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Does Hexclad Have Teflon? Hexclad cookware does not contain traditional Teflon (PTFE). Their pans feature a hybrid design with a non-stick ceramic layer.
Hexclad has revolutionized modern cookware with its unique hybrid technology. Combining durable stainless steel with a ceramic non-stick surface, they promise a high-performance cooking experience that makes them stand out in a crowded market.
Consumers seeking a balance between non-stick convenience and long-lasting quality find Hexclad appealing.
This cookware is designed to withstand metal utensils and is oven-safe, offering versatility for chefs at all skill levels.
With its distinctive hexagonal pattern, the brand has managed to make a name for itself among home cooks and professional chefs alike, who are looking for an alternative to traditional non-stick pans without turning to Teflon-coated options.
Does Hexclad Have Teflon Coating
HexClad cookware utilizes a relatively unique hybrid technology that combines stainless steel with a non-stick surface. The coating found on HexClad pans is not identical to traditional Teflon (PTFE) coatings.
While Teflon is a brand name for a particular type of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), HexClad’s coating is reinforced with ceramic and diamond dust layers to enhance durability.
This innovative approach aims to provide the ease of non-stick cooking without the concerns associated with Teflon coatings, such as potential deterioration at high temperatures.
It’s important for consumers to recognize that even though HexClad may not have “Teflon” per se, it does contain PTFE to achieve its non-stick properties.
Despite common misconceptions, PTFE itself is not inherently harmful if used under recommended conditions, and HexClad ensures that its products are PTFE-safe and free from PFOA, which is another chemical of concern in the production of some non-stick coatings.
Unpacking The Hexclad Design
HexClad cookware’s patented layering approach is designed to provide a unique blend of durability and performance. Their technology comprises a laser-etched hexagon design that is layered over stainless steel and aluminum for superior heat distribution.
At the heart of the debate is whether HexClad implements Teflon, a brand name for PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene), in their non-stick coating.
To address concerns about health and safety, it’s crucial to acknowledge that HexClad assures PFOA-free materials; PFOA is a chemical formerly used to manufacture PTFE and has raised health concerns.
The design of HexClad’s cookware aims to provide a non-stick surface without the potential risks associated with conventional non-stick coatings.
This strategy impacts cooking efficiency by allowing for even heat distribution and the use of less oil, which benefits those seeking healthier cooking methods.
Non-stick Technology In Hexclad Pans
The non-stick surface of HexClad pans stands out from traditional non-stick cookware by incorporating a unique blend of ceramic and PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene).
Unlike ordinary Teflon-coated pans, HexClad utilizes a hybrid technology that combines stainless steel with diamond dust and PTFE to create a durable, high-performance cooking surface.
The result is a pan that promises to be scratch-resistant and safe for use with metal utensils.
Traditional non-stick cookware, often referred to simply as Teflon pans, typically have a coating solely made from PTFE which can be prone to scratching and may degrade over time at high temperatures.
HexClad’s innovative approach, on the other hand, provides excellent heat distribution and longevity, without sacrificing the ease of clean-up and low-fat cooking benefits that come with a non-stick surface.
|Ceramic with PTFE, Stainless Steel
|Scratch-resistant, metal utensil safe
|Prone to scratching, not for use with metal utensils
|High heat tolerance
|Can degrade at high temperatures
The Safety Profile Of Hexclad Surfaces
Understanding the safety of HexClad cooking surfaces involves knowing what they’re comprised of. HexClad cookware features a patented design that claims to be PTFE-free, which means their products should not contain Teflon.
Teflon, known for its non-stick properties, contains Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a compound that raises health concerns when overheated.
The company prides itself on compliance with strict health and safety certifications, insisting that its unique hybrid technology, which combines stainless steel with a nonstick surface, maintains health standards.
Cooking enthusiasts are therefore provided with a blend of durability and safe cooking performance.
HexClad cookware is designed to be heat-tolerant, enduring temperatures up to 500 degrees Fahrenheit.
This high level of heat resistance suggests that their materials are chemically stable even when exposed to high cooking temperatures.
Such attributes serve to ease concerns about the potential for chemical breakdown and emission of harmful substances.
Innovations In Non-stick Cookware
The cookware industry constantly evolves with newer materials and technologies that enhance both durability and convenience for users.
Among these innovations, HexClad has emerged as a notable brand that is often associated with this technological shift.
Many kitchen enthusiasts wonder about the materials used in HexClad cookware, especially concerning Teflon, a traditionally popular non-stick coating.
HexClad’s cookware blends stainless steel with a distinctive diamond-dust finish and a layer of non-stick material. Their proprietary design provides the resilience of stainless steel and the easy-cleaning benefits of non-stick surfaces.
Notably, HexClad does not rely on PFOA, a compound commonly associated with traditional Teflon products.
They boast of a PTFE-based non-stick surface that is free from the past concerns linked to Teflon coatings, offering a safer and innovative solution in non-stick cookware technology.
Frequently Asked Questions Of Does Hexclad Have Teflon
Does Hexclad Have Harmful Chemicals?
HexClad cookware is free from harmful chemicals, including PFOA, ensuring safe cooking experiences.
Does Hexclad Have Ptfe In It?
Yes, HexClad cookware contains PTFE in its non-stick coating for enhanced performance and easy food release.
Is There A Lawsuit Against Hexclad?
As of my knowledge cutoff in early 2023, there is no widely reported lawsuit against HexClad, the cookware brand known for its hybrid technology and non-stick pans.
Always you should check the latest sources for the most current information.
Is Ptfe Coating Safe To Use?
PTFE coating, commonly known as Teflon, is generally safe for cooking at recommended temperatures.
It becomes potentially harmful if heated above 570°F (300°C), releasing toxic fumes. Use PTFE-coated cookware with caution to maintain safety.
Wrapping up, Hexclad’s innovative cookware design merges stainless steel’s durability with nonstick convenience.
While its composition avoids traditional Teflon, the hybrid design still promises easy cooking and cleaning.
As you refine your kitchen arsenal, knowing Hexclad’s materials helps make an informed choice for health-conscious, culinary excellence.
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Coffee is a great drink. It’s hugely popular, and it gives many people the extra boost they need to get going in the morning, no matter where they are, even travelling or camping. There’s pretty much a coffee drink out there for everyone. Unless you suffer from acid reflux or heartburn. Since coffee contains acids, it can wreak havoc on those people who suffer from these conditions. But there is hope! If you’ve wondered how to make coffee less acidic, then keep reading for solutions.
The way we measure acidity is by the pH scale. It runs from 0 to 14, 0 being the most acidic. Coffee falls at a 5, which is pretty high, though not as high as some fruit juices or even some sodas. The issue with coffee is that the caffeine in the coffee combined with the acidity raises the acid content of your stomach, creating heartburn.
But coffee is naturally acidic, and that’s what gives the tart, bright jolt that many coffee drinkers love. Not to mention, the natural acids contain the health-boosting antioxidants that can make some drinks a healthy choice. Which is why it can be so disappointing for those people who can’t handle the acidity that coffee dishes out.
There are some options, though, for those people who want their coffee but not the acidity. Some coffee brands do have low acid coffee. These come about in a few ways: if the waxy outer shell of the bean is removed before it is roasted, it can help reduce the acidity level. And roasting some beans slower, at a lower temperature, and even interrupting the roasting process are all ways that low acid coffee can be created.
Unfortunately, these methods do have downsides.
If you’re someone who desperately wants the pleasing scent of fresh coffee in the morning, then perhaps a low acid coffee isn’t for you. You don’t need to do any specific tricks to lower the acidity and simply can go for a dark roast coffee. That’s because the darker the roast of the beans, the less acid they contain. This is why darker roasts tend to be more bitter while lighter roasts are brighter. It’s the acidity that causes that brightness. If you’re looking for an easier way to get less acidic coffee, try a darker roast and see if it’s enough to give you relief. But if you’re someone who prefers a medium or lighter roast, this may not be a great option for you or your palate.
Another fun fact about coffee beans is that where they’re grown, matters. Just like grapes used to make wine, the values and flavors of coffee beans vary depending on the location they’re grown, the soil, the weather and temperature, and growing conditions.
One of the most interesting facts about coffee beans grown at lower elevations is that they naturally contain less acid.
How you prepare your coffee can have a big difference in the acidity level of your coffee as well. The longer you brew your coffee, the more time it has for the acid to extract into the drink, so if you’re suffering, try reducing the brewing time of your coffee and see if it helps.
Grind size of the beans can make a difference, too, though there are some arguments about this. Some people say that a fine grind allows more acids to accumulate, making for higher acidity, but others say the opposite is true: that a coarse grind slows down the rate of coffee extraction, which means more acidity. Either way, if you suffer from too much acidity or sourness, try changing the grind of your beans to coarser or finer and see if it makes a difference for you and your stomach.
But if none of the above methods make a difference for you, there are some other tips and tricks you can try to help reduce the acid content of your coffee. Specifically, there are things you can add to your coffee when brewing or when drinking. Things you can add to your grounds when brewing to lower the acidity can include:
If you’ve been wondering how to brew coffee to make it less acidic, well, one of the other methods you could rely on is cold brewing instead of the usual drip coffee brewing. Cold brewing involves using a coarse grind and letting it sit in a jar with water in your refrigerator overnight, or for at least 12 hours. Cold brewing, since it uses cold water, creates a drink that is less bitter and more rounded, and also up to 70% less acidic.
But it’s important to know that while cold brewing may be the solution for many people needing less acidic coffee, cold-brewed coffee also has fewer antioxidants, and therefore less of a health boost than hot brewed coffee has. By the way, you may take a look at some great cold brew coffee makers which make the process of brewing much easier.
Hopefully, your questions about how to make the coffee taste less acidic have been answered. While high acid coffee may wreak havoc on some drinkers’ digestive systems, there are a lot of tricks and options you can try to see if it makes a difference for you. Whether you choose a darker roast, include additives to your beverage, or even try cold brewing, there’s probably something in this list that will let you enjoy your coffee without worrying about the burn of reflux.


