Scientists developed microrobots that remove radioactive uranium in simulated wastewater, mimicking the wastewater generated by nuclear power plants.
These tiny, self-propelling robots may offer a gleam of hope into removing the radioactive isotopes from both the wastewater and the environment, should a spill happen. The new study appears in ACS Nano.
Industrial accidents, like the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear plant failures, have detrimental consequences for the environment and for humanity as a whole.
Scientists have been working on coming up with ways to capture and remove radioactive materials from water, but encountered many limitations.
The most effective recent technique involves using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are compounds capable of trapping particular substances.
Researchers wanted to add a micromotor to a MOF called ZIF-8 to see if it can help with the cleanup of radioactive waste.
ZIF-8 is shaped like a rod and has a diameter of 1/15 the width of a human hair. Researchers added iron atoms and iron oxide nanoparticles to both stabilize and magnetize the structure. Platinum nanoparticles at one end of each ZIF-8 rod converted hydrogen peroxide in the water into oxygen bubbles, thus propelling the tiny robots.
As a result, the microrobots recovered 96% of the uranium they were cleaning up in an hour. At the end, the research team collected the rods with a magnet and stripped off the uranium, thus allowing the microbots to be reused.
The hope is that someday, microbots can be the answer to radioactive waste management, the team said.


Gum Acacia or more commonly referred to as Gum Arabic is a plant-derived fiber. It is simpler to think of it as being an edible “glue” and natural thickening agent and binder that assists in holding ingredients together.
Being water soluble makes it easy to use it in different applications. Its gluten-free and usually non-GMO properties make it a well-tolerated ingredient when used in small quantities.
The bark of the branches is meticulously tapped by harvesters, producing a pale white orange fluid – Gum Arabic. This flows out naturally in the form of thick frothy spherical lumps and speedily solidifies under the sun and air exposure. Our factories oversee the sorting, cleaning, kibbling and storing of the gum, in addition to running QC laboratory, application and functional tests. They also dispose of a mechanical powdering line.
Biosylx has two ISO22000 certified affiliated factories set up in the heart of the Gum Belt.
The first is located in the city of El Obeid, a province in the North of Kordofan. This region is considered to be the heart of the Gum Belt where Gum Arabic is grown and collected.
The second factory is located close to the capital Khartoum. We also have established facilities and partnerships in other countries within the Gum Belt.
We carry the following grades, but other grades are available on request:
|Biogum HPS: Handpicked Cleaned Lumps (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum HC: Cleaned & Sifted Kordofan Type (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum H08: Kibbled & Sifted Kordofan Type (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum HP: Mechanical Powder < 250μm (Hashab – Acacia senegal)
|Biogum TC: Cleaned (Talha – Acacia seyal)
|Biogum TP: Mechanical Powder < 250μm (Talha – Acacia seyal)
No grade is particularly better than the other, but rather, better suited to its functionality. All grades have full traceability.
Most recently, Biosylx has ventured into South Sudan, where we now have a central warehouse in Juba. There, we are able to collect Gum Acacia from various producing areas, starting from the Upper Nile region, and extending west, all the way to Northern and Western Bahr Al Ghazal.
|Acts as a vegetal texturizing and coating agent in gum drops or medication confectionery, boiled candies or pastilles.
|Improves textures, brings thickness and acts as an anti-crystallisation agent.
|In association with polyols, acacia gum is extremely efficient as a sugar-free coating and emulsifying agent.
|Gum Acacia as a polysaccharide and a resin-like substance stabilises colour, helps reduce astringency, softens tannins and gives a rounder mouthfeel.
|It lowers the risk of the formation of potassium bi-tartrate crystals, helps with the microbiological stability of wine, and prevents the formation of the colloidal complexes of metals from occurring.
|Can be used to improve the perlage of sparkling wines.
Flavour Encapsulation & Emulsions
One of its uses is to create a natural envelope for flavour encapsulation, adapted to encapsulate liposoluble substances. It also contributes to the stabilizing of water-based oil emulsions. These functionalities enable many food formulations to benefit from its film forming and protective carrier effects.
|Gum Acacia as a prebiotic fibre boosts gut populations of specific non-digestible bacteria (Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli bacteria).
|Note: Prebiotics are defined as substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host by selectively stimulating the favourable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria, benefits which are reported to include improving bone health, reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, boosting immunity, enhancing satiety and aiding weight management.


Natural Candle - Orange and Clove
The Dartmoor Soap Company's natural candles are created using their special in-house blend of soy and coconut waxes, scented with 100% pure aromatherapy essential oils, filling your room with a subtle natural scent.
The Dartmoor Soap Co. natural candles are hand-poured into reusable glass jars in their studio near Okehampton using a bespoke blend of soy and vegetable waxes, scented with 100% pure essential oils. Each are presented in a beautiful white box.
All our natural wax candles are vegan-friendly and free from palm oil and plastic.
Why use vegetable waxes…
- Vegetable wax candles generally burn longer than paraffin candles and throw the scent further.
- Paraffin is a refined gasoline by-product containing several carcinogen (cancer-causing) compounds, considered toxic by various environmental agencies. When burnt, its soot particles so small, they can potentially penetrate deep into the lung.
- Vegetable wax, unlike paraffin wax, is 100% biodegradable.
- Vegetable wax can be easily cleaned with soap and water while paraffin wax spills are very difficult to remove.
- Paraffin wax candles leave black residues on containers and walls, giving an indication of their harmful contents.


To make brown eggs white, immerse them in a solution of water and vinegar, then heat and remove the foam as it boils. Wipe the eggs with a sponge and rinse them in water, being careful not to break the shell.
This method lightens the eggs by cooking them in vinegar, which thins the shell. However, it’s important to note that the color of chicken eggs is determined by the hen’s genetics and cannot be permanently changed. The trick described here only lightens the shell temporarily.
1. Natural Methods To Whiten Brown Eggs
To naturally whiten brown eggs, you can try soaking them in a mixture of vinegar and water. Another method is using whipped cream and food coloring to achieve a lighter color. Additionally, you can dye the eggs with onion skins for a natural and unique effect.
Soaking the eggs in a vinegar and water mixture is a simple process – just place the eggs in a bowl, cover them with the mixture, and let them sit for a while. Using whipped cream and food coloring involves covering the eggs with whipped cream and then adding drops of food coloring to create the desired shade.
Dying eggs with onion skins requires boiling the eggs with the skins, resulting in a beautiful, earthy color. These natural methods are a great way to transform brown eggs into white eggs for various purposes.
2. Easy Home Method To Whiten Eggs
To easily whiten brown eggs at home, start by placing the eggs in a bowl filled with water and vinegar. Then, heat the mixture until foam begins to form. Once it starts boiling, reduce the heat and remove the foam.
Next, use a sponge to wipe the eggs and rinse them with water. Be careful not to break the eggs, as their shells may be thinner due to the vinegar. Finally, compare the white eggs with the original brown ones to see the transformation.
This method is a simple and effective way to make brown eggs white using vinegar and water.
3. Common Misconceptions About Egg Color
Common misconceptions about egg color are often rooted in the belief that feather color affects eggshell color. However, understanding the genetics behind egg color reveals that this is not the case. It is a common misunderstanding that white hens lay white eggs.
In reality, the color of the hen’s feathers has no impact on the color of the eggs they lay. Exploring the science, we find that eggshell color is determined genetically, and white hens can lay eggs of various colors depending on their genetic makeup.
While chickens with lighter earlobes and white feathers tend to produce white eggs, those with colored feathers and darker earlobes may produce eggs of different colors. Therefore, if you’re looking to make brown eggs white, it’s essential to understand the genetics behind egg color rather than relying on misconceptions about feather color.
Frequently Asked Questions Of How To Make Brown Eggs White?
How Do You Lighten Brown Eggs With Vinegar?
To lighten brown eggs with vinegar, follow these simple steps: 1. Place the eggs in a bowl and cover them with water and vinegar. 2. Heat the mixture on low heat until it starts to boil, removing any foam that forms.
3. Wipe the eggs with a sponge and rinse them in water. 4. Be careful not to break the eggs, as the shells will be thinner from cooking in vinegar. This method will help lighten the color of brown eggs.
Do You Bleach Eggs To Make Them White?
No, eggs are not bleached to make them white. The color of the eggs is determined by the genetics of the hen.
How Do You Make Chicken Eggs White?
To make chicken eggs white, you cannot change their color as it is determined by the hen’s genetics.
Can Brown Egg Layers Lay White Eggs?
Yes, brown egg layers can lay white eggs. The color of the chicken’s feathers does not affect the color of the eggs they produce.
To summarize, there are several methods to make brown eggs white for Easter or any occasion. Using ingredients already available at home like onion skins, red beet, or hibiscus tea can naturally dye brown eggs and give them a vibrant color.
Additionally, using whipped cream and food coloring can create unique and fun patterns on the eggs. However, if you want the eggs to be pure white, you can try a simple trick of boiling them in water and vinegar. This process will make the shell thinner and, as a result, the eggs will appear white.
It is important to handle the eggs with care to prevent them from breaking while rinsing. Remember, the color of a bird’s feathers has no relation to the eggshell color. Lastly, using white vinegar can also help strip the color from brown eggshells, providing a bright and vibrant result.
With these tips and tricks, you can transform your brown eggs into beautiful, white creations for any occasion, particularly Easter.


