Düsseldorf, Germany — Medical molders need liquid silicone rubber materials that cure quickly and at lower temperatures. Dow Performance Silicones featured the novel, innovative elastomers at two recent presentations.
Stéphane Cornelis, responsible for medical application engineering and technical service at Dow Performance Silicones in Seneffe, Belgium, spoke Nov. 14 about development and benchmark evaluation of the new QP1-33XX series medical quality LSR.
The material, launched at the Compamed trade fair in Düsseldorf, cures well below 140° C, which enables molders to use thermally sensitive additives and to do two-component molding of LSR with thermoplastics with lower heat resistance than glass-fiber-reinforced nylon or polybutylene terephthlate, which are the plastics most frequently used for LSR/thermoplastic molding.
Starting in 2016, Dow submitted QP1-3350 (Shore A50) to benchmarking tests on its Engel all-electric e-Max 100 liquid injection molding press. The machine, in Dow's Seneffe technical center, has 100 metric tons of clamping force.
Dow compared QP1-33XX with two standard LSR grades available at that time from two competing LSR producers, varying injection speed, holding pressure and mold temperature.
It also included its standard QP1-50 in the tests and another new Dow medical grade, QP1-250, a slow storage modulus and low “structure rebuild” Shore A50 LSR with its low dynamic viscosity rheology enabling easier flow for fast molding at lower injection pressure.
Cornelis observed “slow structure rebuild capability was demonstrated by fast constant rate metering without any delay after holding time.”
Dow showed the molded part of a respiratory mask at its Compamed booth, molded in QP1-250 by Sankt Augustin, Germany-based Intersurgical GmbH.
There was little difference between the materials in cure time at 180° C, but there was 15 seconds faster cure with QP1-3350 than the fastest curing of the competitors’ LSR at 120° C, which widened to a 133-second advantage at 100° C.
Although QP1-3350 tear strength at 30 kN/m (without post-cure) was lower than 44 and 46 kN/m for QP1-50 and QP1-250, it was higher than the 21 and 25 kN/m values for the competitors’ LSRs. There was little difference in tensile strength values between the different LSRs.
QP1-3350 post-molding compression set at 52 percent was slightly lower than competitors’ 60 to 62 percent values, but it was higher than the 39.1 percent for QP1-50. Post-cure tests were made at 200° C/4h and 200° C/8h, the latter showing significant differences, with QP1-3350 almost twice as high at 19 percent than competitors’ grades at 10 percent and much higher than the 6 percent value for QP1-250, while QP1-50 achieved 17 percent.
Based on 180 mm x 130 mm x 2 mm test plaque molding, Cornelis pointed out that one of the competitor’s grades had been found to need 100 tonnes clamping force due to 608 bar injection pressure, but that QP1-3350 with 325 bar and QP1-250 with 365 bar (injection speed 50 cm3/s) could be molded on a 50 tonnes clamping force machine.
Cornelis supported this by showing a chart in which the new QP grades had lower injection pressure at a given injection speed. Overall, 44-second cycle time at 120 °C (560 bar) was faster for QP1-3350 than the 78 seconds needed for the above-mentioned competitor’s material (540 bar).
So aside from widening additive and thermoplastic co-molding options, there are productivity and cost benefits from QP1-3350 with a smaller molding machine and faster cycle time, Cornelis said. He said it is also easier to mold thick wall parts, such as optical lenses, faster with this new material.
QP1-250, on the other hand, also offers particular advantages when producing LSR parts in molds with large numbers of mold cavities.
In a separate Dow Performance Silicones presentation at the Nov. 15 Compamed suppliers forum, Pennadam Sivanand, EMEA manager in Seneffe medical technology development, application engineering and technical service, talked about another new low-temperature and fast-cure Dow material, the QP1-5040 self-adhesive (SA) Shore A40 hardness medical-grade LSR.
Sivanand illustrated the material’s low-temperature cure by showing the same 100° C cure profile chart for QP1-3350 as Cornelis had done the previous day — the one with up to 133 seconds faster cure than competitors’ LSR grades.
Sivanand said medical industry OEMs seek biocompatible elastomer solutions that withstand disinfection requirements and can be molded with fast cycle times. He said attractiveness of the new SA LSR is due to ability to eliminate mechanical interlocking and primers, with the higher efficiency and faster molding cycle time resulting in cost reduction.
Dow chose to investigate QP1-5040 bond strength in two-component molding with Tritan copolyester from Capelle aan den Ijssel, Netherlands-based Eastman Chemical BV, a thermoplastic resin similar in cost to medical-grade polycarbonate, yet free of bisphenol A and with higher stress cracking resistance to aggressive chemicals. Sivanand also talked about Tritan’s high clarity and UV resistance.
The SA technology behind QP1-5040 is based on use of “well-known system D adhesion promoters” acting as coupling agents to establish bonded interfaces through “diffuse interphase interpenetrating networks,” Sivanand said. LSR/copolyester adhesive pull-off tests on compression molded plaques with co-polyesters with 66 psi (0.46 MPa) heat distortion temperatures (HDT) of 95° C, 100° C and 110° C showed pull-off force rising from 154 N/25 mm for one of two 95° C HDT grades to 183 N/25 mm for the 110° C HDT copolyester.
Cohesive failure, meaning extent of damage to the substrate with which the LSR was bonded, was understandably 0 percent for stainless steel, with large differences between PC grades (below 1 percent and 65 percent), yet highest at 95 percent with copolyester.
Target applications for the new SA-LSR/Tritan material combinations include respiratory care masks (as an alternative to more expensive transparent nylon and similar-cost PC substrates). Potential is also seen in medical components, devices, enclosures, wearable monitors and various molded-on gaskets and seals.
Aside from the presentations by Cornelis and Sivanand in the Compamed suppliers forum, Dow Medical global strategic marketing director Gary Lord held a short material science choices presentation in the Medica medical industry fair. Dow exhibited at both of the parallel shows.
Lord talked about how Dow contributes with its silicone materials to the “growing phenomenon of the internet of medical things.”
Dow Performance Silicones is a global business unit of DowDuPont Inc.


PRE-K PUMPKIN EXPERIMENT
Sumter County Primary School Pre-K students in Mrs. Cynthia Reuda and Ms. Laquinitha Williams' class did a chemical reaction experiment by making a pumpkin volcano. Students learned that mixing the base, baking soda, and the acid, vinegar, produced a gas called carbon dioxide. Each student had the chance to add in dish soap or food coloring for the pumpkin volcano.
Pictured: Mrs. Cynthia Rueda with her class and Natalie Prince and Estefany Ardon Ramos pouring in dish soap


Discover answers from our PetCann experts
Cannabidiol, commonly known as CBD, is the second most abundant phytocannabinoid that comes from the cannabis plant. It is characterised by very low toxicity and is non-psychoactive and non-addictive. CBD is a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and exerts therapeutic effects by interacting with multiple receptors in the body. It can be used to improve treatment outcomes for a wide variety of conditions in pets including chronic pain, osteoarthritis, epilepsy and anxiety.
Cannabidiol, CBD, works through its interactions with multiple body systems and particularly, through the relationship it has with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). Through these various mechanisms and interactions with various receptors, CBD may help reduce inflammation, pain and also exert anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and anti-nausea benefits.
In Australia, veterinarians can only legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals which satisfy the requirements for cannabidiol (CBD) formulations under Schedule 4 (this means the formulation contains 98% or more CBD and less than 2% of total other cannabinoids). In contrast, medicinal cannabis formulations available for humans are available with varying levels of CBD, THC (another phytocannabinoid with psychoactive properties) and other cannabinoids. Human medicinal cannabis products are often Schedule 8 and not allowed for pets.
Because of the size and species differences between pets and humans, the concentration and dosing of medicinal cannabis for pets will also vary significantly from human products. Human preparations have varying concentrations of the active molecules as well as other ingredients that most likely are unsuitable and potentially unsafe for pets.
Both THC and CBD are phytocannabinoids from the cannabis plant.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most commonly known compound from the cannabis plant and known for its psychoactive effects.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant part of the cannabis plant and is known best for its strong anti-inflammatory benefits. CBD is non-psychoactive, non-addictive and has a low level of toxicity.
CBD preparations are becoming increasingly used by veterinarians to help treat and / or manage a range of diseases and signs in our pets. In Australia, vets can legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals which satisfy the requirements for CBD under Schedule 4 and must contain 98% or more CBD and less than 2% of total other cannabinoids.
CBD, a phytocannabanoid derived from the cannabis plant, possesses various therapeutic benefits and can only be legally obtained with a prescription from your vet.
Hemp products are being increasingly marketed as healthy treats for both humans and pets. While hemp may provide health benefits, it doesn’t contain CBD oil or the therapeutic benefits attributable to CBD oil. Hemp seed oil is a good source of omegas and has health benefits of its own. Hemp seed oil is not the same as CBD oil and does not offer the same therapeutic benefits.
Medical cannabis can be administered to pets orally (by mouth) or topically (direct to skin). Currently, PetCann provides oils, topicals, treats and chews for dogs and oils and topicals for cats. Your vet may prescribe a CBD isolate product (only contains CBD) or a CBD isolate:broadspectrum blend (that still contains >98%CBD).
If you have a pet other than a dog or cat that you think would benefit from CBD, please reach out to us.
Yes, your pet needs a prescription to obtain CBD products in Australia. In Australia, CBD oils that are 98% CBD and 2% or less other cannabinoids, are classed as a Schedule 4 substance. Veterinarians can legally prescribe medical cannabinoids for animals that satisfy the requirements for CBD under Schedule 4.
If you are a vet, please head over to our vet page to register.
In short, no. CBD is a non-psychoactive extract from the cannabis plant. If you are only giving pure CBD without THC, it will not make your pet feel high.
There’s an increasing amount of CBD products available online. The key thing to remember is that CBD and other medicinal cannabis products sold online in Australia are illegal. CBD products bought online with no prescription come with no guarantee of contents. They may be ineffective or worse still, toxic and dangerous; potentially containing an unknown blend of cannabinoids, contaminants including pesticides, microbial or even heavy metal contamination.
PetCann supports pet parents throughout Australia by connecting them to local vets with an understanding of and access to cannabidiol medicines specifically formulated for pets.
PetCann supports vets throughout Australia with education on and access to cannabidiol medicines for treating animals, with a simple prescription process and timely delivery.


