Polyoxins are natural fungicides originating from microorganisms first discovered by Dr. Saburo Suzuki and his team at the Riken in 1963. They are produced by culturing the actinomycete Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis isolated from the soil the area around Mt. Aso in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. Polyoxins are not a single compound; they are a complex consisting of a series of compounds resembling each other in their chemical structure. Currently, 14 different Polyoxin analogues, Polyoxins A through N, have been discovered. Polyoxins have been sold as horticultural fungicides for over 50 years, and they are still widely used today. Polyoxin AL is effective against a wide range of fungi-related diseases such as mildew, gray mold, and other mold fungi diseases that affect vegetables, flowers, and other plants. Polyoxin D zinc salt was categorized as a bio-pesticide after it was recognized as safe for humans and livestock and being completely derived from natural sources through stringent inspections by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is now widely used in the United States to prevent diseases in lawns and flowers as well as in nuts, fruits, and vegetables.
Synthesized at the Sagami Chemical Research Center and developed by KAKEN, Pentoxazone is an oxazolidinedione-type rice herbicide. In 1997, it was registered as an agrochemical in Japan. Since then, it has been used as an herbicide for paddy rice in its initial formulation and in several mixed formulations based on this initial formulation. Pentoxazone is effective mainly on annual weeds in rice paddies, such as barnyard grass, Lindernia, and Monocholia, and is also widely effective on other weeds including Eleocharis kuroguwai, a perennial weed that is difficult to eradicate. Pentoxazone shows high, stable, and residual efficacy particularly on Lindernia and Monocholia, both of which are resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides. The safety of Pentoxazone is high for rice paddies, and therefore it can be used in a variety of ways. Its initial formulation can be used on rice paddies before or after the rice is transplanted, and its one-shot herbicide formulation can be used at the same time as rice planting. There are also formulations approved for flooding and direct seeding in rice paddies. Having extremely low water solubility and high soil absorbability, Pentoxazone hardly flows out to groundwater and rivers. Furthermore, it has low toxicity to humans, animals, and other living forms. For these reasons, it is an environmentally safe herbicide.
Salinomycin sodium is a polyether antibiotic originally discovered by KAKEN in a culture of Streptomyces albus, a strain of Actinomycetes in 1968. Later, it was developed as a feed additive by KAKEN. Salinomycin sodium is currently the most widely used anti-coccidial for chickens in the world, having effectiveness against Clostridium and other gram-positive bacteria. Produced in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines, Salinomycin sodium is not only used in Japan but is also exported, thus supporting poultry farmers worldwide.
Colistin sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic that was discovered in 1950 in a culture of Bacillus colistinus taken from the soil in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Colistin sulfate is effective against gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and salmonella, which are serious pathogens for livestock. Accordingly, there is a great international demand for this product. Therefore, KAKEN also exports this product worldwide.


Dr. Megan Wilkerson believes that everyone has an inner botanist, patiently waiting to be watered. Under optimal conditions, agriculture can be used to educate, inspire, and bring communities together. Megan created the Savvy Botanist to awaken the future generations of agricultural stewards.
Currently, Megan teaches Climate Change and Carbon Reduction at the University of District of Columbia and serves as Chief of the Pesticides Branch at the Department of Energy and Environment in Washington, DC. In the nation’s capital, Wilkerson’s team empowers DC residents by regulating toxic substances and the surrounding environment. In 2019, Megan was a Plant Scientist at Architect of the Capitol (AOC) and managed the overall plant health on Capitol Hill and the surrounding 300 acres. She brings twelve years of experience in managing programs and agricultural landscapes in domestic and international settings.
Dr. Wilkerson received two Doctorates from Penn State University (PSU), in Entomology and International Agriculture & Development. Megan also holds a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Science from Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU). She specializes in green infrastructure, urban sustainability, knowledge transfer, integrated pest management, social impact assessment, and community capacity building.
During her career, Megan researched in India, Trinidad and Tobago, Lebanon, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique, and South Africa. In 2016, Wilkerson was awarded a USDA Fellowship and spent 2 years in Ghana. During her residency, Megan collaborated with local farmers to develop pesticide alternatives. Dr. Wilkerson worked directly with USAID, USDA, World Cocoa Foundation, and the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture to examine knowledge retention and supervise training programs. She has a 100% pass rate among pesticide certification participants and is certified in CORE, Turf 3B, Ornamental 3A, Public Health 8, and Industrial, Institutional, Structural and Health Related Pest Control 7E.


Welcome to Roche Farm & Garden where we keep our customers updated on all the latest products and the newest agricultural technology. Come visit us at one of our convenient locations where we will be proud to provide you with all your agricultural needs!
803 E. Jackson Street Dublin, GA 31021 478-272-3340
Wrightsville, GA Location
Monday-Friday: 8:00am - 5:00pm
Saturday: 8:00 am - 12:00pm
411 E. Court Street Wrightsville, GA 31096 478-864-2206
VARIABLE RATE / GPS SAMPLING & SPREADING
The newest agricultural technology that will save you time and money while improving your land. This innovative technology will provide you with a more accurate measurment and application of fertilizer and chemicals for every inch of your farm.


In a statement today, BERNAS said rice sales for April saw a 40 per cent jump over the average for the state.
"There was also a 27 per cent increase in the number of rice wholesalers with no record of purchase buying from BERNAS, while around 61 per cent of wholesalers in Sabah had bought more than the normal amount of rice.
'Of this percentage, 37 wholesalers bought more than 100 per cent of the normal amount," it said.
The statement was issued in response to a local news report on Wednesday entitled "BERNAS Urged Not To Ration Rice Supply in Sabah".
The report quoted Malaysian Youth Council vice president Azuwan Marjan as saying he had been informed by wholesalers in Sabah that BERNAS had started rationing its rice supply to them since April 13.
BERNAS clarified that unusually high purchases had prompted the agency to take precautionary steps by restricting sales to certain wholesalers in order to prevent hoarding.
It was aimed at preventing the rice supplied to Sabah being sold to other countries like Indonesia and the Philippines in view of the rice price in Malaysia being the lowest in the Southeast Asia region.
The statement added that joint monitoring with the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry will continue to ensure the supply of rice is controlled, especially for Sabah.


At Encavis AG, we believe that entrepreneurial behaviour is also closely linked to an awareness of social responsibility. Therefore, we are actively involved – out of conviction and in our own interests.
Sustainability in conjunction with energy does not always involve the use of technology – as demonstrated by the deployment of sheep as “greenkeepers” around solar parks. Indeed, the animals have been hard at work for several years, tending the grass in parks run by energy associations and solar park operators.
This sheep grazing in harmony with nature is highly efficient and extremely valuable. The shepherds benefit because they don’t lose access to grazing areas as a result of photovoltaic parks. The sheep can use the solar modules as providers of shade and protection against the wind. They can also use the supporting structure as a safe retreat for their lambs. Thanks to the regular sheep grazing, the modules don’t become overshadowed by rampant growth and are not exposed to dust contamination or damage due to stone chipping that can arise with mechanical mowing. What’s more, regular checks by the shepherds help reduce the risk of theft. From a conservation viewpoint, this dual use of the land is a good idea. Extensive grazing has positive effects on the biodiversity and leads to an increase in the variety of species. This is because sheep act as a means of transport for other species of fauna and flora.
From spring to the end of autumn, some 1,000 sheep, which include breeds such as Suffolk sheep, are on active duty for Encavis. With the help of our four-legged friends, the ground around the plants recovers better; the use of sheep is also much less costly than other alternatives. And not forgetting animal well-being: The gutters on solar modules collect rain water that the sheep can drink.


