earth not because it’s pulled by an invisible force, but because it’s rolling along the curves of spacetime that Earth creates.\nSome examples to prove Einstein’s points\nMany of the technologies and scientific understanding we take for granted today are based on or provide evidence for Einstein’s theories of relativity. Here are a few:\n- GPS Systems: Global Positioning System technology relies heavily on the principles of relativity. The satellites are moving at high speeds relative to the Earth and are further from the Earth’s gravitational field. Both of these factors cause the clocks on the satellites to run at slightly different rates than clocks on Earth, and these differences need to be accounted for in the calculations that the GPS system uses to determine your position.\n- Particle Accelerators: Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider, accelerate particles to incredibly high speeds, close to the speed of light. The particles gain mass as they speed up, exactly as predicted by Einstein’s theory of special relativity.\n- Atomic Clocks and Time Dilation Experiments: The most accurate timekeeping devices we have are atomic clocks, and they’ve been used to directly confirm the time dilation predicted by both special and general relativity. For example, in one experiment, two atomic clocks were synchronized, then one was flown in an airplane. When it returned, it was slightly behind the clock that stayed on the ground, just as Einstein’s theories predicted.\n- Black Holes and Gravitational Waves: Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts the existence of black holes, and we’ve since observed them indirectly through their effects on nearby objects. In 2015, we made the first direct observation of gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime caused by the collision of two black holes, which was another prediction of Einstein’s theory.\n- Cosmology: General relativity is used in cosmology to model the evolution of the universe itself. For instance, the Big Bang theory is grounded in Einstein’s equations.\nFrom falling apples to bending spacetime, our understanding of gravity has come a long way. And yet, there’s still much to learn. Gravity continues to dance its cosmic dance, inviting us to understand the universe’s profound and elegant workings. So, the next time you feel the solid ground beneath your feet, remember that you’re feeling the echo of cosmic processes at work, the invisible dance of gravity and relativity.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://ourfirefilms.com/?tag=art", "date": "2013-12-11T12:10:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164035500/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133355-00051-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9386394023895264, "token_count": 129, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-48__0__81519072", "lang": "en", "text": "The blue is taken from a satellite photo of Earth. Blue, because the largest portion of our planet is covered by ocean, and it is neutral, because no continent is emphasised.\nThe three lines symbolize that our planet is third from the central star, and the green symbolizes life.\nThe yellow half-circle is the Sun (the colour taken from an actual image of the Sun). Energy flows from it to all planets of the Solar system, which is symbolized by the horizontal line, which comes from its centre.\np.s. If you turn the image by 90 degrees, you see a stylized flower.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://toddborg.blogspot.com/2015/01/why-is-full-moon-higher-in-winter-than.html", "date": "2018-05-25T11:13:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867085.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525102302-20180525122302-00429.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9654148817062378, "token_count": 784, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__185740770", "lang": "en", "text": "At 8:53 p.m. on the West Coast, to be exact. (On calendars, it says the full moon is January 5th, but that's because the official date of the full moon is based on the time in Greenwich Mean Time, otherwise known as UTC - Coordinated Universal Time.) And when it is 8:53 p.m. on the West Coast, it is 4:53 a.m. the next day in London. Which explains why we often look up at the moon on the \"calendar date\" of the full moon and think, \"I think it was fuller last night.\" Because, for us, the full moon was the night before.\nIn Tahoe, we often notice the full moon because:\n1) Our nights have less light pollution, so the moon is brighter\n2) We're at high altitude, so there is less atmosphere above us to dim the moon\n3) The snow on the mountains is spectacular in the moonlight, begging us to notice\n|This is from a cool website called MoonGiant.com|\nIf you notice full moons, you can't help wondering why the full moons of winter are way, way up high in the sky, making it so bright on the snow that you can easily read by moonlight. By comparison, summer full moons are low in the sky.\nEver notice how the full moon track is just like the sun's track, only the summer and winter tracks are reversed?\nI wondered why that is, so I looked it up.\nIt turns out that it has to do with the fact that the Earth is tilted on its axis (which is what gives us our seasons among other cool stuff). And when the moon revolves around the Earth, it doesn't stay over the Earth's equator, it stays on the same plane as the Earth's orbit and the sun and most of the planets.\nThat plane is called the ecliptic, and all the stuff that stays on the ecliptic plane got that way because when the solar system first began to coalesce, the material that eventually became the planets contracted into a spinning disc. The spin and plane of that disc has stayed the same ever since.\nHere's an easy way to visualize why the full moons are higher in winter than summer.\nFirst, remember that when the Moon is full, it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun, so its entire surface that we see is illuminated.\nNow think of a globe sitting on a really large table. The table represents the ecliptic, and most of the stuff in the solar system stays on that table. As you know, a globe accurately depicts the Earth at a tilt. The Earth, like the most of the solar system's inhabitants, also stays on the ecliptic plane as it orbits the sun. It just stays tilted as it moves around.\nWhen the Earth's North Pole is pointing toward the sun, it makes for the long days of summer for those of us in the northern hemisphere. But when the Earth rotates so that we are in the dark of night and we look up to see the full moon, it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun. So when the sun is high in the summer, that means that the moon is low.\nIn winter, the opposite is true. The Earth's North Pole points away from the sun, so the sun is low in the sky. The full moon, on the opposite side of the Earth from the sun, is now high in the sky.\nSo enjoy the glorious full moon tonight. Along with the full moon we had in December, tonight's full moon will be higher in the sky than any other until next December. And with the snow on the mountains, Tahoe's full moon is a real treat!", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.penchnationalparkonline.in/news/pench-tiger-reserve-achieves-milestone-indias-inaugural-dark-sky-park.html", "date": "2024-02-27T01:23:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474669.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226225941-20240227015941-00780.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9096400737762451, "token_count": 579, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__145123377", "lang": "en", "text": "The Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra has achieved the distinction of becoming India's inaugural Dark Sky Park and the fifth in Asia. This designation aims to safeguard the night sky, combat light pollution, and create an optimal environment for astronomy enthusiasts. This unique location, blending the realm of tigers with celestial wonders, offers a compelling setting for stargazers eager to explore and comprehend the mysteries of the Universe.\nThe International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stresses the importance of acknowledging the inherent value of the night sky as a natural, cultural, and historical asset. Prabhu Nath Shukla, Deputy Director of PTR, Maharashtra, notes that the IUCN underscores the significance of preserving natural darkness for nature conservation, maintaining ecological integrity in protected areas, and promoting the well-being of communities in healthy cities.\nThe increasing global menace of light pollution represents a significant hazard to this priceless resource, as mentioned in an official statement. The Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society Working Group, spearheaded by the International Astronomical Union, proposes the creation of 'Dark Sky Park’ by both national and local governments. The certification process for Dark Sky Places prioritizes aspects such as lighting policy, dark sky-friendly retrofits, outreach and education, along with monitoring the night sky.\nUtilising funds from the distinct planning committee, the reserve has introduced a night observatory, with a designated stargazing area near Bagholi, according to the official. As part of these initiatives, over 100 street and community lights in Wagholi, Sillari, Pipariya, and Khapa villages within the Paoni UC Range buffer area have been replaced with downward-facing lights to alleviate light pollution.\nWhat is a Dark Sky Park?\nA dark-sky park is a designated area, typically encompassing a park or observatory, aimed at restricting artificial light pollution. The primary objective of the dark-sky movement is generally to advance astronomy. India's inaugural dark-sky preserve is the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO), a high-altitude astronomy station situated in Hanle and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Positioned in the Western Himalayas at an elevation of 4,500 metres (14,764 ft), the IAO stands as one of the world's highest sites for optical, infrared, and gamma-ray telescopes.\nA short note on Pench Tiger Reserve\nPench Tiger Reserve, also known as Pench National Park, holds a prominent position among India's tiger reserves and holds the distinction of spanning two states - Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The renowned literary works of Rudyard Kipling, namely The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book, are set in this region. Despite not personally visiting the area, Kipling drew inspiration from other locations in India to craft his vivid descriptions.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://worldsnewstomorrow.com/nasas-round-the-moon-odyssey-comes-to-successful-end-with-orion-splashdown-geekwire/", "date": "2023-04-02T02:47:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950373.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402012805-20230402042805-00744.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9133298993110657, "token_count": 564, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__61054078", "lang": "en", "text": "NASA’s uncrewed Orion capsule passed its final exam today, surviving a fiery atmospheric re-entry and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean at the end of a round-the-moon test flight.\nThe 25.5-day Artemis 1 mission set the stage for future moon trips with astronauts aboard, 50 years after the last Apollo moon mission.\n“From Tranquility Base to Taurus-Littrow to the tranquil waters of the Pacific, the latest chapter of NASA’s journey to the moon comes to a close,” NASA spokesman Rob Navias said as Orion settled in the waters off the coast of Baja California at 9:40 a.m. PT.\nOrion’s odyssey began in mid-November with the first-ever launch of NASA’s giant Space Launch System rocket and traced a route that came as close as 80 miles to the lunar surface and ranged as far out as 40,000 miles beyond the moon. Orion traveled 1.4 million miles in all.\nOn the way back to Earth, cameras mounted on the spacecraft’s solar array wings sent back spectacular imagery of our planet looming larger in Orion’s metaphorical windshield.\nMission managers said Orion’s descent ranked among the sternest tests of the mission. As the spacecraft hit the top part of the atmosphere at a velocity of nearly 25,000 mph, Orion’s heat shield had to weather temperatures around 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. After that trial by fire, parachutes slowed the descent further, allowing the spacecraft to hit the ocean at about 20 mph.\nNavias said it was a “textbook entry.”\nA recovery team — including Navy personnel aboard the USS Portland, an amphibious transport dock ship — went out to pick up the capsule and bring it back to shore.\nOver the weeks and months ahead, NASA’s Orion team will evaluate the data collected during the flight. Three mannequins were strapped into the seats of the capsule, wired up with sensors to record temperature levels, radiation exposure and the stresses of flight.\nThose readings will help mission managers prepare for the Artemis 2 mission, which aims to send astronauts around the moon in the 2024-2025 time frame. That flight, in turn, is meant to pave the way for the first crewed lunar landing in more than a half-century, during an Artemis 3 mission that’s planned for no earlier than 2025.\nArtemis 1’s finale came 50 years after Apollo 17 headed toward a landing in the moon’s Taurus-Littrow valley for the Apollo program’s final lunar mission.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.spas-guide.com/produkt/oscillatory-processes-in-solar-and-stellar-coronae/", "date": "2023-01-27T14:04:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494986.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127132641-20230127162641-00549.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8917909264564514, "token_count": 452, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__258369287", "lang": "en", "text": "The book presents a broad and in-depth overview of recent achievements and the current state of research in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) oscillatory and wave phenomena in the coronae of the Sun and stars. Major progress in coronal wave studies has been achieved thanks to the combination of high-precision multi-wavelength observations with spaceborne and ground-based facilities, elaborated theory of the interaction of MHD waves with plasma non-uniformities, state-of-the-art numerical simulations, and novel data analysis techniques. It has allowed the research community to reach a new look at the role played by MHD wave processes in the enigmatic phenomena of coronal plasma heating and wind acceleration as well as powerful energy releases such as flares and coronal mass ejections. In addition, the waves are intensively used as natural probes in the remote diagnostics of the coronal plasma parameters and physical processes operating in solar and stellar coronae via the method of MHD seismology. Individual chapters cover recent cutting-edge results obtained on the analysis and theoretical modelling of several most intensively studied coronal MHD wave phenomena, namely, kink and sausage oscillations of coronal loops and other field-aligned plasma structures, plus running and standing slow magnetoacoustic waves. A dedicated chapter assesses the reliability of proposed theoretical mechanisms for heating of the coronal plasma by MHD waves. Another chapter summarizes the current state of our understanding of the physical mechanisms and observational properties of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares, considers their analogy with similar processes detected in stellar flares, and thus establishes solid ground for the further exploitation of the solar-stellar analogy. An important discussion of novel data analysis techniques designed recently for MHD seismology applications is presented in a devoted chapter. The direction of future advances in the designated research areas are discussed.The book is a spin-off from the Topical Collection „Oscillatory Processes in Solar and Stellar Coronae“ of the journal Space Science Reviews.\nSpringer / Springer Netherlands", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://gratefulamericankids.com/happy-birthday-sir-isaac-newton/", "date": "2022-09-28T03:11:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928020513-20220928050513-00605.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9574103951454163, "token_count": 673, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__63778081", "lang": "en", "text": "Sir Isaac Newton (December 25, 1642 – March 20, 1726) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a “natural philosopher”) who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.\nHis book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus.\nNewton’s Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists’ view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler’s laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System and demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton’s theoretical prediction that the Earth is shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, thus convincing most Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes.\nNewton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. Newton’s work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, first published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid.\nIn addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.\nNewton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian, who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and who, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, refused to take holy orders in the Church of England.\nBeyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death.\nPolitically and personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–90 and 1701–02. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and he spent the last three decades of his life in London, serving as Warden (1696–1700) and Master (1700–1727) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727).", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://wisolyvahode.tk/history/exploring-the-world-of-astronomy.php", "date": "2019-11-15T14:44:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668682.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115144109-20191115172109-00200.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.917847752571106, "token_count": 4056, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__187272933", "lang": "en", "text": "It is a rotating mass of gas, dust, stars and other objects, held together by mutual gravitational attraction. As the Earth is located within the dusty outer arms, there are large portions of the Milky Way that are obscured from view. In the center of the Milky Way is the core, a bar-shaped bulge with what is believed to be a supermassive black hole at its center.\nThis is surrounded by four primary arms that spiral from the core. This is a region of active star formation that contains many younger, population I stars. The disk is surrounded by a spheroid halo of older, population II stars, as well as relatively dense concentrations of stars known as globular clusters. Between the stars lies the interstellar medium , a region of sparse matter. In the densest regions, molecular clouds of molecular hydrogen and other elements create star-forming regions.\nThese begin as a compact pre-stellar core or dark nebulae , which concentrate and collapse in volumes determined by the Jeans length to form compact protostars. As the more massive stars appear, they transform the cloud into an H II region ionized atomic hydrogen of glowing gas and plasma. The stellar wind and supernova explosions from these stars eventually cause the cloud to disperse, often leaving behind one or more young open clusters of stars. These clusters gradually disperse, and the stars join the population of the Milky Way. Kinematic studies of matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies have demonstrated that there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter.\nA dark matter halo appears to dominate the mass, although the nature of this dark matter remains undetermined.\nThe study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the Universe. The astrophysics of stars has been determined through observation and theoretical understanding; and from computer simulations of the interior. When destabilized, cloud fragments can collapse under the influence of gravity, to form a protostar.\nA sufficiently dense, and hot, core region will trigger nuclear fusion , thus creating a main-sequence star. Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created inside the cores of stars. The characteristics of the resulting star depend primarily upon its starting mass. The more massive the star, the greater its luminosity, and the more rapidly it fuses its hydrogen fuel into helium in its core. Over time, this hydrogen fuel is completely converted into helium, and the star begins to evolve.\nThe fusion of helium requires a higher core temperature. A star with a high enough core temperature will push its outer layers outward while increasing its core density. The resulting red giant formed by the expanding outer layers enjoys a brief life span, before the helium fuel in the core is in turn consumed. Very massive stars can also undergo a series of evolutionary phases, as they fuse increasingly heavier elements. The final fate of the star depends on its mass, with stars of mass greater than about eight times the Sun becoming core collapse supernovae ;  while smaller stars blow off their outer layers and leave behind the inert core in the form of a white dwarf.\nThe ejection of the outer layers forms a planetary nebula. At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun , a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4. The Sun is not considered a variable star , but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle. This is an year oscillation in sunspot number. Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity. The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth.\nThe visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere. Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere. This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures, and finally by the super-heated corona. At the center of the Sun is the core region, a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur. Above the core is the radiation zone , where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation. Above that is the convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas known as convection.\nIt is believed that the movement of mass within the convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots. A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until, at the outermost limit of the Solar System, it reaches the heliopause.\nAs the solar wind passes the Earth, it interacts with the Earth's magnetic field magnetosphere and deflects the solar wind, but traps some creating the Van Allen radiation belts that envelop the Earth. The aurora are created when solar wind particles are guided by the magnetic flux lines into the Earth's polar regions where the lines the descend into the atmosphere. Planetary science is the study of the assemblage of planets , moons , dwarf planets , comets , asteroids , and other bodies orbiting the Sun, as well as extrasolar planets.\nThe Solar System has been relatively well-studied, initially through telescopes and then later by spacecraft. This has provided a good overall understanding of the formation and evolution of the Sun's planetary system, although many new discoveries are still being made. The Solar System is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt , and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury , Venus , Earth, and Mars.\nThe outer gas giant planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune. The planets were formed 4. Through a process that included gravitational attraction, collision, and accretion, the disk formed clumps of matter that, with time, became protoplanets.\nThe radiation pressure of the solar wind then expelled most of the unaccreted matter, and only those planets with sufficient mass retained their gaseous atmosphere. The planets continued to sweep up, or eject, the remaining matter during a period of intense bombardment, evidenced by the many impact craters on the Moon.\nDuring this period, some of the protoplanets may have collided and one such collision may have formed the Moon. Once a planet reaches sufficient mass, the materials of different densities segregate within, during planetary differentiation. This process can form a stony or metallic core, surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust.\nThe core may include solid and liquid regions, and some planetary cores generate their own magnetic field , which can protect their atmospheres from solar wind stripping. A planet or moon's interior heat is produced from the collisions that created the body, by the decay of radioactive materials e.\nSome planets and moons accumulate enough heat to drive geologic processes such as volcanism and tectonics. Those that accumulate or retain an atmosphere can also undergo surface erosion from wind or water. Smaller bodies, without tidal heating, cool more quickly; and their geological activity ceases with the exception of impact cratering.\nAstronomy and astrophysics have developed significant interdisciplinary links with other major scientific fields. Archaeoastronomy is the study of ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilizing archaeological and anthropological evidence. Astrobiology is the study of the advent and evolution of biological systems in the Universe, with particular emphasis on the possibility of non-terrestrial life.\nAstrostatistics is the application of statistics to astrophysics to the analysis of vast amount of observational astrophysical data.\n- Pequeña (Spanish Edition).\n- Survival Guide for New Campus Administrators:How to Become a Professional, Effective, and Successful Administrator;\n- Astronomy: Exploring Time and Space?\n- Das Viermächte-Abkommen über Berlin 1971 (German Edition).\n- Astronomy: Exploring Time and Space.\n- Customers who bought this item also bought.\nThe study of chemicals found in space, including their formation, interaction and destruction, is called astrochemistry. These substances are usually found in molecular clouds , although they may also appear in low temperature stars, brown dwarfs and planets. Cosmochemistry is the study of the chemicals found within the Solar System, including the origins of the elements and variations in the isotope ratios. Both of these fields represent an overlap of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry.\nAs \" forensic astronomy \", finally, methods from astronomy have been used to solve problems of law and history.\nAstronomy is one of the sciences to which amateurs can contribute the most. Collectively, amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with equipment that they build themselves. Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun, the Moon, planets, stars, comets, meteor showers , and a variety of deep-sky objects such as star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae.\nAstronomy clubs are located throughout the world and many have programs to help their members set up and complete observational programs including those to observe all the objects in the Messier objects or Herschel catalogues of points of interest in the night sky. One branch of amateur astronomy, amateur astrophotography , involves the taking of photos of the night sky. Many amateurs like to specialize in the observation of particular objects, types of objects, or types of events which interest them. Most amateurs work at visible wavelengths, but a small minority experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum.\nThis includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes, and also the use of radio telescopes. The pioneer of amateur radio astronomy was Karl Jansky , who started observing the sky at radio wavelengths in the s. A number of amateur astronomers use either homemade telescopes or use radio telescopes which were originally built for astronomy research but which are now available to amateurs e. Amateur astronomers continue to make scientific contributions to the field of astronomy and it is one of the few scientific disciplines where amateurs can still make significant contributions.\nAmateurs can make occultation measurements that are used to refine the orbits of minor planets. They can also discover comets, and perform regular observations of variable stars. Improvements in digital technology have allowed amateurs to make impressive advances in the field of astrophotography. Although the scientific discipline of astronomy has made tremendous strides in understanding the nature of the Universe and its contents, there remain some important unanswered questions. Answers to these may require the construction of new ground- and space-based instruments, and possibly new developments in theoretical and experimental physics.\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Scientific study of celestial objects and phenomena. This article is about the scientific study of celestial objects. For other uses, see Astronomy disambiguation. Not to be confused with astrology , the pseudoscience. Main article: History of astronomy. Further information: Archaeoastronomy and List of astronomers.\nMain article: Observational astronomy. Main article: Radio astronomy. Main article: Infrared astronomy. Main article: Optical astronomy. Main article: Ultraviolet astronomy. Main article: X-ray astronomy. Main article: Gamma ray astronomy. Main articles: Astrometry and Celestial mechanics. Main article: Theoretical astronomy.\nExploring Creation with Astronomy, 2nd Edition -\nUniverse events since the Big Bang Nature timeline. This box: view talk edit. Matter-dominated era. Single-celled life. Multicellular life. Dark Ages. Earliest stars. Earliest galaxy. Omega Centauri. Andromeda Galaxy. Milky Way spirals.\n- Grades 6-8!\n- The Man in the Mango Tree?\n- Apocrypha of the Apocalypse: A Collection of Short Stories from the End of the World.\n- Blood Algebra!\n- Momentous Solitude.\n- Exploring the world of astronomy pdf?\n- \"+data.description+\" \"+data.subDescription+\";\nAlpha Centauri. Solar System.\nBuy for others\nEarliest life. Earliest oxygen. Atmospheric oxygen. Sexual reproduction. Earliest plants. Cambrian explosion. Earliest mammals. Earliest apes. See also: Human timeline , and Life timeline. Main article: Physical cosmology. Main article: Extragalactic astronomy. Main article: Galactic astronomy. Main article: Star. See also: Solar astronomy. Main article: Sun. See also: Solar telescope. Main articles: Planetary science and Planetary geology.\nMain article: Amateur astronomy. Main article: List of unsolved problems in astronomy. Main articles: Outline of astronomy and Glossary of astronomy. Classical Astronomy and the Solar System — Introduction. Classical Astronomy and the Solar System. Translated by Brewer, W. Berlin, New York: Springer. Archived from the original on 9 June Retrieved 17 November The Astronomy Cafe. Archived from the original on 8 July Retrieved 20 June Archived from the original on 1 November Results for \"astronomy\". Archived from the original on 17 June Results for \"astrophysics\".\nThe Physical Universe. Chichester, England: Wiley. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Archived from the original on 30 October Retrieved 28 October In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth eds. Brill's New Pauly. Archive for History of Exact Sciences. Sign in Register. Enter e-mail address Show Enter password Remember me.\nEnter e-mail address This e-mail address will be used to create your account. Reset your password. Please enter the e-mail address you used to register to reset your password Enter e-mail address. Registration complete. Astroparticle physics Cosmology Dark matter and energy Gravity Planetary science Stars and solar physics Telescopes and space missions. Editor's choice. Astronomy and space Blog Astrobiology conference attracts scientists with an astonishing breadth of knowledge. Telescopes and space missions Feature Weighing water from space Marric Stephens explains how an update to a mission to monitor fresh water is also helping with plans for a space-based gravitational-wave detector.\nLatest news. Astronomy and space News Panel calls for new infrared telescope to hunt for near-Earth objects Report says that detecting asteroids with thermal infrared radiation would allow for a much better determination of their diameters than optical methods. Telescopes and space missions News Protest-hit Thirty Meter Telescope receives construction go-ahead in Hawaii Giant telescope wins a formal \"notice to proceed\" but protesters warn they will not back down.\nAstronomy and space News Comet mission given green light by European Space Agency The Comet Interceptor project will aim to visit a comet from the outer solar system and may even study an object from beyond. Research headlines. Astroparticle physics Research update Cosmic gamma-ray energy record shattered by high-altitude observatory. Water Research update Muons highlight rodent holes and flood risk. Astronomy and space Research update Polarized radio waves reveal magnetic nature of gamma-ray burst.\nHis star charts are handy guides to help you find your way. He even includes a section on astrophotography if you're interested in taking pictures, including options with unspecialized equipment. Since the text of the book is written at a junior high level, your teenage kids likely will enjoy the book as well. Whether you're an amateur astronomer, casual stargazer or anything in between, \" Things to See in the Night Sky\" is your one-stop shop for information on where, when and how to spot some of the brightest and most easily recognizable sights in the sky. Written by Dean Regas, an astronomer and public outreach educator at the Cincinnati Observatory in Ohio, the book breaks down everything you need to know to stargaze like a pro.