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It was discovered centuries ago that certain types of materials would mysteriously attract one another being rubbed together. For example: after rubbing a piece of silk against a piece of glass, the silk and glass would tend to stick together. Indeed, there was an attractive force that could be demonstrated even when the two materials were separated:
Glass and silk aren't the only materials known to behave like this. Anyone who has ever brushed up against a latex balloon only to find that it tries to stick to them has experienced this same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and wool cloth are another pair of materials early experimenters recognized as manifesting attractive forces after being rubbed together:
This phenomenon became even more interesting when it was discovered that identical materials, after having been rubbed with their respective cloths, always repelled each other:
It was also noted that when a piece of glass rubbed with silk was exposed to a piece of wax rubbed with wool, the two materials would attract one another:
Furthermore, it was found that any material demonstrating properties of attraction or repulsion after being rubbed could be classed into one of two distinct categories: attracted to glass and repelled by wax, or repelled by glass and attracted to wax. It was either one or the other: there were no materials found that would be attracted to or repelled by both glass and wax, or that reacted to one without reacting to the other.
More attention was directed toward the pieces of cloth used to do the rubbing. It was discovered that after rubbing two pieces of glass with two pieces of silk cloth, not only did the glass pieces repel each other, but so did the cloths. The same phenomenon held for the pieces of wool used to rub the wax:
Now, this was really strange to witness. After all, none of these objects were visibly altered by the rubbing, yet they definitely behaved differently than before they were rubbed. Whatever change took place to make these materials attract or repel one another was invisible.
Some experimenters speculated that invisible "fluids" were being transferred from one object to another during the process of rubbing, and that these "fluids" were able to effect a physical force over a distance. Charles Dufay was one the early experimenters who demonstrated that there were definitely two different types of changes wrought by rubbing certain pairs of objects together. The fact that there was more than one type of change manifested in these materials was evident by the fact that there were two types of forces produced: attraction and repulsion. The hypothetical fluid transfer became known as a charge.
One pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin, came to the conclusion that there was only one fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, and that the two different "charges" were nothing more than either an excess or a deficiency of that one fluid. After experimenting with wax and wool, Franklin suggested that the coarse wool removed some of this invisible fluid from the smooth wax, causing an excess of fluid on the wool and a deficiency of fluid on the wax. The resulting disparity in fluid content between the wool and wax would then cause an attractive force, as the fluid tried to regain its former balance between the two materials.
Postulating the existence of a single "fluid" that was either gained or lost through rubbing accounted best for the observed behavior: that all these materials fell neatly into one of two categories when rubbed, and most importantly, that the two active materials rubbed against each other always fell into opposing categories as evidenced by their invariable attraction to one another. In other words, there was never a time where two materials rubbed against each other both became either positive or negative.
Following Franklin's speculation of the wool rubbing something off of the wax, the type of charge that was associated with rubbed wax became known as "negative" (because it was supposed to have a deficiency of fluid) while the type of charge associated with the rubbing wool became known as "positive" (because it was supposed to have an excess of fluid). Little did he know that his innocent conjecture would cause much confusion for students of electricity in the future!
Precise measurements of electrical charge were carried out by the French physicist Charles Coulomb in the 1780's using a device called a torsional balance measuring the force generated between two electrically charged objects. The results of Coulomb's work led to the development of a unit of electrical charge named in his honor, the coulomb. If two "point" objects (hypothetical objects having no appreciable surface area) were equally charged to a measure of 1 coulomb, and placed 1 meter (approximately 1 yard) apart, they would generate a force of about 9 billion newtons (approximately 2 billion pounds), either attracting or repelling depending on the types of charges involved.
It discovered much later that this "fluid" was actually composed of extremely small bits of matter called electrons, so named in honor of the ancient Greek word for amber: another material exhibiting charged properties when rubbed with cloth. Experimentation has since revealed that all objects are composed of extremely small "building-blocks" known as atoms, and that these atoms are in turn composed of smaller components known as particles. The three fundamental particles comprising atoms are called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms are far too small to be seen, but if we could look at one, it might appear something like this:
Even though each atom in a piece of material tends to hold together as a unit, there's actually a lot of empty space between the electrons and the cluster of protons and neutrons residing in the middle.
This crude model is that of the element carbon, with six protons, six neutrons, and six electrons. In any atom, the protons and neutrons are very tightly bound together, which is an important quality. The tightly-bound clump of protons and neutrons in the center of the atom is called the nucleus, and the number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its elemental identity: change the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, and you change the type of atom that it is. In fact, if you could remove three protons from the nucleus of an atom of lead, you will have achieved the old alchemists' dream of producing an atom of gold! The tight binding of protons in the nucleus is responsible for the stable identity of chemical elements, and the failure of alchemists to achieve their dream.
Neutrons are much less influential on the chemical character and identity of an atom than protons, although they are just as hard to add to or remove from the nucleus, being so tightly bound. If neutrons are added or gained, the atom will still retain the same chemical identity, but its mass will change slightly and it may acquire strange nuclear properties such as radioactivity.
However, electrons have significantly more freedom to move around in an atom than either protons or neutrons. In fact, they can be knocked out of their respective positions (even leaving the atom entirely!) by far less energy than what it takes to dislodge particles in the nucleus. If this happens, the atom still retains its chemical identity, but an important imbalance occurs. Electrons and protons are unique in the fact that they are attracted to one another over a distance. It is this attraction over distance which causes the attraction between rubbed objects, where electrons are moved away from their original atoms to reside around atoms of another object.
Electrons tend to repel other electrons over a distance, as do protons with other protons. The only reason protons bind together in the nucleus of an atom is because of a much stronger force called the strong nuclear force which has effect only under very short distances. Because of this attraction/repulsion behavior between individual particles, electrons and protons are said to have opposite electric charges. That is, each electron has a negative charge, and each proton a positive charge. In equal numbers within an atom, they counteract each other's presence so that the net charge within the atom is zero. This is why the picture of a carbon atom had six electrons: to balance out the electric charge of the six protons in the nucleus. If electrons leave or extra electrons arrive, the atom's net electric charge will be imbalanced, leaving the atom "charged" as a whole, causing it to interact with charged particles and other charged atoms nearby. Neutrons are neither attracted to or repelled by electrons, protons, or even other neutrons, and are consequently categorized as having no charge at all.
The process of electrons arriving or leaving is exactly what happens when certain combinations of materials are rubbed together: electrons from the atoms of one material are forced by the rubbing to leave their respective atoms and transfer over to the atoms of the other material. In other words, electrons comprise the "fluid" hypothesized by Benjamin Franklin. The operational definition of a coulomb as the unit of electrical charge (in terms of force generated between point charges) was found to be equal to an excess or deficiency of about 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. Or, stated in reverse terms, one electron has a charge of about 0.00000000000000000016 coulombs. Being that one electron is the smallest known carrier of electric charge, this last figure of charge for the electron is defined as the elementary charge.
The result of an imbalance of this "fluid" (electrons) between objects is called static electricity. It is called "static" because the displaced electrons tend to remain stationary after being moved from one material to another. In the case of wax and wool, it was determined through further experimentation that electrons in the wool actually transferred to the atoms in the wax, which is exactly opposite of Franklin's conjecture! In honor of Franklin's designation of the wax's charge being "negative" and the wool's charge being "positive," electrons are said to have a "negative" charging influence. Thus, an object whose atoms have received a surplus of electrons is said to be negatively charged, while an object whose atoms are lacking electrons is said to be positively charged, as confusing as these designations may seem. By the time the true nature of electric "fluid" was discovered, Franklin's nomenclature of electric charge was too well established to be easily changed, and so it remains to this day.
Lessons In Electric Circuits copyright (C) 2000-2002 Tony R. Kuphaldt, under the terms and conditions of the Design Science License.


If you are treated with any HIV drug, in particular ritonavir or cobicistat it’s vital you understand these can interact in a dangerous fashion with recreational drugs such as MDMA, Ketamine but also doctor prescribed medications such as Viagra or benzodiazapines such as Valium.
As reported at AidsMap:
The most important ‘take-home’ message of the review is that the two prescribed medications which are most likely to be involved in harmful interactions with recreational drugs are ritonavir (Norvir) and cobicistat (Tybost)…
Several widely used recreational drugs are metabolised by either CYP2D6 or CYP3A4, the same liver enzymes which metabolise ritonavir and cobicistat. These are:
- Crystal methamphetamine (crystal, tina, meth)
- MDMA (ecstasy, X, mandy)
- Mephedrone (miaw miaw, plant food, bath salts)
- Ketamine (K, vitamin K, special K)
- Erectile dysfunction drugs (Viagra, Cialis, Levitra)
- Benzodiazepines (benzos, Valium, Xanax)
The authors judge the potential for interactions with the first three drugs listed to be ‘moderate’ and with the last three to be ‘high’. Although erectile dysfunction drugs and benzodiazepines may be safely prescribed by doctors, when they are obtained through informal channels, the authors say that much larger doses may be taken and there will be no monitoring of side effects.
With each party drug, an interaction with ritonavir and cobicistat may increase the intensity of the effect of the illicit drug, sometimes to unpleasant or dangerous levels.
There have been case reports of deaths in people using crystal meth and ritonavir, and in people using MDMA and ritonavir. Post-mortems showed that the level of the recreational drugs in these individuals’ blood was much higher than would normally be expected. There have been case reports of acute, serious side-effects in people using ketamine and ritonavir. The authors acknowledge that only a few of these cases have ever been documented.
Dr George Forgan-Smith