The presence of well-preserved biological material found in an Early Jurassic ichthyosaur vertebra suggests that fossils preserved through carbonate concretion could play a major role in understanding the biology of extinct species, as well as evolution, according to Curtin University research published in Scientific Reports.
An interdisciplinary research team led by organic geochemist John Curtin Distinguished Professor Kliti Grice, as part of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Outstanding Research Award Fellowship, analysed a 182.7 million year old vertebra from an ichthyosaur – a large, prehistoric lung-breathing marine reptile, resembling the modern-day dolphin.
Professor Grice explained that the sample, which was collected from a cement quarry in Germany, was fossilised in a way that preserved cholesterol, red blood cells and collagen fibres.
“A carbonate concretion encapsulated the Early Jurassic period vertebra, forming a tight seal that helped protect its tissue and cellular remains from full decomposition,” Professor Grice said.
Carbonate concretions are most commonly associated with organic matter-rich mudstones, such as black shales, and are formed under highly anoxic (low oxygen) conditions.
Professor Grice and Chloe Plet, a PhD researcher at Curtin University, assessed the trabecular and cortical bones of the vertebra, where they discovered the presence of fossilised soft tissue.
“During our analyses of the sample, we discovered red blood cell structures that were up to five times smaller than those reported in most modern organisms,” Professor Grice said.
This discovery led the researchers to propose the small size of these blood cell structures was related to the ichthyosaurs evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions.
“Ichthyosaurs evolved during a time when atmospheric oxygen levels were continuously low over a period of 70 million years,” Ms Plet said.
“We propose that small red blood cells were favourably produced by the species to provide efficient oxygen transport and diffusion. For example, modern-day mammals living at elevated altitudes with lower oxygen levels make small and abundant red blood cells.”
Professor Grice continued to explain that similar, small-sized red blood cells had been reported previously in 70 million year old dinosaur bones – creatures that would have also adapted to low oxygen levels during evolution.
“This research suggests that not only could carbonate concretions play a major role in the investigation of the palaeobiology of extinct species, but also an understanding of the evolutionary adaptation of life under different paleoenvironmental conditions,” Professor Grice said.
The full research paper, Palaeobiology of red and white blood cell-like structures, collagen and cholesterol in an ichthyosaur bone, has been published by Scientific Reports and can be found as open access at DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-13873-4
This project was supported by an Australian Research Council (ARC) grant.
The vertebra sample analysed by Professor Grice and Ms Plet was recovered from the Posidonia Shale Konservat Fossil Lagerstätte in south-west Germany, with research co-author Professor Lorenz Schwark from University of Kiel, who is also an Adjunct Professor at Curtin University.


Nature Clean® Multi-Surface Spray Cleaner has a unique West Indian Lime and Australian Tea Tree formula that will leave your home clean and smelling fresh! This spray removes tough grease, grime, sticky residues and scum without the use of petroleum solvents, alcohol ethoxylates, potentially dangerous sulfates (SLES), synthetic perfumes, dyes and animal by-products. This product is biodegradable and not tested on animals.
No Ethoxylated Alcohols, No Petroleum Solvents, No Potentially Dangerous Sulphates (SLES), No Dyes, No Synthetic Perfumes
Ingredients: Aqua/Water/Eau, Decyl Glucoside, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Silicate, Tetrasodium Iminodisuccinate, Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Leaf Oil, Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Oil


Contrac Blox - 18 Lbs
Not for Sale to: CA
Safety: Always use a tamper-resistant bait station to keep pets and children away.
CONTRAC BLOX is specially formulated with an optimal blend of food-grade ingredients and a small amount of paraffin Highly palatable, yet weatherable, CONTRAC works well in wet and dry conditions. Single-feeding anticoagulant rodenticide containing the active ingredient, Bromadiolone.
Application: Recommend changing bait out every 40-60 days.
Pet safe: Contrac is LESS toxic to non-target animals in both primary and secondary poisoning situations than other single-feeding baits. The antidote, Vitamin K1, is readily available.


Main Article Content
hepatic lipogenesis, hydroxy pyridine, MK-8245, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, SCD1
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a microsomal enzyme that controls fatty acid metabolism and is highly expressed in hepatocytes. SCD1 may play a key role in liver development and hepatic lipid homeostasis through promoting monounsaturated protein acylation and converting lipotoxic saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids. Imbalanced activity of SCD1 has been implicated in fatty liver induction, inflammation and stress. In this review, the role of SCD1 in hepatic development, function and pathogenesis is discussed. Additionally, emerging novel therapeutic agents targeting SCD1 for the treatment of liver disorders are presented.


Scientists Find New Behavior of Water
The current state of the art theoretical models and computer simulations have predicted a fundamental asymmetry in the mechanisms by which water transports the protons from H2O, (H+) and (OH-). For nearly a century, it was thought that the mechanisms were mirror images of each other. Identical in all ways except the direction the bonds move. New research has discovered that this line of thinking is not true.
This asymmetrical movement has been extremely difficult to capture because scientists only get a glimpse of the predicted asymmetry. However, a team of researchers from New York University has devised a novel experiment for nailing down this movement. The experiment involves cooling down water to the maximum density temperature of 39 degrees. This is the temperature that asymmetry is expected to be the strongest. Using nuclear magnetic resonance to show the difference in the lifetimes of the two ions, the asymmetry became glaringly clear.
“The study of water’s molecular properties is of intense interest due to its central role in enabling physiological processes and its ubiquitous nature,” says Jerschow, the corresponding author of this study. “The new finding is quite surprising and may enable a deeper understanding of water’s properties as well as its role as a fluid in many of nature’s phenomena.”
With the theory now proven scientists can use this information to design new materials for clean energy applications. Further research will also be done using this new information to discover enzyme function in the body and to better understand how living organisms can thrive in harsh conditions, including sub-freezing temperatures. This remarkable property of water makes it a critical component of life, without this characteristic life itself would not be possible.


The Protochips shadow mask enables precise, reproducible deposition of your sample to a targeted location. The shadow mask is compatible with all Poseidon, Atmosphere, and Fusion E-chips* and works with most physical vapor deposition methods (sputtering, e-beam evaporation, thermal evaporation) and drop casting. Using the shadow mask as part of your sample prep routine will aid with:
- Prevention of accidental E-chip shorting that occurs from sample spread
- Concentrating more sample in the viewing area to ensure there is plenty present for analysis
- Keeping spacers on closed-cell E-chips clean to prevent leaks
The shadow mask package contains: shadow mask plate with lid, sample pack of mask E-chips (10 total mask E-chips), set of 10 blank E-chips to fill unused pockets in the plate (to prevent sample build-up in the pockets).
The sample pack of mask E-chips comes with to mask designs: a square opening and a narrow opening. While either one can be used for many applications, the square opening is recommended for use with Fusion heating and Atmosphere heating E-chips, and the narrow opening is recommended for use with Poseidon E-chips and Fusion electrical E-chips.
- Shadow Mask plate and lid are made of PEEK
- Max temperature recommendation for the plate and lid: 100C
- Size of mask plate and lid: (70 L x 35 W x 12 H) mm
- Vacuum compatible
- Mask E-chips openings: Square - 120 x 120 µm | Narrow - 120 µm x 240 µm
*The FIB-optimized E-chip is not to be used with the Shadow Mask. Please use the FIB stub with this E-chip instead.


Invited presentations (non-conference)
West Virginia Law Review Symposium, Morgantown, WV
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
US FDA, College Park, MD
Roads Scholar Academy, Naples, FL
Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
Georgetown University, Washington, DC, Sept 2014
Society for Applied Spectroscopy (SAS) Speaker Tour, John Carroll University, Cleveland, OH
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
Appalachia State University, Boone, NC
Bennett Careers for Chemists Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
NSF Workshop of Strengthening Forensic Science Through Connections with Analytical
Sciences, Arlington, VA
Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL
Alumni College, Ohio University, Athens, OH
Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Department of Chemistry, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH
MFRC Forensic Education Forum, Indianapolis, IN
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State U., Kent, OH
Department of Chemistry, U. Akron, Akron, OH
Pittsburgh Mass Spectrometry Discussion Group, Pittsburgh, PA
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richmond, WA
FDA Forensic Chemistry Center, Cincinnati, OH
Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Truman State University, Kirksville, MO
Oxford Roundtable on Criminal Law and Justice, Oxford University, Oxford, England
Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
Department of Chemistry, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA
Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Ohio Academy of Science, Dayton, OH
NIH, Bathesda, MD
Invited conference presentations
F. M. Fernandez and G. P. Jackson, “ Forensic Mass Spectrometry: #TellMeSomethingIDontKnow” Opening Tutorial at the 64th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, San Antonio, TX, June 2016
G. P. Jackson, “The Future of Forensic Instrumental Methods of Analysis” at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, Feb 2016
W. D. Hoffmann, B. Lv, G. P. Jackson, “Isobaric drug analysis using direct analysis in real time (DART) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange” ACS Meeting, Boston, MA, Aug 2015
G. P. Jackson, K. I. Konstantynova, M. V. P de Matos, R. Mohr,”Forensic Attribution using Stable Isotopes: Hairs to Humans and Insects to Carrion” Pittsburgh Conference, New Orleans, LA, Mar 2015
G. P. Jackson “Linking Insects to Humans and Hair to Human Phenotypes using Stable Isotopes” ASMS Sanibel Conference on Security and Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Clearwater Beach, FL, Jan 2015
G. P. Jackson, R. Mohr, K. I. Konstantynova “Forensic Attribution using Stable Isotopes: Hairs to Humans and Insects to Carrion” SciX Conference, Reno, NV, Oct 2014
G. P. Jackson “Metastable Atom Activated Dissociation: Status and Outlook” ASMS Sanibel Conference on Ion Activation: Fundamentals, Applications, and New Frontiers, Clearwater Beach, FL, Jan 2014
G. P. Jackson, Y. An, K. I. Konstantynova “Biometrics from the Stable Isotope Analysis
of Amino Acids in Human Hair” FACSS Innovation Award Session, SciX Conference,
Milwaukee, WI, Oct
G. P. Jackson, F. Jin, W. D. Hoffman, G. F. Verbeck “Development of a Loeb-Eiber
Mass Filter for Portable Mass Spectrometry” 9th Harsh Environment Mass Spectrometry
Workshop (HEMS), St. Pete Beach, FL, Sept
G. P. Jackson, Y. An, K. Konstantynova “Biometrics from the delta13C Values of Amino Acids in Human Hair” FIRMS Conference, Montreal, Canada, Sept 2013
G. P. Jackson, R. E. Deimler, T. Razunguzwa, B. Reschke and M. Powell “Direct Analysis of Forensic Samples by Laser Ablation Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LAESI-MS/MS)” SciX 2012, 39th FACSS Conference, Kansas City, MO, Oct 2012
G. P. Jackson “Development of a Portable Loeb-Eiber Mass Spectrometer” 38th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Reno, NV, Oct 2011
G. P. Jackson, B. Deimler, S. L. Cook, C. M. Zimmernmann, R. Hoffman “Comparison of CID, ETD, and Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation (MAD) of Phosphorylated Tau Peptides” Central Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS), Indianapolis, IN, Jun 2011
G. P. Jackson “Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation of Glycopeptides, Nitrosylated Peptides and Non-Peptidic Analytes” 38th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Raleigh, NC, Oct 2010
S. L. Cook, G. P. Jackson “Metastable-Atom Activated Dissociation (MAD) within a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (QIT-MS)” 7th Uppsala Conference on Electron Capture and Transfer Dissociation, Nara, Japan, Dec 2009
G. P. Jackson “Quantitative Assessment of the Growth in Forensic Science Degree Programs in the US” 18th Triennial Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans, LA, Jul 2008
G. P. Jackson “A Faster Method of Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Fast or Complex GC and LC Separations” 34th Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Memphis, TN, Oct 2007
G. P. Jackson, O. L. Collin, C. Zimmermann, Ü. A. Laskay, M. Beier “Fast Gas Chromatography With Quadrupole Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry Applied to the Detection of Explosives” 33rd Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Orlando, Fl, Oct 2006
O. L. Collin, G. P. Jackson “Analysis of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters by Fast Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry” 33rd Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference, Orlando, Fl, Oct 2006
G. P. Jackson “Metastable-Activated Dissociation Mass Spectrometry for the Structural Determination of Proteins” University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Mar 2005
G. P. Jackson “Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation and Applications” Upper Ohio Valley Section of the American Chemical Society, Marietta College, Marietta, OH, Feb 2005
More than 100 authored and co-authoroed presentations (oral and poster).
2015 FORENSIC & INVESTIGATIVE SCIENCE OUTREACH, MORGANTOWN, WV
Forensic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to 17 practicing forensic professionals.
2015 LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN CRIME LABORATORY, LAS VEGAS, NV
Taught a 3-day Forensic GC/MS course with EI Spectral Interpretation to ~17 practicing forensic professionals.
2014 HOUSTON FORENSIC SCIENCE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX
Taught a two-day Forensic GC/MS Workshop to ~23 practicing forensic professionals.
2014 FORENSIC & INVESTIGATIVE SCIENCE OUTREACH, MORGANTOWN, WV
Forensic Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to ~18 practicing forensic professionals.
2013 WEBINAR SERIES ON THE APPLICATIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE FOR THE LEGAL PROFESSIONAL, MORGANTOWN, WV
Taught a live webinar on The Use of Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science, including real-time question and answer session to more than 120 registrants.
2011 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, JACKSON HOLE, WY
Mass Spectrometry Workshop: Drug and Trace. Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals. Uncertainty of Measurements Workshop. Taught two ½-day workshops to a total of ~30 practicing forensic professionals.
2010 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, BOSTON, MA
Workshop 1: Mass Spectrometry: Drug and Trace. Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals. Mass Spectrometry
Workshop 2: Mass Spectrometry: HPLC for Toxicology. Taught a one-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals.
2009 INDIANA STATE POLICE, LABORATORY DIVISION, INDIANAPOLIS, IN
Mass Spectrometry Interpretation Workshop. Taught a three-day workshop to a total of 25 practicing forensic professionals in trace and drug units.
2009 CEDAR CREST COLLEGE CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAM, ALLENTOWN, PA
Forensic Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ-funded). Taught a three-day workshop to 27 practicing forensic professionals.
2009 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, LAS VEGAS, NV
Forensic Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ/FSI Funded). Taught a two-day workshop to 25 practicing forensic professionals.
2007 CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR FORENSIC PROFESSIONALS PROGRAM, ORLANDO, FL
Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry Workshop. (NIJ/FSI Funded). Taught two workshops to a total of 40 practicing forensic professionals.