\nBeginners can use this book as an introduction to stargazing, while more experienced readers will find the book to be a useful field guide that can serve as a reference for locating and identifying stars, constellations, meteor showers, eclipses and even satellites. The book focuses on \"naked-eye\" objects, so you don't need telescopes, binoculars or any other equipment to utilize this handy skywatching guide.\nRead an interview with the author here. In \"The Zoomable Universe,\" astrophysicst Caleb Scharf takes readers from the size of the observable universe step-by-step down to the shortest theoretical measurable length. Along the way, Scharf and the book's illustrator, Ron Miller, explore the formation of the universe, our galaxy and Earth, the makeup of life and quantum physics, and the complexity that develops when you look beyond the surface at any scale.\nThe large, colorful book has a lot of ground to cover, but it delves into enough detail to spark readers' curiosity, and additional graphics by 5W Infographics pack more information into less space. As it speeds through orders of magnitude, from the largest to the smallest, it stops in lots of fascinating corners of the universe along the way. Fifty years ago, only a handful of scientists were hunting for signals from other civilizations as part of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence SETI. But Tarter continued to fight, helping to found a private agency that would survive government changes, hunting for private donors to look beyond this world and helping move the search for intelligent life from the fringes into mainstream science.\nAuthor Lucas Ellerbroek highlights the passion of exoplanet researchers as they learn about the countless planets circling other stars. Throughout history, solar eclipses have transformed from terrifying omens to the subject of scientific study. In \"Sun Moon Earth: The History of Solar Eclipses from Omens of Doom to Einstein and Exoplanets,\" astronomer-artist Tyler Nordgren traces the natural history of eclipses and how they have inspired eclipse chasers to travel the world and witness the natural phenomenon.\nNordgren's narrative also details how observations of total solar eclipses have contributed to scientific discoveries about the sun, moon and Earth's place in the universe throughout history. Read an interview with the book's author here. The search for planets beyond Earth's solar system has revealed countless surprises, including the existence of strange and unexpected worlds that astronomers would have never imagined existed only a few decades ago. A new book titled \"Exoplanets: Diamond Worlds, Super Earths, Pulsar Planets and the New Search for Life Beyond Our Solar System\" Smithsonian Books, explores the history of exoplanet research, illustrates the many different types of planets that have been discovered to date and discusses how astronomers plan to further study these newfound alien worlds.\nThe solar system is a wild place, and even Earth's immediate neighborhood is much more chaotic than maps would suggest — researchers discover more than near-Earth asteroids every month. A new book by Carrie Nugent, an asteroid researcher from Caltech, goes through how we find asteroids and near-Earth objects and what we would do if one was heading toward us. Over the past century, humankind's influence over our environment has increased dramatically.\nIn \"Earth in Human Hands,\" Grinspoon explores the ways that, for good or bad, humans have seized control of the planet. The choice is whether we do so mindlessly, or whether we act in a responsible, considerate manner. Such a dilemma may be common to all life, and the most successful, long-lasting civilizations in the galaxy may live on planets they have engineered to be stable over extensive periods of time, making them more difficult to identify than rapidly-expanding societies.\nYou can read an interview with Grinspoon and watch video clips of him discussing the book with Space. It has been the top-selling stargazing guide for over 20 years. Now in its revised fourth edition, the book contains everything you need to know about what's up in the sky through the year The bookre chapter is dedicated to stargazing technology, like binoculars and telescopes.\nAn entiked with information that even the most experienced stargazers will find comes in handy.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://machinelearninghowto.com/machine-learning-in-space-exploration/", "date": "2024-04-21T18:33:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817790.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421163736-20240421193736-00068.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8704248666763306, "token_count": 714, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__143125640", "lang": "en", "text": "Machine Learning (ML) is playing a pivotal role in advancing space exploration, transforming how we analyze cosmic data and operate space missions. By leveraging ML’s capacity to process and interpret vast amounts of data, scientists and engineers are enhancing our understanding of the universe, optimizing spacecraft performance, and paving the way for future missions. Here’s an overview of ML’s contributions to space exploration:\nAnalyzing Cosmic Data\nDeep Space Signal Processing\nML algorithms are used to filter and interpret signals from deep space, identifying patterns and information that would be difficult for humans to discern. This includes the detection of distant celestial objects, analysis of cosmic microwave background radiation, and more.\nAstronomical Image Processing\nML excels in processing and analyzing images from telescopes and space probes, helping to classify galaxies, detect exoplanets, and uncover new astronomical phenomena. Techniques like convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are particularly adept at recognizing patterns and structures in astronomical images.\nAutonomous Navigation for Rovers and Spacecraft\nMars Rovers and Beyond\nML algorithms enable Mars rovers and other exploratory spacecraft to navigate autonomously in challenging environments. By analyzing sensor data in real-time, these rovers can identify obstacles, plan safe paths, and conduct scientific experiments with minimal input from Earth.\nOrbital Debris Tracking and Avoidance\nSpacecraft equipped with ML algorithms can detect and maneuver around space debris. ML models process data from onboard sensors to predict potential collisions and autonomously adjust their orbit, ensuring the safety of satellites and space stations.\nPredictive Maintenance for Spacecraft\nML models predict equipment failures before they occur by analyzing data from spacecraft sensors and systems. This predictive maintenance capability is crucial for long-duration missions, where timely intervention from Earth is not possible.\nEnhancing Communication with Earth\nML improves communication between spacecraft and Earth by optimizing data compression and transmission. Algorithms can prioritize and compress data for transmission, ensuring that critical information is sent efficiently and without loss.\nScientific Discovery and Experimentation\nAutomated Data Analysis\nML algorithms automatically analyze data collected by spacecraft instruments, identifying significant findings and patterns. This accelerates the pace of scientific discovery by allowing researchers to focus on the most promising data.\nSimulating Space Environments\nML models simulate space environments, aiding in the design of spacecraft and the planning of missions. These simulations can predict how spacecraft materials will respond to various space conditions, from extreme temperatures to radiation exposure.\nImplementing ML in Space Exploration\nDeveloping ML models for space exploration requires collaboration between data scientists, astronomers, and aerospace engineers, ensuring that models are tailored to specific mission goals and constraints.\nRobust and Reliable Models\nGiven the remote and harsh conditions of space, ML models must be exceptionally robust and reliable. Rigorous testing and validation are essential to ensure that these models can operate effectively in space.\nContinuous Learning and Adaptation\nFor long-duration missions, ML models must be capable of continuous learning and adaptation to new data and environments. This adaptability is crucial for missions to distant planets or asteroids, where pre-mission data is limited.\nChallenges and Future Directions\nWhile ML offers transformative potential for space exploration, challenges remain, including dealing with limited data for training models, ensuring the reliability of autonomous systems, and managing the computational constraints of spacecraft. Future advancements in ML and computational technology promise to further enhance space exploration, making missions more autonomous, efficient, and capable of uncovering the mysteries of the universe.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://lesliejohnson.malartu.org/2015/02/13/youll-never-see-the-world-the-same-way-again/", "date": "2024-04-23T04:47:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818464.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423033153-20240423063153-00611.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9612816572189331, "token_count": 710, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__37173391", "lang": "en", "text": "On the first day of my very first geology class, my instructor told us, “Once you’re finished with this course, you’ll never see the world the same way again.” And he was right.\nNow, I can look at mountains and envision the folding process that made them. I can look at beautiful red sandstones and discern the path the wind took as it deposited the sand composing them. I can pick up a landscaping rock and tell you that it is limestone, made from the remains of sea creatures who lived in warm waters. I can point out their fossils in that rock and name their kinds. I know from its rounded edges that it has spent time in a stream. Perhaps, that stream ran beneath glaciers 3 kilometers thick.\nI do indeed see the world differently because I took geology classes. And a calculus class. And now an astronomy class. This past week, I learned to mark the moon’s phases, and it has again changed the way I see the world.\nI leave work and walk to my car. Headed due east, I mark the hour, knowing the moon rises from that direction. I recall the phase of the moon and calculate its place in the sky at this time of night. “It was a waning gibbous two nights ago,” I tell myself, “so it must mean it will be a third quarter this evening.” And then I know the moon is still below my horizon.\nAs I do this, I am also reminded of Morgaine in Marian Zimmer Bradley’s Mists of Avalon. To her, the goddess and the moon were synonymous. As a priestess of Avalon, she wore a crescent shape on her forehead and learned the moon phases as part of her education. I am learning science, but I make connections to books read long ago.\nBecause our instructor showed us how Stephen Spielberg got the moon phases wrong** in ET, I now find myself critiquing the moon’s presence in all of the popular culture.\nAs I write this post, I am sitting at home on my bed. I look at my framed Mutt’s comic strip from 21 Nov. 2006. The little girl Doozy is hugging the chained-up Guard Dog. In the upper right corner hangs a waxing crescent moon. I think it through in my head: “Since moon is low in the sky, it need to be shortly after moon rise at 9 a.m. or moon set at 9 p.m. Assuming it is night and Doozy has her parents’ permission to wish Guard Dog a happy Thanksgiving because it’s still fairly early, it could very well be sometime between 6 and 9 p.m. when a waxing crescent would hang low in the western sky.” I conclude that artist Patrick McDonnell has drawn his moon phase correctly.\nSo lately, I have been thinking that all teachers–from all disciplines, not just science–should make a promise to their students at the beginning of the term: “Once you’re finished with this course, you’ll never see the world the same way again.”\n**I have decided that botching the night sky in a movie must really annoy astrophysicists. Neil deGrass Tyson complained about the incorrect star field director James Cameron used in Titanic until Cameron changed the stars in an updated version of the movie.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://freemasonscommunity.life/the-celestial-journey-of-freemasonry/", "date": "2023-12-08T05:45:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00069.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9093775153160095, "token_count": 2299, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__179017723", "lang": "en", "text": "Since ancient times, humanity has gazed up at the stars in awe and wonder. The night sky presents a portal into the vast mysteries of the universe, stirring philosophical thought about our place in the cosmos. This universal human experience has also played a profound role in the symbolism and rituals of Freemasonry. As Masonic initiates progress on their spiritual journey, they are continually encouraged to look upwards towards the heavens.\nThe lodges themselves are oriented to the cardinal points of the compass and symbolically placed under a celestial canopy decorated with a blazing star, the sun and moon, and lesser stars. Why does Freemasonry direct its members skywards? By contemplating the heavenly bodies, Masons connect to divine principles and the Great Architect of the Universe. The stars represent the source of illumination guiding the way as Masons seek truth and light.\nAncient Philosophies and the Influence of the Stars\nMasonic symbolism shares resonance with ancient cosmological philosophies that recognized an influence or connection between the celestial realm and earthly affairs. Plato believed the orderly motion of the planets reflected a cosmic harmony that shapes human destinies. The 3rd-century philosopher Plotinus viewed the stars as emanations from the divine source, possessing higher intelligence than humans. But he believed the human soul could transcend earthly limits and reunite with the divine through philosophical contemplation.\nHermes Trismegistus taught the stars transmit spiritual knowledge and energies as intermediaries between the earth and the divine. While aspects of these philosophies were mistaken, such as astrological determinism, they pointed towards a profound truth – the interconnection between the divine cosmos and the human mind. The ancients believed aligning one’s life to the harmony of the spheres allowed our highest selves to shine through.\nThe Blazing Star – Inner and Outer Light\nThe Blazing Star is one of the most prominent Masonic symbols, representing the light of Divine Providence that guides the Masonic initiate towards truth. It first appears as a faint glimmering ray in the 1st degree tracing board, but later reveals its full splendor, like the Morning Star heralding a new dawn. The Blazing Star represents the apex of Mason’s spiritual ascent, having perfected himself to become a light unto the world.\nOne theory proposed by Masonic scholar Albert Pike identifies the Blazing Star with Sirius, the brightest star in the sky. Sirius was associated with Anubis, the jackal-headed Egyptian god who escorted souls to the afterlife. This Sirius-Anubis connection highlights Masonry’s illumination from ancient esoteric traditions centered around the heavens. Just as Anubis guided dead souls through the night sky, Masons looked to Sirius, the Blazing Star, as the guiding light on their quest for truth.\nBut the Blazing Star holds more symbolic meaning than its astronomical identity. It embodies the oneness of the Supreme Being, representing omnipresence, omniscience, and omnipotence. Masonic initiates follow this light within their inner journey toward knowledge of the self and the divine essence at the core of their being. The star guides masons to look within and find the inner light of conscience. By lifting their eyes to the celestial canopy, Masons are reminded that the mysteries of the universe can be found within and without. The star shines its light down into the darkness of material existence, but the mason must also look up to glimpse its divine source.\nAscending the Pathway to the Gods\nIn ancient mythology, figures like Hermes, Thoth, and Anubis represent the archetype of the messenger or wisdom keeper, initiating humanity into esoteric knowledge of the gods. They stand for the tools of initiation that facilitate the construction of an inner Spiritual Temple. The Egyptians associated Sirius and Anubis with teachings on the immortality of the soul, the law of karma, and the influence of the stars on human evolution.\nThere are signs these teachings originate from the Egyptian mystery tradition, which venerated Sirius as the source of celestial wisdom. The 19th-century author H.P. Blavatsky called Sirius “the great instructor of mankind” and the secret doctrine hints at its role in humanity’s spiritual history. Masonic light may also be kindled by the spark of Sirius, the flaring signal fire that has burned across centuries and cultures.\nWhile Masonry’s ancient origins may be veiled in mystery, its call to contemplate the heavens is universal. Throughout history, geometric alignments of temples and monuments to the stars have shown how humanity strives to connect the earth with the cosmos. The first traced steps of ritual and architecture attempted to harness divine powers and bring astronomical rhythms down to earth. In Freemasonry, the Lodge’s alignment to the four cardinal directions and stellar ornamentation continues this tradition.\nThe Compass and Square: Navigating by the Stars\nIn Freemasonry, the compass and square are essential tools for orienting one’s purpose and constructing moral living. As a guiding emblem, the compass directs our steps and circumscribes our desires to keep us within proper bounds. The square teaches us to approach life and our deeds with rectitude. When applied to the celestial realm, these tools hold deeper significance.\nThe compass allows Masons to draw a circle linking the celestial with the terrestrial, mapping the cosmos within the confines of the Lodge. The movements of the stars provide fixed reference points for aligning earthly bodies and activities. The square establishes the straight path of virtue, righteousness, and enlightenment. Just as the square sets the 90-degree angles of architecture here on Earth, the fixed stars provide the constant squares and angles in the sky for aligning temples and monuments since time immemorial.\nBy following the compass and the square, Mason can discover his proper place in the cosmic order. He transcends his earthly beginnings but also recognizes the glory of creation in the heavens above. In navigating by the stars, the Mason journeys both beyond and back home again.\nSeeking the Lost Word\nCentral to the Masonic journey is the search for “that which is lost”- the lost word or the hidden gnosis of life. The astronomic symbolism in Masonry reveals that gaining this transcendent knowledge requires guidance from above. By following the movement of the stars – the solar year, the lunar month, and the daily east-west passage of the sun – a Mason learns the rhythms of eternity. The heavens provide the temporal means to glimpse the eternal, using the very boundaries of earthly existence to look beyond them.\nAs the Daystar rises in the East to dispel the darkness of night, so too does the inward sun dawn over the mind and heart of a Mason. He realizes the loss of light throughout humanity’s long-suffering in darkness is ultimately a preparation for the eternal light yet to come. The quest for the lost word is a pilgrimage leading upward through the starry canopy towards that Word, who stands at the apex and end of the journey.\nThe Philosopher’s Stone – Giving Form to Formlessness\nAlchemists interpreted the seven classical planets and luminaries as stages of transformation in the alchemical Great Work of achieving enlightenment. They sought to synthesize the divine forms signified by the wandering stars into the unified primordial matter – the Philosopher’s Stone. This metaphoric process reflected the Masonic journey of working upon the rough stone of the ego self in order to polish and perfect it into a shining, luminous stone reflecting the light of heaven.\nJust as the alchemists extracted the animating soul out of substances by dissolving and coagulating matter, so too must the Freemason break down the rigid thoughts and structures that conceal the radiance of Being. By harnessing the patterns above to the work below, the uneven matter of creation is remade into that First Matter from whence it arose. The sparks of divine light within the stone are brought forth by the alchemical work. Ultimately, the Freemason, like the alchemist, seeks to unify the microcosm with the macrocosm – to align human endeavor with the cosmic patterns above.\nReferences to planets and stars in Masonic symbolism are not meant to imply astrological determinism between celestial bodies and human lives. Such superficial analysis misses the ultimate aim of unity that underlies the apparent divisions of creation. The Masonic work is to harmonize all these diverse energies into an orchestrated whole, making music of the spheres from the raw sounds of space and time.\nBy elevating human love to divine love, faculties of desire to selfless service, and disciplined skills to the needs of the Great Architect, the Mason progresses in their spiritual evolution. We are like stars in the process of becoming, whose outer forms change over time while our inner essence grows brighter. By giving form to formlessness, the Mason sculpts rough stone and square into a shining ideal.\nThe Journey Continues…Look Up!\nFreemasonry’s rich astronomical symbolism encodes the ancient perennial wisdom at the heart of all the mystery traditions. While the true origins may never be known, it hints at the presence of an esoteric transmission through the ages, passing the light forward in alignment with the heavens. This spiritual lineage appears as a guiding star for humanity, moving ever brighter along the horizon.\nAlthough the contemporary study of the cosmos may reveal new and astonishing facts, it is the contemplation of infinity that humbles the mason. The celestial canopy’s glimpses into timeless eternity remain breathtaking and baffling. While new discoveries may further prompt us to admire the handiwork of the Creator, fundamental questions about the purpose and destiny of consciousness in the universe still stir within.\nThe Masonic initiate is instructed to follow knowledge wherever it leads. The mystery religions of antiquity offer a lamp to light our way as we confront the unknown. By searching for ancient wisdom in the patterns above, and aligning to those patterns here below, the Mason works to achieve harmony between the two realms. He comes to know himself as a microcosm of the macrocosm – a little world mirroring the greater universe. Over the ages, Freemasonry’s initiatic journey has remained focused on the heavens where signs of God’s presence are continually revealed, but its ultimate goal is the perfection possible within human nature.\nAs we follow this meandering stellar pathway forward, it is easy to become distracted by the tangled growth of the lower world that threatens to obscure our vision upward. But if we lift our eyes to the sky, the stars can still reveal the Way, just as they have done for countless centuries. Their unfolding story directs our attention beyond the temporal landscape to the eternal cycles of creation. By contemplating the cosmos through the web of mythology and symbolism ascribed to the heavens, a deeper understanding unfolds.\nSo, brothers, let us remember to look up! Keep your eyes focused above the mundane in order to glimpse the Glory of the Grand Architect. Follow the planetary path to discover Wisdom so that like the Blazing Star, your own Light may also shine. Make haste for the hourglass is draining. The secret lost word is waiting to be discovered. The celestial gnosis calls to us from above! May we raise our collective consciousness to mirror the heavens so that our Lodges might become sacred sanctuaries for mystical awakening. Only by gazing upon the cosmic splendor above are our minds opened to the vast potential within.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.big-ideas.org/stem-with-wings-primary-school-event-with-nasa-engineer/", "date": "2024-04-13T00:56:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00339.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9615897536277771, "token_count": 414, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__97677776", "lang": "en", "text": "This special event from STEM with Wings is an opportunity for your class to find out about the amazing zero-gravity Mars helicopter and the Mars Rover Robotic Arm.\nClasses will hear NASA engineer Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu’s inspiring story from Ghana to the UK to NASA, have a chance to ask him questions, and will take part in his engineering design challenge inspired by nature.\nDon’t miss this amazing opportunity to spend an hour with one of the engineers behind NASA’s incredible mission to the Red Planet. Book your free place on 2 May at 2-3pm (suitable for KS2).\nNASA engineer Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu lives on earth – but he works 33 million miles away on Mars, operating the Mars Rover Robotic Arm for NASA.\nThe Arm is fundamental to NASA’s Mars missions. It enables the missions to explore and investigate the planet and to conduct their experiments. Without the Arm, there would be no way even to move the scientific equipment from the spacecraft to the planet surface.\nAshitey has worked on every Robotic Arm sent to Mars and has a vast experience of inter-planetary robotics. It’s not only the Arm. Ashitey was also in the team which designed and built a helicopter – named Ingenuity, or Ginny – taken to Mars in 2020 and still operating there.\nAshitey sends instructions to NASA equipment on Mars on a daily basis, advancing the mission and troubleshooting when there are unexpected problems.\n“Sometimes a problem seems intractable,” he says, “but we are engineers. We love to solve intractable problems!”\nAshitey was born in Ghana and traces his early fascination with engineering to the view from his garden of Accra airport – in particular the action of the wheels deploying for landing. He moved to the UK for university and his passion for robotics took him to the USA and NASA – and his robots to Mars.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://istanbulpostusa.com/last-surviving-astronaut-of-nasas-apollo-7-mission-dies-at-90/", "date": "2023-02-06T10:44:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500334.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206082428-20230206112428-00606.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9501211047172546, "token_count": 614, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__278751223", "lang": "en", "text": "Walter Cunningham, the last living astronaut of NASA’s first crewed space flight in 1968, has died at the age of 90, the US space agency announced on Tuesday.\nCunningham, whose 1968 Apollo 7 mission opened the way for the first human moon landing a few months later in 1969, died on Tuesday morning in Houston, a NASA statement said.\n“Walt Cunningham was a fighter pilot, physicist, and an entrepreneur – but, above all, he was an explorer. On Apollo 7, the first launch of a crewed Apollo mission, Walt and his crewmates made history, paving the way for the Artemis Generation we see today,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said.\n“NASA will always remember his contributions to our nation’s space program and sends our condolences to the Cunningham family,” Nelson added.\nFollowing his death, Cunningham’s family also paid tribute to the late astronaut: “We would like to express our immense pride in the life that he lived, and our deep gratitude for the man that he was – a patriot, an explorer, pilot, astronaut, husband, brother, and father. The world has lost another true hero, and we will miss him dearly.”\nBorn in 1932 in Iowa, Cunningham earned a Bachelor of Arts with honors in physics in 1960 and a Master of Arts with distinction in physics in 1961 from the University of California. In 1974, he completed a doctorate in physics with exception of thesis at the Harvard Graduate School of Business.\nCunningham joined the Navy in 1951 and flew 54 missions as a night fighter pilot in Korea, according to the NASA statement. “Cunningham has accumulated more than 4,500 hours of flying time in 40 different aircraft, including more than 3,400 in jet aircraft,” it added.\nIn 1963, he was chosen as a member of NASA’s third astronaut class. Cunningham served as the backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 1 and the lead crew for cancelled Apollo 2 before being assigned to the Apollo 7 crew.\nFor the first human flight test of the Apollo spacecraft, Apollo 7, he was chosen as the lunar module pilot for the 11-day mission.\n“With Walter M. Schirra, Jr. and Donn F. Eisele, he tested maneuvers necessary for docking and lunar orbit rendezvous using the third stage of their Saturn IB launch vehicle,” the NASA statement said.\n“The crew successfully completed eight tests, igniting the service module engine, measuring the accuracy of performance of all spacecraft systems, and providing the first live television transmission of onboard crew activities,” it added.\nThe Apollo 7 craft members including Cunningham earned an Emmy in the form of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustee Award.\n“The 263-hour, 4.5-million-mile flight splashed down Oct. 22, 1968, in the Atlantic Ocean,” it added.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://productreview676.com/2017/07/26/interstellar-nolans-sci-fi-masterpiece/", "date": "2018-07-18T14:46:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590199.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718135047-20180718155047-00459.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9455216526985168, "token_count": 438, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__31468109", "lang": "en", "text": "Interstellar, Christopher Nolan’s sci-fi masterpiece premiered in 2014 and is both visually and mentally stunning. Using practical effects, film instead of digital and no green screen at all, Nolan creates an intense, beautiful and terrifying vision of space and time, brought to life through masterful visuals and a perfectly suited score. Coupled with the artistic aesthetics and auteur feel of Nolan’s creation, is the realistic and almost entirely accurate science behind the film. Based on the work of Dr Kip Thorne Nolan and his brother built a screenplay with the vision of a sci-fi feel, but with true science and physics behind it, having studied astrophysics for months in preparation for the script.\nThe narrative follows the former NASA astronaut Cooper (Matthew McConaughey), whom now runs a farm, as he is recruited by physicist Dr Brand (Michael Caine) in the hope he can pilot a team, aboard the ship ‘Endurance’, to travel through a worm hole and find a new planet, capable of sustaining human life. On Earth, blight is causing crops to die, with global starvation the impending consequence.\nCooper, having fought with his daughter Murph about leaving, embarks on the interstellar trip. A crew of four, Cooper, Amelia (Anne Hathaway), Romilly and Doyle begin the trip across time and space. They travel through a worm hole and to a scouted world with the potential of sustaining life. This turns out to be unfortunate, as the world is situated close to a black hole, time is warped, meaning time spent on the planet runs faster than that on Earth. Discovering the planet in uninhabitable and losing Doyle in the process, Cooper and Amelia return to the Endurance to find that the time spent on that planet was catastrophically stretched compared to that on Earth. The three remaining astronauts must now find another suitable world before it is too late for the starving people on Earth.\nNolan perfectly crafts a narrative based on realistic science coupled with theories about love, human relations and survival, making this incredible motion picture breathtakingly beautiful and mentally refreshing. A brilliant film and a brilliant story.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://southwarringtonnews.com/solar-unit-honors-7-main-reason-whies-they-dont-job-what-you-can-possibly-do-regarding-it/", "date": "2024-04-24T22:08:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819971.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424205851-20240424235851-00246.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9499773979187012, "token_count": 1370, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__145119279", "lang": "en", "text": "The planetary system contains the Sunshine as well as the planets it orbits, plus their moons, rings, and such “fragments” as planets and comets. Stargazers are actually discovering more concerning this system continuously, with telescopes and also Earth-launched space probes.\nOur solar body formed about 4.5 billion years ago. It outgrew a thick region in an interstellar cloud of dirt and fuel. read here\nThe Sunshine is actually the superstar at the facility of our sunlight body. It is actually an enormous, warm ball of plasma televisions that gives off radiation in the kind of obvious lighting, infrared, ultraviolet as well as X-rays. This radioactive particles supplies a lot of the electricity needed forever on Planet.\nDeep in the Sunshine’s primary, atomic combination takes spot to transform hydrogen right into helium. This procedure misshapes the framework of the celebrity as well as makes features like sunspots as well as flares. When these features launch high-energy fragments right into room, they can easily interfere with gps communication and result in the “geomagnetic storms” that occasionally interrupt power frameworks in the world.\nThe Sunlight is actually surrounded by a substantial blister of billed fragments called the heliosphere, which defenses earths and their moons from fast interstellar fragments understood as planetary radiations. This bubble prolongs out to regarding 2,000 AU, the proximity of the Oort cloud, where long-period comets dwell.\nOur planetary system contains the Sunlight, 8 planets and their countless moons and also asteroids. It also consists of an extensive swath of extremely rare fuel as well as dust understood as the interplanetary tool. Our device formed 4,500 million years earlier and also performs some of the external spiral arms of the Galaxy universe.