Questions About Options You Must Know the Answers To
Creating solutions to solve problems or do things better in any area of life is the order. Art and many other industries make use of different polymers to help in creating these solutions. Different uses of polymers are realized when polymers are subjected to different industrial processes that bring out their different properties. Taking silicone rubber, for instance, it withstands harshest of weather conditions and will be generally stable across temperature changes. Being also resistant to chemicals, radiation and electricity makes it qualify for many industrial uses. Casting processes is the basis of many industries that deal with polymers. However, the process will require temporary molds that get produced from master patterns or part of it. Most prototypes will be made through this process. If the main material making the products is not ideal for rapid prototyping, polyurethane casting is applied instead.
The fact that urethane is exceptional in matching the properties of products being used in making a product and cost-effective at the same time makes it ideal for prototyping. A lot of the mass-produced products come in different parts that are then assembled. Manufacturers can put urethane to use in this process where parts can be duplicated at amazing precision regardless of the quantity. Working with the mold is pretty easy because in that state its very flexible and it allows for capturing of all curves and dimensions of what is being cast. This is what makes the duplicated parts free of any error.
The mold that is used in the castings has been produced with room temperature vulcanized a silicone as well. The master pattern from which the mold is made is produced from a number of processes. Depending on the pros of different methods, each industry will use the most fitting method. Lithography, however, is the most common of all the methods. Lithography is an additional process where ultraviolet resin, which is a photopolymer is used with ultraviolet lasers to cast three-dimension prototypes.
The lithography will see to it that the master pattern features the properties required for its end use, room temperature vulcanized silicone gets added at this point. The master pattern needs to be suspended as the silicone is being added. The master pattern has to be well encased and then left to cure before it is then cut and the master pattern removed. Casts can be made into anything depending on the industry. After prototyping processes is complete, tests should be done on the main material and not the prototype because that is what will be more relevant. Aside from marketing, the prototypes will be used in product descriptions as well. This is very economical.


Hormones for Beard Growth: Right in here, we are going to be discussing extensively, the major hormones for beard growth, as well as the various supplements that can be used to improve these hormones.
So, having known that, let’s get down to business!
Basically, 4 out of every 5 men with a completely bald or slightly bald jaw, complain tirelessly about their inability to grow a proper and healthy beard. However, do you know that approximately only 2 out of these 4 get the right solution to their complaints at the right time without having to have tried lots of myths recommended by ignorant people like them who claimed to have known more? And I’m afraid you’re amongst the 2 who doesn’t fall into this category.
You’re lost? Don’t be. I’ll explain even better.
In simple terms, my conclusion is, lots of men out there, perhaps you inclusive, have gotten extremely wrong information as regards their inability to grow a healthy beard. And in most cases, this information has caused them to lose quite a whole lot of bucks.
You seem to understand better now right? Fine!
However, irrespective of any information you might have gotten, and the places you might have gotten them from, the truth and fact still remains that, the principal factors which determine the level of your beard growth and how healthy and appealing it would be to the sight, are the levels of certain hormones present in your body. A high level of these hormones in your body simply means a rapid beard growth, and otherwise takes the result vice versa.
Thus, in this article, prior to my research, I’d be giving detailed notes on the different major hormones for beard growth, as well as the various supplements that can be used to improve these hormones.
What Then Are the Major Hormones for Beard Growth?
Basically, there are two major hormones for beard growth present in human bodies. However, according to thorough researches, one of these hormones is found inside the other.
Don’t get confused yet. Keep reading, you’ll get to understand it better, sooner or later in this article.
Thus, these two hormones are;
- Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Testosterone as a hormone (I do not know if any other thing called Testosterone exist. Lol) is found both in human bodies and other animals too. So, don’t get to think this hormone exist only in human bodies.
In humans, both the male and female gender possess the testosterone hormone. In men, the testicles primarily make the testosterone, while in women, their ovaries do, and usually in small quantities.
However, since this article is primarily for men, I’d be focusing more on testosterone of men. So let’s ride!
In men, testosterone produces at a high rate right from the puberty stage and starts to dip once you attain the age of 30 to 35.