Drones fly over the Eagle Creek Reservoir monitoring algal blooms; researchers work with a farmer to improve agricultural practices; a 20-year study aims to address forest restoration in degraded riparian landscapes. These are some of the ways the Center for Earth and Environmental Science at IUPUI is engaging with the community in research.
The Center for Earth and Environmental Science (CEES) supports research that crosses traditional disciplinary boundaries by bringing together faculty from different academic backgrounds to discuss complex issues, pursue grants, and collaborate on projects. Research carried out at the center by CEES staff, affiliated faculty, and community partners facilitates science-based decision making and feeds the center’s education programming.
Through multiple projects in the community, CEES is working to address key community issues, such as water quality and environmental restoration.
At Eagle Creek, Greg Druschel, Associate Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences and an affiliate of CEES, in partnership with IUPUI’s Center for Aerial Unmanned Systems Imaging (CAUSI), uses drone technology to monitor cyanobacteria in the reservoir. Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, produce compounds that cause “taste and odor” issues if the algae become overly abundant.
By combining traditional water sampling methods with specialized aerial photography of the reservoir, Druschel and his team are developing models that will allow drone photography to replace, or at least reduce the need for, the more time-intensive methods currently required to monitor algal abundance. Because the use of drones is far less expensive than traditional physical sampling methods, municipalities could evaluate water supplies more frequently and would therefore be more likely to identify potential problems before cyanobacteria numbers reached harmful levels. Treating water to prevent harmful algal blooms is easier – and cheaper – than treating water to remove the noxious compounds after taste and odor issues develop. A cost-effective model that facilitates early detection of harmful algal blooms has the potential to benefit communities around the country, said Dr. Victoria Schmalhofer, an ecologist and Assistant Director of CEES.
CEES is also leading a project to evaluate the impacts of traditional and alternative farming practices on sediment- and nutrient-loading in streams. Through a partnership with Mike Starkey, a farmer in Brownsburg, and the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), researchers are studying whether the types of cover crops used and the method and timing of fertilizer application affects sedimentation and nutrient-loading of a local stream after rainfall events.
In order to control the movement of water over his land, Starkey engages in no-till agriculture and micro-application of fertilizer, uses his own particular mix of cover crops, and has planted buffer strips along the stream. Employing these methods, he has been able to reduce or eliminate the channel carving and ponding that used to occur in his fields after heavy rains.
Starkey is participating in the Edge of Field program, which was developed by the NRCS to manage water associated with agricultural fields. Sediment is the main pollutant in Indiana waterways, and loss of agricultural topsoil through erosion is a major issue throughout the United States. Additionally, the nutrients carried with sediments contribute to problems both locally, including algal blooms in local streams and lakes, and regionally, such as the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico.
At Starkey Farm, the first Edge of Field project in Indiana, traditional methods or Starkey’s methods are being used on adjacent fields to determine whether the practices differ in their impacts on sediment movement to School Branch, the stream that separates the two fields. Since 2015, environmental scientist Danielle Follette and other CEES staff have managed the project, collecting water samples after every rainfall event and evaluating the samples for sediment and nutrient content. If Starkey’s methods prove to significantly reduce the movement of sediments and nutrients into School Branch, it will have widespread implications for farming practices throughout Indiana and beyond, Schmalhofer said.
On the western edge of campus, along a one-mile stretch of the White River extending from 10th Street to New York Street, lies the Lilly ARBOR. Originally called the White River Riparian Restoration Project (WRRRP), the ARBOR is an 8.5 acre experimental forest designed to answer questions concerning how best to reforest highly degraded riparian landscapes – hence its acronym: Answers for Restoring the Banks of Our River.
During fall of 2000, over 1300 saplings were planted in the field of turf grass that bordered the river. Twelve different tree species, selected for their presumed ability to survive at the site, were incorporated in the study. Additionally, three commonly used planting methods were and are still being evaluated: containerized (older saplings grown in 3 gallon pots), bare-root (younger saplings with bare roots), and bare-root with weed mat (a weed mat was put in place after planting to reduce potential overgrowth of the young tree by weeds and grasses).
Twenty years later, the area is a thriving young forest. Distinct differences in tree survival are apparent: honey locusts, green ashes, hackberries, and silver maples have done well – with a 45% or better survival rate; cottonwoods, sycamores, and willows fared poorly – with a less than 10% survival rate; buckeyes, red maples, chinkapin oaks, swamp white oaks, and hawthorns have been moderately successful – with survival rates between 20-40%.
Planting method also was found to have an impact: after one year, “containerized” saplings enjoyed an advantage over “bare root” saplings, with a 91% vs. 78% survival rate. That persisted at the ten-year mark, with a 47% vs. 38% survival rate, and continues to the present with a 41% vs. 27% survival rate.
Current work at the ARBOR is led by Dr. Victoria Schmalhofer. The next phase of research at the ARBOR will include a thorough evaluation of the trees and herbaceous plants that have colonized the area over the past 20 years, as well as surveys of the many animal species that make their homes in the forest.
The ARBOR is more than just a research site. Over the years, hundreds of IUPUI students have visited the ARBOR to engage in and learn about the importance of environmental stewardship as they helped to remove invasive species and clean up trash, and dozens of students have used the area for their senior capstone projects. In addition to functioning as an outdoor classroom and place for experiential learning, the ARBOR also provides opportunities for passive recreation.
To encourage students and members of the community to explore the ARBOR and other green spaces along the White River, CEES is developing the Welcoming Campus Trail (WCT). The WCT will utilize technology to provide users with an interactive, informative experience that draws attention to points of interest along the White River greenway near campus. By making the ARBOR and its history more widely known, CEES hopes to inspire community members to consider the need for, as well as the possibilities of, environmental restoration, Schmalhofer said.


WHERE WE ARE
Located in Hopland, CA, our 64-acre estate lies in a viticulture zone established mainly by emigrated Italian farmers over a century ago. We use 35 acres of our land for farming grapes, but we are also known in the area for our certified organic olive mill which serves local olive farmers small and large.
Visitors can taste our wines and oils at our unique tasting room inside our olive mill, where they can also recharge electric cars. Our estate features a vineyard guesthouse and a few ponds that offer peaceful spots for picnics and daydreaming. About a dozen owls live in special owl houses throughout our property and help us with pest control. A herd of sheep grazes our grounds and some goats greet the visitors. We grow fresh fruit and vegetables that we offer at seasonal farmers’ markets as well as lavender for body care products


Soil Stabilization Specialists
Soil-Loc, Inc., is the industry leader in soil stabilization and erosion control products. From driveways, walkways, dirt roads, empty lots, golf courses, baseball and softball fields, Soil-Loc’s family of soil stabilization and erosion control products can help protect your property, maintain the value of your land and help create a stable and safe environment.
Soil-Loc is continuing and expanding its efforts in the distribution and technical support of these products and others in the areas of stabilization, dust control and sports fields. We are constantly seeking other new and economical solutions to erosion control and dust control problems.


Structural characterization and evaluation of the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from Qingzhuan brick tea
Abstract & Authors:展开
The crude tea polysaccharides (CTPS) from Qingzhuan brick tea(QZBT) were extracted and fractionated to afford two fractions, namely TPS-1 and TPS-2. Analyses were conducted concerning the structural characterization and antioxidant activities of these samples. Component analysis revealed that the carbohydrate, uronic acid, protein and polyphenol contents of these samples differed significantly. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that these samples showed similar characteristic absorption peaks for polysaccharides. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that there were considerable differences in the presence of protein, surface features, conformational characteristics and thermodynamic behaviors. For antioxidant activities in vitro, CTPS, TPS-1 and TPS-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, with TPS-2 showing significantly higher antioxidant activity than CTPS and TPS-1. These results provide a scientific and strong foundation for the use of tea polysaccharides(TPS) from QZBT and further research towards the relationships between the characteristics and antioxidant activities of TPS.
Xinhe Yang,Zhonghua Liu
Xinhe Yang,Mingjun Huang,Caiqin Qin,Bangyu Lv,Qingli Mao,Zhonghua Liu


Pear Trees - Pineapple #5 Pot
True to its name, the Pineapple Pear tree produces large pears with a pineapple flavor. The fruit ripens in late summer and is a russet color. It keeps well and can be used for canning. The Pineapple Pear tree is the most fire blight resistant pear tree. It requires 150 chill hours. It can self-pollinate or pollinate with Flordahome or Hood Pear trees. At maturity, it can reach a height between 15-20 feet and a width of 12-15 feet.
USDA ZONES: Zone 4, Zone 5, Zone 6, Zone 7, Zone 8, Zone 9.pear-flordahome,pear-hood,pear-baldwin


Allow me to introduce Melanie Harvey - music lover, foodie, and the head gardener of Blue Clay Farm in North Augusta, SC. A recent graduate of the University of GA's Agriculture program, Mel has taken on the feat of running the urban, organic farm for the farm-to-table restaurant Manuel's Bread Cafe. One afternoon spent learning about the farm, and I am hooked on gardening! I snapped a few pics and interviewed the gardener on the organic lifestyle to share this experience with you!
Keep reading - Mel will show us the daily duties of running a farm and discuss organic farming.
Melanie working at Blue Clay FarmHere is the head gardener for Manuel's Bread Cafe farm-to-table urban, organic farm, located in North Augusta, SC.
"Organic gardening might not be easy but it feels so good to know where your food comes from and whether or not chemicals have been used in the growing process. Your yield isn't as high as compared to conventional farming but you reward your body and the Earth by committing to not using chemicals."
Expert TIPS on ORGANIC farming success:
Farm Fresh EggsThere's nothing in the world like fresh eggs from the farm.
Adding some chickens to your farm is a great idea if you love having fresh eggs! You will have to feed/water the chickens daily and they will produce some delicious eggs. The cafe sets aside kitchen scraps to feed the chickens a nice snack. You may also consider using scraps to make a compost heap to use with your planting beds.
You can visit the farm to see the Ameraucana chickens, guinea fowls and goats. Yes, that is a blue egg! There is also a bunny named Einstein that hangs out in the chicken pen.
Mel feeds the chickens and goats a little treatDaily feeds the chickens and goats, and collects the eggs from the coop.
Currently, the farm has eggplant growing (purple and white!), okra, carrots, beets, radishes, green beans, onions, horseradish, rosemary bushes, basil, pear trees, an olive grove, peaches, papaya, strawberries and several other fresh herbs and vegetables. Fruit/Vegetables on Blue Clay FarmEggplant & Okra with beautiful flowers. Fresh herbs & vegetables are scattered all over the farm as well.
Okra produces these beautiful yellow flowers and grows in the traditional green, as well as red. Look out for some okra recipes at Manuel's Bread Cafe coming soon - I saw some yummy okra growing! Okra is great pickled, fried, or in soups.
Mel cuts some okra for Manuel's Bread Cafe recipesCutting some delicious okra for the cafe. Check out the beet tattoo. The girl was born for this!
Baaaaaaaaad goats!Life on the farm - Bring in the goats!
There is always endless work to be done on a farm - Clearing away weeds, replanting beds, cleaning the animal pens, feeding animals, harvesting the bounty, watering and caring for plants, growing new seeds...
The rewards of farming are also endless. Look at that smile! Being outdoors in nature is beneficial for your body, mind, and spirit.
"Being a farmer/gardener is such a rewarding hobby/occupation. Being outside with nature is in itself therapeutic... but by putting trust, patience, and love into Gaia (Primordial Goddess of the Earth) in return for her bountiful blessings is the pathway to the most beautiful relationship you could ever imagine. A relationship everyone should have, which is, respect for this Earth and love for our Mother."
Blue Clay Farm GreenhouseThe baby seedlings are sprouting! Once they get a few inches tall, they are moved to the raised beds to grow and prosper.
A huge part of maintaining this farm is growing the garden. Mel is currently planting seedlings which she will move to the raised bad to grow for her fall harvest. She gets them started in the greenhouse. She makes her own planting soil with a mixture of mushroom compost, perlite, vermaculite, and peat moss. She also propagates new plants from trimmings. (A great example is the strawberry tower).
Mel has some seedlings started in the greenhouse to be planted in the garden in mid - September.
Good ideas for new crops this time of year: kale, mustard greens, collard greens, cauliflower, broccoli, lettuce, leeks, butternut, spaghetti, and winter squash. Sounds delicious! Manuel's Blue Clay Farm Growing fresh, organic food for Manuel's Bread Cafe.
Something really cool that I learned from Mel is a technique called Espalier to get the best fruit production. This is an ancient planting strategy of forcing a plant to grow on a trellis, which creates a beautiful frame and saves space while increasing production. It comes from the Italian word spalliera, meaning "something to rest the shoulder against." (Thank you wikipedia). Here are the pear trees being trained to grow up a trellis using this Espalier technique.
EspalierPear trees taking the shape of the trellis.
There is a grove of olive trees on the property, planted in potters. The olives are growing juicier by the day. They will be harvested and used in salads for the cafe.
Olive grove & Onion bloomsEverywhere you look is fresh, alive, and growing.
Another tree on the farm is my personal favorite. I think everyone should have an icon - the FIG tree - in their garden! Just pick them as they ripen, and enjoy. Blue Clay Farms has a gorgeous fig tree that is covered in fruit. If you've had any fig dessert at the cafe, chances are it was grown right here on the farm.
Take a bite!Delicious figs fresh off of the tree at Manuel's organic Blue Clay Farm
The atmosphere makes it tough to leave. It's so nice to have a little garden tucked away. I'd encourage everyone to grow your own garden patch no matter how little room that you have.
Beautiful scenery and delicious eggsWhat more could you want!
Lastly, here is the meeting area, greenhouse, entry road, and border fence of the farm. I hope you enjoyed this tour of Manuel's Blue Clay Farm and meeting farmer Mel. I'm sure she would appreciate help if you wanted to get experience working on an organic farm!
Do visit the farm and cafe if you get the chance! Have a great day, Laura
Please comment below if you wish.
The views of Blue Clay FarmHere is the meeting area, greenhouse, entry road, and border fence at the farm.