Intensive exchange with Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs in different cities
Photo: Roundtable in TIPCCAS
Photo: Visit to the Shanghai University
A delegation with 18 Austrian experts on advanced materials from excellent Austrian universities and representatives from Austrian companies successfully visited China from 11-16 November 2018. The visit was organized by the Office of Science and Technology of the Austrian Embassy in Beijing (OSTA) in collaboration with Advantage Austria, the Austrian Chamber of Commerce and led by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT). The main purpose of the delegation visit was identifying additional potential cooperation partners and preparing for the upcoming joint calls: the fifth joint call between the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) and the fourth joint call between FFG and the Shanghai University.
During the visit, Sino-Austrian Roundtables on Advanced Materials, lab visits and individual science to science and business to business meetings were arranged with Chinese researchers from different renowned CAS institutes: the Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science (IMRCAS) in Shenyang, the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIPCCAS) in Beijing, the Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology of the Chinese Academy of Science (CNITECH) in Ningbo, the Shanghai University and the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS) as well as numerous Chinese companies.
The visit offered an excellent opportunity for the Austrian participants to exchange information with their potential cooperation partners, to gain deeper insights into their research areas and to get closer contact with each other.
- Austrian Ministry of Science and Technology (BMVIT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)
- Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Science (IMRCAS)
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry CAS (TIPCCAS)
- Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CNITECH)
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS)


Although these may look like ordinary oranges from the outside, they are altogether a much more exquisite fruit, and for a good reason too.
All oranges contain carotene- that’s what makes them orange. Jaffa Reds contain high concentrations of a pigment called anthocyanin, which causes the flesh to develop its characteristic maroon colour when the fruit grows with low temperatures during the night.
Jaffa Reds are grown in both Sicily and Spain.
Look out for:
Jaffa Reds in store from January to March.


In this guide, we'll discuss...
Copper is not only beautiful in appearance, but it’s also durable.
A properly installed copper roof will likely be the last roof ever installed on the building. Copper holds up well to weathering, UV exposure, humid and dry climates, rainfall, wind, and hail.
In addition, one of the most appealing aspects of copper roofing is its weathering properties. It turns from the traditional shiny copper color to a blue-green tint referred to as "patina." It can take more than 25 years in some geographic locations for the patina to fully develop. Patina is actually a thin layer of copper sulfate that forms over the roofing material when exposed to weather and air pollutants. A perfect example of how this process works is the Statue of Liberty.
The layer of patina that forms on copper roofing protects the copper from corrosion. Because of this all-natural protectant, there’s no need to apply any sort of protective coating or enamel to copper roofs. It’s a great benefit of this type of roofing.
It’s also not unusual to notice small undulations—known as oil canning—on the surface of copper roofing. The manufacturing process and inherited properties of the metal are the cause of oil canning. The oil canning issue will eventually go away as the patina finish conceals the imperfections.
Copper is used in the roofing industry for ornamental work and as a complete roofing solution. It's an exceptionally malleable metal that bends and molds to various shapes with relative ease.
Copper used in roofing applications is available in several levels of hardness. Soft copper is ideal for ornamental work, while much harder cold-rolled copper is used for roofing panels and shingles.
Copper roofing is an ideal choice for highlighting a decorative focal point of the roof. Roofing contractors are able to pre-fabricate the ornamental copper piece in-house or on-site. The roofer can pound the copper into virtually any shape.
LEARN MORE: The Homeowner's Complete Metal Roofing Guide
Roofing panels composed of metal materials, such as copper, are often referred to as standing seam roofing. These are primarily pre-formed or field formed pans, typically between 14 - 18 inches wide. However, dimensions vary based on the size and angle of your roof.
These panels can be installed a number of different ways, depending on the dimensions of your roof and copper panels.
Common installation techniques include:
- Gable Rake
- Typical Standing Seam
- Transverse Seams
- Standing Seam at Hip
An experienced metal roofing contractor should be familiar with these standard practices. They should be knowledgeable and happy to explain the process and details regarding your particular panels and roof.
Copper flashing is sold in coils ranging from .001 to .0216 inch. The thinnest copper flashing won’t serve as waterproofing for your property, as it’s primarily used in crafting. Thicker gauges require tin snips to cut but are commonly used for roofing applications.
In addition to its durability, copper flashing is popular because over time, the color will changes from bright and shiny to darkish green. This patina gives your property a sign of character.
Standing seam copper roofs are a popular choice for steep and low-slope roofs because they offer superior water shedding properties. The copper panels are soldered together at the seams, making them strong and watertight.
Copper roofing installation is a skilled trade best left to roofing professionals with experience installing copper roofing. This is especially true for ornamental installs, such as domes or irregularly shaped roof structures.
Copper is an architectural roofing material rather than structural, meaning there must be solid decking or closely-spaced battens installed to support the copper panels or shingles. Since typical fasteners and flashing are susceptible to corrosion and discoloration, roofers use copper fasteners and flashing when working with copper roofing.
FIND OUT MORE: Metal Roofing Installation
The cost of copper roofing is higher than most other types of roofing, such as asphalt shingles, tile, and steel roofing. However, copper roofs have been shown to last for more than a century, so it’s probably the last roof you'll ever buy for the building.
On average, the typical cost of a 2,500 sq. ft. copper roof is $44,144. Prices fluctuate depending on your location, the size and complexity of your roof, whether the old roofing material needs to be removed, the grade of material, and more.
There are a variety of finishes available for copper roofing, although copper is one of the few roofing materials that requires no protective finish at all.
It can take 5 to 15 years (or longer in some cases) for the desired blue-green patina color to take full effect. Certain chemicals can help accelerate this process, like ammonium chloride.
There’s no exact science to this acceleration process, and the geographic location greatly influences how well—if at all—the chemicals succeed at accelerating the patina process. Since it’s not an exact science and can actually hinder the quality of the patina finish, naturally-weathered patinas are often preferred.
If you prefer the natural, shiny look of copper, special coatings are available to protect the metal from developing the patina look. There are also waxes and oils available that helps prevent water from contacting the surface of the copper, inhibiting the weathering process to take place. These coatings must be reapplied periodically to prevent weathering of the copper.
Several copper roofing manufacturers are producing chemically-treated copper roofing products that come straight from the factory with a patina finish. Because these pre-patinated roofing systems are relatively new to the industry,real-worldd longevity, and quality testing is limited. At this point, natural weathering is the best option—you just have to be patient!
Hiring a qualified and experienced copper roofing contractor isn’t always easy considering it’s such a skilled trade. Hometown Roofing makes it easier by prescreening each and every roofing contractor so you can find a licensed and insured roofer that specializes in metal, and specifically copper, roofing.
Read our verified customer reviews of local roofing contractors to better help you decide on a quality contractor with a good standing in the community. You can also learn more about metal roofing by visiting our Metal Roofing FAQ page. A quality installation is the key to ensuring your copper roofing project withstands the test of time, so choosing the right roofing company is a top priority.