Now, I’d like to add; the testosterone is usually associated with sex and inarguably plays a vital role in the production of the sperm cells. However, asides this, here, I’d want you to know that the testosterone also affects the bones and muscles, the production of red blood cells in the body, the storage of fat in the boy, a man’s mood, and most importantly, the cause of this article; it affects the rate at which a man’s beard grows.
A high level of testosterone in the body reduces the tendencies of baldness and simultaneously acts as a catalyst during the production of facial hairs.
However, reduced production of testosterone could occur in human. This is not totally drastic, although it has a few severe effects on such an individual. This condition is generally known as hypogonadism. Also, this ailment or disease as the case may be, doesn’t necessarily need treatment.
Wondering what might be the cause of the low production of testosterone?
Well, age plays a major role. And as mentioned earlier in this article, the older you grow, the lower the rate of production of testosterone in your body system. However in addition to aging, sometimes, low level of testosterone could be as a result of pituitary gland problems.
Asides all these as well, diseases such as; AIDS; Kidney disease; Alcoholism; Cirrhosis of the liver are various causes of the low level of testosterone in the body. In other words, most importantly, if you desire to grow blossoming beards, try as much as possible to reduce your degree of alcoholism.
Now, as I said earlier; the second hormone is found inside the first hormone. Remember me telling you, you’d understand it soon, right? This is it;
A certain kind of steroid is found inside the testosterone which as well serves as major hormones for beard growth. It is called dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
So, what is DHT?
Basically, DHT is a sex steroid which is produced in the gonads, most of which have a particular physiological action. Well, that’s not what we need.
Asides being a sex steroid, DHT is an androgen hormone. And voila! That’s exactly what we need, and thus, what we’ll be dealing with.
Now, what are ANDROGENS?
Androgens are what are solely responsible for various biological characteristics of every male. These characteristics include the deeper voice noted in males as they grow older, increased body mass and structure, and most importantly (cause of the subject matter of this article) the body hair.
Although the hair on the head would grow even with a drop of DHT in the body, every other hair found in any other part asides the head requires a substantial amount of DHT before they can blossom. This thus draw us to a conclusion; DHT is essential for the growth of hair in every part of the body asides those growing on the head. This thus accounts for the reason fully and perhaps excessively (beards can’t be in excess for a member of beard gang though) tend to get bald.
That is, for reasons I myself doesn’t fully understand yet, the more the DHT in your body, the less the amount of hair you can grow on your head, and simultaneously, the more amount of beard you can grow. In other words, DHT is detrimental to head-hair growth.
Thus my conclusion as regards DHT in this article, men with high levels of DHT in their reproductive systems will automatically have evidently more facial hair than other men who have lower levels of DHT. Hence, if you have a body system that’s very sensitive to this hormone – DHT & Testosterone, then you’re prone to growing beard at a very early stage in life.
However, if you’re finding it hard to grow a beard even when already in your late twenties up to your thirties, then by now, you should know your body doesn’t produce just enough Testosterone and DHT.
Thus, before bringing this article to a close, let’s quickly talk about a few supplements that would improve the production of these hormones in your body system.
Supplements to Improve the Major Hormones for Beard Growth
Velvet Bean is a popular herbal supplement which has gained trust by proving to be of maximum importance by the pharmaceutical industry. Mucuna Pruriens is the botanical name of Velvet Bean.
Mucuna Pruriens has loads of benefit for hormones – especially the DHT & Testosterone – the major hormones for beard growth.
You see, velvet bean contains high amounts of levodopa. This is a compound which converts quickly into dopamine in the body. This conversion, according to various studies, has proven to increase the testosterone levels in the body by 40%.
Other further studies have also shown to us that levodopa present I velvet bean can also act as a receptor of androgen, which helps in co-activating proteins in the body, thus leading to an improvement in the beard growth rate of such person – everything being equal.
Sorghum with the botanical name, Sorghum Bicolor is as well an ancient herb which grows mainly in the African continent.
Out of all studies, as regards Sorghum Bicolor, there’s a particular one which stands out as a chief indicator of the herb’s relevancy. This study shows that for every sorghum extract consumed, the levels of the enzyme; 5-a reductase by 54%.