Permaculture and forest gardening, these fashionable concepts are not new: they were already applied in ancient times in the oases of Tunisia!
A forest garden
is a garden created on the model of the forest and which gathers various agricultural productions on several levels. A concept of natural and sustainable agriculture
, very popular in the context of permaculture
(sustainable agriculture system using biodiversity).
But what is an oasis
, if not a forest of palm trees created by man, irrigated by multiple channels fed by springs?
And here is what the Latin author Pliny the Elder wrote in the first century AD about the oasis of Gabes
, in southeastern Tunisia:
“There, under a very high palm tree grows an olive tree. And under the olive tree, a fig tree. And under the fig tree, a pomegranate tree. Under it, the vine. Under the vine, wheat is sown, and then vegetables, all in the same year, all growing in each other’s shade.”
Dates, pomegranates and bananas
Thus, two thousand years ago, various crops were combined in the same space, on several levels, under the protective shade of tall trees!
Even today, in the traditional Tunisian oases, date palms are associated with many fruit trees and vegetable plants.
The pomegranates and henna of Gabes are famous. In Tozeur, small bananas are produced in the shade of palm trees.
From Pliny the Elder to Al-Idrissi
Pliny the Elder is the author of the Natural History, an encyclopedia in 37 volumes!
We also have this testimony from the Moroccan-Andalusian geographer Al-Idrissi, author of a monumental atlas dedicated to King Roger II of Sicily (12th century):
“Gabes is a considerable city, well populated, surrounded by a real wood of orchards that follow one another without interruption and produce fruit in abundance, palm trees, olive trees, …”
The oasis of Gabes is a candidate for inclusion in the Unesco World Heritage since 2008. Also read: Tunisia’s World Heritage sites.
Sahara: The Tunisian South
Nature: Discover the natural variety of Tunisia
Tozeur, the oasis city


There are photos of me as a six year-old tilling my garden. My parents allotted me a patch of land in the back yard to grow my own garden. My father enjoyed taking photos of me as I tilled, and I enjoyed working with a rake.
To this day, I garden. I may have some ability at tilling, but that is a secondary consideration. To be outdoors smoothing the dark earth is to be almost without stress.
My wife also enjoys gardening. This year we have a big garden out back by our garage. We’ve planted lettuce, zucchini, tomatoes, garlic and radishes. I am probably one of the few people who like radishes. And I am still assigned the task of smoothing the dirt, this year purchased from Home Depot, with a rake.
Besides gardening, my wife likes travelling on vacation. Seven years ago we went to Jamaica. On the white sands of Jamaica I read the Georgics of the Roman poet Virgil. The Georgics is one of those hard to define works. Unlike Aristotle, I think that didactic works can be poetry, provided they are written in well-crafted imaginative verse. Following the lead of his older contemporary Lucretius, whose De Rerum Natura discoursed on philosophy and science, Virgil wrote a treatise on farming in the Georgics.
There has been much conjecture on why Virgil wrote this work. Some have speculated that Virgil’s patron the emperor Augustus wanted people go out from crowded Rome to the farms. But Virgil in person was said to have been somewhat countrified and awkward. He might have been something like the characters that Jimmy Stewart so often played in film. The eloquence that was his on papyrus eluded him in person.
But Virgil had come from the country, and was intimately familiar with the rigors and rituals of farming. He wrote in classic Latin of the seasons of the year, of the different crops and the rewards of a farmer’s life.
We, as a society, have gotten away from the basics. Farming is looked down upon. The farmer’s life is still hard physically, and heartbreakingly difficult economically. The Federal Farming Administration has been reduced to the F.F.A. because of the government’s alarming perception of farming’s stigma.
But of late a home-grown agricultural movement has cropped up. It appears in unexpected places. People grow vegetables on urban rooftops. In Brooklyn, a large number of people raise chickens in order to have their own eggs.
There are a number of reasons for this trend. The first, and most obvious one, is economic. In tough times, it is cheaper to grow your own food than to buy it. The second stems from health. The processed foods of stores and restaurants have caused us to become large and unhealthy. To eat home-grown vegetables is to receive nutrition without the fats, sodium and other additives offered us by the middlemen.
We may have become too urban or suburban, too tethered to technology to wholly return to the agricultural way of life. But to return to it even in small ways is to become healthier. Agriculture connects us with the cycle of life, and with our deepest roots. As a nation, we have gotten away also from work. A return to farming would again teach us the dignity of labor, and convince us of our inherent worth.
I hope the best for this year’s garden. We had a light winter, so we need rain. With enough rain, I will be able to eat tomatoes in August and zucchini bread in September.
So I hope for the rain, and for the rain of public awareness that will come to the new agricultural movement. The ground is ripe for it.


The shortest day: time to plant garlic!
As temperatures drop and the nights draw in, most of us are stoking the fire and dreaming of sunnier climates, but for our garlic grower, Kirsty Gaddam, mid-winter means pulling on her gummies and getting out into the cold to plant her crop.
Traditionally planted on the shortest day and harvested on the longest, garlic spends a significant period in the ground. Another reason to choose organic garlic: six months of soaking up all the soil’s goodness and nutrients or a cocktail of nasty pesticides and chemicals?
Planted, weeded and harvested by hand, our organic garlic is simply peeled clean and trimmed before it’s sent to customers, unlike supermarket garlic which is often bleached and sprayed to prevent sprouting.
Kirsty grows Takahue Red, a New Zealand heirloom variety with a wonderful aromatic flavour which was found growing wild in the sand dunes in the Far North.
If you are inclined to pull your gumboots on and grow your own garlic, it’s still not too late – the shortest day is a guideline rather than a deadline – and because our garlic is organic and untreated, it can be used for seed as well as eating.
Growing garlic is a synch: it requires very little maintenance.
- Make sure your soil is fertile and free-draining – add plenty of compost if you are unsure.
- Simply cultivate your soil and plant the biggest cloves (these will produce the biggest bulbs – save the rest for cooking) about 5cm below the soil’s surface.
- Once sprouts appear, cover with straw to keep in moisture and reduce weeds.
- Fertilise and water regularly, paying particular attention to watering in November and December when much of the growth is done but conditions tend to be drier.
- Take a post-Christmas break from the garden and relax while the tops die back, and your garlic will be ready to harvest in mid-summer.


Leucospermum "Tango" growing at Elkhorn Farm
In 1996, two cousins, born and raised in South Africa, started a 40-acre farm in California’s Central Coast to grow the stunning wildflowers they grew up with—proteacea. One of these cousins—Pierre Taljaard—already had a successful protea farm in South Africa's Western Cape Province where these flowers also make up the native vegetation adjacent to his farm. Pierre's cousin—Jan van Greunen—was a civil engineer living in San Francisco and was also interested in growing proteacea to sell as cut flowers.
In finding the correct location for their farm, they searched for farmland with just the right soil composition and acidity. Their search led to a former strawberry farm in the Elkhorn highlands near Monterey Bay. Pierre then imported plant material from South Africa to California to start the farm.
A view of native fynbos in the Tradouw Pass, South Africa.
Many of the South African flowers and foliage we grow at Elkhorn Farm are part of the Cape Floristic Kingdom known in South Africa as “fynbos.” Fynbos means “fine bush” and consists mainly of members of the Proteacea and Erica (heather) families, which are generally hard-leaved shrublands and heathlands found in the coastal plains and mountains of the southwestern and southern cape of South Africa. More than 7,700 plant species are found in the fynbos biome. Much of the fynbos grow predominantly on well-leached, infertile soils. The best known representative of the protea family is South Africa’s national symbol--protea cynaroides or king protea.
Like California’s maritime chaparral, fynbos are drought-tolerant and grow in one of the earth’s five mediterranean climate ecosystems. Mediterranean ecosystems cover less than 3% of the earth’s land surface, yet contain 20% of the earth’s plant biodiversity. Due to living in a climate characterized by warm to hot, dry summers and cool, but mild, rainy winters, California maritime chaparral and fynbos share similar characteristics:
Rare Pajaro Manzanita Chaparral plant community adjacent to Elkhorn Farm.
Elkhorn Farm is located on a hillside near the protected Elkhorn Slough tidal wetlands ecosystem and is surrounded by native oak woodlands and the rare Pajaro Manzanita Chaparral plant community habitat. Like the mediterranean climate found in South Africa's Cape Province, the climate of coastal California is well-suited to the drought-tolerant flowers, foliage and olive trees we grow. The well-drained and relatively infertile sandy soils of our hillside are also well-suited to fynbos.
Equally important is these characteristics of our flowers, foliage and olive trees, and the fact that these shrubs and trees are productive for a number of years, makes these a much better crop for our highly erodible hillside farm than a crop requiring lots of water and replacement every year or two, such as strawberries.
Our "About" page header photo shows Leucospermum "Spider" blooming at Elkhorn Farm.


