The effects of solutes
What happens if, instead of having pure
liquid water, we put some salt or sugar in the water? In other words, what
if our liquid phase is a solution? This makes the liquid state less
organised, because the sugar molecules or salt ions are free to move about
almost randomly. So the liquid water molecules are more disordered (less
regimented) in a solution. The ice and the steam remain unaffected,
however: sugar and salt hardly dissolve at all in ice, nor do they
evaporate near 100°C.
How does this affect the trade-off between the molecular energy and the
molecular order? The gain in disorder on evaporation is now less, because
the liquid water in solution is more disordered. The energy effect is
hardly changed, so the energy effect now dominates over a slightly larger
range: the molecules of water in solution have to have slightly more
energy (a slightly higher temperature) in order for the two effects to be
in balance. So the boiling temperature is higher for a solution.
Conversely, when we look at melting, the disorder effect is greater for
a solution: on melting into a solution, water molecules go from the high
order of crystalline ice into an even more disordered state than pure
liquid. So the disorder effect can dominate even at lower temperatures. So
the freezing temperature is lower for a solution.
I mentioned the equilibrium freezing and boiling temperatures above. Time to explain. Imagine ice floating in pure water at 0°C. If we add a little heat, some ice melts. Remove a little heat and some water freezes. We call this the equilibrium freezing temperature: 0°C for water. However, when one cools reasonably pure water, it usually cools several degrees below 0°C – we say it supercools by several degrees – before the first ice crystal appears. That ice crystal then expands rapidly, giving up latent heat, which warms the nearby water back to about 0°C. More about supercooling and super heating below.
An aqueous solution has a higher boiling point and a lower freezing
point than does pure water.
If the solution is not too concentrated,
these two effects are approximately independent of what the dissolved
substance is: a sugar molecule has much the same effect as a salt ion. So,
provided you remember to count each ion separately, the effect of
concentration on boiling point elevation or freezing point depression is
much the same for all small solutes in water. (Macromolecules such as
polymers behave differently because they have lots of neighbouring solvent
molecules, and so affect the solvent much more than simple solutes.)
Antifreeze. So, you might expect that the antifreeze in a
radiator not only stops it freezing, but also helps stop it from boiling.
However, the real situation is more complicated: antifreeze has the
disadvantage that it is not quite as good as water at transporting heat.
Ethylene glycol is one antifreeze. Salt is used to melt snow and ice on
roads in cold countries, but it is not used in radiators because it is
corrosive and crystallises readily. Sugar is not used in some
applications, because concentrated sugar solutions are viscous, and
because they support bugs. However, many organisms use sugars and other
small organic molecules as antifreeze. See cryobiology.
An interesting observation: The concentration of solutes in blood is less than that in sea water, so the equilibrium freezing temperature of blood is usually higher than that of sea water. Consequently, some Arctic and Antarctic fish live at temperatures below the equilibrium freezing temperature of normal blood. The bio-antifreeze in their blood is a protein that works in a way different from the anti-freeze used in car radiators: the antifreeze protein binds to freezing nuclei and so permits the blood to remain supercooled.
The effect of pressure
Notice that above I've included the proviso
"at atmospheric pressure" a few times. The reason why the pressure is
important is that, in the vapour phase, a given amount of a substance
occupies a much larger volume than it does as a liquid. Some of the energy
required to vapourise it goes towards 'pushing the air out of the way' to
make room for the amount evaporated. (The amount of work done is the
product of the pressure P and the change in volume ΔV. Technically, there
is a PΔV term in the latent heat.) So, at low pressure, it is easier to
form the vapour phase and so the boiling point is lower. The dependence of
the transition temperature on pressure is the Clausius-Clapeyron effect.
(Again, being a bit technical, we note that this effect involves energy -
the work done in displacing air - whereas the solute effect involves
entropy - the disordering of the liquid phase.)
Water expands a lot when it boils: one kilogram of water is one litre
of liquid water, but it becomes about 1700 litres of steam at atmospheric
pressure. This means that even modest increases in altitude can measurably
reduce the boiling temperature. Some people complain that this affects
cooking and even the taste of tea at altitude.
It is also true that pressure changes the melting temperature. However,
because the volume occupied by a kilogram of liquid is not much different
from that occupied by a kilogram of solid, this effect is very small
unless the pressures are very large. For most substances, the freezing
point rises, though only very slightly, with increased pressure.
Water is one of the very rare substances that expands upon freezing
(which is why ice floats). Consequently, its melting temperature falls very slightly if pressure is increased.
It is sometimes said that freezing point depression
with pressure explains the low friction under an ice-skate. On its own, this story is not convincing. The Clausius-Clapeyron effect appears not large
enough to make a noticeable difference. However, the skate story is so
widely believed (outside of thermodynamics classes, anyway) that it's
worth being quantitative. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation says that the
ratio of the change in pressure times the change in specific volume to
the latent heat of the phase change equals the ratio of the change in
transition temperature to the (absolute) melting or boiling temperature.
(It's often written as dP/dT = L/T*Δv, an equation that we might have
guessed from dimensional considerations.)
The weight of the skater is say 1 kN. I'm not a skater, but let me guess at a lower bound for the skate-ice contact area of say 100 mm2. (Say 200 mm long by 0.5 mm wide: skaters, is this reasonable?) So, with this value, the pressure is increased by
(very roughly) 10 MPa. A kg of water (one litre) freezes to give
about 1.1 litre of ice, so the change in specific volume is about
10-4 m3kg-1. The latent heat of
fusion of ice is 330 kJ.kg-1. So the proportional change
in temperature is
(10 MPa)(10-4 m3kg-1)/(330 kJ.kg-1),
which is 0.3%. Multiply this by the melting temperature of ice (273 K)
and we get an upper bound to the temperature change of around 1 K = 1 °C. So, with
these values, the calculation shows that the pressure of an ice skate
can reduce themelting temperature of ice by more than
1 °C. So, if this were the cause of the slipperiness, ice
skating would be possible only at temperatures only one or a few degrees
below freezing. From observation, it is possible to ice skate on ice at
much lower temperatures than this. Unless we could argue that the area
of contact of a skate is as small as 10 mm2, this effect
cannot explain why ice is slippery under a skate. On the other hand, it
is easy to explain that the surface of ice is at least a little
slippery. At the surface of ice, water molecules are only hydrogen
bonded to their neighbours on one side. Consequently, their energy is
not as low as in bulk ice. So, at equilibrium, they must have a higher
entropy. So ice must have a thin water layer on the surface, whose
thickness woud be expected to increase at temperatures close to melting.
The comparable calculation for boiling point change is a bit more
complicated. The latent heat in this case is larger
(2.3 MJ-1) but the change in specific volume is much
larger (typically a few times
10-2 m3kg-1). So changes in
altitude can change the boiling temperature, and going up a mountain can
reduce it by as much as several degrees.
When are the boiling temperature and freezing temperature
equal? What happens then?
For all substances, as we lower pressure, the boiling
temperature falls much more rapidly than does the freezing temperature.
(For water, the freezing temperature rises slightly at low pressure.)
Hence the obvious question: Are the boiling temperature and freezing
temperature ever equal?
The answer is yes. At the low pressure of 611 Pa (only 0.006 times
atmospheric pressure), pure water boils at 0.01 °C, and it also
freezes at 0.01 °C. The combination of conditions (P, T) =
(611 Pa, 0.01 °C) is called the triple point of
water because, at this pressure and temperature ice, liquid water and
steam can coexist in equilibrium. This point is used to define our scale
of temperature: by definition, the triple point of water occurs at
273.16 K, where K is the kelvin. 273.16 K = 0.01 °C
* This explains why, above, I wrote that liquid water only exists if
the pressure is high enough. At pressures below 611 Pa, there are
only two phases, and ice sublimes to form steam directly, without passing
through a liquid phase. (In this context, the reverse of 'to sublime' is
not, as one might have hoped, 'to ridicule'. At low pressures, steam
condenses to form ice.)