Now, what’s the 5-a reductase, and its importance and relevance to beard growth?
Well, quite simple and straightforward.
5-a reductase is a kind of enzyme which converts testosterone into DHT. Wait, did I mention that DHT is a more active and potent beard growing hormone than testosterone?
Well, if I didn’t, I’ve just done so.
Hence, it simply means, that the 5-a reductase converts a beard growing hormone to an even more efficient and potent beard boosting one. Simple! I guess you can see for your eyes the great importance sorghum provides as regards growing a blossoming beard.
If you’re a weightlifter, then creatine shouldn’t be a new thing to you. Research has proven, that after protein powders, creatine is the next most popular supplement used for the promotion of lean mass, and also to gain strength.
Aside all these importance, creatin is an efficient beard growth supplement, which aids a higher production of the major hormones for beard growth. Creatine has been confirmed to help in increasing the levels of testosterone and DHT present in a body system.
Glycine is an amino acid. As and now, it is the purest known protein present in the human body.
Basically, the main function/importance of glycine is its ability to help promote one’s quality of sleep, and also helps in reducing the amount of time it takes one to fall into a sound sleep. Thus, confirming it to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
However, asides these above-mentioned functions, glycine helps in increasing the 5-a reductase enzyme (although not as much as sorghum), thereby stimulating the conversion of testosterone to DHT, which in turn leads to the promotion of the amount of hair growing on the facial area of the body.
Truth be told, the greatest supplement for these major hormones for bead growth are multivitamins.
This is because hair follicles make use of vitamins and rich minerals as a building block towards producing a nicely blossoming beard.
Also, the human body also uses these same vitamins and minerals to produce testosterone, which is further converted into DHT by the enzyme 5-a reductase.
However, taking multivitamins doesn’t mean your beard would grow overnight. No. it’s not black magic. It doesn’t just add hair to your face like that. Instead, it nourishes and helps the required hormones for the healthy growth of your beard. It functions in such a way that it ensures every micronutrient level in your body system are topped up, and every other thing your body needs in other to grow a beard are supplied to the body.
Vitamins like vitamin D, when added to the body using a low-dose vitamin D supplement, it increases the testosterone levels of the body by 25% in a year. Also a Vitamin E supplement also acts as a beard growth accelerator cause of its ability to stimulate the production of testosterone in the body.
Calcium, magnesium, zinc, etc. supplements are also useful in stimulating the production of these major hormones for beard growth present in the body system. In fact generally, all these minerals can be referred to as beard enhancers.
Conclusion on Major Hormones for Beard Growth
So this is how I’d be bringing this article to a close. It’s really being a log ride dissecting the topic – “Major Hormones for Beard Growth and Supplements to improve them.”
I know this article would have helped in a way or the other, hence, please help that friend of yours who’s struggling to grow a beard too, by sharing this article with him.
However, should you have any questions, reservations, or any information that I missed out, please feel free to share them with me via the comment section? I’d love to have your thoughts, opinions, and yes! Your testimony!
Till then, keep bearding!


Our unique process line
Manufacturing of vacuum evaporated organic jaggery:
- Sugarcane is grown using Desi cow’s manure that has a high percentage of Nitrogen with other organic manure.
- Jaggery is produced using closed multiple effect stainless steel vacuum evaporators with indirect heating using steam at a very low temperature, retaining and preserving the medicinal properties of sugarcane juice in their natural form.
- The juice is clarified using vegetative clarificants only.
- The filtered clear juice is evaporated in closed vacuum evaporators without addition of any chemicals or preservatives.
- The process temperature does not exceed 80° C and no inversion of sucrose which avoids formation of cancer-causing acrylamide.
- The product Jaggery is not centrifuged as in the sugar factory or a raw sugar unit and hence it retains all the nutritional and medicinal properties of sugarcane because the molasses is absorbed in the Jaggery itself.
- Our jaggery is unrefined, raw, unbleached, vacuum evaporated WHOLE CANE juice and has a shelf life of more than 2 years.
- Our jaggery retains all the medicinal and nutritional properties present in the sugarcane.
