There is a heated debate regarding terminology and differences between cannabis oil extracts. Rick Simpson Oil (RSO), whole plant medicine, and Full Extract Cannabis Oil (FECO); what is the difference and how can you benefit from using one over the other?
Let’s get one thing straight, FECO can always be RSO, but RSO is not always FECO. To understand this we need to first understand how RSO and FECO are made, what their applications are, and their key differences.
What are full extract cannabis oils?
To keep it as simple as possible, FECO products are the concentrated compounds of the cannabis plant. The cannabis flower and sometimes the leaves are used to make the oil extracts to allow patients to receive the maximum benefits from the entire cannabis plant.
How is cannabis oil made?
Each producer of cannabis oil has a different technique and extraction method. Depending on the extraction method, consistency in appearance and contents will vary. This is why the debate can get heated surrounding the names given to each cannabis oil.
Cannabis oil is made using a solvent to separate the plant matter from the cannabis or plant resin to create a hyper-concentration of cannabinoids. Depending on the solvent and strain used, and extraction method, you will produce a different product with varying degrees of cannabinoid and terpenoid potency.
How do cannabis oils work?
Because cannabis oils are made as a whole plant medicine they work naturally with the body’s endocannabinoid system. Cannabis oils work by saturating the endocannabinoid system with cannabinoids such as THC and CBD, among others, to promote homeostasis in the body.
Cannabis oils, unlike other cannabis concentrates, are taken orally (usually from a syringe) which makes them more bioavailable. What does that mean? Bioavailability is important when medicating with cannabis because it determines how much of the medicinal matter is getting absorbed, entering circulation directly after being introduced into the body, and able to have an active effect.
Why is RSO different from FECO
The traditional method of extracting the cannabis oil from the plant matter, as outlined by Rick Simpson, strips the oil of all of its terpenes while FECO products keep all cannabinoid and terpenoid properties. This is primarily due to the solvent used during extraction. If you follow Rick Simpson’s at home extraction methods, which we do not recommend for safety reasons, you won’t be getting a FECO product. Instead, you could be getting a product that includes residue and traces of the solvents.
Why should you care that all of the plant’s qualities remain intact? Contrary to what Rick Simpson believes, terpenes play a big role in how the plant interacts with your biochemistry and aids in amplifying the cannabis plant’s therapeutic value. Terpenes not only give the cannabis the aroma’s we experience but depending on the concentration of certain terpenes, your cannabis will make you feel very differently.
Terpenes: What Are They & Why We Love Them
Terpenes are the essential oil compounds that exist in all plant matter, making them non-exclusive to cannabis, but they play a big part in how we use medical cannabis. In the cannabis plant, terpenes are produced in the same glands that produce THC and CBD and make up part of the flower’s sticky resin. They are what give plants their aromatic diversity and why certain strains have such unique scent profiles that we have come to identify with. Each terpenoid is also attributed to the effects we love in every cannabis strain.
More cannabis doctors and nurses are looking to terpene profiles to incorporate into what they recommend to their patients to alleviate ailments. Like cannabinoids (THC and CBD), terpenes bind to receptors in the brain and produce a variety of effects. However, when combined with other other compounds, terpene effects may change in their presence. We call this the entourage effect which makes medicine more effective; not only in potency but in its ability to target specific pain points on patients. For example, the piney aroma we love from Jack Herer is caused by the presence of pinene. Pinene is the reason why Jack wakes you up and keeps you alert while its medicinal benefits are the key to treating inflammation and pain.
Extraction and Choice of Solvents
To make a FECO product, you have to choose a solvent that will help retain as many of the terpenoids, flavonoids, and cannabinoids as possible. Rick Simpson’s method calls for isopropyl alcohol, naphtha or petroleum ether which destroys all of the natural terpenes. Not to mention those solvents are considered harmful, are flammable, and in some cases can be neurotoxic. These solvents are also considered cancer hazards in their material safety data sheets (MSDS). Many producers that opt to go this route sometimes add terpenes to the extracted product, but because of the solvent used, only limited beneficial scent molecules.
A quality full extract cannabis oil (FECO) is typically produced with food-grade ethanol. This solvent has been proven to retain the most terpenoid and cannabinoid profiles.
Why is FECO considered RSO?
Rick Simpson Oil is a cannabis oil that was dubbed RSO because it was developed by Rick Simpson and users followed his methodology of medicating dosage and production. That simple. Because of the variations of how people produce it, including strain and solvent used, the color will vary making it hard to rule out anything as RSO. However, most people identify RSO with a black tar-like substance, but color can vary from a transparent amber color to the black tar everyone knows.
FECO is just a full extract alternative to traditional RSO. Same use with more potential because of the fact that the cannabinoid and terpenoid profiles remain intact.
Rick Simpson Oil & Full Extract Cannabis Oil: Which One is Better?
Everyone’s biochemistry is different, so we can’t fairly rule out anything. FECO will give you a whole plant effectiveness, but some may not take well to the specific strains used or terpene content within the medicine. Some may not like the taste of FECO as keeping the terpenes retains the earthy flavor of cannabis, so one may turn to a traditional RSO.
The best way to medicate is by consulting a cannabis nurse or doctor so that they can guide you in which products are best suited for you. Consuming products that are lab tested for potency and terpene profile is also a good way to tailor your medicine. Without lab tests, you won’t know what is truly in your medicine.
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Dow Microbial Control (Buffalo Grove, Ill.), a business group of The Dow Chemical Company, announced the launch of BIOBANTM 200 Antimicrobial, a low-VOC paint-film fungicide.
The product is designed for the protection of paint films against attack from molds and mildew, and also offers biocidal activity against bacteria and algae, the company says. The technology also is reported to provide broad-spectrum biocidal activity and can be used in exterior and interior applications.
The active ingredient in the product is 4, 5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, the company says.
Primarily formulated for use in water-based systems, the product can also be used in solvent-based systems depending on its compatibility with the final product and its packaging, the company says.
“BIOBAN 200 is the result of high-class formulation development and extensive performance testing,” said Claudinei Fava, senior technical service specialist, Dow Microbial Control.
“The formulation is based on the well-proven dispersion technology and patented active stabilization of ROCIMA™ 200 with negligible VOC contribution to the paint formulations (per analytical test methods currently used),” Fava said. “Therefore, BIOBAN 200 Antimicrobial is a good component for new generations of low-VOC, aqueous coatings.”
Celso Magri, global strategic marketing manager, paint and coatings, for Dow Microbial Control, said development of the product represents the company’s response to “evolving market needs, as well as the most stringent requirements in quality and regulatory compliance.”
More information: Dow Microbial Control.


If you are wanting to start your own simple living journey then the best place to start is by making your own cleaning products. I started with laundry liquid first, and once I was sure it would be just as effective as the store bought ones, I then experimented further. Basically any product that you buy from the supermarket to clean with, you can make at home yourself for a fraction of the price. My last batch of ten litres of laundry liquid cost just $3 to make and has lasted me for six months. It has no nasty chemicals and does an amazing job of cleaning the kids clothes....it also does not irritate my sensitive skin like some laundry liquids have done in the past, and my daughter's dermatitis is now non-existent.
I use the recipe from Down to Earth and thought I would include it in this post so you can see how easy it is to make!
1 cup of Lux soap flakes
1/2 cup washing soda
1/2 cup borax
1 1/2 litres of water
Add the above ingredients to a medium sized saucepan and heat, stirring, until all ingredients are dissolved.
Add 8 litres of water to a 10 litre bucket, pour in the hot soapy mixture and stir. The mixture will thicken into a gel as it cools, and you then place it into plastic containers for storage.
How easy is that? I bought the ingredients and it was a while before I got around to making it, so I kept my laundry liquid bottles to re-use, and for the rest I stored it in empty water bottles. You do need to give the liquid a shake before using as the mixture does separate, so leave some room in the top of the bottle to allow for this.
Once you have made this laundry liquid you can use it as a base for so many other cleaners. I use a watered down version with a few drops of eucalyptus oil as a spray for my benchtops. There are also home-made cleaners you can make using vinegar or bicarb soda as a base ingredient to clean anything from showers, toilets, floors, dishwashers etc. I made a few and did a road test of the cleaners on this post Homemade Cleaners Road Test.
I have also experimented with making homemade soap. It turned out okay, and is totally natural, but I found the oils quite expensive to buy...and we don't use alot of soap. My family prefer the shower gels, so I buy organic homemade soap from the markets and turn it into Home-made Shower Gel instead. I am still avoiding the chemicals, saving money (cost about 20% of store-bought product), and am adding to that reduction in my carbon footprint.
So, there are no hard and fast rules. You do what works for you...and experiment as you go along. Do you make any of your own cleaning products?


