Horticulture. One of the few great realizations brought on by the pandemic.
In the last year, people were forced to stay indoors, away from their workplace and leisure activities. They hurriedly bought food and necessities at the closest available grocery store. The uncertainty of the lockdown’s duration grew. Days turned into weeks, weeks into months, and months into more than one year.
However, since the administration of the vaccine, normalcy returns to the world in small steps. People work in their office spaces, certain leisure activities begin again, and students return to their learning institutions.
Additionally, this led to a realization among those staying at home. The unpredictability of such situations may lead to another rush of panic. Food security and its uncertainty is seen through a different scope, its situation as unpredictable as what the future holds.
During the lockdown, many aided feelings of isolation, restlessness, and anger through gardening. It started as a hobby but grew into something of greater importance. People realized that there is a possible way to secure their food supply. Growing their own.
Therefore, horticulture became a widely researched topic. From simply growing flowers, people evolved to fruit and vegetables during the pandemic. Moreover, they continue to do so as restrictions lessen.
Horticulture is far from a new concept. It has been around for tens of thousands of years, starting in the ancient years. Its past forms evolved through the years, giving us information and methods to lead a more sustainable and healthier life.
Introduction to Horticulture
Horticulture comes from two Latin terms: hortus (garden) and cultura (cultivation).
An art and science, horticulture focuses on the growing of fruit, vegetables, nuts, and ornamental plants. It is the only plant science that incorporates the science and aesthetics of plants. It ranges from planting in gardens to food production and medicinal ingredients.
However, slight confusion arises between horticulture and two other sciences concerning plants. ‘Crop science’, the study of the world’s major food, turf, and fiber crops. This discipline focuses on the production, improvement, and marketing of such products. ‘Botany’, the academic study of plants. It does not focus on plant use, improvement, and marketing.
Although it may seem similar, it differs from agriculture. Horticulture focuses on specialized practices. Its operations are on a smaller scale.
Similarly, gardening and horticulture are of the same branch. They focus on the growing and cultivation of plants, but one is done in a professional manner.
Forms of Horticulture
There are many forms of horticulture, but four take precedence.
- Olericulture. From the Latin words olerus (vegetable) and cultura, this focuses on the production of vegetables.
- Pomology. From the Latin words pomo (fruit) and logus (study, knowledge), this form focuses on the production of fruit.
- Floriculture. Where florus (flower) meets cultura, this form centers around the production and study of flowering and ornamental plants.
- Post-Harvest. This deals with the methods of handling, packaging, and processing harvested crops. As a result, their storage life and availability increases.
The other forms are:
- Viticulture. Vitis (wine) meets cultura. It is the production of grapes, specifically for wine-making purposes.
- Turf management concentrates on turf grass for sports, leisure, and convenient use.
- Arboriculture, where arbor (tree) joins cultura, is the cultivation and care of individual trees and perennial woody plants.
- Landscape horticulture is the selection, production, and care of plants in landscape architecture. Landscaping refers to the art of beatifying a piece of land. It involves using garden designs, methods, and plant materials.
The Neolithic Age and Horticulture
Horticulture in the Neolithic Age proved to be a turning point in human history. It shows humanity’s response to the changing environment. As a result, the development of horticulture and agriculture came to be.
About 20 000 years ago, pre-historical humans began a trial-and-error process in domestication of wild plants and animals. Therefore, they evolved from nomadic goods collectors to settled food producers. The reason being is that their long-term processes of food security required a lot of care. Hence, settlements allowed them to regulate their food supply.
By 3 000 BCE, evidence shows the beginning of crop domestication.
In the very beginning, their efforts required hard manual labour. First, the crops grew near the dwellings of pre-historic farmers. Then, gradually, they spread into the countryside.
However, there is no exact date for the start of enclosed yards. Yet, evidence shows that as early as 3 000 BCE, enclosed vegetable and fruit yards existed in ancient Sumeria. In short, it showed vegetables growing in rows and watered by irrigation systems.
The evolution of horticulture continued through the years, even with the tools used.
In 40 000 BCE, pre-historical humans used bone digging sticks for soft soil, a precursor for a shovel. Pike-like mattocks broke hard soil, a precursor to the hoe. Between 5 000 and 4 800 BCE, the early form of the plough developed.
As the years went on, to determine a plant’s conditions for survival, humans began observing their crops. Additionally, this led to the identification of weeds, pests, and diseases.
Moreover, they implemented different treatments on their plants and crops. One required animal sacrifices to ward off disease and pestilence. Another was hand-picking noxious insects off plants.
In many cultures, women were the main garden cultivators. Men usually worked in the field.
Ancient Egypt and Horticulture
Historians believe ancient Egypt to be the birthplace of horticulture. The Egyptian temples cultivated fruit trees, palms, and grape vines.
However, the horticultural advances did not occur within Egypt. Borrowed and refined, the ancient Egyptian advances were adapted from discovered innovations from other parts of the world.
On the other hand, they introduced the first hydraulic engineering and systematic irrigation systems. This advancement made us of canals and dikes. The discovered illustrations show small irrigation systems within the temples. Although it is likely that it was initially invented by the Sumerians, but improved and modified by the Egyptians.
They cultivated a wide range of food, a variety of herbs and spices, and medicinal plants. Moreover, they grew over 200 species of flowering and aromatic plants. Plants growing in pots show they understood container gardening.
In addition to their own advances, present-day gardening uses their methods and techniques. Firstly, symmetrical and rectangular garden layouts prove to be an efficient way to irrigate plants and crops. As well, it provides easy access for weeding and harvesting. Secondly, linked terraces held multiple levels of gardens. Thirdly, adding water features to gardens as an aesthetic. Fourthly, using walls, tree lines, or pergolas to separate garden sections. Fifthly, classifying gardens according to form and what grew.
Horticulture in ancient Egypt linked to myths, folklore, and religion. This is seen in their early gardens, as well as in today’s modern culture.
Horticulture of Greece and Rome
Ancient Greek writings on agriculture and horticulture spread throughout the world. This influenced ancient Rome’s methods during the rise of its empire. Additionally, it influenced medieval herbalists later on.
The ancient Greeks introduced knowledge of grafting, budding, legume rotation, and enclosed, sheltered gardening. Soon, it spread to the Roman Empire.
As for ancient Rome’s advances, their horticultural activities expanded to country estates. Within those country estates were fruit orchards, flower gardens, as well as decorated and landscaped gardens.
Around the 2nd century BCE, the ancient Romans refined and improved their practices and techniques. They began creating specialized tools, such as pruning knives and fruit-picking ladders.
The ancient Greek and Roman methods to prevent pest and disease damage involved performing sacrifices and applying folk remedies.
Their horticultural practices influenced the development of European horticulture for centuries.
Horticulture of China and Japan
What sets ancient China and ancient Japan apart is their centuries-long isolation from other centers of development. In other words, their methods are their own.
Among their horticultural innovations were the cast iron hoe and single-wheeled wheelbarrow.
Around the 2nd century BCE, they used heated structures to grow alliums (flowering plants such as garlic and scallions).
In the 1200s, oiled paper composed their greenhouses. There, they grew their flowers and vegetables.
Documented in their writings were their ornamental gardens. They contained artificial hills, water features, and irregularly shaped rocks.
Ancient Chinese ornamental designs influenced ancient Japan.
Their Zen gardens are a famed Japanese design known around the world. With a focus on Zen Buddhism, the gardens have a meditative focus.
Flower cultivation and arrangement were art, with many plants holding a symbolic meaning.
The Importance of Horticulture
Horticulture’s importance lies with continued sustenance. Additionally, with the combination of modern technology and techniques of the past, it maintains a levelled well-being within individuals.
Landscapes continue to develop. With that, there is the need for sustainable landscape systems. This is essential for the growth of horticultural practices, as well as its importance to the environment.
However, what sets it apart is the focus and care put into the growth of plants. As well, horticulture uses a combination of applied and basic methods. Therefore, there is further understanding and managing of plant cultivation.
Above all, there is a wide scope of plant materials.
Fruit and vegetables are important as energy-giving materials for the human body. They are a source of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, flavor, and aroma. Moreover, they provide health-benefiting compounds and medicine.
Along with the aesthetic value, horticulture plays its part in protecting the environment. The plants produce an abundance of oxygen through photosynthesis. As well, they remove the chemicals and bacteria floating in the air.
All this is done through the work of horticulturalists. Farmers work their hardest to provide the freshest vegetables and fruit for their consumers, along with the beauty of flowers and plants.
Horticulture plays a role in a nation’s economy. It makes up a segment of a country’s total agricultural production. This segment is comprised of many factors within horticultural practices, such as the benefits of high export value, best utilization of wasteland, and the provision of raw materials for industries.
In addition to a country’s economy, horticulture improves farmers’ economic conditions. The livelihood of the unprivileged classes improves. Many of the harvesting and production processes offer employment opportunities for women in rural areas.
Being an international and national demand, it serves as a good source of foreign exchange.
COVID-19 and Horticulture
COVID-19 changed the quality of life. The infection and quarantine measures disrupted the regular flow of goods and their connected sources. It changed the political, environmental, and economic way of life.
It affected the agricultural industry, and therefore, affected the consumers. Businesses needed to adapt to what would become the new normal.
With the regular flow disrupted, there were shortages and a lack of availability and labour. Additionally, there was a reduction in demand for certain food products and flowers.
Horticultural practices, just like the agricultural industry, put themselves on hold. The quarantine measures put a halt on exporting plants, fruit, and vegetables from known locations. The reason being is that specific measures need to be taken to ensure nothing becomes contaminated. At the same time, in a time of food security concerns, people began their own gardening. Starting small with a few plants, they branched out to grow their own own fruit, vegetables, and herbs. However, this does indicate that people will become less reliant on the hard work done by horticulturalists. It means that should a pandemic cause another lockdown, they will be better and sustainably prepared.
Horticulture and the Future
COVID-19 taught the human population that at any given moment, there will be unpredictable circumstances. These circumstances will hinder the routines we follow in our daily lives. By disrupting those routines, it leads to anarchy within our own mental state. Added to that is the uncertainty of normalcy’s return.
Scientists predict that within the next ten years, we will face the same situation as 2020. Viruses such as COVID do not disappear, they only get stronger with time. In other words, the time will come for us to remain in our homes once again as the battle for health and safety commences on a larger scale.
While another pandemic will affect horticultural practices, that will not stop its professionals from completing their purpose. They remain heavily involved in trends of sustainability and green energy. For example, the majority of modern-day buildings come with green roofs, where plants and small amounts of crops can grow. As a result, there is natural insulation. The buildings remain warm during the cold months and cool during the warm months. Moreover, there are reduced expenses and reliance on conventional methods.
Another benefit of green roofs is urban hydrology, where the collection of rainwater is used inside buildings.
In the combat against climate change, horticulture plays a crucial role in the architecture and maintenance of infrastructure solutions. As new technology develops, there are endless possibilities for what horticulturists thrive to accomplish to better the world.
In short, horticulture is not only beneficial to the body, but to its surroundings.
Additionally, this keeps the social and cultural connection to the past alive. If not for the trial-and-error basis of the past, none would have the innovations existing today.