What is World Soil Day?
World Soil Day (WSD) is held annually on 5 December as a means to focus attention on the importance of healthy soil and advocating for the sustainable management of soil resources.
An international day to celebrate Soil was recommended by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) in 2002. Under the leadership of the Kingdom of Thailand and within the framework of the Global Soil Partnership, FAO has supported the formal establishment of WSD as a global awareness-raising platform. The FAO Conference unanimously endorsed World Soil Day in June 2013 and requested its official adoption at the 68th UN General Assembly. In December 2013 the UN General Assembly responded by designating 5 December 2014 as the first official World Soil Day.
What Can You Do?
Every 5 seconds, the equivalent of one soccer field of soil is eroded. This alarming fact reaffirms the need to raise awareness through World Soil Day of this growing problem, as the Earth’s population continues to expand.
This year, by addressing the increasing challenges of soil management, the FAO campaign “Stop soil erosion, Save our future” aims to raise awareness of the importance of sustaining healthy ecosystems and human well-being. By encouraging people around the world to engage in proactively improving soil health, the campaign also aims to raise the profile of healthy soil. If we do not act soon, erosion will; the fertility of the soil will continue to be adversely affected at an alarming rate, threatening global food supplies and food safety.
Encouraging all people to participate, FAO has created a thematic website full of information, initiatives and material to spread the message through different multimedia platforms.
Unbroken Ground the Full-Length Movie
Unbroken Grounds explains the critical role food will play in the next frontier of our efforts to solve the environmental crisis. It explores four areas of agriculture that aim to change our relationship to the land and oceans. Most of our food is produced using methods that reduce biodiversity, decimate soil and contribute to climate change. We believe our food can and should be a part of the solution to the environmental crisis – grown, harvested and produced in ways that restore our land, water, and wildlife. The film tells the story of four groups that are pioneers in the fields of regenerative agriculture, regenerative grazing, diversified crop development, and restorative fishing.


1. Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojna (RKVY):
Different types of quality seeds (HYV & Hybrid), pesticides, implements, bio-fertilizers etc are distributed among the farmers both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The main scheme under RKVY is Bringing Green Revolution to the Eastern Region (BGREI). The interventions taken under this schemes are:
i) Line transplantation on paddy.
ii) Introduction of stress tolerant varieties.
iii) Cropping system based cultivation
iv) Hybrid rice cultivation
v) Distribution of various mechanical tools at subsidized rates among individual farmers/groups for asset building component. Tools like
a) Power Tiller
c) Mini Rice Mill
d) Hand Sprayer
e) Pump Sets and LLP (both diesel & electric operated) are distributed.
2. National Food Security Mission for Pulse Development (NFSM pulse):
Under this scheme stress has been given for the increase of both area and production. Different types of HYV/ Hybrid seeds of pulse crops as well as mechanical tools are distributed like BGREI for better yield of pulse crops.
3. National Mission on Oil and Oil palm (NMOOP):
Under NMOOP new promising varieties of oil seeds like rape&mustard, ground nut, sesamum linseed etc are introduced.
4. Targeting Rice Fallow Areas for Eastern Region (TRFA):
The main objective of the scheme is to cultivate.
5. Horticulture Mission for North Eastern Himalayan States (HMNEHS):
To promote horticultural crops many temporary and permanent activities are undertaken at subsidized rates. Fruit crops, spices, flowers and vegetables are included in this scheme.
6. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sancchay Yojana (PMKSY)
This is a flagship programme of Hon’ble Prime Minister under this scheme District Action Plan has been prepared jointly by Agriculture, Irrigation and soil conservation department to cover the district with irrigation facilities within 5 years. To achieve this, Annual action plan has been prepared and work has been done accordingly.
7. Soil Health Card:This is a flagship programme of Hon’ble Prime Minister. Private organization and KVK is entrusted for distributing Soil Health Card to every farmer in the district for better management of soil. Annual target has been fixed by the department of Agriculture and Assam Agriculture University (for KVK).
8. Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF):
Under this scheme installation of STW’s and Solar pumps sets are going to be implemented by the Engineering wing of the Agriculture department.
9. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):
This scheme promotes for the development of Agriculture in Rain-fed areas, the district has some areas specially in Bokakhat sub division where agriculture is practiced only in rain-fed condition. Hence, for the economic growth of the farmers of those areas various activities of agriculture, veterinary, fishery etc are undertaken under this scheme.
10. Agriculture Technology Management Agency (ATMA):
The District Agriculture Officer is the project director of this Agency. Under this project various activities of agriculture, veterinary, fishery, sericulture etc are undertaken. Various trainings, exposure visit, farmers-scientist interaction are implemented through.
11. Chief Minister Samagra Gramya Unnavan Yojana (CMSGUY):
Under this scheme the Govt. of Assam is going to provide 1(one) no. of Tractor to each revenue village at 70% subsidy through Agriculture Department to achieve this the District Agriculture Department at present selected 195 No. of groups for the same member of revenue villages for the first phase of distribution.
12. Assam Agriculture and Rural Transformation (APART):
The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to “add value and improve resilience of selected agriculture value chains, focusing on smallholder farmers and agro-entrepreneurs in targeted districts of the State of Assam. The project would support value addition in the production and post-harvest segments of selected agriculture value-chains; facilitate agribusiness investments through inclusive business models that provide opportunities to small farmers as well as stimulate the establishment of new small and medium agribusiness enterprises; and support resilience of agriculture production systems in order to better manage increasing production and commercial risks associated with climate change, in the targeted districts.


Colorful butterflies and buzzing bees in your yard or lawn are always fascinating to watch. However, these pollinators do so much more than just entertaining us. The fundamental role of these species is to help spark life on this planet. Also, here’s an interesting fact. According to studies, all the pollinators together are responsible for one out of every three bites of food that human beings eat each day.
Without the pollinators, we will gradually lose the world as we know it.
Therefore, it’s of paramount importance that we do everything in our capacity to provide them with a safe environment devoid of harmful chemicals and pesticides.
Here are a few things that we can do to attract pollinators in our lawn –
Plant a Diverse Array of Plant Species
Different pollinators respond to different flowers. If bees prefer white, yellow, blue and purple, humming birds are naturally attracted to red colored blooms. Again, when it comes to butterflies, they mostly prefer the purple and red tones.
So, if you fill your yard with a variety of colorful flowers that bloom from spring to fall, not only will your yard look and smell great but also ring with the hum of bees and the flutter of butterflies.
Planting a variety of bloom shapes that range from wide and narrow to tall and short will also help you to draw a diverse group of pollinators.
Planting Native Species
It’s important that we include some native species in our backyard as being local, the species will be less prone to harmful diseases caused by pests than the imported ones.
Another advantage of planting native species is that they naturally attract native pollinators. A bit of research into your local soil and climate can reveal a lot about which native plants or trees are best suited for your backyard.
Avoid the Use of Pesticides
The single most important reason as to why bees are disappearing today is the unchecked use of pesticides in farms and backyard gardens. Therefore if you want to support pollinators, you should immediately refrain from spraying toxic pesticides in your yard.
If you have to use some pesticides, it is crucial that you apply them selectively and carefully. It’s never a good idea to spray pesticides on full open blossoms or flowers when bees and butterflies are hovering around.
There is absolutely no need to protect your yard from insects using strong chemicals. Even certain organic pesticides available in the market can be as dangerous as the chemical ones to bees and other beneficial organisms.
Instead, leave the job to natural predator insects like ladybugs and wasps. They will take care of what needs to be kept out of your lawn.
Provide a Safe Shelter
All pollinators need a safe place such as a dead tree, a compost pile, or a hedge to hide from predators and raise their young. Your job is to provide them with such a retreat.
If you leave a part of your lawn unattended, it will naturally grow wild and become a ground-nesting place for the bees. Or if you allow a dead tree to stand its ground, it can serve as a nesting space for butterflies as well as solitary bees.
Cluster planting is another way to go about as this allows pollinators to move easily from one flower to the other, encouraging thorough pollination of the plants.
Ensure Food and Water
As humans benefit from consuming a diverse diet, so do the pollinators. Plant a variety of flowers in your lawn and create a feast for them.
Since pollinators get vital nutrients such as sugar and amino acids from nectar, having flowers, vegetables, and shrubs that have a blooming period spanning right from early spring to late fall, can help them have their share of protein in plenty.
It’s also important that you have some weeds in your backyard as they also serve pollen to the bees and butterflies. Scattered dandelions, creeper vine, and milkweeds in your garden might not be visually appealing to you, but to the pollinators they are an à la carte.
Pollinators also need water alongside food. Installing a birdbath or a structure that has fresh water can help pollinators to quench their thirst. However, be wary of allowing any structure in your lawn to accumulate stagnant water as it can easily turn into the breeding ground for bacteria and parasites.
All types of pollinators are struggling to maintain a healthy population due to loss of natural habitat, prolonged pesticide use and various diseases caused by toxic chemicals. Providing pollinators with simple resources such as food, water and shelter can go a long way to prevent and protect their species from a steady decline.
When pollination is essential for almost one-third of our entire food crops, it is important to remember no step in helping pollinators is either too small or too big. If each one of us does our little bits, we can all contribute significantly in saving our food supply.