The Safety Issues around Canning Tomatoes and Tomato Products
I stopped in at CTV Morning Live to chat about how to can tomatoes safely. This article provides a little more info on why canning tomatoes is a little more tricky than other fruits.
Tomatoes are Borderline between High Acid and Low Acid
The issue with canning tomatoes is that the level of acid in tomatoes varies with a pH range of 4.4 to 4.9. Even though they may taste acidic to us, tomatoes are less acidic than most fruit, for example apples range in pH 3.2 to 4.0.
Remember high acid=low pH and that only high acid foods with a pH of 4.6 or lower can be safely water bath canned. That means a lot of tomatoes can’t just be canned as is. We need to add acid to safely can tomatoes.
A tomato’s acid level changes as it grows and may differ from one year to another due to growing conditions. In other words, there’s really no way for us home canners to know what the acid level of our tomatoes is at the time of processing. But that’s okay, we can accommodate for this uncertainty by adding lemon juice, vinegar or citric acid (a powdered product you can get at the pharmacy) to our tomatoes. By doing so, we know for certain that the pH will be where it needs to be.
Add 2 Tbsp lemon juice to each Quart jar when canning tomatoes.
I’ve never tried citric acid, but I’ve read that it leaves little or no taste to the final product. If you don’t want to change the flavor profile of your canned tomatoes, this is an ideal solution.
I prefer the taste of lemon juice over vinegar, so that is what I have always used. When it comes to canning, use commercial lemon juice as opposed to fresh squeezed lemon juice. Again, because of varying growing and storage conditions, knowing the exact acidity of a lemon is difficult at home. To be sure you’re getting the right level of acidity, it’s best to use commercial lemon juice.
One of the most dangerous pathogens and one we want to avoid in home canning is Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that causes botulism and it can be fatal (read more here). This bacteria thrives in high moisture, low acid, low salt and low oxygen environments. Canned tomatoes, tomato products, meat, soups, stews, fish, beans and other low acid foods provide the ideal environment for botulism spores. Only by processing foods according to current tested, recommended practices can we ensure that every can is safe.
The threat is real! Not every can that is processed using old, traditional methods may lead to botulism or food poisoning – but the risk is there and it’s very real. It is impossible to tell if Clostridium Botulinum is present, so ALL low acid foods must be processed safely. Even frozen vegetables can have Clostridium botulinum present as was the case in a recent botulism outbreak after improperly canning frozen commercial peas 2018 Botulism from canning frozen peas. In the 2018 pea incident, 3 ladies ended up in hospital and had to be intubated to enable them to breath, luckily they recovered. Sadly a 2015 church potluck in Ohio is evidence that home canned goods processed incorrectly can cause tragedy. Ohio Church Potluck Botulism Outbreak turns fatal.
How to avoid Clostridium Botulinum in Home Canned Goods
– heat process low acid veggies, meats and other canned goods in a pressure canner where temperatures can get to the required 240°F/116°C and process it for the recommended time. Again, it’s important to follow the recommended times provided by tested recipes from a trusted source like the National Centre for Home Food Preservation
Canned tomatoes are a great addition to any pantry and by following current practices, you can rest easy knowing you’ve done your best to ensure a safe and delicious product.
Want to learn more? How about a preserving workshop with Getty? Call today as fall dates are booking quickly. Getty Stewart is an engaging speaker and writer providing tasty recipes, time-saving tips, and helpful kitchen ideas to make home cooking easy and enjoyable. She is a Professional Home Economist, author of Manitoba’s best-selling Prairie Fruit Cookbook, Founder of Fruit Share, mom and veggie gardener.
Do i need to to add acid when making hot sauce with tomatoes from the garden? Also what about when making marinara sauce?
If you plan to can any kind of tomato product using the hot water bath technique (versus pressure canning) then YES, you need to add acid. The exact quantities will vary depending on the other ingredients in your recipe. Your safest route is to follow a recipe that’s been tested by a credible source like the National Centre for Home Food Preservation (http://nchfp.uga.edu/) or Bernardin (http://www.bernardin.ca/). Better safe than sorry!


