Sagittal view of the rat brain stained with cresyl violet. Cresyl violet is a basic dye that binds nucleic acids and preferentially stains RNA.
Nissl (i.e., chromophil) substance in the form of granules is found in some cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, but is absent from axons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or rosettes of free ribosomes.
Cresyl violet also stains nuclei of both neuronal and non-neuronal cells.


A complex story gradually unfolding
Comment by Patrick Francis
The phosphorus (P) chemistry interactions with, soil type, soil food web, soil pH, plant species, soil carbon, soil nutrient budget, pasture growth, paddock livestock carrying capacity, variable rainfall and ecosystem functions, has become an investigative topic for me. I am continually challenged by how conventional agricultural science has simplified phosphorus fertiliser applications for maintaining or increasing plant production in an incredibly complex soil medium where interactions are only partly understood.
My wonder about the topic constantly returns to how natural grassland ecosystems have been able to regenerate themselves for millennium without phosphorus inputs. Even with the introduction of livestock farming most native grasslands across Australia’s pastoral zone continue to remain productive without fertiliser inputs. Even more fascinating is how grazing ecosystems abused by excessive stocking rate and declining soil phosphorus levels respond to rest and above average rainfall. Agricultural science theory about phosphorous capital and maintenance requirements seem to fly out the door in good rainfall years.
Roadsides colonized by introduced species and regularly mown for fire prevention are testimony to this.
Why is it so?
I don’t know but the more scientific papers I read on the subject highlights how little agricultural science knows about phosphorus, or maybe it has a propensity to simplify discussion by recommending rule of thumb applications. Similarly the ideologues who advocate natural farming are guessing about input effects and outcomes. With both groups trials and experience provide a level of comfort about outcomes across various phosphorus measures which in many circumstances have become standard practice. But that’s the problem, rather than allowing nature to express itself, standard practices become mandatory.
A recent article “Phosphorus best management practice” by the International Plant Nutrition Institute encapsulated what I mean. It stated:
What happens to P fertiliser?
• Most of Australia’s cropping soils have a long history of P application, but only a small proportion of this P is available to the current crop.
• When P is applied to soil up to 70% will be precipitated or adsorbed by the soil into forms that are unavailable to the current crop.
• The crop will access some P from the fertiliser as well as from slowly available pools built up over time.
• The problem is that it is very difficult for plants to access P that is locked up in the ‘soil bank’, this is particularly true on soils with a high phosphorus buffering index (PBI). For this reason, in most cases annual applications of P at sowing are needed to meet the crop requirements.
• Where P application has built up a large P bank, a stable response can be obtained with the use of maintenance P dressings – where P input as fertiliser balances P removal in grain.
The same thinking is used by agricultural scientists for pasture phosphorus recommendations particularly when sub clover is a significant proportion of paddock herbage.
The article included a figure to illustrate the problem farmers face with phosphorus fertiliser use, figure 1. The problem I have with this figure is that I makes general assumptions about what happen to P in soil and does not account for the what variation in soils and interactions that take place between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere (the area surround roots). Nor does it take any account of soil organic matter content. While the principle of nutrient budgeting is important to implement, in contrast to cropped paddocks, far less nutrient is being exported in pasture paddocks each year. So farmers who use the rule of thumb of applying maintenance P each year, are likely to developing a large soil P pool which is unnecessary for optimum pasture growth and may be contributing to P pollution in water ways.
Figure 1: A simplistic representation of what happens to phosphorus fertiliser.
So how accurate is this depiction particularly in grasslands where there are so many interactions taking place between all the factors outlined in the first paragraph? Of particular interest to me is the 75% of applied P which is considered to have “low availability” and “very low availability”. Is this a perceived concept which satisfies our lack of knowledge outside of crop monocultures or high simplified pastures, and our desire to provide farmers with a simple answer to a complex issue?
My reading of the scientific literature emerging over the last five years suggests the latter might be the case.
What follows are precis of research papers associated with phosphorus that suggest different approaches need to be taken with P fertiliser recommendations. The simple approach associated with capital and maintenance applications seems to be losing its relevance for profitable and environmentally responsible multi-plant species pasture based livestock production. The fact that some of the papers refer to crop nutrition does not negate their relevance to pasture farming systems. What happens across crop species is likely to be relevant across pasture species but with two important differences – moderate to high plant species diversity In pastures versus crop monocultures, and higher soil organic matter levels in pastures compared with crops, particularly those cropping soils with a long ploughing history.
A novel biologically-based approach to evaluating soil phosphorus availability across complex landscapes.
By Thomas H. DeLuca et al, Soil Biology & Biochemistry 88 (2015) 110e119.
Plants employ a range of strategies to increase phosphorus (P) availability in soil. Current soil P extraction methods (e.g. Olsen P), however, often fail to capture the potential importance of rhizosphere (the area surrounding plant roots which supports soil biota) processes in supplying P to the plant.
In response to this, the scientists tried a novel procedure using a suite of established extraction methods to explore the concept of a protocol that characterizes P pools available via plant and microbial P acquisition mechanisms.
The biologically based P (BBP) extraction was conducted by using four extractions in parallel. To test the protocol, they conducted the analyses on a total of 204 soil samples collected as part of a UK national ecosystem survey (Countryside Survey) in 1998 and repeated again in 2007. The samples were taken across a range of ecological sites including fertile pastures, infertile pastures, retired crop paddocks and woodlands.
In the survey, Olsen P showed a net decline in national soil P levels during this 10 year period. In agreement with these results, soluble P, citrate extractable P and mineral occluded P were all found to decrease over the 10 year study period. In contrast, enzyme extractable organic P increased over the same period likely due to the accumulation of organic P in the mineral soil. The method illustrates anoted shift in P pools over the 10 year period, but no net loss of P from the system.
This is an extraordinary statement as it is contradicts much of the agricultural science advice which suggests a steady decline in plant available P takes place each year.
The authors contend the observed decrease in inorganic P over a 10 year period does not specifically reflect a net loss of P from the system; but rather demonstrates a noted change between pools of P from inorganic to organic with the significant increase in enzyme extractable organic P. This is seen across soils in all soil organic matter categories and under most vegetation types to varying extents.
Further, the results suggest that the inorganic P is not simply precipitating out into increasingly insoluble forms.
The increasing enzyme extractable organic P across many categories of vegetation suggests that P is being taken out of the mineral soil by plants and soil biota and is accumulating P in an organic form in litter and O horizon organic matter. The organic P fraction can make up between 20 and 80% of total P in some soils. A proportion of this will be easily hydrolysed and made available for plant uptake, but the remainder is relatively stable and will remain occluded.
Given the limited solubility of P and its propensity to adsorb to organic and mineral surfaces, almost all plants have evolved to develop specialized mechanisms for enhancing P acquisition from soil. Therefore, measurement of P across landscapes using a single extraction technique (Olsen P) is likely to generate artefacts and will not adequately reflect P bioavailability.
The biologically based P (BBP) method illustrates a noted shift in P pools over the 10 year period, but no net loss of P from the system. It shows great promise for assessing biologically available P. This new method is simple and inexpensive and therefore has the potential to greatly improve our ability to characterise and understand changes in soil P status across complex landscapes.
Carbon availability triggers fungal nitrogen (and phosphorus) uptake and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
By Carl R. Fellbaum et al; PNAS vol 109 no 7; 2011
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, formed between the majority of land plants and ubiquitous soil fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota, is responsible for massive nutrient transfer and global carbon sequestration. AM fungi take up nutrients from the soil and exchange them against photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) from the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that reciprocal reward strategies by plant and fungal partners guarantee a “fair trade” of phosphorus against C between partners.
Residual soil phosphorus as the missing piece in the global phosphorus crisis puzzle
By Sheida Z. Sattari et al; PNAS vol 109 no 16; 2012
Phosphorus (P) is a finite and dwindling resource. Debate focuses on current production and use of phosphate rock rather than on the amounts of P required in the future to feed the world. We applied a two-pool soil P model to reproduce historical continental crop P uptake as a function of P inputs from fertilizer and manure and to estimate P requirements for crop production in 2050.
The key feature is the consideration of the role of residual soil P in crop production. Model simulations closely fit historical P uptake for all continents. Cumulative inputs of P fertilizer and manure for the period 1965–2007 in Europe (1,115 kg⋅ha−1 of cropland) grossly exceeded the cumulative P uptake by crops (360 kg⋅ha−1).
Since the 1980s in much of Europe, P application rates have been reduced, and uptake continues to increase due to the supply of plant-available P from residual soil P pool. We estimate that between 2008 and 2050 a global cumulative P application of 700–790 kg⋅ha−1 of cropland (in total 1,070–1,200 teragrams P) is required to achieve crop production according to the various Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios.
We estimate that average global P fertilizer use must change from the current levels to 16.8–20.8 teragrams per year in 2050, which is up to 50% less than other estimates in the literature that ignore the role of residual soil P.
Readily available P in the soil solution provides most of the plant-available P. The two main factors that control the availability of P to plant roots are the concentration of phosphate ions in the soil solution and the P-buffer capacity, i.e., the ability of the soil to replenish these ions when plant roots remove them. Soils differ in their buffering capacity and in the extent to which they fix P in insoluble compounds that are unavailable for uptake. P fixation depends on the amount of iron and aluminum oxides (properties that are particularly relevant in strongly weathered tropical soils) or high calcium activity.
Following a traditional misconception that P fixation is dominant and irreversible, P has been used excessively in agricultural systems for decades in many industrialized countries, Figure 2.
Figure 2: In virtually all continents around the world (except Africa) annual phosphorus applications per hectare to cropping land has vastly exceeded phosphorus uptake by crops per hectare.
A critical concentration of readily available P must be maintained to obtain good crop yields. Crop uptake is generally only 10–20% of the P fertilizer applied in the first year, but a substantial part of applied P accumulates in the soil as residual P. The residual P is the difference between P inputs (mineral fertilizer, manure, weathering, and deposition) and P outputs (withdrawal of P in harvested products, and P loss by runoff or erosion).
The residual value of P refers to P that can be taken up by crops for many years, depending on soil P fixation capacity, soil pH, crop species, and P application time. In an ideal situation, when adequate P is present in the readily available pools, annual P inputs from fertilizer equal to the plant P uptake may be adequate to maintain good crop yields. Where the amount of readily available P is below a critical level, the rate of P release from residual P is insufficient to sustain optimal crop yields.