It is with pleasure that we are working again with Cafetelera Buenos Aires - from Nicragua !
We find notes of pineapple, honey and apple, to make a complex, sweet, fruity and very funky espresso
Cafetelera Buenos Aires is a 215 hectare family business, created over 55 years ago by Luis Emilio Valladarez. The farm produces coffees of the Caturra, Catuaï, Maragogype, Maracaturra and Villa Sarchi varieties, in honey, plain and washed process. Located in the municipality of Buenos Aires, in the Dipilto mountains, the company is located in a specialty coffee production area, near the border with Honduras. The farm enjoys a microclimate, which favors the production of these specialty coffees.
The coffees are planted on sandy soil, at an altitude of between 1,200 and 1,700 meters above sea level, and the coffee trees are produced under shade (70% with various essences), with soil fertilization and plants respecting the environment. . The producers carry out full disease control and constant monitoring of the production stages. Their main objective is to carry out substantive work in terms of quality, in order to develop relationships of trust with their customers.
Luis Emilio Valladarez has been working in the world of coffee for 60 years and started his activity by buying a small farm called Buenos Aires then two other farms, La Laguna and El Suyatal. All its production was then sold in cherries. A few years ago, the producer decided to build his own processing plant - Cafetalera Buenos Aires - with the aim of controlling the production and export of his coffees.
Today, he works with his son Olman, on two plantations: Buenos Aires Estate and La Laguna. A family collaboration that began in 2004, when Olman began to support his father and brother in the management and administration of the family farms. Since 2005, the goal of these passionate producers has been to develop in the world of specialty coffee; They have also participated several times in the Nicaraguan Cup of Excellence. In 2014, they climbed to second place on the podium for their lot of Maracaturra El Naranjo Dipilto!


The USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has invited conservation partners to submit applications by April 21 to receive federal funding through the Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP). This is the fourth RCPP funding opportunity, which will total NRCS awarding up to $252 million all over the country to locally-driven, public-private partnerships that will improve the nation’s water quality, combat drought, enhance soil health, support wildlife habitat and complete a variety of other environmental initiatives.
Proposal applicants are required to match or exceed the federal award with funds provided by private or local sources. Created by the 2014 Farm Bill, the RCPP aims to connect potential partners with various entities to design and implement voluntary conservation solutions that benefit natural resources, agriculture and the economy. These potential partners include private industry, NGOs, Indian tribes, state and local governments, local soil and water districts and universities.


A Glimpse at Our Gainesville Organic Garden
Here are some photos of the garden(s) outside our home, a small brick house in the Gainesville “Student Ghetto” that has endured the torment of college students since 1929. No more.
With the knowledge, work and dedication of my former roommate Alex Mourant, we have turned a dull, dead landscape — front and back — into a flourishing and inviting space that is now the main attraction of our house.
Photos of Our Gainesville Garden
(Click on any photo to see an even more beautiful, high-resolution version.)
It all starts with the compost. We put our veggie scraps in a pile and mix them with dried leaves to produce a potent fertilizer that is black gold for our organic garden.
This is our corn bed in the back:
Tomatoes spontaneously germinated from the compost on our corn bed, so we let them stay. We also planted beans, to semi-mimic the “three sisters” companion planting method — Native Americans planted corn, beans and squash together. The beans climb the corn, and the squash (or in our case tomato) shades the soil.
These are probably cherry tomatoes in our corn bed:
More tomatoes next to our raised bed.
Trellised peas in front of our raised bed. If you just taste one of these peas off the vine, you will immediately understand one major benefit of growing your own food, the taste.
Some pots with basil, cilantro, tomato, and hot Czechoslovakian black pepper.
Alex adding freshly sifted compost to the front corn bed:
This is our front yard corn bed now, with beans and squash interspersed. I planted sunflowers in the old tire (pictured below) but volunteer tomatoes came up instead.
Beans climbing up a post in our side yard. Something is eating the leaves. :-/
Finally, this is our most recently planted bed, the Forget Me Not Plot, dedicated to my good friend and roommate Alex Mourant, who will soon depart to Fiji for a 27-month Peace Corps term. We planted a bunch of different seeds — including Forget Me Not flowers — in this plot and will let it flourish naturally, with little interference, in the spirit of Masanobu Fukuoka‘s ‘Do-Nothing Farming’ philosophy.


Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana List 2021 @ pmkisan.gov.in: Under the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM-Kisan Samman Yojana), crores of farmers of the country have received economic benefits so far. Under this scheme, farmers are given financial assistance of Rs 6 thousand every year, which is transferred to the bank account of the farmers three times a year as an installment of two thousand rupees.
The sixth installment of PM Kisan Yojana released
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme has been released. PM Modi has released a lump sum amount of Rs 17,100 crore under this scheme. According to the central government, so far an amount of Rs 75,000 crore has been released to 9.9 crore farmers under this scheme.
Installment to farmers so far
1- Farmer scheme 1st installment – was released in February 2019
2- Kisan scheme 2nd installment – was released on 2nd April 2019
3- Farmer scheme 3rd installment – released in August
4- Kisan Yojana 4th installment – released in January 2020
5- Kisan Yojana 5th installment – released in April 1, 2020
6- Kisan Yojana 6th installment – Money starts coming from August 1.
All Candidates who are willing to apply online application then download official notification and read all eligibility criteria and application process carefully. We will provide short information about “PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana List 2021” like Scheme Benefit, Eligibility Criteria, Key Features of Scheme, Application Status, Application process and more.
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana List 2021 – Overview
- Name of Scheme PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana List (PMKISAN)
- in Language किसान सम्मान निधि योजना लिस्ट
- Launched by By the central government
- Beneficiaries Small and marginal farmers of the country
- Major Benefit Rs. 6000 Given in 3 installments of 2000 each
- Scheme Objective Providing financial assistance to farmers
- Scheme under State Government
- Name of State All India
- Post Category Scheme/ Yojana
Official Website https://pmkisan.gov.in/Important Links
- PM Kisan Samman Beneficiary Status Click Here (Available Now)
- PM Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana State-wise/ Installment wise List of Beneficiaries Counts Summary Report Click Here (Available Now)
- PM-Kisan Samman List – Urban List Click Here
- PM KISAN List – Village List Click Here
- PM Kisan Samman Registration Form Click Here
- Submit Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojna Application Form Click Here
- Official Website Visit Now
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi: 7th Installment Beneficiary List
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi: प्रधानमंत्री मोदी ने जारी की 7वीं किस्त, किसान भाई ऐसे चेक करें अपना Status
Crores of farmers of the country who have been waiting for the seventh installment of Prime Minister Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM Kisan Samman Nidhi) for a long time, have been released by Prime Minister Modi today. 2000 rupees of the seventh installment have been deposited in the accounts of crores of farmers today and all the farmers must have received its messages as well.