Hydrogen is cheap and its combustion produces only water (no CO2). It produces 3 times as much energy as an equivalent quantity of petrol. So, why don’t all we drive on hydrogen?
Simply because there is a flip side of the coin. Besides all these advantages, hydrogen has a series of disadvantages for running a car.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical component in the universe. Contrary to petrol, gas or coal, hydrogen cannot be found in its raw form in nature. It is not extracted by mining but manufactured by a chemical process.
To obtain hydrogen, two processes are possible:
At present, 4% of the hydrogen produced worldwide is made by electrolysis and 96% by chemical transformation of fossil fuels, mainly natural gas (48%).
If hydrogen were produced solely from renewable electricity, it would be the ideal fuel: unlike petrol, diesel and natural gas, its combustion with oxygen from the air produces only pure water, no CO2 and no particulates whatsoever. It is also non-toxic.
Hydrogen contains three times more energy per kilogram than petrol and can be used in different ways, which is not the case for all other fuels:
Hydrogen can be used to store excess electrical energy produced by renewable energy generation systems that depend on weather conditions:
Hydrogen is very useful in the chemical industry. Moreover, there is a European network of more than 900 km of hydrogen pipelines connecting the north of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the German industrial basin of the Ruhr.
Here are some more examples:
Oil companies and electricity producers also have projects related to hydrogen. And others are even thinking of reviving hydrogen-filled airships to replace aircraft in the transport of non-urgent goods.
On the automotive side, however, the offering remains very limited: Hyundai and Toyota are the only manufacturers to offer a model priced at around 65,000 to 80,000 euros. Mercedes, BMW and Honda also have hydrogen car projects in the pipeline.
The classic combustion engine which equips petrol cars is not suitable for using hydrogen. We have to use an electric motor powered by a fuel cell, which transforms hydrogen into electricity.
This process raises questions about efficiency as it involves 2 electrochemical processes. First, the up-front manufacturing of the hydrogen and second, the conversion into electricity. At best, the fuel cell has an efficiency of 40%, and therefore an energy loss of 60%.
Furthermore, the fuel cell is very expensive (although some car manufacturers announce considerable price cuts) and is delicate and complex to operate. It also requires the use of precious metals, such as platinum, to manufacture it.
However, fuel cells can be useful for heavier technologies such as the space industry.
One kilogramme of hydrogen releases as much energy as three litres of petrol. However, hydrogen is the smallest and lightest element in the universe, and its energy density (energy per unit of volume) is very low. That means we need to store a lot of it under high pressure (700 bar) to obtain the amount needed to operate a car.
Specifically, a tank filled with 60 l of hydrogen (i.e. 5kg) equals only 13 litres of petrol.
Price full fuel tank
|Hydrogen car||15 €/kg||5 kg||€ 75||0,8 kg/100 km||625 km|
|Petrol car||1,45 €/l||60 l||€ 87||5-6 l/100 km||1090 km|
This high-pressure tank presents an additional risk if the vehicle is in a crash, especially as hydrogen is very volatile and highly inflammable.
Another solution consists of liquefying the hydrogen to store it in large quantities in a suitable tank, but that consumes a lot of energy and raises efficiency questions once again.
To complete the picture, there are only a few hundred service stations in the world offering hydrogen (of which one is in Zaventem and another in Hal). Four more Belgian service stations are already planned. By 2020 the Benelux should count 8 hydrogen service stations in total. That means filling up is not easy!
With regard to mobility, hydrogen is one of the avenues being explored to replace petrol and combustion engines. While not everyone believes in the future of hydrogen for this particular use, everyone agrees that we will need multiple solutions to meet the energy challenge.
In the field of alternative vehicles, cars powered by natural gas are another very interesting concept and easier to implement technically. Just like the electric car. Take a look at our dossier to find out everything about electric and natural gas vehicles.
At the European level, the Hytrec project aims to develop the hydrogen pipeline network as an energy carrier across northern Europe, from Scotland to Denmark, Belgium and Germany.
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Metal clusters featuring closed supershells or aromatic character usually exhibit remarkably enhanced stability in their cluster series. However, not all stable clusters are subject to these fundamental constraints. Here, by employing photoelectron imaging spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, we present experimental and theoretical evidence on the existence of unexpectedly stable open-shell clusters, which are more stable than their closed-shell and aromatic counterparts. The stabilization of these open-shell Al-Mg clusters is proposed to originate from the S-P molecular orbital coupling, leading to highly stable species with increased HOMO-LUMO gaps, akin to s-p hybridization in an organic carbon atom that is beneficial to form stable species. Introduction of the coupling effect highlighted here not only shows the limitations of the conventional closed-shell model and aromaticity but also provides the possibility to design valuable building blocks.


(March 31, 2021) – A routine preventive maintenance has been scheduled for the exhaust fan system at the Flawn Sciences Building (FLN). Work will begin on Monday, April 5 at 6 a.m. and end on Friday, April 9.
Throughout the maintenance, fume hoods will not be available for use, and chemicals should not be stored inside them. All other systems such as building power, air conditioning, and exhaust will not be affected.
For additional information, contact the Facilities Service Center at (210) 458-4262.


This kitchen science kit is the newest take on the iconic easy-bake-oven. The DoughLab Bake and Learn will walk your child through how to work with yeast and make tasty loaves of bread. What’s even better is that you can do this activity from the comfort of your own kitchen. You’ll learn all about science while getting to reap the rewards of eating tasty bread at the end of the experiment.
With this kit, you’ll have enough supplies for over 5 different experiments (3 loaves of bread total, though) to learn about yeast and gluten. The kit includes 1 pound of high-protein flour, 7g dry yeast, three baking tins, 3 graduated mixing containers, inflatable gloves, wooden mixing sticks, measuring spoons, sugar and salt.


In traditional pure etching, a metal (usually copper, zinc or steel) plate is covered with a waxy material that is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the material with a pointed etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece, so exposing the bare metal. The plate is then dipped in a bath of acid. The acid "bites" into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate. The remaining protective material is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, leaving only the ink in the etched lines. The plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the etched lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times. Prints can be printed on various kinds of paper to create specific effects and further enhanced with hand coloring.


Contact one of our consultants
Graduate Formulation Technician in Hampshire
The company help to optimise the development of products in the agrochemical and associated industries. They are located near Portsmouth and use formulation, analytical & testing equipment to develop & evaluate crop protection formulations.
They are looking for a Formulation Technician to work on a variety of challenging projects. You would be preparing and testing formulations using a wide range of techniques. They are a well-known company and offer great opportunities for learning and progression.
They are looking for a graduate with a 1st or 2:1 BSc or MSc degree in chemistry or similar. They would also consider non graduates, with a BTEC or HTEC in Chemistry, with at least 2 years of relevant experience.
They are offering a competitive salary, as well as flexible working hours, private health care and a stakeholder pension scheme.


A paper from our STOP-ADENOMA study (which follows on from a completed clinical trial called seAFOod) has been published in the Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids journal.
Below is a summary of the paper (which can also be viewed online):
Some researchers have suggested that substances called resolvins and lipoxins, which are derived from naturally-occurring fats in the body, might explain how aspirin and the omega-3 EPA reduce bowel cancer risk. In this study, we analysed blood and bowel wall samples from individuals who took part in the seAFOod trial, during which aspirin and EPA was prescribed for 12 months. We did not detect resolvin E or aspirin-triggered lipoxin in any of the samples that were tested. This is the longest study that tested for these substances. The results do not support the idea that resolvins or lipoxins are important for the anti-cancer activity of aspirin or EPA.
For more information on STOP-ADENOMA, please see the study page below.