Here, an analysis is presented of the historical and future demand of P in global crop production systems. The key feature of this study is the contribution of residual P to the available P for crop uptake at the continental and global scale. A dynamic phosphorus pool simulator (DPPS)—a simple two-pool P model, including labile and stable pools and long-term P input and output data, is applied in this analysis to simulate the P transformations in soil, the build-up of residual soil P pool, and crop P uptake.
Experimental data at field, farm, and country scales support our findings that when soil-available P is adequate, crop yields can increase with decreasing or even halting P application. For example a farm-scale study showed that long-term (1989–2006) equilibrium P fertilization did not lead to reduced crop yields in Dutch sandy soils. A recent national-level study on P fertilizer in Japan indicated that crop yields remained constant or even increased, despite a decline in use of P fertilizer and manure between 1985 and 2005. Even in high P-fixing soils, a large initial application of P (∼600 kg⋅ha−1) can be adequate for cultivating maize for 7–9 y because of the effect of residual P.
Accounting for the relative contribution of P from animal manure in global croplands under the GO scenario (32%), global inorganic P fertilizer use must be 20.8 Tg in 2050. This is 10–40% less than estimated in other studies. However, a large part of the P in animal manure that is recycled in cropland originates in grasslands. This transfer of P from grasslands to cropland is particularly important in developing countries, and contributes to the build-up of residual soil P in cropland. Given the increasing future demand for grass, additional fertilizer P will be required to maintain soil fertility in the world’s soils under grassland.
The mobility of P in alkaline clays of the Northern Grains Region
By Karl Andersson et al; GRDC Update March 2016
The alkaline Vertosols of the northern grains region contain a pool of phosphorus (P) that is rapidly available to plants, and a diminishing reserve-P fraction that has been considered to slowly replenish the available pool. The process of replenishment is not well understood, and this may lead to inefficient use of fertiliser.
The reserve-P is acid-soluble, and may be native soil P or fertiliser reaction products.
Crop response both with and without P fertilisation in Vertosols have shown that plants access acid-soluble P not measured by the bicarbonate method (Colwell P test). It is possible that modification of soil in the rhizosphere, particularly acidification, enables plants to directly access the acid-soluble P fraction. Broader understanding of the pH buffering properties of the soils, and the nature of P reserves, may allow better selection of varieties and management of P fertiliser.
Varietal variation in grain responses to phosphorus
By Chris Guppy et al; GRDC Update March 2016
GRDC recently invested in quantifying the variation in root response of 10 northern wheat and 5 barley lines to P, K, S and N nutrition.
The data acquired was used to generate a table identifying which varieties may respond well in low soil P, high soil P, stratified P (high surface and low subsoil P) and where growers have placed subsoil banded P. These are conditions growers may face under a range of fertiliser application strategies. For example, low soil P may arise with a history of cropping with minimal P replacement. High soil P may occur where land is recently cleared, or fertiliser application has been maintained with both surface and subsoil placement.
There was considerable genetic variation in the capacity of plants to access P from this P responsive soil. Baxter had the highest acquisition efficiency and Sunguard the lowest. In a low P environment, longer root lengths may increase surface area and therefore the opportunity to acquire P from the larger surface area. Similarly, there was variation in both how much P was required by individual varieties to generate shoot biomass, and in how far in advance of biomass production varieties acquired the P from the soil. This suggests that some varieties will grow better, and yield higher in soils with low P status. And that some varieties, with the ability to accumulate P in advance of requirements will perform better in scenarios where there is a P rich topsoil that can be exploited and mined for P early in the season before drawing water from P depleted subsoil layers.
Consistent responses of soil microbial communities to elevated nutrient inputs in grasslands across the globe
By Jonathan Leffa et al; bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Human activities have resulted in large increases in the availability of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Although plant community responses to elevated nutrients have been well studied, soil microbial community responses remain poorly understood, despite their critical importance to ecosystem functioning. Using DNA-sequencing approaches, we assessed the response of soil microbial communities to experimentally added nitrogen and phosphorus at 25 grassland sites across the globe. Our results demonstrate that the composition of these communities shifts in consistent ways with elevated nutrient inputs and that there are corresponding shifts in the ecological attributes of the community members. This study represents an important step forward for understanding the connection between elevated nutrient inputs, shifts in soil microbial communities, and altered ecosystem functioning.
CONSIDER PHOSPHORUS NEEDS FOLLOWING FLOODED SOIL CONDITIONS – Potash & Phosphate Institute Georgia USA.
Wet fall and winter conditions cause many fields to be water-logged. In rice-producing areas, crops that follow rice are often planted on soils that have either been flooded all summer and winter, or that have been water-logged with winter rains following the rice harvest. As the soils dry and planting time approaches, several reactions occur that influence phosphorus availability and need.
Phosphorus that is bound with iron and aluminum oxide compounds becomes more soluble under flooded conditions. When the soil dries, however, iron re-oxidizes and begins to form complex compounds with phosphate, resulting in less plant-available phosphorus.
Phosphorus is also present in soils in organic forms which are not utilized directly by crops. As organic matter decomposes with sufficient oxygen, moisture, and microbial activity, phosphate is released. Under flooded or water-logged conditions, organic matter mineralization and release of phosphates is limited. On soils that have been land leveled, subsurface layers that are high in iron and aluminum and also low in organic matter are often exposed, resulting in chemical reactions that reduce phosphorus availability.
On soils that are acidic and have high iron and aluminum contents, and which also have low organic matter contents, phosphate…that which is native in the soil or that added as fertilizer…is subject to ‘fixation’. In simple terms, this means that phosphorus is bound in forms unavailable or only very slowly available to plants. Mixing phosphorus fertilizer with the soil results in more fixation than when phosphorus is banded.
In soils that are alternately wetted and dried (flooded and drained) the phosphorus fixation is much more extensive and less reversible than under continuously flooded (wet) conditions. This helps explain why crops rotated with rice have an increased need for phosphorus and why banded phosphorus applications are often superior to broadcast applications.
DEALING WITH SEASONAL VARIABILITY IN SOIL TEST RESULTS – Potash & Phosphate Institute Georgia USA.
Sizeable fluctuations in soil test levels can occur seasonally (monthly) and are associated with changes in soil temperature and moisture, soil microbial activity, crop residue decomposition, clay mineralogy, and nutrient cycling. Shallow soil samples (0 to 10cm) may be more susceptible to seasonal fluctuations in test results than samples collected from deeper depths.
- Soil pH—can vary as much as 0.5 to 1 pH units on poorly buffered soils, especially on the coarser textured soils. Soil pH is usually lower in dry periods and higher in wet conditions.
- Extractable soil phosphorus—-may be more stable than soil pH and extractable potassium in the majority of soils. Under prolonged flooding, phosphorus associated with iron complexes can be released. When soils dry, phosphorus can be bound tightly in iron and aluminum complexes, which lowers availability to plants. Seasonal variation can be as much as 10 to 20 kgs per hectare or 5 to 10 parts per million (ppm).
- Tracking trends in soil test results over time is just as important as the soil test value in a given year.
Organic matter management (for plant nutrition)– University of Minnesota Extension
Up to 15% of soil organic matter is fresh organic material and living organisms. Another third to one half is partially and slowly decomposing material that may last decades. This decomposing material is the active fraction of soil organic matter.
The active organic matter, and the microbes that feed on it, are central to nutrient cycles. Many of the nutrients used by plants are held in organic matter until soil organisms decompose the material and release ammonium and other plant-available nutrients. Organic matter is especially important in providing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron.
A soil with 3% organic matter contains about 3,000 kgs of nitrogen per hectare. Depending on the rate of decomposition, 25 to 100 kgs per hectare may become available to plants in a year, but it is difficult to predict the decomposition rate. In Minnesota, decomposition rates are typically about 2%. This means that one hectare of crop plants on a soil with 3% soil organic matter may get 60 kgs of their nitrogen and 6 kgs of their phosphorus from soil organic matter.
The importance of soil organic matter – FAO soil bulletin 80
Chapter 6. Key factors in sustained food production
High organic matter increases productivity and, in turn, high productivity increases organic matter.
The two major soil fertility constraints of the West African savannah and in the subhumid and semi-arid regions of SSA are low inherent nutrient reserve and rapid acidification under continuous cultivation as a consequence of low buffering or cation exchange capacity. Generally, these constraints are tackled by applying chemical fertilizers and lime. However, the application of inorganic fertilizers on depleted soils often fails to provide the expected benefits. This is basically because of low organic matter and low biological activity in the soil.
The chemical and nutritional benefits of organic matter are related to the cycling of plant nutrients and the ability of the soil to supply nutrients for plant growth. Organic matter retains plant nutrients and prevents them leaching to deeper soil layers. Microorganisms are responsible for the mineralization and immobilization of N, P and S through the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, they contribute to the gradual and continuous liberation of plant nutrients. Available nutrients that are not taken up by the plants are retained by soil organisms. In organic-matter depleted soils, these nutrients would be lost from the system through leaching and runoff.
Phosphate fixation and unavailability is a major soil fertility constraint in acid soils containing large amounts of free iron and aluminium oxides. In comparing the P-sorption capacity of surface and subsurface soil samples, Uehara and Gilman (1981) provided indirect evidence that soil organic matter can reduce the P-sorption capacity of such soils. This implies that for high P-fixing soils, i.e. oxide-rich soils derived from volcanic and ferro-magnesian rocks, management systems that are capable of accumulating and maintaining greater amounts of calcium-saturated soil organic matter in the surface horizon would increase P availability from both organic and fertilizer sources.
Mycorrhizae are particularly important for phosphate uptake because P does not move towards plant roots easily. These organisms do not harm the plant, and in return, the plant provides energy to the fungus in the form of sugars. The fungus is actually a network of filaments that grows in and around the plant root cells,forming a mass that extends considerably beyond the root system of the plant.
The rhizosphere is the region of soil immediately adjacent to and affected by plant roots. It is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil, micro-organisms, nutrients and water meet and interact. The rhizosphere differs from the bulk soil because of the activities of plant roots and their effect on soil organisms.
The root exudates can be used to increase the availability of nutrients and they provide a food source for micro-organisms. This causes the number of microorganisms to be greater in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Their presence attracts larger soil organisms that feed on micro-organisms and the concentration of organisms in the rhizosphere can be up to 500 times higher than in the bulk soil.
An important feature of the rhizosphere is the uptake of water and nutrients by plants. Plants take up water and nutrients into their roots. This draws water from the surrounding soil towards the roots and rhizosphere.
The soil organisms near the rhizosphere influence plant roots because:
- They alter the movement of C compounds from roots to shoots (translocation).
- Earthworm galleries (burrows) provide an easy pathway for roots to take as they grow through the soil.
- Micorrhizal associations can increase nutrient uptake by plants.
Some of the nutrients in the soil are held in the organic matter, comprising almost all the N, a large amount of P and some S. When organic matter decomposes, the nutrients are released into the soil for plant use. Therefore, the amount and type of organic matter in the soil determines the quantity and availability of these nutrients in the soil.