Yuan Longping: The Pioneer of Hybrid Rice
Yuan Longping, often referred to as the "Father of Hybrid Rice," is a renowned Chinese scientist and agronomist. Born on September 7, 1930, in Beijing, China, Yuan dedicated his life to developing hybrid rice varieties that have revolutionized global food production. His remarkable achievements in agricultural science have earned him numerous accolades and made him a household name in the field of agriculture.
Early Life and Education
Yuan Longping's passion for agriculture began at an early age. Growing up in a rural village, he witnessed the struggles of farmers who faced food shortages and hunger. This motivated him to pursue a career in agricultural research to find solutions to these pressing issues.
Yuan completed his undergraduate studies at Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing, China. He then went on to earn his master's degree in genetics and plant breeding from the same institution. Later, he pursued a Ph.D. in agricultural genetics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he gained valuable knowledge and expertise in the field.
Breakthrough in Hybrid Rice
In the 1960s, Yuan Longping began his groundbreaking research on hybrid rice. He focused on crossbreeding different varieties of rice to create new strains with higher yields and improved resistance to diseases and pests. After years of experimentation and refinement, he successfully developed the world's first high-yielding hybrid rice variety, known as "Liangyou 63," in 1973.
This breakthrough in hybrid rice production marked a significant turning point in global agriculture. Hybrid rice not only increased yields but also exhibited superior quality and adaptability to different environments. It played a crucial role in addressing food shortages and improving food security, particularly in developing countries.
Impact and Legacy
Yuan Longping's contributions to agriculture have had a profound impact worldwide. His hybrid rice varieties have been widely adopted in many countries, helping to alleviate hunger and poverty. The increased rice production resulting from his research has played a vital role in feeding the ever-growing global population.
Furthermore, Yuan's work has inspired and influenced countless scientists and researchers in the field of agriculture. His innovative approach to crop breeding has paved the way for advancements in other staple crops, such as wheat, corn, and soybeans.
Yuan's dedication to improving agriculture and his relentless pursuit of scientific excellence have earned him numerous prestigious awards and honors. He was awarded the World Food Prize in 2004, the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 2002, and the China Reform Friendship Medal in 2018, among many others.
Continued Research and Future Prospects
Even in his advanced years, Yuan Longping remains actively engaged in agricultural research. He continues to explore new ways to enhance hybrid rice production and develop varieties that are more resistant to climate change and environmental challenges.
Yuan's ongoing efforts are crucial as the world faces the daunting task of ensuring food security in the face of a growing population and changing climate. His research not only benefits China but also has the potential to positively impact global agriculture and contribute to sustainable development.
In conclusion, Yuan Longping's pioneering work in hybrid rice has revolutionized global food production and made significant contributions to addressing food shortages and improving food security. His legacy as the "Father of Hybrid Rice" will continue to inspire future generations of scientists and researchers in their quest for innovative solutions to global agricultural challenges.


“Where Did My Friends Go?”: How Corn’s Microbe Partners Have Changed Over Time
Many of the foods we eat today look very different than they did in the past. Corn, or maize, didn’t exist ten thousand years ago: it descended from a weedy grass with tiny hard-shelled seeds that we wouldn’t recognize as corn kernels. That wild ancestor of corn, teosinte, grew in mixtures of many other plants instead of in cornfields like today. Big changes between teosinte and corn that we can see aboveground lead us to think that there have been changes belowground, too. Plants form partnerships with bacteria and fungi to get nutrients that they need to grow. Scientists are finding that microbes near the roots of teosinte are different than microbes that live around corn roots. Understanding how corn’s microbe partners have changed can help us make corn varieties that are better for the environment.


The “Philippine Allotment Garden Manual is a product of research and extension activities of the Periurban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) of Xavier University College of Agriculture in cooperation with the city government of Cagayan de Oro, barangay administrations, local communities as well as universities and local government units from Germany and Belgium.
What started in October 1997 as an international research project on urban and periurban vegetable production, has resulted in eight allotment gardens for almost 100 urban poor families of Cagayan de Oro, a city in the Philippines.”
“So what’s the relation to sanitation?” you may ask…well, they’re using Urine-Diverting Dehydration Toilets on all allotment gardens – which (among the provision of sanitational facilities) allow a reuse of treated faeces and urine as soil conditioners and free fertilizer.
The Philippine Allotment Garden project also provides answers to the question of urban farming – a challenge for the 21st century that may go hand in hand with proper sanitation.
The latest version of the “Philippine Allotment Garden Manual with an Introduction to Ecological Sanitation” of Xavier University’s Periurban Vegetable Project (PUVeP) is now available online as a PDF (0,8 MB).


HLSG-100 Superior Pharmaceutical Wet Mixing Granulator/granulation Machine
Fertilizer, Food, Chemical, Granulator
HLSG-100 superior pharmaceutical wet mixing granulator/granulation machine
This machine is controlled by PLC in the whole process (HMI-optional) to unify the technology and guarantee stable quality, which can also be operated manually, convenient to find out the technical parameters and process.
Both the stirring paddles and cutting knives adopt frequency converter to adjust speed, convenient to control the granule size.
The rotation drive shaft is sealed with inflatable chamber, eliminating the dust coalescence phenomenon, which has the function of automatic cleaning.
It adopts conical chute to make the material in it mix evenly. The chute with interlayer at bottom is equipped with built-in water cooling circulation system, which has better thermostatic performance than normal air cooling system, improving the granule quality.
The pot cover of this machine can open and close automatically and the material outlet matches with drying equipment. Big size models are equipped with ladder, convenient to operate.
It’s equipped with paddle lifting system, more helpful to clean the paddles and pot.
Main Technical Parameters
Material input quantity
(material density is 0.5 g/ml)
Mixing about 2 minutes, granulating 7-14 minutes/batch


The federal government of Ghana is hoping to collaborate with the Swiss authorities in including worth to cocoa.
The partnership with the Swiss authorities will reduce the export of uncooked cocoa beans and cocoa merchandise and enhance the livelihoods of cocoa farmers.
This comes on the again of the Cocoa Sustainability Initiative by one in every of Switzerland’s largest chocolate producers, Halba.
Deputy Minister for Commerce and Trade, Herbert Krapa, throughout a cocktail occasion on the Swiss Residence on Monday, informed Citi Enterprise Information the federal government is contemplating getting Halba to start full-scale processing in Accra to spice up manufacturing within the sector.
“They [Halba] import vital quantities of cocoa beans to Switzerland for processing. We expect that it is very important proceed that partnership and, with time, see how it’s possible to get them to start out full-scale processing in Accra,” he talked about.
“President Akufo-Addo has a imaginative and prescient to make sure that majority of cocoa that we harvest and produce right here in Ghana is processed proper right here in order that we are able to have the roles created, financial advantages, and abilities switch and inclusive financial progress that the President has set to realize for the Ghanaian individuals.”
Ghana lately has begun rising its personal cocoa processing. For instance, in 2019, it elevated processing from 200,000 tonnes to 400,000 tonnes.
Although analysts have welcomed the transfer, it largely stays on the stage of semi-finished merchandise. This implies the key share of worth in a chocolate bar continues to be generated overseas.
Switzerland is without doubt one of the leaders in cocoa processing and manufacturing of tertiary cocoa merchandise.
For years now, one in every of Switzerland’s largest chocolate producers, Halba, has been working a CHF3.5 million funded program often known as the Cocoa Sustainability Initiative which ensures sustainable and different livelihoods for cocoa farmers in Ghana.
The CEO of Switzerland’s largest chocolate producer, Halba, Andreas Hasler outlined the corporate’s future plans for cocoa farmers in Ghana.
“We’re campaigning for smallholder farmers to earn a residing revenue in Ghana. We began the venture final October, and now we’ve paid the primary quantity of about US$84,000 as a further compensation for greater than 300 cocoa farmers. The growth continues, and 450 farmers can revenue from this added revenue.”