Groundwater moving through the geosphere appears to be a simple enough process, yet a groundwater realm of cryptic underground rivers and channels has remained in our culture since early historic times, sustained by water diviners and rural myths. Surface waters seem easier to understand, their intricacies more apparent because we can see them flow and follow them to their source. But to quench your thirst, they must first be flocculated, sedimented, filtered, limed, chlorinated and often chilled, provided industrial effluents have not already damaged the supply. For groundwaters, the geosphere provides these treatments naturally. Groundwater represents more than 50 times the freshwater resource that surface waters do, yet in North America groundwater is used for less than half of freshwater needs; in Central Europe, groundwater is the dominant source for drinking water.
The dawn of hydrogeology as a science began with Darcys early experimenting with the plumbing for the fountains of Dijon. Today, the over-exploitation and contamination of this resource has moved groundwater research to the forefront of the geosciences. Nonetheless, like the diviners of historic times, hydrogeologists still wrestle with the questions of groundwater provenance, its renewability and the subsurface processes affecting its quality. These questions become increasingly relevant as we continue to test the limits of groundwater resource sustainability.
Environmental isotopes now routinely contribute to such investigations,
complementing geochemistry and physical hydrogeology. Meteoric processes,
for instance, modify the stable isotopic composition of water, and so the
recharge waters in a particular environment will have a characteristic
isotopic signature. This signature then serves as a natural tracer for
the provenance of groundwater. On the other hand, radioisotopes decay,
providing us with a measure of circulation time, and thus groundwater renewability.
Environmental isotopes provide, however, much more than indications of
groundwater provenance and age. Looking at isotopes in water, solutes and
solids tells us about groundwater quality, geochemical evolution, recharge
processes, rock-water interaction, the origin of salinity and contaminant
processes. Lets start with the basics.
The nuclear structure of a nuclide (an isotope-specific atom) is classically defined by its number of protons (Z) which defines the element, and the number of neutrons (N) which defines the isotope of that element. For a given nuclide, the sum of protons and neutrons gives the atomic weight (A), expressed by the notation . For example, most oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, giving a nuclide with 16 atomic mass units () while about 0.2% of oxygen has 10 neutrons (). In reality, the mass of a nuclide is slightly less than the combined mass of its neutrons and protons. The "missing" mass is expressed as the nuclear binding energy (according to Einsteins mass-energy relationship E = mc2), which represents the amount of energy required to break the nucleus into its constituent nucleons. Conventional notation for a nuclide uses only the elemental symbol and atomic weight (e.g. 18O or 34S).
Whereas the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary, the range is
limited by the degree of instability created by having too many or too
few neutrons. Unstable isotopes or radioactive nuclides have a certain
probability of decay. Stable isotopes, on the other hand, do not spontaneously
disintegrate by any known mode of decay. To date, some 270 stable nuclides
and over 1700 radionuclides have been identified. For the light elements
(Z up to 20) the greatest stability occurs with a Z:N ratio close to 1,
and increases towards 1.5 for heavy elements. In a chart arranged according
to Z and N (Fig. 1-1), the stable isotopes of the elements form a stable
valley from hydrogen to uranium. Departures from this stable valley produce
radionuclides of decreasing stability (shorter half-lifes). Oxygen, for
example, has eleven isotopes (12O to 22O) although
only the median isotopes, 16O, 17O and 18O,
are stable (Fig 1-2). The others are radioactive with half-lives varying
from 122 seconds to less than a femtosecond (10-15 s).
Fig. 1-1 Plot of Z vs. N for nuclides up to tin (Z=50) showing the "stable" valley of the nuclides. The Z : N ratio is 1 for the light nuclides and increases towards 1.5 for the heavier nuclides. Increases or decreases in N for given element produces increasingly unstable isotopes (decreasing T½).
The distribution of stable isotopes reflects the structure of the nucleus. Like electron orbits, the most stable nuclei have filled neutron and/or proton shells. Those nuclides with a "magic number" (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126) of neutrons and/or protons are the most common (e.g. = 99.99986% of all helium; = 99.76% of all oxygen; or = 96.9% of all calcium) whereas others have lower abundances (e.g. = 19.9% of all boron). As the nuclear binding energy occurs between nucleon pairs (protons or neutrons), stable nuclides with even numbers for N and Z, dominate. Thus, 161 of the known stable nuclides have an even N and Z while only 4 have an odd values for N and Z. There are 105 with either an odd N or Z.
Although all elements present in hydrogeological systems have a number of isotopes, only a few are of practical importance to us. The environmental isotopes are the naturally occurring isotopes of elements found in abundance in our environment: H, C, N, O and S. These are principal elements of hydrological, geological and biological systems. The stable isotopes of these element serve as tracers of water, carbon, nutrient and solute cycling. They are also light elements. As a consequence, the relative mass differences between their isotopes are large, imparting measurable fractionations during physical and chemical reactions. For example, 2H has 100% more mass than its sister isotope 1H, whereas the two stable isotopes of bromine (81Br and 79Br) have a mass difference of only 2.5%. Radioactive environmental isotopes are also important in hydrogeology. From their decay we have a measure of time and so environmental radionuclides such as 14C and 3H can be used to estimate the age or circulation of groundwater.
The family of environmental isotopes is growing as new methods allow the routine analysis of additional isotopes. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis has brought 36Cl into mainstream isotope hydrogeology. Refinements in solid source mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows high precision measurement of the isotopes of trace elements such as U, Th, Li and B. The major stable environmental isotopes used in hydrogeology are presented in Table 1-1.
Environmental isotopes are now used to trace not only groundwater provenance, but also recharge processes, subsurface processes, geochemical reactions and reaction rates. Their importance in studies of biogeochemical cycles and soil-water-atmosphere processes is increasingly being recognized, and new applications in contaminant hydrogeology are being made.
Table 1-1 The stable environmental isotopes
|Isotope||Ratio||% natural abundance||Reference (abundance ratio)||Commonly measured phases|
|2H||2H/1H||0.015||VSMOW (1.5575 · 104)||H2O, CH2O, CH4, H2, OH minerals|
|3He||3He/4He||0.000138||Atmospheric He (1.3 · 106)||He in water or gas, crustal fluids. basalt|
|6Li||6Li/7Li||7.5||L-SVEC (8.32 · 102)||Saline waters, rocks|
|11B||11B/10B||80.1||NBS 951 (4.04362)||Saline waters, clays, borate, rocks|
|13C||13C/12C||1.11||VPDB (1.1237 · 102)||CO2, carbonate, DIC, CH4, organics|
|15N||15N/14N||0.366||AIR N2 (3.677·103)||N2, NH4+, NO3, N-organics|
|18O||18O/16O||0.204||VSMOW (2.0052 · 103) VPDB (2.0672 · 103)||H2O, CH2O, CO2, sulphates, NO3, carbonates, silicates, OH minerals|
|34S||34S/32S||4.21||CDT (4.5005 · 102)||Sulphates, sulphides, H2S, S-organics|
|37Cl||37Cl/35Cl||24.23||SMOC (0.324)||Saline waters, rocks, evaporites, solvents|
|81Br||81Br/79Br||49.31||SMOB||Developmental for saline waters|
|87Sr||87Sr/86Sr||87Sr = 7.0 86Sr = 9.86||Absolute ratio measured||Water, carbonates, sulphates, feldspar|
The variations in numbers of neutrons in an element provides for the
different masses (atomic weights) of the element and the molecules of which
they may be a part. For example, heavy water, 2H216O,
has a mass of 20 compared to normal water, 1H216O,
which has a mass of 18. Molecules with differences in mass have different
reaction rates. This leads to the isotope partitioning or fractionation
described by Urey (1947).
Stable environmental isotopes are measured as the ratio of the two most
abundant isotopes of a given element. For oxygen it is the ratio of 18O,
with a terrestrial abundance of 0.204%, to common 16O which
represents 99.796 of terrestrial oxygen. Thus the 18O/16O
ratio is about 0.00204. Fractionation processes will of course modify this
ratio slightly for any given compound containing oxygen, but these variations
are seen only at the fifth or sixth decimal place.
Measuring an absolute isotope ratio or abundance is not easily done
and requires some rather sophisticated mass spectrometric equipment. Further,
measuring this ratio on a routine basis would lead to tremendous problems
in comparing data sets from different laboratories. However, we are mainly
interested in comparing the variations in stable isotope concentrations
rather than actual abundance, and so a simpler approach is used. Rather
than measuring a true ratio, an apparent ratio can easily be measured by
gas source mass spectrometry. The apparent ratio differs from the true
ratio due to operational variations (machine error, or m) and will not
be constant between machines or laboratories or even different days for
the same machine. However, by measuring a known reference on the same machine
at the same time, we can compare our sample to the reference. Isotopic
concentrations are then expressed as the difference between the measured
ratios of the sample and reference over the measured ratio of the reference.
Mathematically, the error (m) between the apparent and true ratios is cancelled.
This is expressed using the delta (d) notation:
The range of oxidation states of carbon makes it a fundamental element of the biosphere and hydrosphere. Carbon-13 traces carbon sources and reactions for a multitude of inter-reacting organic and inorganic species. The paleotemperature scale developed in the early 1950s using the 18O/16O ratio in marine carbonates adopted PDB as the international reference material (Urey et al., 1951). PDB was the internal calcite structure (rostrum) from a fossil Belemnitella americana from the Cretaceous Pee Dee Formation in South Carolina. In 1957, Craig formally introduced PDB as the standard for both 13C and 18O in carbonate minerals. It has subsequently been adopted as the 13C standard for all carbon compounds, including CO2, dissolved inorganic carbon species (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cellulose and other fixed-C solids (CH2O), organic liquids, methane and other hydrocarbons. However, VSMOW is the standard for measurements of 2H or 18O in organic molecules (e.g. CH4, CH2O etc.).
Before the limited PDB supply was exhausted, Friedman et al. (1982)
used it to calibrate a crushed slab of white marble of unknown origin,
designated as NBS-19:
d13CNBS-19 = +1.95
The measurement of isotopes in carbonate minerals is done on CO2
gas that is normally produced by acidification, a method developed by McCrea
(1950). Carbon dioxide is produced from carbonate minerals by reaction
with 100% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at 25°C (Urey
et al., 1951). The conversion of calcite to CO2 follows the
|CaCO3 - Calcite||25||10.20|
|CaCO3 - Aragonite||25||10.29|
|CaMg(CO3)2 - Dolomite||25||11.03|
|CaMg(CO3)2 - Dolomite||25||11.712|
|SrCO3 - Strontianite||25||10.43|
|BaCO3 - Witherite||25||10.91|
|FeCO3 - Siderite||25||10.11753|
|FeCO3 - Siderite||50||10.10753|
|MgCO3 - Magnesite||50||11.53|
2 Rosenbaum and Sheppard, 1986 .
3 Carothers et al., 1988.
Both VPDB and VSMOW are recognized international standards for 18O.
While waters are exclusively referenced to VSMOW, carbonates can refer
to either. VPDB was originally introduced for paleoclimatic studies, where
the 18O content of carbonate was used as a paleotemperature
scale. However, the use of carbonate isotopes has gone far beyond this
field, and in water-carbonate studies it is common to express d18O
data for carbonate against the VSMOW scale. Conversion is also necessary
when deriving information about the d18O
content of the water in which a carbonate has formed. The conversion chart
in Fig. 1-3 or the following equations can be used (Coplen et al., 1983):
d18OVPDB = 0.97002
· d18OVSMOW 29.98
Fig. 1-3 Conversion chart for 18O between VSMOW and VPDB, with fractionation factors for 25°C. The bold line equates values on the VPDB scale to values on the VSMOW scale according to the two reciprocal equations: d 18OVSMOW=1.03091 · d 18OVPDB + 30.91 , and d 18OVPDB=0.97002 · d 18OVSMOW 29.98 .
In 1947, Alfred Nier developed the first dual-inlet, double-collector gas-source mass spectrometer. The double collector allowed the simultaneous measurement of two isotopes and the dual inlet allowed ratio measurement on both a sample and a standard by alternating between inlets. Gas source mass spectrometry has since become the measurement technique of preference for isotope ratios of most of the light elements (e.g. H, C, N, O and S) because of its relative simplicity and because the use of international standards allows comparison of data bases from different laboratories. A host of preparation methods have been developed and improved to convert different sample compounds to an appropriate gas including CO2, SO2, H2 and N2.
A heated tungsten-coated iridium (thoria) filament inside the source block cavity ionizes a laminar stream of gas entering the ultra-high vacuum source (Fig. 1-4). The gas molecules are stripped of one electron, producing positive ions (e.g. CO2+) which are then accelerated through a voltage gradient and focused into the flight tube upon exiting the source. The ionization efficiency varies between 0.01 and 0.1% for different instruments. The ion beam bends as it passes through the field of a magnet installed over the flight tube. Here, the beam separates into a spectrum of masses according to the isotopes present. Each mass beam continues to the ion detectors where preset faraday cup collectors measure each ion current. By collecting two or three ion beams simultaneously, the ion currents can be expressed as mass ratios. For example, CO2 would contribute three principal peaks at mass 44 (12C16O2), mass 45 (13C16O2 or 12C17O16O) and mass 46 (12C16O18O). A dual-inlet system allows the mass spectrometer to alternately measure ratios in the sample and a working or laboratory standard. Thus, the extreme fractionation imparted during ionization in the source is resolved. The early mass spectrometers suffered from drifting electronics, which precluded accurate abundance measurements. These instabilities have since been overcome with solid-state and fibre optic signal transfer systems.
Fig. 1-4 Schematic of a gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS), showing both continuous flow and dual inlets. The continuous flow inlet here is shown with a sample combustion and gas chromatograph configuration. Capillary tubes ensure laminar, non-fractionating gas flow. Example shows mass range of CO2 gas, and includes the short radius flight tube for H2 found on many designs. Other mass ranges (for SO2 and N2) are attained by either additional fixed-position faraday collectors or by adjusting the beam. For manufacturers details, see <http://beluga.uvm.edu/geowww/isogeochem.htm>.
Quadrupole mass spectrometers employ a method of isotope separation and measurement that offers economies in size and cost, but lack the precision of a Nier-type instrument. However, the portability of quadrupole mass spectrometry allowed the Viking mission to perform isotope analyses of Martian soil and atmosphere.
The direction of gas source mass spectrometry is now towards continuous flow systems where the sample and standard gases are carried into the mass spectrometer source in a stream of helium gas (Fig. 1-4). In this way, pulse injections of sample gas can be analysed, reducing volume constraints and sample size. Measurement in the nano-mole (109 moles of gas) size range is now possible, opening a host of research possibilities. These systems also greatly increase sample through-put when configured with automated sample preparation systems. In particular, an elemental analyzer on the front end of a continuous flow mass spectrometer allows the analysis of solid, liquid, and mixed matrix samples which can be combusted and the gases separated on a chromatographic column. Helium carries the sample through the column and into the mass spectrometer. Continuous flow mass spectrometers configured with a laser ablation sampling system provide researchers with a tool for micro-analysis of sulphides and carbonates, with a spatial resolution in the order of 10 to 50 mm.
The radioisotopes routinely employed in hydrogeology include tritium and carbon-14. Measurement of chlorine-36 is becoming increasingly available to non-specialists, while the use of other radioisotopes like argon-39 and the krypton (85Kr and 81Kr) is restricted to a limited number of research laboratories due to complications in sampling, analysis and interpretation. For the noble gases, huge volumes of water must be vacuum extracted in the field for analysis in low-level counters. Details on these radionuclides are given in Table 1-4. Sampling methods are covered in detail in Chapter 10.
Table 1-4 The environmental radioisotopes
|Principal Sources||Commonly measured phases|
|3H||12.43||b||Cosmogenic, weapons testing||H2O, CH2O|
|14C||5730||b||Cosmogenic, weapons testing, nuclear reactors||DIC, DOC, CO2 CaCO3, CH2O|
|36Cl||301,000||b||Cosmogenic and subsurface||Cl, surface Cl-salts|
|39Ar||269||b||Cosmogenic and subsurface||Ar|
|85Kr||10.72||b||Nuclear fuel processing||Kr|
|81Kr||210,000||ec||Cosmogenic and subsurface||Kr|
|129I||1.6 · 107 yr||b||Cosmogenic, subsurface, nuclear reactors||I and I in organics|
|222Rn||3.8 days||a||Daughter of 226Ra in 238U decay series||Rn gas|
|226Ra||1600||a||Daughter of 230Th in 238U decay series||Ra2+, carbonate, clays|
|230Th||75,400||a||Daughter of 234U in 238U decay series||Carbonate, organics|
|234U||246,000||a||Daughter of 234Pa in 238U decay series||UO22+, carbonate, organics|
|238U||4.47·109||a||Primordial||UO22+, carbonate, organics|
a - alpha emission.
ec - electron capture.
Tritium, 3H, is a short-lived isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of 12.43 years. It attracted considerable interest during the era of thermonuclear bomb testing. Dr. R. Brown with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) was the first to begin monitoring 3H fallout from atmospheric weapons tests. His data for Ottawa precipitation begins in 1952 and documents the dramatic increases in atmospheric 3H produced during the ensuing two decades of hydrogen bomb testing.
Small but measurable amounts of tritium are also produced naturally in the stratosphere by cosmic radiation on 14N. Both natural and anthropogenic tritium enter the hydrological cycle via precipitation. Its presence in groundwater provides evidence for active recharge. As it is part of the water molecule, it is the only direct water dating method available.
Tritium has also gained importance in the medical field to tag compounds in biological reactions, although the concentrations used here exceed environmental concentrations by several orders of magnitude. Environmental concerns limit the use of artificial 3H as a tracer in hydrological studies.
Tritium concentrations are expressed as absolute concentrations, using tritium units (TU) and so no reference standard is required. One TU corresponds to one 3H atom per 1018 atoms of hydrogen. For 1 litre of water, its radioactivity is equivalent to 0.12 Bq (1 Becquerel = 1 disintegration/second), or 3.2 pCi/l (1 pCi is 1012 Curies and a Curie is the radioactivity of 1 gram of 226Ra; 1 Curie = 3.7·1010 Bq). Groundwaters today seldom have more than 50 TU and are typically in the <1 to 10 TU range.
Tritium is measured by counting b decay events in a liquid scintillation counter (LSC). A 10 mL sample aliquot is mixed with the scintillation compound that releases a photon when struck by a b particle. Photomultiplier tubes in the counter convert the photons to electrical pulses that are counted over a several-hour period. Results are calculated by comparing the count to those of calibrated standards and blanks. Increased precision is gained through concentration by electrolytic enrichment of 3H in the water before counting, or by conversion to propane (C3H8) for gas proportional counting. Direct liquid-scintillation counting carries a precision of ±7 TU, whereas with enrichment and LSC this is improved to better than ±0.8 TU. With propane synthesis, a precision of ±0.1 TU can be obtained.
Although it was shown early this century that stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen existed, it was not until much later that their abundance and variation in the hydrosphere were investigated. Friedman, in 1953, first noted that in precipitation a change in concentration of H218O was accompanied by a change in 2HHO. In 1961, Craig published his landmark finding that these two isotopes are partitioned by meteorological processes in a rather predictable fashion. Subsequent work has shown how isotopes are partitioned through other systems, such as 13C in the carbon cycle.
How are environmental isotopes partitioned? Thermodynamic fractionation is a fundamental process. Here we will explore the details of isotope fractionation, using 18O and 2H in the hydrological cycle as an example. Fractionation of 13C, 34S, 15N and other isotopes will be discussed in other chapters.
Isotope fractionation occurs in any thermodynamic reaction due to differences
in the rates of reaction for different molecular species. The result is
a disproportionate concentration of one isotope over the other on one side
of the reaction. It is expressed by the fractionation factor a
which is the ratio of the isotope ratios for the reactant and product:
1. What is the relative enrichment or depletion of VSMOW, in d
notation, relative to the average terrestrial abundance of 18O
given in Table 1-1? What about VPDB?
= 17.1 vs. terrestrial abundance
Calculating RVPDB: determine VPDB on the VSMOW scale
d18O = 1.03091 · d18OVPDB + 30.91 = 30.91 VSMOW (for 0 VPDB)
= 13.3 enriched over the terrestrial abundance.
Accordingly, 103lna18Ocalcite-water = 30.4
From the table at the front of the book, 103lna18Ocalcitewater = 30.4 at a temperature of about 15.5°C. Considering that the bottom temperatures in Cretaceous seas are not well known, this seems pretty close to isotopic equilibrium.
SLAP = 55.5 VSMOW, therefore:
10Be ® 10B
H2Ol « H2Ov 103lna2Hl-v = 75.6 @ 25°C; 22.3 @ 100°C (evaporation)
18O: H2O - CO2(g)
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 [CO32, HCO3, H2CO3, CO2] Ca2+ + HCO3
103lna18OCaCO3H2O = 28.4 @ 25°C; 17.1 @ 100°C (rapid precipitation of calcite)
13C: CO2(g) CaCO3
CO2(g) + H2O + CaCO3 « [Ca2+, CO32, HCO3, H2CO3, CO2(aq), CO2(g)] « Ca2+ + 2HCO3
103lna18OCaCO3CO2 = 10.4 @ 25°C; 3.4 @ 100°C (rapid degasing of CO2)
34S: reduction of sulphate to sulphide
CH4 + SO42 ® [sulphite + other intermediary S species] ® HCO3 + HS + H2O
103lna18OSO4HS = 72.7 @ 25°C; 49.9 @ 100°C (rapid degasing of CO2)
Biologically mediated reaction, and equilibrium fractionation is never attained at low T. Biological fractionation generally varies between 20 and 30.
18O: H2Oice - H2Ovapour
H2Oi « H2Ov 103lna18Oi-v = 14.7 @ 0°C (sublimation a surface reaction with little to no fractionation)
a2HH2 = 1.2055 - greatest fractionation
a3He/4He = 1.1371
a13CCO2 = 1.0044
|2H||18O or 13C||2H||18O or 13C|
|Isotope separation dX - dY||45||18||228||122|
|Deviation dX - dref. (dref. = 0)||32||12||45||18|
8. Isotope fractionation effects are expressed as a-values
and isotope abundances are given as permil differences from a reference
(d-value). Establish the relationship between
a and d in the form
of a simple equation.
d2HH2 = 754 VSMOW