Lab Grown Diamonds
How Lab Grown Diamonds Are Made
As technology and scientific expertise progresses, humans have found ways to replicate the natural world. Whether it be growing foods that are bigger and more plentiful than in generations past or medicines that supplement deficiencies in our bodies, we have found ways to work past natural limitations. Diamonds are no different. The biggest positive in the differences between lab grown diamonds and mined diamonds are that lab grown diamonds improve on the difficulties faced when mining diamonds. Without having to deal with limited reserves and socioeconomic controversies, lab diamonds are able to provide consumers with the same product they desire with less of a negative impact.
From Myth to Mastercraft
So how are they actually made? Lab grown diamonds, also referred to as man made diamonds or engineered diamonds, are formed by simulating the conditions that diamonds experience while naturally forming over billions of years.
The idea of conjuring diamonds at will has been a fantasy as old as time but Scientists have been trying to replicate diamonds since the late 18th Century. In 1797, it was discovered that diamonds are a form of pure carbon. Centuries would pass as scientists tried to produce their own diamonds by exposing carbon to high pressure and temperatures. It wouldn’t be until the mid 20th century, when scientists, such as Percy Bridgman and Tracy Hall would establish the methods we use today. In the decades since, laboratory diamond techniques have been mastered to a point where it is now financially viable to produce lab made diamonds for public consumption.
There are two methods that are most popular when it comes to creating diamonds in a laboratory. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and High Pressure High Temperature (HTHP). These practices originated from Bridgman and Hall’s studies and are now commonplace for lab grown diamond companies.
Both the CVD and HPHT methods utilize diamond seeds. Diamond seeds are small samples of mined diamonds used to start the diamond growing process. Usually a type IIA diamond seed is used as it provides a high quality starting point. These diamond seeds might be miniscule but they are just what is needed to kick off the chemical reaction necessary to form diamonds.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Diamonds
CVD diamonds are formed when a diamond seed reacts to hydrocarbon gasses under low pressure microwaves. In normal circumstances this process would create a carbon byproduct like grafite. In the controlled environment of a CVD growth chamber the gas creates a plasma, whose molecules break apart at a high enough temperature and the carbon bonds with the diamond seed.
Initially, CVD growth chambers could only process one diamond seed at a time but as technology has improved, so has the capabilities of CVD. The best lab grown diamond companies can take on dozens of diamond seeds at a time.
High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT)
HPHT diamonds are formed by providing pressure and high temperatures to a diamond seed and carbon. This strenuous process provides the tension needed to trigger the chemical reaction needed to form diamonds.
The HPHT process is a replication of the natural diamond growing process. Instead of having the natural pressures and temperatures beneath the earth form diamonds over billions of years, we are able to recreate that same conditions in a controlled environment; allows us to speed up the process.
Another positive of creating diamonds in a controlled environment such as a lab is that the diamonds cannot be contaminated and are as pure as can be. In nature, diamonds often have other chemicals entering the formation process, diluting the purity of the finished product. Laboratory grown diamonds can guarantee that they’ve been watched every step of the way, ensuring we provide the best lab created diamonds available.
Whether using the CVD method or the HPHT method the outcome should be the same; a high quality diamond. Now that the formation process is over, the diamond goes through the same process of cleaning and shaping that a mined diamond would go through. Clearing away any ecess carbon and creating the clean cuts that make a diamond a true object of adoration. To the human eye a manufactured diamond and a mined diamond are identical.
Colors and Other Possibilities
One of the unique and great possibilities available with lab grown diamond is the amount of options for creating a special gem. As stated before, lab diamonds are formed in a controlled environment, adding color or increasing size is only a matter of demand. If you are looking for a fancy pink engagement ring lab grown diamonds are your way to go. Aside from the previously mentioned carbons, adding color pigment is an easy solution to providing new options in designer jewelry. Blue yellow and pink diamonds are popular options that show diamonds in a new light.
The other big opportunity in lab diamonds is the ability to provide sizes only imaginable for royalty. Increasing the ratio of the diamond growing process is the key to providing gems that would usually be impossible to afford. Of course there are limits when it comes to lab capabilities and consumer demand but if you’re looking to go big you’d be pressed to find a mined diamond of similar size.
At first it might seem strange that diamonds can be made in a lab but once you know how it actually works it's not actually so different. It’s less about finding a new way to acquire diamonds and more about replicating the earth’s natural methods and working from there. By simulating the same pressure and temperature that a natural diamond goes through we aren’t creating a near diamond we’re creating the real thing.
This centuries long process of trial and error has taught us that creating diamonds is less like witchcraft and more like growing any other natural produce. Diamond growing is a science that is always evolving. While we are able to create some truly extraordinary jewels at this moment, who knows what we might be capable of providing in the coming years?
Whether it be a demand for jewelry or manufacturing needs the popularity of diamonds is here to stay. Regardless of if it’s for practicality or adornment, diamonds are an intrinsic mineral that we covet more than most but like any natural resource it is limited. Lab diamonds solve this issue allowing for more opportunities to be had. Especially when traditional diamond suppliers limit their supply or threaten scarcity through methods of questionable ethics.
Lab diamonds serve as an option that provides more opportunities, is less detrimental to the environment, and overall less costly. Getting a quality stone that offers more of what you are looking for with less boundaries restricted by inventory, price, or physical limitations.
With all the possibilities available, buying a diamond engagement ring should have a lot more options thanks to lab grown diamonds.


Super Ceramic Car Coating
Original Price $50.95
Current Price $29.95
- 100% colorless and transparent nanotech coating
- Easy application - Apply at normal temperature and pressure. No need heating. Natural drying for 48 hours
- Act as a barrier coating over the surface from any possible harm to your car or glass
- It protects your car from aging, fading, weather and sunlight erosion, acid rain, industry powder, etc.
- Anti-static, weather-resistant nano-coating that shines and protects your vehicle
- Super-hydrophobic glass coating, h9 hardness
- One application can last two years
- The super durable high gloss finish will never crack, peel off or turn yellow.
- Can be applied to Painted Surface, Rim, Lamp Cover, Plastic, Rubber, Metal surface, etc.
- Non-toxic, harmless and environmentally friendly
- Offers a deep, rich gloss with self-cleaning properties, making future washing of your vehicle, faster and easier
How to apply?
Prepare the car with a deep wash to create the perfect surface to apply your Ceramic Car Coating!
- Add a few drops of liquid to the cloth that is wrapped around the sponge.
- Apply the liquid gently to the surface and spread it evenly.
- Wipe the surface with a lint-free cloth.
- Material: Polysiloxane and other Nanomaterials
- Hardness: 9H hardness
- Durability: 3-5 years
- Coating Thickness: 30um
- Gloss: Excellent high gloss effect, shiny as a mirror
- Anti-corrosion: PH tolerance: PH2-12
- Heat Resistance: Up to 760 degree
- Consumption: 30ml
- We ship Worldwide!
- The product gets shipped out within 2-3 days of placing the order. There could be a slight delay in the delivery of shipments as we are experiencing a heavy rush due to the holiday season. Please allow for a maximum of 1-4 weeks for our product to deliver.