Vynova has started commercialisation of ISCC PLUS-certified renewable caustic soda, which is manufactured using renewable energy sources. Vynova’s renewable caustic soda has a significantly lower carbon footprint than conventionally produced caustic soda and will help customers across a variety of industries to manufacture more sustainable products.
For the production of its renewable caustic soda, Vynova uses electricity generated from renewable energy input like wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal or water (including hydrothermal sources, waves and tides) in its membrane electrolysis process. The renewability of the electricity is proven via renewable energy Guarantees of Origin (GOs), renewable power purchase agreements (PPAs) or via a direct connection to the processing unit producing the renewable electricity.
Mass balance approach
Vynova’s renewable caustic soda is certified under the ISCC PLUS framework according to a mass balance concept using a proportional approach. ISCC is a globally applicable sustainability certification system. The ISCC PLUS certification scheme requires strict traceability and is verified by independent third-party auditors. Vynova is the first company worldwide to obtain the ISCC PLUS certification for renewable caustic soda. Vynova’s renewable caustic soda will be produced at its membrane electrolysis plant in Tessenderlo, Belgium.
“This product launch is another important step in improving the sustainability performance of our products in the chlor-alkali chain. Using the mass balance approach, we can now attribute a renewable energy share across all the products coming from our Tessenderlo electrolysis unit. Caustic soda is primarily used as a process chemical and our renewable caustic soda will help our customers across a wide range of industries to achieve their sustainability goals,” comments Peter Oosterveer, Vynova Vice President Caustic Soda Business.
Same product quality and specifications
The renewable caustic soda meets the same rigorous product quality and specifications as Vynova’s conventionally produced caustic soda. Customers will be able to process it with their existing equipment, under identical process conditions.
Vynova’s renewable caustic soda will be marketed under the VynoEcoSolutions brand, Vynova’s portfolio of circular and renewable products, which also includes the company’s bio- and circular-attributed PVC ranges.
The membrane electrolysis unit at Vynova's site in Tessenderlo, Belgium.
Vynova's renewable caustic soda is manufactured using electricity generated from renewable energy input.
Download a series of press images
Vynova is a leading European PVC and chlor-alkali company. Our products play a key role in manufacturing numerous industrial products and consumer goods that improve our quality of life. With production sites in five countries and 1,250 committed employees, we generate annual sales of 1 billion euros.
Established in 2015, Vynova is the chlor-vinyls platform of the International Chemical Investors Group (ICIG). Our product offering comprises multiple grades of suspension PVC (S-PVC), KOH and other potassium derivatives, caustic soda (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
For more information, visit www.vynova-group.com.
ISCC is a globally applicable sustainability certification system and covers all sustainable feedstocks, including agricultural and forestry biomass, circular materials and renewables. With currently over 4,000 valid certificates in more than 100 countries, ISCC is among the world’s largest certification systems. It has been developed through an open multi-stakeholder process and is governed by an association with more than 150 members, including research institutes and NGOs.
Group Communication Manager Vynova Group
Phone: +32 479 32 34 99