\nThe Moon orbits The planet in an elliptical trainer style that takes about 27 days to complete a single rotation. This brings about the Moon’s periods and also enables sun and lunar eclipses. Its surface is pockmarked along with scars coming from the countless meteorites that have actually hit it over the years. Yet beneath its own rough crust exists lava, which has actually appeared for billions of years.\nThe smallest moons are Deimos at Mars, Ganymede at Jupiter, Titan at Solar System as well as Iapetus on Pluto. There are actually greater than 210 well-known nomadic moons, plus a lot more in the planet waistband and the big rings of Jupiter, Solar System, Uranus as well as Neptune. The Voyager probes uncovered 6 earlier uncounted moons of Neptune that vary in dimension coming from thirty three to 250 kilometers around.\nThe planets in our photovoltaic unit developed coming from a rotating cloud of gasoline as well as dirt. The center of the cloud fell down as a result of to gravitational force and developed the Sun. Over time, wrecks between fragments in the bordering cloud barged all together to form rough and gaseous planets.\nThese earths orbit the Sunlight in ellipses, with each one’s proximity from the center of the Sun (periodic span) varying slightly. The earths that orbit closest to the Sun are actually Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars; those that orbit further away are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and also Neptune. Just About Pluto (right now thought about a dwarf earth) possess rings around them.\nThe internal earths possess rough, sound areas and also are actually intensely cratered; the exterior earths possess heavy gases that offer all of them the appearance of being ice titans. All of the planets have moons.\nThe Dwarf Planets\nThe planetary system possesses five “formal” dwarf worlds– Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake, and also Haumea. In enhancement, stargazers think about a variety of trans-Neptunian items, consisting of Gonggong (2007 OR10), Quaoar, Sedna, Orcus, 2002 MS4, and Salacia, to be applicants for the classification. The measurements of these objects may simply be actually approximated located on their presumed albedos, and also as a result the specific lot of dwarf planets in our sunlight device is actually unknown.\nThe discovery of these overshadows has induced conflict, especially due to the fact that they are actually certainly not large sufficient to qualify as true earths under the rigorous interpretation used due to the International Astronomical Alliance. Some Pluto lovers criticized the experts that named them, as well as some of the finders obtained hate mail coming from smashed 6-year-olds.\nThese dwarfs might have rocky centers surrounded by ice, as the asteroid Ceres performs. They may likewise have moons, as the icy Eris carries out, and the rocky Haumea performs. Their tracks signify that they were actually the moment portion of a much larger world, which obtained taken apart throughout a time frame of gravitational interruption contacted behind time heavy barrage. In the course of this opportunity, Jupiter, Solar System, and Neptune shifted inward towards the Sun, knocking clutter right into their tracks.\nThe Solar Body has the Sunshine, 8 earths, their moons, about 290 thousand planets and also much more than 3,900 comets. It developed 4,500 million years earlier, as well as it orbits the facility of our Galaxy Galaxy in some of its own external spiral arms.\nThe four stony planets closest to the Sunshine are Mercury, Venus, The Planet and also Mars. Beyond them rests the asteroid district, an area including countless small rough things that are leftovers coming from the accumulation of the global disk. The gasoline giants, Jupiter, Solar System, Uranus and Neptune, pack the void in between the asteroid waistband as well as the Sunlight.\nComets are actually blends of ice, rock and also dirt that loop with the Solar System in lengthened elliptical trainer orbits. When a comet comes close to the Sunshine, it warms up and its icy products transform directly from solid ice to gas in a method gotten in touch with sublimation. This releases dirt bits that develop a tail that directs far from the Sunlight. An additional rear of neutral ions extends in an upright line coming from the Sunlight, a graceful contour that offers all of them their label as “grimy snowballs.” Astronomers think that short-period comets, which orbit the Sunlight in lower than 200 years, come from the Kuiper district and long-period comets stem from the Oort Cloud, a disc-shaped location that extends beyond Neptune’s orbit.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://lizzzyoh.tumblr.com/post/24662124390/sciencesoup-dark-sky-island-the-gorgeous-isle-of", "date": "2014-10-21T10:18:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00326-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9341340661048889, "token_count": 140, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-42__0__100061519", "lang": "en", "text": "12:53am (37,191 notes)\nDark Sky Island\nThe gorgeous Isle of Sark, the smallest self-governing island in Europe, is located in the English channel 130 miles off the southern English coast. In January 2011 it became the world’s first “Dark Sky island” by controlling light pollution. The island’s single electricity source is an oil-fired power station, and there are no cars, streetlights or even paved roads: you can only get around by bike, horse, carriage or tractor-drawn bus. Due to the lack of light pollution, the Milky Way stretches gloriously overhead—from horizon to horizon across the pristine black sky.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.hep.uiuc.edu/home/g-gollin/oregon_north_dakota/kings_university/Science_ARI.html", "date": "2018-03-22T07:45:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647782.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322073140-20180322093140-00128.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9284534454345703, "token_count": 531, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__88392976", "lang": "en", "text": "The Astrophysics Research Group was established at Liverpool John Moores University in February 1992. Since then it has grown to its present size of over 40 individuals with further rapid expansion planned. During this period it has attracted significant PPARC and EU grants and was one of only two university physics departments in the UK to show an improvement of 3 grades between the 1992 and 1996 national Research Assessment Exercises. In August 2000 the Astrophysics Research Institute became an independent department within the University. An Advisory Board, including senior university staff and external representatives, provides guidance to the Institute from a wider perspective.\nCurrent research spans topics in stellar astronomy including novae and related stars; regions of star formation; brown dwarfs, extra-solar planets and the environments of Be stars. Work in the area of extragalactic astronomy and cosmology encompasses galactic dynamics; interacting and merging galaxies; the evolution of galaxies, and large-scale structure.\nThe Institute houses a node of the STARLINK system for data reduction and analysis. It also holds a PPARC PATT rolling grant to fund travel for observational work at telescopes around the world and a PPARC Visiting Fellows grant to enable collaborators to spend extended periods working within the Institute. Postdoctoral Fellows, Research Assistants, Research Students and technical and secretarial staff are funded by PPARC grants or University (RAE) research funds.\nA major initiative that the Institute is involved in is the Liverpool Telescope project funded in part by an EU grant. Project partners are PPARC, the National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside, and Merseyside industry. Our primary aim is to re-establish the UK's ability to build large optical telescopes, and to base the enterprise in the Merseyside region. The prototype instrument, the 2m Liverpool Telescope, will be the World's largest robotic telescope, and will be in full scientific operation on La Palma in the Canaries in 2003. The Institute will be responsible for running this telescope, and will have a significant amount of guaranteed time in which to conduct observing programmes. The telescope, and its successors, will be built on Merseyside by a subsidiary company of JMU, Telescope Technologies Limited.\nMembers of the Institute are also involved with Physics with Astronomy B.Sc. and Astrophysics M.Phys. degrees in conjuction with the University of Liverpool Physics Department, a variety of distance learning programmes and the National Schools' Observatory. In the recent QAA teaching quality assessment exercise conducted together with the Physics Department of the University of Liverpool we were awarded a maximum TQA score of 24 out of 24.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.kjdb.org/CN/abstract/abstract3253.shtml", "date": "2020-08-07T04:33:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737152.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807025719-20200807055719-00004.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.902465283870697, "token_count": 432, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__102954015", "lang": "en", "text": "Abstract：Very Long Baseline Interferomety (VLBI) is a high-resolution imaging technique in radio astronomy. It has made substantial contribution to our understanding of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The progress in VLBI is reviewed focusing on the development at millimeter wavelengths and its applications to AGN studies. Extending this technique to millimeter wavelengths, so-called mm-VLBI, leads to a unique opportunity to directly probe the central regions of AGN with the highest angular resolution in astronomy. Direct imaging of the jet innermost regions is indispensable for answering a number of unresolved fundamental questions regarding the jet formation, acceleration, and collimation. It is also a key to understand how the gravitational effects and magnetic fields (through full polarimetric VLBI observations) play the role in the vicinity of Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH). Such kind of studies are not possible at centimeter wavelengths due to the self-absorption, opacity, Faraday depolarization and scattering (in the case of Sgr A*) effects. In addition, millimeter-VLBI observations also open windows to study new species of spectral lines with unprecedented angular resolutions. The present challenges of millimeter VLBI are explained and a brief developing history is then described. Recent technical development allows imaging of hundreds of sources at 86GHz with high dynamic range. At even higher frequencies, studies are at present limited to pilot experiments, but have shown the detectability of brightest AGN and the existence of event-horizon-scale structures. These studies provide us with direct insights into black hole and relativistic jet physics. The future potential for improvement in mm-VLBI detection sensitivity is summarized. The characteristics for those radio telescopes and interferometer arrays, which are likely available in the next few years for global VLBI at short millimeter wavelengths (≤1.3mm) are presented. With the addition of these new instruments, a detailed imaging of nearby SMBHs (e.g. Sgr A*, M87) and answer to the open question of jet formation can be prospected.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.bluewaterweb.com/hawaii-by-sextant.html", "date": "2024-04-12T23:45:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816465.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20240412225756-20240413015756-00382.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9114990830421448, "token_count": 451, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__130930635", "lang": "en", "text": "Hawaii By Sextant\nHawaii By Sextant by David Burch and Stephen Miller\nAn In-depth Exercise in Celestial Navigation Using Real Sextant Sights and Logbook Entries.\nIn the spirit of early Bowditch editions, we offer navigation details of a full ocean passage as an excellent way to learn the ropes of practical celestial navigation. With your own tables and plotting sheets, you can analyze 224 timed sextant sights to obtain 26 position fixes to find your way along a 2,800-nmi voyage lasting 17 days. We use sun, moon, stars, and planets.\nAfter completing this passage you will be prepared to navigate by celestial navigation on your own – if you choose to, or need to.\nThe book includes an in-depth discussion with examples of the Fit-Slope Method, along with the formulation and examples of numerical LOP advancement for small DR corrections during a sight session and other suggestions for optimizing cel nav when combining traditional and modern solutions to position fixing.\nAlso included is a record of our rendezvous with the remnants of Hurricane Daniel, and other nuances, such as evidence of loose-cannon mesoscale current eddies–something that we (and most other navigators at the time) did not even know existed in these waters.\nSolutions are provided by computation, filled-out workforms, and detailed plots using universal plotting sheets. After each fix, the range and bearing DR to Fix is recorded and discussed in light of proposed guidelines for ocean DR uncertainty.\nLandfall at night using computed navigation light ranges is also discussed and illustrated.\nNote that this is not a book on how to learn basic celestial navigation. This is an extended realistic exercise in using the celestial navigation you already know to enhance your knowledge and expand it with advanced methods that could be needed in special circumstances.\nThis book is unique.\nThere never has been in the past, nor will there likely be in the future, such a thoroughly documented training exercise based on a voyage relying purely on celestial navigation to cross an ocean.\n# of pages: 162\nSize: 8.25\" x 11\"\nAuthors: David Burch and Stephen Miller", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.travelsages.com/new-years-eve-northern-lights-in-norway/", "date": "2020-03-29T08:17:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00027.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9613301753997803, "token_count": 1104, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__217393313", "lang": "en", "text": "I saw the Sun, and it seemed to me I was seeing a glorious goddess; To Her I bowed for one last time in this world of Time.\n– Song of the Sun, Edda poem Solarljod\nNew Year’s Eve is the threshold between our very recent past and our near future. December 31st is the bridge that links the darkest and longest day of Winter Solstice and the return of the sun. Our choices, our character and our past will lead us to this time of reflection. The doorway into the New Year lies charged with all that we have experienced and learned, and breathes mighty with the possibilities of our wishes and dreams. It is here that we must stand thankful for all that has been, willing to let go and create space for the new, and remain open to what is yet to come. The shadow dance between dark and light is an ever-vigilant presence and yet is especially brutal and breathtaking as it settles in for the winter months in Norway. This duality is the backdrop for the New Year’s Eve, where past and future collide in a burst of color.\nNowhere have I witnessed the magnitude, grace and beauty of the almost all-encompassing darkness to befall the days of winter as I have within the northern islands of Norway called Lofoten. The Lofoten islands rest within the Arctic Circle, and it is here that both the splendor and might of true night seeps steadily into the days, as sunlight is often only glimpsed for but an hour or two, if any, and is robed in a few stray rays of grey light.\nIt is believed that earliest settlers of Lofoten can be traced back to over 11,000 years, and Norse mythology chants of the darkness that comes to blanket the region and the glimmers of light as it slowly begins its rebirth. Tourists from all over the world flock to Lofoten over the summer months to experience the great beauty of the archipelago and revel in awe-inspiring nature, but winter to me is the most enchanting experience. The battle waged between darkness and light, is eternal, for they are two halves of the same whole as they sustain one another, and to witness it within ourselves and see it reflected across the night sky is a majestic and humbling feat.\nThe pagans of Scandinavia saw the embodiment of the sun as an elfin sung goddess, who during the winter months is swallowed up by the darkness of the winter wolf. The Sami called her Beaivi Nieida meaning the “Sun Maiden” and it was believed that she was the source of all life. As her rays touched the earth, life was breathed into the fields and the wombs of all living things. When you find yourself enveloped in a darkness that seems to encompass both the day and night within itself, you will know how every shard of light must be preserved, remembered and renewed.\nThe Aurora Borealis have been written about, painted and beautifully photographed, but absolutely nothing can compare to actually being able to experience the night sky as it moves with majesty of colors we often reserve for pictures taken in space. This ever-shifting spectrum of color is named for the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for wind, Boreas. I love to photograph, but there are moments in time where memory has to be allowed to be the lone witness, and such is the case when viewing the Aurora Borealis. The hues of blues and greens glide across the star scattered sky with such grace, that you almost want to hold your breath, to freeze the moment in time, for even within the span of seconds the tapestry of the sky is eternally changing.\nThe first time I saw the Northern Lights, I lowered my camera and stood in perfect awe. I have always loved the night sky scattered with stars, and on a trip through the desert from California to Las Vegas, I remembered thinking that as long as I could look up at the sky and see stars, I would never feel lonely. Watching the ribbons of ethereal light cascade across the Norwegian skies, I am reminded of all the people I love and somehow, no matter how far across the world we may find ourselves, the connections remain ever strong.\nAccording to Hermetic writings, Earth mirrors the great heavens and is best encased in the quote “ As above, so below”. Perhaps my absolute favorite tradition to observe both on Christmas and New Years in Norway is the lighting of candles upon all the graves. These are the shards of light and love that break through the darkness, just as the sun goddess breaks free from the belly of the wolf, and enters the cycle of rebirth anew. Facing the ocean and the winds with their might and ability to bring change, held close by the embrace of those we love both living and those who have passed, supported by the steadfastness of the earth and the mountains, we are reminded that we are beings of light, and the light will always find a way.\nThe glow of candles in the cemetery breathes softly and the night skies are clear, scattered with starlight and the light of the new dawn blown by the winds in shades of primordial blues and greens. We hold hands and firecrackers in our free hands, because the world is made of light bursting through the dark.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://connecticut.statenews.net/news/262174844/russian-capsule-carrying-robot-fails-to-link-up-with-iss", "date": "2020-06-05T00:47:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492295.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604223445-20200605013445-00032.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.948398768901825, "token_count": 406, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__43196745", "lang": "en", "text": "An unmanned Soyuz spacecraft carrying Russia's first humanoid robot has failed to dock with the International Space Station (ISS).\nA statement from Russia's Roskosmos space agency said the failure to dock on August 24 was because of problems in the docking system.\nRoskosmos officials were later quoted as saying a second docking attempt would take place on August 26.\nThe Russian news agency TASS reported that the Soyuz came as close as 96 meters to the space station before aborting the docking attempt and moving away.\nThe cause of the problem appeared to stem from the automated rendezvous system called KURS, the U.S. space agency NASA said, adding that nothing was wrong with the Soyuz vessel itself.\nBoth NASA and Roskosmos said the six-person crew on board the space station were not in any danger.\nThe FEDOR robot, the abbreviated name for the Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research anthropomorphic mechanism, blasted off to the Earth orbit aboard a Soyuz spacecraft on August 22 from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan.\nThe robot, with the identification number Skybot F850, repeated the famous phrase by the first human in space, Russian Yury Gagarin, by saying 'Poekhali!' (Let's go!) during the launch.\nFEDOR, which is 1.8 meters tall and weighs 160 kilograms, even has Instagram and Twitter accounts.\n'The first phase of in-flight experiments went according to the flight plan,' the robot's account tweeted after reaching the Earth orbit.\nOfficials Roskosmos have said that FEDOR will assist ISS crew members with minor tasks, while future models will be developed to carry out extravehicular activities.\nWith reporting by Current Time, AFP, dpa, and AP\nCopyright (c) 2018. RFE/RL, Inc. Republished with the permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1201 Connecticut Ave NW, Ste 400, Washington DC 20036", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://wristwatchnews.com/h-moser-cie-the-sombre-beauty-of-the-moon/", "date": "2021-06-21T20:04:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488289268.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621181810-20210621211810-00123.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8625093698501587, "token_count": 1424, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__190956151", "lang": "en", "text": "H. MOSER & CIE.: THE SOMBRE BEAUTY OF THE MOON\nFascinating, mysterious: People have always found the moon captivating. With the Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept model, H. Moser & Cie. pays remarkable homage to the lunar body. With two resolutely contemporary models, H. Moser & Cie. reinterprets the most poetic complication ever; showcasing the eyecatching moon in a large window at 6 o’clock, in all its splendour. A perpetual moon, the Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept is one of the most precise moon phases available, with one day’s deviation every 1027 years.\nBy reinterpreting the moon phase in such an understated way, H. Moser & Cie. highlights the beauty of the lunar body in an ode to its purity. Nestled at the heart of the Concept dial, which features neither logo nor indices, the moon shines through in a large window at 6 o’clock. Surrounding it there is only space, seemingly interplanetary space. This effect is enhanced by the dial which is made from Vantablack® for the steel model. Its ultra-black coating, regarded as the darkest substance of all, Vantablack® is used in astrophysics in telescopes and by the army as thermal camouflage. It is composed of carbon nanotubes that are vertically aligned next to each other and is capable of absorbing 99.965% of light. It is the darkest black dial to be produced yet. The black colour is such that it appears astral, abyss-like: An undeniable black hole at the centre of which shines the moon. The Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept in steel has an elegant, serene and refined moon phase display. A contemporary and bold design equipped with a black leather strap.\nMore sensual, the 5N red gold version features an H. Moser & Cie. midnight-blue fumé dial. Its deep lustres, with twilight tones, are perfectly matched with the red gold of the case. A brown alligator leather strap adds the finishing touch.\nThe Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept is powered by the HMC 801 hand-wound Manufacture calibre, equipped with an interchangeable Moser escapement. This calibre ensures the watch has a minimum 7-day power reserve, with an indicator on the movement side. The moon phase system is an extremely precise display that can be set, read and predicted to within a minute. The system can be easily adjusted using a push-button on the side of the case. On average, the moon’s orbital period lasts 29.53059 days. To be more precise: 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 2.9 seconds. The Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept’s intricate wheel train portrays this interval so precisely that the gap is a mere 0.23 seconds per day, that is to say one day’s deviation after 1027.30 years, making it the most precise model available.\nThe H. Moser Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept embodies technical complexity, is unconditionally elegant and understated and worthy of the finest watchmaking traditions. Available in steel or red gold, the Endeavour Perpetual Moon Concept is available in a limited edition of 50 pieces for each of the two references.\nTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS – ENDEAVOUR PERPETUAL MOON CONCEPT\nReference 1801-1200, steel model, Vantablack® dial, black leather strap, limited edition of 50 pieces Reference 1801-0400, 5N red gold model, midnight-blue fumé dial, brown alligator leather strap, limited edition of 50 pieces\nSteel or 18-carat 5N red gold\nDiameter: 42.0 mm, height: 12.9 mm\nScrew-in crown adorned with an “M”\nVantablack® or midnight-blue fumé with sunburst pattern\nLeaf-shaped hour and minute hands\nCentre seconds and AM/PM hands\nMoon phase window\nHand-wound HMC 801 Manufacture calibre\nDiameter: 34.0 mm or 15 lignes, height: 6.5 mm\nFrequency: 18,000 Vib/h\n28 jewels and screwed gold mounts\nPower reserve: minimum 7-day with a double barrel\nBevelled ring and Moser teeth for all wheels and pinions\nInterchangeable Moser escapement\nOriginal Straumann Hairspring®\nTraditional screw balance wheel with gold adjusting screws\nGold escapement wheel and pallet fork\nHours and minutes\nCentre seconds hand and hacking seconds\nAM/PM indicator – Hours 12 to 6 o’clock representing AM and 7 to 11 o’clock representing PM\nLarge moon-phase indicator display\nPower reserve indicator on movement side\nMoon-phase adjuster push-button on the case flank\nHand-stitched black leather or brown alligator leather\nSteel or 18-carat 5N red gold pin buckle engraved with the Moser logo\nEndeavour Perpetual Moon Concept, reference 1801-1200, steel model, Vantablack® dial, black leather strap, limited edition of 50 pieces\nEndeavour Perpetual Moon Concept, reference 1801-0400, 5N red gold model, midnight-blue fumé dial, brown alligator leather strap\nSource Credit: Content and images from H. Moser & Cie.\nMore about H. MOSER & CIE.\nH. Moser & Cie. was created by Heinrich Moser in 1828. Based in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, it currently employs around 60 people, has developed 12 in-house calibres to date and produces more than 1,500 watches per annum. H. Moser & Cie. manufactures parts such as regulating organs and balance-springs, which are used for its own production as well as to supply its partner companies. H. Moser & Cie. is honoured to have a Moser family member with the company as Honorary Chairman and President of the Heinrich and Henri Moser Foundation. The aim of the Moser Foundation, created by one of Heinrich Moser’s descendants, is to keep the family history alive and seek out antique pieces for the Moser Museum, located in Charlottenfels Manor, Heinrich Moser’s family home. With its substantial watchmaking expertise and highly acclaimed experience in the sector, MELB Holding holds shares in H. Moser & Cie. and Hautlence. MELB Holding is an independent family group, based in the heart of the legendary Vallée de Joux.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://saraseager.com/personal-biography/", "date": "2018-12-15T23:50:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827137.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215222234-20181216004234-00639.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9722470641136169, "token_count": 610, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-51__0__61424889", "lang": "en", "text": "Professor Sara Seager was born and grew up in Toronto, Canada. Among her first memories is a trip to a “star party” with her father, to see the moon through a telescope—spectacular! Professor Seager graduated from Jarvis Collegiate Institute, a 200-year old public high school known for its science education. During high school she was astounded to learn that one could be an astrophysicist for a living, only to be deterred by her father, who believed the best career was as a doctor or lawyer.\nProfessor Seager entered the University of Toronto with the idealistic view that anything and everything could be described by a physics equation. She soon learned, that, in reality, approximations are not only rampant but necessary. This realization motivated Professor Seager to eventually leave pure physics to pursue her “first love” astronomy. After graduating with a BSc in the Math and Physics Specialist Program at the University of Toronto, Seager attended the PhD program in Astronomy at Harvard .\nWhile at Harvard, in the mid-1990s, the first reports of exoplanets around sun-like stars began appearing. Encouraged by her PhD supervisor, Dimitar Sasselov, Seager studied the atmospheres of these so-called hot Jupiter planets. At the time, many scientists were skeptical of the new planets, preferring to believe they were the result of a different phenomenon, such as star variability. Others thought the claims made in Seager’s thesis would never be substantiated. But exoplanets kept turning up and Seager’s early work was eventually validated.\nAfter earning a PhD from Harvard in 1999, Professor Seager joined the cadre of postdoctoral fellows at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. There, she benefited enormously from the mentorship of the late John Bahcall. Unlike most scientists at the time, John Bahcall supported Seager’s new ideas in exoplanets with almost unbounded enthusiasm, as long as the underlying physics was sound and the phenomenon was detectable some day in Seager’s lifetime. Bahcall’s support enabled Seager to initiate several new topics in exoplanet characterization.\nProfessor Seager’s research now focuses on theoretical models of atmospheres and interiors of all kinds of exoplanets as well as novel space science missions. Her research has introduced many new ideas to the field of exoplanet characterization, including work that led to the first detection of an exoplanet atmosphere. She was part of a team that co-discovered the first detection of light emitted from an exoplanet and the first spectrum of an exoplanet. The exceedingly surprising diversity of exoplanets has led Seager’s maxim, “For exoplanets, anything is possible under the laws of physics and chemistry.”\nProfessor Seager is an astrophysicist and planetary scientist at MIT. She lives with her husband and two sons in Massachusetts.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://motivatedtolead.libsyn.com/website/episode-57-interview-with-brady-pyle-deputy-chief-human-resources-officer-nasa", "date": "2023-03-25T23:05:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00159.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9622257947921753, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__137888000", "lang": "en", "text": "Jul 23, 2020\nIn this episode, we interview Brady Pyle is the Deputy Chief Human Capital Officer for NASA. Brady shares his thoughts on leadership and lessons learned in his career.\nBrady is responsible for leading Human Resources Services for NASA. Over the past two years, Brady has led the Executive HR Directors for NASA’s ten field Centers. He joined the Executive ranks in March 2016 as HR Director for NASA’s Johnson Space Center—home to NASA’s Astronauts and leaders in human space exploration, including the International Space Station, which recently celebrated 20 years of continuous human presence in space.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://ncats.nih.gov/news-events/news/heart-chips-in-space", "date": "2023-12-01T02:19:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00398.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9337206482887268, "token_count": 1362, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__314631331", "lang": "en", "text": "The Beat Goes On — Even 258 Miles Above Earth\nAt little after 3:30 p.m. EDT on April 7, 2020, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, returning to Earth after nearly a month attached to the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft brought back a number of physical and life sciences research projects, including heart and gut tissue chip projects that traveled to the ISS as part of the Tissue Chips in Space initiative.\nFollowing this article, take a photo journey with the heart tissue chips as they traveled from Earth to the ISS and back.\nThe initiative is an ambitious collaborative endeavor that brings NCATS, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the ISS U.S. National Laboratory together to rapidly advance tissue chip technology for biomedical research. The chips contain miniature models of living tissues built from human cells. Because tissue chips accurately model the structure and function of human organs and systems, researchers could use them to predict — more quickly and effectively than current methods allow — whether a candidate drug, vaccine or biologic agent is safe or toxic in humans. Tissue chips also can provide new opportunities for researchers to study biological processes in the extreme environment of microgravity aboard the ISS.\nProlonged exposure to microgravity — as is experienced by the astronauts on the ISS — is known to cause changes to many aspects of the functioning of the human body, including in the heart and cardiovascular system. Many of the changes caused by microgravity look similar to those caused by accelerated disease and aging processes. Using tissue chips on the ISS provides a unique opportunity for researchers to model and study conditions related to diseases and aging over weeks or months, rather than the years that it would take for these conditions to develop on Earth.