The Cultivation Odyssey
The Gelato strain, celebrated for its delightful flavor and harmonious effects, embarks on a journey from the garden to the grinder that showcases the meticulous craftsmanship of cannabis cultivation. This journey is a labor of love, where Gelato’s essence is carefully nurtured, cultivated, and transformed into a beloved cannabis classic.
Seeds of Promise
The journey begins with the selection of Gelato strain seeds, a process that sets the foundation for the entire cultivation process. Cultivators carefully choose seeds with the desired genetics, seeking to preserve gelato strain distinctive flavor, aroma, and effects.
Gelato is a versatile strain, thriving in both indoor and outdoor environments. Indoor cultivation offers precise control over factors like light, temperature, and humidity, resulting in consistent and high-quality yields. Outdoor cultivation, on the other hand, relies on the natural elements, producing robust and resilient plants.
Nurturing the Plants
Cultivators tend to the Gelato plants with care and expertise, providing them with the ideal conditions to flourish. From carefully measured nutrients to proper training techniques, every detail is considered to optimize growth and yield. The plants are tended to like horticultural works of art, each one unique in its own way.
Harvesting and Curing
As Gelato plants reach maturity, the harvest is a moment of celebration. Buds are carefully trimmed and dried to preserve their flavor and potency. The curing process follows, allowing the buds to develop their full aromatic and flavor potential. This meticulous care ensures that Gelato maintains its reputation for exceptional taste.
From Bud to Grinder
The culmination of the journey is the transformation of Gelato buds into a consumable form. Buds are ground into a consistency suitable for smoking or vaporizing, and this is where the grinder plays its part. The grinder ensures that the flower is broken down evenly, allowing for efficient and even combustion, resulting in a satisfying and flavorful experience.
A Culinary Approach
Gelato’s journey from the garden to the grinder is a testament to the dedication and artistry of cannabis cultivation. Whether enjoyed in a joint, a pipe, or a vaporizer, Gelato’s essence is a culinary delight that invites enthusiasts to savor, explore, and enjoy the fruits of this labor of love.
In conclusion, the journey of Gelato strain from the garden to the grinder is a testament to the art and science of cannabis cultivation. This strain’s exceptional flavor, aroma, and effects are the result of careful selection, meticulous care, and a deep love for the craft. Whether you’re a seasoned enthusiast or a novice looking to explore the world of strains, Gelato’s journey is a flavorful adventure that invites you to appreciate the skill and dedication that goes into creating a beloved cannabis classic. As you partake in its delights, remember to consume responsibly and in compliance with local laws, for Gelato is a strain that truly embodies the art of cannabis cultivation.


I recently had the opportunity to visit with John and Dotty Ford and see their wonderful vegetable garden and chat about the enjoyment they have in growing and having fresh vegetables available for cooking. John is a retired schoolteacher who taught Physical Science in the State College School District and is also heavily involved in activities centered on fly-fishing. Both John and Dotty fully appreciate the health benefits derived from eating fresh vegetables and enjoy cooking and also putting up some vegetables for later consumption during the winter months. I thought that it would be nice to tour the garden and see what John has growing in the garden.
The garden is approximately 25 feet wide and 100 feet in length, which is 2,500 square feet for those interested in comparing it to an acre, which is 43,560 square feet. I suspect that many of you have gardens comparable in size to John and Dotty’s. The variety of vegetables they have growing in the garden is pretty extensive. They have planted vegetables and herbs that they can use in their cooking and enjoy both cooked and fresh. They like to eat fresh salads and the garden reflects this fact.
The vegetables I observed were cabbage, romaine lettuce, spinach, potatoes (Yukon Gold), turnips, radishes, green and yellow snap beans, sweet bell peppers, hot peppers, pickling cucumbers, garlic, chives, dill, parsley, basil, Cilantro, nasturtium (edible flowers), pumpkins and sunflowers. The crop that John is most proud of is his tomato, which I suspect is a favorite of many gardeners across the region.
A little background on tomatoes is in order. Tomatoes originated in the South American Andes in a region that now makes up parts of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. This is similar to the potato. Eventually tomatoes were planted throughout Central America and into Mexico where Spanish explorers found them growing in Montezuma’s garden in the sixteenth century. The Spanish introduced tomatoes to the world. Recently scientists learned the lycopene content of tomatoes was especially good for maintaining a healthy heart. This extremely nutritious vegetable is now considered America’s favorite vegetable.
The tomatoes found in the Fords’ garden are the following varieties: Stupice, Brandywine, Sweet 100, Better Boy, Better Bush and Homestead.
As you can see, the Fords have planted some excellent tomato varieties, and in a recent phone conversation, he even asked me when I was going to come over and help pick tomatoes.
I hope that your gardens are doing well and that you are enjoying having fresh veggies to eat.


The World That Feeds Us : Discover how our food is produced in a sustainable way.
The World That Feeds Us is a stylishly illustrated book looking at the workings of green farming methods around the world, exploring the rhythm of sustainable farming throughout the year from city farms, to heritage breeds and farmer's markets.
Where does our food come from? Is farming different around the world? In this charmingly illustrated book, follow sustainable farming around the world to discover how farmers from Hawaii, to Sweden, the UK, and beyond grow the fresh and tasty food we enjoy eating.
Explore the seasonal workings of farms around the world, and how food can be grown using sustainable methods that focus on quality versus quantity to ensure an environmentally healthy future. The World That Feeds Us explores fascinating farms and farming techniques around the world, including:
*Global cacao production
*City farms, on rooftops, and beyond
*Heirloom crops and heritage breeds
*Farmer's markets across the globe
*High-tech machinery such as farmbots
A glossary defines key sustainable farming terms. Through this colorful and global look at farming, children will learn how farmers, and us, can make choices to protect the planet, while still enjoying delicious and nutritious food.
Ages: 7 to 11 Years
Grades: 2 to 6
Dimensions: 8.7 in W x 11.6 in L
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261 Main St., Magnolia 44643
Magnolia Flouring Mills: 330.866.3354
After touring the Magnolia Flouring Mill and learning about its fascinating history, visitors can stop in the mill store to continue their trip back in time. Take a memento with you like a Mill t-shirt, a “Cat’s Meow” keepsake (shaped and decorated just like the mill and old train station), or an authentic Magnolia Mill feed bag.
Visitors will also find many other “old-time” gifts and keepsakes.
The Magnolia Mill continues to produce a wide variety of products that are sold in the mill store. Cornmeal, a wide variety of bird seed mixes, and cow chop (cattle feed) are still produced by the mill. All mill-produced products are made from locally purchased ingredients.
Our high quality corn meal is produced with locally grown corn and is ground in our antique corn cracker. The result is a fine, delicious meal that is perfect for corn bread, mush and scrapple. If you have purchased our corn meal, try these old-fashioned recipes.
The mill also offers a wide variety of other commercial feed products including:
All mill store proceeds benefit the maintenance and continued operation of the historic mill.
The Magnolia Flouring Mill store is full of products, from keepsakes and gifts to goods and animal feed.
The Stark County Park District prohibits the use of motorized vehicles in this park and on its trails. Sections of trail may not be suitable for wheelchair access. Weather may impact the accessibility of trails, always use caution.


Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled the use of microbial production platforms for the renewable production of many high-value natural products. Titers and yields, however, are often too low to result in commercially viable processes. Microbial co-cultures have the ability to distribute metabolic burden and allow for modular specific optimization in a way that is not possible through traditional monoculture fermentation methods. Here, we present an Escherichia coli co-culture for the efficient production of flavonoids in vivo, resulting in a 970-fold improvement in titer of flavan-3-ols over previously published monoculture production. To accomplish this improvement in titer, factors such as strain compatibility, carbon source, temperature, induction point, and inoculation ratio were initially optimized. The development of an empirical scaled-Gaussian model based on the initial optimization data was then implemented to predict the optimum point for the system. Experimental verification of the model predictions resulted in a 65% improvement in titer, to 40.7±0.1mg/L flavan-3-ols, over the previous optimum. Overall, this study demonstrates the first application of the co-culture production of flavonoids, the most in-depth co-culture optimization to date, and the first application of empirical systems modeling for improvement of titers from a co-culture system.
Metabolic Engineering 35, pp. 55-63 (2016)


Black teas are often attributed specific names depending upon the region where the tea plants are grown and the resulting tea leaves produced.
What is black tea?
Black tea, like all teas, comes from the Camellia sinensis plant. Black tea leaves differ from their green, white, and oolong counterparts due to the level of oxidation in the leaves. Once plucked from the tea plant, the leaves begin to oxidize, and the oxidation is only halted once heat is applied. To be considered a black tea, the leaves must be 80% or more oxidized. In order to achieve near full oxidation more quickly, tea producers often macerate, tumble, or roll the leaves.
As the oxidation in the leaves occur, the level and content of polyphenols change. Black tea tends to have more thearubigins and theabrownins than other types of tea. The result is darker leaves, which often yields a reddish brown liquid once steeped. The taste of the cup is often described as malty, fruity, and sometimes smoky as well.
Where is black tea from?
Though tea plants are now grown around the world in many different climates and regions, most of the more common teas you would drink come from Southeast Asia. Today, there are hundreds of cultivars and hybrid plants based on the Camellia sinensis plant. However, there are two main, or more popular, cultivars from which our tea leaves are harvested: Camellia sinensis sinensis and Camellia sinensis assamica.
Native to China, the Camellia sinensis sinensis plant yields smaller leaves and is typically used to make white or green tea. The plant itself is more tolerant to the cold and tends to grow in dry, sunny regions. This plant is often found in China, Japan, and Taiwan.
Having originated in Northern India, the Camellia sinensis assamica plant yields larger leaves typically used to make black tea. The plant thrives in subtropical forests and does well in warm, moist climates. The leaves are great for yielding the maltier, stronger cups of brew that black tea is known for. This plant is often grown in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Argentina.
What's in the name?
Some of the most popular black teas in the world are often named after the region in which the tea leaves are grown and produced.
The Assam region in India has a rainy, tropical climate and is home to the largest tea-growing region in the world. The Camellia sinensis assamica plant got its name from the Assam region, as this is where the plant originated. Most likely due to British influence, Assam black teas are often used in breakfast and other common flavored blends, like English Breakfast and Earl Gray. The malty, bold flavor holds up to the addition of milk and sugar.
From another region in the country of India, we get Darjeeling. The name is reserved for teas grown on specific plantations that meet several criteria to earn the Darjeeling label, including location and altitude. The resulting flavor profile of the tea is often described as softer and more floral, sometimes spicy.
Teas grown in various regions of Sri Lanka are called Ceylon. Though the flavor of the tea is often described as strong and brisk, the teas may vary significantly depending on where they grow. The climate of Sri Lanka's many tea gardens range from cool and mountainous to humid and tropical. Those black teas grown at a higher elevation tend to be lighter in color and milder in flavor, while black teas grown at lower elevation tend to be a darker, with a reddish-orange color and bolder tasting notes.
Keemun tea comes from the Anhui province, China. Though still described as malty, the flavor of the resulting tea tends to be lighter with a sweet finish. This specific black tea often yields cups with stone fruit flavors and is slightly smoky. The resulting brew is sometimes even described as containing hints of cocoa. Keemun is the most popular of black teas produced in China.
These are just a few of the more popular black teas consumed around the world. Remember, though black teas tend to be darker in color and bolder in flavor than other types of tea, the flavor profiles of each tea may vary significantly. The region in which the tea was grown, what crops were near the tea plants, the variation in climate during the growing season, etc. may all impact the flavor of the resulting cup of tea in the end. We invite you to try a few of these different types of black tea and explore the resulting diverse range of colors and flavors in your steeped cup of tea.