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Glass molding, where chips of glass are melted and formed into shapes, did not occur until about 150 BC. Glass-making developed over the centuries as glass-blowers experimented with techniques and additives. In the 15th century, glass-blowers used lead oxide to create a colorless glass that looked like rock crystal. The glass-making industry continues to improve glass quality and expand its uses. Today, glass in all shapes and sizes is used in the home, in industry and to celebrate special events and contributions with crystal awards and trophies.
HOW GLASS IS MADE
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CARING FOR YOUR LEAD CRYSTAL
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The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity of earth materials in a wellbore. Measurement of natural emission of gamma rays in oil and gas wells are useful because shales and sandstones typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clays are responsible for most natural radioactivity, so gamma ray log often is a good indicator of such rocks. In addition, the log is also used for correlation between wells, for depth correlation between open and cased holes, and for depth correlation between logging runs.
Natural radioactivity is the spontaneous decay of the atoms of certain isotopes into other isotopes. If the resultant isotope is not stable, it will undergo further decay until finally a stable isotope is formed. The decay process usually accompanied by emission of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Natural gamma ray radiation is one form of spontaneous radiation emitted by unstable nuclei. Gamma (γ) radiation may be considered either as an electromagnetic wave similar to visible light or X-rays, or as a particle of photon. Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiations emitted from an atomic nucleus during radioactive decay, with the wavelength in the range of 10-9 to 10-11cm
 Natural radioactivity in rocks
Fig1: Gamma-ray Spectra
Isotopes naturally found on earth are usually those which are stable or which have a decay time larger than, or at least a significant fraction of the age of the earth (about 5 x 109 years). Isotopes with shorter halflifes mainly exist as decay products from longer lived isotopes, and, as in C14, from irradiation of the upper atmosphere.
Radioisotopes with a sufficiently long halflife, and whose decay produces an appreciable amount of gamma rays are:
- Potassium 40K with half life of 1.3 x 109 years, which emits 0 α, 1 β, and 1 γ-ray
- Thorium 232Th with half life of 1.4 x 1010 years, which emits 7 α, 5 β, and numerous γ-ray with different energies
- Uranium 238U with half-life of 4.4 x 109 years, which emits 8 α, 6 β, and numerous γ-ray with different energies
Each of these elements emits gamma-rays with distinctive energy. Figure 1 shows the energies of emitted gamma-ray from the three main isotopes. Potassium 40 decays directly to stable argon 40 with the emission of 1.46 MeV gamma-ray. Uranium 238 and thorium 232 decay sequentially through a long sequence of various isotopes until a final stable isotope. The spectrum of the gamma-rays emitted by these two isotopes consists of gamma-ray of many different energies and form a complete spectra. The peak of thorium series can be found at 2.62 MeV and the Uranium series at 1.76 MeV.
The most common sources of natural gamma rays are potassium, thorium, and uranium. These elements are found in feldspars (ie. granites, feldspathic), volcanic and igneous rocks, sands containing volcanic ash, and clays.
Gamma-ray measurement has the following applications:
- Well to well correlation: gamma-ray log fluctuates with changes in formation mineralogy. As such, gamma-ray logs from different wells within the same field or region can be very useful for correlation purposes, because similar formation will show similar features.
- Logging runs correlation: Gamma-ray tools is typically run in every logging tools runs in a well. Being a common measurement, logging data can be put on depth with each other by correlating the gamma-ray feature of each run.
- Quantitative evaluation of shaliness: Since natural radioactive elements tend to have greater concentration in shales than in other sedimentary lithologies, the total gamma ray measurement is frequently used to derive a shale volume (Ellis-1987, Rider-1996). This method however, is only likely to be use in a simple sandstone-shale formation, and is subject to error when radioactive elements are present in the sand.
Gamma-ray detected by Gamma-ray detector in an oil or gas wells, is not only a function of radioactivity of the formations, but also other factors as follows:
- Borehole Fluid: the influence of borehole fluid depends on its volume (ie hole size), the position of the tool, its density, and composition. KCl in mud, for example, will invade permeable sections, with the net result of increase in gamma ray activity.
- Tubing, Casing, etc: Their effect depend on the thickness, density, and nature of the materials (eg. steel, aluminum). All steel reduces the gamma-ray level, but can be corrected once the density and thickness of the casing, cement sheath and borehole fluid are known.
- Cement: Its impact is determined by the type of cement, additives, density and thickness
- Bed Thickness: Gamma-ray reading will not reflect the true value in a bed whose thickness is less than the diameter of the sphere of investigation. In a series of thin beds, the log reading will be a volume average of the contributions within the sphere.
In addition, all radioactive phenomena are random in nature. Count rates vary about a mean value, and counts must be accumulated over a period of time and averaged in order to obtain a reasonable estimate of the mean. The longer the averaged period and the higher the count rate, the estimate of mean will be more precise.
Sample of corrections required for different gamma-ray tools are available from Schlumberger.
 Measurement technique
Older gamma-ray detectors use the Geiger-Mueller counter principle, but have been mostly replaced thallium-doped sodium-iodide (NaI) scintillation detector, which has a higher efficiency. NaI detectors are usually composed of a NaI crystal coupled with a photomultiplier. When gamma ray from formation enters the crystal, it undergoes successive collisions with the atoms of the crystal, resulting in a short flashes of light when the gamma-ray is absorbed. The light is detected by the photomultiplier, which converts the energy into an electric pulse with amplitude proportional to the gamma-ray energy. The number of electric pulses is recorded in counts per seconds (CPS). The higher the gamma-ray count rate, the larger the clay content and vice versa.
Primary calibration of gamma-ray tool is the test pit at the University of Houston. The artificial formation simulate about twice the radioactivity of a shale, which generates 200 API units of gamma radiation. The detector crystal is affected by hydration and its response changes with time. Consequently, a secondary and a field calibration is achieved with a portable jig carrying a small radioactive source.
Saturday, January 31, 2009
Gamma Ray Log adalah metoda untuk mengukur radiasi sinar gamma yang dihasilkan oleh unsur-unsur radioaktif yang terdapat dalam lapisan batuan di sepanjang lubang bor.
Unsur radioaktif yang terdapat dalam lapisan batuan tersebut diantaranya Uranium, Thorium, Potassium, Radium, dll.
Unsur radioaktif umumnya banyak terdapat dalam shale dan sedikit sekali terdapat dalam sandstone, limestone, dolomite, coal, gypsum, dll. Oleh karena itu shale akan memberikan response gamma ray yang sangat signifikan dibandingkan dengan batuan yang lainnya.
Jika kita berekerja di sebuah cekungan dengan lingkungan pengendapan fluvio-deltaic atau channel system dimana biasanya sistem perlapisannya terdiri dari sandstone atau shale (sand-shale interbeds), maka log gamma ray ini akan sangat membantu didalam evaluasi formasi (Formation Evaluation- FE).
Seperti halnya logging yang lainnya, pengukuran gamma ray log dilakukan dengan menurunkan instrument gamma ray log kedalam lubang bor dan merekam radiasi sinar gamma untuk setiap interval tertentu. Biasanya interval perekaman gamma ray (baca: resolusi vertikal) sebesar 0.5 feet.
Dikarenakan sinar gamma dapat menembus logam dan semen, maka logging gamma ray dapat dilakukan pada lubang bor yang telah dipasang casing ataupun telah dilakukan cementing. Walaupun terjadi atenuasi sinar gamma karena casing dan semen, akan tetapi energinya masih cukup kuat untuk mengukur sifat radiasi gamma pada formasi batuan disampingnya.
Seperti yang disebutkan diatas bahwa gammar ray log mengukur radiasi gamma yang dihasilkan oleh unsur-unsur radio aktif seperti Uranium, Thorium, Potassium dan Radium. Dengan demikian besaran gamma ray log yang terdapat didalam rekaman merupakan jumlah total dari radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh semua unsur radioaktif yang ada di dalam batuan. Untuk memisahkan jenis-jenis bahan radioaktif yang berpengaruh pada bacaan gamma ray dilakukan gamma ray spectroscopy. Karena pada hakikatnya besarnya energy dan intensitas setiap material radioaktif tersebut berbeda-beda.
Spectroscopy ini penting dilakukan ketika kita berhadapan dengan batuan non-shale yang memungkinkan untuk memiliki unsur radioaktif, seperti mineralisasi uranium pada sandstone, potassium feldsfar atau uranium yang mungkin terdapat pada coal dan dolomite.
Gamma ray log memiliki satuan API (American Petroleum Institute), dimana tipikal kisaran API biasanya berkisar antara 0 s/d 150. Walaupun terdapat juga suatu kasus dengan nilai gamma ray sampai 200 API untuk jenis organic rich shale.
Gambar dibawah ini menunjukkan contoh interpretasi lapisan batuan untuk mendiskriminasi sandstone dari shale dengan menggunakan log gamma ray.
Dikarenakan log gamma ray memiliki kapabilitas untuk mengukur derajat kandungan shale di dalam lapisan batuan, maka didalam industri migas gamma ray log kerap kali digunakan untuk memprediksi besaran volume shale atau dikenal dengan Vshale dengan formulasi:
Gamma ray log memiliki kegunaan lain diantaranya untuk melakukan well to well correlation dan penentuan Sequence Boundary (SB), yakni dengan mengidentifikasi Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS) sebagai spike dengan nilai gamma ray yang tinggi. Well to well correlation ini biasanya dilakukan dengan melibatkan log-log yang lainnya seperti sonic, density, porositas, dll.
Agus Abdullah, PhD9:17 PM
Gamma ray logging
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gamma Ray Logging)
Example gamma ray log. Blue and black lines indicate the measured gamma rays. Sand section of interest is located at bottom of log where the log moves to the left.
Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole. It is sometimes used in mineral exploration and water-well drilling, but most commonly for formation evaluation in oil and gas well drilling. Different types of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of natural gamma radiation. In particular, shales usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone, gypsum, salt, coal, dolomite, or limestone because radioactive potassium is a common component in their clay content, and because the cation exchange capacity of clay causes them to adsorb uranium and thorium. This difference in radioactivity between shales and sandstones/carbonate rocks allows the gamma tool to distinguish between shales and non-shales.
The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging, is done by lowering an instrument down the hole and recording gamma radiation at each depth. In the United States, the device most commonly records measurements at 1/2-foot intervals. Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API units, a measurement originated by the petroleum industry. Gamma logs are affected by the diameter of the borehole and the properties of the fluid filling the borehole, but because gamma logs are most often used in a qualitative way, corrections are usually not necessary.
Three elements and their decay chains are responsible for the radiation emitted by rock: potassium, thorium and uranium. Shales often contain potassium as part of their clay content, and tend to absorb uranium and thorium as well. A common gamma-ray log records the total radiation, and cannot distinguish between the radioactive elements, while a spectral gamma ray log (see below) can.
An advantage of the gamma log over some other types of well logs is that it works through the steel and cement walls of cased boreholes. Although concrete and steel absorb some of the gamma radiation, enough travels through the steel and cement to allow qualitative determinations.
Sometimes non-shales also have elevated levels of gamma radiation. Sandstone can contain uranium mineralization, potassium feldspar, clay filling, or rock fragments that cause it to have higher-than usual gamma readings. Coal and dolomite may contain absorbed uranium. Evaporite deposits may contain potassium minerals such as carnallite. When this is the case, spectral gamma ray logging can be done to identify these anomalies.
 Spectral logging
The characteristic gamma ray line that is associated with each component:
- Potassium : Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV
- Thorium series: Gamma ray energy 2.62 MeV
- Uranium-Radium series: Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV
 Use in mineral exploration
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray_logging"