\nA research team led by Deok-Ho Kim, Ph.D., at Johns Hopkins University and comprising researchers from several academic institutions and other organizations developed heart tissue chips to study the structural and functional changes to the tissue caused by spending time in low gravity. The team also developed related technology needed to send the tissue chips safely into space, survive on board the ISS for nearly a month and return to Earth. The researchers hypothesized that during that period of time the tissues would undergo functional, visible and molecular changes that are similar to those that occur with illness or old age on Earth.\nTo create the heart tissue chips, the researchers coaxed human induced pluripotent stem cells, which have the potential to become almost any type of cell in the body, to form cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) that developed into small 3-D structures between two posts on a silicon scaffold. One of the posts, which was flexible and bent each time the tissue contracted, contained a small magnet. While on the ISS, the magnet’s movements were picked up by a sensor and transmitted to the researchers on the ground so they could collect data on the strength of the contractions — and any changes to that strength — remotely.\nNow that the tissue chips have returned to Earth, the researchers will continue to analyze the data they collected while the tissue chips were on the ISS and compare them to data from a set of comparison chips that remained on Earth. The research team also will begin to assess the visible and molecular changes the tissue may have undergone as a result of spending time in microgravity.\nOn a future flight, the researchers will test methods to improve heart cell contractions, including mechanical stimulation, which mimics muscle conditioning, as well as drugs known to protect the heart from an irregular heartbeat or heart disease. Findings from the project may have implications both for improving the health of astronauts and for finding new ways to study and treat heart diseases related to aging on Earth.\nFollow the heart tissue chips' journey from Earth to space and back again by clicking the images below!\nHeart tissues in one of the launch-ready chambers. Each chamber contains six individual tissues; a total of 48 tissues were sent to the International Space Station.\nTy Higashi of the University of Washington (left) and Stefanie Countryman and Paul Koenig of BioServe Space Technologies (back right) look on as Jonathan Tsui (center), also of the University of Washington, examines tissue chips in one of the launch-ready chambers through a microscope in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center before the launch of SpaceX CRS-20.\nFrom left to right, Jonathan Tsui and Ty Higashi of the University of Washington and Paul Koenig and Stefanie Countryman of BioServe Space Technologies pose with the heart tissue chip hardware in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center before the launch of SpaceX CRS-20.\nJust before midnight on March 7, 2020, SpaceX CRS-20 blasted off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The Dragon spacecraft carried more than 4,300 pounds of cargo and science projects, including the heart tissue chip project.\nAfter astronaut Jessica Meir used the International Space Station’s robotic arm to capture the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft on March 9, 2020, ground controllers remotely installed it on the Station’s Harmony module, where it stayed until its departure on April 7.\nOn board the International Space Station, astronaut Jessica Meir performed media exchanges on the chambers containing tiny, beating engineered heart tissues. The media exchanges removed waste and introduced new fluids to feed the cells.\nAstronaut Jessica Meir holds a chamber containing heart tissue chips that traveled to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the Tissue Chips in Space initiative. Studying tissue chips on the ISS gives researchers a unique opportunity to examine the effects of microgravity on human organs.\nSix heart tissue chips beating on the International Space Station, 258 miles above the Earth.\nSensors attached to the chambers containing the heart tissue chips detected changes in magnetic force as the tissues’ contractions moved posts with embedded magnets.\nThe data were transmitted back to Earth, allowing researchers on the ground to monitor the strength of the contractions while the experiment was on the International Space Station.\nOn April 7, 2020, the Space X Dragon capsule departed the International Space Station (ISS). It splashed down in the Pacific Ocean several hours later, returning the tissue chips and many other research projects and cargo to Earth.\nThe researchers will continue to study the data they collected while the chips were on the ISS and examine the tissues for visible and molecular changes.\nSensors attached to chambers containing the heart tissue chips detected changes in magnetic force as the tissues’ contractions moved posts with embedded magnets. The data were transmitted back to Earth, allowing researchers on the ground to monitor the strength of the contractions while the experiment was on the International Space Station. (NASA)", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://charuatmyniche.wordpress.com/2014/09/26/nighttime/", "date": "2021-07-30T16:04:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153971.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730154005-20210730184005-00547.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9741864204406738, "token_count": 156, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__213906037", "lang": "en", "text": "I took these pictures on September 9th 2014. The Sept. 9 super moon was the last to complete the trio of super moons that began in July. The biggest and brightest of the trio was the one that occurred Aug. 10.\nI used my neighbor’s tree as a reference to capture the rising moon in the eastern sky.\nIt is by far the biggest and brightest object in the night sky however, the moon is not an easy subject to photograph.\nSuper moons are lunar phenomena where the moon reaches a point in its orbit where it is closest to the Earth. At this point, the moon will appear to be bigger and brighter.\nNighttime: It’s trickier to take pictures at night, but the rewards are well worth it.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://skiesanduniverses.iaa.es/page-7/page-27/page-29/", "date": "2021-09-26T02:51:34Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057796.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926022920-20210926052920-00009.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9201330542564392, "token_count": 139, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__61607267", "lang": "en", "text": "- Uchuu Project Overview: Uchuu is a simulation of the formation of the Large Scale Structure of the Universe based on the mutual gravitational interactions between the dark matter particles, and it can resolve smaller features to depict the Universe in greater detail. Uchuu has 2,097,152,000,000 (two trillion) particles! It was run with GreeM3 N-body code by Tomoaki Ishiyama at the ATERUI II supercomputer in Japan. The Uchuu simulation has delivered 4PB of raw data! All Uchuu data products will be made publicly available. \"Uchuu\" is a Japanese word meaning \"Universe\".", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://lflank.wordpress.com/2016/01/12/eleven-lost-days-switching-the-calendar/", "date": "2018-06-20T11:11:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00404.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.985058605670929, "token_count": 1446, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__126207774", "lang": "en", "text": "In the 18th century, England (and America) changed the calendar that it had been using for almost 2000 years. In the process, eleven days were “lost”. And, according to legend, there were riots as people took to the streets to demand their eleven days back.\nIn ancient times, most calendars were lunar, and were based on the period of time between full moons or new moons. This, however, caused a problem over the longterm. The 30-day lunar cycle did not fit evenly into the 365-day solar cycle, so after a period of years any specific dates based on lunar cycles would be falling into completely different seasons. As a result, most agricultural societies began keeping solar time instead, based on the motion of the sun in the sky; astronomical observations were carefully kept to determine the time of the spring and autumn equinoxes and the summer and winter solstices. This still caused problems, however, since the solar cycle did not equal 365 days–it actually lasted roughly 364.25 days. So the solar calendar gradually fell out of step with the actual cycle of the sun.\nIn the Roman times, the calendar was originally divided into ten months. (September, October, November and December come from the Latin for seven, eight, nine and ten.) The days of each month were counted from the first day (the Kalends) the middle day (the Ides) and the last day (the Nones). Later two more months were added. But this still left the year too short, so every so often two extra months (called the Intercalaris) had to be added. It was up to the priests to keep track of all this, and since nobody else actually understood the calendar’s workings, it was not unusual for the priesthood to adjust the length of the year (sometimes through bribery), making it longer or shorter for political or religious reasons.\nIn 45 BCE, under the rule of Julius Caesar, the mess became so confusing that a change was needed, and the Roman Republic adopted a version of the solar calendar that became known as the “Julian”. For the first time, this new calendar introduced the concept of the “leap year”–an extra day tacked on to one of the months to correct the discrepency caused by the fraction in the solar cycle. The Julian calendar also changed the beginning of the year. The old Roman calendar had used March 1 as the beginning of each year; the Julian system moved this to January 1.\nThe Julian calendar remained long after the Roman Empire collapsed. It was adopted by the Roman Catholic Church and held sway throughout Europe for the next thousand years. The only modification to be made during this time was to change the date of the first of the year. The early Church, as part of an effort to emphasize the Christian holy days instead of the pagan Roman, moved the first day of the year away from January 1. In the 7th century CE Christmas Day was the beginning of the new year; by the 9th century CE the new year was set at March 25, Annunciation Day.\nHowever, the Julian calendar also had a problem. The solar cycle, it turned out, was not exactly 364.25 days–it was a little less than that. So by adding a leap day every four years, the Julian calendar was actually adding too much time, and it fell out of step with the actual solar cycle by one full day every 128 years. By the 16th century CE, the calendar dates were ten days out of sync with the solar equinoxes and solstices.\nThis was a problem for the Church. Holy days such as Easter were calculated astronomically from the solar equinoxes and the lunar phases, but these were now irreconcilable with the calendar dates (Easter had traditionally been celebrated on March 21). So in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a sweeping change to bring the calendar back into alignment with the solar cycle. He decreed that ten days would be dropped in October; October 1 would be followed immediately by October 12. He also declared that the beginning of the new year would be moved to January 1. And finally, to solve the problems with the Julian calendar, Pope Gregory reduced the number of leap days: now instead of adding a leap day every four years, it would be added only if that year was divisible by 400.\nThe Gregorian calendar went into effect in Catholic Europe in October 1582. The Protestant countries, however, flatly refused to adopt the “Popish timekeeping”, and kept their Julian calendar. As a result, Europe now had two different calendars, simultaneously. To avoid confusion, civil, commercial and diplomatic documents began “double dating”, listing both the Julian and Gregorian dates. (But, to make things more confusing, in 1600 Scotland, then an independent kingdom, moved the beginning of the year on its Julian calendar from March 25 to January 1. Then in 1603, King James of Scotland also became King of England, and the British kingdom had the same calendar but with two different New Year’s days.)\nThis awkward system continued for almost 150 years, but soon it became so unwieldy that it could no longer be tolerated. In 1750, England bowed to reality, and Parliament passed a resolution that implemented the Gregorian calendar to bring Britain and her colonies into sync with the rest of the world. The beginning of the year was moved from March 25 (known as Lady Day) to January 1, and eleven days were dropped (the delay in adopting the Gregorian system had allowed the Julian calendar to become inaccurate by an extra day). As a result, March 24, 1750, was followed by March 25, 1751, but December 31, 1751, was then followed by January 1, 1752. (Thus the year 1751 lasted only 282 days instead of 365, and there was no January or February in that year.) Then, on Wednesday, September 2, 1752, eleven days were dropped, and the next day became Thursday, September 14.\nIn later centuries, a myth appeared that the benighted English peasants, upon being told that 11 days would be dropped from the calendar, thought that their lives were actually being shortened by almost two weeks, and rioters appeared in the streets demanding their eleven days back. In reality, contemporary records show no such incidents, although there were some local protests when a few landlords tried to collect a full month’s rent for the short month of September. The calendar change did become a political issue in Parliament between the Whigs and the Tories, with the conservatives opposing the “papish calendar”.\nA few countries, however, still retained the Julian calendar. Tsarist Russia never adopted the Gregorian system. It wasn’t until the Soviet Union was established in 1917 that the new calendar came into use (which is why the February and October Revolutions happened in March and November). The last nation to adopt the Gregorian calendar was Turkey, in 1927.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://alightyear.com/", "date": "2018-02-23T06:13:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814493.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223055326-20180223075326-00025.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9156091213226318, "token_count": 136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__154227893", "lang": "en", "text": "Light travels at approximately 300,000 km per second. This website functions as a day calendar, showing the objects that a beam of light might pass by, when travelling from the sun, in a straight line, for one year (cats not included).\nOur light particles have now travelled for a Julian year (365.25 days) and are not even close to reaching the nearest star. The Crab supernova remnant is about 4,000 years away; the Milky Way Galaxy would take 150,000 years to cross; the Andromeda Galaxy is 2.3 million light-years away. Light will have to travel for another 28 billion years to reach the edge of the visible universe.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.emmiitaranta.com/diary/entry/2021-04-21-the-moonday-letters-wins-tahtivaeltaja-award", "date": "2024-04-22T05:45:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818081.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422051258-20240422081258-00712.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9428566098213196, "token_count": 341, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__199927717", "lang": "en", "text": "Emmi Itäranta’s third novel The Moonday Letters (Kuunpäivän kirjeet) has won the Tähtivaeltaja Award for the best science fiction novel published in the Finnish language in 2020. The jury described the book as follows:\n“The book, crisp and flowing in terms of style, is an epistolary novel consisting of the messages its main character, Finnish-born Lumi Salo, writes to her spouse who works far away. The accomplished narration blends several timelines and fragments of history, news material, research knowledge and even advertisements. These form a many-stranded, consistent picture of humanity that has spread out to the Moon, Mars, space stations and gas giant satellites. (…) The second theme running throughout the book, ecology, interweaves seamlessly with the themes of connection and belonging. Earth has been turned nearly uninhabitable by environmental destruction, and as their next step, the humankind that has escaped is grabbing resources from the surfaces of bare planets. The view into the collapsed ecosystem, an abandoned shell sucked dry by humans, is ominous and prophetic. It makes The Moonday Letters strictly topical. At the same time, the book reaches effortlessly into a future where the threshold of colonizing space has already been crossed.”\nThe Tähtivaeltaja Award is given annually by Helsinki Science Fiction Society to the best science fiction book published in Finland, including translations. In 2021 the other shortlisted novels were Rehab by Laura Gustafsson, The Grace Year by Kim Liggett, Death’s End by Liu Cixin and Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.austinrisingschool.com/post/what-s-happening-in-main-lesson-this-week-2", "date": "2024-03-02T23:54:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476137.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302215752-20240303005752-00385.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9762227535247803, "token_count": 266, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__98355033", "lang": "en", "text": "Our focus this week was our moon and the planets. We watched some video's about the moon's phases. Then we did an activity with styrofoam and flashlights in the darkness of our windowless classroom. It was so cool to be able to see the different phases! Next, we learned about the Algonquian names for the full moons of each month, or moonth. ;) We drew the phases of the moon in our lesson books. Then I showed them a 2 minute clip of the bathroom scene in Hidden Figures. In this scene, Katherine Johnson is expressing her anger to her boss and all the clueless white males at NASA about how difficult it is for her to find a bathroom to use due to segregation. It was nice to place space exploration into the context of the Civil Rights Movement happening at the same time. I highly recommend watching this movie!\nEveryone is in the process of creating a travel brochure for one of the planets. I gave them a research guide with questions, my expectations for the project and some books and let them research on their own. I was impressed by the initiative they took on this project. They were really enjoying themselves. I let each student plug their age into a page on Exploratorium's website that let us know our age on every planet. They loved this!", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16444-isro-to-send-space-missions-in-solar-system", "date": "2020-05-28T14:02:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347399820.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528135528-20200528165528-00579.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9372202157974243, "token_count": 1096, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__64334854", "lang": "en", "text": "Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which is planning to send three Indian astronauts to space by 2022, as part of India’s ambitious “Gaganyaan” project, will also send manned human missions in solar system in near future, ISRO engineer and scientist Dr. V. R. Lalithambika said here.\nWhile delivering a lecture at “Techfest 2020”, organised by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, at its Powai Complex in North East Mumbai, Dr. Lalithambika said that now the ISRO which has already gone through the process of sending spacecrafts to moon and mars, will try to send manned space missions also in the solar system.\nDr. Lalithambika, who is heading “Gaganyan mission to send humans to space, said that the space research got momentum after two world wars due to the competition between different nations. The human ingenuity makes one to explore newer and newer avenues. To enter solar system, the speed of the rocket should be 1/5 th of the speed of the light. The light reaches earth within 8 minutes.\nTo send space crafts or satellites, now the chemical rockets are used, but in future this technology will become outdated and plasma rockets will have to be used. Since the plasma rockets have tremendous speed, it will be possible to reach to planet Jupiter within a week/ month from the moon. With chemical rockets, the estimated duration is 4 years to reach Jupiter from the moon. In future the speed of the chemical rockets will be reduced to large extent and they will become obsolete.That is the reason, the use of plasma rockets is the need of the hour.\nTo propel humans through space with a 100-billion-Watt laser is one of the ISRO’s projects in the pipeline she said and added that ISRO is serving the nation in various fields including communication, navigation, space science etc and every single person of India is somehow linked with its services. Over 75 per cent of the population of country lives in remote areas and it is advisable to space technology to provide services in various speeds.\nThe amount of space junk around earth has hit a critical point. Hundreds of thousands of man-made objects are zipping around our planet—from dead satellites to errant nuts and bolts, putting our working satellites at risk. There are at least 5 lakh satellites in the earth orbit. Of these nearly 4000 satellites are obsolete. As such to send satellites in the space is a big problem. To design satellite for the space mission is also a challenge before researchers.\nA lot of research goes in finding out how the satellites could be sent into the space using less energy. Similarly the astronauts travelling by space crafts face many health hazards like muscular pain, kidney disorder, eye ailments, brain fatigue, change in thinking system etc.\nDr. Lalithambika later inspected the project “Innovations and major challenges in Oil refinery”, presented by IIT Assistant Professor Pramod Kothmire, as part of the 23rd edition of “Techfest 2020”. The project has been appreciated by Reliance India Ltd, ONGC, BARC and a few other oil refinery industries.\nFormer Prime Minister of Bhutan and an environmental activist, Dasho Tshering Tobgay speaking on “towards an environmental friendly nation” said that today Bhutan is “carbon neutral” due to strict adherence to pollution control norms and efforts to maintain an ecological balance. That is the reason “climate change” has not affected Bhutan which continues to be peaceful. Besides “we have protected our culture from undue influence of social media”. As such our country is peaceful”.\nIIT Bombay is headed for the moon\nIn the meanwhile IIT Bombay has collaborated with NASA funded “Colorado Space Grant Consortium University of Colorado” at Boulder(USA) for the Lunar Mission. Projet Manager Anmol Sikka and Assistant Project Manager Sanskriti Bhansali said that the IIT Lunar Mission is part of IIT Bombay Student Satellite Project. “We are part of this endeavour and the provisional plan envisages 500 Luna Satellites designed and developed by students from all over the world to fly to the moon. Spacecraft made by IIT-B will be one of them. The size of the spacecraft is 5cm x 5cm with a thickness of 1-2mm. The launch is slated for 2022,which will mark the 50th anniversary of “Apollo 17”, the last manned mission to the moon.\nBy now over 60,000 people have attended the three-day long Techfest. The visitors are having first hand experience of Air taxis, air drones, ‘Robowars’, The Time Machine(innovation by a Japanese firm), Prosthetics for sports and many other eye catching projects.\nRaju Vernekar is a Media Professional based in Mumbai and is a regular contributor of Imphal Times. He had served as Chief Reporter at Free Press Journal (1996 – 2015 ). His Activities includes writing for different news papers, script writing/production for TV channels, Films Division. Writing poems in Marathi, Hindi, English, Guiding mass media students and helping people to solve their problems. Raju may be contacted at [email protected]", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.astroimages.org/book.html", "date": "2022-09-26T03:36:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334644.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926020051-20220926050051-00390.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8522921204566956, "token_count": 1259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__203071380", "lang": "en", "text": "This page lists books that have helped me personally in my studies of astronomy, astrophotography, ccd imaging and image processing. If my websites have sparked your interest in astronomy, please look for any of these titles at your local library or you can order them directly through Amazon.com.\nCCD Astronomy and Digital Astrophotography\n|Handbook of Astronomical Image Processing -- Richard Berry and Jim Burnell\nThis is an incredible book and cd combo. In my opinion, Richard Berry transformed amateur astronomy with his early books that allowed amateurs like me to build their first ccd camera. Most of us now use improved commercial cameras but Richard continues his important role with this reference and accompanying software. The cd with AIP4Win software is worth the price alone. This is one of the best available tools for image processing and is continually updated with free downloads. The book is not a manual for the software (that's included in the help section of the software). Instead, the book is an outstanding reference covering the science of image processing. If you can only buy one book on the subject of image processing, this is it!\n|Digital SLR Astrophotography -- Michael A. Covington\nMr. Covington has been introducing amateurs to astrophotography for a number of years and follows up with this detailed text for astrophotography with a digital SLR.\n|The Ccd Camera Cookbook : How to Build Your Own Ccd Camera/Book\nand Disk -- Richard Berry, et al.\nThis book provides detailed instructions for building your own ccd camera for astronomical imaging. The ccd images on my web pages were obtained with this camera. If you're interested in purchasing or building a ccd camera, buy this book! This book increased my joy for the hobby of astronomy beyond measure.\n|A Practical Guide to Ccd Astronomy (Practical Astronomy Handbooks\n, No 8) -- Patrick Martinez, et al.\nPractical guide to CCD astronomy. Includes a thorough introduction to the CCD and associated electronics, image processing, and applications in astronomy. Excellent text for the more experienced beginner to intermediate CCD amateur.\n|The Art and Science of Ccd Astronomy (Practical Astronomy)\n-- D. Ratledge(Editor)\nArticles from twelve leading amateurs. Provides practical advice and tips from experienced amateur CCD astronomers.\n|Ccd Astronomy : Construction and Use of an Astronomical Ccd\nCamera -- Christian Buil, Emmanuel Davoast (Translator).\nDetailed, intermediate-level, text on CCD electronics, construction, operation and image processing.\n|Astrophotography for the Amateur -- Michael Covington\nAstrophotography for the Amateur provides a complete guide to taking pictures of stars, galaxies, the Moon, the Sun, comets, meteors and eclipses, using equipment and materials readily available to the hobbyist. Astrophotography for the Amateur is the standard handbook for all amateur astronomers. It will also appeal to photography enthusiasts who can discover how to take spectacular images with only modest equipment.\n|The Backyard Astronomer's Guide - Terrence\nOutstanding beginner-to-intermediate book covering amateur astronomy and astrophotography. This book will help you find the right equipment, navigate the stars and begin taking beautiful astrophotography images.\n|Splendors of the Universe : A Practical Guide to Photographing\nthe Night Sky -- Terrence Dickinson, Jack Newton\nBeautiful images accompanied by practical advice in beginning astrophotography. This book will get you started in photographing the night sky with an inexpensive manual 35mm camera and a tripod. If you're interested in trying your hand at astrophotography, start with this book.\nObservational Astronomy Aids / Atlases\n|Advanced Amateur Astronomy -- Gerald North\nEssential information on telescope optics, the atmosphere, astrophotography, electronic imaging, and telescope hardware. Chapters on photometry, spectroscopy and radio astronomy bring observational astronomy to a level where data of real scientific value can be acquired.\n|Burnham's Celestial Handbook (Volume 1, Andromeda through\nCetus) -- Robert Burnham, Jr.\nSubtitled: An Observer's Guide to the Universe, this volume along with its two additional companion volumes (see below) are an essential reference for every amateur astronomer. Much of the factual information on my web pages comes from these volumes. These fascinating books can be used as references as they catalog thousands of celestial objects grouped by constellation. I find the books especially unique in that they provide folklore, history and extensive descriptive notes about each object. Add these three volumes to your library before all others.\n|Burnham's Celestial Handbook (Volume 2, Chamaeleon through\nOrion) -- Robert Burnham, Jr.\n|Burnham's Celestial Handbook (Volume 3, Pavo through\nVulpecula) -- Robert Burnham, Jr.\nMy astronomy-related websites\n|CCD Astronomy - CCD camera images of galaxies, nebulae, and star fields.|\n|Astrophotography - Color images of comets, the Moon, nebulae, galaxies and the Milky Way. Each image includes a description of the object, links to further information and how the image was taken.|\n|Aurora Images - Color images of the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights from Alaska and Maine. Includes a description of the cause of the lights.|\n|Astronomy Resources - Extensive list of astronomy resources on the internet, categorized by subject with descriptions of each site.|\nLast Updated on May 18, 2008\n|Send comments to Jeffrey A. MacQuarrie|\nAll images copyright © 2007 by Jeffrey A. MacQuarrie and may not be used without permission.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://dev.primegrid.com/forum_thread.php?id=9492", "date": "2022-07-03T05:01:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215790.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703043548-20220703073548-00457.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8827248811721802, "token_count": 136, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__277141395", "lang": "en", "text": "The ninth and final challenge of the 2020 Series will be a 10-day challenge marking the extraordinarily rare astronomical event known as the Great Conjunction. The challenge will be offered on the GFN-18, GFN-19, and GFN-20 subprojects, beginning 21 December 13:22 UTC and ending 31 December 13:22 UTC.\nTo participate in the Challenge, please select only the GFN-18 and/or GFN-19 and/or GFN-20 subprojects in your PrimeGrid preferences section.\nAddendums? Annotations? Apprehensions? Discuss in the forum thread for this challenge. Best of luck!", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.johnstoncc.edu/howellwoods/woodstockhome.aspx", "date": "2014-08-21T16:01:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500820617.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021340-00230-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8875218629837036, "token_count": 510, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__65049929", "lang": "en", "text": "April 5th 2014, 1:00 pm\nJoin the Howell Woods Advisory Board and staff for an annual open house event at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center. Spend part of the day and into the night enjoying educational programs and recreational activities for adults and children.\nThe Howell Woodstock event has fun things to do for the whole family including hayrides, star gazing, nature walks, live music and a bonfire with s'mores.\nThere will be a variety of educational programs, conservation and green living booths, as well as learning center reptile and birds of prey displays.\nIn addition, local vendor Raglands Productions will be on site with a rock wall, mechanical bull and inflatables. Food will be available for purchase from the following:\nVendors: click here to register\n- White Swan BBQ\n- The Chuck Wagon\nEducational Program Schedule (All programs are free)\n2:00 p.m. Soaring with Raptors\n3:00 p.m. Living with North Carolinas Venomous Snakes\n4:00 p.m. Turtles of Howell Woods\n5:00 p.m. Exoplanets\n6:00 p.m. Black holes\n7:00 p.m. Weather on Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn\n8:00 p.m. State Wide Star Party*\nFor more information on the event, call (919) 938-0115.\n* State Wide Star Party\nJoin Howell Woods in celebration of the North Carolina Science Festival with a sky watching extravaganza! Howell Woods is a perfect spot for viewing the night sky because it’s located away from city lights. During the afternoon, solar telescopes will be staffed by amateur astronomers who can show the public sunspots and solar flares. And after dark, we'll train our telescopes on the moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and a number of deep sky objects.\nNOTE: If you have your own telescope or binoculars, we encourage you to bring them along with blankets and chairs. This Statewide Star Party event is an extension of the Howell Woodstock festival which begins at 1:00 p.m. Come early, bring the kids and enjoy an afternoon of nature talks and activities, food, music, crafts and fun!\nThe North Carolina Statewide Star Party is made possible thanks to the generous support of NC Space Grant.\n©2014 Johnston Community College. All Rights Reserved.