Thanks to all the community-minded individuals who participated in Grow-a-Row this year! From Sugarhouse to Spanish fork, over 40 people grew and donated fresh produce to their local food pantries. The map below shows all the “rows” throughout the valley. Check out this great article from Deseret News that highlights a West Jordan boy scout who used Grow a Row to enlist his neighbors to grow and donate thousands of pounds of winter squash this season.
Why Grow a Row? We believe that everyone has the right to fresh, healthy, food. However, those who rely on food pantries often do not have access to fresh produce. This is where you come in. Do you have a garden that produces far too many tomatoes than you can eat and preserve? Does your apple tree overwhelm you with fruit by the end of the season? Instead of letting all that fresh, nutritious produce go to waste, you can donate it to it to your local food pantry. You can fight hunger in your own backyard!
How it works: We want to make giving easy, so in the spring we contact food pantries to make sure that they’re willing and able to receive donations from the public. By making the connection between participants and pantries, we hope to increase the amount of fresh produce donated throughout the growing season. We believe that this is one way to give back and share extra produce with those who otherwise lack access. Read about the history of Grow-a-Row here.
Who can participate: Anyone with a bit of garden space! This is also great opportunity for an Eagle Scout Project. Please help us spread the word to your family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. Follow this link to download a Grow A Row flyer.
How to get involved: Sign up here to register your “row.” You can find a pantry accepting donations near you here. After you plant, grow, and harvest your produce, you’re all set to donate your surplus to hunger relief.


Astronauts: Space-Age Weed Eaters?
While NASA contemplates what plants might be grown in space for the Astronauts based on the moon or on their way to Mars, may I offer a few of my own plant candidates? These candidates probably haven't been researched much so far because, for most people, they're dismissed as common weeds.
Summer Purslane - Portulaca oleracea
Summer Purslane, or common purslane, is a common bane to most gardeners. This flat-growing, succulent-leafed plant grows just about anywhere soil is devoid of other plants, "it tolerates poor, compacted soils and drought" -- See the Wikipedia link, above. It grows during the warmer times of the year and contains more Omega 3 fatty acids than any other leafed vegetable. It also contains a fair bit of vitamin C.
I like summer purslane for four reasons: (1) it's tasty, (2) it likes poor soils, (3) you can eat almost the whole thing, and (4) it grows as a flat mat, which allows a space-cramped astro-farmer to grow closely stacked shelves of it in a corner of his/her biosphere. Here I envision shelves where the bottom side is covered in LEDs to illuminate the plants on the shelves below it.
Miner's Lettuce - Claytonia perfoliata
Miner's lettuce, sometimes called Winter Purslane, is one of the first plants to appear in the California springtime. When it's still chilly outside, it's tender shoots break through the poor soil into the shady areas in which it usually grows. When the heat of summer kicks in, Claytonia begins to fade from the spotlight, but not before producing a bounty of seeds. The name "Miner's Lettuce" comes from the Gold Rush era, when miners would eat it to prevent scurvy, obviously because of it's vitamin C content. I like miner's lettuce for six reasons: (1) it's tasty - much like lettuce or spinach, (2) it likes cool shade, (3) it contains vitamin C, (4) with its round central leaf it looks like it should be a space vegetable, (5) you can almost eat the entire plant, and (6) it doesn't much care what soil you try growing it in. From our astro-farmer's point of view, miner's lettuce is an ideal vegetable when you're running short of light and heat, such as during the lunar nighttime when power consumption would be at a minimum.
Common Chickweed - Stellaria Media
Another fine winter plant, chickweed is tasty stuff that grows almost anywhere there is space. Like miner's lettuce and summer purslane, above, chickweed is almost entirely edible. As a medicinal plant, it has been traditionally used to treat skin-related ailments. I like this plant for 5 out of the 6 reasons I like miner's lettuce -- chickweed, however, doesn't look much like a space vegetable.
Common Dandelion - Taraxacum officinale
Dandelions can be used as salad greens and the taproot can be dried and roasted as a coffee substitute. Naturally this means that nearly the entire plant can be consumed. Dandelions are easy to grow, perhaps much harder not to grow. No space garden should be without a patch of the cheery yellow flowers.
You'll notice by now that the candidates I've offered have a few common attributes. The first, in all cases the plants can be almost entirely consumed. When you look at many of the NASA-tested vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, and wheat, there remains a fair amount of plant waste after harvest that needs to be broken down and returned to the soil/nutrient solution. This requires room and energy to accomplish and effects the O2/CO2 balance if composting or incineration are used.
All the candidates can grow in relatively poor soil. Weeds are robust members of the plant community. They are opportunists which usually grow quickly wherever they end up, and they generate a fair number of seeds as a matter of course, allowing for a multitude of re-plantings. Two of the candidates are winter vegetables, requiring less energy than typical summer vegetables. One of the candidates grows as a flat mat, allowing it to grow on tightly spaced shelves where space is limited.
These candidates demonstrate that by looking a bit "outside of the box", growing space vegetables may be easier than currently anticipated.


Fruit growers across the Goulburn Valley need your help to get the fruit off the trees.
Greater Shepparton and Victorian farmers need your support to get produce off to market.
Due to COVID-19 travel restrictions, farmers are expecting a shortfall of thousands of seasonal workers. Workers who support the industry will support farmers and ensure fresh produce is supplied to Australia and the rest of the world.
Pickers are needed to ensure quality fruit does not go to waste.
No experience is needed apart from being physically healthy, fit and reliable, as well as having a willingness to learn and a great attitude! If you ware wanting to start a longer term career in the industry, there are opportunities that require some level of training such as driving tractors, etc. Your employer will let you know what is needed and most growers are willing to train people in new skills.
Relocation assistance for harvest work of up to $6,000 is available to eligible Australian’s and $2,000 if you are a visa holder with the right to work in Australia.
To be eligible for relocation assistance you will need to work for at least six weeks and at least 120 hours in a harvest, regional or remote area.
For further information on this assistance please visit the Australian Government’s Job Search website.


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What fruit do you wish to bear in your life?
Whether it's a baby, a career, a health goal, or a dream, a nourishing diet is one of the foundations of a vibrant, fruitful life.
How will you cultivate the rich, fertile soil necessary for your fruit to ripen?
Whole, natural, clean, simple foods provide optimal fuel for your body, mind, and soul to face life's great adventure. Allow me to gently work the soil alongside you, to tend to the roots. May your harvest be bountiful!
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Oh, how we love our gardens. How many other things can nurture us, body and soul, quite like a lovingly tended garden? Unfortunately, there’s no lack of pesky pests who love our gardens too. Even a novice gardener knows that keeping the bugs and hungry animals away from a garden is more than half the battle. One of the most common pests that make their way into our gardens are squirrels. As you notice signs of these pests, such as bite marks and missing plants, you’re likely asking yourself one glaring question: How do you keep squirrels out of a garden?
These days, there are all kinds of chemical weapons to use to keep both bugs, squirrels, and other animals aways from your garden. However, these chemicals can be harmful to you, your garden’s bounty, and the surrounding wildlife. And besides, who wants to ingest chemically polluted plants? Luckily, there are ways to keep animals out of your garden naturally – and cheaply, too. Here, you’ll read some of the top ways to keep bugs, squirrels, and other animals away from your garden.
Tip #1: Use Your Kitchen Waste
Our first tip to keeping squirrels out of your garden, along with avoiding other pests, is to put your kitchen waste to use. Squirrels, along with other animals and bugs, can be kept at bay by putting certain kinds of kitchen waste around the patch. Items like coffee grounds, egg shells, and citrus fruit rinds are unfavored amongst these pests, keeping them at a distance. These cute but naughty garden devastators have a very developed sense of smell – so these strong odors work well at keeping them away.
If you’re trying to keep squirrels out of your garden in particular, use garlic! While we love this tasty, fragrant food when we cook, squirrels certainly do not feel the same. Mix some chopped garlic with equal parts vinegar and let the mixture sit for a few days. Spray the garlic mixture around your garden, such as on fences, stakes, and pots. Its strong scent will keep squirrels and other animals away, keeping your crops safe and sound.
Tip #2: The Age Old Soap Trick
This old Farmer’s Almanac trick has stood the test of time, proving to still be effective at keeping squirrels and other animals out of gardens. First, cut up some Irish Spring soap and place it in a few small drawstring pouches. Place the pouches around your garden, making sure to cover all areas. The strong scent of the soap should help to keep animals out of the garden, including deer and those pesky squirrels.
Tip #3: Create a Physical Barrier to Keep Animals Away
When figuring out how to keep animals out of a garden, a good physical barrier is typically the best defense. To do so, create a barrier around the entire perimeter of the garden. There are a few options you can choose, including hardwire cloth, chicken wire, or a wooden fence. If you’re trying to figure out how to keep squirrels out of a garden in particular, use squirrel fence spikes. These are specifically designed to keep squirrels away by placing pointed spikes atop the barrier. Don’t worry though, they won’t harm the squirrels. They’ll just save you from the havoc they wreak on your garden!
Tip #4: Use Plants to Keep Bugs Away From a Garden
If you’re asking yourself how to keep bugs away from your garden, here’s a tip for you. Bring in the good guys. There are many types of insects that are actually beneficial to your garden. That’s because these good bugs, like wasps, actually feed on the bugs that often damage our crops. To bring in the good bugs, you can incorporate plants into your garden that attract them. Queen Anne’s Lace, Butterfly Weed, parsley, carrots and chamomile are all known to attract wasps and other beneficial insects that will protect your garden.
Another tip to keep bugs away from your garden is to plant insect repelling plants near the crops. Some plants have insect-repelling properties that will work to keep these garden-damaging bugs at a distance. Some of these plants include lavender, basil, mint, lemongrass, and petunias. Not only will these plants help keep bugs away from your garden, but many of them look and taste great too! Finding that rabbits are the culprit for your garden’s damage? Planting onions around the perimeter works best at keeping these cute, but havoc wreaking, animals away.
Tip #5: Use Motion-Sensor Sprinklers
Placing motion-sensor sprinklers near your garden is another tip for keeping squirrels and other animals out of the garden. When these animals arrive to steal your crops, the sprinklers will activate once they get too close. Squirrels, and other animals like rabbits and deer, are notoriously skittish. The alarming sound and spray of water will deter them away from your garden, keeping your crops safe (and watered)!
Garden pests are a pain and a nuisance that most gardeners have dealt with. After putting hard work into creating a bountiful garden, it’s hard to watch its bounty get stolen by squirrels, other animals, and pesky bugs. Next time you’re wondering how to keep squirrels out of your garden, along with other common pests, follow these simple tips. With some vigilance and perseverance, you’ll be on your way to keeping your garden safe!
And if these common garden pests make their way into your home, call an expert like Eliminate’Em to take control of the problem. We offer squirrel removal and other wildlife control to keep your family safe! The professional technicians at Eliminate’Em are available to you 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. Give us a call at 1-866-652-1367 (7378) for Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts pest removal today!