Welcome to our comprehensive guide on the unsung hero of your vehicle’s emission system: the Oxygen (O2) sensor. This essential component may not be as widely talked about as the engine or transmission, but it plays a pivotal role in your car’s performance and environmental footprint. In the following sections, we’ll delve into the nitty-gritty of what an O2 sensor is, unravel the complexities of how it functions, and explain why it’s a crucial element for your car’s well-being. From recognizing the tell-tale signs that hint at a faulty O2 sensor to guiding you through the steps of replacing it, this post is designed to enlighten both car enthusiasts and everyday drivers. So buckle up as we embark on this journey to better understand the O2 sensor and ensure that your vehicle continues to run smoothly and efficiently.
What is an O2 sensor?
An O2 sensor, also known as an oxygen sensor or lambda sensor, is a critical component in the exhaust system of modern vehicles. Its primary role is to monitor the level of oxygen within the exhaust gases that are released from the engine. By doing so, it provides essential data to the vehicle’s Engine Control Unit (ECU), allowing it to adjust the air-fuel mixture for optimal combustion and efficiency.
The importance of an O2 sensor extends beyond mere fuel efficiency; it also plays a pivotal role in reducing harmful emissions. By ensuring that the fuel is burned properly within the engine, the sensor helps to minimize the release of noxious gases such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons into the environment. Thus, it is not only a guardian of the vehicle’s health but also a proponent of environmental conservation.
Without a properly functioning O2 sensor, vehicles may experience a range of issues, including impaired performance, increased fuel consumption, and elevated emissions levels. This sensor has become a mainstay in emission control systems, particularly with the advent of stricter environmental regulations. Therefore, ensuring that the O2 sensor is in good working condition is vital to vehicle maintenance and operational integrity.
To grasp the significance of an O2 sensor in your vehicle, one must also understand its integration within the complex network of automotive systems. It’s not just about measuring oxygen levels; it’s about enabling real-time adjustments and achieving a balance that satisfies both power demands and environmental considerations. Through its constant vigilance, the O2 sensor embraces the role of a sentinel, tasked with the vital mission of optimizing vehicle performance while curtailing its ecological footprint.
How does an O2 sensor work?
An O2 sensor, also known as an oxygen sensor, plays a pivotal role in ensuring that your vehicle’s engine runs efficiently and complies with emissions regulations. Located in the exhaust system, it is responsible for measuring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases as they exit the engine. Understanding how an O2 sensor works is essential for diagnosing issues that might affect the engine’s performance or the environment.
At the core of the O2 sensor operation is a zirconia ceramic bulb, which is coated on both sides with a thin layer of platinum. When heated to a certain temperature, this ceramic bulb enables the O2 sensor to generate a voltage based on the oxygen level differences in the exhaust and the outside air. This voltage signal is sent to the vehicle’s engine control unit (ECU), which interprets the signal and adjusts the air-to-fuel ratio entering the combustion chambers, aiming for what is known as the stoichiometric ratio (the ideal mix for complete combustion).
During the combustion process, if the air-to-fuel mixture is perfectly balanced, the O2 sensor will detect an optimum level of oxygen in the exhaust and produce a voltage around 0.45 volts. Should the mixture become too rich, meaning more fuel than necessary, the sensor’s output will drop below this threshold as oxygen content decreases. Conversely, a lean mixture, with too much air, increases the oxygen content and the voltage signal correspondingly. The ECU uses these fluctuations to constantly fine-tune the engine’s operation, often multiple times per second.
Lastly, it is vital for the O2 sensor to reach an adequate operating temperature, typically between 300 to 600 degrees Fahrenheit, to function correctly. Many modern sensors are equipped with an internal heater that helps reach this temperature quickly, which is particularly important during cold starts, ensuring that the engine’s emissions and performance are optimized from the moment you turn the key. Understanding the nuances of how an O2 sensor works aids in recognizing when this component may be failing and requires attention.
Why is an O2 sensor important for your vehicle?
The O2 sensor, formally known as the oxygen sensor, is a critical component in modern vehicles, playing an essential role in the engine’s emission control system. By accurately measuring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas, the O2 sensor allows the engine’s control unit to adjust the air-fuel mixture to the optimum level, ensuring that the engine runs efficiently. This balance is vital not only for performance but also for the environment, as it helps to reduce harmful exhaust emissions.
A well-functioning O2 sensor can significantly improve your vehicle’s fuel efficiency. When oxygen levels in the exhaust are properly monitored and the combustion process is optimized, it prevents the engine from running too rich (excess fuel) or too lean (insufficient fuel). This precise control enables maximum fuel economy, saving you money at the pump and ensuring you get the most out of each gallon of gasoline you purchase. In this context, the sensor is an investment not only in your vehicle’s health but also in the cost-effectiveness of its operation.
Aside from economic considerations, the importance of an operational O2 sensor extends to environmental compliance. Vehicles are subjected to various emissions tests, and without a properly functioning sensor, your vehicle may release pollutants that exceed the legal limits imposed by environmental regulations. This could lead not only to fines but also to the vehicle failing mandatory inspections. Keeping the O2 sensor in good working condition is therefore also a matter of legal responsibility and contributes to the effort to reduce the automotive carbon footprint.
In the event of a faulty O2 sensor, a vehicle may experience a suite of issues—ranging from suboptimal performance, such as rough idling and misfiring, to critical problems that could lead to costly repairs if unaddressed. By ensuring that the O2 sensor is functioning correctly, you protect the engine from potential damage and prevent added stress on other components, such as the catalytic converter, which can be expensive to replace. In essence, the O2 sensor is a guardian of your vehicle’s health and longevity.
Common signs of a faulty O2 sensor
When your vehicle’s O2 sensor, also known as the oxygen sensor, starts to fail, it can cause various issues that affect your car’s performance and efficiency. One of the first signs of a faulty sensor is often a significant decrease in fuel economy. This occurs because the O2 sensor is responsible for calculating the correct air-to-fuel ratio, and when it malfunctions, your vehicle may burn more fuel than necessary, leading to wasted gas and more frequent trips to the fuel station.
Another common symptom is the dreaded check engine light. In many cases, when an O2 sensor is not working properly, it will trigger the check engine light on the dashboard. This is because the sensor’s readings are outside of the expected range, and the vehicle’s computer triggers a fault code that illuminates the warning light. However, since many other issues can also cause the check engine light to turn on, it is important to have your vehicle scanned for diagnostic trouble codes to confirm if the O2 sensor is the culprit.
A failing O2 sensor can also lead to rough idling or a rough running engine. This is due to incorrect air-to-fuel mixtures resulting from the inaccurate sensor data, which can cause the engine to hesitate or stumble during operation. The result of this can be felt as a general lack of power or performance, as the vehicle struggles to maintain a smooth operation, especially noticeable when accelerating from a stop or during driving at consistent speeds.
Lastly, if your vehicle begins emitting black smoke from the exhaust or has a stronger than usual sulfur or rotten egg smell, a defective O2 sensor may be at fault. This happens when the fuel mixture is too rich (meaning there’s too much fuel and not enough oxygen), leading to incomplete combustion and the production of excessive unburnt fuel and sulfur contaminants in the exhaust gases. It’s important to address these signs promptly as a malfunctioning O2 sensor not only affects performance and efficiency but can also cause damage to other components, such as the catalytic converter, leading to more costly repairs.
How to replace an O2 sensor in your car
Replacing the O2 sensor in your car is a critical maintenance task that ensures optimal engine performance and efficiency. The O2 sensor, also known as the oxygen sensor, plays a vital role in regulating the air-to-fuel ratio in your vehicle’s engine. While it may seem like a daunting task, with the right tools and a bit of patience, you can successfully replace the O2 sensor and keep your vehicle running smoothly.
Before attempting to replace the O2 sensor, you must first locate it. Typically, the sensor is found in the exhaust system, either before (upstream) or after (downstream) the catalytic converter. Ensuring you have ample space to work, safely elevate and support your vehicle using jack stands if necessary. Moreover, when handling the sensor, be mindful that the exhaust system could be extremely hot if you have driven the car recently.
Once you have located and allowed the O2 sensor to cool down, disconnect the sensor’s electrical connector. Employing an O2 sensor socket or a suitable wrench, carefully unscrew the old sensor. Often, it may require extra effort due to corrosion or threading challenges. Exercise caution and patience to avoid damage to the exhaust threads. Upon removal of the old sensor, compare it with the new one to ensure the correct type has been purchased, particularly in terms of the connector design and thread size.
Installation of the new O2 sensor is essentially the reverse of the removal process. Apply anti-seize compound to the threads of the new sensor if it is not pre-applied, but avoid getting any on the sensor element itself. Screw the new sensor into place and tighten it to the manufacturer’s specified torque, reconnect the electrical connector, and start your car to check for any error codes related to the O2 sensor. If all is well, you have successfully replaced the O2 sensor, which should lead to improved vehicle performance and potentially better fuel economy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What exactly is an O2 sensor as described in your guide?
An O2 sensor, also known as an oxygen sensor, is a device located in the exhaust system of a vehicle that monitors the oxygen levels in the exhaust gases. It provides real-time data to the vehicle’s computer, which then adjusts the fuel-air mixture to ensure optimal performance and emissions control.
Can you elaborate on how an O2 sensor functions according to your article?
The O2 sensor works by producing a voltage once it heats up to a certain temperature. This voltage is directly proportional to the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust compared to the ambient air. The vehicle’s computer uses this voltage to determine if the fuel mixture is rich (less oxygen) or lean (more oxygen) and adjusts the fuel injection accordingly for efficient combustion.
Why is maintaining a properly functioning O2 sensor crucial for a vehicle?
Maintaining a properly functioning O2 sensor is critical for several reasons. It ensures that the engine runs at peak efficiency, reduces harmful emissions, and can prevent premature engine wear or failure. A faulty sensor can lead to decreased fuel economy, increased emissions, and potential damage to other components, such as the catalytic converter.
What are some common indicators of a malfunctioning O2 sensor that drivers should be aware of?
Common signs of a faulty O2 sensor include a check engine light, poor gas mileage, rough engine idle, a decrease in power or acceleration, and sometimes even a rotten egg smell from the exhaust, which indicates a fuel mixture that’s too rich.
If a reader’s car requires an O2 sensor replacement, can they find a step-by-step guide in your article?
While the article provides an overview of the importance of the O2 sensor, it does not include a complete step-by-step guide for replacing one. It’s generally recommended that a professional mechanic handle the replacement due to the technical nature of the task and the need for proper diagnostic equipment.
How long can car owners expect their O2 sensors to last before they need a replacement?
O2 sensors typically have a lifespan of about 60,000 to 100,000 miles; however, this can vary based on driving conditions, vehicle maintenance, and the quality of the sensor itself. It’s a good practice to check the vehicle’s manual for the manufacturer’s recommended replacement intervals.
Can problems with an O2 sensor impact the vehicle’s emissions testing outcomes?
Yes, issues with an O2 sensor can significantly affect emissions testing, often causing a vehicle to fail the test. The sensor plays a key role in controlling the emissions, and if it’s not functioning correctly, the vehicle can release excessive amounts of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere.


Even though it’s water-based, there’s no sticky, goopy mess like other water-based personal moisturizers. That’s because there is no glycerin in it. WaterSlide rejuvenates itself when it comes into contact with moisture, whether it be your own lubrication or saliva, so you don’t need to reapply it.
Water slide is free of: Petroleum, Parabens, Phthalates, and Glycerin.
Water, Propanediol, Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan), Citric Acid
Not Tested on Animals
No THC/Drug Free
Made in the USA
Free of Artificial Dyes
Free of Propylene Glycol


David is Professor in the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor. David is the Scientific Founder of Illumina Inc. and Quanterix Corp and has co-founded several other life sciences startups.
David has published over 300 peer-reviewed papers and has over 75 issued US patents. He has received numerous national and international awards and honors for his fundamental and applied work in the field of optical microwell arrays and single molecules including the American Chemical Society Kathryn C. Hach Award for Entrepreneurial Success, Ralph Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry, the American Chemical Society Gustavus John Esselen Award, Analytical Chemistry Spectrochemical Analysis Award, the Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award, and the ACS National Award for Creative Invention. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Medicine, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. He received a BS in Chemistry from the University of Michigan and a PhD in Chemical Biology from SUNY at Stony Brook, and did postdoctoral studies at MIT.