Do you plan to implement epoxy resin on a patio floor, renovate a kitchen countertop, or work on an outdoor pool? It’s incredible stuff with a gorgeous finished product. However, the toxicity of epoxy resin poses several small risks that might become a serious health problem if proper measures and safety equipment such as safety glasses and excellent ventilation are not taken.
People have numerous concerns, and rightfully so since your lungs, skin, and overall health are essential. Is epoxy Resin toxic? The answer is not straightforward. Yes, but it’s near enough, so learn about all the hazards that high amounts of exposure can have and how to avoid them here.
Is Epoxy Resin Toxic?
Pure Epoxy Resin is generally non-toxic to animals and humans. Furthermore, the risk of ingestion is relatively low too. However, using it for a long time without common sense and proper precautions might create health issues in the future. For instance, about 10% of individuals working with epoxy resin experience irritating contact dermatitis symptoms.
Nearly all of the primary components in epoxy resins are irritants and occupational allergens in varying degrees. Excessive or long-time use of epoxy resins and hardeners usually is dangerous.
However, Epoxy is usually food safe once cured, provided it adheres to the FDA’s stringent guidelines. For an epoxy resin item to be food-safe, it must meet the FDA approval and the minimum basic standard for food non-interference. For example, it must not change the taste, smell, or composition of the food. Besides, it also must not have any toxic elements harmful to men.
According to NIOSH, dealing with or being exposed to certain epoxy resins might lead to fertility issues, stillbirth, miscarriage, or babies suffering from birth abnormalities. Some epoxy products are skin sensitizers, which might cause eczema or contact dermatitis.
Referring to findings released in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 15 participants out of 113 evaluated exhibited asthma symptoms after being exposed to liquid epoxy resins. Besides, according to the study, epoxy resins only induce asthma when it is fluid, not solid plastic.
Side Effects of Epoxy Poisoning
Well, epoxy resin poisoning causes a variety of symptoms. However, these signs and symptoms differ among individuals. The following are some of the most common side effects of epoxy poisoning:
- Chemical Burns
- Contact Dermatitis
- Respiratory Irritation
- Irritation of lungs, throat, and nose.
Is Epoxy Harmful to Your Respiratory System and Lungs?
When you mix the epoxy resin and curing agent, a reaction lasts until the Epoxy hardens. The combination creates adhesive vapours throughout this process. Breathing these vapours can cause discomfort and asthma, among other respiratory problems.
One can get respiratory problems and lung problems by sanding partly hardened epoxy resin. Sanding generates responsive dust particles, which is why it is the case. Allergies and discomfort result from these particles becoming lodged in the respiratory system.
The most common health effects of inhaling Epoxy are irritation and inflammation of the lungs, throats, and nose. Sensitization and asthma can develop due to repeated and high exposure levels to such gases.
Epoxy resin fumes can be poisonous and harmful to your lungs. Difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest pain can be symptoms of exposure to such hazardous fumes. Furthermore, it can even damage your lungs or cause death in severe circumstances.
Breathing very intense epoxy vapours may irritate and sensitize your respiratory system. Even tiny amounts of epoxy fumes can cause an allergic response if someone is allergic to Epoxy. Epoxy vapour volume increases at higher temperatures or in poorly ventilated areas.
What to Do If You Inhale Vapors: Basic First Aid Procedures?
Well, if you inhale vapours, the first thing you have to do is leave the place right away. Or, open all windows and doors to let the air pass. If you experience throat irritation only, try drinking milk or other cold fluids. Nonetheless, if you inhale any toxic vapours, you should seek immediate medical attention.
Is Epoxy a Skin Irritant?
Getting into contact with liquid epoxy resins may irritate your skin. These are most commonly absorbed through the skin. When it happens frequently enough, even minimal contact with the skin might result in long-term health issues. The skin might absorb hazardous epoxy components after repeated or prolonged exposure in rare situations.
The most prevalent adverse reactions of contact with epoxy resin are eczema or allergic dermatitis. Whenever the body overreacts to an allergen, this disease develops. Additionally, note that such ailment can develop after a single or multiple encounters.
More importantly, your immune response plays a role in developing this disorder. The intensity and frequency of your resin exposure also determine the severity of the side effect.
Again, allergy symptoms may result in breathing issues or inflamed skin. However, the most typical consequence is skin irritation. Itching, swelling, and red eyes are a few skin irritation symptoms.
Well, when working with a hardener, chemical burns are uncommon. However, if you leave the combination on your skin for too long, it may lead to severe irritation and serious burns. It all begins with a bit of ache and discomfort. With time, the burn may leave a minor scar or discolouration on your skin.
However, the damaged area and the concentration of the hardener will determine the severity of your burn or skin effects. So, remember to remove the epoxy resin from your skin as soon as possible.
How Long Do Epoxy Fumes Last?
Generally, epoxy fumes last about one to three days in an adequately ventilated area. However, the epoxy resin may linger in the environment for up to a week and emit a foul odour. If you don’t ventilate the room properly, the fumes will last longer.
Till the Epoxy entirely dries, there could be a residual odour. Well, how long the smell and the fumes would last depends on several factors, including the coating thickness, moisture level, and temperature, to name a few.
The Epoxy will take far longer to set in a chilly, damp climate, possibly resulting in toxic fumes for so much more than three days. In areas that are not adequately ventilated, fumes generally take considerably longer to evaporate. Most epoxy coatings will cure entirely in 7 days under usual circumstances.
However, you can use several ways for shortening the time it would take for the fumes to go away. For instance, you can ensure the room has appropriate airflow. Besides, you can open the doors and windows for natural circulation. Furthermore, you may also utilize air conditioning vents or exhaust fans for this purpose.
Is There a Reason Why Epoxy Resin Is Harmful?
The chemical composition of epoxy products determines whether it is harmful or not. Epoxy resins contain various chemicals that connect and harden as they cure. Some goods, thankfully, have natural components, whereas others contain hazardous toxins.
Non-toxic epoxy resin contains safe elements such as BPF and BPA. On the other hand, toxic resins include dangerous ingredients such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chemicals, unlike BPA, are incredibly poisonous and might lead to long-term health issues.
Regrettably, different manufacturers produce their goods in different ways. Furthermore, most firms do not list the components utilized in their epoxy resins. It makes determining whether or not their items include dangerous ingredients difficult. In sum, it’s difficult to tell whether an epoxy is toxic or not unless one identifies its composition.
Is Epoxy Resin Toxic After Curing
Epoxy resin is non-toxic after curing. It is when the resin is completely dried and solid. Since photopolymerization has happened already, and the plastic has become inert, dried or cured, Epoxy is not hazardous.
To begin with, it implies that the resin substance dries and hardens entirely, preventing any harmful toxins from leaking out. That makes it skin-friendly.
Second, because the whole reaction process of molecules is complete, there will be no more VOCs or fumes polluting the environment or irritating the skin. As a result, cured resins are safe to touch, use or walk on.
Is Epoxy Resin Cancerous
Some of the epoxy resin might be cancerous. For example, epichlorohydrin might be present in certain epoxy resins. It is a pollutant that has been linked to skin cancer among laboratory animals. Besides, epichlorohydrin can also develop cancer in humans. When searching for epoxy resin, ensure it is free and safe of contaminants like these.
Is Epoxy Resin Harmful to the Environment in Any Way?
Epoxy resin harms the environment. It generates hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), posing health risks. It is also extremely harmful to marine creatures, making it bad for the water.
Epoxy resin is a potentially dangerous and poisonous substance for the environment. Epichlorohydrin, one of epoxy resin’s major components, is an insecticide and pesticide ingredient.
It can readily get airborne if you heat or utilize it in open-air locations, such as building sites, since it is volatile and tends to vaporize at room temperature. Epichlorohydrin evaporates into a gas, which mixes into the external environment. So, people breathe it without recognizing it, resulting in prolonged consumption. Thus, it can lead to various health problems, even cancer-related disorders such as leukemia!
Moreover, epoxy resins are hazardous for humans and other living creatures. It is dangerous to plant habitats and aquatic life. So, overall, using epoxy resin and not disposing of it properly may have significant environmental consequences.
Does Epoxy Resin Smell?
Most epoxy resins have a distinct odour. The degree of the scent is determined by the epoxy resin type and its brand. The smells vary from subtle and hardly detectable to intense, unpleasant, and noxious.
When the resin cures, it involves chemical reactions, causing the Epoxy to dry. When dealing with Epoxy, the smell released by this reaction plus the solvents employed throughout the hardening process is what people smell.
However, the smell levels of more expensive epoxy brands are not too strong would not last for a long time. On the other hand, low-quality epoxy resins smell very bad, and the odour doesn’t disappear quickly.
Epoxy Safety Precautions Should be Taken
One must follow certain safety precautions while dealing with epoxy resins. Doing the work in a well-ventilated place, wearing gloves and safety goggles, etc., are some of the precautions you must take.
Since epoxy resin might cause some health hazards, it is a must to stay cautious. When handling Epoxy, here are a few points to bear in mind:
- Wear nitrile gloves, a plastic apron to protect your skin from toxic liquid epoxy resin.
- Put on some safety goggles to protect your eyes.
- Use a respirator mask if working with highly poisonous epoxy dust resin.
- Start your work after ventilating the area properly.
- Check the ingredients carefully before working with epoxy resin.
Basic First Aid
Barrier skin lotions can be used as an extra layer of defence while dealing with epoxy resins. If epoxy chemicals or combinations come into direct contact with the skin, wash it well with water and soap. You can also apply oil-based or citrus cleansers to the affected region. Remove epoxy leaks from your clothes using skin cleansers if feasible.
Why Epoxy Remains a Viable Option?
Epoxy resins have the unique flexibility to cope with every application, one of their key advantages. And due to their eyecatching beauty, affordability, and longevity, they remain a viable option.
Epoxy resins have both benefits and drawbacks that need to be considered. The following table lists some of their pros and cons:
|High flexibility level.||The application process might be time-consuming.|
|Suitable for multiple applications.||Generate toxic fumes.|
|Highly durable.||Irritate the skin.|
However, you can make many creative kinds of stuff using epoxy resins, and you can also polish Epoxy for a glossy shine. For example, you can make jewellery, decoration pieces, and so on. The beauty and flexibility of epoxy resin make it perfect for creative works.
Moreover, epoxy resin is a good choice if you want to put up outside flooring. Their toughness makes it a good choice for outdoor pools and patios. Epoxy Resin has a lengthy lifespan due to its durability; this is an ideal sealant for covered patio floors, outdoor kitchen tabletops, and many other items.
Environmentally Friendly Epoxy Substitutes
Concrete and hard plasters can be a fantastic alternative to epoxy resins. Paraffin wax, Ecopoxy, metal, etc., are also environmentally friendly epoxy substitutes.
As I have mentioned earlier, epoxy resin is not an environment-friendly product. It is harmful to humans and other living beings. So, if you want to protect the environment, you must use other alternatives such as concrete, Ecopoxy, latex, alabaster, and so on.
What May Be Substituted for Epoxy In This Case?
You can substitute Ecopoxy for Epoxy in this case. Ecopoxy is a biodegradable, organic epoxy resin designed exclusively for woodworking. Besides, you can also use hard plasters, paraffin wax, etc., as an alternative.
Ecopoxy works the same as epoxy resin, but it is not toxic to the environment. It is because it is made from plant sources. Thus, it does not have any harmful contaminants that might cause health problems for humans and other animals. So, Ecopoxy is no doubt the best substitute for epoxy resin.
By now, you’ve got your answer to the question, “Is epoxy resin toxic?” The answer is yes. Most epoxy resin contains harmful elements dangerous for humans and the environment. However, the key takeaway with the growing demand for epoxy resins, different companies have started to make eco-friendly epoxy resins! These might be a little costly but no doubt worth it.
Thanks for reading through. Hopefully, you’ve found this article helpful. Best regards!
Sources of Information
Coatings, L. G. (2020, January 21). How do Epoxies Negatively Affect our Health? | Lifetime Green Coatings. Lifetimegreencoatings.Com. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://blog.lifetimegreencoatings.com/
Richardson, H. (2021, October 12). Is Epoxy Resin Toxic? A Guide to Epoxy Resin Safety | AeroMarine. Aeromarine Products Inc. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://www.aeromarineproducts.com/epoxy-resin-safety-guide/
Arnold, J. (2021, September 14). The 4 Best Food Safe Epoxy Resins. Wood Epoxy World. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://woodepoxyworld.com/
The Journal of Allergy & The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. (2018, August 1). Unhardened epoxy chemicals can cause asthma. www.aaaai.org. Retrieved March 13, 2022, from https://www.aaaai.org/


HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, April 11, 2017 – Appili Therapeutics Inc.(“Appili”), an anti-infective drug development company, announced today that it will be receiving an additional $400,000 from the National Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP), bringing IRAP support for this project to a total of up to $759,000. This funding supports the development of ATI-1503, an antibiotic targeting drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These superbugs cause potentially deadly infections, including pneumonia and blood infections.
“Doctors are fast running out of treatment options and IRAP funding is an important part of our financial strategy for helping Appili develop a new antibiotic that can treat these deadly diseases,” said Kimberly Stephens, CFO of Appili Therapeutics.
ATI-1503 is a synthetic version of the naturally-occurring Negamycin antibiotic. Using IRAP funding, Appili’s expert drug development team will employ advanced X-ray crystallography to visualize the exact structure of ATI-1503 binding to the bacterial target. The crystal structure data is then used to systematically and precisely optimize the potency of ATI-1503 against these drug-resistant infections.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Gram-negative bacteria with two cellular walls, making it hard for antibiotics to penetrate. ATI-1503 holds promise for treating these superbugs because it penetrates the double exterior membranes and attacks the protein generating machinery of Gram-negative bacteria.
Additionally, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobactor baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa thrive in hospitals and residential care facilities, infecting already vulnerable patients. Because these bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics, they are among the priority pathogens for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization because they pose the highest threat to human health.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States over two million cases of drug-resistant infections are reported annually and, with limited treatment options, hospitalization costs for these drug-resistant infections exceed $20 billion a year.
About Appili Therapeutics
Appili is dedicated to identifying, acquiring and advancing novel therapeutics for infectious disease. The company has two anti-infective programs, ATI-1501 and ATI-1503, in its pipeline. ATI-1501 is a taste-masked treatment for anaerobic infections, including C. difficile. Appili’s second product, ATI-1503, is a novel antibiotic with broad potential to treat drug-resistant Gram-negative infections. For more information visit www.AppiliTherapeutics.com.