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- Purification of industrial natural gases
- Dehydrated food storage
- Electronic materials packaging
- Leather products packaging
- Pharmaceuticals bottles, tablets & capsules packaging
- Prevent moisture, spoilage, mold and mildew
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Novawes pre-packed silica gel in permeable sachets have a high moisture adsorbing capacity and are compact, durable, non-dusting and disposable. Available in a variety of sorbent blends and sachet sizes to meet specific packaging needs.


KoscoHeritage installs quality air cleaners from Honeywell
that can remove up to 99% of airborne pollutants.
In years past, asthmatics and allergy suffers were the customers most concerned with the need for removing pollutants from the air. Today, more and more knowledgeable consumers understand the necessity for air cleaning technology. As homes become more airtight and energy efficient they retain common household pollutants like smoke, aerosol sprays, cleaners and other chemicals as well as dust, dirt and pollen. Quality air cleaners from Honeywell can remove up to 99% of airborne pollutants to improve comfort, keep homes cleaner and create a healthier home environment.
Ultraviolet Air Treatment System
Whole-House Air Cleaners


MOTAN-COLORTRONIC are a leading global manufacturer of peripheral units, systems for plastics manufacturers, processors and for the chemicals industry. Drawing on their unique expertise, covering materials handling from end to end, they develop solutions for specific, specialist applications. From injection and blow moulding, to extrusion, compounding and in-line systems through to chemical processes.
The merger of MOTAN, COLORTRONIC-SYSTEMS and COLORTRONIC has created a company with a range of skills and capabilities that perfectly complement each other – spanning the entire process chain for plastics manufacturing and processing and for the chemicals industry. This knowledge is based on over 65 years of experience.
Creative thinking: the basis for developing solutions for specialist applications
An integrated network: the ability to develop and implement flexible solutions on time – and to deliver them to customers via a global sales and service network
Modular solutions: the basis for customer-specific solutions that are tailored to meet your needs


- In a word, impressive
- Silky, glossy, humidity-proof hair.
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Massage thoroughly into wet hair and scalp. Rinse and follow with René Fris Anti-Frizz Conditioner.
- Additional information
Known in its native Norway as Highland Gold, the scarce and precious Cloudberry extract is combined with the nourishing extracts of Rhodiola root and Birch as well as ultra-moisturizing D-Panthenol to create the optimal scalp environment for fabulously healthy hair that is fresh, vibrant and remarkably radiant.
A whisper-soft signature scent. Crisp, citrusy notes of Lime, Tangerine and Lavender open up into a floral heart of Jasmine and Lilac with hints of warm Sandalwood and Vanilla.
Silicone-free. Sulfate-free. Paraben-free. MEA-free. DEA-free. No animal testing. Safe for color-treated hair.
(8.5 fl oz) (250ml)
Water, Sodium C1 4-16 Alpha Olefin Sulfonate, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Cocamide DIPA, Polyquaternium-10, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Tetrasodium EDTA, Fragrance, Citric Acid, Rhodiola Rosea Extract, Panthenol, Glycerin, Rubus Chamaemorus Fruit Extract, Betula Alba Bark Extract, Propylene Glycol (and) Diazolidinyl Urea (and) Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate.


The global market for organic face care ingredients is estimated to be valued at USD 1,650.5 million, with a CAGR of 4.85% from 2019 to 2024 (forecast period). The study provides a brief overview of the COVID-19 analysis on the global organic face care ingredients market to provide the latest insight into the emerging market dynamics. The report includes estimates, review, discussion of emerging developments in the sector, market growth, market share forecasts, and key market players.
Face care ingredients are the raw materials used in the manufacture of face care products. Ingredients can be synthesized chemicals or naturally produced substances. Organic face care ingredients are produced mainly without the use of any chemical compounds. The various categories of organic ingredients used in the manufacture of face ingredients are surfactants, emollients, active ingredients, sugar polymers, and preservatives.
Get a FREE Sample Copy of Report: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/1562
The global market for face care has seen significant growth over the last few years. Market growth is boosted mainly by the release of new face care products, including skin-whitening creams, anti-aging creams, and many more. In addition, the rising geriatric population across the globe, along with an increasing consumer desire to look younger, is expected to increase the demand for anti-aging creams, which, in effect, will fuel the growth of face care ingredients market.
The need for organic face care is growing in the broader field due to increasing consumer awareness about synthetic compounds’ detrimental effects. Therefore, the manufacturers of facial care products are emphasizing in the organic ingredients to introduce organic face care products.
The global organic face care ingredients market has been segmented based on product type and application.
Based on product type, the global market for organic face care ingredients has been classified into surfactants, emollients, active ingredients, preservatives, sugar polymers and others.
Based on application, the global market for organic face care ingredients has been classified into face wash skin-whitening creams, anti-aging creams, cleansing wipes, and others.
The global market for organic face care ingredients has been analyzed for four key regions—North America, Europe, the Asia Pacific, and the rest of the world.
Europe is estimated to hold the largest market for organic face care ingredients, both in value and volume. The growth of the market for organic face care ingredients is related to a variety of factors. The production of face care products is remarkably high in the European region due to the strong demand for face care products. Consumers in Europe are compelled towards natural products in order to avoid skin allergies, which could lead to excessive use of synthetic ingredients. In addition, Europe is expected to account for the substantial market share of the dominant market share of the organic face care ingredients market. Among the European countries, Germany and France have a significant market share due to the high production facility for face care products.
Access Full Report: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/organic-face-care-ingredients-1562
North America contributed 32% of the global market share of organic face care ingredients in 2018. It is anticipated to see a modest growth rate during the forecast period.
The Asia Pacific region is estimated to see significant growth during the forecast period 2019-2024.
Some of the significant participants operating in the global organic face care ingredients market are Akzo Nobel N.V. (Netherlands), BASF SE (Germany), SILAB (France), Clariant AG (Switzerland), Ashland, Inc. (US), The Agrana Group (Austria), Croda International PLC (UK), Evonik Industries AG (Germany), Lubrizol Corporation (US), GatteFosse SAS (France), Galaxy Surfactants Ltd. (India), Cargill, Incorporated (US), Solvay S.A. (Belgium), Symrise AG (Germany), Lucas Meyer Cosmetics (US)


Solar Nitro Chemicals Limited was incorporated on January 9th, 2008 as a limited company under the Tanzania Companies Act 2002. It serves as a subsidiary of Solar Industries India Limited (SIIL), the largest manufacturer and exporter of explosives in India. The formation of SNCL is driven by the objective of manufacturing and selling explosives and related products to meet the local mining demands in Tanzania. The establishment of Solar Nitro Chemicals Ltd. was facilitated by Solar Industries Africa Ltd. and Ortin Investment Ltd., who played a key role in setting up the business operations, including the manufacture and supply of industrial (commercial) explosives, trading in ammonium nitrate, packaged explosives, and explosives accessories.
Our areas of expertise
Safety and regulatory compliance
Molecular Explosive Manufacturing
Water Based Explosive & Precursor
Manufacturing both bulk and packaged
Manufacturing Bulk Explosive, Delivery Systems & Equipment Manufacturing


K-Guard® Kitchen-Class Fire Extinguishers
Our available Ansul K-Guard fire extinguishers contain an Ansulex® liquid fire suppressant to knock down flames, forming a vapor-securing blanket, and cooling grease and surround surfaces. They are listed by UL and ULC for Class K fires.
K-Guard extinguishers are ideal for applications that include restaurants, convenience stores, food courts, cafeterias, and other areas that utilize cooking greases/oils.
Red Line® Wheeled Fire Extinguishers
Ansul Red Line wheeled fire extinguishers are designed to protect high fire risk areas where there is potential for large fires to ignite. They are a heavy-duty solution with greater extinguishing agent capabilities than typical portable extinguishers, while remaining fully operable by a single person because of their high mobility.
Wheeled fire extinguishers are available with dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, and special dry powders. Typical applications include airports, loading docks, steel mills, paint spray booths, offshore platforms, heavy manufacturing, and more.