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Isocitrate dehydrogenases IDH1 and IDH2 are closely-related metabolic enzymes which catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by oxidative decarboxylation and simultaneously generate NADPH in cells. IDH1 and IDH2 are frequently mutated in WHO grade II and grade III gliomas and in secondary glioblastoma. In gliomas, IDH mutations are highly specific for the amino acid arginine in IDH1 enzyme’s substrate binding site, resulting in substitution of the arginine at 132 with histidine (R132H) in >80% of all IDH mutations . IDH mutations result in production and accumulation of the metabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) in IDH1 mutated cells, which greatly impacts the cellular metabolism and also contributes to tumor pathogenesis [2,3].
Several aspects of IDH mutations make them highly significant molecular markers for imaging and therapeutic targeting in IDH-mutated gliomas as well as other cancers that carry these mutations. IDH mutations are generally associated with longer survival in gliomas, and were confirmed as independent predictors of favorable outcome in multivariate analyses . As a genetic mutation occurring at the tumor precursor cell stage, IDH1 mutation or mutant IDH1 expression is expected to be stable and homogenous among all tumor cells within an IDH1-mutated glioma. Hence, the ability to noninvasively image mutant IDH1 expression in gliomas can serve as a valuable tool in the clinical setting to diagnose mutant IDH1 tumors, predict prognosis and to evaluate treatment response based on IDH1 mutation status.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a translational molecular imaging technique which uses specific probes that are labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes for quantitative measurement of biological processes in vivo with high sensitivity (typically in picomoles with regard to probe detection in the target tissue). Development of radiotracers for mutant IDH1 as a novel imaging target is scientifically challenging and requires that various aspects of the mutant IDH1 are taken into account for the design and development of radiotracers. As an enzyme, mutant IDH1 is an intracellular target which excludes the possibility of developing imaging probes based on macromolecules as they cannot freely cross the cell membrane (e.g. monoclonal antibodies H09 or IMab-1 that recognize IDH1-R132H). For radiotracers based on small molecules, the compound should have sufficient lipophilicity, ideally a log P of >0.8, for efficient penetration through the cell membrane and to be able to reach the target in sufficient concentration. For imaging mutant IDH1 expression in brain tumors, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may play a significant role in the uptake and clearance of the labeled compounds in the tumor tissue. However, preclinical studies suggest that an IDH1-R132H mutation in the CNS may cause disruption of the BBB by D-2-HG-mediated impairment of basement membranes surrounding the endothelial cells .
In view of its gain-of-function and the putative role of D-2-HG as an oncometabolite, inhibition of mutant IDH enzyme with small molecule inhibitors has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for direct targeting of IDH mutations in cancers. To this end, several classes of mutant IDH1 inhibitors have been developed by high-throughput screening by pharmaceutical companies, and have shown high inhibitory potency and excellent selectivity for the mutant IDH1 vs. the WTIDH1 (e.g. AGI-5198; IC50: 70 nM) . Mechanism-of-inhibition and crystallography studies have revealed different modes of binding and/or mutant IDH1 inhibition by these inhibitors depending on the chemical scaffold, and includes competitive binding with respect to α-KG, a mixed mode of competitive/non-competitive binding, as well as binding to an allosteric binding site on the mutant IDH1 [5,6]. This available medicinal chemistry information on the mutant IDH1 inhibitors can help in designing and guiding the development of radiotracers for the mutant IDH1. In IDH1-mutated gliomas, the levels of α-KG, which is used as a substrate by the mutant IDH1 enzyme, are much lower compared to that for D-2-HG (< 0.1 μmol/g vs. 5-35 μmol/g tumor for D-2-HG) or some of the other TCA cycle intermediates . However, since the mass of the injected probe for PET imaging studies is usually in nmoles, ideally, the candidate radiotracers should not have to compete with α-KG for binding to the mutant IDH1. Some of the reported inhibitors such as AGI-5198 also contain fluorine in their chemical structure which can be substituted with the PET radioisotope 18F (t1/2: 109.8 min) in a manner that can fully preserve the inhibitory potency of the compound . In general, the selection of radioisotope for labeling can be guided by the binding affinity of the non-radioactive analog for the mutant IDH1, amenability of the compound for labeling with a particular PET radioisotope (e.g. 11C, 18F and 124I), and the anticipated pharmacokinetics of the compound in in vivo. The goal would be to achieve high tumor uptake and high tumor-to-background ratios for the labeled compounds in mutant-IDH1 tumors in vivo within 2-3 half-lives of the selected radioisotope. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of candidate radiotracers should include tumor cell lines that closely represent IDH1-mutated gliomas in patients, as well as appropriate control systems (e.g. isogenic WT-IDH1 cell lines) to identify promising lead compounds for clinical evaluation.
Citation: Chitneni SK. IDH1 Mutations in Glioma: Considerations for Radiotracer Development. SM Radiol J. 2016; 2(1): 1009.