Researching the health benefits of Manuka Honey
"One particular honey with extraordinary healing properties"
The biochemist Professor Peter Molan of the honey research unit at the University of Waikato in New Zealand identified one particular type of honey with extraordinary healing qualities. He was able to show that honey made from the flowers of the Manuka bush, a native of New Zealand, has antibacterial properties over and above those of other honeys.
He said: "In all honeys, there is - to different levels - hydrogen peroxide produced from an enzyme that bees add to the nectar. In Manuka honey, and its close relative which grows in Australia called Jellybush, there's something else besides the hydrogen peroxide. And nothing like that has ever been found anywhere else in the world."
That 'something else' has proved very hard to identify. Even now, after more than twenty years of research, Peter Molan admits he still has no idea exactly what it is. But he has given it a name: the 'Unique Manuka Factor', or 'UMF', and he has found a way to measure its antibacterial efficacy by comparing UMF® Manuka honey with a standard antiseptic (carbolic, or phenol) in its ability to fight bacteria. The results are astonishing.
He said: "We know it has a very broad spectrum of action; it works on bacteria, fungi and protozoa. We haven't found anything it doesn't work on among infectious organisms." "In fact," he says, "UMF Manuka honey can even tackle antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria" - a growing problem for hospitals around the world." "Staphylococcus aureas is the most common wound-infecting species of bacteria and that's the bacterium most sensitive to honey that we've found. That includes the antibiotic resistant strains such as MRSA which is just as sensitive to honey as any other staphylococcus aureas."
Clinical trials at the Waikato Hospital have shown that even out of the lab, UMF® Manuka honey has amazing healing properties.
Cancer specialist Dr Glenys Round has also found honey to be an effective treatment. She said that they have been using honey to treat fungating wounds where the cancer has broken through the skin and that the results in that situation have been excellent. Most recently, she has had success in using honey dressings on patients with wounds or ulcers resulting from radiation therapy. She said, "Most of those patients in the past had tried various other conventional treatments without much success and that is the reason why, at least initially, honey was tried."
Julie Betts added that most patients seemed happy to try the honey treatment and that they didn't have a problem with it at all. She said, "Humans in general have a fondness, I think, for natural remedies, so people are quite happy to use them. I think the problem we encounter is when people don't understand how it works. They think that sourcing any honey will achieve the same outcome, and that's not always true."
Story from BBC NEWS:http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/3787867.stmPublished: 2004/06/08 23:15:47 GMT© BBC 2012
There are Two Types of Manuka Honey
- Ordinary Manuka Honey: contains hydrogen peroxide antibacterial properties like all other honeys
- UMF® (Unique Manuka Factor) Manuka Honey: contains hydrogen peroxide plus its own natural antibacterial properties. This unique, additional activity gives it the special antibacterial healing potency.
UMF® is the registered trademark of the Active Manuka Honey Association (AMHA). The UMF rating is the number on the label. The higher the number, the greater the UMF test result and corresponding antimicrobial, therapeutic and healing qualities.
The minimum qualification for using the name UMF® and to be suitable for therapeutic use is a UMF® 10 rating.
There are 4 UMF® ratings to indicate the antibacterial potency of Manuka honey:
- UMF® 0 to UMF® 4 - not detectable
- UMF® 5 to UMF® 9 - maintenance level only (not recommended for therapeutic uses)
- UMF® 10 to UMF® 15 - useful therapeutic levels endorsed by the Honey Research Unit at The University of Waikato
- UMF® 16+ - superior strength with very high antibacterial levels
Rating the Antibacterial Activity of Manuka Honey
From a paper by Professor Peter Molan - Honey Research Unit, University of Waikato
The unique type of antibacterial activity that is present in Manuka honey, distinct from the antibacterial activity due to hydrogen peroxide that is common to all honeys, was discovered in research at the University of Waikato in 1982. This discovery was first published in an MSc thesis which is held in the university library (K.M. Russell, 1983, The antibacterial properties of honey), and subsequently in a journal (Molan, P.C. and Russell, K.M. 1988), Non-peroxide antibacterial activity in some New Zealand honeys, Journal of Apicultural Research 27, 62-67).
The variation that occurs in the level of this unique activity in Manuka honey was reported in a subsequent publication (Allen, K.L., Molan, P.C. and Reid, G.M., 1991, A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 43, 817-822) where it was noted that:
"The present survey has shown not all samples said to be Manuka honey can be relied upon to provide this antibacterial activity."
It was from this came the term "Active Manuka Honey". The term was used in a fact sheet put out by the New Zealand Honey Food & Ingredient Advisory Service in 1998, which said:
"All of the patients in the trials who were taking the special active Manuka honey, as opposed to those patients taking ordinary inactive Manuka honey, had a marked improvement in their symptoms."
It also said:
"Research at the University of Waikato showed that some New Zealand Manuka honey (and it is important to emphasize "some", not all New Zealand Manuka honey) has a unique antibacterial activity. Laboratory trials showed that this Active Manuka honey is effective in killing Helicobacter pylori."
Because of increasing publicity about active manuka honey through news media reports on the research being carried out at the Honey Research Unit at the University of Waikato, the public demand for this special honey increased. But it also brought out people seeking to gain financially by "passing off" to the public so-called manuka honey which did not have the unique antibacterial activity.
In 1997 I was asked by TRADENZ (the predecessor to New Zealand Trade and Enterprise) to help with the setting up of an Industry Group for the producers of the genuine active manuka honey, and to advise on how best the producers of the genuine active manuka honey, and consumers, could be protected from those selling manuka honey without the unique type of activity yet implying that it was the same thing.
Unfortunately the recommendations I made have not provided the answer to the problem. For instance, in the UK it is said that much of the manuka honey on sale does not have measurable levels of the non-peroxide antibacterial activity that is unique to manuka honey. Similarly there is honey on sale in New Zealand where the rating of activity on it is not a rating of the unique type of activity as measured by the assay described in Allen et al. (1991). There are also people selling manuka honey with the activity claimed to be the unique non-peroxide activity "assayed by the method developed by Dr. Molan" but there are beekeepers saying that different results from different laboratories are obtained for the same honey. There have also been many complaints that poor repeatability in results is seen when the same honey is sent repeatedly to the same laboratory.
Consequently there is a need for a method for assaying and certifying the unique non-peroxide antibacterial activity of manuka honey that is accurate, highly reliable, independent of competing companies, open to anyone meeting set standards, and in which consumers can have confidence."
Professor Peter Molan's paper later concluded:
"This certification by the University of Waikato is expected to be readily recognised as trustworthy by consumers because there has been so much exposure of the Honey Research Unit at the University of Waikato in the news media. I have been filmed in 19 TV documentaries on manuka honey, contributed information for seven others, filmed about manuka honey for 20 TV news programmes, interviewed for 14 radio news programmes, and have been interviewed in 38 other radio programmes. I have also been interviewed about manuka honey for 111 newspapers and 137 magazines, books and news websites. Most of these TV, radio and print media have been overseas.
Discussion with buyers for companies in the health food trade overseas has indicated ready acceptance of the certification system because of the reputation of the Honey Research Unit and the recognition of the expertise of this group in the measurement of the antibacterial activity of honey.
Because the new proprietary assay of activity will give the same results when run in any laboratory, it will be possible to license overseas laboratories to operate the service and thus allow the university to certify honey exported in bulk and packed overseas, as long as the requirement is met of assays being done on labelled retail packs. This will give beekeepers more options for marketing the honey they produce, and at the same time hopefully encourage reputable packing companies overseas to sell genuine Active Manuka Honey. The university will also make the proprietary assay available to regulatory authorities overseas so that they can easily check if manuka honey on sale in their countries genuinely does have the activity claimed."
Other Research Articles Available
1. Honey-Based Dressings and Wound Care: An Option for Care in the United States Pieper, Barbara. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing: January/February 2009 - Volume 36 - Issue 1 - p 60-66.
2. Jon Morgan (5 March 2009). "Money from honey - a family affair" stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/business/farming/1999278/Money-from-honey-a-family-affair. Dominion Post en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Post.
3. The factors responsible for the varying levels of UMF® in mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/2655/thesis.pdf?=2. Jonathan McD C Stephens. Doctorate thesis. 2006.
4. Julie Biuso, Sizzle: Sensational Barbecue Food, Monterey, Cal.: Julie Biuso Publications, 2008, p. 154
5. Crescent Dragonwagon, Passionate Vegetarian, New York: Workman Publishing Co., 2002, p. 958
6. Lusby, PE; Coombes, A, Wilkinson, JM (2002 Nov). "Honey: a potent agent for wound healing?". Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing: official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society / WOCN 29 (6): 295-300. doi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier:10.1067/mjw.2002.129073 dx.doi.org/10.1067%2Fmjw.2002.129073. PMID en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_sequenceId12439453entifier ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12439453.
7. Jull, AB; Rodgers, A, Walker, N (2008 Oct 8). "Honey as a topical treatment for wounds.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD005083. doi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier:10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub2 dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD005083.pub2. en.wikipePMIDdia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier 18843679 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843679.
8. Majtan, J; Klaudiny, J, Bohova, J, Kohutova, L, Dzurova, M, Sediva, M, Bartosova, M, Majtan, V (2012 Feb 17). "Methylglyoxal-induced modifications of significant honeybee proteinous components in manuka honey: Possible therapeutic implications.". Fitoterapia 83 (4): 671-7. doi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier:10.1016/j.fitote.2012.02.002 dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2012.02.002. PMID en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier 22366273 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22366273.
9. Kilty, SJ; Duval, M, Chan, FT, Ferris, W, Slinger, R (2011 Sep-Oct). "Methylglyoxal: (active agent of manuka honey) in vitro activity against bacterial biofilms.". International forum of allergy & rhinology 1 (5): 348-50. doi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier:10.1002/alr.20073 dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Falr.20073. PMID en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier 22287464 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22287464.
10. Mavric, E; Wittmann, S, Barth, G, Henle, T (2008 Apr). "Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand.". Molecular nutrition & food research 52 (4): 483-9. doi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier:10.1002/mnfr.200700282 dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fmnfr.200700282. PMID en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier 18210383 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18210383.
11. Eekhof, JA; Van Wijk, B, Knuistingh Neven, A, van der Wouden, JC (2012 Apr 18). "Interventions for ingrowing toenails.".