Fine Gael Kerry TD, Brendan Griffin, has today (Wednesday) welcomed confirmation from the Minister for Agriculture, Simon Coveney, that a 50% advance on Single Farm Payments is to be paid to farmers in October, in light of the impact of the recent inclement weather on farm incomes.
Deputy Griffin raised the matter in a Parliamentary Question to the Minister.
“The bad weather is not only ruining everyone’s summer, it’s having a serious impact on farming communities. Farmers are being forced to take their cattle indoors and buy feed, as the weather is severely hampering their ability to make silage. This has serious financial implications.
“The Irish Farmers Association estimates that the poor weather could cost the agri-food sector up to €100 million this year, which is a severe blow to local rural economies. Farmers will also be concerned ahead of the grain harvest, which will be delayed due to the lack of sunlight and an abundance of rain.
“Taking these impacts into consideration, I have asked Minister Coveney whether farm payments will be advanced this year to help farmers struggling with cash flow problems. The Minister has confirmed that it’s his intention to seek the approval of the EU Commissioner to allow the payment of a 50% advance of the Single Farm Payment.
“This will come into effect from October 16th, which the Minister has said is the earliest payment date possible, as it is the first day of the new EU financial year. While it is unfortunate that the payments cannot be made even earlier, it will come as some relief to farmers than an advance is being made.
“I will be urging the Minister to keep a close eye on the situation to ensure that farmers are fully supported during this difficult period.”


Provenance is important to us. We partner with the finest local producers and growers to ensure that only the freshest ingredients make their way to your table. Knowing the hands that grow the food makes all the difference.
Over four generations of farming, Bellata Gold have been specialising in durum wheat grown and milled in the Bellata region. NSW.
Bellata Gold grains are sourced from the “Golden Durum Triangle” – a triangle bound by the towns of Goondiwindi, Mallaley and Tamworth in northern NSW, well known for its perfect conditions for growing exceptional durum wheat.
The family make a proud commitment to sustainable farming and employ practices of crop rotation. This ensures high-protein, high-gluten single origin grains – perfect for pasta making.
Shop Bellata Gold


Where they are grown, genetically modified crops are linked to massive increases in herbicide use, the expansion of mono-cultural farming practices, and increased costs all along the food chain. The resulting social, environmental and economic impacts are severe, contributing to small farmers losing their land and livelihoods, and failing to alleviate poverty. That is why it is so important for all of us to get involved, raise awareness and take action to stop the spread of genetically modified crops. We need a future of food and farming that benefits people and planet, and not just the pockets of big business.
Most GM crops fall in to one of two categories. They are either engineered to resist chemical herbicides, or they are engineered to produce insecticides in the plants themselves. Herbicide resistant crops increase the use of herbicides, increasing costs for farmers as well as creating environmental and health problems, affecting poorer communities who live near large GM farms in developing countries, as well as causing pollution. Insecticide crops are constantly producing toxins when they’re not even necessary, and can indiscriminately kill other insects beneficial for the environment.
GM crops are patented, allowing research, breeding and ultimately the entire food chain of GM crops to be controlled by a few multinational companies such as Monsanto, Bayer, Syngenta, Pioneer and Dow. The GM market is driven by these companies’ desire to sell herbicides as well as seeds, in their aggressive pursuit of profit. Traditional crops and local varieties in combination with modern plant breeding are invariably cheaper and better suited to local conditions.
The cultivation and trade of GM crops adds costs not only for farmers but also for companies in the organic and conventional food and feed supply chain. The costs of keeping seeds, crop and foods separate from GM varieties to avoid contamination is borne by the non-GM producers. This is profoundly unfair — essentially placing the economic burden on the victim, not the polluter.
GM crops do not tackle hunger or poverty
Continued industry promises about the ability of GM crops to tackle the world’s growing social problems are pure myth: there is still not a single commercial GM crop with increased yield or salt-tolerance, enhanced nutrition or other ‘beneficial’ traits. GM crops are confined to a handful of countries with highly industrialised agricultural sectors where GM-cash-crops are grown to be sold on the world market for textiles, feed and fuel, and not to feed people.
So what can you do?
- Spread the word. Tell people about what’s happening with GM and things they can do. Write about GM issues in your local newspaper, zene, blog, etc. Do you have your own website? Link to ours!
- Boycott GM food. Don’t buy food or animal feed with a GM label. Protest and boycott retailers who sell it. Shop at independent whole food shops who are committed to only selling GM free food.
- Call for accurate labelling. Accurate labelling of meat and dairy products that come from animals fed on GM feed is vital so that people have a choice. At the moment there is no way to tell whether food comes from animals fed on GM animal feed or not. Urge your government and elected representatives to act on clearer labelling of meat and dairy products from animals fed on GM.
- Tell supermarkets to keep our food GM-free. There is currently a big push by the biotech industry to force GM foods onto supermarket shelves. Whether they succeed is largely in the hands of the supermarkets, which have most power over the European food supply. Until now the supermarkets, under pressure from consumers, have banned GM ingredients from their own-brand products but hardly any have so far banned the use of GM animal feed in their meat, dairy or egg production lines.You can find lots of useful info on writing to supermarkets including sample letters at GM Freeze. Friends of the Earth have also compiled a league table of supermarkets and their stance on GM animal feed, plus sample letters to supermarkets.


1940s Sugar Beet Bucket
Absolutely loving these fabulous galvanised vintage metal buckets. They date back to the 1940s and are from a Sugar Beet factory, each farmer would have a sample of his Sugar beet put in a bucket with his name hidden under the spring-loaded flap and it would go off to be graded, he'd then be paid depending upon the quality and soil content. Read More
Due to the fact that they have drainage holes in the bottom they make wonderful planters. Each Bucket is washed, cleaned and waxed, please note no two are the same which adds to their rustic charm.


Butter beans, additionally called lima beans as well as sieva beans, are the seeds of the plant Phaseolus lunatus. They are offered fresh, icy, or dried out, and are sold in both younger and also mature kinds.
What Are Butter Beans?
Butter beans are huge, creamy beans that are filling as well as nutritious. These legumes come from South America and also are made use of in a variety of meals. They’re readily available fresh during the late-summer growing season or as fresh-frozen or dried beans year-round.
Fresh young beans (occasionally called baby limas) have a slim skin bordering a light environment-friendly bean that can be eliminated after food preparation or left intact, depending upon the application. Mature, dried butter beans have a thicker, beige-colored skin that becomes tender when fully cooked.
Just How to Use Butter Beans
Dried out butter beans are a trustworthy kitchen staple that can be used in soups, stews, braises, casseroles, dips, spreads, and also salads, just among others applications. They can additionally be prepared on their own and also served with a straightforward clothing of butter, salt, and a press of lemon juice.
Dried butter beans can be steamed and afterwards simmered on the stovetop or braised in the stove over a few hours. They can be soaked for numerous hrs or over night to shorten the cooking time. Butter beans are also an exceptional alternative for crock pot and pressure cooker recipes. Fresh or frozen butter beans can be prepared far more swiftly, commonly in around thirty minutes, as well as are best prepared on the stovetop.
Butter beans must not be eaten raw due to the fact that they include a substance called linamarin that breaks down right into poisonous cyanide when the bean is eaten or harmed. Wild butter beans have a greater focus of this compound, however beans grown in the U.S. are regulated to contain really reduced amounts. Boiling butter beans for 5 to 10 minutes lowers the amount of cyanide.1.
What Do They Preference Like?
Butter beans have a smooth, luscious appearance and also moderate, buttery flavor. They hold sauces and take in the flavors they’re cooked with well. Fresh butter beans will have a slightly grassy, a lot more vegetal taste than cooked, dried beans.
Butter Beans Dishes.
- Fresh Succotash With Okra, Tomatoes, Lima Beans, and also Corn.
- Creamed Lima Beans.
- Lima Bean Soup With Ham.
Where to Get Butter Beans.
You’ll find dried butter beans, usually labeled as lima beans, in the cupboard aisle of many grocery stores and grocery stores. They’re also available precooked in containers in the tinned items aisle. Baby or fully grown lima beans are additionally offered frozen in the fridge freezer aisle.
Fresh, never-frozen, butter beans are more challenging ahead by as well as are commonly just readily available in season, generally late summer to early fall in the United States. Look for them at farmers’ markets and farm stands during this moment of year. Fresh beans may be offered already shelled or still in their green, fuzzy pods, which must be eliminated as well as disposed of before food preparation.
Butter Beans vs. Lima Beans.
While they’re just the same bean botanically, butter beans have various names relying on the region. In the South and in the United Kingdom, they’re normally described as butter beans. Elsewhere in the U.S., they’re referred to as lima beans (named for Lima, Peru, the bean’s factor of origin).
Shop dried butter beans in an airtight, food-safe container and also keep them in a great, dry area. Use them within one year of purchase. Past that point, completely dry beans lose dampness and may take longer to cook.
Icy butter beans can be kept in their initial product packaging in the freezer for as much as nine months or vacuum-sealed in a deep fridge freezer for approximately 14 months. If you prepare to freeze your very own fresh lima beans, pale for 2 to 4 mins, depending on the dimension of the bean. Shock, pressure, and trendy before product packaging and also freezing.
Nutrition and Benefits.
One cup of completely dry beans includes 40 grams of carbs, 9 grams of dietary fiber, as well as 12 grams of healthy protein.