Plate cleaning and protection
Keeping the sheets clean is one of the important conditions for maintaining a high heat transfer coefficient. Between the plates, the medium moves along the narrow and meandering flow path. Even if a relatively thick scale layer is generated, it will cause changes in the flow path, affecting the movement of the fluid, increasing the pressure drop, and reducing the heat transfer coefficient. For example, a sugar mill uses a plate heat exchanger in heating. Because the secondary water is not well treated, the flow channel is blocked for only two months during use and cannot continue to operate.
1. chemical cleaning method
This method is to cyclically pass a chemical solution through the heat exchanger to dissolve and discharge the dirt on the surface of the sheet. This method does not require disassembling the heat exchanger, which simplifies the cleaning process and reduces the labor level of cleaning. Since the corrugation of the sheet can promote the turbulent flow of the cleaning liquid and facilitate the dissolution of the scale layer, the chemical cleaning method is a better method.
2. mechanical (physical) cleaning method This method is to manually clean the plate after the brush, in order to achieve the purpose of removing dirt on the surface of the plate. Although this method is relatively straightforward, it is not easy to clean the harder and thicker scale layer.
3. the comprehensive cleaning method for the dirt layer is relatively hard and thick, simply using the above method is difficult to clean. The comprehensive method is to first soften the scale layer by chemical cleaning, and then remove the scale layer by mechanical (physical) cleaning method to keep the sheet clean.
4. precautions when cleaning
1 The solution should maintain a certain flow rate during chemical cleaning, generally 0.8 ~ 1.2m / s. Its purpose is to increase the degree of turbulence in the solution.
2 Different chemical cleaning solutions should be used for different soils. In addition to the frequently used diluted soda ash solution, a 5% nitric acid solution can be used for the scale. For the scale generated in the production of soda ash, a 5% hydrochloric acid solution can be used. However, chemical lotions that corrode the plates should not be used.
3 Mechanical (physical) cleaning does not allow the use of carbon steel brush to scrub stainless steel, so as not to accelerate the corrosion of the plate. At the same time, the surface of the plate cannot be scratched or deformed.
4 After cleaning, the plate should be rinsed with water and dried, and the plate should be prevented from being deformed.


The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is considered one of the most successful environmental treaty in the world. Focused on the issue of environment protection, it sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone depleting substances.
Introduction to The Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, also known as the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement made in 1987. It was designed or formulated to stop the production and use of ozone depleting substances along with reducing their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth’s ozone layer.
The Montreal Protocol sits under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (the Vienna Convention). After the international discussion of scientific discoveries in the 1980s highlighted the adverse effect of human activity on the ozone layer and the discovery of the Ozone Hole, The Vienna Convention was adopted in 1985. Its objectives are to promote cooperation on the adverse effects of human activities on the ozone layer.
The Vienna Convention & Amendments
Adopted in 1985, The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is the precursor to the Montreal Protocol. It is often called a framework convention as it acts as a framework for efforts to protect the globe’s ozone layer. In accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the countries of the world agreed with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer under the Convention, to advance that goal.
- The London Amendment (1990)
- The Copenhagen Amendment (1992)
- The Montreal Amendment (1997)
- The Beijing Amendment (1999)
- The Kigali Amendment (2016)
Efforts Behind The Montreal Protocol
Under the Protocol, nations phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – a class of compounds that were used in aerosol sprays, refrigerants, foams and solvents. These are the elements that are damaging the protective ozone layer which shields the planet from the harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Because ozone-depleting substances and some of their substitutes are also potent greenhouse gases, their phase-out under the Montreal Protocol is critical to the international efforts made to address climate change.


ETP WATER PARAMETER CORRECTIONTech Lab Bangladesh Limited offers ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) Water Parameter Correction services to help industries optimize their effluent treatment processes and ensure compliance with environmental regulations. Our specialized expertise in water parameter correction allows us to identify and address issues related to water quality, effluent composition, and treatment efficiency. By leveraging our services, industries can achieve efficient and effective treatment of their wastewater, minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable practices. Our ETP Water Parameter Correction services encompass the following key areas: Water Quality Analysis: We conduct comprehensive water quality analysis to identify the parameters that need correction in the effluent. Our expert team collects samples and performs laboratory tests to determine the levels of various contaminants, including pH, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients, heavy metals, and other relevant parameters. Through detailed analysis, we identify the specific areas where water parameter correction is required. Process Optimization: Based on the water quality analysis results, we develop tailored strategies and solutions to optimize the treatment process. Our experienced engineers and technicians assess the existing ETP infrastructure, treatment methods, and operational procedures to identify potential bottlenecks or inefficiencies. We recommend process modifications, equipment upgrades, or changes in operational practices to optimize the treatment efficiency and address the specific water parameter correction needs. Chemical Dosing and Treatment: Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited provides expert guidance on the selection and dosing of appropriate chemicals to correct water parameters. We determine the optimal dosage of chemicals, such as coagulants, flocculants, pH adjusters, oxidizing agents, or specific reagents, based on the required parameter correction. Our team assists in implementing the correct dosing techniques, ensuring effective treatment and proper mixing of chemicals within the ETP. Technology Upgrades and Integration: We assess the feasibility of incorporating advanced treatment technologies or upgrading existing systems to address specific water parameter correction needs. Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited provides recommendations on the integration of additional treatment units, such as advanced filtration systems, membrane technologies, UV disinfection, or biological treatment methods, based on the identified requirements. Our expertise in system integration ensures seamless incorporation of new technologies into the existing ETP infrastructure. Monitoring and Compliance: We establish robust monitoring protocols and systems to track the effectiveness of water parameter correction measures. Our team assists in implementing real-time monitoring systems, including sensors, analyzers, and data acquisition systems, to continuously monitor key water parameters and treatment performance. We ensure compliance with regulatory standards by developing monitoring plans, reporting mechanisms, and documentation required for regulatory reporting. Training and Support: We provide comprehensive training to operators and maintenance personnel on the correct implementation of water parameter correction measures. Tech Lab Bangladesh Limited offers ongoing technical support, maintenance services, and periodic system audits to ensure sustained performance and continuous improvement. By availing our ETP Water Parameter Correction services, industries can achieve optimal treatment efficiency, meet environmental regulations, and mitigate the risks associated with improper effluent discharge. Our expertise in water parameter correction and commitment to environmental sustainability make us a reliable partner for industries seeking to optimize their effluent treatment processes.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Water Parameter Correction is essential for industries for the following reasons: Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Environmental regulations govern the quality of wastewater discharged by industries. ETP Water Parameter Correction ensures that the effluent meets the required standards and regulatory limits for parameters such as pH, suspended solids, BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants. Compliance with these regulations is crucial to avoid penalties, legal issues, and damage to the company's reputation. Environmental Protection: Proper ETP Water Parameter Correction helps minimize the environmental impact of industrial wastewater. By correcting and optimizing water parameters, industries reduce the release of harmful substances and contaminants into water bodies, protecting aquatic ecosystems, and preserving water resources. It contributes to the overall sustainability and conservation of the environment. Sustainable Water Management: ETP Water Parameter Correction promotes sustainable water management practices. By optimizing water parameters, industries can recycle and reuse treated water within their processes, reducing freshwater consumption and conserving valuable resources. It also reduces the burden on public water supply systems and promotes responsible water stewardship. Prevention of Pollution and Health Risks: Improperly treated or untreated industrial wastewater can pose significant risks to human health, as well as the health of animals and plants. Water Parameter Correction in ETPs ensures that contaminants and pollutants are effectively removed or reduced to safe levels, minimizing the potential for pollution and associated health risks. Efficient Effluent Treatment Processes: ETP Water Parameter Correction optimizes the treatment processes, enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness. By identifying and correcting specific water parameters, industries can improve the performance of their ETPs, ensuring consistent and reliable treatment results. This leads to better removal of contaminants, reduced treatment costs, and improved overall operational efficiency. Protection of Downstream Users and Ecosystems: Industries are often located in proximity to residential areas or downstream of water bodies. By implementing ETP Water Parameter Correction, industries safeguard the well-being of downstream users who rely on water sources for various purposes, such as drinking water, agriculture, and recreation. It also protects the integrity of ecosystems downstream, minimizing the impact on aquatic life and biodiversity. Reputation and Stakeholder Expectations: Companies that demonstrate a commitment to responsible wastewater management and environmental stewardship build a positive reputation. ETP Water Parameter Correction showcases a proactive approach to sustainability, meeting stakeholder expectations, and gaining the trust of customers, investors, regulatory authorities, and the community at large. Risk Mitigation and Future-Proofing: Correcting water parameters in ETPs helps identify and mitigate risks associated with inadequate treatment. By addressing parameter deficiencies and implementing proper correction measures, industries reduce the likelihood of operational disruptions, equipment failures, and incidents of non-compliance. It provides a robust foundation for future regulatory changes and evolving environmental standards. Overall, ETP Water Parameter Correction is crucial for industries to comply with regulations, protect the environment, optimize resource usage, ensure public health, and maintain sustainable business practices. It is an essential step towards responsible wastewater management and a demonstration of the industry's commitment to environmental stewardship.