\nSite best viewed in Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://theasusstore.com/products/biochemistry-formal", "date": "2018-03-20T17:07:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647519.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320170119-20180320190119-00257.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8874043226242065, "token_count": 111, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__230503187", "lang": "en", "text": "You are cordially invited to the Biochemistry Formal, \"Among the Cosmos.\" Join us for a night of dancing and celebrating the year in the stars. We look forward to seeing you there!\nDate: Thursday, April 5th, 2018\nLocation: The Renaissance 285 Queen Street\nKingston, Ontario K7K 1B7\nThis event is restricted to Biochemistry students as the formal is only for Biochemistry students and their guests.\nFor any questions please contact email@example.com", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://mikkovuorela.com/isstv/", "date": "2024-02-27T11:44:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474674.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227085429-20240227115429-00719.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9504362940788269, "token_count": 370, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__103536924", "lang": "en", "text": "The Russian side of the International Space Station transmits slow scan television (SSTV) images on 145.8 MHz (WFM modulation, roughly 20 kHz bandwidth without doppler correction) roughly twice a year during SSTV events. The signal is so strong that these images can be captured relatively easily e.g. by using cheap RTL-SDR dongles and v-dipole antennas, and decoded using readily available SSTV decoders. Up here in southern Finland, the ISS passes never exceed 20 degrees, but reception is still possible as long as there is line of sight to the ISS. Typical SSTV events take place on two consecutive days, but images are typically only transmitted for a couple hours every day. Typical SSTV events are focused around an event or a person, and there are typically 12 images that are being transmitted. Images are transmitted using PD120 mode which means that it takes two minutes to transmit one image, and each image is 640x496 pixels. However, although ISS passes are typically 10-12 minutes, you can only capture approximately 2-3 images per pass as there is a cooldown period after each transmission. SSTV transmissions are analogue transmissions which means that you can actually hear it, and if there is interference it shows up as noise instead of e.g. black bars or pixels.\nWhile realtime decoding of the SSTV images is possible, it is beneficial to record baseband, because that enables decoding of APRS packets that the ISS transmits on 145.825 MHz. APRS packets can be decoded using any AFSK 1200 decoder.\nImages below are from SSTV event that took place between 4 and 5 August 2020, and celebrated helicopter designer Marat N. Tishchenko (1931–2015).", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://nboxoffice.com/dreamy-nights-and-dazzling-lights-the-magic-of-galaxy-lamps/", "date": "2023-12-07T10:08:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00409.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8801708817481995, "token_count": 798, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__23990351", "lang": "en", "text": "Imagine a night sky filled with twinkling stars and a mesmerizing display of celestial beauty. Now, envision capturing this magical experience within the confines of your home. Galaxy lamps make this dream a reality, bringing the awe-inspiring wonder of the cosmos right into your living space. With their enchanting designs and soothing illumination, galaxy lamps have become a popular choice for those seeking to infuse a touch of celestial allure into their homes.\nA Glimpse into the Cosmos\nGalaxy lamps are a fusion of art and science, carefully crafted to replicate the celestial wonder of the galaxy. They encapsulate the essence of stars, planets, and cosmic formations in a compact, mesmerizing lamp. Utilizing advanced technology and creative design, these lamps project a breathtaking visual experience that transports you to the depths of outer space.\nThe primary mechanism behind these lamps involves intricate LED lighting and 3D printing technologies. LED lights are strategically placed within a spherical or dome-shaped structure, mimicking the appearance of stars and galaxies. The 3D printing technique allows for the creation of precise and detailed cosmic designs, giving the lamp an authentic and ethereal look.\nThe Dance of Light and Colour\nOne of the most captivating aspects of galaxy lamps is the interplay of light and colour. The LEDs within the lamp emit a soft, diffused glow, replicating the gentle radiance of stars. The hues range from deep blues and purples to vibrant pinks and greens, resembling the myriad colours found in the cosmic realm. This dynamic blend of colours adds a dreamy and surreal ambiance to any room, creating a relaxing and soothing atmosphere.\nA Personalized Cosmic Experience\nGalaxy lamps offer a customizable experience, allowing you to tailor the lighting to match your preferences and mood. Some lamps come with adjustable colour settings, enabling you to switch between various shades and intensities of light. Whether you desire a calming, tranquil atmosphere or a more vibrant, energetic vibe, these lamps can adapt to suit your needs.\nMoreover, certain galaxy lamps offer the option to choose specific constellations or patterns, letting you create your own slice of the universe. From the mesmerizing swirls of a galaxy to the familiar constellations like the Big Dipper, the lamp’s design possibilities are as vast and varied as the cosmos itself.\nA Source of Serenity\nIn a world filled with hustle and bustle, finding moments of serenity and relaxation is crucial for overall well-being. Galaxy lamps provide a tranquil escape, offering a meditative experience akin to stargazing. The gentle illumination combined with the entrancing patterns can help calm the mind, reduce stress, and promote a sense of peace. It’s a delightful way to unwind and rejuvenate after a long day.\nPerfect for Every Space\nThe versatility of galaxy lamps is another reason for their widespread appeal. Whether you’re adorning your bedroom, living room, office, or any other space, these lamps seamlessly blend into any decor. Their aesthetic appeal and soft glow enhance the ambiance of any room, making them a wonderful addition to various settings.\nA Gift from the Cosmos\nGalaxy lamps make for exceptional gifts, captivating the hearts of both the young and the young at heart. Whether for a birthday, anniversary, or any special occasion, gifting a galaxy lamp is like presenting a piece of the cosmos. It’s a thoughtful and unique gesture that brings the wonders of the night sky to the recipient’s fingertips.\nIn conclusion, galaxy lamps hold a special allure, capturing the imagination and fascination of individuals seeking to bring the magic of the cosmos into their lives. With their artful designs, soothing illumination, and customizable features, these lamps offer a captivating and enchanting experience. Let the allure of the galaxy brighten your nights and bring a touch of celestial wonder into your everyday world.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://rowanlindsay.blogspot.com/2016/06/review-asronauts-guide-to-life-on-earth.html", "date": "2020-08-07T13:23:40Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00518.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9692323803901672, "token_count": 348, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__160746037", "lang": "en", "text": "An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth by Chris Hadfield\nMy rating: 5 of 5 stars\nNow this is a book I would like every aspiring youngster to read. Kids who want to be the tops and never mind youngsters, all adults should read this book. It's a great advert for co-operation, for planning, organising and thinking ahead, and gives excellent reasons why striving to be number one and better than everyone else, and making sure they know it, is not the way to succeed.\nChris Hadfield is a laconic Canadian, the astronaut who sent back from the space station all those lovely Youtube videos of life in space and the beautiful photographs of earth and space. He writes about his journey to become an astronaut and how all those bromides we hear are not a good idea. You should sweat the small stuff or disaster will happen. You should plan and organise and practise, practise, practise. You should co-operate and work with your colleagues/people around you because your life, and theirs, depend on each one's knowledge, and care.\nWell, obviously that has to be done in space, people will say. Yes, but what about our planet which needs us to be as careful and caring as astronauts need to be. it's already in a critical state.\nYes, there are some really valuable lessons to learn from this book and it's a well written, fascinating read by a clear sighted, clear thinking, caring human being. We need to do a Gideom's Bible trick and get this book into every place and reach as many people as possible. After all isn't planet earth just a large space station floating in space?\nView all my reviews", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.michaelrblinkhoff.com/forum/general-discussion/nasa-names-first-woman-and-black-man-on-moon-mission", "date": "2023-05-30T04:48:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00359.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9589186310768127, "token_count": 181, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__209913460", "lang": "en", "text": "The US space agency Nasa has named the four astronauts who will take humanity back to the Moon, after a 50-year gap.\nChristina Koch will become the first woman astronaut ever assigned to a lunar mission, while Victor Glover will be the first black astronaut on one.\nThey will join Reid Wiseman and Jeremy Hansen to fly a capsule around the Moon late next year or early in 2025.\nThe astronauts won't land on the Moon, but their mission will pave the way for a touchdown by a subsequent crew.\nThe three US citizens and one Canadian were presented to the public in a ceremony in Houston, Texas.\nThey will now begin a period of intense training to get themselves ready.\nIn selecting a woman and a person of colour, Nasa is keeping its promise to bring greater diversity to its exploration efforts. All the previous crewed missions to the Moon were made by white men.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.brauss.in/chandra-grahan-2023-date-and-time/", "date": "2024-02-27T17:10:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227153053-20240227183053-00624.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9047325253486633, "token_count": 2155, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__171001768", "lang": "en", "text": "Chandra Grahan 2023, Date and Time, Live Updates and Preacautions: The lunar eclipse, known as Chandra Grahan in India, holds both celestial and religious significance. Chandra Grahan 2023 in India is scheduled for October 28, starting at 11:31 PM and ending at 3:36 AM on October 29. This event will be visible from the moonrise on the 28th to the moonset on the 29th. To assist you in preparing for this eclipse, we’ve compiled essential information, including the date and time for lunar eclipses in different countries, viewing tips, and astrology-related insights. It’s important to note that the October 2023 lunar eclipse will commence with the moon rising over Eastern America and setting over Australia. For expecting mothers, we’ve also provided guidelines on Chandra Grahan 2023 and its potential effects during pregnancy.\nChandra Grahan, Lunar Eclipse 2023 India\nThe upcoming lunar eclipse in October 2023 holds great promise for both astronomy enthusiasts and those intrigued by its celestial charm. It presents exciting opportunities for growth and advancement. However, it’s essential to adhere to the Sutak guidelines if you’re passionate about stargazing and want to fully appreciate this cosmic spectacle.\nChandra Grahan 2023 Overview\n|Chandra Grahan 2023\n|Chandra Grahan Date\n|28th October 2023\n|Chandra Grahan Start Time\n|11:32 PM on 28th October\n|Chandra Grahan End Time\n|03.26 AM of 29th October\n|Country wise timings\n|Type of Lunar Eclipse\nWhen is Chandra Grahan Date and Time\nThe last lunar eclipse of 2023 occurred on the night of 28th-29th October. It was visible not only in India but also in Australia, Europe, North America, South America, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, the Southern Pacific, the Arctic, and Antarctica.\nIn India, the eclipse began at 1:05 AM and ended at 2:24 AM, with the peak at 1:44 AM. In astrology, eclipses are considered inauspicious. To counter any negative effects, it’s recommended to sprinkle Ganga water throughout the house and take a bath after the eclipse. After bathing, purify the house with Ganga water and perform prayers and rituals. Donating to the needy is also considered significant after an eclipse.\nThese post-eclipse traditions help mitigate any potential adverse effects according to astrological beliefs.\nChandra Grahan 2023 Live Updates\nIn India, the lunar eclipse on October 28, 2023, will commence at 1:05 AM and conclude at 2:24 AM, lasting for 1 hour and 18 minutes. The midpoint of the eclipse will be at 1:44 AM, when the maximum impact will be observed. The eclipse’s penumbral phase will start at 4:05 PM the day before.\nFor various cities:\n- Mumbai: Moonrise time today is at 4:57 PM.\n- Lucknow: Moonrise time today is at 4:31 PM.\n- Chennai: Moonrise time today is at 4:40 PM.\n- Delhi: Moonrise time today is at 4:45 PM.\n- Kolkata: Moonrise time today is at 4:02 PM.\n- Patna: Moonrise time today is at 4:14 PM.\n- Kanpur: Moonrise time today is at 4:34 PM.\n- Gurugram: Moonrise time today is at 4:34 PM.\nPlease note these timings for the lunar eclipse and moonrise in your city.\nChandra Grahan Precautions, Does and Don’ts\nHere are some important guidelines to keep in mind:\n- Avoid Religious Practices: It’s best to refrain from engaging in any religious ceremonies or rituals during the Sutak period.\n- Dietary Precautions: To prepare for the eclipse, consider including basil leaves in your meals, and if possible, try not to eat during the eclipse.\n- Devotional Activities: During the Sutak period, it’s advisable to avoid participating in devotional singing and chanting.\n- Post-Eclipse Routine: After the eclipse ends, it’s a good practice to take a bath before you consume any food.\nChandra Grahan Sutak\nThe lunar eclipse in Delhi is expected to conclude at 2:22 am, lasting around one hour and sixteen minutes. A significant aspect to note is the Sutak period, which starts precisely nine hours before the eclipse. During this time, it’s advised to avoid participating in any religious activities, whether at temples or at home. This tradition is deeply rooted in ancient scriptures and is aimed at protecting individuals from negative influences.\nWhat Pregnant Women should do before and after Chandra Grahan\nExpectant mothers should take special care during this lunar eclipse. Certain actions during the eclipse could potentially harm the baby’s cognitive development. That’s why it’s a common practice to close temple doors just before the Sutak period begins.\nHow to see Chandra Grahan 2023\nWhile watching a lunar eclipse can be truly mesmerizing, remember to prioritize safety. Never look directly at the Sun, as it can harm your eyes. Ensure you use approved sun filters or specialized eclipse eyewear for solar eclipses. However, during a lunar eclipse, there’s no need for eye protection, as the Moon remains visible even when dimmed. To stay updated on upcoming eclipse events, rely on trustworthy sources for accurate information. Your eye safety matters.\nChandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope, Rashifal\nAries, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nThe final lunar eclipse in the year might bring some challenges for Aries. It could impact your health negatively and lead to disagreements with your spouse. Both your personal and professional life could be affected, causing added stress. It’s advisable to refrain from making financial investments during this time.\nTaurus, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nYour finances may take a hit during the lunar eclipse, causing increased expenses. This period might leave you feeling isolated and anxious, amplifying mental stress.\nGemini, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nYou might be reminding yourself that life isn’t all about seeking perfection, and this realization will come to you soon. Staying attentive and mindful will bring harmony to how you express yourself and how you perceive things.\nCancer, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nIf you’re a Cancer sign, this lunar eclipse might not be in your favor. Work folks, watch your step at the job, and don’t forget your well-being.\nLeo, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nIf you’re feeling like your current path is getting dull or doesn’t quite match your interests, don’t worry! Exciting changes could be on the horizon. Sometimes, life can throw a bunch of stuff your way all at once, serving as a gentle reminder to hit the pause button before settling into routines that may keep you feeling stagnant. Embrace a new approach to create a more vibrant future.\nVirgo, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nVirgo individuals may experience financial challenges during the eclipse. It’s crucial to manage your spending, avoid borrowing, and exercise caution in your financial dealings.\nLibra, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nDear Libra friends, the current moment brings you divine equilibrium. When you take a step back, it becomes clear that life is flowing just as it should, bringing joy and steering you towards your cherished, long-held dreams. However Embrace this harmonious journey.\nScorpio, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nDuring this lunar eclipse, health concerns could surface, and job changes might become a possibility. Keep an eye out for potential challenges and be wary of any adversaries.\nSagittarius, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nEmbrace spiritual growth and anticipate positive life changes. Trust your instincts and take gradual steps to overcome your fears.\nCapricorn, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nEmbarking on a fresh journey can stir up mixed emotions – a blend of uncertainty and nostalgia. But remember, your selfless deeds have left an enduring mark that’s truly priceless. It’s essential to carve out moments for self-care and let your unique talents shine.\nAquarius, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nYou have a strong support system during this phase, even if you may not fully recognize it. Embrace openness and generosity, as they can bring unexpected blessings into your life.Moreover Just like a sunflower turns to face the sun for nourishment, look towards positivity and optimism.\nPisces, Chandra Grahan 2023 Horoscope\nThe cosmos is on your side, even after times of isolation. Join hands with people who share your passions and dreams. Prioritize genuine connections over just expanding your contact list, and watch your aspirations flourish. Be open to fresh bonds at work and home, as they could lead to exciting opportunities.\nChandra Grahan October 2023, Country wise timings\nDiscover the Lunar Eclipse 2023 schedule around the world:\nNew Zealand: October 28-29, 11:32 PM to 3:26 AM\nUnited Kingdom: October 28-29, 8:40 PM to 4:00 AM\nIndia: October 28-29, 11:32 PM to 3:26 AM\nCyprus: October 28-29, 10:30 PM to 4:20 AM\nAustralia: October 28-29, 9:00 PM to 3:30 AM\nEurope: October 28-29, 10:30 PM to 4:20 AM\nRussia: October 28-29, 9:40 PM to 3:50 AM\nChina: October 28-29, 8:45 PM to 4:10 AM\nJapan: October 28-29, 8:55 PM to 3:00 AM\nThailand: October 28-29, 8:40 PM to 4:00 AM\nUAE: October 28-29, 11:32 PM to 3:26 AM\nUSA: October 28-29, 8:40 PM to 4:00 AM\nThese timings provide a glimpse of this celestial event worldwide.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://adkearthlore.com/tag/artemis/", "date": "2023-06-01T09:05:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647639.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601074606-20230601104606-00419.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9584510922431946, "token_count": 402, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__130075204", "lang": "en", "text": "Tonight is the peak of the second meteor shower of October, the Orionids. Since the moon is just past full and has been incredibly bright, it’s unlikely we’ll get to see any shooting stars, but that doesn’t mean we can’t harness the energy of the shower in our magickal workings.\nOctober’s full moon is often called the hunter’s moon, because its light aided hunters in tracking their prey on autumn nights, enabling them to bring home enough game for the winter months ahead. The Orionids fly from the constellation Orion, the greatest hunter in ancient Greece. At the same time as the full hunter’s moon, they give us powerful energy to work with.\nOrion was the hunting companion of the goddess Artemis until he was killed by a giant scorpion. Artemis is the goddess of hunters and the wild things, as well as the goddess of the moon. She is the protector of animals and children and defends the powerless, especially women, against unjust treatment.\nIf you are in need of courage in the face of unfair dealings, protection for animals or children, or aid while hunting responsibly, call on Artemis and Orion tonight. It’s even better if you head outside, where the wild things are, and talk to Artemis directly. Ask nicely, because she’s a tough lady who expects respect. A small offering of thanks will keep you in her good graces.\nI’ve had clear nights to enjoy October’s full moon, but I have to admit the addition of the frenetic Aries energy has made it an interesting ride for the past few days. It’s definitely hasn’t been a good time for catching up on sleep. Now that the moon has transitioned into Taurus, maybe I’ll get some rest.\nIf you haven’t seen this beautiful moon yet, I hope you have a cloudless sky tonight.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.to-travel-hopefully.com/2018/07/25/join-me-on-a-photography-tour-including-total-solar-eclipse-in-chile-experience-and-photograph-a-total-solar-eclipse-during-a-photo-tour-of-chile-and-easter-island-2/", "date": "2021-05-09T11:19:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988966.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509092814-20210509122814-00236.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9005739688873291, "token_count": 563, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__96614304", "lang": "en", "text": "I am thrilled to be leading two remarkable photography tours during 2019. The first tour (featured in today’s post) will be offered from Jun. 27 through Jul. 10, 2019 and features a comprehensive photographic itinerary through Chile and Easter Island, including the opportunity to observe and capture images of a total solar eclipse, one of the most spectacular natural events visible on Earth. Learn more and book your space here: Chile Eclipse Photography Tour.\nTomorrow’s post will explore the second of my tours in 2019, an exciting adventure through Mongolia that will be offered from Sep. 13 through Oct. 1, 2019.\nFrom Jun. 27 through Jul. 10, 2019, join our small group of photography enthusiasts and experience the thrill of shooting a total solar eclipse as well as capturing the full range of Chile’s spectacular beauty including a visit to fabled Easter Island. Chile is a dream destination for travel photographers, offering breathtaking scenery, unique wildlife, unparalleled astrophotography, and fascinating cultural encounters. We’ve planned this unique itinerary to provide ample opportunities to capture unforgettable images that you won’t find in travel brochures and on postcards.\nOur extraordinary photographic journey will take us from the historic and vibrant capital city of Santiago and colorful Valparaiso, to La Serena and Isla Damas for in-depth workshops on eclipse photography in preparation for capturing extraordinary images of the total solar eclipse in this region, then on to the stark otherworldly beauty of the Atacama Desert with the darkest skies on Earth that are perfect for astrophotography, and finally to mystical Easter Island where we’ll have the opportunity to meet and photograph the native Rapa Nui people in exclusive photo shoots we have customized to capture a strong sense of the people and the place.\nAward-winning professional travel photographer Kyle Adler will be shooting alongside tour participants and will provide personalized in-the-field instruction. During our optional informal workshops, we’ll review our recent images, plan our shot list for upcoming locations, and cover techniques to make the best images possible. Topics will be tailored to the group’s interests and may cover any aspects of travel photography from shot planning to capture technique, and on to post-processing and image sharing. Unlike most photography tours, we will place a special emphasis on learning to use the camera as a bridge to enhanced understanding of the land and people we visit. Photographers of any level will see their images improve, and non-photographer friends and family are also most welcome to join this tour. You can make memorable images using whatever camera gear you wish to bring; it is not necessary to invest in specialized gear.\nTo learn more or to book this tour, please visit Eclipse Photography Tour in Chile.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://fractalenlightenment.com/33204/life/5-trippy-implications-about-time", "date": "2024-03-03T15:08:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476396.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303142747-20240303172747-00264.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9621179103851318, "token_count": 1554, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__98910955", "lang": "en", "text": "Time is simultaneously one of the most illusive and familiar concepts out there. Familiar because we experience time in every instance of our waking life, illusive because it precludes every notion of common sense that we have ever had.\nTime ticks at the same rate no matter where you are. Time can only move in the forward direction. Time moves at the same speed for you when you are moving, as it does for people who are stationary. These are all common beliefs about time in which science, specifically Einstein’s theory of relativity, have proven to be untrue.\nEinstein started to think of time in terms of its roots of existence, as opposed to being a human made mechanism which ticks away from a clock. His discoveries explained to us that time is much more than our common experience tells us.\n1) The Concept of “NOW” is Simply a Holographic Illusion.\nOne of Einstein’s key insights is that we experience time relative to light. When we look up at the sun, we are not technically seeing the sun as it is “now”. We are seeing light that was emitted from the sun over 8 minutes ago.\nWe perceive things as happening “now” only at the moment in which light has reflected off a certain object and reached our eyes. But there is no universal “state of now”. It all depends on where you are experiencing an event from.\nWhen we observe the stars, we are seeing light from some stars which do not exist anymore. We are observing light which has been traveling for millions of years, but since the light is arriving at our eyes at this instance, we perceive the star as existing in the now. It is possible that if you could instantaneously see the origin of the light, that there would be nothing there.\nImagine if we were in a different location, one which is another 100 light years away from Earth and the given star. We would not experience that star as existing until another 100 years have passed and the light has finally reached us. This implies that our universe acts like a giant hologram, and that is why Einstein and other physicists believe that the concepts of past, present and future are illusory.\n2) The Faster you Travel, the Slower that Time Passes.\nThis is not to say that the faster you are travelling, the slower that you perceive time passing. This means that time itself actually passes slower, including the physical seconds that tick on a clock.\nHow do we know this happens? In 1971, an atomic clock was flown on a jet and compared to a similar clock which stayed on the ground. An atomic clock is the most accurate clock invented by humans to date. This clock operates on the natural frequency of a cesium atom, an atom which oscillates, or “ticks” at over 9 billion cycles per second. This allows us to measure and compare extremely small intervals of time.\nThe results of this experiment were exactly what Einstein’s theory had predicted. The clock on the jet and the clock on the ground no longer displayed the same time after the flight. The difference was small as it was only measurable in nanoseconds. The effect was measured in every trial of the experiment. Einstein’s theory stood up to the test.\n3) As Time and Space Warps, so Does Our Perception of Physical Objects.\nThe faster an object is traveling, the smaller it appears to a body which is at rest, or traveling slower.\nThis diagram helps to visualize such an effect in action. V stands for velocity, or speed. and C stands for the speed of light. The speed of light is measured at 186,000 miles per second (mps). The diagram states V = 0.3C, which means that the blue sphere is traveling at 30 percent of the speed of light (55,800 mps).\nNotice how there is a minor difference in contraction between 0 and 0.3C, while there is a huge difference between 0.6C and 0.9C. The speed of the ball has increased by the same amount, but the length of the ball has contracted significantly more from 0.6C to 0.9C. That is because the closer an object accelerates towards the speed of light, the more the size of the object will contract for each mile per hour gained.\nMost of us have not traveled faster than a Boeing 747 jet, which reaches speeds of around 567 mph (0.1575 mps). The speed of light travels over 1,180,952 times faster than this. Because we travel so slow, we cannot notice this effect. But it does happen, and it is more proof that the way our universe works is not what our common perception tells us.\n4) Time Travel is not Impossible, and we Have All Done it to Some Degree.\nThere are many people in the scientific world who regard time travel as “unscientific” or “impossible”, and it is neither. We travel in time everyday. Maybe not to other dimensions or other timelines, but Einstein’s theory lets us understand that the rate in which time passes changes with respect to our speed.\nSo whenever we displace ourselves, we slow the amount of time which passes in our frame of reference, as compared to our surroundings. This effect actually moves us into the future, as the video below will explain.\nAlso, Einstein’s and other physicist’s equations which comprise the Theory of Relativity work just as well moving forward in time as they do moving backward in time. These facts certainly lay a theoretical basis for making time travel research a worthwhile scientific endeavor.\nIn this video, Stephen Hawking explains how time travel into the future is possible, simply by traveling close to the speed of light.\n5) Einstein’s Scientific Discoveries take us Closer to Ancient Wisdom.\nIt is common to see a dichotomous division between science and ancient philosophy, but Einstein’s theory actually helps to unite our understanding of time with some sacred principles of Buddhism.\nEinstein was the first modern scientist to think of space and time as being intrinsically connected. He renamed the plane in which we exist as “4-dimensional space-time”. However, this is not a new idea.\nAn ancient concept of Buddhist philosophy is that of “being-time” (u-ji). “Being” represents our existence in the three spatial dimensions, while time represents the fourth dimension.\nThere was also a recognition of the illusory nature of time. The Buddhist concept of “zero time” explores how there is no distinction between past, present, and future. According to this philosophy, everything that we experience is just a series of present moments, meaning that one time exists within all times. This is very comparable to Einstein’s ideas that time is just an illusion, and that what is happening “now” is relative to where you experience an event from.\nThis leads us to more philosophical questions about our existence.\nSince time was understood so deeply by Buddhist philosophy, what other forms of ancient wisdom can help us extend our understanding of the nature of reality?\nWith such a major discovery proving that our personal experience of time tells us nothing about its true nature, how else does our reality and our perception of common sense deceive us?\nLearn more about time and how we perceive it by watching the documentary, “The Illusion of Time”, by Brian Greene and PBS Nova.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.truetutorials.com/how-to-find-true-north-without-a-compass/", "date": "2017-02-22T08:33:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170925.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00033-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9293879866600037, "token_count": 1977, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__178664369", "lang": "en", "text": "Which way is north? Whether you’re lost in the woods or you’re trying to install a sundial in your yard, you’re bound to want to find true north from time to time, and chances are when the time comes you won’t have a compass.What’s more, even if you do have a compass, it will point to magnetic north, which changes with your location in the world\nMethod 1 of 8: The Shadow Tip Method\n1. Place a stick upright in the ground so that you can see its shadow.\nAlternatively, you can use the shadow of a fixed object. Nearly any object will work, but the taller the object is, the easier it will be to see the movement of its shadow, and the narrower the tip of the object is, the more accurate the reading will be. Make sure the shadow is cast on a level, brush-free spot.