Since January 2006 Friendsofwater.com has been the supplier of the premier garden water sprinklers, the Noodlehead Sprinklers. The Noodlehead was our first product offered, and is still popular after all these years.
Noodlehead Sprinklers hit every part of your garden, using just the right amount of water. You’ll save water while your plants get what they need.. If you have a property with annual, perennial, vegetable or herb gardens of any size or type, or if you have narrow, small or odd-shaped garden or lawn areas that you need to water, you will love these high quality, low cost garden sprinklers!
Garden Sprinklers That Save Water
The great idea behind the Noodlehead Garden Sprinklers is a small head with 12 flexible tubes coming out of it – every tube with three water flows coming out the top, each angled just 5 degrees away from the others. Each of the tubes is flexible – but stays in the shape you bend it to. So you can send as much water to whatever spot you want. Want one plant to get a lot more water than its neighbors? Point more tubes at it. These sprinklers are small, light-weight, easy to use and put the water where you want it – in the amounts you want. This means you and your family save water.
Every Noodlehead comes with a spike you can use when you wish, to secure the garden sprinkler exactly where you want it. These garden sprinklers screw right onto your garden hose. The tubes can be angled to water at the roots, or you can point the spray more upward to water the leaves of others. In fact, you are able to do both from one garden sprinkler.
Great for Hard to Get or Odd Shaped Areas
The Noodlehead Sprinkler will adapt to any shape or pattern you want! Do you have a narrow stretch of garden or lawn that you’ve never been able to get the right sprinkler for? Don’t pay to put in six pop-up sprinkler heads. You can save a bundle by using one sprinkler instead!
If you have a spot where you want to set up a Noodlehead and leave it, it’s quick and easy to just screw it back on the hose when you are ready to water. You can do that without disturbing the tubes. (We find it easiest to lift the head and spin it onto the hose.) Of course if you’re using the heads on your underground system risers or a permanent hose, you don’t need to do anything.
Stop losing plants here and there because your sprinkler didn’t reach them!
The Noodlehead won the “Best New Product of the Year” at the International Hardware Show. Folks, that the hardware show – imagine the competition. There were 700 competing products!
Moreover, the Noodlehead won “Best New Product of the Year” at the International Invention Convention. It was the best of 200 competing new inventions.
There are two stainless steel fine mesh filter washers on each sprinkler head – on for the garden hose thread and another in the bottom, for when you us and Extend-A-Riser. These mesh filters are washable. Together with the special nozzle design, these really do prevent clogging.
The Noodlehead Garden Sprinkler System is a great product, and it is priced very reasonably. You can try it for up to 30 days to be sure you agree. If you don’t you may return it for a full refund.


This morning we drove to the Missouri Department of Conservation Tree Nursery in Licking, MO. We picked up our order of 100 red oaks, 100 white pines, and 100 holly and brought them back to the homestead.
When we got back to the farm we began building our windbreak. We started by staking out mason’s twine to mark the path of the trees–starting at the northeastern corner of the homesite, heading due west toward Snake Creek, then bending south. We then placed three rows of stakes at predetermined intervals to show where each tree will be planted. The stakes will also anchor the rabbit wire collars we are making to protect the seedlings from rabbits and deer.
Our reading indicated that the greatest hazard to our seedling trees was dehydration caused by bad planting technique–what the experts call “putting a five-dollar tree in a fifty-cent hole”. However, the second greatest threat is from rabbits and deer. The solution is something that prevents our trees from becoming a buffet line for fauna. Ironically, the commercially available solutions are plastic shields that cost about $2 to protect trees that cost 16-32 cents. So PaterFailias came up with a technique to bend 20″ of rabbit wire around a piece of 4″ PVC pipe to make shields for less than a dollar. We ended up having only enough time and materials to make about 150 shields, but every little bit helps.
Digging holes for the trees in the rocky soil was dificult, but we were prepared for that. What we had not counted on–and were not prepared for–was getting enough water from one of our ponds to water 300 trees.
SheWalksWithFlowers set up the water collection and transport process. It was a lot of hard work skimming water out of the pond and carrying it 150 yards to the nearest trees–and substantially farther for the rest.


Verist Hemp Oil, Organic CO2 Extracted, Natural Hemp Oil 30ml
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We’re big on knowing what we put into our bodies, and we’re guessing you are too. At Verist, we’re dedicated to truly organic practices. We cultivate our plants in an all-natural, bio-diverse environment, water them with rainfall or natural spring water and manage them with beneficial insects in lieu of chemicals or pesticides. We monitor for the optimal harvest period and hand-select flowers for the finest quality. After weeks of drying and curing to fully express the aromas and benefits of the plant, we carefully extract what we need and craft it into the Verist products we offer to you. As founders, we personally oversee the entire process, ensuring everything is crafted to the highest quality with microscopic attention to detail. The result is product quality head-and-shoulders above the rest. Verist products are single-origin, meaning they always come from hemp grown on our farm and are always processed to meet our high standards. Because of this, when you start using our products, you can feel confident you’ll get the same consistent benefits with every batch of product. Simply put, we grow and process hemp for you the way we’d want it done for ourselves. Here’s the lowdown on what you get with our Nonintoxicating Organic Hemp Oil: 1-oz bottle with measuring dropper. Suggested serving size: 1 dropper/1 ml once per day. Gently sweet taste with velvety smooth texture, free of chemicals and artificial ingredients. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Consult a medical doctor before taking this if you are pregnant or nursing, have or suspect a medical condition or are taking any medications.