Brighten your smile with Crest 3D White Radiant Mint Whitening Toothpaste. It whitens your teeth by removing up to 80% of surface stains and protects against future stains. 3D White fluoride toothpaste also strengthens your tooth enamel and helps protect against cavities.
Active ingredient: Sodium fluoride 0.243% (0.15% w/v fluoride ion) Inactive ingredients: water, sorbitol, hydrated silica, disodium pyrophosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, flavor, cellulose gum, sodium hydroxide, sodium saccharin, carbomer, mica, titanium dioxide, blue 1
Adults and children 2 yrs. & older: brush teeth thoroughly after meals or at least twice a day or use as directed by a dentist. Do not swallow. To minimize swallowing use a pea-sized amount in children under 6. Supervise children’s brushing until good habits are established. Children under 2 yrs.: ask a dentist.


There have been warnings out for years, articles, blogs and studies about the dangers of excess sun exposure. All of these forms of information to the public have brought about sunless tanning products in a variety of forms the past few years. Now experts question, are these products safe, some that you apply yourself or the ones in tanning salons that are sprayed on? For the most part, while these products contain and active ingredient, DHA, it appears to be safe for external use.
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the only FDA-approved skin-tinting additive. It is colorless sugar material that when applied to the skin, interacts with the dead skin cells on your outer skin. It simply stains the skin making it appear darker. Since dead cells The effect is temporary, because as the dead cells shed naturally, the color will fade and disappear, usually in a week's time. This is why reapplying the product is required if you want to maintain that darker look. To date, no studies have determined or shown that these tanning products lead to skin cancer.
So for now, tanning lotions are healthier than getting tanned on the beach, at the pool or in a tanning bed. Even though suntans fad in time, usually within a few days, the DNA of your skin cells has broken down and your skin has already been harmed permanently by the sun's UV rays.
There are a few concerns about the sunless tanning products too. Such as some users have experienced allergic reactions and you most definitely, want to make sure the product doesn’t get in your eyes, mouth or nose. It is always recommended to test a small area that is not visible, to see how it your skin reacts.
Choose a tanning product that contains a minimum SPF (sun protection factor) of at least 15, the higher the number the better. If the product you decide on doesn’t contain SPF, you need to apply an separate SPF product just as you would normally. At no time, should you not be using a SPF on a regular basis for the safest protection against the sun's UV rays.
So be sure to check the label, ask your tanning salon or give us a call at The Plastic Surgery Center of Maryland to verify your choice of self-tanning product contains DHA and if the amount of SPF is sufficient for you.
As always, the safest thing to do is stay out of the sun. However, if you're looking bronzed, that's probably not what you have in mind. So an important factor to remember is that just because your skin looks tan, that doesn’t provide you with any protection from actual sun exposure.


G30F is a multifunctional mixing pump which is fit for all conventional dry material i.e.: masonry mortar, plaster, screed, filler, finishing coat, adhesives and filling material.
The mixing pump is fitted with a swing down mixing tube for the use as sole conveying pump as standard. The separate mix- and pump-unit guarantee an ideal and constant mixing of material. Water reflux into the dry mortar zone is excluded.
The pump motor is very powerful and the output speed is variable. This offers optimal modulation for any working range.
|Output:||up to 50 l|
|Delivery pressure:||up to 40 bar|
|Delivery:||up to 40 m|
|Power supply:||400 V / 50 Hz|
|Drive mixing unit:||3.0 kW|
|Drive pump unit:||4.0 kW|
|Weight:||ca. 280 kg|


Is your battery dead? Let us double check it for you; maybe we can revive it.
But to save yourself trouble in the future, please be aware that batteries require monthly maintenance and will not be warranted for lack of maintenance.
Proper battery care is important to the performance and overall life expectancy of your battery. Knowing how to properly maintain, charge and store your battery will keep your battery ready to perform when you need it to.
Create a battery maintenance routine and stay
consistent in checking the following to help extend the life of your battery.
All batteries have a natural tendency to discharge, including power sport batteries. There are a number of reasons why discharge takes place. Some common examples are temperature, parasitic draw, non use and trips that are not long enough to recharge the battery.
A fully automatic, low amp, charger is highly recommended for many reasons such as price, ease of operation and results.
Before beginning the charging operation, read the instructions that come with the charger. Never attempt to charge a battery without first reviewing the instructions for the charger being used. In addition to the charger manufacturer’s instructions, the following general precautions should be followed.
Always charge batteries in a well ventilated area and wear proper eye protection.
Make sure the charger is turned off and/or unplugged before connecting the leads to your battery to avoid dangerous sparks.
Never try to charge a visibly damaged or frozen battery
Make sure the charger leads are securely attached to battery terminals
Keep all sparks, flames, and cigarettes away from charging area.
Many power sport enthusiasts are forced to store their ride during part of the year due to different seasons. What ever your storage situation, proper battery storage can be the difference between a quick start next season or replacing your battery.
The ultimate goal when storing your battery, weather you leave it in your ride or you remove it, is to keep the battery fully charged. When your battery becomes discharged it could fall victim to one of two things, sulfating or freezing. Either will likely result in battery replacement.
All power sport batteries experience some level of sulfating.
Starts when batteries begin to discharge
Occurs when sulfur in the electrolyte forms crystals that attach to the lead plates and then act as “insulation” keeping the battery from accepting a charge.
The more your battery becomes discharged, the more the battery’s electrolyte becomes water – The acid absorbs into the lead plates
Discharged batteries will begin freezing at temperatures of 0°C
Can result in a cracked case or buckled plates
If sides of the battery are bulging the battery froze and permanent damage has occurred.
If possible, remove the battery, keep it stored above 0°C and connect a low amp automatic charger.


FRANKE SET BELL BCX 611-86 SBLHD 860X480X200X0.8MM SS 304
Franke stainless steel is unique
There’s stainless steel and then there’s Franke stainless steel. The alloy used by Franke is the result of an evolution that began in 1930.
Franke stainless steel sinks are made from premium quality chrome nickel steel giving them stunning beauty while making them highly resistant to staining, rust and corrosion and providing maximum durability.
The steel is composed of 17-18% chromium for shine and rust resistance and adds extra corrosion protection.
Corrosion-resistant Premium quality chrome nickel steel makes sinks highly resistant to staining, rust and corrosion
Non-porous Naturally hygienic, it doesn’t harbor bacteria
Self-regenerating Stainless steel surfaces develop a passive protective layer that continuously renews, so your sink is easy to clean and care for


Tattoo inks are unregulated in Australia because you can buy ink from anywhere in the world on the internet, China and Eastern Europe (the former Soviet Union) are popular sources of tattoo ink.
The extract below from Wikipedia explains what might actually be in tattoo ink.
Manufacturers are not required to reveal their ingredients or conduct trials, and recipes may be proprietary. Professional inks may be made from iron oxides (rust), metal salts, plastics. Homemade or traditional tattoo inks may be made from pen ink, soot, dirt, blood, or other ingredients.
Heavy metals used for colors include mercury (red); lead (yellow, green, white); cadmium (red, orange, yellow); nickel (black); zinc (yellow, white); chromium (green); cobalt (blue); aluminium (green, violet); titanium (white); copper (blue, green); iron (brown, red, black); and barium (white). Metal oxides used include ferrocyanide and ferricyanide (yellow, red, green, blue). Organic chemicals used include azo-chemicals (orange, brown, yellow, green, violet) and naptha-derived chemicals (red). Carbon (soot or ash) is also used for black. Other elements used as pigments include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, lithium, selenium, and sulphur.
Tattoo ink manufacturers typically blend the heavy metal pigments and/or use lightening agents (such as lead or titanium) to reduce production costs.
A carrier acts as a solvent for the pigment, to “carry” the pigment from the point of needle trauma to the surrounding dermis. Carriers keep the ink evenly mixed and free from pathogens, and aid application. The most typical solvent is ethyl alcohol or water, but denatured alcohols, methanol, rubbing alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerine are also used. When an alcohol is used as part of the carrier base in tattoo ink or to disinfect the skin before application of the tattoo, it increases the skin’s permeability, helping to transport more chemicals into the bloodstream.
As is obvious from the Wikipedia extract above it is almost impossible to be sure what is in the coloured inks that your tattoo contains.
So if your tattoo is black, grey or red or a combination of these 3 colours it is easily removed, the more exotic the colour the greater the degree of difficulty.
It is common for a multi coloured tattoo to take between 12 and 20 treatments to be removed effectively. This equates to treatments every 6 weeks taking in total anywhere between 1½ to 2½ years.