Adhesive tape coated with single surface silicone adhesive on Fluoroplastic Film.
Not only as a heat resistant tape but also to be used for various applications as follows. (Size Available: Width 50 mm, 150 mm)
- Heat resistant electrical insulation (for Class H electrical insulation)
- Coating for crimping part of heat sealing
- Friction control and furtherance in sliding sections
- Insulation coating of bounding, etc.
|Width||50, 150 mm|
|Tensile strength||55 N/19mm|
|Adhesive strength||5.6 N/19mm|
|Rewinding force||4.4 N/19mm|
|Breakdown voltage||8 kV|
|Temperature range||-60 ~ 200 °C|
Nitto NITOFLON No. 903UL
- Brand: Nitto Denko
- Product Code: Nitto 903UL
- Availability: 2-3 Days


Iron (Fe)is a trace mineral found in every living cell in our bodies. Iron is a primary component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and Cytochromes. Iron exerts its functions through the compounds in which it is present. Hemoglobin and myoglobin are required for the transport of O2 , CO2 and storage of O2 respectively. Cytochromes and certain non-heme proteins are necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain. Cytochrome containing enzymes are responsible for detoxification of endogenous metabolites, drugs and toxins. Iron is mainly absorbed in the stomach and duodenum. In normal people, about 10% of dietary iron is usually absorbed. Dietary iron has two main forms: heme and nonheme. Plants and iron-fortified foods contain nonheme iron only, whereas meat, seafood, and poultry contain both heme and nonheme iron. Heme iron is absorbed better than non-heme iron.


Lubricants and Greases for a Wide Range of Earthmoving Equipment.
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ITR transmission fluid is designed for lubrication of torque converters, transmission gear in heavy equipment’s. It performs high standard to meet the wide range of lubrication requirements in transmission systems.
ITR Premium Quality Engine Oil is designed for Construction Equipment’s, heavy and light duty trucks and all diesel engine equipment. This is designed to provide superior soot dispersancy, engine cleanliness and reduced oil consumption.
ITR gear Oil is formulated with highly refined base oils, extreme pressure agents, anti-wear and anti-corrosive resistance additives for smooth operation. It is recommended for manual transmissions, differentials, final drive axis and gear boxes in Earth movers, trucks, buses, cars and tractors.
ITR Hydraulic Oil possess superior demulsibility, thermal stability, oxidation stability and excellent filterability. It maintains a thin film of oil under light and heavy loads. Recommended for use in compressors, machine tools, hydraulic systems, circulation systems and a wide variety of equipment’s.
It is used to minimize wear by providing lubricant coverage along the wearing parts. ITR can provide both Calcium based & Lithium based grease. ITR Grease is an ideal product for lubrication of flexible joints & work equipment points on Heavy equipment’s.
Coolant is used by vehicles for heat transfer. ITR Antifreeze coolant is able to withstand the adverse temperature conditions and also efficient in preventing scale & corrosion of Engine cooling system.
It is a heavy duty Synthetic brake and hydraulic clutch release fluid. It is suitable for all conventional drum and disc brake system.
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Porsche Cars North America, Inc. is launching its own engine oil for air-cooled flat-four and flat-six Porsche engines. In collaboration with the Porsche Development Center in Weissach, Germany, the new Porsche Classic Motor Oil has been developed by the Porsche Classic experts to meet the lubrication requirements of all Porsche air-cooled engines. The sports car manufacturer made the transition to liquid-cooled engines in the 911 model line in 1998.
Porsche Classic Motor Oil comes in two different versions:
- 20W-50 for all 356, 914, and 911 models up to the 2.7-liter G-model
- 10W-60 for flat-six engines of 3.0 liters and larger
According to Porsche Cars North America, Inc., the Porsche Classic Motor Oil offers the following benefits:
- Specially developed for Porsche air-cooled engines
- Tested in the lab and on the road by Porsche AG
- Compatibility with the alloys and sealing materials used in the air-cooled engines
- Excellent high temperature resilience and shear stability
- Optimum protection against wear and corrosion provided by zinc and phosphorus
- Engineered by Porsche
Porsche Classic Motor Oil is available now exclusively through authorized Porsche dealers. For more information, visit Porsche Classic Motor Oil.
[Source: Porsche NA]