149), citrus, papaya (see Fact Sheet no. Below-ground symptoms are the loss of feeder roots. Avoid wounding the base of the trunks of the trees. Z. Information from Hardy S, Barkley P, Creek A, Donovan N (2012) Impacts and management of flooding and waterlogging in citrus orchards. Survival of the water moulds occurs as thick-walled resting spores called "chlamydospores". Root stocks that have resistance to diseases include, trifoliate orange, sour orange, mandarin, and citrange hybrids. 17.2 .  Zoospores move toward nutrient gradients around root tips and host wounds. Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. parasitica and Fusarium spp. Different stages of onion may be affected. Phytophthora gummosis and foot‐rot infections are typically initiated at the base of the trunk and there are few reports of Phytophthora spp.  Mefenoxam is twice as active as metalaxyl, but they both have the same mode of action. is reviewed, with reference to the damages caused by Phytophtora root rot, gummosis and brown rot of fruits. Susceptible cultivars in the right conditions can reach losses of 100 percent, because infected plants do not recover. To limit spread of structures limit traffic in infected fields and always clean after exposure. Phytophthora rot of lithospermum plant (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. Successful chemical control is difficult because we are limited to these two chemistries that are basically identical. , The action of P. nicotianae is amplified by the presence of root-knot nematodes, which through their own feeding habits, assist the pathogen in finding an entrance to the host. CHEMICAL CONTROLApart from the use of fungicides to treat trunk cankers (see under Cultural Control above), their use is not recommended except in commercial production. Roots may become necrotic in late disease. , Black Shank is a polycyclic soil borne disease, with the possibility of multiple disease cycles per growing season occurring from May to October. Initially, symptoms may be more obvious on one side of the tree, corresponding to the part of the root system with the most damage. Levels of calcium and magnesium in the soils can affect disease progress. Citrus root and collar rot diseases are common in wet areas (Photo 1). In Fiji, the order of resistance to collar rot is trifoliate orange, sour orange, mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, bush lemon, lime, and Lisbon lemon. Phytophthora root rot. The Phytophthora species involved are not fungi, although they have many fungal characteristics; they are water moulds or oomycetes, related to algae. As the disease progresses the … Citrus root and collar rot, Phytophthora foot and root rot (Phytophthora nicotianae), and brown rot of citrus fruit (Phytophthora citrophthora). A study by A. S. Csinos and P. F. Bertrand found out at a rate of 3.36 kg/ha would not inhibit many of the common races used in their study. Avoid heavy, poorly drained soils, or dig drains or trenches to carry the water as quickly as possible away from the trees. In general, Phytophthora citrophthora causes root and collar rots in cooler areas. At … 2.2.3 Phytophthora life cycle, biology and mode of infection 24 2.2.4 Phytophthora nicotianae root rot in citrus 28 2.2.5 Management of Phytophthora root rot diseases in Citrus production 30 2.3 Metabolomics for Plant Protection 31 2.4 Conclusion 39 2.5 References 40 CHAPTER 3 50 is recommended. Equipment should be cleaned after use in infested fields so the disease does not spread into uninfested fields. Initially, tips of newly infected plants start to yellow and dry followed by softening of the "neck" of the plants that eventually fall over. In 1896, Black Shank was first described in Indonesia by Van Breda de Haan. Stored fruit may show a white cottony growth of the water mould, especially if kept at high humidity. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basal stem area, but all parts of the plant can become infected. Citrus Phytophthora Info. With out this penetration device the pathogen would not be able to infect the plant. Chemical control is most successful if used with resistant varieties. Which to use, however, depends on other diseases present, those caused by viruses and nematodes, especially. CSIRO Publishing. Phytophthora nicotianae or black shank is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosprales and family Peronosporaceae. Phytopthora citrophthora is reported from Australia, and Fiji. Spread of citrus water moulds occurs when sporangia, zoospores, or chlamydospores, reach stems and trunks at soil level providing water is in contact with bark for at least 5 hours.  Hosts include tobacco, onion, tomato, ornamentals, cotton, pepper, and citrus plants. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. Binnen enkele dagen kan deze gevaarlijke schimmelziekte zich in een aardappelveld fors uitbreiden. , Breda de Haan, J. van. NSW Government Department of Primary Industries; and from CABI (2015) Phytophthora nicotianae (black shank) and Phytophthora citrophthora (brown rot of citrus fruit) Crop Protection Compendium (www.cabi.org/cpc). It is also also reported from Samoa, and Tonga on other hosts (see Fact sheet nos. Worldwide; two species are commonly found causing root and collar rots on citrus: Phytophthora nicotianae, and Phytophthora citrophthora. If infections are found, remove the affected bark and apply a fungal paste of, e.g., metalaxyl, phosphorus acid, or a copper fungicide. Tolerance to Phy… Remove soil (brought by ants) trapped behind tree guards on young trees, if these are being used. Also, there is much morphological variation in colony type with different isolates of P. nicotianae and the growth may differ when grown on different media.  Infection can proceed rapidly once the pathogen has made an entrance into the plant. Phytophthora spp. (Always refer to the product label for the correct method of application, timing, and also ways to avoid possible leaf burn.). Typically hyphae can be seen in the pith and cause blackening and necrosis. Regardless of the great importance of P. nicotianae for rootstocks, some mechanisms of resistance or susceptibility still require further scientific investigation. The focus of this thesis is on the application of plant metabolomics methodologies to study citrus rootstock tolerance towards the root rot pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Zoospores interact with the host by sensing and moving toward the nutrient gradients near the root tip and wounds of the plant. Some aspects of the biology and ecology of P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae are revised, like the inoculum dissemination, the fungus reproduction and epidemiology. Onion shows a leaf and stem infection. Above-ground symptoms are a loss of vigour and spindly growth. Often gum oozes from the wounds which can extend up to 50 cm above soil level and down to the roots. As this happens, tobacco leaves turn brown and become not marketable. De bibitziekte in de Deli-tabak veroorzaakt door Phytophthora nicotianae. In groves with a previous history of foot rot, consider use of Swingle citrumelo or other tolerant rootstocks (see Florida Citrus Rootstock Selection Guide) for replanting. Frequently inspect trees, especially during the first 2 years after planting, and after flooding. Phytophthora palmivora prefers moist dense soils and can cause severe brown rot infections because the inoculum can climb the tree from fruit to fruit. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Feeder root rot of citrus causes a slow decline of the tree. There are also differences in appearance in culture, morphology and DNA tests. Another symptom is disk-like appearance of the pith, although this is not a definitive symptom as it may also be the result of lightning strikes. Citrus root and collar rots are serious diseases, and occur in all citrus growing areas in the humid tropics. The spots appear water-soaked, meaning they look wet, dark, usually sunken and greasy. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and as well as African violet. Pirie Printers Pty Limited, Canberra, Australia. Below-ground symptoms are the loss of feeder roots. 149 & 154). Roots will be blackened and decayed. Phytophthora is een ziekte die planten binnen enkele dagen kan verwoesten. Phytophthora citrophthora is most damaging when citrus roots are inactive and their resistance to infection is low. Fig. De ziekte wordt vooral actief wanneer het nat weer is. Fallen fruit also become infected. There are important structures this pathogen uses in its disease cycle. The most widespread is Phytophthora nicotianae (also known as Phytophthora parasitica), which can cause severe It is important to ask local government experts for advice on the varieties to use. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytophthora_nicotianae&oldid=999399666, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 00:04. Currently, little is known about the host pathogen interaction between Phytophthora spp. Zoospores are kidney shaped with an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whip like flagellum that helps to navigate toward root tips were infection occurs. Fawcett (1936) described damage caused by Phytophthora spp. The complex of citrus diseases caused by Phytophthora spp.  Damping off symptoms can be observed in young seedlings.  Zoospores, chlamydospores, and sporangia produce a germ tube that directly penetrates the epidermis of the plant. Finding new lines of resistance is becoming increasingly important due to new discovered resistant races of the pathogen. Citrus root weevils sometimes attack feeder roots and encourage the progression of decline. Trunk - infection of the trunk by Phytophthora results in dark water soaked areas in the area of active infection. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (syn. Een probleem van alle aardappeltelers. 1896. Many fields only contain one mating type, so the zoospores rarely germinate and rarely cause epidemics. Phytophthora foot rot of sweet orange showing bark necrosis, slight gumming, and callusing (Florida). During favorable conditions, new generations of spores can be produced every 72 hours, so if this disease is not managed well it can be very destructive. pH management can be difficult because tobacco cannot survive in very low pH soils. , Phytophthora nicotianae has a wide host range, affecting agriculture rich areas all over the world. Another asexual structure and secondary inoculum, appearing ovoid, pear, or spherical in shape are called sporangium. Generally, Phytophthora nicotianae only causes brown rot on fruit within 3 feet of the ground. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora in citrus roots and soils.  On onion it causes the disease known as Phytophthora neck and bulb rot. Bovendien kunnen de sporen via de grond de knollen aantasten. et Zucc.) Fungi in the genus Phytophthora are destructive phytopathogens, and caused the well-known Irish potato famine in 1840s. hypovirulent isolate of phytophthora nicotianae on citrus by glenn curtis colburn a dissertation presented to the graduate school of the university of florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy university of florida 2004 . Lesions usually occur on the bark or at the bud union. Infection leads to systemic rotting of the root system and wilting and chlorosis in the leaves. This disease is relatively common in citrus groves in the Salt River Valley and Yuma areas. Black Shank needs water for germination and movement because zoospores swim through soil pores and standing water. This can lead to severe yield losses as all the fruit on the tree are at risk. Crop rotation is recommended in combination with resistant varieties as genetic controls. Swingle citrumelo, a hybrid between a grapefruit and a trifoliate orange is resistant to severe citrus tristeza, Phytophthora root rot, and has tolerance to waterlogging. CULTURAL CONTROLCultural practices are important in the management of citrus root and collar rots. Prune low hanging branches to at least 1 m above soil level. Phytophthora nicotianae in citrus nurseries in Egypt Ten samples per each rootstock of 200 mL soil and associated feeder roots were collected monthly at a depth of 5‒10 cm from 2 L pots using soil probes, and each sample was obtained by mixing three sub … Citrus root weevils sometimes attack feeder roots and encourage the progression of decline. RESISTANT VARIETIESThe choice of root stock varieties is very important in the management of citrus root and collar rot diseases. Sweet orange tree more than half girdled by a Phytophthora lesion at the base of the tree (Florida). Notice the position of P. nicotianae selected specimen1 CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (WPC) (MG865550). Z. Zoospores are attracted to roots by the chemicals that they produce. Phytophthora parasitica is active during warm weather when roots are … This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Two species of phytophthora commonly affect Florida citrus. Phytophthora root rot. Disease is favored by pH values greater than 6.2, so lowering the pH is an effective method for preventing germination. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the specific detection of Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora in citrus roots and soils. Phytophthora root rot in citrus is caused by the pathogenic fungi P. citrophthora and/or P. nicotianae. Apply copper fungicides to the base of the trunk to prevent collar rots. Both are primarily soilborne but differ in how they spread as brown rot. A minimum three-year rotation is recommended. The cultural control, Crop rotation, is very effective at limiting disease. Lesions may exude copious amount of gum and a brown necrotic area will be found under the bark lesions. Phytophthora spp. , This pathogen causes secondary cycles of disease by mode of zoospores. Citrus requires good drainage! Once the root surface is contacted, zoospores encyst and a germ tube will emerge penetrating the epidermis. Leaf - yellow foliage and shoot die-back. Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. 149), and these are capable of swimming short distances before germinating and infecting. Loss of … It also depends on the likelihood of the trees suffering from waterlogging, even if it only occurs occasionally. Photo 2 Diseases of fruit crops in Australia (2009). infect fruit causing brown rot that leads to fruit drop in the groves and postharvest decay. and citrus roots versus leaves. A variable lifestyle favouring pathogenicity Phytophthora nicotianae, generally considered as a root pathogen, possesses a wide host range of herba-ceous and woody plants, and causes crown rots, and Infected leaves may show grey lesions. South Pacific Commission.  This pathogen thrives in warm climates, so it is destructive on crops grown in these areas. In the United States this is a major pathogen of ornamentals, tobacco, and tomato. Phytophthora insolita is known to be associated with citrus and reported for the rst time in India. This pathogen can cause root rot, crown rot, fruit rot, leaf infection, and stem infection. Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. , Several kinds of management exist for the prevention and suppression of disease. in the nursery, and inspection for fibrous root rot in the nursery or grove before planting is advised. Phytophthora foot rot or gummosis of citrus in Arizona is caused by two fungus-like soil microorganisms, Phytophthora nicotianae (syn. In citrus, all species of Phytophthora are responsible for diseases gummosis and fibrous root rot, especially.  Less than one propagule per gram of soil can lead to an epidemic. The most important species include P. nicotianae and P. citrophthora. Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Citrus root and collar rot (Phytophthora nicotianae) occurs on bele (see Fact Sheet no. 11:19-30 … The hyphae are heterothallic and require two mating types to produce oospores, the sexual survival structure. … The first sign of the diseases are spots on the trunk usually at the graft between the scion and rootstock or at soil level. Journal of Phytopathology, 122(3):208-221 It causes root, fruit and crown rot, blight and cancer diseases on various crops like tobacco (black shank), green pepper, tomato or citrus. Planting stock should be free from Phytophthora spp. Remove any trees with trunk infections that have led to their death. P. nicotianae is the kind that affects citrus plants in Brazil. Passion fruit dieback disease Phytophthora nicotianae var. … The oomycete is an important soil-borne pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Root rots occur if soil moisture is high; in such situation the fibrous (fine) roots can be destroyed in a few days; the outer tissues become soft and are easily stripped leaving only the white inner more resistant part, called the "stele". This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens. Notice the position of P. nicotianae selected specimen1 CPHST BL 44 = P7661 (WPC) (MG865550). Fruit rots occur on tomato, papaya, and eggplant. P. parasitica Dastur.) Metalaxyl or mefenoxam are chemistries used to control Phytophthora nicotianae. The pathogen interferes with transport by infecting the roots. Ridomil Gold is an example a systemic pesticide with a Metalaxyl chemistry. Bud high on root stocks (>30-45 cm) to avoid spores being splashed by rain onto susceptible parts of the stem or trunk. decay of fibrous roots. In final stages of the disease the stem begins to turn black, hence the name Black Shank. Phytophthora nicotianae is reported on citrus from Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, and Wallis & Futuna. Apply foliar sprays of phosphorous acid, after times of flowering and the main leaf flushes. Upon death of the host, the decomposing infected tissues will release the pathogen back into the soil, in the form of chlamydospores and zoospores.  Chlamydospores are the primary survival structure, the primary inoculum, and are usually produced in abundance. P. parasitica) and P. citrophthora. Behaviour of Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae var. When conditions are right (temperatures of 32-36oC, and chemical stimulants from the roots), the chlamydospores germinate and produce spores called "sporangia". Citrus trees with feeder root rot may also display damage on the trunk. If uncertain, testing of nursery stock for Phytophthora spp. Look for dieback symptoms, often on one side of the tree, and inspect the trunk at soil level. Citrus growers need every available tool to fight disease, reduce tree stress and keep groves healthy against Phytophthora root rot. Root rot symptoms are observed on tobacco, poinsettia, tomato, pineapple, watermelon, and as well as African violet. Overall, from their study they observed that Black Shank severity was increasing in Georgia due to Metalaxyl sensitivity and resistant races of Black Shank. in Clade 1: portion of the ITS rDNA neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree (1000 bs) of 161 species [139 ex-types (ET) and 22 well-authenticated specimens (SE)]. In tobacco Black Shank affects the roots and basa… Android Edition Without this means of sensing entry points there would be no secondary cycles of disease. Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan 1896 - (black shank of tobacco) . The longer an infected field is planted in a crop other than the initial infected crop, the lower the population will become. Biochemical mechanisms for tolerance of citrus rootstocks against Phytophthora nicotianae by ANDRIES FOURIE Submitted to the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology) UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of … Phytophthora nicotianae Infection of Citrus Leaves and Host Defense Activation Compared to Root Infection | Read by QxMD. Field locations not previously planted with citrus are probably free of citrus-specific P. nicotianae. Chlamydospores are produced asexually and serve as long lived resting structures, surviving from four to six years. They have motile spores and this sets them apart from fungi. caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. A culture of the oomycete is required for identification; this can be obtained from the margin of trunk lesions or from the lesions on fruits. According to the University of Florida Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), Phytophthora root rot is one of the most important diseases threatening citrus yield. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Damping-off Damping-off can affect newly germinated seedlings of … Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. parasitica. A resting spore, the chlamydospores are capable of surviving in the soil for years, but it has been noted that cold winters cause an inhibitory effect on the survival rate. Burley Tobacco, Burley Tobacco hybrids, and Dark Tobacco are varieties of tobacco that are resistant to Black Shank. They are also splashed in rain drops from the soil to the lower fruit. To disrupt chlamydospore germination crops should be grown in drained disease free soil. Citrus trees with feeder root rot may also display damage on the trunk. 152), passionfruit (see Fact Sheet no.154), pineapple, tobacco, tomato (see Fact Sheet no. , This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84–90 °F (29–32 °C). Mededeelingen uit 's Lands Plantentuin Batavia. Worldwide. Initially, the tolerance of 16 citrus rootstocks towards the pathogen was assessed in greenhouse experiments.  These spores germinate in warm and moist soil to produce a germ tube that infects plants or produces a sporangium. This pathogen synergy with root-knot nematodes has the ability to overcome much of the resistance of cultivars especially bred for P. nicotianae resistance. The first above ground symptom that will be observed is the wilting of plants, which leads to stunting. 149 & 154). Fruit may also become infected by spores splashing from the soil, developing a firm, leathery, brown rot with a strong smell of fermentation. 15: 57 (1896), Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan stdterms.in GBIF Secretariat (2017). Phytophthora nicotianae is reported on citrus from Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, and Wallis & Futuna. In North Carolina black shank can be found in every county that grows flue-cured tobacco and currently causes statewide losses of 1 to 2.5 percent per year. A factor known as hormone α1 is secreted by the A1 mating type of Phytophthora nicotianae, and induces the formation of sexual spores in the A2 mating type. Once established, further reproduction of both chlamydospores and sporangia will occur within host tissues, amplifying the spread of disease within the host plant and spreading out into nearby plants. The bark dies, dries and falls away, showing brown stained rots with cracks beneath. Dead bark tends to break away from the trunk in vertical strips.  Disease was observed near Georgia in 1915 and reached major tobacco growing areas of Kentucky and North Carolina in the 1930s and 1940s. Editors, Tony Cooke, Denis Persley, Susan House. It is a rare and poorly Trunk branch canker on lemon showing gummosis and bark death caused by Phytophthora nicotianae (Argentina). Spread over longer distances is by the movement of water on the surface or within soil; it also occurs in soil on machinery and footwear, and also by the movement of contaminated nursery plants. Phytophthora root rot in citrus is caused by the pathogenic fungi P. citrophthora and/or P. nicotianae. Photo 1. 157) and many other hosts. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. 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Acorns, crickets and apple picking season are a few signs that summer is nearing an end and fall is just around the corner! Much like the taste of biting into a Red Delicious, the arrival of apple season in Northern Virginia can be bitter sweet. As it marks the beginning of a fresh, new season that includes tons of fun fall activities, there is also a bit of sadness knowing that we will soon be saying good-bye to summer. But cheer up! Our list of orchards, just a short drive from Fairfax County, will get you geared up for a fall (or end of summer) road trip to some great orchards and farms where you can enjoy the thrill of picking your own apples fresh off the trees. Apple picking is a fun, family-friendly activity and a great way to welcome a brand new season here in Virginia!
Please visit the websites or social media pages of the orchards listed here for all the details about their apple harvest and hours of operation. Apple season usually begins in mid to late August and runs through October, but can vary due to weather conditions and other factors. It’s a good idea to call before making the drive to the country.
Hollin Farms, 1436 Snowden Road, Delaplane, VA 20144 Phone: 540-592-3574
Hartland Orchard, 3064 Hartland Lane, Markham, VA 22643 Phone: 540-364-2316
Mackintosh Fruit Farm, 1608 Russel Road, Berryville, VA 22611 Phone: 540-955-6225
Stribling Orchard, 11587 Poverty Hollow Lane, Markham, VA 22643 Phone: 540-364-3040
Marker-Miller Orchards Farm Market, 3035 Cedar Creek Grade, Winchester, VA 22602 Phone: 540-662-1391
Rinker Orchards, 1156 Marlboro Road, Stephens City, VA 22655 Phone: 540-869-1499
Crooked Run Orchard, 37883 W Main Street, Purcellville, VA 20132 Phone: 540-338-6642
Great Country Farms, 18780 Foggy Bottom Road, Bluemont, VA 20135 Phone: 540-554-2073