We've talked about the good tempered chocolate on past week. This week it's time to share the in dept explanation of the untempered chocolate by Chef Jon Hogan an experienced British chocolate maker/chocolatier who've been in the industry for a long time to share insights from his direct experience.
You may of seen or had a bar of chocolate that you left in the fridge or out in the sun and noticed it has changed, either being very crumbly /dusty and or streaky/patchy white in colour. The chocolate is still absolutely fine i.e it hasn't gone off or anything, its just in a different 'state of being'. It will taste fine but as the chocolate is in it's untempered state the cocoa butters are now separated and not coating all of the particles evenly within. Being in it's untemepred state as a consequence the melting points have changed so it will not melt evenly across your tongue therefore our taste receptors will not be able to detect the complexities of the flavor notes within the tasting profiles.
If the chocolate isn't in perfect temper and with the right crystal formed Beta 5, it will make a drastic change in formation and here we are going to explain chocolate in its two different states of being /untempepred, so called "Sugar Bloom" and "Fat Bloom".
Sugar Bloom is the migration of sugar crystals to the surface due to the chocolate being exposed to water/moisture and or cold temperatures. Due to the nature of the chocolate and being sensitive to temperatures and fluctuation if exposed to either of these, the following will take place consequentially and sequentially condensation will appear on the surface of the chocolate which causes the sugar to absorb the moisture and dissolve. When the sugar evaporates the sugar forms large crystals migration to surface leaves a glittering finishes then after a while turns very dull matt and pale at the surface.
Fat Bloom is the most common occurring bloom with a gracious pleasant to the eye displays at the surface. This is the separation of the fat crystal structure within the untempered chocolate. As we know, chocolate is made up of 6 different crystals that all form at different melting and solidifying temperature points. 'Fat Bloom' will occur if the chocolate becomes too hot exceeding the temperature of 28c it results in an irregularity of cocoa butter fat crystals being free and and un-linked from one another in its untempered state. The formation of crystals are ever changing and moving separating from one another resulting in the beautiful pieces of art that said are crafted by nature and the "theobromine god". When the chocolate is untempered but cold enough to set it will set in an un-crystallised state and form cocoa Fat Bloom at the surface. Each and every time will be completely unique!
When is in its tempered state and the beta 5 crystal has formed they all set in one line with the correct crystal growth being beta 5 crystal and crystallize together setting with a mirror like high shine and good snap.
Resulting with a delicious melt in the mouth experience with many flavor compounds and tasting notes tantalize us.
Every step in the chocolate making process is critical. It is important to keep the working environment at the correct working temperature to avoid the above Bloom defects to keep the product retaining its tempered structure and finish.


Richard Dowsett shows how charcoal can be made on a small-scale without any fancy equipment.
This exhibit shows the method I have developed to make charcoal for drawing. Any wood can be used to make charcoal but I have found willow to be the blackest; hazel gives a brownish tint and elder bluish. The smallest scale that I have found practical is a treacle tin, but sweet or biscuit tins produce a good quantity.
Select straight twigs and cut to length omitting knots and any badly bent sections. It makes life easier if the raw material is the same or similar thickness as this makes baking more consistent.
For younger children I use thicker twigs and under-bake so there is something positive to hold.
After filling the tin (you can keep different species separate by partitions of paper, which survives as wafer thin charcoal sheets) put the perforated lid on and place on an established fire with good embers. It is absolutely essential that there are enough holes in the lid to accommodate the expanding gas and for volatiles to escape without exploding the tin.
The photo below shows a tightly packed kiln with segregated charcoal sticks. Willow, ash, elder and hazel are present. Note the holes in the lid to let the expanding and combustible gases out
It is easy to underestimate the heat in the tin when cooked and in the charcoal once cooking is completed. A tin that is cool enough to handle will almost certainly have an interior hot enough to spontaneously combust the charcoal when the lid is removed. Keep a bucket of water close.
Due to the lack of oxygen the wood cannot burn but the gases will ignite once they mix with oxygen. Once this “birthday cake effect” is over and all smoke has gone, the hot tin can be lifted off the fire using tongs and dowsed until the temperature in the middle of the tin is low enough.
This stage is crucial: if there is too much residual heat, the sticks will oxidise and catch fire. The safest way is probably to submerge the whole tin under water or to swamp the charcoal sticks. The art is to use enough water to quench but such that it is evaporated to leave dry sticks. Otherwise the tin and contents can be cooked to drive off the water before setting light to them.
A blackened biscuit tin containing charcoal. Water has been added to cool it down.
The charcoal is now ready for use.
The tedious part is stacking a tin so do not underestimate the time needed. The willow can be stripped but it is not essential. Allow 45 -60 mins for the baking, dependant on the fire you are using. Do not skimp on the cooling/dowsing stage.
Keep the process safe and have fun.


The CURRIE Sit Stand Stool with AFRDI-Certified Polished Chrome Base is made from polyurethane (PU) which is resistant to most chemicals, making it suitable for medical and laboratory settings. It features a sturdy black PU seat for a modern look. The versatility of this chair ranges from lab practitioners to students in the food and science technology space.
- Durable 5 Star Chrome Base with hard-tyred black castors
- Durable and Chemical-Resistant PU Seat
- Standard Handwheel Footring
- Adjustable seat height
- Recommended Weight Capacity: 90kg
- Overall Height: 510-650 mm
- Care Instructions: Wipe down with a clean damp cloth
- Assembly Required: Yes
- Product Warranty: 3 Years
- Note from Local Manufacturer: Some components must be imported from overseas as they cannot be manufactured here in Australia.


Are store bought drain cleaners any good?
So you’re stuck with a clogged drain:
Chemical drain cleaners are very effective in fixing a typical hair-and-grease or toilet paper clog problem and are readily available in most stores, in solid or liquid form.
Well, before you head out to the store to buy a drain cleaner, it might be wise to learn about the effects of these products before you apply them:
Toxicity and damage: Store bought drain cleaners are potentially very damaging to your plumbing system. These solutions rely on harsh chemicals in order to dissolve the obstruction. Drain cleaners contain unhealthy materials like acid, caustic and basic solvents, and often poisons such as bleach, lye, peroxides, potash and nitrates.
As a result of their chemical nature, these products are almost guaranteed to do some degree of damage to most pipes. Metal based plumbing systems can suffer because of the corrosive nature of these products, PVC pipes can be warped by the heat that is generated from the chemical reaction.
Effectiveness: Chemical drain cleaners tend to be very effective indeed. So effective (read: corrosive), that once a small area of the clog is dissolved, the rest of the solution tends to just flow past the rest of the problem area. Meaning that a large part of the obstruction is not treated and thus remains there.
Also, while drain cleaners are effective at clearing organic matter close to the drain opening, they are less useful at getting rid of solid obstructions and clogs located further down the drain pipe.
Safety risks: Drain cleaners are among the most hazardous publicly available household products. Because of their chemical nature, these products can be extremely hazardous to your health. You risk serious injuries if the solution comes into contact with your eyes, skin, lungs, and also clothing and various household materials such as wood, paint and aluminum. There is also a risk of explosion if the solution comes into contact with other chemical products that might possibly have been previously used in your pipes.
All in all, if you have a clogged drain, don’t make a beeline for the store just yet. Try to exhaust all your other options before you consider using store bought solutions. If a plunger doesn’t help, then see if you can open the drain and try cleaning it out by hand , if you have the budget, call in a professional service.


This lotion may be applied daily to “break-outs”. It is formulated with 10% Benzoyl Peroxide, 5% Sulphur, fruit acids and vitamin E to give quick, lasting results. This formula has been proven to kill the P-Acnes germ. Benefits: Visible results in just days, Penetrates deep (into the source areas), Reduces blackheads, Dries up pimples and pustules, Heals blemishes quickly, Controls excessive oil, For face, shoulders and back, Pharmaceutical grade ingredients, Natural Barbadensis Aloe Vera.
Application: Apply a small amount with a Q-tip to affected areas 1-2 times a day. Discontinue if irritation occurs. AVOID EYE AREA.


Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-04-13 Origin: Site
In hot summer, whether it is outdoors or at home, a lightweight plastic sports water bottle is more popular with consumers. So there’s no wonder that they’re such big business in the water bottle market. Most sports water bottles are made of plastic. Compared with other materials, plastic products have the advantages of low cost and strong plasticity. Due to the strong market demand, plastic has become the second-largest material for water bottles in our factory. Plastics have different properties and are therefore also used to make different types of sports water bottles. This article will introduce the characteristics of several plastic materials commonly used in our factory in detail.
1. PP (Polypropylene)
PP is food-grade plastic, BPA-free, and FDA/LFGB tested. High impact resistance, temperature resistance up to 100°C, dishwasher and microwave oven safe. But it is restricted in some countries that ban plastic. Compared with other plastic, PP products have poor permeability, and the surface will have a matte feeling. Therefore, its price is also relatively low than others. It can be used to make sports bottles, plastic coffee tumblers, lunch boxes, injection-molded lids, accessories, etc.
Tritan is BPA-free and FDA/LFGB tested. It is the safest and healthiest plastic material at present, and it is also the designated material for baby bottles in Europe and America. It is the most used material in the BPA-free bottles exported by our company, and the price is also the most expensive among plastic materials. It is easy to process and can be processed by various methods such as injection molding, blow molding, injection stretch blowing, etc. Generally speaking, molds that can be normally produced with PC can be produced with Tritan without modification. Tritan material is widely used in various space cups, sports bottles, children’s bottles, coffee bottles, transparent accessories, etc.
Both Tritan and SK are made of high-temperature-resistant plastic with high safety. Its overall performance is close to Tritan, and its price is lower than Tritan. It is often used in low-end temperature-resistant plastic bottles. The highest standard SK material can also pass the FDA/LFGB test, with a temperature resistance of 100°C.
4. Petg (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol)
PETG is a low-temperature material. Obviously, PETG is not heat-resistant, and the heat distortion temperature is 65-70 °C. PETG has the same permeability as Tritan and is often used in sports water bottles for cold water. Due to the extrusion blow molding process, the thickness of this bottle will be relatively thin, about 0.5mm (the thickness of conventional sports bottles is about 1.2-1.5mm), so the resistance to falling is poor.
AS is a medium-grade material, and the unit price of the material is low. It has excellent light transmittance and blue background, but its impact resistance is poor and easy to scratch. And can not withstand high temperatures, the maximum temperature resistance is 80℃. AS material is often used in single/double-layer straw cups, coffee cups, cold drink cups, tea infusers, accessories, etc.
The following table lists 9 common plastic materials and compares them in terms of appearance, drop resistance, heat resistance, and safety and so on.
Conclusion: Tritan is the first choice for plastic bottles, especially children’s water bottles must be made of tritan to ensure that they have passed various American and European standards. The lids and plastic tumblers are mainly made of PP material. Moreover, the seasonal cold drink bottles are generally made of AS material, and the popular motivational gallon bottles in recent years are usually made of PETG.


All surgeries carry a risk of bacterial infection. These surgical site infections (SSIs) represent a serious health risk to patients as they can result in increased physiological stress, prolonged hospitalization and an increased chance of morbidity. This is why the BoneFix project will include an antibacterial hydrogel, which will be applied as a top coating over the fixation patch, to protect the patient from surgical site infections. The research team at KTH have recently completed the formulation of this hydrogel, which includes cationically charged dendritic-linear-dendritic polymers. The high concentration of cationic charges on these polymers allows them to kill bacteria by disrupting their negatively charged cell membranes. Importantly, this mode of antibacterial action does not require the use of antibiotics; therefore, the use of these polymers will not contribute to the growing threat of emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria strains.
In addition to cationic charges, the dendritic-linear-dendritic polymers contain allyl functional groups, allowing for their curing with thiol crosslinking polymers through thiol-ene coupling chemistry. The hydrogel solution is simply applied to the top of the fixation patch and cured with the same high-energy visible light emitting lamp that is used to cure the fixation patch and bone scaffold hydrogel technologies of BoneFix. The use of thiol-ene coupling chemistry to cure all three of the BoneFix domains will allow surgeons to efficiently and simply make bone restoration patches without needing to master multiple curing techniques.
The team at KTH looks forward to demonstrating the antibacterial hydrogel together with the other BoneFix domains on various bone fractures later in the project. KTH and the consortium partner Biomedical Bonding AB are also developing prototype product kits for the delivery and application of the hydrogel.


The plastic material of the ear cups contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including chrysene (measured value: up to 12.7 mg/kg) and benz(a)anthracene (measured value 6.7 mg/kg). These PAHs are carcinogenic. A person could be exposed if the product comes into direct and prolonged or repetitive contact with the skin.
The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
Measures ordered by public authorities (to: Retailer): Other
If you have these it is recommended you stop using them, and return them if possible.


ICL produces, supplies and inspects heat-resistant gaskets, seals and insulation material.
The core of ICL’s business activities comprises the manufacture of heat-resistant gaskets in all possible thicknesses and qualities. In many cases, Kerasil 325® plays an important role. This is a high-temperature-resistant material based on fibre paper and silicones. Apart from Kerasil 325®, other base materials are used such as safe materials, vermiculite, stainless steel foil, graphite, rubber, felt, etc.
Customers are leading companies in fields that include appliance manufacturing and the steel industry. Manufacturers of central heating boilers, heaters, gas cookers and air heating equipment form a particularly important group of buyers..
ICL is active worldwide.


Dentists have been drilling and filling for decades, but what if one molecule could end this practice for good? Scientists have created a peptide with antimicrobial and remineralizing properties to help prevent and maybe even reverse tooth decay.
Read more on DrBicuspid.com
Title: Is this molecule the future of caries treatment?
Sourced From: www.drbicuspid.com/redirect/redirect.aspx?itemid=325846&wf=33
Published Date: Fri, 31 Jan 2020 07:00:00 GMT


Protein is a necessary building block for muscle tissue. In actual fact the human muscle cell is made up for largely simple protein fragments called amino acids. Amino acids are molecules which can be arranged to make varied types of protein molecules. Protein is a generic time period that means an arrangement of those amino acids, certain together. The body could make any form of protein it needs out of amino acids, nevertheless it needs a strong pool in which to gather the necessary amino acid fragments. Proteins from the diet provide the body with these essential and non-essential amino acids, which are broken down within the stomach and then rearranged at a cellular level to create proteins needed for mobile and muscle growth.
All protein is not the same however. Each protein type has its personal amino acid make up and quality. Meaning, that completely different quantities of the 22 amino acids make up every protein type. This is necessary because the standard of the protein largely is dependent upon its amino acid make up. High quality proteins like Whey, Egg, Casein and Genus protein are perfect for the bodybuilder while different varieties similar to Soy and Collagen are largely shunned by the bodybuilding group because of their poor amino acid profile.
How much protein a bodybuilder needs relies on the quantity of activity and if the bodybuilder is taking supplements that may benefit from additional protein like the assorted “andro” products on the market. Supplements like andro will assist pace up protein synthesis which would require even more protein than typical when understanding heavily.
This of course is why individuals call “andro” the king of all supplements. Still, if andro is the king, then protein makes up the subjects. You can’t build muscle with out it. Protein is the single most necessary facet of supplementing for the bodybuilder. Choosing a high high quality protein is of the utmost significance as is getting enough protein in the diet.
Even probably the most novice bodybuilder ought to be taking in roughly 3/4 of a gram of protein per pound of body Weight Gainer. This means a median male should take in about 120g per day. Protein within the eating regimen can come from quite a lot of sources like meat, fish, eggs and beans.
Meats like, chicken, beef and pork comprise about 7-10 grams of protein per ounce. The leaner the meat, the more the protein content. Eggs comprise about 6g of protein per egg, which means you’d need to eat a 5 egg breakfast to get 30g of protein in your diet. A typical 8oz flank steak with 7g of protein will net you about 56g of protein and a 6oz chicken breast offers you 42g of protein. Consuming a food regimen like this every day will give the novice bodybuilder about 120g of protein per day.
If you’re seeking to supercharge your beneficial properties and are following a strict workout program, then it would be best to get more like one hundred seventy-190g of protein in the food plan per day. Additionally, in case you are taking a supplement like andro, which puts your body into a hyper growth state, then that magic number will be as high as 250g of protein per day to hit your peak muscle building requirements. With numbers like this, a regular weight loss program is not going to work. Most people just do not wish to eat 10 eggs for breakfast, 2 steaks at lunch and three chicken breasts for dinner. That is why they turn to protein supplements within the form of a protein shake.
Protein shakes are available a wide variety of flavors, making them a much more take pleasure inable than in years past. There are types of shakes available on the market: MRP and Protein Shakes. MRP is a “meal replacement” which accommodates fats and usually a carbohydrate source. I don’t find these to be good at all because they use awful carbohydrates like maltodextrin. Protein shakes often have less than 5g of carbohydrate per serving and anyplace from 20-25g of protein per scoop. This makes getting the almost 200g of protein per day for an advanced bodybuilder much easier. The shakes are often tasty and are far more convenient than other protein sources like meat or eggs.
There are various forms of protein in a normal shake however there are really 5 primary types of protein you’ll find bodybuilders using. They each have their advantages and disadvantages although some are better than others.
Whey protein concentrate, from milk, is probably the most extensively used protein source. It’s high in the branched chain amino acids which are essential for building muscle and probably the key factor in why whey protein is so good at building mass. Whey is the standard by which all other protein is judged. Some whey solely products can comprise an excessive amount of lactose although, making it very hard to digest and inflicting uncomfortable bloating.
Casein is one other protein from milk. The casein claim to fame is that it takes longer to digest in the stomach. This is good for a night time protein, since it’s going to feed the muscle throughout a protracted sleep. Casein has been shown to be slightly inferior to whey in its muscle building ability.
Egg protein is the usual by which all other protein is judged. Egg protein is very costly, which makes getting a hundred% pure egg protein powerful to find. It is vitally easy to digest and has a very good bio-availability but its amino acid profile isn’t as impressive as whey.
Genus protein is from the yellow pea, making it a vegetable based protein. It is far completely different from most protein sources because it is highest in Glutaine and Arginine, making it an important protein to stack with whey. Genus protein is the best to digest and has a really low fat content, making it the most effective proteins to use in a mix with whey. It tastes great and is a really high quality protein.
Soy protein will not be an entire protein and most bodybuilders keep away from it due to the estrogenic flavones in soybeans. These estrogenic hormonal agents can act like estrogen in the body. Estrogen is the female hormone and reduces muscle density and makes you fat.
Hemp protein is so lousy tasting that I can not stomach ingesting enough to know whether it is good at building muscle. If in case you have an iron gut and you do not thoughts consuming something that tastes like pond water combined with backyard soil, go for it.
The actually best protein shake I really feel is a combination of Genus protein and Whey protein. These give a a lot better digestibility factor than straight whey and in addition perfectly balance each other in amino acids that matter to the bodybuilder. Whey incorporates high amounts of branched chain amino acids and Genus protein comprises high quantities of Glutamine and Arginine. Mixing these two makes for a killer combination.