\n2. Mark the tip of the shadow with a small object, such as a pebble, or a distinct scratch in the ground.\nTry to make the mark as small as possible so as to pinpoint the shadow’s tip, but make sure you can identify the mark later.\n3. Wait 10-15 minutes.\nThe shadow tip will move mostly from west to east in a curved line.\n4.Mark the new position of the shadow’s tip with another small object or scratch. It will likely move only a short distance.\n5.Draw a straight line in the ground between the two marks.This is an approximate east-west line.\n6.Stand with the first mark (west) on your left, and the other (east) on your right. You are now facing mostly toward true north, regardless of where you are in the world. The illustration shows that the sun and marker at Points 1 is what is happening for Step 2. At Points 2, it shows what is happening for Step 4. This method is based on the fact that the sun moves across the sky from East to West.\nMethod 2 of 8: Using the Stars: Northern Hemisphere\n1.Locate the North Star (Polaris) in the night sky.The North Star is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper constellation. If you have trouble finding it, find the Big Dipper. The two lowest stars in the Big Dipper (the outermost stars of the cup of the dipper) form a straight line that “points” to the North Star. You may also find the constellation Cassiopeia, which is always opposite the Big Dipper. The North Star is located about midway between the central star of Cassiopeia and the Big Dipper (see figure).\n2.Draw an imaginary line straight down from the North Star to the ground. This direction is true north, and if you can find a landmark in the distance at this point, you can use it to guide yourself\nMethod 3 of 8: Using the Stars: Southern Hemisphere\n1.Find the Southern Cross constellation. In the southern hemisphere, the North Star is not visible, and no single star always indicates north or south, but you can use the Southern Cross and the pointer stars as your guide. The Southern Cross constellation is formed by five stars, and the four brightest stars form a cross that is angled to one side.\n2.Identify the two stars that make up the long axis of the cross. These stars form a line which “points” to an imaginary point in the sky which is above the South Pole. Follow the imaginary line down from the two stars five times the distance between them.\n3.Draw an imaginary line from this point to the ground, and try to identify a corresponding landmark to steer by. Since this is true south, true north is directly opposite it (behind you as you are looking at the point).\nMethod 4 of 8: Using the Stars: Equator\n1.The Orion Constellation is visible from both hemispheres depending on the time of the year.\nIt is a permanent feature on the equator.\n2.Look for Orion’s Belt. Orion has several\nprominent stars. The ‘belt’ (3 stars in a row) runs from East to West. Look for that, it has a ‘sword’ attached to it.\n3.Project a line From the sword through the middle star of the Belt.\nThat is the general direction of North.\n4.Orion lays across the Equator: the Belt rises & sets at east & West\nMethod 5 of 8: Alternate Shadow-Tip Method for Increased Accuracy\n1.Set up a stick as perpendicular to the level ground as possible and mark the first shadow-tip as above.\nFor this method, take your first reading in the morning, at least an hour or so before midday.\n2.Find an object or length of string, etc.\nexactly the same length as the shadow.\n3.Continue taking measurements of the shadow’s length every 10-20 minutes.The shadow will shrink before midday and will grow after midday.\n4.Measure the shadow length as the shadow grows.\nUse the string or object you used to measure the length of the initial shadow. When the shadow grows to exactly the same length as the string (and hence exactly the same length as your first measurement), mark the spot.\n5.Draw a line connecting the first and second marks as above.\nOnce again, this is your east-west line, and if you stand with the first mark on your left and the second on your right, you will be facing true north.\nMethod 6 of 8: Watch Method: Northern Hemisphere\n1.Find an analog watch (the kind with hour and minute hands) that is set accurately. Place it on a level surface, such as the ground, or hold it horizontal in your hand.\n2.Bisect (that is, find the centre point of) the angle between the hour hand and the twelve o’clock mark (the number 12 on the watch).The centre of the angle between the hour hand and twelve o’clock mark is the north-south line. If you don’t know which way is north and which south, just remember that no matter where you are, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. In the northern hemisphere the sun is due south at midday. If your watch is set to daylight saving time bisect the angle between the hour hand and the one o’clock mark instead.\nMethod 7 of 8: Watch Method: Southern Hemisphere\n1.Use an analogue watch as above, and point the twelve o’clock mark (the number 12) of the watch toward the sun.\nIf your watch is set to daylight saving time, point the one o’clock mark toward the sun.\n2.Bisect the angle between the twelve o’clock mark (or one o’clock mark if using daylight saving time) and the hour hand to find the north-south line.\nIf you’re unsure which way is north, remember that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west no matter where you are. In the southern hemisphere, however, the sun is due north at midday.\nMethod 8 of 8: Estimating the Sun’s Path\n1.Understand the path that the sun takes.\nRemember that the sun rises in the general east and sets in the general west. In between, the sun will sweep out an arc to the south in the northern hemisphere, and to the north in the southern hemisphere (always towards the equator). This means that in the very early morning (shortly after sunrise), the sun will be generally east, while very late in the evening (shortly before sunset), it will be sun will be generally west.\n- The path of the sun can vary quite a bit depending on the season, especially far from the equator. For instance, in the summer, sunrise and sunset will tend to be further from the equator (more northerly in the northern hemisphere, and more southerly in the southern hemisphere), while in the winter, they will tend to be closer to the equator. Only one the spring and fall equinoxes does the sun rise due-east and set due-west.\n- For precautionary measures, familiar with the path of the sun for your area or the area where you will be going before you are in a situation where you have to know it. A helpful and free web tool is available athttp://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php. In particular, try to learn the shape of the path at the two solstices, and the approximate time of sunrise and sunset for these two paths. Knowing this information ahead of time can help you estimate the path for the current day.\n2.Find north based on the direction of the sun. If you determine that the sun is in the east (early in the morning), then north will be roughly a quarter turn counterclockwise (for instance, if you’re facing the sun, then you would turn to the left). If the sun is in the west, then north is roughly a quarter turn clockwise. If the sun is in south, then north is directly opposite it.\n- Around 12 noon (depending on day light savings time and your position within the timezone), the sun will be pointed due south in the northern hemisphere, and due north in the southern hemisphere.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://raddata.blogspot.com/2012/05/what-is-time.html", "date": "2017-04-29T05:22:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123276.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00248-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9449836611747742, "token_count": 1585, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__270932904", "lang": "en", "text": "There is an anecdote about a foreigner visiting London asking a man on the street “what is time?” and receiving the answer “I’m sorry, but I am not a philosopher”.\nI don’t want to discuss here the philosophical or physical questions of what time is, but rather what we mean by time in telecommunications applications. In particular, we frequently hear the terms “UTC”, “GPS time”, “NTP time”, and “1588 time”, and I would like to clarify what these terms mean.\nEverything starts with the question “what is a second?”. Until 1960 the second’s duration was based on the rotation of Earth. Specifically, the second was defined as the unit of time of which there are precisely 24*60*60 =86,400 of them in a mean solar day. Unfortunately, the Earth’s rotation is slowing down due to tidal friction, and so between 1960 and 1967 the second was redefined as a particular fraction of the duration of the year 1900. Since it is hard to reproduce the year 1900 in the lab, the second was finally linked to a stable, reproducible, physical phenomenon, namely the radiation emitted when an electron transitions between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. Cesium atomic clocks need only count 9,192,631,770 oscillations and declare that a second has passed. (Cesium is chosen because all of its 55 electrons except the outermost one are in stable shells, minimizing their effect on the outermost electron.)\nEven such a stable phenomenon as the hyperfine transition is somewhat subject to variability (due to contaminants, undesired fields, and General Theory of Relativity corrections due to height above sea level) leading to variability on the order of a nanosecond or two per day. In order to remove even this small variability the TAI international time scale (TAI stands for “Temps Atomique International” or International Atomic Time) maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Paris, is defined as the weighted average of over 300 atomic clocks located around the world (the higher weightings going to the more stable clocks).\nTAI is precisely defined, but has become entirely divorced from the Earth’s rotation. Were we to adopt only TAI the time of day would slowly lose connection with the position of the sun in the sky, and after a long enough time we would be having breakfast at 12 noon. IN order to resynchronize the two definitions of the second UTC is defined. UTC stands for Coordinated Universal Time (the order of letters is a compromise between several languages), and it replaced older time standards such as “GMT”. It is defined in ITU-R Recommendation TF.460-6 to be TAI adjusted by leap seconds introduced to compensate for the changing of Earth’s rotational velocity. When to introduce leap seconds is now determined by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). While leap seconds can be either positive or negative, and can be introduced at the end of any month, there have only been positive ones (corresponding to slowing down of Earth’s rotation) and they have only been introduced on the last day of June or December. There are presently proposals to eliminate leap seconds entirely (in which case TAI would be abolished), and perhaps introduce leap hours should the need arise.\nUTC is now exactly 34 seconds behind TAI, because of a 10 second introduced in 1972 when the present system was adopted, and 24 positive leap seconds that have been declared since then. The next leap second will be at the end of June 2012, increasing the difference to 35 seconds.\nActually there are several versions of Universal Time. UT0 and UT1 are found by observing the motion of stars (UT0) or distant quasars (UT1), as well as from laser ranging of the Moon and artificial Earth satellites (such as GPS satellites). UT1R and UT2R are smoothed versions of UT1, filtered to remove periodic and stochastic variations in the Earth’s rotation. UT2R is smoother than UT1, and any variations left in it are because of erratic changes in the Earth’s rotation, due to plate tectonics and climate change.\nSo, what kind of time do we use in GPS and our time distribution protocols ?\nThe time of day reported by GPS, which is often called “GPS time”, is not UTC. Every GPS satellite has several on-board atomic clocks, and these clocks are set according to the master clock at the US Naval Observatory in Boulder Colorado. “GPS time” does not include leap seconds, but GPS satellites periodically transmit a UTC offset message for this purpose (the GPS-UTC offset field is 8 bits and can thus accommodate 255 leap seconds, which should be sufficient for several hundred years). Once thus compensated, USNO time is within tens of nanoseconds of UTC. However, it can take over 10 minutes until you receive an offset message.\nIt is interesting that the on-board atomic clocks must be corrected for relativistic effects. Since the satellites are moving at high speeds with respect to an observer on the ground, the Special Theory of Relativity predicts that the on-board clocks will seem to be running about 7 microseconds per day slower than were they stationary with respect to the observer. On the other hand, the General Theory of Relativity predicts that because the satellite is high above the Earth, and thus experiences a weaker gravitational field, the on-board clocks will seem to be running faster by about 45 microseconds per day. The net relativistic correction is about 38 microseconds per day. After compensating for relativistic effects, the accuracy of time derived from a good GPS receiver is about 50 nanoseconds.\nNTP (and that included SNTP) distributes UTC (i.e., it does takes leap seconds into account) and specifies UTC in seconds since Jan 1, 1900. The NTP 64-bit timestamp consists of 32 bits of whole seconds (about 136 years until roll-over) and 32 bits of fractional seconds (about 233 picoseconds of resolution). However, any specific NTP server distributes time according to the stratum of its reference clock. Of course, the time a particular NTP client obtains depends on the network between the client and the NTP server. You can expect an NTP client to be within tens of milliseconds of its server on a LAN, but only 100s of milliseconds of error over the Internet. However, NTP allows a client to track several servers, and thus improve its accuracy.\nIEEE 1588 distributes TAI according to UNIX epochs. Since the UNIX time epoch started Jan 1, 1970, 1588 time is now ahead of UTC by 24 seconds (soon to be 25). The 1588v2 10-byte timestamp consists of 48 bits of whole seconds, and 32-bits of nanoseconds. Once again, the precise time accuracy depends on the type of grand master to which the 1588 master is synchronized. The big difference between 1588 and NTP is the possibility of on-path support in the network. If you have Boundary Clocks (BCs) or Transparent Clocks (TCs) in your network, the time error should be very small (perhaps a microsecond or less). 1588 can't simultaneously track multiple masters, but it can choose the best one from a list.\nSo that's what we mean by time.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.filozof.net/English/space-science/132-mars-the-size-of-atmosphere-geography-dimensions-distance-life-photos.html", "date": "2017-04-29T07:20:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123318.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00583-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9502743482589722, "token_count": 3727, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__64934513", "lang": "en", "text": "Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after the Roman god of war, Mars. It is often described as the \"Red Planet\", as the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain within the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature.\nUntil the first flyby of Mars occurred in 1965, by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of liquid water on the planet's surface. This was based on observed periodic variations in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar latitudes, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark striations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were later explained as optical illusions, yet of all the planets in the Solar System other than Earth, Mars is the most likely to harbor liquid water, and thus to harbor life. Geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggest that Mars once had large-scale water coverage on its surface, while small geyser-like water flows may have occurred during the past decade. In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles, and at mid-latitudes. The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.\nMars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids, similar to 5261 Eureka, a Martian Trojan asteroid. Mars is currently host to three functional orbiting spacecraft: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. On the surface are the two Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) and several inert landers and rovers, both successful and unsuccessful. The Phoenix lander completed its mission on the surface in 2008. Observations by NASA's now-defunct Mars Global Surveyor show evidence that parts of the southern polar ice cap have been receding.\nMars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye. Its apparent magnitude reaches −3.0 a brightness surpassed only by Venus, the Moon, and the Sun.\nMars has approximately half the radius of Earth. It is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of the mass. Its surface area is only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. While Mars is larger and more massive than Mercury, Mercury has a higher density. This results in the two planets having a nearly identical gravitational pull at the surface—that of Mars is stronger by less than 1%. Mars is also roughly intermediate in size, mass, and surface gravity between Earth and Earth's Moon (the Moon is about half the diameter of Mars, whereas Earth is twice; the Earth is about nine times more massive than Mars, and the Moon one-ninth as massive). The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, more commonly known as hematite, or rust\nBased on orbital observations and the examination of the Martian meteorite collection, the surface of Mars appears to be composed primarily of basalt. Some evidence suggests that a portion of the Martian surface is more silica-rich than typical basalt, and may be similar to andesitic rocks on Earth; however, these observations may also be explained by silica glass. Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained iron(III) oxide dust.\nAlthough Mars has no evidence of a current structured global magnetic field, observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, and that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past. This paleomagnetism of magnetically susceptible minerals has properties that are very similar to the alternating bands found on the ocean floors of Earth. One theory, published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 (with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor), is that these bands demonstrate plate tectonics on Mars four billion years ago, before the planetary dynamo ceased to function and caused the planet's magnetic field to fade away.\nCurrent models of the planet's interior imply a core region about 1,480 km in radius, consisting primarily of iron with about 14–17% sulfur. This iron sulfide core is partially fluid, and has twice the concentration of the lighter elements than exist at Earth's core. The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but now appears to be inactive. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, with a maximum thickness of 125 km. Earth's crust, averaging 40 km, is only one third as thick as Mars’ crust, relative to the sizes of the two planets.\nDuring the Solar system formation, Mars was created out of the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun as the result of a stochastic process of run-away accretion. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points such as chlorine, phosphorus and sulphur are much more common on Mars than Earth; these elements were probably removed from areas closer to the Sun by the young Sun's powerful solar wind.\nAfter the formation of the planets, all were subjected to the \"Late Heavy Bombardment\". About 60% of the surface of Mars shows an impact record from that era. Much of the rest of the surface of Mars is probably underlain by immense impact basins that date from this time—there is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars, spanning 10,600 km by 8,500 km, or roughly four times larger than the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin, the largest impact basin yet discovered. This theory suggests that Mars was struck by a Pluto-sized body about four billion years ago. The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, created the smooth Borealis basin that covers 40% of the planet.\nThe geological history of Mars can be split into many epochs, but the following are the three primary epochs:\nNoachian epoch (named after Noachis Terra): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 4.5 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The Tharsis bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the epoch.\nHesperian epoch (named after Hesperia Planum): 3.5 billion years ago to 2.9–3.3 billion years ago. The Hesperian epoch is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains.\nAmazonian epoch (named after Amazonis Planitia): 2.9–3.3 Gyr ago billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters, but are otherwise quite varied. Olympus Mons formed during this period, along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.\nSome geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows up to about 200 Mya. Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions. On February 19, 2008, images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed evidence of an avalanche from a 700 m high cliff\nAlthough better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first \"areographers\". They began by establishing that most of Mars’ surface features were permanent, and more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature \"a.\"\nToday, features on Mars are named from a number of sources. Large albedo features retain many of the older names, but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, Nix Olympica (the snows of Olympus) has become Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus). The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian 'continents' and given names like Arabia Terra (land of Arabia) or Amazonis Planitia (Amazonian plain). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is Syrtis Major. The permanent northern polar ice cap is named Planum Boreum, while the southern cap is called Planum Australe.\nMars’ equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified, as was Earth's (at Greenwich), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line in 1830 for their first maps of Mars. After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy-0), located in the Sinus Meridiani (\"Middle Bay\" or \"Meridian Bay\"), was chosen for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection.\nSince Mars has no oceans and hence no 'sea level', a zero-elevation surface or mean gravity surface also had to be selected. Zero altitude is defined by the height at which there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) of atmospheric pressure. This pressure corresponds to the triple point of water, and is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).\nLiquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to its low atmospheric pressure, except at the lowest elevations for short periods. However, the two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 meters. A permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60°.\nLarge quantities of water ice are thought to be trapped underneath the thick cryosphere of Mars. Radar data from Mars Express and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show large quantities of water ice both at the poles (July 2005) and at mid-latitudes (November 2008). The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.\nA large release of liquid water is thought to have occurred when the Valles Marineris formed early in the history of Mars, forming massive outflow channels. A smaller outflow may have occurred when the Cerberus Fossae chasm opened about 5 million years ago, leaving a supposed sea of frozen ice still visible on the Elysium Planitia, centered at Cerberus Palus. However, the morphology of this region may correspond to the pooling of lava flows, causing a superficial morphology similar to ice flows, which probably draped the terrain established by earlier massive floods of Athabasca Valles. The rough surface texture at decimeter (dm) scales, a thermal inertia comparable to that of the Gusev plains, and the presence of hydrovolcanic cones, are consistent with the lava flow hypothesis. Furthermore, the stoichiometric mass fraction of water in this area, to tens of centimeter depths, is only about 4%, which is easily attributable to hydrated minerals, and inconsistent with the presence of near-surface ice.\nThe high resolution Mars Orbiter Camera on the Mars Global Surveyor has taken pictures which give much more detail about the history of liquid water on the surface of Mars. Despite the many giant flood channels and associated tree-like network of tributaries found on Mars, there are no smaller scale structures that would indicate the origin of the flood waters. Weathering processes may have denuded these, indicating that the river valleys are old features. High resolution observations from spacecraft show thousands of features along crater and canyon walls that appear similar to terrestrial gullies. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the southern hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude. No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are very young features.\nTwo photographs, taken six years apart, show a gully on Mars with what appears to be new deposits of sediment. Michael Meyer, the lead scientist for NASA's Mars Exploration Program, argues that only the flow of material with a high liquid water content could produce such a debris pattern and colouring. Whether the water results from precipitation, underground or another source remains an open question. However, alternative scenarios have been suggested, including the possibility of the deposits being caused by carbon dioxide frost or by the movement of dust on the Martian surface.\nFurther evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethite, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water. Some of the evidence believed to indicate ancient water basins and flows has been negated by higher resolution studies taken at resolution about 30 cm by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. However, in 2004, Opportunity detected the presence of the mineral jarosite on \"El Capitan\", a rock on the outcrop of Opportunity Ledge. Jarosite forms only in the presence of acidic water, and the presence of jarosite is seen as proof that water once existed on Mars.\nMars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago, so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected these ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.030 kPa) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa (1.155 kPa) in the Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa (0.60 kPa). The surface pressure of Mars is equal to the pressure found 35 km above the Earth's surface. This is less than 1% of the Earth's surface pressure (101.3 kPa). The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 km, which is higher than Earth's (6 km) because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.\nThe atmosphere on Mars consists of 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% argon and contains traces of oxygen and water. The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 µm in diameter which give the Martian sky a tawny color when seen from the surface.\nMethane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere with a concentration of about 30 ppb by volume; it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions. In northern midsummer, the principal plume contained 19,000 metric tons of methane, with an estimated source strength of 0.6 kilogram per second. The profiles suggest that there may be two local source regions, the first centered near 30° N, 260° W and the second near 0°, 310° W. It is estimated that Mars must produce 270 ton/year of methane.\nThe implied methane destruction lifetime may be as long as about 4 Earth years and as short as about 0.6 Earth years. This rapid turnover would indicate an active source of the gas on the planet. Volcanic activity, cometary impacts, and the presence of methanogenic microbial life forms are among possible sources. Methane could also be produced by a non-biological process called serpentinization[b] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars\nOf all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. However, the lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's, as Mars’ greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about -87 °C during the polar winters to highs of up to -5 °C in summers. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is also 1.52 times as far from the sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.\nIf Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its axial tilt is similar to Earth's. However, the comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north, and near aphelion when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the southern hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can reach up to 30 °C warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.kenyon.edu/directories/campus-directory/biography/jan-kmetko/", "date": "2016-06-28T16:47:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8467246890068054, "token_count": 102, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-26__0__29918448", "lang": "en", "text": "Astronomy: Stars and Galaxies\nThis course surveys current knowledge of the physical nature of stars and galaxies. Topics include the sun and other stars, the evolution of stars, interstellar matter, the end products of stellar evolution (including pulsars and black holes), the organization of stellar systems such as clusters and galaxies, and the large-scale structure of the universe itself. Evening laboratory sessions will include telescopic observation, laboratory investigations of light and spectra, and computer modeling and simulation exercises. No prerequisite.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://slumberland.org/wp/2004/01/07/still-in-maui/", "date": "2019-02-23T05:20:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00054.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9710012674331665, "token_count": 116, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__37965359", "lang": "en", "text": "This is our last full day in Maui. Jason is out snorkeling while I am catching up with e-mail (I don’t swim) and thinking about having an ice cream cone. Yesterday we drove to the summit of Haleakala to see the sunset. The summit is 10,023 feet up and it is darned cold up there, but the view is stunning. Then the stars came out. Venus is incredibly bright in the evenings right now. The moon is full and it was right next to Saturn, near Orion — quite a show.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.stainedglassgeek.com/products/space-blaster-stained-glass-pattern", "date": "2024-04-19T03:36:21Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817253.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419013002-20240419043002-00129.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8712708353996277, "token_count": 166, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__84115141", "lang": "en", "text": "Space Blaster Inspired Stained Glass Pattern\n- Digital product\n- Instant download after purchase\nEver daydreamed about zipping through the cosmos, taking on alien invaders, or simply being part of an epic space saga? Well, now you can bring a piece of that dream into your home with this printable Space Blaster stained glass pattern! This original design is a tribute to the countless space-themed games, movies, and stories we all love. If you are a sci-fi lover and fascinated by space themes, this pattern is your gateway to the universe. Perfect for confident beginners to advanced glass artisans.\n- A printable PDF file featuring a circular stained glass pattern of a Space Blaster, complete with an info page included.\n- Access to a \"how-to\" tutorial video (only for some patterns).", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://shopneophyte.com/collections/jewellery/products/linked-sapphire-ring", "date": "2020-10-22T09:37:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879362.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022082653-20201022112653-00032.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9258548021316528, "token_count": 164, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__12196430", "lang": "en", "text": "The Valentina Ring\nLinking the traditionally masculine cigar band to the daintiest of stackers, the Valentina Ring is an otherworldly creation set with six star-set white sapphires. Blast off in silver or gold.\nHandmade in Toronto in Sterling silver. Customization available for mixed metals or different stones upon request. Please allow for 1-2 weeks to ship as this is a made-to-order piece.\nValentina Tereshkova is a politician, engineer, and cosmonaut. At the age of 26, she became the first youngest woman to have flown in space. She remains the only woman to have completed a solo space mission. She's had a crater on the moon named after her, and now, a sapphire star-set ring!", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://newspedi.com/nasa-osiris-rex-asteroid-sample-landed/", "date": "2024-02-21T12:30:48Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473472.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221102433-20240221132433-00219.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.938836932182312, "token_count": 673, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__173480522", "lang": "en", "text": "A historic mission\nNASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft has successfully returned to Earth with a sample of asteroid Bennu, a carbon-rich rock that may hold clues to the origin of life and the formation of the solar system. The sample capsule, containing at least 60 grams of dust and pebbles from the asteroid, landed in the Utah desert on Sunday, September 24, 2023, after a seven-year journey that spanned more than 4 billion miles.