- Our jaggery has low glycemic index and is an ideal replacement of for sugar in tea, coffee, milk, juices, puddings, beverages, etc.
- Above process is one small step taken by us to reduce pollution and manufacture jaggery in a worker-friendly, hygienic and Eco-friendly way with a low carbon footprint.
- Evaporated water is condensed into the water tank and is used in the fields.


To go to the Jet-Hot website click here
WHAT ARE JET-HOT COATINGS?
Jet-Hot Coatings are high-performance ceramic coatings for exhaust headers, side pipes, manifolds, intakes, mufflers, turbo housings, and other parts. When you coat the external and internal surfaces of your exhaust system, you'll improve their performance and longevity-and possibly avoid costly repairs later. These coatings improve horsepower output and protect other components in and around the engine from the heat that emits from exhaust components. It's a waste of money to buy expensive exhaust parts that perform worse and look worn down after only a few months. For a low cost now, Jet-Hot Coatings make your parts look amazing, perform better, and always come with a lifetime guarantee.
If you send in or drop off rusted parts, we'll use our expert process to prepare even those! As long as there are no holes or pits in the metal, a new ceramic coating on headers or other parts will make them look perfect-better than new. Everyone will be blown away by the look of your new ceramic coating.
So, get a ceramic header coating-or whatever other parts you need coated. And check out our Classic, Off-Road, Jet-Hot, and Color options below to see which coating is perfect for your next project.
WHY PEOPLE LOVE CERAMIC COATINGS
Extend the Life of Your Parts. You've put money into special parts, so protect them! Sometimes a $50,000 car can completely break down just because the parts weren’t ceramic coated. It takes a lot of time to remove and repair expensive exhaust parts, headers, and turbo kits, so the longer you can make them last, the better!
Protection from Corrosion. Ceramic coatings keep away oil, gas, salt, and other metal degrading materials that your parts come into contact with every day. You should always have an expert advise you on which type of coating will be best for your parts and the way you plan to use them.
Higher Performance. Even if you bought titanium or good stainless steel parts, a ceramic coating for headers, exhaust pipes, and turbo parts (just to name a few) actually improves their performance. These types of coatings actually cause your exhaust gases to flow faster and decrease thermal tumbling. Ceramic coatings also eliminate pressure problems and give you even more horsepower! Need another performance perk? Ceramic coatings prevent heat from escaping your vehicle's pipes, which prevents damage to spark plug wires, wiring harnesses, and plastic components, so your engine runs better.
Protection from Thermal Cycling. For high-performance systems, a coating that can withstand more than 1600°F protects your turbo and exhaust parts from thermal cycling that can break down metal over time. In other words, the ceramic coating keeps heat inside the system, so that the metal doesn't cycle from red-hot heating back to cool continuously.
They Look Great! Ceramic coatings can make parts look like chrome without the discoloration and flaking problems of chrome. Don't like the look of chrome? Ceramic coatings are available in a wide array of color options from ghost white to pure black-and everything in between. Blackout your motorcycle, make your header stand out, or create a custom design under the hood that lasts forever. You can even custom match a color that’s already on your vehicle, and get the look you’ve always wanted.
Jet-Hot pioneered the industry’s Classic Polish coating back in 1981. Today, it's still considered the best that the industry has to offer. Classic Polish lowers a part's surrounding temperatures by up to 65% and withstands temperatures up to 1250°F. For automotive applications, coating almost any external or internal surface can improve the performance of the entire exhaust system-all while protecting the coated part(s) from galvanic corrosion and thermal oxidation. Use it to coat exhaust systems and headers, piston heads, catalytic converters, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, and tips. Just to name a few!
As its name suggests, this coating is ideal for off-road cars, trucks, dune buggies, motorbikes, and Jeeps. Like Classic Polish, Jet-Hot's Off-Road Polish lowers parts' surrounding temperatures and prevents galvanic thermal oxidation, improving the performance of the entire exhaust system. This unparalleled coating is rated for severe conditions surviving conditions greater than 2000°F. Use it to coat turbo housings, exhaust systems and headers, piston heads, catalytic converters, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, and tips.