Just as with wine, the concept of terroir plays a crucial role in shaping the distinct flavors and characteristics of tea. Terroir encompasses the environmental factors—such as soil, climate, altitude, and weather conditions—that contribute to the unique taste profiles of tea leaves. Understanding the influence of terroir allows tea enthusiasts to appreciate the diversity and complexity present in their favorite brews.
The composition of the soil in which tea plants grow has a profound impact on the flavor of the leaves. Minerals and nutrients from the soil are absorbed by the roots, imparting specific taste elements to the tea. For example, volcanic soils may contribute to teas with a mineral-rich and robust profile.
Climate and Altitude:
The interplay between climate and altitude is another critical factor. Teas grown at higher altitudes often experience cooler temperatures, resulting in slower leaf growth. This slower growth can intensify flavor compounds, yielding teas with more nuanced and complex taste profiles.
Weather conditions, including rainfall and sunlight, also contribute to the terroir of tea. The timing and intensity of these elements can affect the rate of photosynthesis, altering the chemical composition of the leaves and influencing the tea's aroma, color, and taste.
Different tea-producing regions worldwide have become renowned for specific flavor profiles attributed to their unique terroir. For instance, the Darjeeling region in India is celebrated for its muscatel notes in black tea, while Japanese green teas often exhibit a distinctive umami flavor influenced by the country's terroir.
The influence of terroir on tea flavor profiles is a testament to the intricate relationship between nature and the final product in your cup. By recognizing and appreciating the impact of soil, climate, altitude, and weather conditions, tea enthusiasts can deepen their understanding of the diverse and nuanced world of tea. Each sip becomes a journey through the landscapes where the tea leaves have flourished, unveiling the artistry of terroir in every infusion.


Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Biochar has becoming a great of interest as a mean for carbon sequestration, resulting from its high content of carbon and long-term persistence in soil. Moreover, there is abundance of information about the effect of biochar on the turnover of soil organic carbon; however, up to date, no study has been done on the impact of biochar on soil inorganic carbon pool despite biochar contains inorganic carbon. This study was conducted in a long-term field condition to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1)) on soil inorganic carbon content and composition in the soil profile (0-100 cm). Using stable delta C-13 isotope signatures, the SIC was distinguished into lithogenic and pedogenic inorganic carbon. The results showed that long-term biochar application, at 30, 60 and 90 t ha(-1), increased soil total inorganic carbon by 18.8, 42.4 and 62.3% and native soil inorganic carbon by 7.8, 20.2 and 28.3%, respectively, in the 0-20 cm soil layer. Biochar application at these rates also increased total inorganic carbon in the 20-40 cm soil layer by 13.4, 22.8 and 30.5%, respectively, but did not influence the total inorganic carbon content below the 40 cm soil depth. Moreover, as biochar application rate increased, delta C-13 of native soil inorganic carbon decreased, which indicated that pedogenic inorganic carbon was formed. Biochar application rates were positively related to the pedogenic inorganic carbon contents, however, it did not influence the lithogenic inorganic carbon contents. This is the first study about the effect of biochar application on native inorganic carbon content and its composition, which strengthens the understanding about the role of biochar in soil C sequestration.


Confused about what CBD is and if it’s legal? Get a registered dietitian’s take on this plant-based compound now on New Mind Nutrition.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the many active compounds found in the cannabis plant, with another being tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
THC is what most people think of when they think of cannabis as it’s responsible for the psychoactive properties — a.k.a getting high.
CBD, on the other hand, has no psychoactive effects. In other words, consuming it won’t get you high.
Instead, there are a bunch of proposed medicinal benefits of CBD, which we’ll touch on more below.
But before we do, there’s one important thing to clear up in order to understand what you’re buying and what’s legal when it comes to CBD: hemp vs. marjuana.
Personally, I think this is the most confusing part about learning more about CBD.
There are two main types of cannabis plants: sativa and indica.
Hemp plants only belong to the Cannabis sativa family and contain less than 0.3% of THC by weight (in the US).
As a result, hemp is usually grown for industrial uses (such as clothing, paper, rope, etc) and medicinal uses thanks to its CBD concentration.
Marijuna plants can be either sativa or indica. These plants can contain up to 30% THC by weight as well as many other cannabinoids, including CBD.
Still with me? Good, because it’s about to get a little confusing.
CBD can come from either hemp or marjunana-labeled cannabis. You can tell which one it’s from as the label will say “hemp-derived” or “marijuna-derived.
It’s important to know which you’re getting as with hemp-derived contains less than 0.3% THC; whereas marijana-derived could potentially have higher amounts of THC.
As a result, marijuana-derived CBD oils may have psychoactive properties and could show up in a drug test depending on the product.
So, when buying CBD products, make sure that you know exactly what you’re getting so that there aren’t any surprises!
While CBD is the same, regardless of whether it’s from a hemp or marjuana plant, the other compounds that could be present in the product may be different.
Additionally, there may be a benefit from having higher amounts of THC found in some marijana-deriverd CBD products.
While more research is needed, it’s thought that THC and CBD may have synergistic effects and be more effective than CBD on its own for certain medical conditions.
This is also known as the entourage effect, which you can learn more about here.
Now, this also doesn’t mean that all CBD oils are created equally.
Before buying, make sure to do your research to make sure you know not only how much THC and CBD is in the product, but also any heavy metals or other contaminants. We’ll touch on this in another post!
Another difference between hemp and marijuana-derived products is that one is federally legal and the other isn’t.
Thanks to the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp-derived CBD with less than 0.3% THC by weight (and any other hemp-based products) is now legal federally and considered as supplement — meaning it isn’t FDA regulated.
However, before you run off to your local pharmacy or supplements store, you’ll want to make sure it’s also legal in your state and city. Texas, for example, does not allow the sale of products containing any level of THC as of the time of this post.
Marjunana is still considered a Schedule I drug, and CBD derived from it (even if it contains less than 0.3% THC) is still Federally illegal. However, some states, like my home state of Colorado, have made marjunana (including marjuana-derived CBD) legal.
Now, we’ll touch on the actual research behind each potential benefit of CBD in later posts, let’s quickly take a look at why there’s so much hype around this plant compound.
But first, it’s important to remember that while some of the research is promising, the actual amount of research is limited. While we could get into the politics of why that’s the case, it’s more fun to just skip on to the good stuff 😉
So what are the possible benefits? Taking CBD could help with the following conditions:
And remember, CBD may help relieve the symptoms associated with these conditions, but it is not a cure.
Again, I’ll touch on most of these in their own posts, but if you have one of these conditions and are curious if CBD could help then it’s worth talking to a trusted medical professional.
There’s no “best” way for everyone, but there are pluses and minuses to different methods.
If you’re looking for a straight-forward answer, I’m afraid I have to disappoint.
There’s simply just not enough research right now to say what’s an effective dose. In fact, dosages used in research can vary from as little as 20 mg per day up to 1,500 mg per day.
While a common rule of thumb is to just follow the recommended amounts on the product you purchase, I always stress starting with less and gradually increasing as your body gets used to it.
Not feeling any benefit from the recommended dose? I strongly encourage you to talk with a trusted medical professional before upping your dose.
This is the section that finally convinced me to give CBD a try.
After all, as I was dealing with anxiety, the last thing I needed was to be even more stressed, wondering if something awful was going to happen after taking a few drops (it’s amazing how imaginative a worried mind can be 😉 ).
Again, research is still ongoing. However, CBD is overall well-tolerated.
Still, there have been some reported side effects including:
Additionally, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid CBD as it’s unclear what effects it could have on the developing baby.
Finally, CBD can interact with certain medications including:
If you take any of these, speak with a doctor first so that you can have your prescription adjusted as needed.
Unfortunately, only you can answer this one. But here at New Mind Nutrition, my goal is to provide you with all the information you need to make an educated decision.
Here are a few other articles to check out to help with the research process:
If you do decide to try CBD, be sure to check out my recipes page for healthy ways to infuse CBD into beverages, breakfasts, snacks, and desserts!
The information contained in this website is not intended to recommend the self-management of health problems or wellness. It is not intended to endorse or recommend any particular type of medical treatment. Should any reader have any healthcare-related questions, promptly call or consult your physician or healthcare provider. No information contained in this website should be used by any reader to disregard medical and/or health-related advice or provide a basis to delay a consultation with a physician or a qualified healthcare provider. The statements on this website have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Products discussed are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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Natural Growth Factors vs. PRP: Which One is Better? All Detailed Information Given
PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are remarkably similar substances used for similar reasons. However, there must be some difference between the two. This post discusses PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections; which one is better for you?
We will cover the purposes of these two substances, their effects, what treatments use them, their side effects and potential risks, and more. Let’s get to it!
PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections: The Primary Differences
First off, the main difference between PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are their names, which stand for platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin, respectively. What do these names mean?
What is PRP?
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a substance found in the blood. It is responsible for making repairs on the body when injuries occur. The blood transports the PRP through the blood vessels, and the PRP reconstructs damaged tissues.
PRP nurtures cells that can heal themselves and augments the healing processes of damaged tissues. Medical doctors inject high concentrations of PRP from a person’s bloodstream into damaged areas when injuries occur. However, the use of PRP extends beyond the medical world and into the aesthetics field.
What is Natural Growth Factor Injections?
Platelet-rich fibrin (Natural Growth Factor Injections) is a derivative of platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma contains platelets, fibrin, and white blood cells. Isolating the fibrin from PRP produces Natural Growth Factor Injections.
Natural Growth Factor Injections contains high concentrations of fibrin, white blood cells, and stem cells that circulate in the bloodstream. It also helps repair damages and aids in increased collagen and elastin production – the two most important skin proteins. Additionally, Natural Growth Factor Injections releases growth factors over time once injected under the skin.
Lastly, Natural Growth Factor Injections becomes a gel upon 15 to 20 minutes of isolation, making it useful for cosmetic volume.
Differences in Effect
The differences in the effects of both PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are not overly subtle. Natural Growth Factor Injections is considered the better substance in general because of the growth factors it releases over time, something that PRP does to a lesser degree. Natural Growth Factor Injections releases the growth factors over the span of ten days, making its tissue and cell rejuvenation properties far more effective.
However, this does not make Natural Growth Factor Injections better in all respects.
Extracting PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections
The extraordinary thing about PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments is that they minimize any potential risks because they take the substance right out of the patients. Because the substances are from your own body, the chances of any allergic or adverse reactions are essentially zero.
The injector takes a sample of the patient’s blood and puts it in a vial or container. Then, the container is placed in a centrifuge at 3000 rotations per minute for about 10 minutes. The centrifugal force will separate the different components of the blood – it will separate the PRP from the red blood cells and other blood elements.
The substance must be extracted from the PRP if you want the Natural Growth Factor Injections treatment.
Once extracted, the injector can proceed with the procedure. The injector will inject the PRP Vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections into the treatment area.
What Treatments Use PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections
Since their effects are highly similar, except that Natural Growth Factor Injections releases more growth factors in the long run, there is no PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections when it comes to what treatments use them.
Both treatments are suitable for facial injections, scar treatment, and hair restoration procedures. Due to their capability to enhance collagen and elastin production, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections can significantly enhance the quality and health of the skin. And due to their restorative and healing properties, they can even perform reparative operations to the cellular level.
Due to their collagen and elastin enhancement properties, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are excellent for facial injections, especially for aging-prone areas like around the eyes, sides of the mouth, or forehead. They tighten the skin, improve skin texture, and lessen the severity of fine lines or wrinkles.
Because of their restorative properties (combined with the increased collagen), PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments are perfect for scar treatment. Scars are nothing more than irregular formations of collagen around the skin.
When the skin gets injured severely, the body tries to repair the damage as fast as possible using collagen. The hurried repair makes the collagen form in an unorganized manner; instead of the basket-weave pattern it has on undamaged skin. Over time, the collagen proteins might try to organize themselves, but they can only soften the appearance of a scar.
A PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatment allows the skin to correct scars more effectively. The combination of cell repairs and increased collagen is enough to do the job.
Lastly, again due to their restorative qualities, PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments can restore hair. If a person suffers from alopecia (the medical term for hair loss), their hair follicles suffer damage, making them unable to produce hair. The growth factors of PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are powerful enough to restore hair follicles so that they can grow hair again.
Side Effects and Potential Risks
The potential severe risks of PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are incredibly minimal. The substances are derived from the bodies of the patients. Severe reactions to PRP and Natural Growth Factor Injections are highly unexpected.
However, if the patient reacts adversely to PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments, they should let a physician know immediately.
The possible side effects of PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections are slight pain, infection, and bleeding. These side effects are natural and expected of injection treatment. They should dissipate within some time after the treatment.
If the side effects last for days, you should let your doctor know immediately.
Who to Call About PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections Treatments?
As with any medical or aesthetic procedure, you should talk with a professional beforehand to know if you are suitable for the treatment. Bloom Aesthetics staffs one of the most experienced, highly-trained, and certified advanced registered nurse practitioners in Washington state. Zelda Swain, ARNP, can provide you with all the information you need about either PRP or Natural Growth Factor Injections treatments.
For more information about PRP vs. Natural Growth Factor Injections, talk to Bloom Aesthetics through phone at (509) 990-3054, email at email@example.com, or send us a message through our Contact Us page. Our location is at 16201 E. Indiana Ave.,Ste. 2260 Spokane Valley 99216 Spokane WA 99201-7003
The post Natural Growth Factors vs. PRP: Which One is Better? All Detailed Information Given appeared first on Bloom Aesthetics.