Every time we witness the awe-inspiring sight of jets soaring through the sky, we can’t help but wonder about the incredible power that propels them forward. The secret lies in the remarkable properties of jet fuel burn and the intricate combustion process that takes place within a jet engine.
In this article, we will delve deep into the science behind jet fuel burn, uncovering its components, properties, and the factors that affect its performance. Fasten your seatbelts and prepare for an illuminating journey through the world of jet fuel.
Understanding Jet Fuel’s Composition and Characteristics
Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), commonly known as Jet fuel, is a highly refined, combustible liquid that is specially designed to be used in aircraft engines. The fuel is primarily composed of a variety of complex hydrocarbon compounds that are derived from crude oil and natural gas. These compounds include paraffins, cycloparaffins or naphthenes, aromatics, and olefins, with proportions varying depending on the source of the fuel and the refining process used.
- How to Choose the Right Aviation Fuel Solution for Your Aircraft?
- Aircraft Refueling Hazards & Minimum Safe Distance
The production of Jet fuel involves meticulous formulation to meet the stringent requirements of aviation, ensuring optimal performance, safety, and reliability during flights.
Several key components influence the properties of jet fuel:
- Combustion Quality: Determines the efficiency of fuel burn, impacting power output and emissions.
- Energy Content: The amount of heat released per unit mass of fuel, directly affecting engine performance and range.
- Volatility: The tendency to evaporate, influencing ignition and atomization within the engine.
- Lubricity: Important for reducing wear and tear on engine components.
- Stability: Resistance to degradation during storage and use.
Comparing Jet A and Jet A-1
Jet A and Jet A-1 are two commonly used jet fuels known for their high efficiency and effectiveness in powering turbo aircraft engines. Both fuels have flash points above 38 °C (100 °F) and autoignition temperatures reaching up to a staggering 210 °C (410 °F). These properties make them highly efficient jet fuels, enabling them to power turbo aircraft engines effectively.
The Combustion Chamber: Where the Magic Happens
Jet fuel consists primarily of hydrocarbon molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons release energy when they undergo combustion, which powers the aircraft. The long-chain hydrocarbons in jet fuel provide a high energy density, allowing for efficient fuel consumption and prolonged flight durations.
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The combustion chamber of a jet engine is where the magic happens. It is the space where the jet fuel reacts with oxygen to produce an incredible amount of energy, propelling the aircraft forward. The combustion process can be broken down into several stages:
- Intake: Air is pressurized in the engine’s compressor, increasing its pressure several times over atmospheric pressure.
- Atomization: Nozzles spray the fuel into a fine mist, maximizing its surface area for efficient mixing with air.
- Vaporization: The intense heat within the chamber converts the atomized fuel into vapor, creating a combustible mixture.
- Ignition: The high pressure and heat cause the fuel-air mixture to ignite spontaneously, releasing a surge of energy in the form of hot, expanding gases.
- Expansion and Thrust: The hot gases blast through the turbine blades, rotating the engine’s compressor and generating thrust.
- Exhaust: The remaining gases exit through the nozzle, propelling the aircraft forward.
This combustion process, known as “jet” or “turbo-jet” combustion, utilizes higher pressures and combusts faster with greater efficiency, resulting in reduced pollutant production.
The Net Heat of Combustion: Powering Jet Engines
The net heat of combustion is a crucial parameter that directly affects the efficiency and performance of jet engines. It refers to the quantity of heat released by the combustion of a unit quantity of fuel with oxygen. The net heat of combustion influences the economics of engine performance, as a reduction in heat energy would result in increased fuel consumption and decreased range.
Jet fuels are carefully formulated to have high net heat of combustion values, ensuring efficient energy release during combustion and maximizing the power output of the engine. By selecting the composition and properties of jet fuels meticulously, manufacturers strive to achieve the ideal balance between energy content and fuel consumption.
Flammability and Ignition Characteristics of Jet Fuel
Understanding the flammability and ignition characteristics of jet fuel is crucial for ensuring safe operations. Jet fuels must possess specific properties to support the combustion process and maintain stable ignition.
Flash Point: A Measure of Flammability
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel vapor can ignite when exposed to an open flame or spark. Jet fuels, such as Jet A and Jet A-1, have flash points above 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit), making them less volatile and safer to handle. The flash point serves as a reference for determining safe handling and storage practices, as dictated by local regulations and insurance requirements.
Flammability Limits Versus Altitude
Self-sustained combustion occurs within specific ranges of fuel vapor-to-air ratios, influenced by temperature and pressure. The flammability limits vary with altitude, as changes in temperature and pressure affect the composition of the fuel-air mixture. Understanding these limits is crucial for maintaining safe operating conditions throughout different altitudes.
Minimum Spark Ignition Energy
The minimum energy needed for a spark to ignite a hydrocarbon fuel/air mixture is 0.20 mJ. The ideal conditions are a rich mixture near the stoichiometric point, glass flanged metal electrodes with a gap of 0.4 cm. Any deviation from ideal conditions increases the energy requirement for ignition. Different fuel/air mixtures, electrode geometry, or gap distance will affect the energy needed. Fuel in mist or spray form requires more energy for ignition than vapor. Higher oxygen concentration decreases ignition energy. The ignition energy needed for fuel sprays depends on temperature, fuel volatility, nozzle configuration, and fuel pressure.
Unveiling the Effects of External Factors on Jet Fuel Burn
The successful combustion of jet fuel is influenced by various external factors that must be taken into consideration. Weather conditions, altitude, and humidity levels can affect the efficiency and performance of the fuel-burning process.
Extreme temperatures and high-altitude conditions can pose challenges to the combustion process. The lower oxygen levels at higher altitudes necessitate adjustments to the air-fuel mixture to maintain proper combustion. Moreover, changes in ambient temperature can impact the viscosity of the fuel, affecting its flow rate and combustion characteristics.
Pressure Levels Required for Jet Fuel Combustion
Jet fuel needs to be pressurized for optimal combustion. At ground level, 3-5 atmospheres are required, while higher altitudes may require up to 7-8 atmospheres. Higher pressures lead to improved combustion efficiency and lower emissions. Fuel composition and characteristics determine the specific pressure requirements.
The humidity of jet fuel affects its combustion performance. Too much moisture can cause incomplete combustion and more emissions, while too little can result in inefficient fuel distribution. Modern jet engines have advanced humidifiers and dehumidifiers to maintain optimal humidity levels, which reduces emissions and lowers fuel consumption costs.
Temperatures at Which the Jet Fuel Burn
The combustion of jet fuel is a process that is significantly influenced by temperature. The ignition of jet fuels typically occurs within the temperature range of 300 to 400 degrees Celsius, although the precise parameters may vary depending on the specific additives used in the production process. If the temperature falls below this range, the fuel may not ignite, and combustion efficiency may be compromised due to increased viscosity. Conversely, if the temperature exceeds this range, there may be an upsurge in emissions such as CO and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC).
It is imperative to focus on optimizing the temperature range for jet fuel burning to reduce emissions and maximize efficiency. Various techniques such as fuel pre-heating and fuel temperature control systems can be implemented to maintain the most appropriate combustion conditions.
Maximum Flame Temperature
When burning hydrocarbons in pure oxygen, the maximum flame temperature can be precisely determined. Carbon can reach 3200°C, while hydrogen can reach 2750°C. However, when air is used instead of pure oxygen, the maximum flame temperature decreases by two-thirds. Burning in air requires heating three times as many molecules as burning in pure oxygen, resulting in only a 1/3rd rise in temperature. Burning hydrocarbons in the air can increase temperature by 1000°C, but reaching the maximum temperature is complex with a diffuse flame.
Debunking Jet Fuel Myths
Jet fuel has been the subject of numerous misconceptions and myths over the years. Let’s debunk some of the most common misunderstandings surrounding jet fuel:
Myth: Jet Fuel Melts Steel Beams
One persistent myth is the belief that jet fuel can melt steel beams. However, this claim is not supported by scientific evidence. Steel melts at a temperature of 2,750 degrees Fahrenheit, while jet fuel burn at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. While jet fuel can cause structures to catch fire and potentially weaken them, it does not reach temperatures high enough to melt steel.
Myth: Jet Fuel is Just Kerosene
While jet fuel and kerosene share some similarities, they are not the same. Jet fuel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds derived from crude oil and natural gas. Kerosene, on the other hand, is primarily refined from petroleum. The flash point and other properties of kerosene may differ from those of jet fuel, making it unsuitable for use in aircraft.
Safety Considerations for Handling and Storing Jet Fuel
Jet fuel is a highly regulated and tightly controlled substance due to its critical role in aviation. Minor changes in fuel properties, cleanliness, or contaminant levels can have significant and unexpected effects on engine performance. Therefore, stringent specifications and handling procedures are in place to ensure utmost safety and reliability.
One crucial safety consideration when dealing with jet fuel is its flash point, the temperature at which the fuel vapor ignites. To minimize the risk of accidental fuel explosions during handling and storage, jet fuel should have a high flash point. Additionally, jet fuel must exhibit thermal stability, especially when subjected to temperature extremes encountered during flight.
Handling and storing jet fuel requires meticulous care due to its highly flammable and potentially hazardous nature. From transportation to storage facilities, strict safety protocols must be followed to minimize the risk of accidents or fuel contamination.
The science behind jet fuel burn is a complex yet fascinating subject. Understanding the properties, combustion process, and safety considerations of jet fuel is crucial for the efficient and safe operation of aircraft. By adhering to stringent regulations and implementing proper handling and storage practices, the aviation industry ensures that jet fuel is used safely and efficiently in aircraft engines. The power and reliability of jet engines are a testament to the remarkable properties of jet fuel and the meticulous engineering that goes into its combustion process.


Principles of Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy
The application of traditional infrared spectroscopy to low concentration measurements, such as ambient air measurements, is limited by several factors. First is the significant presence of water vapour, CO 2 and methane, which strongly absorb in many regions of the infrared (IR) spectrum. Consequently, the spectral regions that can easily be used to search for pollutants are limited to 760-1300cm -1 , 2000-2230 cm -1 , and 2390-3000 cm -1 . Another problem is that the sensitivity is not enough to detect very small concentrations in the sub-ppm level. Finally, spectral analysis was difficult since subtraction of background spectra had to be carried out manually.
The development of Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) in the early 1970s provided a quantum leap in infrared analytical capabilities for monitoring trace pollutants in ambient air. This technique offered a number of advantages over conventional infrared systems, including sensitivity, speed and improved data processing.
The basic components of an FTIR are shown schematically in Figure 1 . The infrared source emits a broad band of different wavelength of infrared radiation. The IR source used in the Temet GASMET FTIR CR-series is a SiC ceramic at a temperature of 1550 K. The IR radiation goes through an interferometer that modulates the infrared radiation. The interferometer performs an optical inverse Fourier transform on the entering IR radiation. The modulated IR beam passes through the gas sample where it is absorbed to various extents at different wavelengths by the various molecules present. Finally the intensity of the IR beam is detected by a detector, which is a liquid-nitrogen cooled MCT (Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride) detector in the case of the Temet GASMET FTIR CR-series. The detected signal is digitised and Fourier transformed by the computer to get the IR spectrum of the sample gas.
Figure 1: Basic components of FTIR
The unique part of an FTIR spectrometer is the interferometer. A Michelson type plane mirror interferometer is displayed in Figure 2 . Infrared radiation from the source is collected and collimated (made parallel) before it strikes the beamsplitter. The beamsplitter ideally transmits one half of the radiation, and reflects the other half. Both transmitted and reflected beams strike mirrors, which reflect the two beams back to the beamsplitter. Thus, one half of the infrared radiation that finally goes to the sample gas has first been reflected from the beamsplitter to the moving mirror, and then back to the beamsplitter. The other half of the infrared radiation going to the sample has first gone through the beamsplitter and then reflected from the fixed mirror back to the beamsplitter. When these two optical paths are reunited, interference occurs at the beamsplitter because of the optical path difference caused by the scanning of the moving mirror.
Figure 2: Michelson interferometer
The optical path length difference between the two optical paths of a Michelson interferometer is two times the displacement of the moving mirror. The interference signal measured by the detector as a function of the optical path length difference is called the interferogram. A typical interferogram produced by the interferometer is shown in Figure 3 . The graph shows the intensity of the infrared radiation as a function of the displacement of the moving mirror. At the peak position, the optical path length is exactly the same for the radiation that comes from the moving mirror as it is for the radiation that comes from the fixed mirror.
Figure 3: A typical interferogram
The spectrum can be computed from the interferogram by performing a Fourier transform. The Fourier transform is performed by the same computer that ultimately performs the quantitative analysis of the spectrum.
The degree of absorption of infrared radiation at each wavelength is quantitatively related to the number of absorbing molecules in the sample gas. Since there is a linear relationship between the absorbance and the number of absorbing molecules, multicomponent quantitative analysis of gas mixtures is feasible.
To perform multicomponent analysis we start with the sample spectrum. In addition, we need reference spectra of all the gas components that may exist in the sample, if these components are to be analysed. A reference spectrum is a spectrum of one single gas component of specific concentration. In multicomponent analysis we try to combine these reference spectra with appropriate multipliers in order to get a spectrum that is as close as possible to the sample spectrum. If we succeed in forming a spectrum similar to the sample spectrum, we get the concentration of each gas component in the sample gas using the multipliers of the reference spectra, provided that we know the concentrations of the reference gases.
For example, suppose we have a sample spectrum and reference spectra like those shown in Figure 4 . In this case, we know that the sample gas consists of gases Reference 1 and Reference 2. We have the reference spectra available and we know that these reference spectra represent concentrations of 10 ppm and 8 ppm respectively. To find out the concentration of each component in the sample gas, we try to form the measured sample spectrum using a linear combination of the reference spectra. We find out that if we multiply the spectrum Reference 1 by 5 and the spectrum Reference 2 by 2, and combine these two spectra, we get a spectrum that is similar to the sample spectrum. Accordingly, the sample gas contains reference gas 1 at five times the amount in the reference spectrum 1, and reference gas 2 at two times the amount in the reference spectrum 2. The analysis indicates that the sample indeed consists of these two reference gases. The concentration of the reference gas 1 in the sample is found to be 50 ppm, and the concentration of the reference gas 2 in the sample is 16 ppm.
Figure 4: An example of spectra for multicomponent analysis
This multicomponent ability of FTIR means that theoretically, any spectrum obtained with the FTIR can be reprocessed at a future date to determine the concentration of any newly calibrated gases. Therefore it is worth saving the spectra obtained from FTIR since they potentially contain so much information about the sample gas.
More information from the manufacturer's website can be found here where you can download a pdf document all about the theory of FTIR spectroscopy.