JET-HOT ULTRA EXTREME HEAT THERMAL BARRIER
Jet-Hot's Ultra Extreme Heat Thermal Barrier is our most powerful thermal protection available. This impervious coating can withstand 2500°F temperatures, double that of Classic Polish. It insulates metal, protects from corrosion, increases performance, and prevents heat from escaping and causing damage to other components. Coating applications include headers, turbo housings, down pipes, x-pipes, side pipes, heat shields, tubing, exhaust parts and systems, catalytic converters, and other high-performance parts.
Color Topcoats personalize your vehicle to make it the ride of your dreams! We offer the largest selection of colors in the industry. The most popular choices are Satin Black and Classic Polish, but there are more than 80 other color options to choose from. Color topcoats are applied over a ceramic-metallic base-coat to protect against corrosion. Looking for something truly unique? Work with a Jet-Hot specialist to custom develop a color that's uniquely you.
Get your Jet-Hot ceramic header coatings today!


NAS Kingsville was one of the first Navy facilities to open a Corrosion Control Facility complete with the FLASHJET painting and stripping process. Opened in July 1998, the FLASHJET system incorporates a patented process that combines pulsed light energy and a steady stream of dry ice pellets to remove up to 4 square feet of paint per minute for less than $4 per square foot. That is less than one-third the cost of manual removal and one-sixth the cost of chemical stripping. Compared to chemical stripping and media blast processes, the FLASHJET process is environmentally safe, produces 90 percent less waste, with no environmental issues.
The Boeing FLASHJET Process is designed to safely and economically remove aircraft coatings from both metals and composites without the use of hazardous chemicals or potentially damaging impingement media. It significantly reduces the amount of hazardous waste generated compared to chemical stripping or media blasting processes.
FLASHJET combines a xenon flash lamp with a low-pressure carbon dioxide (dry ice) pellet stream. The xenon flash lamp ablates the coating from the substrate and the dry ice pellets cool and clean the substrate and sweep the coating ash into an effluent capture system. The effluent capture system vacuums the by-product dust through air pollution control equipment including High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters, leaving the air clean enough for venting to the atmosphere.


Custom manufacturing of your cosmetic and dermo-cosmetic products
We manufacture cosmetics in small, medium or large series ranging from 1,000 to 100,000 units.
We custom-manufacture all galenic formulations in liquid, viscous and semi-viscous form :
cosmetic formulas (beauty, care, hygiene)
- alcohol based liquids (explosion proof tank)
Custom manufacturing: efficient manufacturing equipment
Our mixing equipment is composed of 7 tanks, ranging from 100 to 2,400kg, in high polish stainless steel finish for cosmetic mixtures and emulsions.
Our production tanks are equipped with:
- dimple jackets for heating and cooling
- external recirculation and emulsifier at the bottom of the vessel
- bowl scraper and counter rotating blender
- a vacuum system
- melting and ancillary equipment
Process parameters are controlled via a specific operating mode, developed from pilot manufacturing validated by the formulation laboratory.
Our approach and quality policy in the service of customer satisfaction
Your formula will be implemented according to high technology equipment operational procedures, and with the highest respect for hygiene and quality standards, in accordance with cosmetics GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices).
Our computerized recording and control system for weight guarantees the traceability and conformity of weight by the operator.
Our laboratory is included within the manufacturing process and is responsible for carrying out various controls (physico-chemical, organoleptic and microbiological) throughout the manufacturing process:
- incoming raw materials are systematically quarantined to be controlled;
- during production, different tests are carried out to ensure compliance with specifications: pH, viscosity, density ...;
- a sample is kept at the end of production.


Indigenous parents have long used special flowers and plants to cleanse their babies. Epoch® Baby Hibiscus Hair and Body Wash contains hibiscus flower extracts, used by traditional cultures in Southeast Asia and Central America to help moisturise and maintain a healthy scalp while cleansing the skin and hair.
Now you can tap into gems of wisdom passed down by generations of parents from the far reaches of the globe to give your baby the best care possible. Epoch® Baby Hibiscus Hair and Body Wash brings you tried and trusted ancient botanical traditions, perfected in partnership with leading ethnobotanists. This gentle, effective product offers time-proven solution for your baby’s skin care needs.