What is hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein that makes red blood cells red. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from our lungs to the cells in our body.
What are normal hemoglobin levels?
In women, normal hemoglobin ranges from 120 g/L to 160 g/L (12 g/dL to 16 g/dL). In men, normal hemoglobin levels range from 140 g/L to 180 g/L (14 g/dL to 18 g/dL).
Why is hemoglobin measured before each donation?
The hemoglobin screening test is done to make sure that it is safe for you to donate and that there are sufficient red cells for the person receiving your blood. Hemoglobin is checked before each donation using a drop of blood from your finger. For donors donating platelets by apheresis, a sample is taken from the first few drops of blood collected to measure hemoglobin.
What hemoglobin level do I need to donate?
Hemoglobin must be at least 125 g/L (12.5 g/dL) to donate blood at Canadian Blood Services.
I did not pass the fingerstick hemoglobin test – what does this mean?
There are a few possible reasons including:
- Low iron stores. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin.
Causes of low iron include:
- Frequent blood donation
- Low iron in your diet
- For women, menstrual blood loss
- More rarely, gradual bleeding in the digestive tract, such as stomach or colon
- Normal variation; for some people, especially women, a slightly lower hemoglobin level is normal and not the result of any health problem
- Sometimes the test may give a low estimate of the true amount of hemoglobin
What should I do if I failed my hemoglobin screen?
We recommend that you see your doctor to check your hemoglobin and iron levels (ferritin). Your doctor will look into reasons why your hemoglobin is low and may suggest taking iron supplements.
All blood donors should eat an iron rich diet and consider taking a multivitamin with iron.
Can I come back to donate if I failed my fingerstick hemoglobin?
Most people who have a low hemoglobin are able to improve their iron level and hemoglobin count and successfully donate.
It can take 4 to 6 months to rebuild your iron stores. Your doctor can help you decide when it is safe for you to donate again.
If your doctor has started you on iron pills, you may return to donate 6 months after starting them, when your hemoglobin and iron levels are back to normal.
What is iron and where do I get it from?
Iron is a mineral that is an important part of hemoglobin and other proteins in your body.
Your body gets iron from your diet. You can also get iron by taking multivitamins that contain some iron supplementation. Finally, the most iron is found in iron supplements.
Iron is essential to make new red blood cells after blood donation. Extra iron is stored as ferritin.
Is it possible to have normal hemoglobin but low iron?
Yes. You can have low amounts of iron with just enough to keep your hemoglobin level normal.
What are the effects of low iron levels?
Iron deficiency does not always cause symptoms. Low iron stores can lead to fatigue and less exercise capacity. Some people have a craving for ice. As iron levels drop more, your hemoglobin level could drop and this can have a big impact on your energy level.
Does Canadian Blood Services measure my iron levels?
Canadian Blood Services does not measure iron (ferritin) on every donation. However, starting in July 2014, Canadian Blood Services will be measuring ferritin in some selected donor clinics. Donors with low ferritin levels will be sent a letter with their results.
I got a result from Canadian Blood Services telling me that my ferritin levels are low. What should I do now?
We recommend that you see your doctor. He or she can check if you need any other tests done, and advise you about iron supplements. A diet rich in iron is recommended for all blood donors. However, since your ferritin level is low, iron supplements would be helpful to build up your iron stores.
You don’t need a prescription to get iron supplements. You can talk to your pharmacist about starting over the counter iron supplements if you cannot make an appointment to see your doctor right away. We recommend that you speak to your doctor first, before starting iron supplements, if:
- You have any gastrointestinal illness or symptoms, such as stomach ulcers, chronic constipation or diarrhea, or intestinal polyps.
- You are taking aspirin or anti-inflammatory pills (such as Advil or ibuprofen) regularly.
- You have family members with a history of colon cancer or polyps.
You should not take iron supplements if you have been diagnosed with hemochromatosis (iron overload) in the past.
Who is at risk of iron deficiency?
The chance of developing iron deficiency is higher in donors who:
- Had low iron levels before donation – iron levels are generally lower in women of child-bearing age.
- Make frequent donations – women donating 2 or more times a year, men donating 3 or more times a year.
- Have non-donation related blood loss, such as for women, heavy menstrual periods.
- Have a diet low in iron.
- Have medical conditions or surgery, which reduce the amount of iron the body can absorb.
Iron deficiency may be the result of more than one cause.
How can I improve my iron absorption?
Although iron is found in many foods, some sources of iron are better absorbed by the body. Iron comes in 2 forms:
- Heme iron, which is found in animal foods such as red meat, liver, veal, chicken, turkey, fish and seafood
- Non-heme iron, which is less easily absorbed and is found in breakfast cereals fortified with iron, fortified breads and pasta, lentils, dried peas and beans, tofu, seeds and nuts, dried fruit, dark green leafy vegetables and eggs.
I am taking iron, can I donate blood?
It depends why you are taking the supplements. If you have been told by your doctor that your iron reserves (ferritin) are low, or received a letter from Canadian Blood Services that your ferritin level is low, you can return to donate blood after you have taken iron supplements for at least 3 months, and your ferritin level has returned to normal, when remeasured by your doctor.
If you are taking iron supplements because your iron and your hemoglobin levels were low (iron deficiency anemia) you can return to donate after at least 6 months of taking iron supplements if your doctor has found that your hemoglobin and iron levels have returned to normal. If you are taking iron to prevent low iron stores, you can donate blood.
I have been diagnosed with hemochromatosis – should I donate?
People with hereditary hemochromatosis absorb too much iron from their diet. As long as there is no other reason why you cannot donate blood, regular blood donation can be both part of your treatment and help save lives. You can donate blood at Canadian Blood Services every 56 days. If you require phlebotomies more often than every 56 days, you can donate blood at least one week after a phlebotomy in your doctor’s office or outpatient clinic. More information can be found on the website of the Canadian Hemochromatosis Society (see related links).
Additional information for physicians – please see transfusionmedicine.ca, Iron status in Canadian Blood Services donors, for more information
All donors undergo hemoglobin screening prior to each donation, and will be deferred for 56 days if they do not meet the regulatory requirement for blood donation. Hemoglobin testing of whole blood donors is performed on a finger stick capillary blood sample using a portable hemoglobinometer. This method is less precise than a hemoglobin determination performed on a venepuncture sample and analysed in a laboratory. Low values may be obtained due to technical difficulties in obtaining a capillary sample, or measurement imprecision, rather than actual anemia. The regulatory requirement for whole blood donation in Canada is a minimum hemoglobin level of 125 g/L (12.5 g/dL).
Donor iron stores
Approximately 225 mg are lost with each whole blood donation of 525 ml. Female donors who donate 2 or more times a year, and male donors who donate 3 or more times a year are at higher risk of developing iron deficiency. We recommend measurement of ferritin in frequent blood donors, even if hemoglobin levels are normal. Iron supplementation and reduced frequency of donation may be indicated if iron stores are depleted. Additional investigations for underlying pathology may also be indicated, depending on a variety of factors, such as patient age and gender, symptoms or signs, and results of initial laboratory testing.
Deferred female donors
Approximately 10% of female donors do not meet hemoglobin criteria on a given donation attempt. Most of these individuals are iron deficient. These donors are advised to see their physicians in order to measure their ferritin levels and confirm the diagnosis of anemia on a venepuncture sample. If anemia is truly present, additional history and investigation may be indicated, and these individuals should be advised not to return to donate blood, unless the anemia is completely resolved and iron stores are adequate. Most of these individuals require a period of iron supplementation before resuming blood donation.
Deferred male donors
Less than 0.5% of male donors are deferred due to hemoglobin levels below the acceptability level of 125 g/L. As this is well below the normal hemoglobin level for males, these donors are advised to see their physicians in order to confirm the presence of anemia on a venepuncture sample. If anemia is confirmed, additional history and investigation may be indicated. In some cases, iron deficiency anemia may be related to extremely frequent blood donations. However, in other cases, underlying conditions leading to decreased iron absorption or gastrointestinal blood loss may be present. These individuals should be advised not to return to donate blood, unless investigations have been completed, anemia is resolved, and iron stores are adequate. Most of these individuals require iron supplementation before resuming blood donation.