The Evolve is a leader material, which is made by individual fluorocarbon strands that are woven together. The material has been through a revolutionary manufacturing process of braiding together single strands of fluorocarbon, making it easy to splice and giving it some truly unique properties. The process has resulted in it being incredibly supple, heavy, and highly abrasion resistant. Unlike any other braided leader material, the Evolve leader can stretch up to 25% - making it very forgiving whilst playing fish under the rod tip and reducing hook pulls. Available in Weedy Green and Camou Brown, and both 10M and 20M Spools.
Weedy Green 10 Meters - TAS1767
Weedy Green 20 Meters - TAS1725
Camou Brown 10 Meters - TAS1768
Camou Brown 20 Meters - TAS1726


Media Line: if you're a member of the media and would like to speak with us regarding a news story, please call us at 314-342-3300.
October 30, 2014
ST. LOUIS (October 30, 2014) – When setting back the clock this weekend, take the extra time to change the batteries in your carbon monoxide detector. While many detectors plug into the wall, most have a battery backup. When carbon monoxide builds in an enclosed space, the results can be life threatening. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, invisible gas so it can be difficult to know when it is present.
“Laclede Gas responds to every call of carbon monoxide but this time of the year, we see these calls spike as customers turn on their furnaces. While properly working gas appliances are safe, your first line of defense against carbon monoxide is early detection including annual appliance inspections and working CO detectors,” said Tim Goodson, director of safety for Laclede Gas. “Change the batteries and test the detector now using the manufacturer’s instructions.”
Don’t have a CO detector? Now is the time to get one. Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete burning of fuel. These fuel sources are often used in the winter including furnaces, portable generators, stoves, lanterns, gas ranges, vehicles or burning charcoal or wood.
Know the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning:
If you have these symptoms, go outside to fresh air and call your local fire department immediately.
Easy Tips to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning:
For more safety tips visit, LacledeGas.com/safety.
Laclede Gas Media Line
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Imagine a molecule that holds the key to unlocking our bodies' remarkable ability to repair, rejuvenate, and potentially extend our lifespan. That molecule is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a vital player in cellular processes that govern our health and well-being.
What is NAD?
NAD, a coenzyme, acts like a helper molecule for enzymes, the tiny workers that carry out countless tasks in our cells. Its name reflects its two components: nicotinamide, derived from vitamin B3, and adenine dinucleotide, a common building block in cells.
NAD's Crucial Roles in Cellular Processes
NAD plays a central role in various cellular processes that are essential for life:
- DNA Repair: NAD is a key player in repairing damaged DNA, protecting our cells from the harmful effects of free radicals and mutations that can lead to aging and disease.
- Metabolism: NAD is crucial for converting food into energy, providing the fuel our cells need for various functions.
- Cellular Communication: NAD facilitates communication between cells, ensuring they can coordinate their activities and maintain healthy functioning.
- Hormonal Regulation: NAD influences the production and function of hormones, which play a vital role in regulating our metabolism, stress response, and other bodily processes.
How NAD Levels Affect Longevity
As we age, NAD levels in our bodies naturally decline. This decline can impair cellular function, leading to an increased risk of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and heart disease.
The Impact of Fasting on NAD Levels
Fasting, a dietary practice that involves abstaining from food for a period, has been shown to have a significant impact on NAD levels. Studies have demonstrated that fasting triggers a process called autophagy, which involves the cellular recycling of damaged components. This process can lead to an increase in NAD levels, promoting cellular repair and rejuvenation.
Delving into Autophagy: The Cellular Recycling Process
Autophagy, a Greek term meaning "self-eating," is a natural cellular process that involves the breakdown and recycling of damaged or dysfunctional components within cells. This process plays a crucial role in removing cellular waste, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and promoting longevity.
During autophagy, cells engulf and digest damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and other cellular debris. This process helps to prevent the accumulation of these harmful substances, which can contribute to aging and disease. Autophagy also plays a role in cellular renewal and regeneration, allowing cells to replace damaged components and maintain their youthful vigor.
Fasting and Autophagy: A Synergistic Relationship
Fasting has been shown to induce autophagy, leading to increased NAD levels and cellular rejuvenation. During fasting, the body shifts its energy source from glucose derived from food to ketone bodies produced from stored fat. This metabolic switch stimulates the production of autophagy proteins, initiating the cellular recycling process.
Autophagy also plays a role in protecting cells from damage caused by oxidative stress, a process that generates harmful free radicals that can damage DNA and proteins. By promoting autophagy, fasting helps to counteract the effects of oxidative stress, further enhancing NAD levels and promoting cellular health.
Autophagy and Longevity: A Promising Link
The activation of autophagy through fasting and other interventions is a promising strategy for promoting longevity. By supporting cellular repair and renewal, autophagy may help to prevent age-related diseases and extend our healthy lifespan.
As research continues to explore the mechanisms of autophagy and its relationship to NAD, we may uncover more ways to harness this process to enhance our overall well-being and unlock the true potential of human longevity.
The Connection Between NAD and Longevity
The maintenance of healthy NAD levels is crucial for longevity. By enhancing NAD production, fasting may potentially extend our lifespan by protecting our cells from damage and promoting cellular regeneration.
Conclusion: NAD and the Quest for Longevity
NAD is a fascinating molecule with profound implications for our health and longevity. By understanding its role in cellular processes and exploring strategies to maintain or boost NAD levels, we may be able to unlock new avenues for maintaining youthfulness and extending our healthy lifespan. As research continues to unravel the mysteries of NAD, we may one day harness its power to live longer, healthier, and more fulfilling lives.


World over as economies grow and companies strengthen in numbers, the demand of maintaining a clean workspace too also grows. Powerful Cleaning LLC understands and is prepared to meet today’s corporate and residential cleaning demands.
With this growing demand, the production and consumption of cleaning solvents and chemicals have tripled. Manufacturers of such cleaning products restored to quicker ways of developing such cleaning products by turning to chemicals that require less preparation and procurement.
However, the scientific world soon discovered that the wastage resulting from such cleaning products is proving to be a great harm for us & our environment.
Chemicals being used to clean offices & homes were being dumped into our oceans and buried deep within our earth. Both of which lay waste to our natural resources.
Professional Cleaning LLC has taken special care and training our staff to head to warnings by the scientific community and the warnings of planet Earth. We have ensured that we use only “Green” chemicals that have been manufactured and will be disposed in a manner that will not harm our eco-system in any way.
We combine eco-friendly cleaning products, equipment, procedures & training necessary to provide our clients with a clean, healthy & productive environment.
We partner with you to create a customized green cleaning program to meet your specific cleaning requirements.
This Green Cleaning Program begs the service provider (us) consider the cleaning solutions, products & equipment used in the cleaning of your office or residential space including: paper products, vacuum cleaners, floor machines, carpet extractors, entryway mats, etc.
Our Green Cleaning Program Includes:
- Facility specific green cleaning program created specifically for your facility which ensures our staff have sufficient time and work in a systemized manner to achieve a consistently excellent clean.
- Non-toxic, biodegradable certified cleaning products to minimize the impact on human health and the environment.
- HEPA filter vacuum cleaners and floor equipment that decrease dust, lower noise emissions, energy usage, and cleaning solution waste, improving the working environment for all of your employees.
- Dedicated Recycling programs.
- Color coded microfiber cleaning products to eliminate any risk of cross infection.
- Post-Consumer recycled paper/sanitary products & Green cleaning training programs


You can take steps to prevent tooth decay. One great way to prevent tooth decay is to receive topical fluoride treatments to help strengthen your teeth. Fluoride treatments can be administered during normal visits to Gateway Oaks Dental. This fluoride treatment is quick and painless, taking just a few minutes. There is minimal inconvenience, and the fluoride treatment is comfortable and easy. Professional fluoride is available in the form of a gel, foam, or varnish.
Your drinking water supply may also contain fluoride that promotes healthy teeth, and many foods contain fluoride as well. Your dentist can help determine the level of fluoride in your drinking water, and we can supply fluoride supplements if necessary. Our dentists also recommend that you use fluoridated toothpaste for extra protection.
Fluoride is a naturally found mineral that helps to protect your teeth from decay by rebuilding and remineralizing the enamel layer of the tooth as it is attacked and broken down throughout the day by acids, bacteria, sugars, and foods. By maintaining a good supply of fluoride in your diet, water intake, and toothpaste, you can help to prevent cavities and tooth decay. You can also receive fluoride through mouthwashes and other supplements.
For more information on the benefits of fluoride in Sacramento, California, and to learn how you can prevent decay, we invite you to contact us today at 916-649-0249 and schedule an appointment with Dr. Hoang Truong.