Aged sherry and Rioja wine vinegars
For as long as wine has been made in Jerez, vinegar has been a by-product. In a sherry Bodega vinegar was seen as a failure, especially if too many of the butts turned. However from about the 1950s things started to change. Sherry vinegar is now even protected and is one of only three vinegars in the word with Denomination of Origin.
With advances in science sherry vinegar is no longer a mysterious and spontaneous occurrence and now the best vinegars are deliberately made, often by topping up butts already containing vinegar with sherry. The alcohol quietly converts into acid, which can take months, even years, in the cool bodegas.


CR1620 Battery Equivalents and Specifications Guide
A CR1620 lithium non-rechargeable button battery is commonly found in car keys, watches, remote controls, toys, micro-LED flashlights, CMOS and motherboard batteries, and similar items. Most major battery brands manufacture the CR1620 battery, so finding a replacement should not be a challenge.
There is, however, some confusion among users due to the different labeling used by manufacturers. Read below for full equivalent CR1620 batteries.
Specifications and features of CR1620 batteries
CR1620 batteries are small and easy to carry around. These button/coin cells feature physical dimensions of (DxH) 16mm x 2mm (~0.62992 inches), hold a nominal voltage at 3 volts, but cutoff drops down to only 2 before dying out completely with no services left for your device–unless you can find another CR-series battery!
The CR1620 battery is typically discharged at a rate of 0.1 mA, with a maximum discharge rate of 1.0 mA – these values vary slightly between manufacturers. As a result of higher discharge rates, however, the battery’s actual capacity decreases.
There are various types of CR1620 manganese-dioxide lithium batteries, varying in self-discharge rate from 1-2% per year to 1% or less depending on the model, making these batteries suitable as a memory battery in various devices. Increasing the battery temperature, however, increases the self-discharge rate.
Batteries with the dimensions 16 x 2 mm and CR1620 (IEC standard) are commonly known as CR1620 and 5009L, while other labels exist as well, such as ECR1620, DL1620, VCR1620, etc. Even so, most manufacturers apply CR1620 labels as well.
CR1620 Battery Specifications
|Coin Manganese Dioxide Lithium Batteries
|Standard Discharge Current
|Operating Temperature Range
|-30℃ to 70℃
The benefits of LITHIUM COIN CR1620
- Mercury is not added
- Three-voltage power supply
- Temperature range (-30°C to +60°C):
- It has a very low self-discharge rate and up to a 10 year shelf life
- We offer a full range of products for a wide variety of uses
Power supply that is ultra-compact:
Lithium batteries are the future. Why replace something that is still working properly when you can just upgrade with one of these babies? They’re tiny, powerful and very convenient!
The LITHIUM COIN CR1620 has proven to be a reliable alternative for appliances in which conventional batteries aren’t suitable. They can be used for calculators, digital watches, laser pens, car keys, fitness appliances, memory backups, and medical devices such as clinical thermometers and tensiometers.
Self-discharge is extremely low:
Panasonic lithium coin CR1620 batteries hold 90% of their original charge even after 10 years because they are chemically very stable. Lithium and manganese dioxide are responsible for the chemical stability. All operating temperatures were verified in low-load discharge conditions for long-term discharge.
High reliability and safety:
Panasonic has repeatedly tested the performance and safety of its Lithium Coin CR1620. Temperature and other environmental factors were also taken into consideration. In addition to short-term accelerated tests, our battery performance has been corroborated by an abundance of long-term accelerated tests. What was the result? For their high level of safety and reliability, Panasonic batteries have been approved under the UL safety standards in the United States.
Batteries: BR1620 versus LiR1620 versus ML1620 versus CR1620
It is very uncommon to find BR1620, LiR1620, or ML1620 batteries in everyday life.It features a slightly higher capacity and lower drain current than the CR1620, but also has a significantly lower discharge rate and a wider temperature range than the BR1620 battery. Battery BR1620’s nominal voltage is between 2.8 and 3.0 volts, and the cutoff voltage is between 2.25 and 2.0 volts, depending on the exact chemistry.
LiR1620 batteries are rechargeable lithium batteries that have a lower capacity than CR1620 batteries, but they can be recharged multiple times. The LiR1620 battery’s nominal voltage ranges from 3.6-3.7 volts, and some devices designed for CR1620 batteries may not support the use of the LiR1620 battery. Approximately 5% of the LiR1620 battery’s capacity is lost each month due to self-discharge.
There is a rechargeable lithium manganese dioxide battery, called the ML1620, which has a 3.0 volt nominal voltage. It can be used rather than the CR1620. However, since the battery has a lower capacity and a higher self-discharge rate, it is rarely used.
A CR1620 battery is the best choice if you are looking for a coin battery that measures 16.0 x 2.0 mm.
CR1616 vs CR1620
It has the same diameter of 16.0 mm, but it differs in height, as well as they have different drain currents and other features: The CR1616 and CR1620 are both non-rechargeable manganese-oxide lithium batteries:
- Battery: CR1616, 16.0 x 1.6 mm, 50-55 mAh,
- Battery type CR1620: 16.0 x 2.0 mm, 65-80 mAh.
Despite the fact that most battery compartments that can accept CR1620 batteries are also capable of accepting CR1616 batteries, CR1616 batteries are not recommended since they have a lower capacity and have more small drain/pulse current limitations that might result in malfunctions.
Issues with CR1620:
In the same way as other small, shiny objects (including other button/coin cell batteries), CR1620 batteries can be swallowed by children and pets. That’s why these batteries are packaged in ‘pet-safe’ and ‘kid-safe’ packages.
While CR1620 batteries do not contain mercury, cadmium, lead, or any other toxic heavy metals or pollutants, swallowing them can harm internal organs and cause chemical burns.
Contact your nearest emergency center (or doctor) immediately after swallowing a CR1620 battery (or any battery that is similar). Explain what happened and follow their instructions.


Tacoma Water, in response to national and regional concerns, recently conducted voluntary testing for man-made chemicals, known as PFAS, at individual wells in its water system. A first test at Well 10C showed PFAS levels that exceeded the EPA Health Advisory Level of 70 parts per trillion; a second test at that well showed levels that were below the EPA Health Advisory Level.
The only people who may have received water with potentially elevated PFAS levels were those who went to the well at 7440 S. Cedar St. in Tacoma and filled their own containers. The closed well served as a source of unfluoridated water. Prior to the well’s closure, water from that well had been available to anyone at no cost via a spigot on the well building. Meter history indicates about 100 gallons of water per day were collected from that well. While there is no legal requirement to provide unfluoridated water, Tacoma Water provides an alternative location for unfluoridated water at 1614 99th St. E in the Midland area. Testing on that well showed PFAS levels far below the EPA Health Advisory Level.
Based on the results of the first test, Tacoma Water is notifying customers and have closed the well for additional testing and maintenance.
No PFAS were detected in water from the Green River, which serves all Tacoma Water customers with the vast majority of their drinking water. Test results since 2015, when PFAS testing began, indicate that Tacoma Water customers have only received water with PFAS levels significantly below the federal standard of 70 parts per trillion at their homes and businesses.
Tacoma Water notified and is working with the Washington State Department of Health and Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department to share information with the public about the higher PFAS level at Well 10C.
People with questions about water quality can email WaterQuality@cityoftacoma.org or call our Water Quality team at 253-502-8207.


If you are considering replacing your missing teeth with dental implants, then it is important for you to understand why titanium is the metal of choice for dental implant anchor posts. Unlike other metals, titanium has a unique ability to allow bone cells to attach to it, in a process known as osseointegration. Titanium is also a very safe metal to use in the human body for a variety of different reasons discussed below.
Dental Titanium Basics
Naturally occurring titanium is a very strong metal that is resistant to damage and is not rejected by the human body in the same way that other metals can be. Titanium is non-toxic to people and has been safely used for many years in artificial joints and orthopedic hardware. For these reasons, dental professionals use titanium and titanium alloys in a wide variety of dental applications, including the permanently installed anchor posts for dental implants.
Titanium Alloy Basics
In order to produce a lower-cost workable material, titanium metal is often mixed with other metals in a process known as alloying. Titanium for dental use is often mixed with the metals vanadium and aluminum, both of which are also safe for use in the human body. The resulting titanium alloy is safe for your body and has a unique characteristic known as osseointegration.
Titanium Alloys and the Osseointegration Process
In addition to their strength and non-toxic characteristics, titanium alloys are used in dentistry and medicine because of their ability to osseointegrate within bone cells. Osseointegration is a medical term that refers to the unique ability of bone cells to grow and attach to the foreign metal parts. Other dental-safe metals do not have this ability, so they are not preferable for use in dental implant posts. If other dental-safe metals were used for dental implant anchors, then they would not adhere as well as your jaw bone grows around them, and they would require replacement more frequently as they eventually wiggled their way loose.
Now that you understand the process of osseointegration and why titanium metal is chosen to make dental implant anchor posts, you can feel secure that the metal used in your dental implant posts is safe and will last a long time after osseointegrating into your natural bone. If you have additional questions about dental implants, then you should contact a cosmetic dentist, like those at Ahwatukee Foothills Dental, for a consultation appointment.
While it's true that aging and illness used to go in hand, today's medical advancements now mean we don't have to settle for that eventuality anymore. I'm already considering the aging process although I'm still middle aged because I intend to enjoy my later years with the best health possible. Living well and aging gracefully aren't just about maintaining your appearance, but also feeling as good as you can as you get older. I'm sharing what I discover in my personal quest with everyone here on this convenient website so we can all join together to cross into the golden years with our health intact.