[INTERVIEW] Mbuli Charles Boliko, Director of the Liaison Office in Japan for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations talks about FAO and agriculture for the future
Agriculture provides us with our food, and without food there can be no life. We need to invest in sustainable agricultural strategies which allow us to feed ourselves without compromising the capacity and ability of the future generation to also do the same.
- Category: #interview #Agriculture & Food
- Interview date: Sep 27th, 2018
- Writer: David
Question: Could you tell us about FAO’s mission to achieve zero hunger and your activities in Japan?
Mr. Charles Boliko:
FAO is a specialized agency under the United Nations which focuses on issues related to food and agriculture. Its main objective is to lead the global cause of achieving zero hunger by ensuring that every human being on earth has access to sufficient food, in terms of both quantity andquality.
The FAO mandates are
- to increase the production of nutritious food for all people by introducing agricultural techniques and contributing to rural development,
- to ensure resilience,
- to reduce dependence on food aid by educating people on how they can produce their own food, and
- to utilize and manage human resources on a sustainable level.
The main activities of FAO are
- research and knowledge accumulation (data analysis, generation of knowledge, and data-based publications);
- policy development and assistance;
- service as a forum for neutral discussion that contributes to world peace; and
- implementation of concrete projects in the field
To achieve its missions, FAO has worked with several stakeholders in mobilizing and promoting its activities to achieve zero hunger, including Japan, which currently stands as the second largest contributor to FAO’s regular budget.
Question: How can FAO’s partnership with Pasona Group and Awaji Youth Federation (AYF) contribute to the objectives of both organizations?
Mr. Charles Boliko:
In this era of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the United Nations and FAO both continue to work with several organizations including private companies to achieve SDG No. 17, which is to Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.In the case of Pasona Group, FAO has agreed to work together in achieving greater public awareness regarding food security, and Pasona possesses a wonderful set of networks which is capable of tackling this issue. As Pasona is a renowned recruitment and human resources company, we are now striving to work on capacity development and the dissemination of knowledge. The Fellows in Awaji Youth Federation are extremely creative, open-minded, and belong to the type of young individuals that FAO needs. Apart from utilizing individual skills and building relationships, one of our ongoing projects is the creation of a new FAO establishment which will be done in partnership with Pasona Group at Awaji Island’s Yumebutai International Conference Center.
Question: Why is sustainable agriculture so important for the future?
Mr. Charles Boliko:
Agriculture provides us with our food, and without food there can be no life. We need to invest in sustainable agricultural strategies which allow us to feed ourselves without compromising the capacity and ability of the future generation to also do the same. It is imperative that we do not think only for our own selves, ignoring the consequence of our actions and its impact on future generations. Furthermore, there can be no sustainability until we consider the fulfillment of “5P”: People, Planet, Prosperity, Partnership, and Peace. All of these cannot be achieved without the efforts of people. As the world population continues to rise between now and 2050, we are called upon to increase food production by some 50% in order to meet the new demand. This should be executed in a way which is sustainable without exhausting the quality of our water and land, and in such a way that we are not contributing further to pollution and other environmental issues.


TOMATO THUNDER ORGANIC – 1.5 kg – from Cuxin DCM – Minigran
You can achieve a basic improvement of the soil humus layer by consistent application of composted natural fertilizers such as ORGASAN ORGANIC TOMATO FERTILIZER. With this special fertilizer, especially rich in potassium, grow the most beautiful tomatoes.
- for growing tomatoes and other vegetables in greenhouses and outdoors.
- rich in potassium for firm and juicy fruits
- applicable in controlled organic farming according to EU regulation (EWG 889/2008)
- VE = 1,5 kg
- Application quantity:: 150 – 200 g /m²
Why fertilize organically?
Organic fertilizers supplement the nutrient supply of the cultivated crops in the garden. The nutrients present in the soil are often not in the optimal usable form and quantity. Only the supply of plant nutrients through fertilization enables the plant to be optimally supplied. Fertilization should be adjusted to the plant’s needs. The use of our organic fertilizers optimizes the nutrition of the plant, promotes plant growth, improves the yield and also the quality of the harvested products. Soil fertility is permanently increased by organic fertilization.
What does MINIGRAN mean?
The unique Minigran production process produces a microgranule that is significantly smaller than classic granules and is also very fine and homogeneous. This allows an even distribution of fertilizer between the plants. Another special feature is that the minigranulate has no breaking edges. This makes it low in dust and odor. An additional advantage is the very low nutrient leaching into groundwater compared to chemical fertilizers. The nutrients are plant-available, with maximum respect for the environment at the same time
Organic biological garden care products of the brand CUXIN DCM. Cuxin DCM fertilizers combine scientific know-how and ecological standards. We deliberately refrain from selling mineral fertilizers in order to avoid polluting waters and meadows.


15 kg of pork consumed by an average Estonian comes from Rakvere Farms.
An average Estonian eats approximately 32 kg of pork in a year, half of which is the Rakvere Meat Processing Plant’s fresh meat and meat products.
40% of Estonian-raised pork grows up in Rakvere Farms.
There are about 625,000 pigs raised in Estonia every year, from which 250,000 are raised in Rakvere Farms. There are so many pigs raised in Estonia that it is more than enough for all Estonians. This is why some of the pigs and pork travel to other countries.
280 kg of mixed fodder is used to raise one pig in Rakvere Farms.
Altogether, Rakvere’s pigs eat about 85,000 tons of mixed fodder in a year, out of which 70,000 tons is local production from Estonian fields and is grown by Estonian farmers. 99% of mixed fodder is produced in Estonia. Also, over 60,000 tons of whey left over from the dairy industry is used to feed the pigs.
he right temperature is very important when raising pigs: in a cool pigsty, a part of the energy from the fodder is used not to grow but to sustain the body's temperature. But in too warm an environment, the pigs lose their appetite and their gain decreases again. The highest temperature of about 35 °C is needed by the suckling pigs when they are born, weaners need 19–25 °C and pigs only 18 °C.
Whether the temperature is suitable for the pigs can also be determined by simply observing the pigs. When the pigs are lying next to each other, then the temperature is just right for them. In a cold pigsty, pigs climb on top of each other in order to keep warm. In too hot a pigsty, the pigs keep away from each other when lying or are even in the dung in order to get rid of the excess heat.