\nThe mission, which began in 2016, was the first for NASA to collect and return an asteroid sample, and only the second in history after Japan’s Hayabusa missions. Scientists hope that by analyzing the pristine material from Bennu, they can learn more about the history and evolution of the solar system, as well as the potential for asteroid impacts on Earth.\nA daring maneuver\nThe sample capsule was released by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft four hours before landing, from an altitude of 63,000 miles above Earth. The capsule then plunged through the atmosphere at a speed of more than 27,000 miles per hour, enduring temperatures of up to 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Two parachutes deployed to slow down the capsule, which landed safely on a remote expanse of military land in Utah.\nThe recovery team, consisting of NASA and U.S. Air Force personnel, located the capsule using helicopters and radio signals. They then transported it to a temporary clean room, where they opened it and confirmed that the sample was intact. The capsule will be flown to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston on Monday, where it will be stored and analyzed in a new laboratory.\nA scientific treasure\nThe sample from Bennu is expected to be the largest and most diverse ever returned from an asteroid. Bennu is an ancient and primitive asteroid, dating back to the early stages of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago. It is rich in carbon, which is a key element for life, and may contain organic molecules, water, and minerals that could shed light on how planets and life emerged.\nThe sample also represents a valuable resource for planetary defense, as Bennu is one of the most potentially hazardous asteroids known, with a 1 in 2,700 chance of impacting Earth in the late 22nd century. By studying the sample, scientists can better understand the physical and chemical properties of Bennu, as well as its orbit and trajectory, which could help devise strategies to prevent or mitigate a future collision.\nA new adventure\nWhile the sample capsule has completed its mission, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is not done yet. It still has enough fuel and resources to continue exploring the solar system, and NASA has already selected a new target for it: a small asteroid named 1999 RQ36, which is similar to Bennu in size and composition. The spacecraft will fly by the asteroid in 2029, and perform a series of scientific observations and measurements.\nThe OSIRIS-REx mission is part of NASA’s New Frontiers program, which aims to explore the solar system with innovative and cost-effective missions. The program also includes the Juno mission to Jupiter, the New Horizons mission to Pluto and beyond, and the upcoming Dragonfly mission to Saturn’s moon Titan.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://blog.granted.com/2010/07/27/1000-get-layoff-notices-at-kennedy-space-center/", "date": "2017-09-20T00:11:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686077.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919235817-20170920015817-00194.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9513694643974304, "token_count": 173, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__172599621", "lang": "en", "text": "Keeping true to its promise, United Space Alliance will issue today and tomorrow some 1,000 layoff notices to its space shuttle mission employees at the Kennedy Space Center. The layoffs, Click Orlando reports, will occur later this year and come as a result of the ramping down and the eventual elimination of NASA’s shuttle program. Two additional flights, and potentially a third, remain for the aging shuttles after nearly 30 years of service.\nUnited Space Alliance currently employs a total of 8,100 workers at their Florida, Texas, and Alabama sites. Officials from that company plan on reducing its overall workforce by 15 percent as a result of the cancellation. Experts predict that as many as 8,000 total Kennedy Space Center employees could lose their jobs when the shuttle program shuts down.1,000 Get Layoff Notices At Kennedy Space Center by Harrison Barnes", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://uniphigood.com/portfolio_page/commander-leroy-chiao-ph-d/", "date": "2023-09-30T20:27:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00635.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9309686422348022, "token_count": 864, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__229348575", "lang": "en", "text": "Astronaut, Speaker, Entrepreneur, Educator & Consultant\n– Seasoned Public Speaker and Media Ambassador\n– Leadership positions at NASA, and in space and technology companies\n– Astronaut (US and Russian Spacecraft): 229 days spaceflight; 36 hours Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA)\n– Commander: International Space Station Expedition 10\n– Published Research Engineer\n– Instrument-rated pilot, 3000 hours in various aircraft and spacecraft\n– Foreign Languages: Russian, Mandarin\nFor more information on booking Commander Leroy Chiao, Ph.D for speaking engagements or events please contact us here\nLeroy Chiao is a former NASA astronaut and International Space Station commander. He works in business and consulting. Chiao also holds appointments at Rice University and the Baylor College of Medicine, and is the special advisor for human spaceflight to the Space Foundation. He has worked extensively in both government and commercial space programs, and has held leadership positions in commercial ventures and NASA. Chiao has extensive experience as a NASA Astronaut and prior to that, as a Research Engineer. Dr. Chiao is a fellow of the Explorers Club, and a member of the International Academy of Astronautics and the Committee of 100. Chiao also serves in various capacities to further space education.\nDr. Chiao left NASA in December, 2005 following a fifteen-year career with the agency. A veteran of four space missions, Dr. Chiao most recently served as Commander and NASA Science Officer of Expedition 10 aboard the International Space Station. He has logged over 229 days in space – over 36 hours of which were spent in Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA, or spacewalks). From June-September 2009, he served as a member of the White House appointed Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee, and currently serves on the NASA Advisory Council.\nA native English speaker, Dr. Chiao also speaks Mandarin Chinese and Russian. He has flown space missions and worked closely with Russian, Japanese and European Astronauts and their affiliated space agencies. Dr. Chiao is uniquely qualified to speak about the United States, Russian, Japanese, European and Chinese Space Programs. A Space Station Commander and Space Shuttle Mission Specialist, Dr. Chiao was also a certified Co-Pilot of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. He is an expert in all facets of U.S. and Russian EVA hardware and operations and is EVA certified in U.S. and Russian spacesuits, tools, and training programs. In September 2006, Chiao became the first American to visit the Astronaut Research and Training Center of China. There, he met the first national Chinese astronauts.\nDr. Chiao studied Chemical Engineering, earning a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California at Berkeley in 1983. He continued his studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara, earning his Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in 1985 and 1987. Prior to joining NASA in 1990, he worked as a Research Engineer at Hexcel Corp. and then at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\nHonors and Awards\n- Space Technology Hall of Fame Inductee\n- NASA: Distinguished Service Medal, 4 Space Flight Medals, 2 Exceptional Service Medals, 4 Individual Achievement, 2 Group Achievement Awards, Going the Extra Mile Award\n- Russian Federation: Medal for the Development of Space; Order of Gagarin Medal\n- Public Svc. Awards: Comm. of 100; Asian Chamber of Commerce; Asian Pacific American Heritage Assoc.\n- Federation Aeronautique Internationale: Koroliev Diploma, Komarov Diploma, De La Vaulx Medal\n- Distinguished Alumni Award, from the University of California, Santa Barbara\n- Excellence in Achievement Award, from the University of California, Berkeley\n- Explorers Club: Lowell Thomas Award\n- Phi Kappa Tau Awards: National Hall of Fame, Borradaile Award, Alumnus of the Year Award\nSpeaking Topics Include\n- Leading in the International Arena\n- Positioning Your Endeavor: Technology Innovation Trends\n- Effective Problem Solving: How to Lead Like an Astronaut\n- Is it SADS, or Am I in Space? Medical Considerations for Spaceflight", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.alefstore.com/product-page/micro-puzzle-600-pcs-planets", "date": "2021-05-11T15:51:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991648.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511153555-20210511183555-00133.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.676077127456665, "token_count": 106, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__128321378", "lang": "en", "text": "From Jupiter to Mars, from Uranus to Saturn, from Earth to Venus. Travel through the solar system with this Londji puzzle.\nNow in a 600-piece micropuzzle.\n- Illustration Carmen Saldaña\n- Age from 6 to 106 years old\n- Material Recycled cardboard and paper\n- Packaging Sturdy cardboard box\n- Size 20 x 30 cm\n- Box Size 14,5 x 14,5 x 3,5 cm\nMicro puzzle 600 pcs- Planets", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://yosemitelandscapes.zenfolio.com/yosemite/h2B1B54A7", "date": "2018-06-25T13:32:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867885.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625131117-20180625151117-00426.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9516899585723877, "token_count": 213, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__224144016", "lang": "en", "text": "Yosemite Valley by Starlight\nThe slow running Merced River lumbers though Yosemite Valley on a dark moonless night. As your eyes adjust to what little light is available the Valley takes on a new perspective under billions of stars. Soon you can hear every sound in the valley as the river murmurs lightly and the tall pines surrounding you whisper in the night. Starlight is your only light source and after some adjustment it seems incredibly bright. Jupiter, the brightest light in the sky seems overwhelming compared to the distant suns and you ponder with all the vistas that exist in the entire universe Yosemite Valley may indeed be the most beautiful sight under a starry sky. After a couple of hours star gazing as the clouds exited Yosemite Valley over the Eastern peaks the cold finally sunk in and it was time to head back to the warmth of the car. Reluctantly I packed up my gear hoping I had captured the mood Yosemite National Park offers to those who stay up late to experience the darkness of the pine forest and the illumination provided by distant suns.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.newsjaunts.com/ramadan-to-commence-on-tuesday-13th-april-2021-saudi-arabia/", "date": "2024-02-22T10:11:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473738.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222093910-20240222123910-00426.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9444414377212524, "token_count": 329, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__143553088", "lang": "en", "text": "The moon-sighting committee said that the crescent moon had not been sighted\nThe first day of Ramadan will be April 13, Tuesday. The moon sighting committee in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia said that the crescent moon had not been sighted. Accordingly, Monday, April 12, will be the last and 30th day of Shaban 1442 Hijri which means, by default, the first day of Ramadan will be on Tuesday.\nSunday marks the 29th day of Shaban, the month before Ramadan according to the Islamic calendar. Ramadan lasts for one complete moon cycle, which is usually 29 or 30 days. The moon sighting determines the duration.\nMakkah is considered the holiest city in Islam. Not only was it the birthplace of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), but also the location where Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) had his first revelation of the Quran. Because of this, the rest of the Islamic world follows Saudi Arabia’s announcement. UAE also usually follows Saudi Arabia’s announcement, but residents should wait for an official confirmation from the UAE authorities.\nEid Al Fitr is a three-day celebration that marks the end of Ramadan. The exact date will be determined by the moon-sighting committee.\nEbrahim Al Jarwan, member of the Arab Union for Astronomy and Space Sciences and head of Sharjah Planetarium said that the crescent moon for the month of Shawwal will form on May 11, 2021, although it is not expected to be visible until Thursday, May 13, which will mark the first day of Eid Al Fitr.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://orders.mkn.co.uk/fungiftideas/spacegifts/11a4nameastar$USD", "date": "2015-05-22T11:28:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924991.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00112-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8312511444091797, "token_count": 365, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__180537901", "lang": "en", "text": "[User Gateway] [log in] [register...] (optional) [why register?...]\n[secure connection] [insecure connection] [can't secure your connection?...]\nYour Framed gift set includes:\nA4 Certificate of Registration - showing the new Star Name, the date of registration and the star's telescopic co-ordinates\nStylish clip-frame - our frame complements and fits the certificate beautifully, turning your order into a stylish and classic gift.\nJewel encrusted star - Mark your star on the full colour map of the night sky\nStar locator instructions - Step by step guide to find the precise position of the star that has been named\nFull colour map of the night sky - this great wall chart shows all the constellations and stars visible to the naked eye and is where you mark your star with the star locator\nStar registration details - confirmation of the star details and your entry into our maintained star register database\nMessage service - Place your order via the internet and include your message in the gift set for FREE - (normal price £3 extra)\nDelivery - please read carefully\nDelivery is by private courier or Royal Mail - you MUST SIGN for the parcel. It is usually best if we deliver to your place of work. Please allow 5 - 7 days to receive your gift set. See below for alternative express delivery options.\nALTERNATIVE DELIVERY OPTIONS\nSometimes your gift just has to be there. For an extra £6.05 (US$9.73), we provide a priority registration and delivery service for customers who need an immediate response.\nSee order form.\n[order] -- £18.94 (US$30.47)\nUnder £30.00 (US$48.27)", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://loddoncommunitycinema.co.uk/html/film_programme.html", "date": "2016-02-08T14:05:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701153585.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193913-00299-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9510985612869263, "token_count": 329, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-07__0__152658686", "lang": "en", "text": "Thursday 3rd March\nThe Martian (12A) 144 mins (no shorts this evening) TRAILER REVIEW\nGiven all the interest in Major Tim’s trip to the International Space Station, we though it timely to show Ridley Scott’s space adventure about an astronaut accidentally left behind on Mars, his battle for survival and attempts to rescue him. The bulk of the film rests on Matt Damon as the castaway. There has been much discussion about the scientific plausibility of the film (see Wikipedia) but NASA gave unprecedented access to its facilities to the film makers (presumably in the hope of good PR for their space programme) and physicist Brian Cox said, \"The Martian is the best advertisement for a career in engineering I've ever seen.\"[\nThis film is far from the first film to have someone stuck on Mars - there are at least 30 others, in most of which the voyagers encounter aliens or monsters of some kind, in total contrast to the problems of isolation and loneliness featured here.\nThursday 7th April\nThe Lady in the Van (12A) 104 mins TRAILER REVIEW\nMaggie Smith gives an exceptional performance as Miss Mary Shepherd, an enigmatic and eccentric old woman who takes up residence in the driveway of writer Alan Bennett’s Camden house in 1973.\nRunning alongside what are presented as the facts of the story are scenes showing the conflicts experienced by Bennett as both protagonist and writer - just who is exploiting whom as the story is unfolded?\nYou can read an excerpt from Bennett’s diaries (6 January and mid-October when filming started in 2014).", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.streetlevelsgallery.com/en/made-of-star-stuff/", "date": "2023-10-02T05:17:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510967.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002033129-20231002063129-00681.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9555211067199707, "token_count": 423, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__200824197", "lang": "en", "text": "Made of Star Stuff\nAEC Interesni Kazki\nAugust 30, 2022 – September 21, 2022\n1922-2022. Made of star stuff is the title of the project that Street Levels Gallery commissioned to AEC Interesni Kazki, a Ukrainian artist known internationally for his surrealist paintings, inspired by science, cosmology, past times. The artist decided to combine the Greek-Egyptian mythological image of Zeus Ammon, considered the god of the sky, with that of Margherita Hack, the Italian astronomer who, by chance, was born in via delle Cento Stelle, in Florence. From ancient myths to modern science, AEC is one of the few international muralists able to collect the legacy of complex themes that intertwine nature, the human being and the supernatural. The result of his artistic research is an extremely recognizable evocative alphabet, capable of combining the figurative and the allegorical without falling into simple didactic reproduction. His narrative bases its roots in the past, from the history of the cosmos to that of human civilization, to continually renew itself thanks to his imaginative vision and singular surrealist stylization.\n“We are the way the universe knows itself. Part of our existence knows that’s where we come from. We want to go back, and we can, because the cosmos is also within us. We are made of stars ”.\n– C. E. Sagan\nThe Ukrainian artist considers his work as “an opportunity to understand the mystical reasons of the Universe” and precisely this ambition unites him to Hack: he with the brush, she with the optical instruments, both tireless seekers of the unknown. title chosen by AEC for the Made of star stuff project took up a quote from a famous American-born astrophysicist, Carl Edward Sagan, who in a few words succeeded in capturing the meaning conveyed by the artwork itself.\nVia delle Cento Stelle n.16 50137, Firenze (FI) Italia", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://sterling-jewellers-malta.myshopify.com/blogs/news-1/finding-your-zodiac-sign", "date": "2023-03-31T20:10:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00158.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9771103262901306, "token_count": 1040, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__197341143", "lang": "en", "text": "Where did the Zodiac Signs Originate From - The zodiac signs are a division of the ecliptic that dates back to Babylonian astronomy in the first millennium BC. The zodiac is based on stars from previous Babylonian star catalogues, such as the MUL.APIN catalogue (about 1000 BC).\nWhich are the 12 Zodiac Signs?\nAries(March 21- April 19)\nThe ram is the constellation that represents Aries, the first of the twelve zodiac signs. You are adventurous, active, ambitious, and competitive if you were born under this sign. Aries are recognized for their agility and leadership abilities, as well as a proclivity for being impetuous (due to the \"fire\" aspect) and forthright.\nTauraus (April 20- May 20)\nTaurus is the second of the twelve zodiac signs, and the constellation Taurus represents it. You are committed, trustworthy, focused, and creative if you were born under this sign. Tauruses are noted for their intelligence, trustworthiness, and stubbornness (the sign is a bull, after all). Tauruses are notorious for questioning authority and seeking pleasure.\nGemini (May 21-June 20)\nThe constellation Gemini, which is made up of the twins Castor and Pollux, represents Gemini, the third of the twelve zodiac signs. You are active, outspoken, intellectual, and fun if you were born under this sign. Geminis are recognized for their gregarious personalities and diverse interests, yet they have a (probably undeserved) reputation for being duplicitous.\nCancer (June 21- July 22)\nThe constellation Cancer, which is most typically pictured as a crab, represents Cancer, the fourth of the twelve zodiac signs. If you were born under this sign, you are brave, empathetic, protective, and perceptive. Cancers are noted for their inclination to be remote and passive-aggressive, as well as their caring nature.\nLeo (July 23- August 22)\nThe lion is the constellation that represents Leo, the fifth of the twelve zodiac signs. You are lively, extroverted, and fiery if you were born under this sign. Leos are recognized for their warm personalities and great self-esteem, although they may be prideful or envious at times.\nVirgo (August 23- September 22)\nThe virgin is the constellation that represents Virgo, the sixth of the twelve zodiac signs. You are realistic, analytical, and sophisticated if you were born under this sign. Virgos are recognized for their generosity and meticulous attention to detail, yet they may also be introverted and have unrealistic expectations for themselves and their loved ones.\nLibra (September 23- October 22)\nThe scales, the only inanimate constellation, represents Libra, the seventh of the twelve zodiac signs. You are thought to be balanced, sociable, and diplomatic if you were born under this sign. Libras are recognized for their selflessness and camaraderie, although they may be overly pragmatic and insecure at times.\nScorpio (October 23- November 21)\nScorpio is the eighth of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the scorpion constellation. You are loyal, resourceful, and dedicated if you were born under this sign. Scorpios are recognized for their boldness and pioneering spirit, yet they may be abrasive and walled off to outsiders.\nSagittarius (November 22- December 21)\nThe archer is the constellation that represents Sagittarius, the ninth of the twelve zodiac signs. If you were born under this sign, you are cheerful, self-reliant, and smart. Sagittariuses are noted for their magnetic qualities and generosity, yet they can also be arrogant and forthright.\nCapricorn (December 22- January 19)\nCapricorn is the tenth of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the sea goat constellation. If you were born under this sign, you are patient, hardworking, and disciplined. Capricorns are recognized for their tenacity and fondness for limits and regulations, yet they may be obstinate and too concerned with perfection.\nAquarius (January 20- February 18)\nAquarius is the eleventh of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the water carrier constellation. If you were born under this sign, you are thought to be creative, loyal, and unique. Aquariuses are recognized for their rebellious temperament and ingenuity, yet they may be distant and unyielding with loved ones.\nPisces (February 19- March 20)\nPisces is the last of the twelve zodiac signs, and it is symbolized by the fishes constellation. You are perceptive, artistic, and sympathetic if you were born under this sign. Pisces are famed for their empathy and artistic abilities, yet they may also be overly sensitive or deluded.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.saveonadventures.com/tour-stonehenge-summer-solstice-tour-from-london-sunset-or-sunrise-viewing/2452SOLSTICE", "date": "2023-05-30T05:36:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00004.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9002019762992859, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__249454953", "lang": "en", "text": "Experience the summer solstice at Stonehenge on a sunset or sunrise excursion from London! The astrological celebration at the ancient site has become an annual pilgrimage for druids, sun worshipers and revelers who flock there to welcome the summer. Embrace the festival atmosphere during a sunset viewing on June 20 or a sunrise viewing on June 21, and walk right inside the stone circle itself. Sunset viewings include a trip to the nearby stone circle at Avebury and a light supper in the village of Lacock.\nPlease arrive at Millennium Gloucester Hotel 15 minutes before the departure time stated and wait at the Hotel Casino entrance.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://hdpcgames.com/universe-sandbox-2-download/", "date": "2024-04-22T06:24:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818081.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422051258-20240422081258-00308.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9159325957298279, "token_count": 1703, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__54427964", "lang": "en", "text": "Universe Sandbox 2 Download is a popular space simulation strategy game for Windows PC. With regular updates, the developers keep improving the images and graphics. In this learning based game, you can interact with different worlds in the universe and even create new worlds according to your imagination. If you are fascinated by astrophysics and space concepts, this would be a great option. There is no fixed mission or battle, and you need to create fun universes, explore existing universes, enjoy the scenery, or cause chaos. With endless possibilities, Universe Sandbox keeps you busy for a long period of time.\nThis is all about the universe and what happens in it. If you have a knack for this type of exploration that delves into the mysteries of the universe and you haven’t tried this game yet, you’re missing out. Take a look at what this game has to offer and let us show you exactly why it’s such a great choice! Produced by Giant Army, this game can be played on Microsoft Windows Linux and Mac. It has 10 out of 10 reviews and ratings on Steam. Need we say more?\nThere is practically no limit to what you can do in this game. Create any type of planet or modify the Earth to your liking. He can also manipulate what happens in the universe, such as meteor collisions and black holes. Everything you do results in an immediate reaction to your planets and their surroundings. This results in hours of challenging physics for fun. The possibilities are endless. In-Universe Sandbox 2 Free Download you can experience an accurate simulation of the universe. And the best thing is that it really allows you to go crazy with all the settings available. You can make a super dense star with even more massive planets and see what happens. A You can try putting a supernova in the middle of the solar system and see how it happens. Create towers and be the owner of your own universe.\nThe game explores a genre that has yet to catch on to a great extent. The gameplay in Universe Sandbox 2 PC Game Download is quite easy to understand. Everything is just a scheme in which you can also from your friend’s state, create your own things (even if other objects are sometimes destroyed) and, above all, experience the great immensity of space. Universe Sandbox 2 is one of the best games that debuted in the market. While the market is full of new superhero toys and models that are best sellers as such. The game also allows you to create your own systems.\nBoth real and fictional simulations appear in the Universe Sandbox, with each region of outer space placed by default or based on the player’s preference. The real simulation includes the solar system, which includes eight planets, five minor planets, more than 160 moons, and hundreds of asteroids. And predictions of future events like the collision of the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way which will occur in 3.8 to 4.5 billion years. During the game, the player can learn about regions with the 100 largest objects in the solar system, the 1000 closest stars to the sun or the 70 closest galaxies to the Milky Way. A visible size comparison of the largest known stars and planets can be explored, and real-time animations of events such as the asteroid Apophis passing close to Earth in 2029 can be viewed.\nAs such, judging Universe Sandbox 2 Download as a game is unfair. It does not come with power-ups, levels, bosses, battles, or objectives. Based on the Sandbox model, just like Minecraft and Roblox, this space simulator focuses on giving you a fun learning experience. While the game has limited configuration options, the space simulator gives you plenty of mod options. It allows you to customize the time and place. It is worth noting that some of the mods do not work as intended. While these bugs and fixes can be annoying, they don’t hurt the deals.\nthis is different. You should keep in mind that the game is nude. It can find quite a few bugs, and it also ignores a lot of articles. The good thing is that Universe Sandbox 2 runs smoothly on many computers. If you like playing with the universe and don’t mind Universe Sandbox 2 being empty, go right ahead. But if you want to wait until the element is complete, or don’t want to play without a fixed goal, for now we urge you to find a different way to destroy the universe.\nUniverse Sandbox 2 Features:\nMake or break your planets\nThe game allows you to explore outer space both on a complex and large scale. Therefore, the game gives you a way to realize the paths of the universe with your own hands! You can collide planets, a supernova with a star or even go through different historical events.\neasy to understand\nThe game is about how each person gets the slightest idea about the universe. This means that the game must reach the masses. This, in turn, again means that the game should make it simpler and easier for everyone to understand. The game language and gameplay are also very easy!\nfamiliar with nature\nThe game contains a lot of information that should be provided to the users, whenever they want. This game not only makes physics interesting, but also unknown to you, there are many who are affected by the game and continue their studies in this field! So the game has a very informed side too!\nIt’s a simulation game! Graphics play a big role in simulation games, which is why I also played Universe Sandbox 2. You can feel the planets around you and feel like you’re becoming one with what’s around you there. Although it may sound pretty fun right now, that’s the power of graphics.\n- Material System – Build planets from hydrogen, iron, rock and water.\n- Star flares and choppy paths\n- Procedurally generated stars and planets\n- Black holes distort light\n- dark matter\nUniverse Sandbox 2 Download information:\n- Genre: Casual, Indie, Simulation, Early Access\n- Developed By: Giant Army\n- Platform: PC\n- Game Size: 0.97GB\n- Repack By: GOG\n- Version: v29.0.1 – Early Access (Latest)\n- preinstalled game\n- polished graphics\n- Smooth game engine\n- time control\n- quick reboot\n- Game Freeze Errors\n- Some functions do not work\n- fantasy physics\nUniverse Sandbox 2 Minimum System Requirements:\n- Operating System: Windows 7SP1+ (64bit*)\n- Processor: Dual core 1.6GHz\n- Memory: 1GB RAM\n- Graphics: 512 MB video memory, Shader Model 4.0\n- DirectX: Version 11\n- Storage: 2 GB of available space\nRecommended System Requirements:\n- Processor: 2.6GHz quad-core\n- Memory: 4GB RAM\n- Graphics: 1 GB of video memory\n- DirectX: Version 11\nHow to Universe Sandbox 2 Free Download for Pc?\nStep 1 – Click the download button, you will be redirected to our download page\nStep 2 – Click the Download button\nStep 3: Your download will start The free installer created officially from hdpcgames.com\nStep 4 – Download and install the file and then you can install the game\nStep 5 – With a good internet connection, it will be easy to download the game\nStep 6 – After the installation is complete, you can enjoy Game for free\nIf you still have problems or want to report bugs, please contact me.\nIs Universe Sandbox 2 free?\nNo, the game is not free. You should be around $30.00 to enjoy the game.\nCan you create your own simulations in Universe Sandbox 2?\nIf you can! But for this you will have to purchase the premium version of the game and only then can you create new planetary systems.\nIs Universe Sandbox 2 too big?\nUniverse Sandbox 2 takes up quite a bit of space. It occupies about 2 GB of your device memory.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://wanderlustcanarias.com/en/actividades/", "date": "2023-06-07T03:17:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00111.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.877955973148346, "token_count": 424, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__181606930", "lang": "en", "text": "Boat trip from Los Gigantes\nRoutes along the Los Gigantes Cliff starting from the Los Gigantes Marina to Punta de Teno, passing through Masca beach.\nVisit to the new volcano of La Palma (North face)\nGet to know the new volcano of La Palma and its consequences. The land was opened on September 19, 2021 to create the Youngest territory on the Continent. Its consequences were both sides of the coin.\nKayak from El Remo\nDiscover the wonderful coast of La Palma from a different point of view. Routes adapted to each level, visiting caves or lonely beaches only accessible by the sea.\nKayak to Cueva Bonita\nA magical excursion on the island of La Palma from the wonderful Porís de Candelaria to the Cueva Bonita, round trip.