Engineering360 – IEEE – The Importance of Containment in Soda Blasting Jun 2018
IEEE Global Specs mentions ZipWall® barriers as a type of containment enclosures for portable blasting. Excerpts:
“Abrasive blasting is a widely used method for removing surface contaminants, encompassing a variety of abrasive blast media — from highly abrasive (e.g., garnet) to moderately abrasive (e.g., crushed glass) to mildly abrasive (e.g., baking soda). Because all types of blasting involve forcibly propelling media under high pressure against whatever surface (substrate) is being cleaned, all types of blasting create some level of airborne particulate dust — and, as a result, the need for some level of containment during the blasting process.”
“The most important consideration with regard to particulate dust is its level of toxicity, which depends upon three interdependent factors: the substrate being blasted, the contaminants being removed and the type of blast media used. Substrates such as concrete and sandstone masonry, for instance, are partially comprised of toxic materials; the more abrasive the blast media, the more toxic substrate is forced into the air in the form of dust during blasting. The same holds true for the toxic contaminants being removed, such as paint chips and many types of coatings.”
“Portable blasting: Portable blasting is made possible by a piece of equipment known as a blast pot … enclosures such as vinyl tarps, heat-shrinkable plastic sheets, reusable fabric ZipWall® products and others can be built around the work area to provide containment.”
Read the full article on insights.globalspec.com.


Swiss Water Decaf Filter MEXICO
£7.75 – £27.00
A Chemical free decaf coffee from Mexico…
Grown in the Pluma Hidalgo sub-region, home to it’s own variety, Pluma.
Pluma farming has shifted primarily into the hands of smallholders who provide the care and attention these plants have needed out of sheer necessity of their own farms survival. With their perseverance has come great reward: beautiful, high-grown coffees with dynamic and captivating flavour profiles.
Region: Costa and Sierra Sur
Altitude: 1500-2200 MASL
Process: Tradition pulping and washing
Caffeine Removal: Swiss Water Process
Tasting Notes: Caramel, Dark Chocolate, Guava, Marzipan
To prepare the beans for caffeine removal, they are cleaned and hydrated with pure, local water, the beans are then introduced to an internally developed Green Coffee Extract (GCE), and caffeine removal begins. Caffeine ventures out on its own, away from the coffee beans into the GCE until the ratio of soluble compounds in the GCE to the compounds in the coffee reach the point of equilibrium. Caffeine and GCE flow continuously through carbon filters until all the caffeine is trapped and separated from the GCE, which is refreshed so that it can be used again and again to remove more caffeine. The process is monitored for around 10 hours and caffeine levels checked as well as time, and gauge temperature controls, until the coffee is 99.9% caffeine free.