Cosmetics and Personal Care
Here the two important factors tend to be the anti-oxidant protection provided by the exine shell coupled with the ability of the finger or thumb or other pressure to release an encapsulated liquid from the exines onto such as fabric or the skin. The exine shells are a natural replacement for the plastic beads that have for many years been used in cosmetic, personal care and laundry products.
The encapsulated active ingredient may be applied to the skin in a cosmetic formulation and release from the exine shells onto the skin over a period of time achieved by continued rubbing. The encapsulated active ingredient in a cosmetic, personal care or laundry formulation may also be sprayed onto fabric or other surface and release achieved by pressure. However, depending on the encapsulation process a continuous diffusion from the exines (that act as a reservoir) can be achieved.
The encapsulated ingredients form a dry powder, which can be added to a cream or lotion. Several different powders can be used in a single product so for example, sun screen, sun tan and an aroma could be present in a sun lotion. The colour of the powder can be varied from chocolate-brown to light cream depending upon the application for which it is required.
Where the active ingredient is volatile a co-encapsulating substance is required to block the pores in the exine shell or to form an inner or outer protective layer. In order to obtain effective release on application however, this substance must be easily broken or able to be pushed out. One possibility is cocoa butter which can easily be applied as a liquid during the filling procedure. It then becomes solid at ambient temperatures, but melts again when put on the skin. Rubbing will release both the cocoa butter and the active ingredients it is helping to contain.
We have licensed our exine shell technology to a multi-national cosmetic ingredients company for use in the decorative cosmetics market. A variety of cosmetic formulations have been manufactured and cosmetic products incorporating our exine microcapsule technology were placed on the market late 2012.


If you're obsessed with your air fryer like I am, you'll love making crispy chicken wings in the air fryer.
Air fryers have changed the way that I cook. They are a healthier alternative to frying and make things like crispy chicken wings possible without the excess oil.
In this recipe, we'll show you how to make irresistibly crunchy air fryer chicken wings using a salt brine and baking powder.
Why you'll love this recipe
You'll want to save this one for your next superbowl party.
How to Make Crispy Chicken Wings
What are the secrets to achieving crispy skin chicken wings in the air fryer?
Using a salt brine is an essential first step in this air fryer chicken wings recipe.
The overnight salt brine works by infusing the chicken wings with moisture and seasoning, resulting in a juicier and more flavorful end product.
If you don't have time for an overnight soak, aim for at least 2 hours.
When the chicken is immersed in the saltwater mixture, the salt molecules penetrate the meat, breaking down its protein structure and allowing the wings to retain more water during the cooking process.
This moisture retention not only prevents the chicken from drying out but also enables the flavors of the brine to be absorbed deeply into the meat. As a result, the chicken wings become thoroughly seasoned from the inside out.
Incorporating baking powder into the seasoning mixture is another important aspect of this air fryer chicken wings recipe that contributes to the chicken wings' exceptional crispiness.
It is important to use baking powder, not baking soda for this.
Baking powder is a leavening agent that contains both an acid and a base. When exposed to heat, it produces carbon dioxide gas, causing the wings' surface to puff up and create a light, airy texture.
This reaction occurs during the air frying process, helping to create a delicate and crispy crust on the chicken wings.
Additionally, the alkaline properties of baking powder promote browning, resulting in a beautifully golden and crunchy chicken wing.
How much baking powder for crispy wings?
For every pound of chicken wings that you're cooking, you should use 1-2 tablespoons of baking powder.
Two different temperatures
Cooking the chicken wings on a lower heat first before cranking up the temperature to a higher heat is a secret technique to achieving exceptionally crispy wings.
Starting at a lower temperature allows the chicken skin to render its fat slowly, resulting in a tender and moist interior.
As the fat renders, it also helps to create a perfect base for the desired crispiness.
After this initial cooking phase, increasing the heat to 400°F (200°C) or higher for the final cooking stage rapidly crisps up the chicken skin, giving it that irresistible crunch.
The combination of the low-and-slow rendering followed by the high-temperature crisping ensures that the chicken wings retain their juiciness while achieving a delectable golden-brown and crispy exterior.
Can I use frozen chicken wings?
For the best results, it's recommended to use fresh or thawed chicken wings. Frozen wings may not absorb the seasoning and brine as well.
Can I use other seasonings?
Absolutely! Feel free to experiment with different seasonings to suit your taste preferences. You can also add herbs, lemon zest, or other spices for more variety.
Garlic Parmesan Wings
After air frying, toss the wings in a mixture of 1 tablespoon melted butter, 1 tablespoon minced garlic, ½ cup grated Parmesan cheese, and chopped parsley for a rich and indulgent treat.
Cajun Spice Wings
Coat the wings with a blend of 1tsp Cajun seasoning, ½ teaspoon paprika, ½ teaspoon garlic powder, and ½ teaspoon onion powder for a bold and spicy Cajun-inspired flavor.
Create a mix of dried herbs with 1 teaspoon each of thyme, rosemary, oregano, and basil to sprinkle over the wings for a burst of aromatic and earthy flavors.
Smoky Chipotle Wings
Combine 1 teaspoon chipotle chili powder, 1 teaspoon smoked paprika, ½ teaspoon cumin, and a pinch of cayenne for smoky and spicy wings.
What happens if you use baking soda instead of baking powder on wings?
Using baking soda instead of baking powder on wings can result in a significantly different outcome.
Baking soda is a stronger leavening agent than baking powder, which means it will create more air bubbles and cause the wings to rise more during cooking.
However, using baking soda alone can also lead to an unpleasant bitter taste in the wings.
Can I use cornstarch for crispy chicken wings?
Yes, when used on chicken wings, cornstarch can add a unique crispiness to the outer layer of the wings.
To use cornstarch on chicken wings, you can toss the wings in a mixture of cornstarch and your desired seasonings before cooking them in the air fryer. The cornstarch creates a light and crunchy coating on the wings, enhancing their overall texture.
How long do I brine the wings?
Brine the wings for at least 1 hour or up to 4 hours for the best flavor and texture.
Can I reuse the brine?
No, it's best to discard the brine after use due to potential contamination from the raw chicken.
The Crispiest Air Fryer Chicken Wings
For the Salt Brine:
- 2 pounds approx. 907g of chicken wings
- 4 cups 960ml of water
- ¼ cup 60g of kosher salt
For the Seasoning:
- 1 teaspoon 5g of garlic powder
- 1 teaspoon 5g of smoked paprika
- 1 teaspoon 5g of onion powder
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of cumin
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of cayenne pepper (adjust according to spice preference)
- ½ teaspoon 2.5g of black pepper
- 1 tablespoon 15g of baking powder
Step 1: Prepare the Salt Brine
- In a large bowl, combine 4 cups of water and ¼ cup of kosher salt, stirring until the salt dissolves completely.
- Add the chicken wings to the saltwater mixture, ensuring they are fully submerged.
- Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 1 hour or up to 4 hours. For even juicier wings, you can brine them overnight.
Step 2: Season the Chicken Wings
- Remove the chicken wings from the brine and pat them dry with paper towels.
- In a separate bowl, mix the garlic powder, paprika, cayenne pepper, black pepper, and baking powder to create the seasoning mixture.
- Toss the dry chicken wings in the seasoning mixture until each wing is evenly coated.
Step 3: Air fry
- Preheat your air fryer to 250°F (120°C) for about 5 minutes.
- Lightly grease the air fryer basket with cooking spray or brush with a small amount of oil to prevent sticking.
- Place the seasoned chicken wings in a single layer in the air fryer basket, ensuring they are not overcrowded. You may need to cook them in batches.
- Cook the chicken wings at 250°F (120°C) for 20 minutes.
- Increase the temperature to 400°F (200°C).
- Cook for an additional 15-20 minutes, flipping them halfway through to ensure even cooking and browning.
- For extra crispiness, you can cook the wings for an additional 2-3 minutes, but be careful not to overcook.
Step 4: Serve and Enjoy!
- Once the chicken wings are cooked to perfection, remove them from the air fryer and let them cool for a minute or two.
- Serve the hot and crispy air fryer chicken wings with your favorite dipping sauce or alongside some fresh veggies for a delightful meal.
The combination of the salt brine, flavorful seasoning, and the magic of baking powder creates chicken wings that are crispy on the outside and tender on the inside.
This air fryer chicken wing recipe is a healthier and equally tasty alternative to traditional fried chicken wings.
If you're looking for other easy and healthy dinners, check out these recipes.


Pervasive gold mineralisation ranging from 1g/t to 10g/t occurs along FZ over a strike length ranging
from few meters to a km..
Gold mineralisation occurs in all of the four major rock types (greywacke,
diorite and quartz-feldspar porphyry), and is spatially associated with a complex alteration pattern.
Alteration assemblages identified to date include calcsilicate, potassic, chlorite–calcite and carbonate and
point to a mesothermal origin for gold mineralisation
Gold is associated with both arsenic and antimony
dominated sulphide assemblages including arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, stibnite and gudmundite.
Primary gold is extremely fine grained, dominantly less than 15 microns, with rare grains approaching 50 microns
The grains of gold from primary deposits are worn down and transported to sink to the bottom of creeks
and lineaments as alluvial gold
The deposit has been intensely weathered and mainly exploited soft oxide
ore since start up with the current known oxide reserves expected to be mined out by 2016.