- Put the plants in clumps of three to five (single plants in a row look unnatural).
- Put the taller plants near the center of a grouping, or to the rear.
- Don’t put the plants too close together--they will grow.
- Make little access pathways through the garden, so you avoid compacting the soil.
- Don’t worry--you can always move plants later if you don’t like where they are.
I was amazed--most of the plants took hold and thrived. Gradually, I stopped mowing more shady spots in my back yard. First, they’d go to violets. Then, as hand-me-down plants became available, I’d pull up the violets, and plant natives. But I liked violets too, so I left some clumps.
Volunteer plants add variety
One spring day, before the grass started growing, I noticed a strange, brownish spike growing in my front lawn. A “volunteer.” Not knowing what it was, I transplanted it into my garden. It turned out to be a lovely, mottled trillium. The next year, a jack-in-the-pulpit volunteered. Again, I moved it.
Now that I’m five years into my love affair with native plants, things are really taking off. All those plants are spreading, so I have my own “extras” to colonize new areas, such as my terrace.
Terraces are good for gardens, because if you remove soil to below the sidewalk, the garden will take runoff from the pavement--ensuring luxurient growth. Select spots where the pavement tilts towards your garden.
Getting rid of grass
If you want to create a woodland garden in one year, existing grass is a problem. One way is to lay down newspaper in early spring, and put dirt or leaves on top--to kill the grass.
But with gradual conversion, the grass simply melts away. The natives and accumulating leaves crowd out the grass. I remove any that remains when I weed twice a year.
The garden designs itself
During my first weeding in May, I look to see which plants are vigorous. I have several species which are rather aggressive--so I trim them back, giving their shyer neighbors more room. Then I move a few plants around, maybe adding a few plants to a thin clump, till things look right. I weed out the dandelions and creeping Charlie.
I look for seedlings that became established last fall--such as trillium or jack-in-the-pulpit. For me, these are in short supply, since I never received “extras” of these. Then I transplant them to clumps that need “beefing up,” or into new areas of lawn that I am transforming. As I find these little “volunteers,” I mark them with a little flag, till I have time to transplant them.
During April, you wonder if anything is going to come up. Gradually, little green shoots show their heads. Just as you are despairing whether anything made it through the winter, suddenly... little green heads and spikes are popping up all over. Over the next few weeks, your garden is transformed from barren to blooming. It's magical!
May is the best tine of year in my woodland garden. Many species are coming into flower, one after another. It’s fascinating to wander down the paths and take stock--see who’s doing what. How the children grow! Each year, the jack-in-the-pulpit sends up new shoots near the parent plant.
Yards have odd corners that are perfect for woodland gardens.
Most essential--enriching your soil
My house was built in the 1950s on clay. Topsoil under the grass is thin. When you rake the lawn every fall, you are removing most of the organic material that normally would enrich the soil. So it’s essential that you don’t rake your woodland garden!!
Even though I started with poor soil, my woodland garden is a success.
For best results, you need to do more than not raking to enrich the soil. My neighbor Bob Kowal, a retired botany professor, actually brought in bales of oak leaves he got from the cemetery. Since I have about 50% lawn now, I use my grass clippings as mulch, and I compost weeds and the leaves I rake.
Some woodland gardeners use free wood chips provided by the City. These make nice pathways. Or, you can use them as mulch around groups of plants. After about 5 years, the chips break down to enrich the soil.
Rich soil and mulch help to retain moisture.
A natural forest is like a giant sponge--soaking up and holding onto all the rain that falls. The urban forest doesn’t retain as much water, so you’ll have to supply extra during dry periods. Some years I have to water frequently--other years, hardly at all.
The two best ways to water are to use soaker hoses, and direct your downspouts to your woodland gardens. You can hook up rain barrels to your soaker hoses.
Pour a gallon of water to observe which way your driveway and sidewalk tilts--then build gardens where they will receive extra runoff from the pavement. Don’t let any water escape from your property without using it!
You will need to weed 2-3 times a year. Mulching helps keep the weeds in check. You have to keep on top of the creeping Charlie--weed Charlie in May, when you can see the purple flowers.
For the most part, native plants can compete with weeds. But your conditions may not be perfect, and some of the weeds, like garlic mustard, are very invasive. And your neighbors are busy exporting weed seeds, like dandelions.
Woodland garden VS lawn The woodland garden is...
- Far more interesting than a lawn, and more beautiful.
- It attracts wildlife, replenishes groundwater, and promotes health of the lakes.
- You don’t have to rake or spend money on gas, fertilizer, weedkiller, or lawnmower repairs.
If you count the planting--yes, it is more work.
But once the garden is established, it’s somewhat less work than a lawn. All you have to do is weed, mulch, and perhaps water.
What about mosquitoes? I don’t notice any difference. Mosquitoes aren’t produced in the woods. For breeding they require standing water--such as roof gutters or an old tire someone tossed into the bushes.
A source for plants--your biggest challenge
If you have shade, your next step is to find a supply of woodland plants. There are sales about town.
But more and more people are starting woodland gardens. So chances are, there’s someone in your neighborhood who has extra plants to share. A vigorous garden produces lots of seedlings. Ask your neighbor if you can have some of these tiny plants.
Since I started my garden, I haven’t paid a dime for plants. All it cost was about $50 for soaker hoses.
Now that I’ve got all those native plants with quirky personalities--I’m starting to find out about them. Wild ginger is really amazing--but that’s another story.
# # #
2 small bins for holding/transporting soil, weeds, or mulch.
Two plastic garbage cans with lids for holding soil, weeds. (Use lids to shovel soil onto when transplanting plants.)
Four (or more) 50’soaker hoses
Hose to get water from spigot to soaker hose.
Four way junction to split water to four soaker hoses.
Wire staples, to hold down soaker hoses
Plastic water can
Downspout extenders (or PVC flexible drain pipe)
At least two composters. Several inexpensive plastic ones are made.
If your yard is fenced, you can use a short segment of chicken wire fencing to close off a corner of your fence, turning it into a triangular container about 6-8 feet on a side.
Shade-tolerant plants in my garden
Trillium (two species)
Bleeding heart (not native)
Windflower (not native)
Lamium (not native)


The Soil Fertility Project: James Bruges and David Friese-Greene
26 May 2011
James Lovelock has said that charcoal – if adopted by farmers around the world to increase the yield of their crops – could be our main hope for combating the worst effects of global warming. George Monbiot wrote an article in The Guardian suggesting that biochar (charcoal intended for agricultural purposes) could lead to destructive monocultures if the process is allocated carbon credits and taken up by large-scale agribusiness. The hope and the fear are both realistic, though there is little chance that the technology can attract carbon credits because of difficulties over certification. We are focusing on Lovelock’s hope.
The science is complex so this is a gross simplification. Plants capture carbon dioxide from the air through photosynthesis. If you char the plants (wood is not necessary) and bury the char, carbon is captured, almost permanently, and oxygen released: hence carbon dioxide is extracted from the atmosphere. The microscopic cavities of charcoal allow it to retain moisture and provide a refuge for microbes, fungus and mycorrhizae, which associate with plant roots. So biochar is particularly useful for restoring fertility to degraded arid soils in the tropics.
The project is being run by SCAD, a large NGO in Tamil Nadu that is in touch with 500 villages. If farmers see positive results from trials it is likely that they will wish to adopt the process, particularly since the cost of synthetic fertiliser is rising. We have a head start because a banana farmer had been using waste rice-husk charcoal and ash from a mill and claims that his use of water has halved, less fertiliser is needed and his yield has increased in quantity and quality. The practice spread to his neighbours, and other farmers are showing an interest. Actually, the use of charcoal to modify soil has a long history in India.
There is a problem over equipment. Traditional charcoal-making uses wood and has health hazards. Our friend Dr Ravikumar (seen in the pyrolysis photo) first sparked our interest three years ago with his Anila cooking stove. But larger equipment is necessary for village communities if they are to produce sufficient biochar for agricultural use. Searching the web led to David meeting Black-is-Green in Australia who make a pyrolyser that is sufficiently robust and simple for operation by communities that do not have a background in the technology.
The pilot project, which opened in March, serves SCAD’s 5,000-student technical college, so is bigger than appropriate for villages. It has two parts. An anaerobic biodigester is run on green waste from the college kitchen and local markets. It produces gas (for cooking) and electricity as well as providing slurry to permeate the biochar. The pyrolyser is run on dry agricultural waste and prosopis (an invasive bush on the surrounding scrubland) and is driven by a thermal-electric generator strapped to its side. Waste materials and labour are the only inputs for both parts. SCAD has an organic farm adjacent to the project and this is where field trials using biochar are being carried out. However, the first programme is for rigorous scientific pot trials – designed by Evelyn Krull of CSIRO in Australia and analysed at Limerick University – to determine the nature of the products, and how much to mix with local soils.
We are not certain how the project will develop but anticipate that village communities, with whom SCAD has a close relationship, will gather waste materials. They will produce their own slurry from green waste, and a mobile pyrolysis unit will be taken round to process the dry waste. Villagers are, however, already attempting to make their own biochar. Their motivation, of course, is not global warming – although this is seriously affecting them – but to increase the yield of their crops. The project is founded on Lovelock’s view that farmers will adopt the practice when they see the benefits.
The RH Southern Trust funded the pilot project but other funding is needed for the Soil Fertility Project to spread at SCAD and elsewhere. We are already in consultation with an organisation in the Cameroons.


Star cup 130 mm
Star cup (diameter 130 mm) for burning holes in mulch
The 130 millimetre wide star cup is used to burn holes with a cross shape on any type of mulch.
This cup, heated using the Thermoperfo, will make a precise clear-cut hole in your plastic mulch.
It is convenient for transplanting tomatoes, eggplants, marrows and peppers because the mulch can be arranged so that it is very close to the crop. This prevents weeds from emerging.
Cup delivered without the Thermoperfo.


Growing cannabis requires more than just choosing a cannabis seed. You need to make sure you use the right fertilizer. Using the best fertilizer can make a huge difference in your crop. Before choosing a fertilizer, you need to know the particular need of your plant for the duration of its life cycle. A growing plant needs a growth fertilizer and such need changes as the plant grows.
There are various sources for fertilizers. You can create your own fertilizer or you can purchase readily available fertilizers at the local garden center. The best fertilizer is the one consists of the right mix of nutrients as it can help your plant thrive and maximize your yield. Many cannabis growers prefer to use pre-made fertilizers. Fortunately, there are plenty of cannabis fertilizers to choose from. However, you need to keep in mind that cannabis has a wide array of needs.
Pre-made fertilizers prevent you from making mistakes, especially when it comes to mixing different chemicals. Today, if you are going to search online, you will find a lot of fertilizers specially formulated for growing cannabis. Such products are manufactured by experienced growers worldwide.
One of the companies that produce the best fertilizers for cannabis is Advanced Nutrients. The owner and CEO of Advanced Nutrient is Big Mike Straumietis. He is the one who revolutionizes cannabis growing in the comfort of home. His company, Advanced Nutrients specializes in hydroponics fertilizers. It is a process of growing marijuana with the roots planted in the water. Many cannabis growers prefer this method because there are no loose particles and cannabis growers can grow their own crop even without the soil.
Advanced Nutrients has been in the business since 1996. It is the only company that truly understands your need for fast-growing and high-yielding crops. Big Mike has undergone thorough research and employed only the best people to make sure that Advanced Nutrients’ product lines are of top-notch quality. His efforts finally paid off as Advanced Nutrients is now one of the popular nutrient brands in the world.
The cannabis plant has special needs and with thorough research and rigorous testing, Advanced Nutrients was able to discover the special needs of cannabis. Hence, every product is specially formulated to meet the needs of every cannabis grower.
Advanced Nutrients’ products are a bit expensive compared to others but the company can attest to the quality of its products. In fact, it offers 100% guarantee on its products. Only the best materials and standard manufacturing processes are used to creating fertilizers. Hence, you will be able to grow your crops faster and yield more. That’s the Advanced Nutrients promise.