Spotlight on: Isle of Wight Tomatoes for British Tomato Week
Posted on May 11, 2017 by admin
Ahead of British Tomato Week, Executive Chef Dale Osborne along with kitchen team member Tom Ashmore headed south to the sunny Isle of Wight to meet with local British growers at The Tomato Stall. Dale and Tom were given a tour of one of their greenhouses and learned more about the great flavoured fruit that accompanies many of our dishes at aqua shard.
Producing more than eight million kilos of tomatoes a year, the growers at The Tomato Stall nurture up to 200 different varieties of tomatoes each year. All of their tomatoes are left to ripen on the vine and are handpicked at their peak of flavour; two to three days later, they end up on your plate and result in a taste that’s bursting with freshness and flavour.
The Tomato Stall have built an optimum growing environment that is completely biodegradable and have Conservation Grade status. This means that they are ethical, sustainable and Fair to Nature.
Whilst their site is not open to the public, you can pop by their stall in London’s Borough Market every Friday and Saturday to pick up some of their fresh tomatoes.
This summer, Dale is showcasing the fresh and naturally sweet Isle of Wight tomatoes in a Roasted seabass dish. He’s incorporated Cornish seaweed to the dish bringing a natural flavouring of salt to the Roasted seabass available on our lunch and dinner menu.
To reserve a table at aqua shard and try this dish, make your booking here.