Polystyrene is one of the most widely used kinds of plastic. It is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, it melts if heated and becomes solid again when cool.
Polystyrene is most commonly found in three forms. Rigid Polystyrene (PS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Extruded Polystyrene (XPS).
Rigid polystyrene has many applications including disposable cutlery, cd cases, video/casette casings, components for plastic model toys as well as some margarine and yoghurt containers. Extruded polystyrene foam has good insulating properties making it important as a non-structural construction material. XPS is sold under the trademark Styrofoam by Dow Chemical, however this term is often used informally for other foamed polystyrene products.
How to produce foam?
Expandable Polystyrene / EPS:
This is PS Foam that uses Pentane gas (C5H12) as the blowing agent. During the material production process called “Polymerisation” the polystyrene resin granules impregnated with the blowing agent. EPS production processes begin in the pre-expansion process where the EPS bead will expand by the heat of steam usually 50 times in volume. The next step in the process is moulding process where expanded foam bead will be heated again with steam then they expand further until they fuse together, forming as foam products.
- Shape moulding machine that produce various shapes of foam products according to the molds such as icebox, helmet and packaging foam.
- Block moulding machine that produce block foam and sheet foam Expanded EPS foam bead contains 98% air per volume, only 2% is plastic. This make EPS foam very light weight, has low thermal conductivity because air is the best insulation, high compressive strength and excellent shock absorption. These properties make EPS to be ideal material for packaging and construction.
Polystyrene Paper (PSP):
This is a PS Foam which is produced by extruding process as another plastic. Production process start when put polystyrene resin pellets into the extruder that heated by electric. Foaming process occur at the end of extruder where the blowing agent, butane (C4H10) gas react with the melt plastic then become foam. The melted polystyrene foam is then extended as sheet then rolled as paper roll, that is why it is commonly known as “Polystyrene Paper”. The polystyrene foam sheet or polystyrene paper can be produced as many shape according to the mould by thermal forming process such as food tray, cups, bow, and food box.
There’s no any CFC’s in PS foam
Both EPS and PSP contain 95 -98 % air another 2-5% is polystyrene which is pure hydrocarbon. CFC’s is Chlorofluorocarbons which is totally different in its chemical structure from polystyrene. CFC’s has very low blowing point and uneasy to be maintained in EPS beads. Therefore, EPS Foam never use CFC’s at any stage of its production. The blowing agent used since EPS Foam was first introduced in 1952 by BASF is Pentane gas which, does not contain any chlorine atoms as CFC’s. PSP Foam in the beginning used CFC’s as blowing agent. In the past two decades CFC’s are gradually phased out from plastics and refrigerator industries. PSP moulders in Thailand already use Butane (C4H10) as the blowing agent since the last 15 years. Butane gas is the gas that we use at home for cooking. The blowing agents that use in producing PS Foam are Pentane and Butane, which are pure hydrocarbon as polystyrene. They belong to the same chemical family, the paraffin series as methane, ethane, and propane gas.
How to manage the EPS foam waste
Apart from recycling by melting and compacting, there are many ways to manage the EPS waste as the followings:
- Crush in to small particle and mix with soil. Foam waste will improve ventilation in the soil, organic substances in the soil will become easier the humus.
- Mixing the crushed bead with cement to reduce the weight and increase insulation properties.
- Combustion at 1000 C with sufficient air supplies in to generate heat. Burning EPS require no any additional fuel, in fact EPS can replace the fuel normally required for combustion, l kg of EPS saves 1 kg = 1.2 – 1.4 Litre of fuel oil.
The Recycling of PS:
Since both EPS and PSP Foam are made of Polystyrene, which is thermoplastic, so that it will become again a polystyrene plastic when recycled. AMEPS members recycle both EPS and PSP Foam by first crushing into small particle then melting or compacting it. Melting can be done by heated roller, disk or screw extruders, where the regrind scraps is heated usually by electrical power for some time above the melting temperature. Compacting can be done by rotary compactors where pressure and frictional force create heat below melting temperature to soften the regrind scraps for only few seconds. This method also called “agglomeration”.
Magic EPS Recycling OVEN
Improved paddle for mixing
Pavement made from PS waste foot
Catwalk, Board, Synthetic timber plank
Easy Ways To Recycle EPS
Feeding of waste EPS
Setting of temperature 160c
Removal of mould from the machine


The department of Chemistry located at College of Engineering, Guindy campus of Anna University, Chennai provides an outstanding environment for studies in Chemistry, is among the most research active departments in Anna University.
One of our key objectives is to create good quality human resource. It was established in the year 1975 to pursue teaching, research, consultancy and impart training programmes in different fields of Chemistry.
Since its inception the Department offers core courses in chemistry like M.Sc (Applied Chemistry) and Ph.D programs. In addition, Applied Chemistry courses for the various B.E. / B. Tech. programs are being offered by the Department. M. Phil. (Chemistry) program was started in 1980 and M. Tech. (Polymer Science and Engineering), as an inter-disciplinary program, in 1995.


Dyifo continues to expand its online information resources for parts buyers at construction companies and manufacturers. Dyifo’s latest publication explains the characteristics and uses of 18/8 stainless steel washers.
The resource page includes a video produced by Superior Washer & Gasket Corp. and a written discussion about the best applications for 18/8 stainless steel washers. Common questions about the washer’s food safety and how they compare to other stainless steel washers are also addressed in the content.
18/8 stainless steel washers appeal to manufacturers and builders who need an attractive metal fastener assembly resistant to corrosion under normal conditions. Manufacturers stamp these washers from an 18/8 stainless steel alloy that contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. This material can be polished to a bright metallic sheen. It resists rusting, staining, or tarnishing.
This alloy is largely similar to 304 stainless steel. Both are food safe, but 304 stainless steel can encompass both 18/8 and 18/10 stainless steel alloys. An 18/10 alloy has 2% more nickel.
Load distribution on fasteners assemblies represents the primary function of washers. Washers balance fastener tension and protect the materials being joined from damage by the bolt or screw pressing into a surface. Washers also guard against over tightening while still producing a secure connection.
In addition to flat washers, 18/8 stainless steel offers the same benefits when used to make lock washers, slotted washers, and other spaces. ASTM specifications for A240 and A240M can be applied to 18/8 stainless steel washers.
Overall, 18/8 stainless steel washers are a common type of washer sold by many suppliers. Parts purchasers in need of specialty washers, large quantities, or many sizes often choose to work directly with a stamping manufacturer. Resources published by Dyifo allow buyers to research products and connect with fastener manufacturers.


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Extra-rich for very dry or dehydrated skin. Our intensely hydrating cream is enriched with strawberry seed oil to deeply nourish. Safflower and cotton thistle extracts aid repair. Can also be used as an overnight cream.
98% natural ingredientsSee more
Safflower extract – ability to rejuvenate dry skin due to high levels of oleic acid. Contains vitamins a, b1, b2, b5, b6 and e.
Strawberry Seed Oil – Containing essential fatty acids which boost skin lipid content and protect cell membrane integrity, restoring moisture levels. Rich in gamma-tocopherol, it provides antioxidant advantages, protecting from free radicals and environmental stress.
Cotton thistle flower extract – stimulates epidermal reconstruction, repairing damaged skin.
Full ingredients list:
Aqua (water), oleyl alcohol , glycerin, argania spinosa (argan) kernel oil*, butyrospermum parkii (shea) butter*, squalane, cetearyl olivate, cetearyl alcohol, myristyl myristate, helianthus annuus (sunflower) seed oil, sorbitan olivate, alcohol, benzyl alcohol, fragaria ananassa (strawberry) seed oil, sodium benzoate, parfum (fragrance), anthemis nobilis (camomile) flower oil, cananga odorata (ylang ylang) flower oil, citrus limon (lemon) leaf/peel/stem oil, pelargonium graveolens (geranium) flower/leaf/stem extract, ribes nigrum (black currant) bud extract, rosa centifolia (rose) flower extract, sodium citrate, safflower oil/palm oil aminopropanediol esters, xanthan gum, salicylic acid, tocopherol, aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf juice powder*, sodium hyaluronate, ethyl ferulate, onopordum acanthium (cotton thistle) flower/leaf/stem extract, polyglyceryl5 trioleate, sorbic acid, rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaf extract, disodium uridine phosphate, limonene, geraniol, citronellol.
* organically grown ingredient
“Life at Daylesford follows the natural flow of the seasons. A favourite time is early summer when the first strawberries are deliciously ripe. Strawberry seed oil is intensely moisturising, making it perfect for daily skincare.”
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This is the GloveWorks Black Nitrile, a premium Industrial Grade disposable nitrile glove that is 30% thicker than standard nitrile gloves for added durability, so that each pair of gloves lasts longer while you're working. GloveWorks Black Nitrile gloves feature excellent protection against common chemicals, like carburetor cleaner, and many other specialty chemicals, such as iodine and butane, that you may encounter on the job. The glove holds up to brake fluid and, even after being dipped in gasoline, stays true to form. Work environments are always changing, and in wet or dry conditions you're going to need a strong grip. That's why GloveWorks Black Nitrile gloves are micro-roughened on the palm and textured on the fingertips.


We are taking the lead in the world’s water ionizer industry through stringent quality management and efforts to provide our customers with the best alkaline water ionizer.
We are committed to the advancement of and educating the world about water ionizer technology. Enjoy all the benefits of drinking alkaline ionized water for an ion-balanced body.
• Produces Strong Antioxidant Water Typically Exceeding -500mV
• Features Platinum-coated Titanium Electrodes
• 7 Stage Filter Cartridge with electronic integrated filter recognition
• Innovative reverse polarity self cleaning system
• Auto change color LCD panel
• Built-in water control valve
• Unique fold-down, rotating dispenser
• State of the art self-diagnostic system
• Voice supported alerts
• Easy to Install
• Antioxidants are considered beneficial because they slow the chemical process of oxidation or aging.
• These electrodes are made of the finest quality materials in the world which means a lifetime of reliability and worry free maintenance.
• Provides twice the peace of mind by eliminating harmful impurities while keeping beneficial minerals required to produce alkaline water which neutralizes acidity in your body.
• Allows for continuous, uninterrupted production of ionized water. Eliminates waste and prevents scaling thereby extending life span of electrodes.
• At a glance, allows user to confirm pH level, filter life, water temperature, inflow rate, and all important diagnostics.
• Allow for the most precise adjustment of water inflow to maximize pH results.
• Stunning design also reduces overall footprint of unit and consumes less space.
• Unit shuts off automatically when water inflow is too low or water temperature is too high, preventing internal damage to the unit.
• Indicates which setting or process is occurring in a pleasant voice.
• No plumbers required. Takes minutes to install.