Leather is a timeless material prized for its durability, beauty, and natural feel. From jackets and handbags to shoes and furniture, it graces our everyday lives in countless forms. But have you ever wondered how this versatile material is created? This blog post delves into the fascinating process of leather production, unveiling the steps that transform animal hides into the luxurious leather we know and love.
The Transformation: A Step-by-Step Look
The journey of leather begins with a raw hide, most commonly sourced from cows. However, hides from animals like sheep, goats, and pigs can also be used for leather production. Here's a breakdown of the key steps involved:
Freshly removed hides are perishable and prone to decomposition. To prevent this, they undergo curing. This process typically involves applying a generous amount of salt or other drying techniques to draw out moisture and inhibit bacterial growth. The curing time can vary depending on the hide thickness and desired outcome.
Soaking and Liming:
Once cured, the hides are rehydrated through soaking in large vats of water. This makes them pliable enough for further processing. Next comes liming, a crucial step that involves soaking the hides in a solution containing calcium hydroxide (lime). The lime helps loosen the hair and epidermis (outer layer) from the dermis, the inner layer of the hide that forms the foundation of leather.
Fleshing and Splitting:
After liming, the hides undergo fleshing. This process removes any remaining meat, fat, and tissue clinging to the underside of the dermis. Thicker hides might be split into multiple layers using specialized machinery. This creates hides of varying thicknesses suitable for different leather applications.
This is the heart of the leather-making process, transforming the raw hide into a stable and usable material. Tanning halts the natural decomposition process and strengthens the protein structure (collagen) within the dermis. There are two main tanning methods
This traditional method utilizes natural tannins extracted from plants like tree bark or quebracho wood. The hides are soaked in tannin solutions over extended periods, resulting in a slow and eco-friendly tanning process. Vegetable-tanned leather is known for its natural look, strength, and develops a beautiful patina with age.
This more modern method uses chromium salts to achieve a faster tanning process. Chrome tanning takes significantly less time than vegetable tanning and results in a softer, more water-resistant leather with a more uniform appearance. However, it is considered less environmentally friendly due to the use of chromium.
Neutralization and Fatliquoring:
After tanning, the leather might still have residual tanning agents or lime. A neutralization process removes these chemicals to achieve a consistent pH level. Next comes fatliquoring, where natural or synthetic oils are added back into the leather. This restores suppleness and improves the leather's workability for further processing.
Drying and Staking:
The leather is then stretched on frames and dried in controlled temperature environments to achieve a consistent thickness and texture. Staking machines might be used to further soften the leather and achieve a desired grain texture. The grain refers to the natural surface variations on the leather, which can be smooth, pebbled, or embossed with various patterns.
The final stage involves applying various finishing treatments depending on the desired outcome for the leather. This might include:
Dyeing: Leather can be dyed a wide range of colors using pigments or dyes.
Buffing and Polishing:
Buffing creates a smooth, even surface, while polishing enhances the leather's shine.
A protective coating might be applied to enhance water resistance or stain repellency.
Conclusion: A Material Steeped in Tradition and Innovation
The transformation of a raw hide into finished leather is a fascinating testament to human ingenuity. Over centuries, the techniques used in leather production have evolved, but the core principles remain the same. Today, tanneries combine traditional methods with modern advancements to produce high-quality leather that caters to a wide range of applications. Understanding this process allows us to appreciate the craftsmanship behind leather goods and the value they hold. So, the next time you admire a leather jacket or experience the comfort of a leather couch, remember the remarkable journey that brought this timeless material to life.


Blue Coast provides bankable metallurgical laboratory testwork services. Our 10,000 sq. ft. laboratory facility, located in Parksville, BC specialises in precious and base metals metallurgical flowsheet development, evaluating a wide range of processes and technologies including grinding, froth flotation, gravity concentration at scales from micro-testing to full continuous pilot plant. In addition Blue Coast has extensive capability in cyanidation, including heap leach amenability testwork. Our experienced team of metallurgists, technicians and support staff provide a high quality, customer focused and dependable testwork service. Our in house, captive analytical laboratory employs both wet chemistry and fire assay to allow us to provide rapid assay turnaround to advance projects quickly and efficiently. Our clients range from Junior to Major mining companies predominantly focused in the base and precious metals sectors.
Complementing our laboratory testwork services, Blue Coast boasts a team of experienced Consulting Metallurgists that add value to our client’s projects during the testwork phase as well as providing testwork support, NI 43-101 technical report writing and consulting services. This consulting team averages over 18 years’ experience in the industry, within both the project development and production environments. This includes more than 400 flowsheet development projects and operational assignments on a wide variety of ore types.


An Austrian doctor said today that Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with dioxin:
Dioxin poisoning caused the mysterious illness of Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko, a doctor said Saturday, adding that the poison could have been put in his soup.
Yushchcenko was in satisfactory condition and his dioxin levels have returned to normal, Dr. Michael Zimpfer, director of Vienna’s private Rudolfinerhaus clinic, said at a news conference.
“There is no doubt about the fact that Mr. Yushchenko’s disease has been caused by a case of poisoning by dioxin,” Zimpfer said.
Dr. Zimpfer said further that tests showed Yushchenko’s body had 1,000 times the normal concentration of dioxin, and the chemical was administered orally. I wonder who could have done it?