In the world of packaging, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles stand out for their versatility, durability, and sustainability. At BLOOM BOTTLES, we take pride in our state-of-the-art manufacturing process that not only champions efficiency but also sets the gold standard for quality. Let’s dive into the fascinating journey of PET bottle production and the meticulous quality controls that ensure every bottle we produce is nothing short of perfect.
The Two-Step Method to Manufacturing Excellence
The production of PET bottles is an intricate dance between technology and precision, generally divided into a two-step method for its ability to scale production without compromising quality.
Step 1: The Preform Stage – Injection Molding
The first step in our journey is the creation of the preform. Using high-quality PET pellets, we heat the material to a molten state, then inject it into molds that shape the preform – a test tube-like structure with a narrow neck. This stage sets the foundation for what will become a PET bottle.
Step 2: Blow Molding – Giving Shape to Ideas
Once cooled, the preforms enter the blow molding stage where they’re heated to a soft, but shape-retaining state. High-pressure air then inflates the preform against the mold, stretching it into the final bottle shape, including the formation of the bottle mouth. The bottles are then cooled, becoming the robust containers ready for their mission.
This two-step process is a testament to our commitment to efficiency, enabling us to produce PET bottles in large volumes while maintaining the highest standards of quality.
A Commitment to Quality at Every Step
At BLOOM BOTTLES, quality is more than a buzzword; it’s the essence of our production ethos. Here are the pillars of our quality control measures that ensure each PET bottle is a benchmark in packaging excellence:
Uncompromising Raw Material and Feeding Control
Our journey begins with the strict inspection of PET pellets, ensuring they meet our high standards. We maintain a pristine feeding process to prevent any contamination, setting the stage for flawless production.
Precision in Production Process Control
During both the injection molding and blow molding stages, we meticulously manage parameters like temperature, pressure, and timing. This ensures the consistency of preforms and bottles, ensuring uniformity in our production line.
Upholding Preform and Bottle Standards
Our standards for handling preforms and bottles are stringent. We ensure each preform and bottle is free from defects, contamination, and damage, maintaining the integrity of our products.
Equipment Maintenance and Rigorous Quality Inspection
Through regular maintenance and calibration of our equipment, alongside both visual and automated bottle inspections, we guarantee the seamless operation of our production lines and the quality of our bottles.
Ensuring Process Stability and Standardization
Real-time monitoring and detailed operating procedures ensure the stability of our production process. This coupled with our adherence to international quality management systems like ISO 9001:2015, reaffirms our commitment to global quality standards.
In blending efficient production methods with rigorous quality control measures, BLOOM BOTTLES not only enhances the competitiveness of our PET bottles but also reinforces our dedication to meeting and exceeding market expectations. Our commitment to sustainability, reflected in the recyclability of PET, underscores our vision for a greener planet.
As we continue to innovate and refine our processes, our journey in the PET bottle production is one of continuous improvement, driven by our core values of efficiency, quality, and sustainability.


Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry
[Beginning of recorded material]
Dr Aniss Chami:
The micro-credential titled Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry, is focused on understanding the therapeutic claims of most ingredients used in Listed Medicines.
This allows us to work closely with marketeers and what the market really demands to understand what ailments need to be rectified with these unique ingredients.
Dr Gabrielle De Ruis:
Starting from the basics, so we will talk about the most important and most common organic chemical functional groups that can be found for example, in products of botanic origin.
We will expand by introducing the importance of enzyme catalysed reactions.
Another topic we will cover is the importance of vitamins and the role they have.
I think it's important to understand that the world is constantly changing, it's evolving and sometimes the simple understanding of only one aspect of the world might not be enough.
That's why I think that the interconnection between different disciplines and different subjects is fundamental to understand and to improve the world we are living in.
Dr Aniss Chami:
For me, I believe micro-credentials are going to become the link between someone graduating and entering the workforce.
Through NETM and the myriad of micro-credentials available to candidates, we are building a golden benchmark for the entire workforce.
I would be motivating all my staff to be doing these micro-credentials because at the end of the day
anyone working in a building that produces pharmaceutical products is expected to have some underlying understanding of what is required in terms of quality, production and operations to
continually being effective and delivering the high quality premium product we produce.
[End of recorded material]
University of Technology Sydney
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. It is an important area in pharmaceutical production, as it enhances staff capability and capacity for businesses delving into new food production technologies and manufacturing approaches. This micro-credential prepares learners to engage in pharmaceutical manufacturing by delivering on the learning outcomes specified below.
- Identify and describe the functional groups in botanical ingredients
- Understand the different vitamins and their biological interaction with the body
- Identify and explain the role of enzymes, catalysis and other lab procedures to isolate organic compounds for safe use in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Click here for further information and to enrol in the Practical Foundations of Organic Chemistry micro-credential


When you attempt to evaluate what products work best for your hair, the one factor you may be leaving out is the water coming right out of your showerhead!
That’s right. Not all water has the same effect on the hair. If your hair is dull, dry or lacks volume no matter what products you use, then the water from your tap could be hard water. Hard Water Hair Issues
Hard water contains mineral deposits that can leave hair looking dull, dry and limp. In addition, the minerals in hard water can also make color-treated hair look brassy and fade more quickly. To find out if you do indeed have hard water, you can purchase test strips from your local hardware store or an online retailer, such as Amazon
If you do indeed have hard water, then the best way to protect your hair is to purchase a showerhead filter, such as this one
. It may cost a bit, but it will probably save you money in the long run by preventing you from wasting money on seemingly ineffectual hair products! As a bonus, a showerhead filter will also remove chlorine from your water, also widely known to dull hair color and dry out hair. Another Option
Don’t want to bother with a showerhead filter??
There is another option to help lessen the effects of hard water buildup–add a clarifying shampoo to your hair care routine every couple of weeks. Unlike other shampoos, a clarifying shampoo is designed to specifically remove any type of buildup from the hair. Regularly using a clarifying shampoo won’t completely solve the hard water issue, but it will lesson buildup.
We like to use an all-natural clarifying solution made with apple cider vinegar. Just pour one-part vinegar and one-part water into a spray bottle and shake a bit to mix. After shampooing your hair, spritz hair well with the vinegar mixture and let it sit for a few minutes before rinsing well. Not only will the mix remove buildup and add shine, but the vinegar also helps to balance natural pH levels, add softness, smooth tangles and closes the hair cuticle to reduce frizz. Your hair will be so smooth you may even want to skip your conditioner! Also, don’t worry–the vinegar smell does not linger!