The KeraCare® Conditioning Haircare System is packed with high performing conditioners which help to protect, strengthen and leaves your hair looking and feeling healthy without sacrificing the health and strength of your hair or scalp.
Treat dry, flaky, itchy scalp and hair with the KeraCare® Dry and Itchy System Each product contains active moisturisers which help preserve the scalp’s natural moisture balance.
Specifically formulated for naturally curly, non-relaxed hair textures. A carefully selected mixture of Shea Butter, Cocoa Butter, Alma and Shikakai, in each product to infuse moisture and shine.
A versatile thermal protection system for naturally curly hair that detangles and helps straighten hair for easy manageability.
Formulated by renowned Master chemist, Dr Ali N. Syed, who is widely thought of as the world’s leading authority on textured hair.
When Dr Ali N. Syed created the KeraCare® Haircare brand he had one vision which was to create the most technologically advanced conditioning haircare products for women with African descent hair to celebrate their rich and unique beauty using the finest natural ingredients.
The KeraCare® Conditioning Haircare System * is widely used and loved by stylists and consumers in over 44 countries.
*not tested on animals.


We are engaged in a wide range of manufacturing operations from general aerosol sprays covering cosmetics, quasi drugs and household and industrial items to liquid fillings centered on hair and skin care products. Our factories are equipped with numerous mixing and filling facilities, allowing for the construction of multiple production lines. This lets us flexibly handle everything from single-item orders to entire product lines with services that cover both small quantities of diverse items to large-scale mass production. We also offer comprehensive support, from formulation development and container proposals to regulatory filings and more. If you are interested in learning more, please contact us any time for details.


In each bottle of Dog Hair Day shampoo you get:
- 97% naturally derived ingredients – no Parabens and no harsh chemicals. All the ingredients used in Dog Hair Day shampoos are selected for their quality. A pH balanced shampoo to suit your dog’s skin, which differs from that of a human.
- None of the ingredients or finished products are tested on animals. We have been awarded the Leaping Bunny Award by Cruelty Free International and have received accreditation by Naturewatch Foundation and The Ethical Shopping Guide.
- We believe in being totally transparent about what goes into our shampoos. All our ingredients are listed on the bottles and on our website.
- Also the shampoos are tested to human cosmetic standards.
Every Dog Deserves a Dog Hair Day
Dog Hair Day Aloe Vera & Nettle Shampoo Ingredients List:
Aqua, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Sodium Coco-Sulfate, Glycerin, Coco-Glucoside, Sodium Chloride, Polysorbate 80, Citrus Nobilis Peel Oil, Boswellia Carterii Oil, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Urtica Dioica Leaf Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Benzyl Alcohol, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Citric Acid, Tetrasodium Glutamate Diacetate, Limonene.


An infusion is a form of water based potion, similar to a tea, and best suited for immediate ingestion of delicate ingredients such leaves or petals. To make a magical infusion: pour boiling water over your ingredients in goblet and leave to infuse for 5-10 minutes, stirring frequently. Strain before drinking if necessary. The leaves in an infusion need to steep longer than your average herbal tea, to allow enough time to release their phytochemicals, which are the active ingredients of the potion.
A decoction is another water based potion designed for immediate ingestion. However, it is a more concentrated brew than an infusion and is usually reserved for tougher ingredients such as roots or bark – where prolonged stewing is needed to release the phytochemicals. A decoction can also be reduced, which is to say, it can be made more concentrated by prolonged simmering which evaporates the water. To make a decoction: simmer your ingredients in water in a cauldron over low heat for 10-30 minutes; then strain. Reduce if necessary with further simmering over a low heat.
A tincture is an alcohol based potion. It fulfills the same function as an infusion or decoction but with the added advantage that it will keep for up to a year. A tincture is suitable for both delicate leaves and tougher materials such as bark as the alcohol releases the chemicals very effectively and in a similar way to the prolonged simmering of a decoction. To make a tincture: steep your ingredients in vodka or another spirit for a week. This allows time for the alcohol to release the active elements in your plant materials. After a week, strain off the liquid into a vial and store for up to a year. Administer sparingly, a tablespoon at a time.
A vinegar fulfils the same purpose as a tincture except that vinegar is used instead of alcohol. Prepare your vinegar in the same manner as a tincture and store for up to a year. A vinegar is useful in the case of alcohol intolerance or where the herb used is particularly bitter as the vinegar will mask it to a great extent.
A syrup is the most palatable form of potion. Here magical ingredients are preserved in a sugar solution. A syrup is another potion that will keep for up to a year. It is best suited for occasional use at it is very sweet and could cause tooth decay if taken regularly. A syrup can be taken by the spoonful or alternatively diluter in water in a similar manner to a fruit squash. To make a syrup: first make an infusion or decoction of your ingredients and reduce if necessary. Strain and add sugar to the potion, stirring frequently, until the brew won’t dissolve any more sugar and resembles a syrup. Store in an airtight bottle in a cool, dark place.
A poultice is a wad of chopped plant material that is held in place directly over a wound by a bandage. To prepare a poultice: chop your fresh herb and apply directly to a wound or infection. Hold in place over the wound with a bandage. If using chopped dried herbs rehydrate them with some water first. If the herb is tough and hard to handle, try adding some vinegar diluter in water to your poultice.
Fomentations or compresses are cloths that have been dipped in an herbal solution – such as an infusion, decoction, or a tincture – and then are applied to a wound. To prepare a fomentation: first create the required infusion, decoction, or tincture. Then dip your cloth into the liquid, quite liberally, and apply. It is important to use a very clean cloth to prevent the spread of infection.
A salve is very similar to a lotion or a cream. Magical ingredients are mixed in base of oils or fats for external application to the skin.


Angela O. Bedenbaugh
Research Associate Professor (Retired)
B.S. Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin
Ph.D. Physical-Organic Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, James D. Adkins, and W. A. Bergin, "Lithium-Methylamine Reduction. I. Reduction of Furan, 2-Methylfuran, and Furfuryl Alcohol," J. Org. Chem., 35, 543 (1970).
- Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, W. A. Bergin, and James D. Adkins, "Synthesis of Aldehydes and Secondary Amines from Carboxylic Acids via Imines,” J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 92, 5774 (1970).
- James D. Adkins, Angela O. Bedenbaugh, John H. Bedenbaugh, and W. A. Bergin, "Conversion of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids to N-Methyl- and N-Ethylaldimines," U. S. Patent, 3,819,704 (1974).


CORSAIR XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste is the most complete solution to help lower your PC component temperatures. XTM50’s premium zinc oxide-based compound efficiently transfers heat from your PCs hottest components, lowering temperatures compared to common thermal paste. Non-conductive and easy to apply, XTM50 ensures your PC stays cool under pressure.
Enthusiast CPU Thermal Compound: Premium Zinc Oxide based thermal compound for optimal thermal performance.
Cools your CPU and GPU: Install new, or replace existing, thermal compound on your CPU and GPU to improve heat transfer and lower temperatures.
Improved CPU Cooling: Ultra-low thermal impedance lowers CPU temperatures vs common thermal paste.
Installation Made Easy: An included application stencil and spreader take the guesswork out of applying XTM50 to your CPU cooler.
Filling the Gap: XTM50’s low-viscosity allows it to easily fill microscopic abrasions and channels for peak thermal transfer.
Long Service Life: XTM50’s high-stability liquid compound lasts for years with no drying, cracking or change in consistency.
Keep it Clean: Includes a specially formulated cleaning solution and lint-free wipes to help remove existing compounds without leaving unwanted residue.
Safe For You And Your PC: Non-conductive, non-toxic and contains zero volatile compounds.
– Type: XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste
– Weight: 5g
– Thermal Conductivity: 5.0 W/mk
– Thermal Impedance: 0.009°C -in/w
– Viscosity: 2300K cPs
-Specific Gravity: 2.7g/cm
– 1x 5 gram CORSAIR XTM50 High Performance Thermal Paste
– 1x Applicator kit (Thermal paste stencil and applicator)


Tyson Foods does not manufacture, distribute, or supply product packaging or packaging components. We do, however, work with our food packaging suppliers to ensure product packaging used for Tyson Foods’ products comply with all applicable laws and meets stringent quality, safety, and durability requirements. Packaging used for Tyson Foods’ products must, at a minimum, meet packaging requirements established in regulations and guidelines from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We also require suppliers of food contact packaging to be certified against and comply with the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) guidelines for food contact packaging.
In sourcing product packaging or packaging components for food products, Tyson Foods is guided by the recommended packaging metrics and definitions set forth by the Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC) and the Global Packaging Project. We have also worked with our suppliers to eliminate packaging and packaging components from our supply chain known to contain chlorinated fluorocarbons, phthalates, heavy metals (i.e., lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium), Bisphenol-A (BPA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as additives, components in the packaging’s formulation, or for a continued presence in the final package to provide a specific characteristic, appearance, or quality. Further, we continuously work with suppliers to ensure compliance with emerging state laws on packaging components, including restrictions on substances and requirements for recyclability and compostability.


Platinum is a valuable metal contained within a catalytic converter that may be extracted when the converter is no longer functioning. Converter Guy delivers the highest values for scrap converters. Click here for a free quote for the value of your scrap converter.
A significant portion of platinum supplied to world markets is used in the production of catalytic converters for the sole purpose of regulating emissions to improve air quality. Due to this benefit, the demand for platinum has expanded beyond catalytic converter manufacturing to the possibility of other car parts producing emissions. These rising demands have contributed to the increase in platinum prices, therefore, making scrap catalytic converters all the more attractive for recycling!
Catalytic converters are used to filter harmful emissions within a converter. There are approximately 3 to 7 grams of platinum in a standard catalytic converter. Platinum continues to be one of the rarest, most sought-after precious metals. Found and mined primarily in South Africa and Russia, about eight tons of ore is mined to produce just one ounce of platinum! Beyond its undeniable allure in jewelry production, it has significant implications for industrial usages as well. This metal is used in products ranging from fuel cells to computer hard drives and LCDs. Platinum’s usefulness lies in the fact that it is corrosion-proof and has a very high melting point. Also, it is highly conductive.
All catalytic converters manufactured for automobiles contain platinum. Typically, some import auto models have larger catalytic converters, which in turn, contain more significant amounts of platinum. If you have a scrap converter, contact Converter Guy for the best price for recycling your scrap converter. You will be helping the environment as well as putting some cash in your pocket.


Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Vital Alchemy presents Epi 2.0, one of the most potent non hormonal anabolic agents available today!
Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Anabolic Invasion is upon us!
Technological advancements are pushing the limits of what's naturally possible! Not just slightly pushing, but massively pushing, resulting in the development of a new anabolic agent!
The Anabolic Alchemy collection welcomes its newest member Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy - A Strong Supplement Shop Exclusive and Game-Changing Lean Bulking Anabolic Agent!
What makes Epi 2.0 a Game-Changer?
It utilizes a recent advance in anabolic research, a non-hormonal agent that vastly increases lean mass, muscle hardness, and muscle endurance. The new ingredient is called Epicatechin (Epi).
But leave it to the innovators at Vital Alchemy to keep on advancing the technology, they didn't just settle for packaging one of the most effective lean muscle gainers available today, they studied it and made it even better.
Brand new advances in pharmaceutical research, discovered after the development of standard Epicatechin allowed Vital Alchemy to greatly improve the ingredients effectiveness, making it up to 3 times more potent than plain Epicatechin!
These advances not only allowed Vital Alchemy to increase the ingredients potency, it also allowed them to almost double the amount of time it stays active in your body to promote maximum muscle growth!
As if a 3X increase in potency wasn't enough they took that ingredient and increased its value with a larger dose that is up to 225% more product than competing products.
The end result is Epi 2.0, a new product that allows you to cheat your genetics!
How does it do that?
By reducing a natural growth factor protein called Myostatin, which is a protein that exists in your body to genetically limit your muscle growth. Epi reduces Myostatin by boosting another protein called Follistatin. Follistatin is a blocker of Myostatin, so the more Follistatin you have, the less Myostatin you will have; and a recent study showed that Epi was able to boost Follistatin levels by up to 250%, ripping down the restrictions of muscle growth!
Taking down those restrictions supports:
- Increases in Lean Mass
- Increases in Strength
- Increases in Muscle Hardness
- Increases in Muscle Endurance
- Increases in Muscle Recovery
- Decreases in Body Fat
- Increases in Muscle Pumps
- Increases in Protein Synthesis
Take down those restrictions and fuse it with technological advancements, and you have entered a new paradigm for muscle growth!
While the competition is still trying to figure out how to get their version of Epi 1.0 to work, Vital Alchemy brings to you Epi 2.0 - The most effective and potent Epicatechin supplement available today.
Why Is Epi 2.0 So Much More Effective Than the Competition?
Vital Alchemy carefully analyzed Epicatechin, and the unfortunate truth was that when people were taking it, their body was deactivating and barely absorbing majority of it, limiting its effectiveness.
The compound that helps you push past your own genetic potential, wasn't even coming close to meeting its own potential.
The problem was the way your body metabolized the compound. Once in your system, the enzyme that metabolizes Epi would attach a sulfur atom to it - this is what causes the deactivation of the compound. Those same enzymes are also highly present in your skin, so Vital Alchemy had to immediately rule out a version of the product that you would rub on your skin (transdermal), as that would make the ingredient even less effective.
Vital Alchemy then discovered the answer to this problem.
The answer lies with an ingredient called Quercetin: an ingredient that inhibits this process, preventing the compound from being deactivated.
In fact, it prevents the deactivation so well, that it is almost doubles the amount of time the compound remains active (half-life) in your system.
Vital Alchemy went and upped the ante by adding in a massively strong, selective absorption promoter to the formula called Sodium Caprate. An ingredient that temporarily loosens the barriers between your intestines and blood stream selectively allowing compounds like Epi in, and allowing you to get the maximum amount of Epi absorbed!
This combination of ingredients increases the potency of Epi by up to 300%.
To top it all off, Epi 2.0 packs a hardcore dose of Epicatechin providing you with up to 225% more product per serving for maximum muscle growth!
There's no question about it, Epi 2.0 is the most potent product of its kind.
Build Lean Hard Muscle with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy! Get it Now!
Additional Benefits of Epi 2.0:
- All Natural Formula
- Works in Addition to Your Testosterone
- Helps Improve Energy
- Can be Used by Both Men and Women
- Can be Used for up to 12 weeks at a Time
- No On Cycle Support or PCT Needed
Key Ingredients of Epi 2.0:
Epicatechin: Epicatechin is a flavanol found in certain plants such as green tea and cocoa; and is a powerful antioxidant that helps decrease Myostatin. Myostatin is the greatest single catabolic limiting factor of muscle growth. This natural growth factor protein exists in our bodies and works to regulate and limit muscle growth in a genetically predetermined pattern. Myostatin actually suppresses muscle growth! Epicatechin works to decrease Myostatin which helps to reduce these limiting factors, promoting muscle development beyond your genetic potential.
Quercetin: A flavanol commonly found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains primarily used to support normal respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and balanced blood pressure. In the case of Epicatechin, Quercetin inhibits the enzyme class known as “sulfotransferases” from binding to Epicatechin and attaching a sulfur atom to it, preventing its deactivation.
Sodium Caprate: Sodium Caprate is a salt of capric acid and is an absorption promoter, increasing the oral bioavailability of poorly permeable compounds across the gut wall. Sodium Caprate temporarily dilates tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium allowing small molecules to pass through into the bloodstream.
Suggested Usage of Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
With Epi 2.0 you will be taking a total of 4 capsules daily. Take 2 capsules in the morning with food, and 2 capsules roughly 6 hours later with food. Ideally, take one of the doses pre-workout.
For optimal results, cycle Epi 2.0 for 8-12 weeks (2-3 bottles).
Suggested Add Ons:
Bio-Gro by iSatori: Bio-Gro contains Bio-Active peptides which helps increase your body's protein turnover rate. The more protein your body can synthesize, the more muscle you can build.
Eradicate by Blackstone Labs: Adding and an estrogen control agent will help to decrease body fat and raise your natural testosterone levels - helping to increase lean mass and serving as a strong recomp agent.
DAA Max by Vital Labs: The #1 rated testosterone booster, D-Aspartic acid is a safe, natural way to effectively raise the body's natural testosterone levels. Increased testosterone levels lead to increased energy levels, increased strength, lean muscle mass gains, increased fat burning, and elevated sex drive.
Get the Most Effective Epicatechin Supplement and Build Lean Hard Muscle with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy! Get it Now!WARNING: Not for use of persons under the age of 18. Do not use if you are currently breast feeding, pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Keep out of reach of children. Consult your doctor prior to use if you have any medical conditions or if you are taking any other medications. Discontinue use immediately if you experience rapid heartbeat, dizziness, vomiting or other similar symptoms.
**These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult your doctor before beginning any diet, supplement, or exercise regimen.
Supplement Facts Panel
Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy Ingredients
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Individual results may vary.
Read Customer Reviews about their first-hand experience with Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy
Strong Supplement Shop encourages you to read reviews below from other Customers and hear their real world experience with this supplement in and out of the Gym. Reasearch is important but we also value the testimonials of individual results who actually used Epi 2.0 by Vital Alchemy and can describe how the supplement felt. *Individual results may vary


Clothesline Scentsy. This strong, fresh Scentsy fragrance is one of our top sellers. Clothesline Scentsy is available in a range of gorgeous products including Scentsy bars, pods, car bars, scent paks and our loved laundry range. Crisp greens, orange flower, creamy violet and even a hint of white wicker basket will let you savor the scent of just-washed laundry — dried naturally in the fresh air anytime you please.
If you love clean, strong and fresh fragrances you are guaranteed to love our Clothesline Scentsy scent!
The easiest way to buy Scentsy products in our Clothesline scent is to visit my Scentsy shop online, use the search bar to enter 'Clothesline', all products available for purchase in that scent will come up.
Our Clothesline Scentsy Scentsy Candle Bar is made of high-quality paraffin wax for long-lasting fragrance, Scentsy Bars are composed of eight break-apart cubes designed to use with any Scentsy Warmer. As the cubes melt, they fill your space with our exclusive scents, inspiring imagination and memories. Safe to use with no wick, flame, smoke or soot. Made in Idaho, USA. Net wt 2.6 oz. Each Scentsy Candle bar offers 8 cubes of luxury fragrance for you to break off and warm in your warmer to provide you with a luxury safe scented experience. When you warm our Clothesline Scentsy candle wax bar in your warmer, the scent lingers through your whole home, giving off an amazing freshly washed laundry scent.
It's hardly surprising our Clothesline Scent made it into our laundry range as it has become so popular.
If you have not tried our laundry range yet, you don't know what you are missing!
Enzyme the grime with Clothesline Scentsy Laundry Liquid! A powerful 6-enzyme formula attacks difficult stains while penetrating cleaning agents lift away dirt. Leaves laundry remarkably clean as it enlivens your clothes, linens and towels with signature Scentsy fragrance. 591 mL (50 medium loads).
Crisp greens, orange flower, creamy violet and even a hint of white wicker basket will let you savor the scent of just-washed laundry — dried naturally in the fresh air anytime you please.
• Cleaning power comparable to leading laundry brands.
• A powerful blend of six enzymes targets hard-to-remove stains. (tried and tested this is great for removing stains pre wash!)
• Surfactants lift away dirt and grime.
• Scentsy’s signature long-lasting fragrances enliven your clothes, linens and towels.
• Highly efficient and ultra-concentrated formula works well in hot or cold water.
• Free of dyes and colouring agents; will not stain laundry.
Clothesline Laundry Liquid is best used with our Clothesline Washer whiffs for extra freshness to have your laundry and clothing smelling amazing!
Clothesline Washer Whiffs by Scentsy are scent granules to give clothes, towels, and blankets a fragrance boost with just one scoop! Add to your washer drum. 453 g