Targeted DDA in XCalibur
Table of Contents
- Building the List
- Running the Experiment
Running data-dependent acquisiton (DDA) mass spectrometry experiments in targeting mode is very powerful and desirable if you are trying to get around the bias towards more intense ions inherent in the data-dependent algorithm. For single cell proteomics methods (SCoPE-MS, mPOP) especially, where short methods and long injection times yield at most 10K MS/MS events per experiment, we may need targeting in order to analyze low-abundance pathways of interest.
Of course SRM/PRM methods are more sensitive, but they’re more limited in the number of proteins analyzed – targeted DDA is a nice middle ground to get what we want and a lot of it too.
MaxQuant.Live (link to manuscript) is a great alternative to targeted DDA in Xcalibur, but it does require some extra set-up and tuning. Targeting in Xcalibur is less powerful, but may be more convenient for some users.
Conventional DDA performs a survey scan (MS1 scan) on all ions passing through our MS, and then selects the N most intense ions (“Top N”) to analyze sequentially. It only will select an ion if it is not on an exclusion list and if it passes the AGC Min threshold. The algorithm will then accumulate the ion in an ion trap until either 1) the accumulation time hits the maximum injection time (IT) or 2) the number of ions hits the AGC Max threshold. Only then will the collected ions be released into the mass analyzer.
When we put DDA into targeting mode, we give it a list of ions to look at. Instead of picking the N most intense ions after a survey scan, it will pick the N most intense ions that are also on the provided list of ions. These ions still have to pass the AGC Min threshold and the accumulation procedure is the same for non-targeted DDA.
Building the List
Getting the Data
In order to tell the instrument to target ions, we must first identify them. You can build a targeting list from previous runs, but if these previous runs were run on conventional non-targeted DDA methods then we will be passing the instrument a list of the most abundant ions – defeating the purpose of running targeted DDA in the first place.
We want to analyze and sequence as many ions as we can, especially low-abundnce peptides that would normally be ignored by Top N DDA. We also want to match LC-MS/MS conditions as best as possible to the eventual targeted run, so fractionating or running a super-long gradient is not optimal.
To achieve this, we can:
1) Run the sample of interest a few times back-to-back, but before each run add the IDs from the previous run to an exclusion list. While the first run will select only the most abundant ions, each successive run will select less and less abundant ions. Generating an exclusion list is almost the same process as generating the inclusion list, which is explained below.
2) Run a bulkier sample with instrument settings tuned to maximize IDs at the expense of quantification quality. For low-abundance TMT sets, for example, this could mean decreasing the max injection time and tuning the NCE to maximize identifications instead of to maximize the number of TMT reporter ions (normally: 33 NCE → 28 NCE)
Generating the List
All we have to provide the MS with for targeted DDA is 1) the target m/z, 2) the retention time window, and 3) the target ion’s charge. These are all fields that we can find from search results, such as from the evidence.txt output from a MaxQuant search. Reformatting your data is then as simple as a short script or copy/pasting columns in Excel.
Our lab uses MaxQuant, but since many of our experiments are TMT-tagged, and since MaxQuant does not calculate masses and m/z correctly for TMT-labelled peptides, we have to calculate the mass on our own. I wrote a script to do this and a few other useful things, such as simple retention time alignment. You can find it here: https://gist.github.com/atc3/84c35bc900f746fa21a558e278efc67c
Running the Experiment
In XCalibur, open the Methods Editor and go to the tab for your mass spec. At the top of the MS method, click on “Global Lists”:
From here you can specify inclusion and exclusion lists, among others. Click on “Inclusion List” to edit the method’s inclusion list.
A dialog box should pop up with an excel-like editable table.
If you don’t want to enter in values manually, you can import a .csv (such as the one generated with my script linked above)
To turn inclusion on, simply set the “inclusion” parameter to on in the method properties sidebar.
One other important behavior is what the instrument should do when it can’t find anything on the inclusion list. Should it do nothing? Or go for other peaks anyways? To expose this option first switch into advanced user mode, in the method properties sidebar:
Then at the bottom you can choose your desired behavior.
Thanks to Ed Emmott for help & knowledge.
Inclusion List Format
Details taken from a QE-Plus software manual and the XCalibur help pages.
Mass [m/z]: Enter the mass-to-charge-ratio of the inclusion mass into the field (with a maximum of five decimals). NOTICE: If you use the Mass Calculator to edit the Formula field, this field is automatically updated when you exit the editor.
Formula [M]: Use this field to describe the structure of the active compound. In addition to chemical formulas, you can enter amino acid sequences (one letter code) and peptide sequences (if they are structural terminated by H2O). The different ways of definition are called formula types. You can either enter the formula directly or use the Mass Calculator. To display this editor, click the down arrow in this field.
If more than one formula type for your input is possible, the Method Editor chooses the type with the highest priority (chemical formula > peptides > amino acids). Peptide sequences are marked by the prefix “p:” (for example, p: MRFA with m/z = 524.26496), amino acids by the prefix “aa:” (for example, aa: MRFA with m/z = 506.25440). Enter a prefix directly with the formula to ensure that the right type is applied.
Pay attention to the following restrictions:
• When you enter a valid formula, the Method Editor will set the default values for charge state (1) and Species (+H/-H). Then it will display an automatically calculated value in the Mass [m/z] field.
• When you enter a formula that the Method Editor cannot interpret, the Mass [m/z] field will stay empty. When you save the method, the Method Editor will warn you that the method is not in the shape to be executed (due to the missing m/z value). When you reopen the method, the Method Editor will display exactly the formula that was entered.
• When you enter a formula, The Method Editor requires a value for the charge state to calculate an m/z value. You can, however, save the method without specifying a charge state for the entry. When you save the method, the Method Editor will warn you that the method is not in the shape to be executed (due to the missing charge state). When you reopen the method, the Method Editor will display exactly the formula that was entered.
• Entries of compounds with calculated m/z values outside the measurement specifications of the mass spectrometer (m/z=50–6000) can be saved in an instrument method. The instrument software, however, will ignore these entries when it executes the method.
• When you change the m/z value that was calculated for the given set of formula, species and charge state, the Method Editor will clear the formula and species definition. The charge state will be preserved.
• When you change the polarity for a set of calculated m/z, formula, species and charge state, the Method Editor will clear the Mass [m/z] field if the species definition is not valid for this polarity. You then need to change the species definition.
Species: Use this text field to define adducts or modifications of the active compound that are expected to be formed. The default value is +H for positive polarity and –H for negative polarity. The Method Editor will then recalculate the value in the Mass [m/z] field, if possible.
The Species field can be used in two ways:
• Click the down arrow to display a list of predefined adducts for each polarity:
- +H, +Na, +K, +NH4 for positive polarity
- -H, +Cl, +OH, +HCOO for negative polarity
- an empty entry to express adducts (for example, radical cations) for both polarities.
The corresponding set will be displayed depending on the selected polarity.
Selecting an adduct (A) will result in the strict behavior of applying one unit A to the compound and using “+H” or “-H” adduct depending on the charge state and active polarity.
“+K” = [M + K+ + (z-1)H+]z+; for example, MRFA, +K, CS=2, positive pol. = [M + K++ H+]2+
Enter the modifications of the compound by using squared brackets and at least M as representation of the basic compound (for example, [M + Na + K] or [2M + Na]). The predefined adducts can be entered, too. This definition is used without additional auto dependencies, like adding protons.
NOTICE: If you use the Mass Calculator to edit the Formula field, the Species field is automatically filled when you exit the editor.
CS [z]: Use this spin box to enter the charge state of the ion to be fragmented. The valid range is 1–25. The required collision energy for fragmenting an ion depends on its charge state. The higher the charge state, the lower the required collision energy. If this field is left blank, any charge state will be accepted, even unassigned.
NOTICE If you use the Mass Calculator to edit the Formula field, this field is automatically updated when you exit the editor.
Polarity: Use this list box to toggle between positive ion and negative ion polarity. During a scan, the mass spectrometer uses only the inclusion masses with a polarity that matches the active ion mode.
NOTICE If you use the Mass Calculator to edit the Formula field, this field is automatically updated when you exit the editor
Start [min]: Enter the start of the time window (in minutes) that corresponds to the mass in this row. Alternatively, you can enter a time in seconds (by appending the letter s) or in hours (by appending the letter h). The software automatically converts your input into minutes.
End [min]: Enter the end of the time window in minutes. Alternatively, you can enter a time in seconds (by appending the letter s) or in hours (by appending the letter h). The software automatically converts your input into minutes.
(N)CE: Use the spin box to enter a potential gradient in the HCD cell used to fragment ions. The default collision energy is 35 eV. In the list box, specify whether absolute collision energy CE [eV] is used or normalized collision energy NCE is used. The valid range is 10 to 200 eV for CE or 10 to 200 for NCE. In the list, the software adds the prefix “ce:” to collision energy values (for example, ce:35).
A high collision energy value results in more energy deposition (which generally leads to more fragmentation). A low collision energy value results in less energy deposition (which generally leads to less fragmentation).
MSX ID: Enter the number of the multiplexed scan event in which the inclusion mass was analyzed.
Comment: Enter a comment for the inclusion mass into the field (for example, the compound name). This field is optional.
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Reuzel Fiber Pomade creates hours of textured definition with a firm but pliable hold and a low shine finish. This product works best on shorter, medium to thick hair and is particularly effective on medium to thicker hair types. Add Reuzel Fiber Pomade to your hair to create texture and increase volume for a bedhead, disheveled look.
PLIABLE HOLD • NATURAL FINISH • WATER SOLUBLE
THE BREAK DOWN:
- Water Based Formula
- Strong Pliable Hold
- Natural Finish
- Controls Even The Curliest, Thickest, Most Unruly Hair Out There
- Keeps Hair In Place And Looking Great All Day
- Use More Product For Increased Hold
THE GET DOWN:
Rub a small amount evenly between your palms before working into the hair. Distribute evenly through aggressively towel dried or blow-dried hair and style as desired. Use more product for increased hold, style and texture. This water-soluble formula is easy to wash out of hair after a day’s use.
Longer hair or shorter hair, this product is perfect for any hair type. Made for the gentleman or the female who is looking for a more malleable, movable product, offering texture and volume with a natural, low shine finish.
REUZEL FIBER POMADE INGREDIENTS:
Water (Aqua), Lanolin Wax, Maltodextrin/VP Copolymer, Cetearyl Alcohol, PEG-8 Beeswax, Ceteareth-25, Glycerin, Tribehenin, PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Fragrance (Parfum), Tridecyl Trimellitate, Dipentaerythrityl Hexacaprylate/Hexacaprate, Neopentyl Glycol Dicaprylate/Dicaprate, Tridecyl Stearate, Phenoxyethanol, Caprylyl Glycol, Sorbic Acid, Aminomethyl Propanol, Carbomer, Sodium Anisate, PEG-45m, Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Extract, Urtica Dioica (Nettle) Leaf Extract, Equisetum Arvense (Horsetail Root) Extract, Hamamelis Virginiana (Witch Hazel) Leaf Extract, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Hydrolyzed Quinoa, Tocopherol Acetate, Benzyl Benzoate, Limonene