\nKayak in Punta de Teno\nTwo hour routes from Punta de Teno enjoying the unbeatable views of the Los Gigantes Cliff.\nTour fotográfico nocturno noroeste\nThe night and the stars as you have never photographed them. We look for the best spots for your photographs in the northwestern region of the island of La Palma.\nArcheology, moon and stars\nWe visit stations full of spirals and other geometric shapes that the Awara have written in stone. Under the light of the Moon, we discover its meaning on a magical route under the stars.\nCamping and stars\nDo you want to enjoy the starry sky of La Palma? Do you want to have the experience of sleeping under the stars?\nTours of the celestial vault to know the main constellations, stars and planets with the help of expert guides with the use of telescope equipment and other accessories of excellent astronomical quality.\nBoat trip from Punta de Teno\nEnjoy our daily excursions from Punta de Teno to Masca Beach in our 7.50 m long semi-rigid boat.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://blog.harrisco.net/index.php/2017/12/26/important-scientific-breakthroughs-in-2017/", "date": "2019-01-20T18:21:51Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583728901.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120163942-20190120185942-00125.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9725760817527771, "token_count": 982, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__36247548", "lang": "en", "text": "Stars collision in astronomy\nAstronomers announced an important breakthrough on 16th October, 2017. They detected the collision of two neutron stars on this day. This breakthrough was significant enough in the sense that these collisions would not lead to γ-ray bursts along with the creation of heavier elements in the Universe, such as gold and uranium.\nAstronomers detected the gravitational waves, which were dissipated as ripples during the collision. This project was carried out by a team of 70 astronomers at Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) based in the USA. Using sophisticated telescopes, scientists observed these γ-rays and radio-frequency spectrum.\nAnother important feat of 2017 was advancements in quantum communications. On 15th June, 2017, researchers in China made an important public announcement: they had shot pairs of photons from Micius satellite to two ground stations; the distance of separation between these two stations was 1200 kms. This experiment was a breakthrough event as it broke the record of the distance over which particles are associated with each other in an “entangled” state. This was a major breakthrough for Chinese researchers who are trying to develop “quantum internet” in the near future.\nBreakthroughs in Genetics\nIn 2017, a sophisticated treatment for cancer received its first approval: CAR-T cell therapy. In this approach, the immune cells of a patient were genetically engineered to destroy tumor cells of the target. Although the scientific community is not yet clear about the safety of this novel approach, the method did receive its approval from US FDA. This method was approved for treating acute leukemia in children and young adults.\nOrgan transplantation may soon become a reality given the path-breaking breakthrough in January, 2017. In a peer-reviewed report, scientist claimed to have developed fetuses with both pig and human cells. These hybrids would then be used for developing animals with organs, which are compatible with that of humans. Then, these organs could then be transplanted into people.\nAssisted reproduction received a major boost in 2017 as gene editing was now approved for clinical use in six peer-reviewed studies. For the first time, a team of scientists announced in August 2017 that they had developed an innovative CRISPR–Cas9 gene-editing system that repairs pathogenic (disease-causing) mutation in human embryos. The researchers proved that the method was safe for clinical use as this method did not lead to any unwanted mutations. Another innovative study was published in September 2017. In this study, scientists fixed the gene associated with recessive blood disease in human embryos, which contained unwanted mutations. These researchers had used human skin cells to clone embryos. Then, they corrected the defects by editing single bases of the DNA.\nAnother important breakthrough in genetics occurred in July 2017. Genomic data of more than 500, 000 participants was released by the UK Biobank; this genetic data is considered to be one of the largest troves till date. Complete information about the health and traits of 500, 000 participants was provided by UK Biobank to approved scientists. Using this genetic data, a team of scientists carried out a study on 2,000 genomes to understand the inheritance of diseases and traits.\nBreakthroughs in space science\nCassini spacecraft launched by NASA got burned up in Saturn’s atmosphere on 15th September 2017. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, scientists and engineers recorded the dwindling and death of incoming radio signals from Cassini spacecraft. This spacecraft had explored the Saturn planet was almost 13 years, and it crashed out as its fuel supply was exhausted completely; therefore, engineers at NASA steered this spacecraft for a crash and prevented it from bumping into one of the moons of Saturn planet. Cassini spacecraft provided important information about the powerful storms and constantly-changing rings of Saturn planet. Moreover, the spacecraft discovered a mammoth sea of hydrocarbon on Titan, which is the moon of Saturn planet.\nIn October 2017, astronomers observed a fast-moving asteroid whose orbit was unlike anything seen earlier. This important asteroid was spotted by astronomers in Hawaii. They christened this celestial body as “Oumuamua”; it was 400 meters in length and was believed to have originated from interstellar space. This celestial body zipped back toward the Sun and deep space no sooner it was observed. Such an object was observed for the first time ever in space.\nIn February 2017, astronomers discovered that seven planets (these plants were of the size of Earth) were orbiting around a star named TRAPPIST-1; this star was about 41 light years away from the Sun. This system was peculiar in terms of the number of small planets; all these planets were rotating in temperate orbits. This is an important breakthrough that paves the way for interplanetary visits.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://mtq.qm.qld.gov.au/Find+out+about/Rocks/What+are+meteorites", "date": "2017-04-27T10:57:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122159.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00400-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9381818175315857, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__14748087", "lang": "en", "text": "What are meteorites?\n- Pieces of rock or iron that fall to earth from space. Many thousands fall to earth each year, mostly landing in the ocean, but significant numbers fall onto the continents.\n- Mostly derived from the asteroid belt, where fragments are knocked out of orbit, eventually intersecting with the earth. A much smaller number are derived from the Moon and from Mars as the result of large collisions.\n- Classified as either falls or finds. Falls are those recovered after being observed to fall to earth. A famous Queensland example is the 1879 Tenham meteorite shower, of which over 300 stones have been collected. A find is a meteorite discovery without the observation of a fall.\nMeteorites have been found in many places in Australia. Most have been found in the desert and drier areas of the continent where they are easily seen without the vegetation cover.\nMeteorites found in Australia may not be exported without a permit.\nTypes of meteorites\nIron meteorites are mostly made of nickel rich metallic iron and are believed to come from the cores of broken up asteroids. They contain few silicate minerals, and are very heavy. There are many different classes of iron meteorite.\nStony meteorites are meteorites rich in silica minerals such as olivine and hypersthene. They contain small amounts of metal. They are lighter in weight then iron meteorites. There are a large number of classes of stony meteorites.\nStony-iron meteorites have approximately equal amounts of iron and silicate minerals which make for very attractive meteorites. Again, there are many different types of stony-iron meteorites.\nThe study of meteorites is call meteoritics. Most, but not all meteorites are billions of years old. Their study can provide a great deal of information on the origin of the solar system and the formation of the earth itself.\nQueensland Museum's Find out about... is proudly supported by the Thyne Reid Foundation and the Tim Fairfax Family Foundation.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://m.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/open-house/Event?oid=7006087", "date": "2019-04-25T15:50:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578727587.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425154024-20190425175112-00036.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9389599561691284, "token_count": 108, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-18__0__195300238", "lang": "en", "text": "When: Tue., March 6, 7-9 p.m. 2018\nJoin us for an end of winter open house at Protohaven! Come meet our members and directors, experience equipment and project demonstrations, and find out more about our upcoming equipment and space expansion program. We will be running a membership drive during the event. The first 25 people who sign up will receive a made-at-Protohaven gift. We will have light refreshment at the event. Everyone is welcome, minors must be accompanied by an adult.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.swoj.com/vids/view/1641-a-decade-of-sun/", "date": "2022-12-09T01:52:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00064.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8822841644287109, "token_count": 921, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__51221120", "lang": "en", "text": "As of June 2020, NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory — SDO — has now been watching the Sun non-stop for over a full decade. From its orbit in space around the Earth, SDO has gathered 425 million high-resolution images of the Sun, amassing 20 million gigabytes of data over the past 10 years. This information has enabled countless new discoveries about the workings of our closest star and how it influences the solar system.\nWith a triad of instruments, SDO captures an image of the Sun every 0.75 seconds. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) instrument alone captures images every 12 seconds at 10 different wavelengths of light. This 10-year time lapse showcases photos taken at a wavelength of 17.1 nanometers, which is an extreme ultraviolet wavelength that shows the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer — the corona. Compiling one photo every hour, the movie condenses a decade of the Sun into 61 minutes. The video shows the rise and fall in activity that occurs as part of the Sun’s 11-year solar cycle and notable events, like transiting planets and eruptions. The custom music, titled “Solar Observer,” was composed by musician Lars Leonhard (https://www.lars-leonhard.de/).\nWhile SDO has kept an unblinking eye pointed towards the Sun, there have been a few moments it missed. The dark frames in the video are caused by Earth or the Moon eclipsing SDO as they pass between the spacecraft and the Sun. A longer blackout in 2016 was caused by a temporary issue with the AIA instrument that was successfully resolved after a week. The images where the Sun is off-center were observed when SDO was calibrating its instruments.\nSDO and other NASA missions will continue to watch our Sun in the years to come, providing further insights about our place in space and information to keep our astronauts and assets safe.\nSome noteworthy events appear briefly in this time lapse. Use the time links below to jump to each event, or follow the links to more detailed views.\n20:25 Sept. 29, 2013-- A prominence eruption forms a long 'canyon’ that is then covered with loops of plasma. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qurh_BZ-O2E https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11379\n36:18 May 9, 2016-- Mercury transits across the face of the Sun. Smaller and more distant than Venus it is hard to spot. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhO6Ufw9h_s https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12235\n44:20 Sept. 6, 2017-- The most powerful sequence of flares during this solar cycle crackle for several days, peaking at X9.3. See the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-ZQBlWdlAY https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12706\nMusic: \"Solar Observer\" written and produced for this video by Lars Leonhard (https://www.lars-leonhard.de/)\nVideo credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO\nScott Wiessinger (USRA): Lead Producer\nTom Bridgman (GST): Lead Data Visualizer\nMara Johnson-Groh (Wyle Information Systems): Lead Science Writer\nThis video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio at: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13641\nIf you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/NASAGoddard\nFollow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center\n· Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard\n· Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard\n· Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddardPix\n· Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASAGoddard\n· Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc\nNote: All videos are hosted by YouTube, Swoj.com did not produce this video. If you have any claim on the video then please follow through to Youtube and report at the source.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.he360.com/fcc-approves-hawkeye-360-application-for-15-satellites/", "date": "2023-12-05T14:56:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00049.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9313237071037292, "token_count": 140, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__263345615", "lang": "en", "text": "By Caleb Henry, SpaceNews, December 19, 2019\nThe U.S. Federal Communications Commission gave HawkEye 360 the approvals it needs to launch and operate 15 additional satellites for radio-frequency mapping from low-Earth orbit. The license, issued Dec. 10, permits HawkEye 360 to launch up to 80 satellites over 15 years in order to maintain a constellation of 15 operational spacecraft.\nHerndon, Virginia-based HawkEye 360 has three pathfinder satellites in orbit today, and 15 more under construction by the Space Flight Laboratory at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies. The FCC said the first three satellites will not count towards the 15 since they were authorized under an experimental license.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://vgoinc.com/general/kennedy-space-center", "date": "2024-04-16T13:01:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00195.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9267631769180298, "token_count": 329, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__97680972", "lang": "en", "text": "Kennedy Space Center\nWhile traveling through Florida this winter, we visited the Kennedy Space Center Visitor’s Complex. It is located on Cape Canaveral and, in addition to on-site attractions, offers tours by bus, allowing visitors to see the Saturn V rocket, rocket launchpads, and the vehicle assembly building.\nThe concrete pad in the photo below is the launchpad used to send the Apollo spacecraft to the moon. You may notice that the fence is curved outward; we were told this is to keep alligators from wandering onto the launchpad.\nThis is the vehicle assembly building. The American flag in the upper left corner is 22 stories tall!\nThis is the Apollo control room, containing original equipment. Sitting in the room you can imagine it as it once was, bustling with activity as history was made.\nThis cute little bus transported astronauts to the launch site.\nThe next three images show the Saturn V rocket, quite an impressive display in person.\nThis is the lunar landing module – so small!\nThis is a surface rover, built from spare parts but identical to the one used on the moon. The wheels are metal mesh.\nThese two photos show the space shuttle Atlantis – it’s like a delivery truck built for space. The giant arm in the photo below was used for docking onto the space station.\nRocket engines. The three main engines on Atlantis generated over 37 million horsepower. Wow.\nA replica space shuttle stack, complete with two solid-fuel boosters, sits outside the building that houses Atlantis.\nReport written by Mattea Brown, E.I.T.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://carshine.se/", "date": "2022-09-24T15:17:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00279.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9319736957550049, "token_count": 130, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__4178888", "lang": "en", "text": "Every 238 years, the orbits of Neptune and Pluto change making Neptune at times the farthest planet from the sun.\nThe common pond frog is ready to breed when it is only three years old.\nIn February 1878, the first telephone book was published in New Haven, Connecticut. The book was one page long and had fifty names in it.\nYes, this domain is AVAILABLE for purchase!\nDomain Brokers Sweden is an authorized sales agent for this premium domain.\nPlease click HERE to enquire about this domain\n(or contact us directly at email@example.com)", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.tronicpen.com/products/neon-astro-float", "date": "2023-06-02T06:41:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00353.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8947930932044983, "token_count": 309, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__292825287", "lang": "en", "text": "NEON ASTRO FLOAT\nOur Neon Astronaut t-shirt is the perfect choice for anyone who loves space exploration and futuristic fashion. This shirt features a bold and vivid design, showcasing an astronaut floating in space against a bright and colorful neon background.\nWhether you're a fan of science fiction, astronomy, or just love to make a statement with your style, this Neon Astronaut t-shirt is sure to impress. The eye-catching design is perfect for casual wear, festivals, or any occasion where you want to stand out from the crowd.\nSo why wait? Add a touch of interstellar flair to your wardrobe with our Neon Astronaut t-shirt. Whether you're exploring the city or the cosmos, you're sure to turn heads in this striking and unique t-shirt design. Order yours today and take your fashion game to the next level!\n• 100% combed and ring-spun cotton (Heather colors contain polyester)\n• Fabric weight: 4.2 oz/yd² (142 g/m²)\n• Pre-shrunk fabric\n• Side-seamed construction\n• Shoulder-to-shoulder taping\n• Blank product sourced from Guatemala, Nicaragua, Mexico, Honduras, or the US\nThis product is made especially for you as soon as you place an order, which is why it takes us a bit longer to deliver it to you. Making products on demand instead of in bulk helps reduce overproduction, so thank you for making thoughtful purchasing decisions!", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.coons.senate.gov/news/press-releases/coons-hosts-nasa-astronaut-administrator-for-virtual-conversation-with-delaware-students", "date": "2020-12-03T01:51:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141717601.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203000447-20201203030447-00039.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9407281279563904, "token_count": 406, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-50__0__152210950", "lang": "en", "text": "WILMINGTON, Del. – Yesterday, U.S. Sen. Chris Coons (D-Del.) hosted a virtual event with astronaut Dr. Jeanette Epps, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, Lt. Gov. Bethany Hall-Long, and 250-plus Delaware students.\n\"NASA's Artemis mission has the goal of landing a woman on the moon by 2024, and it's something that I'm grateful NASA is championing,\" said Sen. Coons, a member of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies, which funds NASA.\n\"Inspiring the next generation of scientists, engineers, and explorers – the Artemis Generation – ensures America will continue to lead in space exploration and discovery,\" said NASA Administrator Bridenstine. \"Delaware is committed to STEM education, and is already making great contributions to America's Moon to Mars exploration plans. The students who participated in today's event are tomorrow's NASA and aerospace workforce, and encouraging STEM early on in their education is critical to America’s future in space. We are grateful to Senator Coons for his leadership to promote STEM education, and look forward to continuing strong partnerships in the state of Delaware.\"\n\"Open your minds to the new frontiers offered by a career in STEM fields, keep them open and take these opportunities, to learn and grow,\" said Lt. Gov. Hall-Long. \"You are the next generation of leaders that will guide us and expand STEM industry careers. Thank you to Sen. Coons and to NASA for hosting this event today and providing a unique opportunity for Delaware students to learn firsthand about all the amazing opportunities available to them.\"\nA research scientist and professor, Dr. Hall-Long also serves as the honorary co-chair of the Million Women Mentors, which promotes and connects young girls with leaders in STEM related fields.\nTo watch a video of yesterday's virtual event, visit https://bit.ly/2Ttx71h.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.artcoopshop.com/product-page/to-the-moon-coloring-book", "date": "2021-12-06T20:53:08Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363312.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206194128-20211206224128-00436.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.862054705619812, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__71674257", "lang": "en", "text": "Climb up to the moon with this amazing foldout coloring book. To the Moon is the tallest coloring book in the world!\nColor an amazing tower — all the way from your house down on Earth, past dragons, witches, space ports, and flying elephants — to reach the moon at the very top.\nGrab your favorite coloring tools and blast off! The book folds out to an incredible 15 feet long, providing hours of coloring fun for artists of all ages.\nIllustrator — Sarah Yoon.\nPaperback. 15 pages. 14\" × 8¾\".", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://www.amtech.net.au/nasas-new-horizons-spacecraft-unveils-unique-shape-of-ultima-thule/", "date": "2020-09-30T03:26:56Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402101163.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930013009-20200930043009-00132.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9665215611457825, "token_count": 364, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__176676906", "lang": "en", "text": "Washington: NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has beamed back new images of Ultima Thule, which show that the most distant world ever explored is much flatter than previously thought.\nThe images of the KBO — officially named 2014 MU69 — were captured by the New Horizons as it raced away at over 50,000 kilometres per hour on January 1. The images were taken nearly 10 minutes after New Horizons crossed its closest approach point.\n“This really is an incredible image sequence, taken by a spacecraft exploring a small world four billion miles away from Earth,” said mission principal investigator Alan Stern, of Southwest Research Institute in the US. “Nothing quite like this has ever been captured in imagery,” said Stern.\nThe newly released images also contain important scientific information about the shape of Ultima Thule, which is turning out to be one of the major discoveries from the flyby. The first close-up images of Ultima Thule — with it’s two distinct and, apparently, spherical segments — had observers calling it a “snowman.”\nHowever, more analysis of approach images and these new departure images have changed that view, in part by revealing an outline of the portion of the KBO that was not illuminated by the Sun but could be “traced out” as it blocked the view to background stars.\nStringing 14 of these images into a short departure movie, New Horizons scientists can confirm that the two sections (or “lobes”) of Ultima Thule are not spherical. The larger lobe, nicknamed “Ultima,” more closely resembles a giant pancake and the smaller lobe, nicknamed “Thule,” is shaped like a dented walnut.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "https://weekendboxclub.com/blog/read/9c1ab?t=out-of-space-bonus-blog-activities", "date": "2020-04-08T22:37:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00234.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9164432287216187, "token_count": 410, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__187850131", "lang": "en", "text": "Out Of Space - Bonus Blog Activities\nFriday 13th April 2018\nThis week we are immersing ourselves in the world of outer space. Whether you fancy making some rice cake moon snacks, getting messy with paint and shaving foam, or singing along to the solar system song, we've got something for everyone in this blog post!\nNut Free Recipe - Moon Bites\nIf you came here looking for a nut free alternative to the recipe in this week’s box, look no further! Click the link here to view the recipe.\nMarble Paint Planets\nThis cool craft can be repeated again and again with different colours to create a whole solar system full of wonderful planets! All you will need is some acrylic paint, shaving foam and paper.\nSimply squirt out the shaving foam onto a washable surface (we used a cake tin!) and then pour some different colours of acrylic paint on it as shown.\nUse your fingers or some cocktail sticks to swirl the colours about. Get some circles of white paper and press them lightly on top of the shaving foam and paint. Peel them off. Look at that cool marble effect! Now leave them to dry and stick them on some black card to create a cool intergalactic picture.\nTake a break from all your crafting to learn a bit more about the solar system with a cool song! Whoever said learning was boring?!\nEdible Moon Snacks\nThese snacks are healthy, tasty and easy to make! All you have to do is spread a small amount of peanut butter or cream cheese onto a rice cake to create the moon base. Add some craters to the moon made out of thin banana slices and cheerios - it really is as simple as that!\nBuild your own Rocket!\nAs a final activity, why don’t you try building your own virtual rocket on the Nasa website?\nThere’s loads to do this week, so we hope you enjoy going to infinity… and beyond!\nLove, the Weekend Box Team.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://www.sysu.edu.cn/2012/en/news/news01/30512.htm", "date": "2017-04-29T05:34:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123276.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00011-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9363998770713806, "token_count": 1094, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__31062882", "lang": "en", "text": "Professor Takaaki Kajita, 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physics, gives a lecture at Sun Yat-sen University\nLast updated :2017-04-13\nSource: School of Physics\nWritten by: School of Physics\nPhoto by: Xiao Yao, Liu Jia\nEdited by: Wang Dongmei\nOn the afternoon of April 7, 2017, the 15th Session of Nobel Laureates Series Lectures at Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), organized by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province, and Sun Yat-sen University, was held in Swasey Hall on Guangzhou South Campus. Prof. Takaaki Kajita, the 2015 Nobel Laureate in Physics, the director of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research at University of Tokyo, gave a lecture entitled “From Neutrinos to Gravitational Waves”. The lecture was hosted by Prof. Wang Wei. The State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs sent a congratulatory telegram, which was read by Mr. Li Diyun, Director of Experts Office at the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province. About 300 faculty and students from Sun Yat-sen University attended the lecture.\nPresident Luo Jun meeting with Professor Takaaki Kajita\nBefore the lecture, Prof. Luo Jun, President of Sun Yat-sen University, met with Prof. Takaaki Kajita, and introduced the development of the University. Mr. Li Diyun, Director of Experts Office at the Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of Guangdong Province, Ms. Gu Wenli, Deputy Director of Office of International Exchange and Cooperation at SYSU, Prof. Yao Daoxin, Deputy Dean of School of Physics at SYSU, and Prof. Wang Wei from the School of Physics at SYSU, also attended the meeting.\nProfessor Takaaki Kajita giving a lecture entitled “From Neutrinos to Gravitational Waves” at SYSU\nDuring the lecture, Prof. Kajita introduced the physics knowledge for the \"Kamiokande\" Observatory, which was designed to search for proton decay. Although the original goal was not realized, the solar neutrinos can be detected by the detector. For the at that time well-known solar neutrino problem, following Observatory “Super-Kamiokande” was designed and built. In 1998, the Super-Kamiokande detected strong evidence of neutrino oscillation that successfully explained the solar neutrino problem. In other words, Super-Kamiokande proved that the flavor of neutrinos can be changed in the flight. This result showed that the neutrinos have mass. This is the first time in the whole human history, that the new physics beyond the Standard Model was found. Neutrinos are not massless as the Standard Model predicted. After the introduction of his work for Super-Kamiokande, Prof. Kajita made an outlook for neutrino physics. He pointed out especially, the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which SYSU participates, will become one of the most important observatory for neutrino physics all over the world.\nAfter research of neutrino physics for more than 20 years, Prof. Kajita decided to throw himself into the research of gravitational wave. During the lecture, Prof. Kajita made an introduction about the physics behind the gravitational wave and introduced the most leading-edge international projects for the research of gravitational wave. Especially, Prof. Kajita introduced the KAGRA experiment, which was led by Japanese institute and universities. KAGRA has two arms, which form a laser interferometric gravitational wave detector. It is built in the Kamioka Observatory (Kamiokande) near the neutrino physics experiments and need the cryogenic technologies. Prof. Kajita indicated that, there is not a project of the gravitational wave studies group currently, which can detect the global gravitational waves. In other words, the projects of the gravitational wave studies, as well as projects for other physics studies, more and more depend on international cooperation.\nIn the Q&A session, President Luo Jun, as well as the faculty and students present at the lecture asked questions, and Prof. Kajita's answers won many applauds.\nProf. Takaaki Kajita has shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015 with the Canadian Physicist Arthur B. McDonald for the discovery of the neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass. This discovery changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the universe.\nThe “Nobel Laureates Series Lectures” at SYSU is a high-level forum series supported by the project “Dialogue with the Master--Nobel Prize Winner’s Lecture Tour on Chinese Campus” and organized by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs. It has become an education event with large influence in China and abroad. Since the Series Lectures started, 15 lectures were held successfully. More than ten Nobel Laureates in the field of chemistry, physics, medicine and physiology, and economics were invited to visit SYSU and give a lecture at SYSU.", "domain": "astronomy"}
{"url": "http://thechicagoconnection.blogspot.com/2012/02/", "date": "2018-06-21T16:15:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864191.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621153153-20180621173153-00143.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9736063480377197, "token_count": 396, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__11808211", "lang": "en", "text": "Today we've been given an extra day. Good? or Bad? It's good this year because it's a beautiful sunny day with temperatures near 60 degrees, but one leap year really messed me up. Three of our children were born on the 18th of some month. It made it really easy to remember their birthdays. Quinn was born on the 17th of March in 1980, which happened to be a leap year. Had it not been a leap year, he would have also been born on the 18th. Rats!\nSo why leap year? Well, in case you didn't know, it actually takes the earth 365 days + 5 hours, + 48 minutes, + 46 seconds to circle the sun. No big deal, but over time it begins to add up. So they created the Julian calender which added 1 day (4x5 hours + 48 minutes + 46 seconds) or approximately 24 hours every fourth year. Great, the problem is solved! Wait a minute! Every year the Julian calendar is about 11 minutes too long. No big deal, but over time . . . So, in 1582, Pope Gregory XII created the Gregorian calendar (used today) which says that every century year could only be a leap year if it was divisible by 400. So, the year 1900 was not a leap year, but the year 2000 was. The year 3000 will not be a leap year, but the year 4000 will be. Ok, so are we good to go? Not exactly. The Gregorian calendar puts the calendar year very close to the solar year, but it is still a tiny bit off. But it will take around 3000 years for this tiny difference to add up to an extra day, so astronomers have a few years to figure how how to deal with that problem.\nIt's a little mind-boggling, so just go out and enjoy this extra day, and let the mathematicians worry about the calendar!", "domain": "astronomy"}