Anvarol over Anavar!
Anavar also known as Oxandrolone hormone is one of the most popular oral anabolic steroid with significant benefits in therapeutic aspect, performance enhancement and body fat cutting. Anavar is essentially a dihydrotestosterone hormone that has been structurally altered. Similar to every other anabolic steroid Anavar poses various threats to your body, including, Androgenic, cardiovascular, Testosterone and hepatoxic threats.
Due to these threats posed by Anavar to your health, like other anabolic steroids FDA has issued a ban on direct usage of Anavar.
Anvarol by Crazybulk, on the other hand uses a very fine blend of 100% natural ingredients to duplicate the benefits of Anavar without leaving you with any sorts of health risk. Anvarol retains all benefits in terms of therapeutic usage, performance enhancement and body fat cutting. The completely natural and herbal ingredients used in Anvarol makes it absolutely side effects free and certainly legal. Anvarol is manufactured in FDA approved facilities, making it free from any sorts of ban and readily available without any prescription.
The reasons why you should avoid Anavar needs to be brought into focus before any further discussion. It is only when you have known the damages of Anavar, will you be able to appreciate and value the existence of Anvarol.
Adverse Side Effects:
Cardiovascular: Cardiovascular troubles are the most prominent and disturbing side effects of extensive Anavar usage. Anavar critically tampers with the cholesterol levels of your body. Oxandrolone hormone reduces HDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL cholesterol levels by almost 50% and 30% respectively, leaving you at the risk of heart diseases, high blood pressure and heart attacks.
Hepatoxicity: Anavar is very difficult on your liver. A potential toxic threat is what it is. Extensive usage of Anavar will significantly increase your liver enzyme values. Liver damage is a very common issue that comes alongwith the administration of Anavar into your body.
Issues encompassing Testosterone levels: Anavar will suppress the natural production of testosterone in your body. Though the steroid provides free testosterone on its own, still a reduced levels of testosterone production will bring about certain difficulties, including shrinkage of testicles, loss of libido, loss of bone density, fatigue, decreased sperm count and erectile dysfunction.
Less severe side effects:
- Loss of hair
- Virilization in women
- Kidney damage
- Behavioral changes and anger issues
- Body swelling
- Skin problems
Anvarol: A potent and natural alternative to Anavar
For long you have been tempted by the finely defined vascularity, a lean cut physique with a hard and enduring muscular look and a punch of strength to spearhead your workout sessions with ease. But never have you been able to achieve any of it. Well could but you had to use anabolic steroids for it, and you have always been wary of the threats posed by these anabolic steroids.
Well friend, your wait is at its end, because now you have the option to Anvarol, all you have to do, is simply choose it. Anvarol is in line to Crazybulk's series of natural mimic steroid supplements. Anvarol like other products by crazybulk finely mimics the effects of Anavar ( it's no coincidence that the product spells so similar to Anavar) minus the side effects, to present you with a safer alternative.
Anvarol packs in several benefits into a single capsule by using a fine blend of 100% natural ingredients. Each ingredient strives to replicate a particular benefit of Anavar. Potent and natural attributes of these ingredients make them astonishingly free of side effects. You simply get the best, minus the worst of Anavar.
These natural ingredients used are generally herbal ingredients or common medicinal ingredients which have plenty of other beneficial traits as well. Hence, Anvarol and other products by Crazybulk not only mimics the benefits of their counterpart anabolic steroids but also promote a general well being of your body and mind.
Side effects are a question afar. Anvarol and the other products by crazybulk will not only deliver you bodybuilding benefits but heal your body at rudimentary levels.
Anvarol retains the impact and effectiveness
Using natural ingredients doesn't make Anvarol any less impressive. As far as bodybuilding benefits are concerned they are still every bit powerful and effective.
Anvarol is a champion supplement for cutting, it also works pretty well for strength packing and performance enhancing and decent in off-season bulking. Anvarol with its benefits is every bit effective to its anabolic counterpart Anavar.
Anvarol promotes a speedy fat burning by not just enhanced metabolism but by promoting direct lipolysis . It increases RBC count to conjure a speedy recovery and muscle durability, it yields a higher level of free testosterone in your body to simulate an anabolic atmosphere where the benefits of other supplements will be enhanced as well.
The therapeutic advantages of Anvarol are truly noteworthy, it increases bone density to structure healthy and strong bones and aid relief to joint pains. Anvarol will trigger growth hormone in general.
Though muscle gaining and bulking effects are not very significant but as it mimics an anabolic steroid it has the basic trait of nitrogen retention which will promote an efficient growth of muscle mass and speedy recovery. Though the effects won't be as fast and steep as few other crazybulk bulking supplements, but will gain more with it than without it.
The muscle gained is mainly lean muscle tissue, and suppression of glucocorticoid hormones will avoid muscle wasting as well. Hence the muscle gained with Anvarol is very slow gain but a quality gain and long lasting.
Anvarol will improve your cardiovascular endurance as well which is a huge bonus when it comes to performance enhancement and hence will be enjoyed by many athletes. Anvarol will have a significant punch to your strength gain, rate of recovery and muscle endurance
- Premium cutting, superior strength and enhanced performance
- Abundance power and strength
- Cremate internal and under the skin Fat
- Safeguard lean muscle tissues while cutting
- Rich with muscle hardness and density
- Greater bone density
- Improved cardiovascular health
- Upgraded vascularity
- Safe and Legal
- 100% natural ingredients
- No side effects
- No needles
- No prescription required
- Buy 2 and Get 1 free
- Fast results within 30 days
- Free world wide delivery
|Ingredients||Substance||Benefits||Other notable applications|
|Soy Protein Isolate||An isolated protein form of soybeans. It is the complete protein rich in essential amino acids||Promotes muscle growth and repair. Improved overall muscle health.||Improves bone health, Reduces the risk of bone cancer, Increases nutrient efficiency, Keeps cholesterol levels in check, Reduces risk of colon, breast and prostate cancer, Reduces risk of osteoporosis, speedy muscle recovery, Reduces muscle inflammation,|
|Whey Protein Concentrate||A byproduct of cheese production||Muscle tissue growth, repair and maintenance.||Energy and strength boost.|
|BCAA||Branched Chain Amino Acids.||Increase protein synthesis, Promote fat loss,||Hormone balance during intense training, Strength building, Increased endurance and decreased fatigue, Reduce chances of diabetes, Increase longevity of muscles, Treat liver disorders.|
|Wild Yam Root||
A plant originally grown in North and Central America and commonly known as "Yam" and "colic Root" is the forefather of DHEA.
|Increases production of testosterone and estrogen. A higer rate of testosterone productions lubricates your muscle building efforts and nurtures an efficient fat burning.||It was used as a medicinal herb by the Mayans and Aztecs. Is very effective in relieving spasm of involuntary muscles. Also effective in cases of Osteoporosis, Menstrual pains, Rheumatoid arthritis.|
|ATP||Adenosine Triphosphate known as the energy currency of the cell. The storehouse of energy. ATP in human biology is root level of energy production. This is a molecule which stores and utilizes energy at the very rudimentary level of your being.||An energy reservoir for your body.||Will help to reduce fatigue|
The ingredients are so beautifully handpicked that they not only excel in replicating the benefits of Anavar without its side effects but also improves you general health by safeguarding many other aspects of your body.
For an instance Anavar has a very severe effect on cholesterol levels, putting you in the high blood pressure zone. Anvarol on the other hand not only eliminates this side effects but with the inclusion of Soy Protein Isolate as one of its ingredient helps to balance your cholesterol levels and keep your blood pressure within normal limits.
Further, Hepatoxic Anavar is a threat to your liver. Anvarol however with its natural ingredients is smooth and easy on your liver. Anvarol is not only liver-friendly but also with essential BCAAs acting as its active ingredients, it will improve your liver health and treat a wide range of liver disorders.
A Therapeutic Agent: It is very beneficial in post surgery and post disease treatment weight gain. Anvarol will increase your bone density and pose relief to joint pains and treat corticosteroids and osteoporosis. Anvarol pulls up the level of growth hormone promoting your general health. Being a therapeutic brilliance Anvarol can treat a plenty of other health disorders like, hepatitis, Chronic fatigue syndrome, colon, breast and prostate cancer, muscle inflammation, diabetes, liver disorders, Rheumatoid arthritis and Menstrual cramps.
Superior Fat burner: Each ingredient of Anvarol adds a fat burning effect to the capsule, creating a direct lipolysis like effect. Anvarol will also reduce thyroid-binding globulin, as well as increase thyroxine-binding prealbumin to further enhance this benefit.
Increased nitrogen retention: A huge chunk of your muscle mass contains nitrogen, hence retaining greater deal of nitrogen will keep you more anabolic like, preserve the quality of your muscle for a greater duration and trigger a fast recovery of your muscle tissues.
No aromatization: Aromatizing has a very deadly effect on muscles. Muscle loss through burning of muscle by aromatization is often a huge issue with other anabolic steroids. Anvarol on the other had cuts short on aromatization, leading to longer perseverance of muscles through a completely toned down level of muscle burning.
Increased protein synthesis: A better protein synthesis means an effective breaking down of proteins into its simpler forms, resulting into a speedy muscle growth, muscle gain and muscle recovery.
High metabolism rate: This will help you burn your fat more effectively. Your stored fat gets burned down into energy, consequently you get leaner muscles by burning down of fat and an energy boost for a heavy weight training through conversion of fat to energy. A high metabolism rate also allows you to maintain a high calorie diet, whilst maintaining a constant gain yet low fat levels.
Increased R.B.C count: With a larger count of oxygen in your blood, your blood vessels will be running with oxygen rich blood 24 / 7. Blood vessels running through your muscles carrying oxygen rich blood will keep your muscles well nourished and make them stronger. This will help you sustain an intense workout session and render you considerable less fatigued post workout. A higher count of RBC will increase the oxidation rate in your blood as well, which will mean an energy power up.
Greater Bone density: Strong and healthy bones are the essentials to a strong and healthy body. Dense and enduring bones will help you power lift and sustain a rigorous workout regime. Finally your bone structure determines the shape of your physique, it is one these bones that muscles grow to add the final touch to your physique. A scrawny bones structure will never hold up to deliver a physique that will be considered aesthetically perfect. Hence a well maintained bone structure will deliver you with the physique that every bodybuilder aspires to have.
Reduced water retention: This is another issue with many other anabolic steroids. Anvarol reduces water retention to prevent you from bloating. excessive water retention adds false weight to your body. Water retention gives you a bulking which is not by healthy muscle tissue growth but by unnatural bloating. Hence, the purity of your mass gain remains high with a reduced water retention.
A controlled production of glucocorticoid hormones: : The hormones have an affinity to promote fat gain and destroy muscles. These hormones are also known as stress hormones, as they promote a mental well-being; consequent to which the production of these hormones remain to be a must for your body. Anvarol however, keeps a control on the production of these hormones, by never allowing an abundant production. This particular trait of Anvarol is very beneficial during the bulking phase, as you will be allowed to have a high calorie diet without the fear of fat gain and muscle burn. This trait of Anvarol compliments the trait of high metabolism very effectively.
A performance enhancer: With its therapeutic benefits, increased RBC count, a superior nitrogen retention and high levels of free testosterone will provide you strong and enduring muscles, high strength and stamina and accelerated energy. Anvarol your upgrade the quality of your performance.
Cost effective: Comes at only $54.99 per bottle, that will last you a month. And for every 2nd product the 3rd one being absolutely free. Anvarol is extremely cost efficient and way cheaper to its anabolic counterpart Anavar.
Easy to use: No injection, No needles. Crazybulk has packed in the benefits of Anavar into optimum simplicity - A singular capsule!
Safe and natural: With 100% natural ingredients Anvarol is completely safe and renders you with no side effects whatsoever.
Legal and No prescriptions required: Anvarol has all natural ingredients and no banned ingredients. Hence, it is totally legal and is readily available to you even without prescriptions.
Free worldwide Delivery
Rapid results within 30 days
How to Use
- 3 capsules Per day
- 30 capsules per bottle
- 3 capsules with water approx. 15 minutes after your workout
- Use minimum for 2 months, further extend with 1.5 weeks off.
Anvarol the champion legal supplement for mass cutting and fat burning with the added therapeutic and performance enhancement benefits Completely Safe & Natural. 100% legal.
No needles. No prescription. Free worldwide delivery. Buy 2 and get 1 free!
@ only $54.99
Completely Safe & Natural. 100% legal. No needles. No prescription. Free worldwide delivery. Buy 2 and get 1 free!


Researchers from the University of Valle de Atemajac in Zapopan, Mexico have created a biodegradable plastic from the juice of the prickly pear cactus.
The new material begins to break down after sitting in the soil for a month and when left in water, it breaks down in a matter of days. Plus, it doesn’t require crude oil like traditional plastics.
“There were some publications that spoke of different materials with which biodegradable plastics could be made, including some plants,” Sandra Pascoe Ortiz, the research professor who developed the material, told Forbes.
“In this case the nopal cactus has certain chemical characteristics with which I thought it could be feasible to obtain a polymer, that if it was combined with some other substances, all of them natural, a non-toxic biodegradable plastic would be obtained. The process is a mixture of compounds whose base is the nopal. It’s totally non-toxic, all the materials we use could be ingested both by animals or humans and they wouldn’t cause any harm.”
This means that even if any of this material made its way into the ocean, it will safely dissolve. It’s estimated that between 1.15 million to 2.41 million tonnes of plastic are entering the ocean each year from rivers. Last month, divers found a plastic KFC bag from the 1970s during an ocean clean-up off the waters off Bulcock Beach in Queensland, Australia and earlier this year, during a dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench – the deepest point in the ocean – a plastic bag was found.
According to Ortiz, the project was born in a science Fair of the Department of Exact Sciences and Engineering, in the chemistry class with industrial engineering students of the career. They began to make some attempts to obtain a plastic using cactus as raw material.
“From that I decided to start a research project in a formal way. Currently in the project collaborate researchers from the University of Guadalajara in conjunction with the University of Valle de Atemajac.”
Continue on to Forbes to read the complete article.