In view of the complex and changeable chemical waste water, the collection tank adopts the grid allocation method to stabilize the water quality and quantity.
For different types of chemical wastewater, targeted high-efficiency physical and chemical pretreatment is used to remove or reduce characteristic pollutants, decrease the impact of toxic substances on subsequent systems and improve the stability of the system.
Efficient air flotation equipment is adopted to further remove suspended particles and colloidal pollutants.
Adjustment of homogenization can further ensure the stability of wastewater and supplement the elements required by the biochemical system.
The inlet water distributor at the bottom of the high-efficiency anaerobic tower can evenly distribute water, and the reasonable rising velocity can effectively suspend the granular sludge and remove COD (chemical oxygen demand) from the wastewater.
Chemical waste water has high salt content, and salt-tolerant bacteria are added to the activated sludge in the aerobic tank to acclimate and improve the salt tolerance of the biochemical system.
Activated sludge method combined with membrane treatment process can realize wastewater reuse.


100% Natural Emu Products
|Purple Emu - Derma 50 - .5 oz|
[ enlarge ]
Derma 50 is a unique wound and burn care cream is a sterile product that is safe for open wounds and burns as well as bedsores and diaper rash. Derma 50 is an all-natural formulation combined with the remarkable transdermal effects of emu oil that carries it deep into the skin's layers to speed healing. Derma 50 will not clog pores, reduces scarring, stimulates the skin's immune system, and works as a mild local anesthetic and an anti-inflammatory.
Use Derma 50 two to three times daily to significantly hasten healing processes and enhance the quality of life for those with skin afflictions.
THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF EMU OIL (50%)
Penetration enhanced for topical skin products
Rapid skin cell rejuvenation
Significant scar reduction
Does not clog pores
Stimulates skin immune system
Promotes faster healing due to rapid absorption
and OTHER NATURAL DERMA 50 INGREDIENTS
ZINC OXIDE has been used for many years in the treatment of literally hundreds of skin disorders. It contains a mild astringent and antiseptic action as well as an anti-fungal agent and is an effective preservative. Zinc is an essential mineral for healthy skin and Zinc oxide is made from zinc ore that is mined from the earth and purified for use in many skin treatments.
SULPHUR is a very effective germicide and fungicide that is used for many skin disorders. Will also kill bacteria on or in the skin.
TEA TREE OIL contains broad-spectrum anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, with perfect penetrating properties and low incidence of skin and irritation sensitivity.
SALICYLIC ACID is derived from the bark of the American Aspen tree and acts as a transdermal agent through the tough layer of the skin.
CAMPHOR produces a mild local anesthetic action.
CHAMOMILE is a softening agent for the skin.
MENTHOL a small amount is used to help relieve itching.
ALOE VERA is used for fast acting pain relief.
EUCALYPTUS OIL is used as an anti-inflammatory agent and also stimulates skin metabolism.
VITAMIN E is an excellent antioxidant.
Ingredients: Emu Oil, Water, Zinc Oxide, Tea Tree Oil, Salicylic Acid, Camphor, Camomile, Menthol, Aloe Vera, Eucalyptus and Vitamin E


This story published on JUNE 21, 2017 by National Geographic highlights the increased risk of Tick bites in summer months as we are likely to visit outdoor natural spaces.
Bite of a Lone Star Tick
This tick has a Texas-shaped marking on its back and when it bites and feeds off a cow or similar animal, it can ingest Alpha-Gal molecules in it’s blood meal.
And when, next, it bites a human, it can transfer these Alpha-Gal molecules into human blood stream causing human immune system to start keeping watch against it by creating Alpha-Gal antibodies. It changes human immune system posture towards this substance, which is present in most mammal meat. The Alpha-Gal sugar molecule is also present in some medications that use gelatins as stabilizers.
The illness manifests when humans experience reaction to eating meat!
This reaction is delayed as there it takes time for the meat ingestion to digestion pathway. It could be several minutes to hours when patients begin to experience hives, shortness of breath, vomiting, and diarrhea. So it may take a few such episodes to occur before people realize what ails them.
Repeated exposure to Tick bites can result in greater sensitivity.
If people are exposed to multiple bites, they may develop greater sensitivity to the ingestion of Alpha-Gal containing substances.


Structural Biology Of Membrane Proteins
Sarika Chaudhary focuses on elucidating the mechanisms of membrane protein functions by performing structural and biochemical investigations via X-ray crystallography.
She aims to elucidate the:
- Molecular mechanism(s) of efflux pump transportation causing multi-drug resistance (MDR)
- Molecular determinants for substrate specificity
- Molecular mechanisms that govern targeting of membrane proteins to appropriate destinations, proper folding and insertion
She has a strong research emphasis on structural biology of membrane proteins. Her group focuses on the molecular and mechanistic characterization of transporters across the lipidic membrane, which present unique targets for pharmacological interventions. On a routine basis, structural, biochemical and biophysical investigations are carried out for the study of membrane proteins associated with several diseases, with a goal of developing novel therapeutics.


Though the individual fibers conduct heat very well, when pressed into rolls and sheets, their ability to partition air makes them excellent insulators and sound absorbers. Though not immune to the effects of a sufficiently hot fire, the fire resistance of fiberglass, stone wool, and ceramic fibers makes them common building materials when passive fire protection is required, being used as spray fireproofing, in stud cavities in drywall assemblies and as packing materials in firestops.
Other uses are in resin bonded panels, as filler in compounds for gaskets, in brake pads, in plastics in the automotive industry, as a filtering medium, and as a growth medium in hydroponics.
Mineral fibers are produced in the same way, without binder. The fiber as such is used as a raw material for its reinforcing purposes in various applications, such as friction materials, gaskets, plastics, and coatings.


American Chemistry CouncilDescription
The American Chemistry Council (ACC) represents more than 190 companies engaged in the business of chemistry - an innovative, economic growth engine that is helping to solve the biggest challenges facing our country and the world. Our members are the leading companies engaged in all aspects of the business of chemistry, from the largest corporations to the smallest, and everything in between. They are the people and companies creating the groundbreaking products that are improving the world all around us by making it healthier, safer, more sustainable and more productive.
Learn more at: https://www.americanchemistry.com/about-acc


Cleaning Code "W" - refers to fabrics that are man-made, e.g. nylon, herculon, acetate, olefin, and polyester. Cleaning Instructions: Spot cleaning is recommended using the foam from a water-based cleaning agent (mild soap or upholstery cleaner).
Cleaning Code "S" - refers to fabrics made from organic material, e.g. cotton, rayon, linen, wool, and silk. Also include in this category: denim, velour, brocade, tapestry, damask, acrylic, and plaid. Cleaning Instructions: Spot cleaning is recommended using a mild, water-free solvent, or dry-cleaning product.
Cleaning Code"W/S" - Cleaning Instructions: Spot cleaning using either of the above.
Cleaning Code"X" - Cleaning Instructions: Fabrics should be cleaned only by vacuuming or light brushing. Water or solvent-based cleaning agents should NOT be used.
If it is Fortress Indoor/Outdoor Performance Fabric...
For Normal Stains:
Remove any loose dirt. Prepare a mixture of cold to lukewarm water (do not exceed 100° F) and mild soap. Rub in mixture with a soft brush and allow the mixture to thoroughly soak into the fabric. Rinse well with water and air dry. Do not machine dry.
For Stubborn Stains:
Remove as much surface dirt as possible. Soak fabric for 1 hour in a mixture of 1 gallon cold water, 1/2 cup bleach, and 1/2 cup mild soap. Rub in mixture with a soft brush and rinse thoroughly with cold to lukewarm water and air-dry. Never use water over 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Do not machine dry. Detergents can be used on Fortress Performance Indoor/Outdoor without harm; it may however remove some of the water and stain resistant properties. If this is important to you, a simple spraying of a post cure fluorocarbon will restore these properties. Please follow the instructions on the package. These sprays can be obtained through a dry cleaning supply store or stores that sell marine related products.
For more information on cleaning, please contact your sales representative
Passes Cold Crack
Soft & Comfortable
U/V Fade Resistant
Water & Stain Resistant


Live the unique experience of Water Circuit, hydrotherapy circuit in salt water with natural micro-components. The trace elements dissolved are: chlorine, sodium, and sulfate. The osmotic effect determined by the saline solution on the skin eliminates toxins from subcutaneous tissue, allowing for better oxygenation.
Furthermore, the presence of potassium chloride has a slight diuretic effect, therefore, promoting the elimination of excess fluid, with a consequent decrease in swelling of the lower limbs. Tissue affected by microcirculation problems, as occurs with cellulite, leads to considerable benefits. The water temperature positively influences cellular exchanges and chemical reactions, especially the lysis of adipose tissue. Skin becomes smoother and softer to the touch, due to the osmotic effect of the salt.
The circuit includes:
- Large pool of Sodium Chloride water at 32°C./34°C. with 18 air-water jets, Geysers, Falls, and Whirlpool.
- Whirlpool bath at 34°C. with water jets and Watsu
- Finnish Sauna at 80°C.
- Foot Spa Circuit