Facts About Air Pollution
To reduce air pollution, it helps to understand what it is and where it comes from. Here are some facts about air pollution and its most common types in Maricopa County.
What is ozone? Ozone is a colorless gas made up of three oxygen atoms (or O3). This gas is a powerful chemical that causes damage to rubber, plastics, and vegetation. It also irritates people’s eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory system when they are exposed to it. Permanent lung damage also occurs.
Stratospheric ozone forms high in the atmosphere (six to 30 miles above the Earth) when intense sunlight causes oxygen molecules (O2) to break up and re-form as ozone molecules (O3). Popularly called “good ozone,” it shields people, trees, crops, property, and microorganisms from the harmful effects of the sun’s ultraviolet light (UV-B radiation) because it adsorbs UV radiation before it can get to the earth’s surface (this radiation causes sunburns and skin cancer).
Ground-level ozone is often called “bad ozone.” This pollutant forms at ground level when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) chemically react under the influence of heat and sunlight. Examples of VOCs are vapors of gasoline, alcohol, paint thinner, and many solvents. The sources of the NOx and VOCs are motor vehicles, industrial operations such as paint shops, manufacturing, and energy production. Some VOCs even come from vegetation. Because of the nature of its formation, ozone is also known as photochemical smog. It is a pollutant of great concern because it harms people when they are exposed to it. Although it is invisible, it causes eye, nose, throat and lung irritation along with permanent lung damage (scarring and decreased lung function) as we breathe it in.
One of the unfortunate facts about air pollution is that ground-level ozone is a man-made phenomenon. It would not be a problem for humankind if there were only natural sources emitting VOCs (plants) and NOx (wildfires) because very little ozone would form at ground-level. However, man-made emissions have resulted in ground-level ozone becoming the most wide-spread air quality problem in the United States. It is most severe in the summer months when there is plenty of heat and sunlight to cook trapped pollutants into ground-level ozone.
What Are They?
Particulate pollution (PM-10 and PM-2.5) is made up of tiny particles of solid or liquid droplets containing smoke, dust, ash and condensed vapors introduced into the air through natural and man-made causes. It occurs year-round, but is dominant during winter months. Smaller than a human hair, it passes through the throat and nose and enters the lungs, and can lead to health problems.
One Serious Pollutant
Maricopa County and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have designated six criteria pollutants, Particulate matter being the Valley’s toughest to battle. Here they are:
Particulate matter: very small solid or liquid droplets such as dust, dirt, soot or smoke from wood-burning fires.
Ozone: a colorless and mostly odorless gas that is a natural and beneficial component of the upper atmosphere. At ground level, ozone is a respiratory irritant that forms from a photochemical reaction from sunlight reacting with fumes from fuel, paint, cleaners, tailpipes and vegetation. Ozone pollution is typically worse in summer.
- Carbon Monoxide: a colorless, odorless gas that results primarily from combustion in cars and trucks.
- Nitrogen Dioxide: a reddish brown gas formed as a byproduct of fuel combustion.
- Sulfur Dioxide: a colorless gas with a pungent odor produced from the smelting of copper oxide ore, and also from burning sulfur-containing gasoline and diesel fuel.
- Lead: once a gasoline additive which resulted in high lead air pollution levels, this element is no longer found in gasoline within the United States.
The Maricopa County Air Quality Department monitors for these criteria pollutants. Its Air Monitoring Division offers enhanced data from the monitoring network including:
- Real-time updates for PM-10
- Hourly updates for remaining criteria pollutants
- Real-time meteorology
- National Weather Service radar
- Satellite imagery
- Air Quality Index ratings
The “Quick and Dirty”
- In the warmer months, ozone pollution is the most severe because the heat and sunlight combine with trapped pollutants such as fumes from fuel, paint, tailpipes and vegetation to form ground-level ozone. Not surprisingly, the months of April through September make up our Valley’s longer-than-normal “ozone season.”
- The Environmental Protection Agency introduced new ozone standards in March 2008. These new ozone standards are more demanding than ever and are continuously being updated by the EPA. That’s why we need the help of all Maricopa County residents to take action and help make our air healthier to breathe.
- Everyone feels the effects of high levels of ozone in the air. Children, the elderly, and people with heart disease, lung disease and asthma are especially at risk, but even healthy adults are likely to have problems.
- How ozone pollution affects you.
- What Maricopa County is doing about ozone pollution.
- What you can do to make a difference about ozone pollution?


After a long time spent researching, wondering, and hesitating, I have finally tried working with metal clay.
From what I had found on the internet, the best known metal clay is silver clay. As I love silver jewellery but have no skill whatsoever in metal working, this is a great alternative.
The concept is simple: around the 1990s, some smart Japanese people came up with a way of recycling the precious metals dust created in the making of electronic components. Adding water and a specific binder to the dust, they obtained a paste very much like polymer clay or play-doh… only it’s still metal.
You can then model an object, leave it to dry then fire it at very high temperature. The binder burns and the water evaporates, leaving only the pure, now solid, metal. That is to say, making stuff in copper, bronze or silver is now possible for anyone!
Sometimes I really like living in this century.
What can I say? I’m cheap.
On the downside, silver metal clay is outrageously expensive. 25 g of clay cost almost 60 €, plus there is an important investment to make into the material.
If that wasn’t enough, all precious metals are strictly controlled in France. I couldn’t sell silver jewellery without going through a long and painful administrative process that I am not even sure would succeed.
And lastly, silver clay, once fired, is very pure: it’s 999 silver. That way, there is no need for a special oven: a blowtorch or a gas cooker are enough, unlike copper or bronze. It makes silver clay easier to fire, but this is utterly absurd in terms of professional jewellery making. Silver is a soft metal. What you buy in a jewellery shop is usually 925 silver, which means 925 ‰ silver mixed with 75 ‰ copper to make it more resistant. Selling jewellery that might easily break is not my idea of being professional.
Hence my hesitation: I needed to be sure I would enjoy the possibilities enough to justify overcoming all these obstacles. I found out later that there was many other metals available in clay form, which solved the selling problem. So I decided to start there!
At my initiative, three of my friends and I signed up for a beginners workshop with Météor Clay, a French small business I can’t recommend enough. Farida, the business owner, came to my flat with all the required material and introduced us to metal clay: either copper, steel, or several types of bronze. She is a sweet lady whose business is crazily upstanding. Their general goal is to offer good material for a very reasonable price, and they stand by it even if it means their profit is lessened.
I won’t tell all the details of the workshop as it would take too long (it lasted from 10 a.m. till at least 6 p.m.), but I’ll highlight the best parts. The quality of my pictures is not the best, unfortunately, as we were inside during a cloudy sunday.
I tried my hand at copper as I am hopelessly in love with this metal.
Météor’s clays come in powder: the binder is already mixed in, all you have to do is add water. That way, you can preserve it indefinitely. Once you’ve made the wet clay, you can keep it in the refrigerator, but it won’t last more than a few weeks.
In many ways, this is similar to cooking. You make a dough, give it a shape, then bake it!
Just as, I assume, polymer clay, it is easy to stamp textures and shapes on it, and cut, roll, or model it. As long as the firing temperature is the same, you can also mix metals. Clays can be mixed or ‘glued’ to one another. For example, you could make a flat copper surface and put white bronze parts on it. Or you can try something close to mokume gane. Or you could make 925 silver (doesn’t solve the selling problem, though).
The possibilities are huge, to say the least.
Once you are done playing with the dough, you leave it to dry.
Once dry, the clay has hardened but is still fragile and will break if you are not gentle. This is when you can sand, engrave, and make holes to set them on a finding later. Once fired, you won’t be able to alter it much aside from polishing it or, on the contrary, patinate it. Therefore, your piece has to be as finished as possible.
Météor also created their own high-temperature oven and sell it for 100 €. It’s basic but you actually don’t need anything more sophisticated. Apart from theirs, this type of oven starts with the Prometheus, for more than 500 €. It is not specifically designed for firing metal clays, so it takes longer and uses more energy than necessary. I might buy one eventually if I end up dabbling with enamels, glass and the likes, but that budget is unreasonable for me right now.
Apart from silver, the metal clay pieces must be fired in active carbon. You put them in a stainless steel container, covered in carbon, into the oven and plug it. You leave it for the relevant time depending on the metal.
I am amazed at how simple it is. Of course, you need to be very careful and wear protections when using it: you are firing metal up to 900° C. You can see by the bright orange colour how hot it is.
Once the time is up, you can leave the pieces to cool inside the oven. But it’s best to take them out of the oven after only a few minutes: you will later obtain a shinier finish that way.
The stainless steel is bright red when out of the oven… There should definitely be gloves on this picture (it’s not my hand).
As soon as they are fired, the pieces make a beautiful metal sound when you put them down, even if they still look like dry clay! Very satisfying.
Looks like jewellery
After some polishing, it shines! All that is left to do is set them on hooks and clasps. That, I am familiar with.
At the end of the workshop, we each left with our creations and several tubes of metal powder. I bought an oven and can’t wait to try again!


D. Clayton Devening, Jr., DDS - Dental Amalgam Removal Procedures:
There is a lot of information and controversy about the use of mercury in dentistry. You, as the patient, need to be the judge of what you think is important to you. It does appear that some people are very much affected by mercury while others seem unaffected in any obvious way. If you wish to have your mercury fillings replaced by non-mercury materials, we implement a system of dental procedures to protect you from further mercury exposure during the removal of amalgam fillings.
Patient Preparation for Amalgam Removal:
Patients that have experienced sensitivity to certain materials should have a Dental Materials Biocompatability Test prior to the removal of their amalgam fillings.
Dental Procedures for Patient Protection during Amalgam Removal:
D. Clayton Devening, Jr., DDS adheres to the following method for amalgam removal, based on the Dr. Hal Huggins protocol. We will provide our patients with the following support during the procedure:
measurement of electrical charges for sequential removal of mercury fillings
placement of a dam around the tooth to isolate it from the body & then sealing the dam so that no mercury seeps under the dam
provide a dedicated source of air to the patient
use of a high volume air filter to eliminate mercury vapor from the air , for your protection as well as ours
use of high volume oral evacuation, with lots of water to capture the amalgam material as it is removed
section amalgams and remove in as large pieces as possible
- remove and properly dispose of dam and mercury after amalgam removal
use of nutritional, herbal and homeopathic therapies for mercury detoxification
Dr. Devening is a member of the Holistic Dental Association, International Association of Mercury Free Dentist, and DAMS .
For more information on dental amalgam removal: Contact the Dental Welllness Institute, International Academy of Oral Medicine & Toxicology , Mercury Safe Dentistry at www.mercuryfreenow.com and Dr. Hal Huggins Applied Healing