Efficient organic fertilizer pellet making machine line
The organic fertilizer pellet making machine production line is suitable for dry mixing of multiple basic fertilizers and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by physical methods to make blended fertilizers in which multiple fertilizers and unit fertilizers coexist. Preparation of 3-6 kinds of materials; according to different crops and soil conditions in different regions, modify the formula to produce different BB fertilizer products.
1. Main features of organic fertilizer pellet machine line:
(1) Accurate batching: The batching system is computer-controlled and electronically weighed. According to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and additives in a 50kg bag of BB fertilizer, each meter is independently measured according to the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and additives. Different organic fertilizer pellet making machine line designs are more scientific and reasonable, and the ratio is strictly controlled, and the batching accuracy can reach ±0.2%.
(2)Uniform mixing: Due to the single-bag mixing, the special internal screw mechanism and three-dimensional structure are used for material mixing and output, which not only prevents the shunting phenomenon of the finished product after mixing due to the different specific gravity and particle size of the fertilizer raw materials, but also does not damage the material.
The original particle shape, high mixing uniformity. The material is fed and discharged quickly, which effectively improves product quality and market competitiveness.
(3) Accurate packaging: the mixed fertilizer fills the material into the packaging bag according to the set weight, and sends it to the sewing machine station through the conveyor, and automatically folds and sews the bag to complete the quantitative packaging process, and the packaging accuracy can reach ±0.2 %.
(4) Special process: The special anti-vibration device ensures accurate measurement and can work stably under more complex working conditions. The re-inspection conveying sewing machine is used to carry out secondary measurement and detection of the weight of each bag of products.
(5) Advanced technology: Combined with advanced organic fertilizer pellet making machine technology at home and abroad, the mixing speed of ingredients is fast, the contact time with air is short, and the phenomenon of fertilizer absorbing water and returning moisture is not easy to occur.
(6) Simple and practical: The organic fertilizer pellet making machine instrument is easy to operate and easy to use. It can store multiple recipes, set it at any time as needed, and is automatically controlled by an electronic control device.
2. Introduction of organic fertilizer pellet making machine
The extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine is a new type of equipment developed and produced by our company on the basis of the original twin-roll extrusion granulation based on years of production experience. The roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine can be widely used in the fertilizer processing industry, feed production units and chemical industry to granulate and process powder materials.
(1) Features of organic fertilizer pellet machine:
- This organic fertilizer pellet making machine is produced by no drying process, granulating at room temperature, and forming at one time.
- It has the characteristics of less investment and good economic benefits.
- The structure of this organic fertilizer pellet making machine adopts granulation, forming and screening as a whole, which makes it have the characteristics of beautiful appearance, simple operation and low energy consumption.
- The main parts such as the roller body are made of a new type of metal with anti-corrosion, wear-resistant and impact-resistant characteristics.
Among them, the MZLH model organic fertilizer pellet making machine not only has the above characteristics, but our company has also upgraded the frame part. The bearing frame body is made of anti-corrosion casting as an integral part, so that it has the characteristics of stability, which can greatly improve the stability of rolling bearings and large shafts. service life.
- The transmission part of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine adopts the double input transmission mode, which not only improves the input power ratio, but also ensures the lubrication and sealing performance of the transmission gear.
- The roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet making machine has the advantages of compact structure, good stability, good sealing, low noise, convenient operation and maintenance, etc.!
- Wide adaptability of raw materials, the machine can not only be used for granulation in fertilizer, feed and chemical industries, but also has good applicability especially for rare earth, metallurgy, coal, biological preparations, and environmental protection projects.
- To some extent, it fills the domestic blank, ranks at the forefront of the country, and is also a promotion project of environmental protection projects!
(2) Working principle of fertilizer pelletizer
The working principle of this series of roller extrusion organic fertilizer pellet mill is that the pulley is driven by the motor, and the transmission belt is transmitted to a pair of two high-pressure roller bodies with sliding mold shells through the reducer for relative work.
The two rollers of the MZLH organic fertilizer pellet making machine interact with each other by a set of split gears. The two rollers of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine are directly driven by the two output shafts on a special reducer to work. purpose of extrusion.
During organic fertilizer pellet making machine production, the raw materials enter the feed hopper, are relatively extruded by the high-pressure roller body, and flow to the crushing and forming studio at the lower part of the roller body after demoulding.
The power for crushing and forming is driven by the sprocket of the active pressing roller through the chain to a pair of crushing rollers for relative movement. After crushing and screening in the working room, the finished particles pass through the screen to the discharge chute and flow out of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine.
(3) Structure of fertilizer maker machine
- Frame part: All workpieces of the organic fertilizer pellet making machine are installed on the frame!
- Transmission connection parts include: motor, pulley, V-belt, reducer, chain, sprocket, coupling.
- Machine head part: including bearing frame, a pair of high-pressure die roll skins, two shafts, etc.
- Crushing studio: The organic fertilizer pellet making machine is composed of crushing roller bearing frame, crushing roller, screen and so on.


In the pursuit of a healthier and more comfortable lifestyle, the importance of water quality cannot be underestimated. Water is not just a basic need; It is the essence of life itself. However, the water flowing into our homes often contains minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which can cause water hardness problems. Fortunately, Euro Water Solution in Ireland is introducing an innovative water softener package in Ireland designed to address these concerns and provide homes with high quality softened water.
Hard Water Softener
Hard water, characterized by its high mineral content, can have harmful effects on equipment and skin.From limescale buildup in pipes and appliances to dry, irritated skin, the effects of hard water are widespread. Euro Water Solution understands these challenges and offers a comprehensive solution tailored to the needs of Irish households.
At the heart of Euro Water Solution's water softener package is state-of-the-art technology that effectively removes minerals that cause water hardness. Using advanced ion exchange processes, the system efficiently replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions, resulting in softened water that is gentle on both equipment and skin.
Features of the Euro Water Solution Package
One of the most notable features of the Euro Water Solution package is its user-friendly design.The installation is seamless and experienced technicians ensure hassle-free setup and integration into your home's existing water supply system. Additionally, the system operates quietly and requires minimal maintenance, providing homeowners with convenience and peace of mind.
Water Softener Filter
Beyond the immediate benefits of softened water, the Euro Water Solution package also contributes to long-term savings. By preventing limescale buildup on appliances such as water heaters, washing machines and dishwashers, the system extends their lifespan and reduces the need for costly repairs or replacements. In addition, softened water improves the efficiency of soaps and detergents, resulting in lower consumption and lower household costs over time.Environmental sustainability is another important aspect of Euro Water Solution's approach. By investing in a water softener package, households can significantly reduce their environmental footprint. The efficient operation of the system minimizes water waste and energy consumption and is consistent with Ireland's commitment to conservation and green living.
Euro Water Solution's commitment to customer satisfaction extends beyond the initial installation. With responsive customer support and reliable after-sales service, homeowners can rest assured that their water softener package will continue to perform exceptionally for years to come.Regular maintenance checks and periodic maintenance also ensure the longevity and optimal functionality of the system.
Water Softener Package
In addition to its practical benefits, the Euro Water Solution water softener package contributes to the overall well-being of homes. Softened water not only feels softer on the skin, but also makes the hair softer and easier to comb after showering. In addition, the absence of limescale residue on kitchen and bathroom utensils simplifies the cleaning routine, freeing up time for more pleasant activities.
As Ireland continues to emphasize sustainable living and environmental protection, Euro Water Solution's water softener package proves to be a contemporary solution for modern homes. By investing in water quality improvement efforts, homeowners not only improve their daily lives, but also contribute to broader efforts to conserve natural resources for future generations.
In summary, Euro Water Solution's water softener package in Ireland offers a comprehensive solution to Ireland's hard water problems. From the innovative technology and user-friendly design to the long-term savings and environmental benefits, the package represents a smart investment for households looking to improve water quality and overall well-being. With Euro Water Solution every home in Ireland has access to softer, healthier water.


GHCL’s Soda ash manufacturing facility located at Sutrapada, Gujarat, is one of India’s leading producers of Soda Ash (Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate) and has an annual production capacity of 1.2 Million Tonnes per annum. It contributes to almost 25% of the country’s annual domestic demand. It has a clear competitive advantage due to its captive raw material sources. Its lignite mines located at Khadsaliya in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat supply the raw material needed for the production of Soda ash.
Limestone mines at Sutrapada,Veraval and Talala Taluka of Gir-Somnath district have an average production 45 MT to 500 MT per day of chemical grade limestone.
GHCL Soda Ash is available in 2 categories-Light Soda Ash, Dense Soda Ash. It also produces Sodium Bicarbonate and these products are marketed in India under the brand name ‘LION’.


Our laboratories are a vivid picture of the most accurate sense of technological development: The service is provided via barcode system so as to avoid human errors, from defining references, through stages of laboratory work, till obtaining the final results. Our laboratory applies the latest automatic laboratory systems, including separation, preparation and storage system called Roche Modular Pre-Analytics System so as to ensure higher accuracy in the results of laboratory tests in a complete automated process. In addition, the laboratory provides the possibility of analyzing 300 samples at the same time and entering new samples during examination, up to 400 samples per hour. The system works on reducing the required number of samples withdrawn from the patient by 75% and preparing, separating, and sending samples with a higher speed within 10 minutes only.
Moreover, our laboratory has a Point of Care System which provides all emergent tests to critical cases in Emergency, Operations, and General and Cardiac ICU Sections to help the medical staff making the quick and right therapeutic decision along with automatic documentation of test results.
Laboratory examinations include:
- All types of accurate laboratory tests such as:
- Routine tests (liver functions – kidney functions – Lipid profile – Diabetes)
- Tests for monitoring levels of hormones, vitamins, viruses and cancer indicators .
- Tests of sexually transmitted diseases
- Tests of autoimmune diseases
- Anemia tests, genetic anemia tests, complete blood screening, reticulocytes test, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and coagulation disorders.
- Diagnostic microbiology tests such as bacteria, fungi and parasites
- Vital partial diagnostic tests for PCR assay, hepatitis viruses (B-C), AIDS and others
- Detection of bacterial and viral antibodies
- TB tests
- Nucleic Acid Tests (NAT) of blood units