What can we do when the joy of movement is limited, for example in old age, because walking and standing up is no longer possible without pain?
There are various natural preparations that can be given to support joint function. However, there are no scientifically conclusive study results on this. You should therefore test such a supplement for 6-8 weeks.
Omega-3 fatty acids:
The omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are essential for dogs. These fatty acids are involved in the formation of hormone-like substances which, among other things, play a role in the metabolism of inflammation. EPA and DHA are found in abundance in fish and omega-3 oils and in concentrated form in salmon oil capsules. Increased intake (2 to 3 times the requirement) is recommended to support joint function.
Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs for short, are linear acidic polysaccharides consisting of repeating binary sugars. Along with elastic fibres and collagen fibres, GAGs are important building blocks of articular cartilage. They are characterised by their ability to bind a large amount of water. The bound water forms a flexible and dynamic structure that allows the cartilage to react like a sponge and have a shock-absorbing effect.
Depending on the composition of the sugar units, a distinction is made between four main groups:
- Chondroitin sulphate -> important for cartilage function.
- Hyaluronic acid -> main component of joint fluid
- Keratan sulphate
- Heparin/heparan sulphate
Chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid are particularly important for joint function.
Natural products such as green-lipped mussel extract or glucosamine contain plenty of GAGs and can therefore support your dog with joint problems.
Collagen, which is contained in gelatine, can also have a regenerative effect on cartilage and is therefore used for arthrosis, overloading of joints and problems in the musculoskeletal system.
image credits: © Giel Bildwelten - Bild-Nr. 055574


Custom films and sensors for flexible and formable touch devices
Latest News at Canatu
Canatu's products are based on a proprietary platform technology involving unique carbon nanomaterials and novel Roll-to-Roll production methods for their synthesis and patterned deposition.
Canatu produces and sells custom films and sensors for flexible and formable touch screens, displays, and touch sensitive surfaces. Canatu's products address the following drivers in today’s electronics industry:
- Differentiation via new design and functionality
- Cost saving
- Protecting the environment
Canatu's products enable exciting touch features on flexible and 3D shaped devices with a simple device structure that results in thin form factor and clear costs benefits. Canatu helps replacing the currently widely used transparent conductive material Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) which contains the toxic and increasingly scarce rare earth metal, indium.
Canatu sells its touch sensors directly to touch module vendors and display manufacturers for on-cell integration. The touch sensor typically consists of a plastic substrate (e.g. PET) with one or more patterned Carbon NanoBud® transparent conductor layers and auxiliary film layers such as patterned metallic conductor traces. Touch modules with cover glass, mechanics, controller IC, and electronics on the flexible circuit board are manufactured and sold by Canatu's touch module customers. Canatu's sensors are typically designed to meet custom specifications by Original Equipment Manufacturers and Canatu's direct customers.
Today, Canatu's sensors are produced on flexible plastic substrate such as PET. These sensors are delivered in sheet or roll form. Canatu is currently developing processes for producing sensors on glass substrates.


WHAT IS IT?
This Acid Starter Dye Kit includes everything to get you started on the exciting journey that is dyeing. Acid Milling dyes are hot water dyes and are just what you need to dye animal or protein based yarns, fibres, fabrics and even feathers.
The kit contains full instructions, 25g each of 6 full intermixable Easifix All in One acid milling dyes, shade creator, pipettes, disposable gloves and 200g of pure wool so you can start straightaway.
Presented in a cute rustic jute bag to create a lovely gift for a budding beginner dyer.
WHAT'S IT FOR?
Dye an incredible 1kg – 5kg of yarn or fabric depending on the strength of colour you require.
Mix the dyes to create a complete rainbow of shades and dye solid colours or play around with space-dyeing to make your own totally unique colour combinations.
Hot water dyes such as Acid Milling dyes are for dyeing protein fibres which originate from animals, so use on wool, silk, mohair, alpaca, cashmere, angora, fur, feathers and even nylon.
The yarn in this kit is a pure British wool pencil roving style yarn which is lovely and soft, but treat it gently so it doesn’t felt when you are stirring. As it's super chunky it's perfect for quick and easy hats, scarves and cowls.
WHY SHOULD I BUY IT?
Rather than shop bought colours mix your own unique colour palette for one-off combinations.
|Search Key||Acid Dye Kit|
|Main Fibre Content||Mixed Blend|
|Skill Level||Beginner. Everything you need to get starting with dyeing.|
|Other Requirements||A kitchen, hob and pans, lots of space and time!|
|Washing Instructions||Gentle Hand Wash|


15ml - CUPCAKE LASTIK - One Coat Colour - Soak Off UV/Led Gel
15ml CUPCAKE Lastik One Coat Colour Gel
Lastik One Coat Colour is a highly pigmented coloured flexible rubber base gel. This product is best applied in thin coats.
*Provides intense one coat colour that never lifts, chips or peels.
*Provides intense durability with great adhesion.
*Can be used under ACRYLIC/HARD GEL/ICONIC as a base coat for clients struggling with lifting
*Cures with a tacky layer
*Dual Cure formula: LED (90sec), UV (3min)
Can be used as a coloured rubber base coat under nail enhancements, as a strengthening colour coat over enhancements, or can be applied in thin coats for a long-lasting gel polish manicure.
For best results we recommend curing for 90 sec in the PN Speciality Dual Cure lamp. Being a highly pigmented gel, you may find that it may need to be cured a little bit longer. The age/make of your lamp may affect cure times. If you’re not using the PN Speciality Dual Cure Lamp, you may have to cure this product for up to 3mins per layer.
This is a coloured gel and not a gel polish- the viscosity is similar to gel. The viscosity of this product can be affected by ambient temperature- if it is cold the product will be thicker and if it is warm the product will be thinner. This product applies easier when it is warm as it needs to be applied in thin coats.


Matter comes in different forms, we learn at school: solid, liquid, and as gas. December days in Canada give us plenty of occasions to experience these different forms of matter - phases, as they are called in physics and chemistry - in the case of water: ice and snow, the both annoying and beautiful appearances of solid water, the liquid form in rain and fog, and if the Sun succeeds to disperse the fog, tiny water droplets have evaporated, and the water has been transformed into invisible gas.
Ice melts at a temperature of 0°C (or 273.15 Kelvin), and water boils at 100°C (or 373.15 Kelvin). However, to be precise, these melting and boiling temperatures are not fixed - they depend on the ambient pressure. On top of a mountain, say the Puy de Dôme, air pressure is lower than in the lowlands, and as consequence, water boils at temperatures below 100°C.
To get a better overview how the occurrence of the different phases of water - solid ice, liquid water, gaseous vapour - depends on temperature and pressure, it's a good idea to plot in a diagram the transition lines between the different phases as a function of these two parameters. Such a diagram is called a phase diagram. And a simplified version of the phase diagram of water looks like this:
The x-axis of the diagram shows the temperature T in units of Kelvin (K). Keep in mind that 0°C = 273.15 K and 100°C = 373.15 K - both temperatures are marked by the grey vertical lines. The y-axis shows the pressure p in units of Megapascal (MPa), where 0.1 MPa = 1000 hPa = 1000 mbar and the standard atmospheric pressure is 1013 mbar. Since pressure covers a huge range of values from the very small to the very large, a convenient way to represent this is the usage of a logarithmic scale. Thus, the phase diagram manages to represent pressure from 1/100.000 of ambient pressure to 1 million times ambient pressure. Ambient pressure is marked by the horizontal grey line.
The blue line in the diagram is the melting line - it separates ice from liquid water - and the light-blue line the boiling line, which divides liquid and gaseous water. The green line is the so-called sublimation line, across which ice transforms directly to the gaseous states, without the intermediate step of liquid water. All three lines meet at one point (marked by the black dot) which is called the triple point - at this value of temperature and pressure, all three forms of water can coexist. At sufficiently high pressure, water solidifies even at temperatures well above room temperature: these transitions to different sorts of ice (distinct by the respective crystal structures) are shown as the red and orange line. Trying to understand these different phases of ice is a topic still under investigation, both by experiment and by theory.
One feature of the diagram might seem strange at first sight: The boiling line separating liquid and gaseous water ends at one point. This is a very generic feature of all liquid matter: At high enough pressure, the distinction between liquid and gas gets lost - essentially, the difference in density between gas and liquid becomes zero, and the latent heat of condensation/evaporation vanishes. The end point of the boiling line, marked by the grey dot, is called the critical point. If temperature and pressure can be chosen such that the fluid is very close to the critical point, it will develop bubbles of gas containing small droplets of liquid containing small bubbles of gas... and as a result of bubbles and droplets of many different sizes, covering the range of wavelengths of visible light, the system becomes opaque. This quite spectacular effect is called critical opalescence.
But of course, we can also recover our mundane everyday experience with water in the diagram: If we increase temperature at constant ambient pressure, following the horizontal grey line, we cross the blue melting line at 0°C, and the light-blue boiling line at 100°C - that's the melting of ice and the boiling of water as we know it. And we see that if ambient pressure is reduced, for example during stormy weather or on top of a mountain, the crossing of the horizontal line and the boiling line shifts to lower temperature: Water will boil at temperatures below 100°C. At a height of 2000 m above sea level, for example, water boils at about 94°C - things to keep in mind if boiling an egg on a mountain.
If you look closely, you can note that the blue melting line is slightly inclined, meaning that with increasing pressure, the melting temperature drops slightly. This effect is often invoked as an explanation for the low friction of skates on ice: The pressure applied by the weight of the skater reduces the melting temperature of ice, causing a thin film of liquid water, on which the blade of the skate glides nearly without friction, or so goes the story. This, however, is not the whole truth: the small, pressure-induced reduction of the melting temperature is not sufficient to produce this effect. While it's correct that the reduction of friction is caused by a slippery film of water on the surface of the ice, this film is created by complicated mechanisms whose details are still under debate.
So, an elementary plot such as the phase diagram of water can still hide some surprises and riddles for us.
Phase diagram data via www.chemicalogic.com. Source for the sublimation and melting lines: W. Wagner, A. Saul, A. Pruß: International Equations for the Pressure along the Melting and along the Sublimation Curve for Ordinary Water Substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, No 3 (1994) 515 (PDF file from NIST). Source for the saturation line: IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-IF97).
You can find much more about the phase diagram of water - and about the properties of water in general - at Water Structure and Science by Martin Chaplin.
The physics behind the slickness of ice has been discussed by Robert Rosenberg in Why Is Ice Slippery?, Physics Today, December 2005, pages 50-55 (doi 10.1063/1.2169444, subscription required).
This post is part of our 2007 advent calendar A Plottl A Day.