Chapped lips happen to the best of us, especially when we approach a change in the weather or when your lips become dried out. The precise reason your lips become chapped can vary; however, wind, sun, cold air, medication, or just plain lip smacking can all be the cause. When chapped lips hit, most of us reach for a trusted product… lip balm.
Whether we use Blistex, Burt’s Bees, Chapstick, or a tube of Nivea, we are all looking for the same form of relief. Did you know that many of the lip balm manufacturers use ingredients that are not eco-friendly and may even be harmful to you? If not, consider this, most manufacturers instruct you to not apply their product on cracked lips. Why do you think this is?
Look At One of the Most Popular Lip Balms (Blistex).
Blistex manufactures an assortment of lip balms. Many of those products include artificial flavoring, so for comparison, we’ll stick with their basic medicated product. Each tube contains over 20 ingredients. Just a few of these ingredients are:
- Phenol: While considered toxic, phenol is used in a wide range of application that also includes disinfectants, mouthwashes, and throat lozenges according to the CDC.
- Saccharin: Artificial sweetener.
- Parabens: A preservative that receives a tremendous amount of negative press. While many sources will claim parabens act as a carcinogen, there are an equal number of peer reviewed studies expressing that the chemicals did not have an effect.
- Fragrance: The description is protected by law, but contains potential phthalates.
- Oxybenzone: A natural sunscreen found in many plants. Many sources claim this chemical is a carcinogen; however, the CDC reports there are no known ill health issues tied to the chemical. Additionally, WebMD interviewed Dr. Kate Puttgen, a pediatric physician at John Hopkins Children’s Center. Dr. Puttgen is one of several physicians that wholly support the use of products including Oxybenzone along with many of her peers. You will need to determine for yourself what your comfort is.
- Mineral oil, Parrafin, and Petrolatum: Petroleum products designed to seal moisture in the skin.
Moisturizing ingredients such as beeswax and lanolin are included in most of the Blistex products to help moisturize while the skin heals.
Using Blistex products bring relief because it includes ingredients that deal with the discomfort while disinfecting and killing anything that may be on the surface of your skin. At the same time, this lip balm is providing a protective layer to seal moisture in the skin and prevent any additional loss.
Review of a Proclaimed Eco-Friendly Lip Balm (Burt’s Bees).
You can see right away that there is a difference in the ingredients used:
- Beeswax: natural wax used in place of petroleum products.
- Coconut Oil: Provides emollient properties to the skin.
- Sunflower Seed Oil: Aids in retaining moisture in skin.
- Peppermint Oil: Provides anti-inflammation and eases respiratory problems.
- Lanolin: A natural skin moisturizer.
- Tocopherol: Vitamin E extract – acts as a natural preservative.
- Rosemary Leaf Extract: Provides antimicrobial properties.
- Soybean Oil: A natural moisturizer that includes amino acids, protein, vitamins.
- Canola Oil: made from crushed rapeseeds (a form of mustard plant). The biggest concern with this product is that over 90% of canola oil is produced from GMOs created in the last 20-years, so the long-term effects are unknown.
- Limonene: Natural product in the rind of citrus and used for fragrance and flavoring.
As you can see, the ingredients in this lip balm are more likely to come from a kitchen than a chemist’s lab.,
Our Choice for Eco-Friendly Lip Balm (Big Dipper Wax Works).
Our favorite lip balm comes from a company in Seattle called Big Dipper Wax Works. Their product is made with beeswax, moisturizing Cocoa Butter, vitamin E, along with natural oils from coconut and apricot. They include several products with flavors made from essential oils (if you really have to have the flavoring).They don’t pay us to tell people about them; we do it because we are big fans of their natural beeswax products!
Best Way to Avoid Chapped Lips?
- Use beeswax based products versus petroleum.
- Get plenty of Vitamin A – this will help keep skin cells fresh.
- Increase your water intake.
- Vitamin B-3: Helps lips stay moist.
- Vitamin B-12: Helps heal chapped lips.
- Zinc: Aids your immune system.
- Use a humidifier.
- Use antibiotic ointment instead of lip balm if lips are already chapped or skin is damaged.
- Avoid flavored lip balm – they cause you to lick your lips more frequently and actually exacerbate the problem.
Lip Balm Conclusions.
Study after study demonstrates that normal usage of these products is not likely to cause cancer, so stories selling that headline tend to pray on fears. Here’s a dose of reality; however. Your body is taking in these toxins through not only the use of products like Blistex and the 150 competitors; but the ingredients are also included in everyday cosmetics, lotions, body washes, and shampoos. Exposure from lip balm alone is not going to give you cancer; however, your risks may increase as you compound your exposure to all the other personal care products you use.
Avoid any product that includes artificial flavors or colors. Your body just doesn’t need them and many lip balms like to offer that luxurious cherry flavor to keep you using their product.
Petroleum products will provide a best seal to allow the skin to heal. If you are not comfortable with that (and we understand why), then go with a beeswax product like you find in Burt’s Bees or our favorite the natural beeswax product from Big Dipper Wax Works. If you do use a petroleum-based product, be sure to use it for a limited amount of time as they can cause irritation problems with prolonged use.


Implant Sciences Corporation (IMSC:OTCBB) develops and commercializes explosives trace detection (ETD) solutions for transportation, critical infrastructure, and ports and borders security, as well as force protection and emergency response.
Founded in 1984, Implant Sciences has a rich history of developing leading technologies in several markets including: ion implantation services for the semiconductor industry; brachytherapy seeds for prostate cancer treatment; and sophisticated coatings to reduce wear on orthopedic joint replacements.
By the end of 2008, as part of the company’s restructuring towards a single business focus, the medical and semiconductor businesses and associated assets were fully divested. The company today is a pure play in global Security, Safety, and Defense (SS&D) markets. The Company's patented technology, used in its flagship product, the Quantum Sniffer™ QS-H150 handheld explosives trace detector, is in use throughout the world. IMSC successfully introduced its first handheld explosive trace detection product in 2003 and has sold more than 1,100 ETD systems, generating over $25 million in revenues. The company is developing products addressing new markets in excess of $2 billion.
Implant Science Products
Portable Hand-held Explosives Trace Detector Quantum Sniffer Technology The Quantum Sniffer QS-H150 is a hand-held explosives detector that rapidly detects and identifies trace amounts of a wide variety of military, commercial, and homemade explosives (HMEs). Its innovative design provides operational advantages that make it highly effective in real world detection situations— advantages proven time and again in customer evaluations. The QS-H150 employs a patented heated vortex collector for the simultaneous detection of explosives particulates and vapors, with or without contact and in real-time. It also includes a patented non-radioactive ionization source and a low maintenance, contamination resistant design.
Features & Benefits
- Automatic, continuous self-calibration:
- Adjusts automatically to changes in environment
- No calibration traps
- No verification traps
- No dopant
- Choice of sampling modes:
- Simultaneous vapor and non-contact particle detection
- Wipe sampling
- No reconfiguration required to switch modes
- Detects and identifies military, commercial, and homemade explosives (HMEs) within seconds
- Detected substances displayed on built-in screen
- Ultra-fast clear-down means the QS-H150 is ready for the next sample in seconds
- One handed operation
- Low maintenance design delivers low total cost of ownership
- Non-radioactive ion source eliminates licensing, inspection, transport, and end-of life issues
Desktop Explosives & Drugs
• Simultaneously detects explosives & drugs in seconds
• Automatic internal calibration
• Easy-to-use touch-screen
• Non-radioactive ion source
• Push-button maintenance
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• Low total cost of ownership
Implant Sciences’ Technology
The Quantum Sniffer QS-B220 provides fast, accurate detection of trace amounts of a wide variety of military, commercial, homemade explosives, as well as drugs, with unsurpassed ease of use and minimal maintenance requirements. Incorporating Implant Sciences’ patented non-radioactive Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) technology, the QS‑B220 brings new levels of performance and convenience to desktop trace detection users.
Lower Total Cost of Ownership
Operation and maintenance expenses are extremely low with the QS-B220. Routine maintenance consists of care and cleaning using common supplies and desiccant replacement as required. No radioactive material is used in the QS-B220, so there are no associated certification, licensing, inspection, testing, transportation, or decommissioning costs.
Accurate and Efficient
The Quantum Sniffer performs real-time detection with rapid clear-down. When detection occurs, the QS-B220 provides audio and visual alarm indications, including substance identification, on the integrated high-resolution color touch-screen. Authorized users can also access spectrogram display and analysis, administrative, and diagnostic tools through the easy-to-use interface. Automatic internal calibration prevents errors that could result from an uncalibrated instrument. The QS-B220 monitors its environment and senses changes that would affect its analysis. No user intervention or calibration consumables required


Carbon 14 dating debate
Constants and Change There are other limitations in carbon dating too.
For example, with a few exceptions, the technique can only be applied to once-living items such as bone, leather, wood, and cloth—not, say, rocks or metal.
For example, if a sample emits radiation indicating the presence of 10 carbon-14 atoms and we know from its mass that it originally must have contained 20, that means the plant or animal from which the sample was taken died about 5,730 years ago.
So I did a bit of research to fill in the gaps in my understanding, and not surprisingly I found the details to be quite interesting.
When an organism dies, it stops acquiring new carbon-14 atoms.
Given that the ratio of carbon-14 atoms to carbon-12 atoms in a living thing is a constant, one can determine the number of each in a sample of organic matter (using sensitive equipment to detect the amount of radiation remaining), and then do a little bit of math to determine how long it’s been since the organism expired.
More importantly, though, the accuracy of carbon dating rests on several crucial assumptions.
For one thing, the rate of carbon-14 production in the atmosphere (and thus the level of cosmic ray activity) must have been pretty much constant for the past several dozen millennia.


Mercury Falling (apologies to Sting)
You may have read Emma's incisive comment on my previous post, questioning the relevance of US mercury emissions from power generation to the safety of CFLs here in Britain. I agree! The objective of my post was to put the case that the climate change resulting from (global) greenhouse gas emissions is a much greater threat to our safety than the trace amounts of mercury present in compact fluorescent lamps. However, I used American data that didn't answer the question of how CFLs contribute to mercury pollution in Britain.
To put this right, I have examined the mercury emissions arising here in Britain from the Government's Carbon Emissions Reductions Target (CERT) programme, that funded the free distribution and subsidised retail sale of CFLs. Rightly or wrongly, I am excluding any mining and manufacturing emissions of mercury in the production of these bulbs, since that took place outside the UK.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) of up to 20 watts contain under 5 milligrams (mg) of mercury, the metal vapour that emits ultra-violet light when the bulb is running. This U-V light excites the white phosphor coating inside the tubes of the CFL, causing the phosphor to fluoresce, and that's how fluorescent lighting works, in a nutshell! The typical quantity of mercury in a modern CFL is around 4mg mercury, commonly described as "enough to cover the writing tip of a biro".
Up to 350 million compact fluorescent lamps were distributed under CERT between 2008 and 2010, containing around 1.4 Tonnes of mercury in total. Each is expected to last up to 10 years and to be recycled appropriately at end of life - in which case there is no mercury leakage from CFLs. In practice, some of these lamps break and many are thrown in the bin when they stop working, releasing their trace of mercury to the environment.
To estimate the release of mercury from these 350 million CFLs, I have assumed that (1) 10% of them fail each year, for 10 years, giving an average working life of 5 years, and (2) HALF these CFLs are broken or binned, rather than being recycled properly. In this case, 17.5 million of those CFLs supplied under CERT will be broken each year, for 10 years, releasing around 70 kg of mercury a year to the environment.
How does this compare with other sources of mercury emissions here in the UK? The 2009 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory shows that 7.35 Tonnes of mercury were reported to be released in that year. Some of the sources were: 3.9 T from manufacturing and chemical industries, 1.5 T from cremation and clinical waste incineration, 1.3 Tonnes from power generation and 360kg from landfill.
So the amount of mercury released each year from the CFLs distributed under CERT represents just under one percent of the total annual emissions of this toxic metal in Britain. We are all exposed to this pollution, principally through our diets - because mercury enters the foodchain - and particularly if we eat the top marine predators like tuna and swordfish. But the quantities we ingest are minuscule and the risk they present to most of us is, frankly, trivial in comparison with the certain dangers of manmade climate change for us and our descendants.
We live in a 4-bedroom detached house. Shockingly, it has around 120 bulbs installed! I first surveyed the energy use of lighting in our home five years ago, when we had 34 energy-saving CFLs and 92 incandescent lights - including halogen lamps. We now have about 80 CFLs fitted and have replaced almost all the remaining incandescent bulbs with clean, bright LED lighting. Our electricity usage has halved over the same period, largely through fitting energy-efficient appliances including lighting.
I also have a small, medical thermometer containing mercury, that we used to put in our babies' mouths when they were unwell. The thermometer contains 2 - 3 times as much mercury as all the CFLs in my house. I am sad to say that climate change is a far greater threat to my grown-up babies' wellbeing than that thermometer ever was.