- A 15 cm x 100 m roll of blue sticky tape
- A physical barrier and mass-trapping device specifically designed to optimise capture of thrips
Benefits of Optiroll Super Blue
- The specific wavelength and patented design is highly attractive to thrips
- Ideal for mass-trapping in large areas
- The long-lasting glue is non-toxic, water-repellent and does not dry out in hot conditions
- The rolls maintain their strength and colour for several months
How does it work?
- Thrips are naturally attracted to the blue colour and distinctive pattern and they stick to the tape
- Hang along crop rows to mass-trap thrips
- Encircle the perimeter of the growing area to capture thrips before they enter the crop
- For easy installation we recommend our Sticky Roll Holder products (Wire Clips or Suspension Frames)
A wide range of protected crops, including
- View the product Safety Data Sheet
- Click here to learn about trial work that has been done around the world to prove the effectiveness of this product.
*Please note that our sticky traps are currently unable to be used in Victoria.


The special issue of the journal "Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics" is dedicated to the perspectives of growing Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in changing climatic conditions. The articles in this issue analyze the adaptability of this plant to various climatic conditions and discuss potential breeding and genetic strategies aimed at adapting it to climate change. The themes of the articles focus on identifying phenotypic and genetic traits influencing the adaptability of Jerusalem artichoke to different climatic conditions, including tolerance to drought, temperature, and soil pollution. Subsequently, breeding strategies will be presented to improve the adaptability of Jerusalem artichoke to changing climatic conditions, including modern methods of genetic selection and genetic engineering techniques. The special issue will also include an analysis of the economic aspects of growing Jerusalem artichoke in the context of climate change, evaluating commercial and market perspectives and proposing adaptive strategies for producers.
In summary, this issue provides a comprehensive analysis of the perspectives of growing Jerusalem artichoke in the face of climate change, presenting both challenges and opportunities for breeders and researchers.
Prof. Dr. Barbara Sawicka
Climate change adaptation
Economic analysis Commercial perspectives
Submission Deadline: 30 March 2025
Manuscripts should be submitted online through Hapres Online Submission System. Please visit Guide for Authors before submitting a manuscript. Authors are encouraged to submit a paper as soon as it is ready and don’t need to wait until the deadline. Submissions will be sent to peer-review in order of arrival. Accepted papers will be published continuously in Crop Breeding, Genetics and Genomics (CBGG) and then gathered together on the special issue webpage. If interested to contribute, please submit a 200–300 words pitch to the Editorial Office indicating a tentative title, authors, and key points of the study for pre-approval.
Virtual Special Issue (VSI) is a collection of papers centered around a specific topic, led by an expert (Guest Editor) in the field. Virtual Special Issues are an important component of our journal and cover current hot topics within the scope of the journal.
All papers belonging to a Virtual Special Issue will be gathered together on a single webpage. They are published in the regular issues of the journal as soon as publishable, and labeled as belonging to the Virtual Special Issue. A link from each paper will take you to the Virtual Special Issue website.
Submissions to Virtual Special Issues will undergo the same rigorous peer-review process as regular papers submitted to the journal.
University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Department of Potato Agronomy, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Jadwisin Research Center, Poland
Experimental Station for Cultivar Assessment of Central Crop Research Centre, 21-211 Uhnin, Poland


The Department of Agriculture (DofA) has finalised the seasonal measures for the 2019-2020 high risk season.
Measures are effective for ALL Sea freight shipments exported on or after the 1st of September 2019 and that arrive in Australian territory by 31 May 2020 (inclusive).
For detailed information please download the Rohlig BMSB Seasonal Measures Flyer click here.
Please contact your Rohlig customer service representative for the most updated information.
Detailed information released by the Department of Agriculture can be found here.


Regular cotton is grown using more agricultural chemicals that any other crop in the world. For years the global demand for cotton was met through this method; however since the 1970s evidence of the adverse impact these chemicals have on workers and the surrounding environment began to emerge. Meanwhile, with the advance in technology to manipulate genes, the use of genetically engineered seeds has seen a sharp growth worldwide as a means of producing big yields of high quality cotton. In India, a major cotton producer, genetically engineered cotton now accounts for more than 90% of the total. However genetic engineering technology cannot be accepted in the organic world. In order to sustain organic cotton, the procurement of non-GE seeds has emerged as a pressing issue.
Global cotton production for 2011-2012 totaled around 27 million tons. Of that, production of organic cotton was a mere 138 thousand tons, not even 1% of the total. Organic cotton is produced in 18 countries including India, Turkey, China, Tanzania and America. Following is a summary of the state of production during this season.
Record droughts in Texas caused the national organic cotton yield to drop 45% from the previous year.
Organic cotton production is expanding rapidly in Africa. Blessed with plentiful rainfall, Tanzania saw a 153% growth in production from the previous year.
Increase in crop land lead to a 64% increase in production for Turkey.
While small in scale, production in Nicaragua increased 190%.
India saw a large drop in production last year due to an increase in genetically modified seeds, however still remains the world leader in organic cotton production at 74% of the global yield.
Syria has been the second largest producer after India, however political turmoil and ensuing conflict has made production and inspection work impossible, leaving no data for this season.
(Source：Textile Exchange Farm & Fiber Report 2011-2013)
With the release of the annual report, it is apparent how strongly organic cotton production is influenced by weather conditions and political situations. The towels we make at IKEUCHI ORGANIC are directly linked to this ever changing world. Organic cotton reflects the emotions of people in the surrounding world. We take that organic cotton and constantly endeavor to simply make towels with it. At the rapidly changing forefront of organic cotton, we continue to produce premium towels.
Genetically modified seeds may not be used in organic farming. However there has recently been a rapid global increase in use of genetically modified seeds for many major crops including cotton. To continue growing organic cotton under these circumstances, bioRe India is working with a local agricultural university and Swiss Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL) to grow native varieties of cotton that are suited to local conditions and maintain seed stock. They also implement a strict management system to ensure that genetically modified seeds do not mix with non-genetically modified seeds.
The only way to purchase organic cotton seeds is directly from breeders who can ensure they are not genetically modified. Field tests to check for genetically modified cotton involve compressing cotton leaves and stems, mixing the extracted liquid with a test agent and watching for a reaction on a test strip. These tests are conducted regularly by bioRe staff and if results show the presence of genetically modified seed, the cotton from that field must be sold as regular and not organic cotton even if agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers have not been used.
The bioRe project maintains transparent traceability through the whole manufacturing process ensuring genetically modified seeds are not used for growing organic cotton. After eliminating the possibility of genetically engineered seeds, farmers grow the cotton each year and harvest cotton as well as seeds for the next season’s crop. This natural process is repeated every season in the fields, spinning together an organic future.