Different Plant Origins
Both hemp oil and medical cannabis oil come from a species of plant called cannabis sativa. Humans have farmed cannabis sativa for thousands of years1. Early civilizations selectively bred plants with certain traits, and, over time, this produced a number of distinct strains within the species.
Strong, tall plants were grown to make food and textiles; today this strain is known as hemp. Flowering plants with psychoactive properties were grown for recreational and medical purposes; this strain is commonly referred to as medical cannabis, marijuana or simply cannabis.
Hemp oil is made from hemp plants which have a high fibre content and very low concentrations of pharmacologically active compounds (cannabinoids). Medical cannabis oil comes from cannabis plants with large, cannabinoid-containing flowers, but very little fibre2.
Seeds vs. Flowers
In addition to being sourced from different strains of cannabis sativa, hemp oil and medical cannabis oil are made from different parts of the plant. Hemp oil comes from the seeds of the hemp plant, similarly to almond, flaxseed or sunflower oil, whereas medical cannabis oil is most commonly made from the flowering head of the cannabis plant. Medical cannabis oil can also be produced from cannabis leaves and stems, however the flowering head contains the highest concentration of cannabinoids2.
In most countries, growing hemp is restricted to plants with less than 0.2% THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive compound in cannabis4. Moreover, research has shown that the seeds from which hemp oil is produced contain no cannabinoids at all3. Therefore, hemp oil is not useful for medical purposes and does not cause psychoactive effects.
However, hemp oil does have nutritional benefits. It is made up of more than 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in hemp oil is considered optimal for health5.
On the other hand, medical cannabis oil contains high concentrations of pharmaceutically active cannabinoids. Cannabis plants contain approximately 400 chemical compounds, 60 of which are cannabinoids6. THC and CBD (cannabidiol) are the most abundant cannabinoids; the exact proportions present in the oil will depend on the variety of plant from which it was extracted.
One exception of note is CBD oil derived from hemp plants. This is generally produced in countries where growth of medical cannabis is restricted, but CBD is not legally controlled. As other parts of the hemp plant such as leaves and stems can contain small amounts of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid CBD (cannabidiol), these may be used to create a pharmaceutically active oil referred to as hemp oil or simply CBD oil.


COVID-19 Antibody IgG & Total - CMIA and CLIA from Thyrocare
Sample Type: Blood (Home Collection)
Prescription Required: No
Fasting Required: No
Reporting Time: 24 hours
Thyrocare COVID-19 Antibody Test is ICMR approved and accurate method of detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in your blood.
Test contains -
- COVID Antibody IgG - Using CMIA Method
- COVID Antibody Total - Using CLIA Method
Coronavirus antibody tests look for the presence antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 illness. Antibodies are produced by the body's immune system during COVID-19 and start to become detectable around 7 days after symptoms start and increase over time.
COVID-19 Antibody Test meaning
COVID-19 antibody test identifies if a person was covid positive in the past, and has developed antibodies against it. This antibody test is recommended for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients exposed to coronavirus positive or suspected cases.
CMIA and CLIA test meaning
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Analyzer (CLIA) and Chemiluminescent Magnetic Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) are highly sensitive serological testing techniques for coronavirus detection.
What does positive result means
A positive result means that IgG antibodies to coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in your blood has been detected that it is highly likely that you have been infected with coronavirus in the past
What does negative result means
This means that it is very unlikely that you have been infected with the virus in the past. However, you may get a negative result if you took the test too soon i.e. before antibodies have reached detectable levels.
|Total Antibody||IgG Antibody||Interpretation|
Exposed & Antibody developed
Antibody not yet developed, May or may not be exposed.
Repeat after one month
Antibody Levels over a period of infection
PLEASE NOTE : This is not a confirmatory RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 to detect the presence of Virus
For Confirmatory test click here
- Antibodies are made by our immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus or bacteria to help fight infections.
- Antibodies develop after a few days or weeks in response to the infection, and an antibody test detects the presence of antibodies to the specific virus.
- Covid-19 antibody test looks for the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 illness.
- The COVID 19 total antibody test will collect your blood sample at home to check for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies.
- This test is approved by the ICMR Lab
- Those individuals who think they may have had COVID-19.
- Those who have been infected with the COVID-19 virus have developed specific antibodies to the COVID-19 virus which might provide protection from getting infected with the virus again.
- To check whether your immune system has responded to coronavirus infection in the past.
- No fasting is required
- There should be no change in clinical practice or use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by responders who test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody or as a precautionary measure.
- No prescription is required.
Can covid 19 testing be done at home?
Yes, the COVID-19 antibody test can be done at the convenience of your home.
Can covid 19 testing be done through blood work?
Yes. Collection of blood samples for Covid Testing have produced accurate results and are considered to be an alternative to swab tests.
Does covid 19 testing detect antibodies ?
Yes. The antibody testing for COVID-19 shall detect the presence of antibodies in your blood. However, the results shall only convey if you had an infection in the past, and if you have the chances of being infected again.
How are covid 19 testing done?
Covid 19 testing can be done by 3 ways :
Molecular tests: Also known as Viral testing, they are conducted by nasal or throat swab or using saliva in very few cases. It is considered to be very highly accurate and detects the presence of coronavirus infection currently.
Antigen Test: Known as Rapid Diagnostic Tests, conducted only by nasal or throat swab.
The test diagnoses active coronavirus infection. Positive results are very accurate, however, negative results have to be rechecked with molecular testing.
Antibody Test: Also known as Serological Test, conducted by blood draw or finger prick. The test diagnoses if you had been infected with the coronavirus in the past.


As industry leaders in the commercial glass and aluminum sectors, we possess the knowledge, expertise, and innovative thinking required to meet your every need.
Heat Strengthened Glass
Glass can be strengthened through thermal tempering, where the glass is heated and then rapidly cooled to create compressive stress on the surface, or through chemical strengthening, where the glass is immersed in a molten salt bath and exchanged with larger ions to increase its strength.
Heat-strengthened glass has improved fire resistance compared to annealed glass, but it is not as fire-resistant as fully tempered or laminated glass.
One way to identify tempered glass is to look for small, square-shaped marks called “temper spots” on the surface of the glass.
Tempered glass is very durable and can withstand significant impacts without breaking.
The purpose of insulating glass is to improve energy efficiency by reducing heat transfer through windows and helping to maintain a more consistent indoor temperature.
The life expectancy of insulating glass can vary depending on factors such as quality of materials and installation, but a well-maintained insulated glass unit can last 20 years or more.
Low E Glass
Low-E glass helps to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency by reflecting heat back into the room during winter and blocking heat from entering during summer.
Low-E grade glass refers to glass that has a low-emissivity coating applied to it, which helps to enhance its energy-saving properties.
Fire ratings for glass are determined based on the duration of time that the glass can withstand exposure to fire. The most common fire ratings for glass include 20 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes. These ratings indicate the amount of time the glass can maintain its integrity and prevent the spread of fire.
The cost of fire-rated glass can vary depending on several factors, including the type of fire rating, size, thickness, and any additional features or customization. It is best to consult with suppliers or contractors to obtain accurate pricing information based on specific project requirements.
Monolithic glass is a single pane of glass, while IGU (Insulated Glass Unit) consists of two or more panes of glass separated by a spacer.
Monolithic glass can range in thickness from 2mm to 25mm or more, depending on the application.
Spandrel glass is opaque and typically has a ceramic frit coating to conceal the building’s structural elements and building systems.
Spandrel glass provides thermal insulation, sound insulation, and UV protection. It also adds aesthetic appeal to a building by creating a uniform appearance.
The lifespan of laminated glass can vary depending on various factors, but it is generally expected to last for at least 20-30 years.
The thickness of laminated glass can vary depending on the intended use, but it is generally recommended to use a minimum thickness of 6 mm for safety and security.
Point Supported Glass
A point-supported glass system, also known as a spider glass system, is a type of curtain wall system that uses small stainless-steel fittings to hold glass panels in place.
It works through mechanical fasteners or fittings that directly connect the glass panels to the building’s structure, allowing load transfer and stability.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) is of course the same greenhouse gas flooding Earth’s atmosphere via the exhaust of jet engines and nearly anything else that burns fossil fuels. So, if this new chemical reaction can successfully turn CO2 into fuel for airplanes it could help reduce the carbon footprint of the aviation industry, which currently accounts for 12 percent of all global transportation carbon emissions.
It is noted that researchers have tried to turn CO2 into fuel in the past but that the chemical reactions that emerged from these efforts required rare and expensive catalysts such as cobalt. By contrast, the strength of this new technique is in large part due to its use of a relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain iron-based powder.
The iron catalyst allows the carbon atoms in the CO2 molecules to detach from oxygen and form bonds with the hydrogen atoms inside the reactor. These new hydrogen-carbon molecules, called hydrocarbons, are the same molecules that make up jet fuel. Meanwhile, most of the remaining oxygen atoms also hitch themselves to hydrogen atoms to become water.
According to the researchers, their process could open the door to carbon-neutral air travel, because burning jet fuel made in this way would release the same amount of carbon dioxide used to manufacture the fuel.