A Critical Dietary Component*
Aqua-Soluble iodine is a critical dietary component for those looking to promote total body health. Naturally Perfect’s Aqua-Soluble Iodine has been recognized by many health food stores and nutritionally-aware doctors, and is well known for:
- Supporting physical and mental development*
- Supporting optimal thyroid health*
- Assisting in the production of hormones to help promote metabolism*
- Helping to restore the electrical balance of your body*
Iodine Depletion in the U.S.
Like many other trace minerals, iodine once had a natural system to supply and replenish the soil of the earth. Wind carried iodine over the earth from the ocean, and rain deposited the iodine, along with other trace minerals, into the soil. From the soil, they were absorbed by plants, providing nourishment to the animals that ate these plants. Iodine was ultimately transferred to humans, whose diet included both plants and animal products.
However, the amount of iodine in the diet varied depending upon how much iodine was absorbed by the soil. By the early 1900s, wind-borne iodine was depleted by the time it reached the mid-United States. This region became known as the Goiter Belt, and the lack of iodine forced the U.S. government to promote iodine as an essential nutrient to be added to milk and, eventually, salt.
Why Our Aqua-Soluble Iodine Avoids Certain Iodides
Iodized salt can only accomplish so much, and certain iodides are not well tolerated by everyone. An excess of potassium or sodium iodide can potentially create heart palpitations, skin rashes, stomach disturbances, and other toxic reactions. Too much potassium or sodium iodide may depress the thyroid and upset the body's delicate electrical balance.
Naturally Perfect’s Aqua-Soluble Iodine is made from nontoxic iodine ammonium iodide and vegetarian glycerin, and is easily absorbed and assimilated into the body.
1 fl. oz. or approximately 610 drops
Aqua-Soluble Iodine Suggested Use
Mix 1 drops in 1 ounces of water. Take 1 to 3 times a day or as directed by your health care professional.
|Servings per container
|Amount Per Serving
|* Daily Value (DV) Not Established
Vegetable glycerine, Iodine and Ammonium iodide.


According to results of a recent survey undertaken by Hydrogène Québec and Innovitech, the integration of hydrogen in the heavy haul industry is one of five priority sectors in Québec. This industry trend towards hydrogen as a new type of energy is expanding, as is evidenced by the recent alliance between Cummins and Air Products in producing a new generation of heavy duty trucks powered by hydrogen.
To learn more about this recent partnership, the potential of hydrogen use in the heavy haul industry and assistance provided in Québec for those interested in this new type of energy, we invite you to a webinar entitled “Innovation in the Heavy Transportation Sector” on November 2, 2021, presented by Fasken, InnovÉÉ and Hydrogène Québec.
This webinar will be hosted by André Turmel, partner and co-leader of the Global Energy Group at Fasken, and presents the following panelists: Marie Lapointe, Executive Director at Hydrogène Québec; Thierry St-Cyr, General Manager at InnovÉÉ; Eric Guter, Vice President at Hydrogen for Mobility Solutions at Air Products; and Mark Jamieson, Senior Director of New Business Development – Electrification at Cummins.
8:30 a.m.: Opening remarks
8:35 a.m.: Brief presentation by panelists and joint panel
9:40 a.m.: Questions from attendees
9:55 a.m.: Closing remarks
Register for this event today.


Sealant – Elring / Dirko / 70ml
Universal sealing compound
Please fill in the information along with your question below and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
This sealing compound was developed especially to seal oil pans and housing covers.
Dirko Special Silicone (beige) is particularly well suited for sealing surfaces, gaps and cracks on components that are subjected to deformation in operation.
In contrast to other silicone sealing compounds, this compound is significantly harder after the vulcanization/curing time.
Thanks to this unique characteristic, the sealant does not tear off the component, even when subjected to heavy dynamic stress.
Our Part No.
D1 764 04 A2
£4.14 (Inc VAT)
3 in stock


What is Rhodium?
Of the platinum group metals and the most expensive metal in the world, rhodium is the most widely used material when tarnish prevention is of the highest priority.
Among rhodium's desirable properties is it's brilliant white color, high reflectivity, and resistance to incidental surface abrasion. It can be used as a final anti-tarnish finish over silver or nickel items to eliminate short term discoloration as silver typically is found to do. It is especially effective for necklaces and chains where contact with natural oils from the skin can quickly dull most non-gold jewelry items.


Clarify your complexion with the Sesderma C-VIT Liposomal Serum. Supercharged by a saturated dose of Vitamin C, this serum revitalises the complexion, delivering essential nourishment to lacklustre skin. Most importantly, the vitamin enhances your skin’s natural regeneration process, helping to combat signs of ageing by blurring the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Also a powerful antioxidant, this multipurpose vitamin strives to repair and protect your skin, strengthening its natural barrier against harmful environmental aggressors. Specially formulated with nanotechnology, the serum deeply penetrates the pores, providing maximum effectiveness. Working in harmony, this blend revitalises and brightens the skin, restoring elasticity while leaving skin soft and smooth. Transform your skin from dull and dry to plump and radiant with this daily dose of Vitamin C.


A pesticide used on rice, sugar cane and grain crops sparked an outcry when it was linked to cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and celiac disease.
Last month, several Los Angeles county residents filed a class action lawsuit against the Monsanto Corporation alleging that the chemical company is guilty of falsely advertising the product. The plaintiffs are demanding a jury trial.
The chemical referenced in the lawsuit is glyphosate, the active ingredient found in the pesticide Roundup. The Monsanto website says the pesticide only “targets an enzyme found in plants but not in people or pets.” The filers call this assertion “blatantly false.”
Glyphosate targets the enzyme EPSP synthase, which the opponents say is indisputably found in humans — “over one hundred trillion bacteria that produce the targeted enzyme, EPSP synthase, can be found in people,” the plaintiffs state.
“When we eat crops sprayed with glyphosate, we ingest glyphosate, and detectable qualities accumulate in our tissues,” the plaintiffs write, adding, “Glyphosate has been detected in urine, blood, even breast milk — and 75 percent of rainwater samples.”
The gut bacteria affected by the pesticide is responsible for healthy digestion, metabolism and immune system function. “Inability to produce the enzyme spells death for both backyard weeds and gut bacteria.”
In crops, glyphosate absorbs directly through the plant leaves, stems, and roots, while “detectable qualities accumulate in plant tissues.
“Glyphosate works by inhibiting weeds from producing EPSP synthase — and once rendered unable to produce this enzyme — weeds cannot uptake minerals, nor can they make proteins from amino acids, and weeds then starve to death.”
Crops come into contact with glyphosate a second time when farmers, anxious to accelerate the ripening process, use small amounts of the chemical just before harvest time “to partially starve the crops, which mimics the ‘ripening’ process,” according to documentation submitted to the courts.
In March, the World Health Organization declared glyphosate a Group 2A carcinogen. Almost immediately afterwards, The American Cancer Society listed the chemical under the same category.
To become a member of the class action lawsuit, residents of California may contact T. Matthew Phillips at [email protected].


At our Laboratory, we are committed to providing laboratory services of optimum quality. We are a full-service laboratory with state-of-the art equipment and reagents as well as well-trained professionals to facilitate proper clinical diagnosis. Our quality control and assessment methods are rigorous and meticulous as we aim to bring our patients world-class clinical laboratory services.
Some of the Laboratory investigations the hospital is able to conduct include;
- Biochemistry (Blood Chemistry) like Cholesterol Total, Creatinine Serum, Blood Glucose Fasting and others
- ROUTINE HORMONAL ASSAY like Prolactin, Luteinizing Hormone(LH) and others
- PROFILES & PACKAGES like Lipid Profile, Liver/Renal Function Test and others
- HAEMATOLOGY like Full Blood Count(FBC), Blood Grouping & RH Typing and others
- CLINICAL PATHOLOGHY like Urine complete anaylysis, Semen Analysis, Pregnancy Test and others
- MICROBILOGY like Grahm Stain-Sputum, AFB Stain- Urine Spot,Giemsa Stain and others
- CULTURE like Culture Urine, Sterility Checking and others
- SEROLOGY like Widal, VDRL, HBsAG-RAPID, HCV and others
- FLUID ANALYSIS, STONE ANALYSIS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES and MANY OTHERS.


Natural Gas Safety
Natural gas is predominantly methane - an odourless, colourless gas that does not become a liquid at normal temperatures. For safety reasons, an odour is added to the gas before it enters your home so that a person with a normal sense of smell can easily detect if any gas is escaping from appliances or piping.
Download our Natural Gas Safety brochure
If you have a gas leak:
About your gas meter and regulator
- If you suspect that there is a gas leak on any part of the gas installation then the gas supply should be turned off at the isolating valve, which is a ball valve that is closed when the handle is at right angles to the pipework.
- If you are unable to turn the gas off at the isolating valve or if, for example, the leak is on the house pipes then the valve at the inlet to the gas meter should be closed.
- Never use a naked flame to test for a gas leak and remove all sources of ignition. Do not switch on a light or use a mobile phone.
- In extreme cases, when the gas smell is very strong it may be necessary for you to evacuate the premises, leaving the door and/or windows open to allow the gas to disperse.
- All leaks should be reported to Essential Energy (or your natural gas retailer if you are not in the Essential Energy area) on 13 20 80.
Your gas meter measures the quantity of gas delivered and has a regulator to ensure that gas is received at the right pressure for safe and efficient use. Do not damage or adjust the gas meter or regulator in any way. Any defect in the gas meter should be reported to your natural gas retailer immediately.
Take care to ensure that all gas pipework is not damaged, subjected to any pressure or impact which may deform or pierce it.
Only appliances designed to burn natural gas can be connected to the natural gas network. Approved appliances feature an Australian Gas Association badge.
Connection to the gas mains, as well as the installation of natural gas appliances and equipment, must be done by a gas fitter or gas plumber licensed to the Australian Gas Association standard.
Essential Energy Emergency Contact
If you are experiencing an electricity or natural gas emergency in your home or vicinity, please call our dedicated emergency number on
13 20 80
- 24 hours a day, seven days a week.


Conch brand fiber cement board, namely autoclaved non-asbestos cellulose fiber cement slab（Cellulose Fiber Cement Sheets,Autoclaved，English abbreviation ACA）, is a green energy-saving board produced by imported virgin pulp fiber, Portland cement, high silica quartz sand, etc. through automated high-tech.The maximum size of the product can reach 1220*4880mm. It is a new type of construction and decoration material that integrates energy saving, environmental protection, fire and flame retardant, good weather resistance and convenient construction.It is widely used in exterior wall insulation decoration, interior wall decoration protection, wall material lining board, ceiling, floor slab, billboard, cabin partition, fire board, furniture partition and post-processing fields such as painting, perforation, embossing, etc.
The cement and siliceous material in the raw materials of Conch fiber cement board are autoclaved together, which is no longer a traditional cement board. It inherits the waterproof and anti-corrosion advantages of cement, and overcomes the shortcomings of ordinary cement products that are easy to dry and shrink.At the same time, the board does not contain harmful substances such as asbestos, which is a new type of building material with excellent performance and wide application.
Excellent product performance makes fiber cement board suitable for many fields such as architectural decoration：External wall insulation decoration system, partition wall (fire protection, sound insulation, etc.) system, ceiling system, floor system, roof system, wall material (board) lining system, real stone paint, UV transfer, sculpture and other subsequent processing fields.
Anhui Conch Venture New Energy-saving Building Material Co.,Ltd
Bozhou Conch Venture New Energy-saving Building Material Co.,Ltd


Stay fit, stay healthy and enjoy life. This is the mantra that we all have been brought up with. But how many of us, in today’s times really are able to stay fit and healthy? Everybody knows that in order to be fit and healthy we need to maintain a disciplined lifestyle which includes healthy food, regular exercise, proper sleep etc. But given our busy schedules it is next to impossible to regulate our lifestyles. This results in obesity as we do not burn the calories that we intake. But neither we have time to do regular exercise nor we have adequate knowledge on how to lose weight naturally without exercise.
Obesity in turn leads to multiple other problems like Diabetes, coronary disease, kidney and liver problems, sleep disorders, stress, anxiety, depression to name a few. Hence the trick lies in maintaining our body weight. It is absolutely essential that we wake up to the ill effects of being overweight and take necessary steps to prevent weight gain or lose the extra weight we have already gained ASAP.
Most of the people do not have time to do exercise. So, the question is, how to lose weight naturally without exercise? While we are well aware of the benefits of healthy food, a well-balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, etc, that ensures we get all the essential nutrients, there are certain foods that have a slight edge over the others and are highly recommended by nutritionists and doctors all over the world. This is because of their anti-oxidant properties that help to curb obesity.
What exactly are anti-oxidants? To know that first we must know what oxidants are. Oxygen, which is essential for all living beings for respiration, can both be a blessing and a curse. The simple act of breathing in oxygen, among humans, results in the formation of molecules which are highly reactive. These are known Free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive and seek to react with other molecules and make the affected molecule a free radical itself. Therefore, a chain reaction starts. Reaction of free radicals with other molecules in the body results in oxidative damage that can cause a wide range of illnesses and diseases like heart diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurological disorder, hypertension and many others. Therefore, neutralization of free radicals is necessary.
Hence we need antioxidants in our bodies to combat the Free radicals. Our bodies naturally produce anti-oxidants to neutralize the Free radicals thereby rendering them harmless to the cells. Antioxidants work at the cellular level benefiting various organs and contributing to our good health. Unfortunately, the anti-oxidants produced in our bodies are not enough to neutralize the free radicals. Hence the need for constant supply of external sources of anti-oxidants through our daily diets. If we know the anti-oxidant generating foods and vegetables and plan our diets accordingly we will be able to find answer to the question how to lose weight naturally without exercise. Also, Green Coffee, Apple Cider Vinegar, etc have been found to be extremely useful in weight loss and prevention of many diseases.
Vegetables like spinach, broccoli, kale, carrots, fruits like pineapples, strawberries, blueberries, grapes, green tea, green coffee beans, sunflower seeds, kidney beans, soya beans, fish like tuna, salmon, mackerel etc are known for their anti-oxidant properties.
But one food that answers the question how to lose weight naturally without exercise and has become a rage in the past few years is the Green coffee bean extract. It is touted as a revolutionary break through. Green coffee became famous in 2012 when it was called ‘a magic potion for weight loss’ by Dr. Oz.
Green coffee beans are beans that are not roasted. In its pure form the caffeine content is low. Green coffee contains a substance known as Chlorogenic Acid extracted from the rind of the beans which is Mother Nature’s answer to weight loss. According to a very famous study in the Journal of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) in its right concentration causes significant weight loss, lowers food intake and weight gain and tackles other health issues too.
CGA, with its antioxidant properties, is believed to have an effect on post meal blood sugar levels, boosts metabolism, cuts down on your carb absorption and blocks build up and accumulation of fat all of which aid in weight loss. It also manages stress hormones called cortisols, which helps you to manage your belly fat. As CGA stops making fat, it also stops the production of LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides. The presence of serotonin helps you to sleep better and enhances your mood.
According to a study published in the ‘Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry’ in July 2004, CGA anti-oxidants in green coffee beans could actually stop the growth of four kinds of cancer cells, thus preventing cancer. Research also says that taking supplements of green coffee bean extracts with over 45% of CGA helps lower blood glucose levels along with numerous other benefits.
Green coffee bean powder need not be consumed as a hot drink only. Food writer and enthusiast Priyadarshini Nandy suggests, “A good way to enjoy the young flavour of the green bean extract is by making a version of virgin mojito out of it. Crushed ice, juice of half a lime, few sprigs of mint, cane or palm sugar and some of the green coffee extract-all roughly muddled together makes for an excellent daytime drink. And for gym rats, a fresh smoothie to start your day is always a good idea. To make it vegan use something like almond milk, add brewed green coffee, banana, some dates, maybe even a bit unsweetened cocoa powder and a few ice cubes and blend it on high speed. It can give your system a happy boost of energy .” This answers how to lose weight naturally without exercise. However, you will have to be consistent in your effort to lose weight. A sincere and consistent approach will bring success.
So if you really want that hourglass figure and want to get a healthy glow on your face that comes from within then go get your green coffee today. Stay fit and enjoy life. Find green coffee at highly discounted rate. Click here.
Since breakfast as a whole has a very significant role in controlling weight, a separate post titled ‘best weight loss breakfast ideas for Fitness‘ has been published here.
To know about weight loss through exercises read our post on easiest weight loss exercises-15 tips.


Fuchs Lubricants Premium Maxx Performance engine oil now includes Fuchs XTL-Technology, specially developed for vehicles with modern exhaust after-treatment systems and turbochargers. It provides ageing stability and improved fuel-economy over the entire drain-interval due to oxidation stability.
“The improvement in fuel economy over the drain-interval is based on Fuchs XTL technology compared with quality engine oils of the same SAE viscosity grade. It prevents deposits in engines and turbochargers and produces up to 27% lower oil consumption due to XTL while offering longer drain-intervals,” says Fatima Moolla, Product Manager Automotive, Fuchs Lubricants SA.
“Titan Cargo Maxx 10W-40 low-SAPS guarantees optimum protection for modern diesel particulate filters and catalysts. Due to minimum evaporation loss, oil consumption and turbocharger deposits are significantly reduced.”
“The new XTL technology offers maximum performance over the entire temperature range and ensures good cold-start properties even at very low temperatures, exceeding conventional UHDP lubricants in versatility and performance.”
“Because of the extensive performance profile, Titan Cargo Maxx 10W-40 is also suitable for older vehicles. It fulfills all the latest ACEA Ex Specifications in combination with API CJ-4. In addition, the oil is miscible and compatible with conventional branded engine oils,” she says.
“The oil also provides excellent wear protection even under high operation conditions, covers a wide application profile and is suited to mixed fleets.”
It displays high neutralisation behaviour against sour burning residues in combination with the latest Low-SAPS technology and fulfills all latest ACEA Ex specifications (ACEA E9/E7/E6/E4) in combination with API CJ-4 due to the excellent properties of XTL.


Biologique Recherche Line Correcting Serum 30ml
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Developed as a powerful anti-wrinkle treatment, Elastine serum stimulates the synthesis of elastin, the protein responsible for the elasticity of skin tissue. It helps smooth out fine lines and wrinkles, and prevent new ones from forming. Skin becomes visibly smoother and tightened.
HOW TO USE
- If using for specific areas such as under the eyes, apply 3 drops to the palm.
- Use the ring finger to apply to the area.
- Can be used on forehead lines and lips too.
- Smoothing platform: Marine exopolysaccharide from the Iroise Sea, Hyaluronic acid (low molecular weight)
- Plumping platform: Elastin fragment, Complex of matrikines
- Mature skin
Size Available: 30ml