No tears formula. It dispenses conveniently through the use of one hand and makes bathing your baby easier.
Dispense desired amount onto baby’s wet body and hair. Gently massage and rinse clean.
Aqua, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Glycerin, Polysorbate 20, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Butylene Glycol, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, Avena Sativa Kernel Extract, Sambucus Nigra Fruit Juice, Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract, Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Flower Extract, Polyquaternium-7, Sodium Chloride, Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride, Hexylene Glycol, Disodium EDTA, Citric Acid, Parfum, Phenoxyethanol, Benzyl Benzoate, Butylphenyl Methylpropional.


Research towards the application of hydrogen peroxide in bi-propellant thruster systems is of great interest to the aerospace community for its non-toxicity and low cost. Because Hydrogen Peroxide’s decomposition into Hydrogen, Water, and Oxygen is an exothermic reaction. Researchers theorize that hydrogen peroxide decomposing within a combustion generates higher temperatures and it is therefore a more effective method of oxidation for rocket engines. This study shows that decomposition of hydrogen peroxide must happen prior to combustion to maximize temperature within a propulsion system.
F = force in newtons
Ṁ = mass flow rate in grams / seconds
V = velocity
P = pressure
A = area
T = temperature in Celsius
e = exit of nozzle
t = throat of nozzle
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a powerful albeit an unstable oxidizer. Under normal conditions, H2O2 will decompose under heat and UV light  with the following equation:
Because of its low toxicity rating and low cost of production, peroxide has been used as propellant for rockets since the mid-1950s . When used as a monopropellant hydrogen peroxide passes through a catalyst causing it to decompose rapidly, releasing thermal energy. The catalyst for hydrogen peroxide is usually a superposed silver mesh . It has the ability to rapidly decompose peroxide while not disintegrating.
There is an increased interest in using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer for hybrid rocket engine designs because of how it is more environmentally friendly compared to other oxidizers like hydrazine . These hybrid rocket engine designs are bi-propellent systems. They use one propellant that is a solid and another that is liquid, a catalyst rapidly decomposes the peroxide prior to introduction in the combustion chamber.
By applying the fundamentals of the ideal gas law, the thrust of a rocket is produced from the mass being expelled from combustion chamber of the rocket. The products of the combustion are a gas and considered a working fluid that accelerate towards the exhaust. Because of Newton’s third law of motion, the rapid expulsion of mass from the rear of the rocket causes the rocket to accelerate .
Since the general thrust equation is:
Where F is force in Newtons, Ṁ represents the mass flow rate in g/s, V is velocity in m/s, Pe is pressure in bars at the exit of the nozzle, Pt is pressure in bars at the throat of the nozzle, and Ae is the area in cm at the exit of the nozzle bell. Through the general thrust equation, it is possible to calculate how to control the pressure within the combustion chamber by increasing temperature.
Given the Equation of State:
Where P is Pressure, V is Volume, R is the Gas Constant, and T is Temperature. The equation can be re-balanced to the following:
This rebalanced equation displays the relation of temperature to pressure. Since the gas constant and volume of the combustion chamber are constants, temperature is the only other variable in the gas constant law available to manipulate pressure, and ultimately thrust of the rocket.
In this study, the most efficient oxidation is determined by the method of introduction which produces the highest maximum temperatures within the combustion.
Though many hybrid rocket designs state the advantage of using a catalyst to rapidly decompose peroxide and in introducing H2O + O2 into the combustion chamber, this study explores when peroxide should be introduced into the combustion process to maximize enthalpy.
II – Method
In this study, it is proposed that atomizing hydrogen peroxide is the most efficient way to introduce it to the combustion process. Hydrogen peroxide when atomized creates an exothermic reaction resulting in higher temperatures. The research therefore compares the application of a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution as an oxidizer through atomization and resulting decomposition. The combustion fuel used in this study is 2 g (± 0.1) of Hexamethylenetetramine (CH2)6N4, chosen because of its high energy content, stability, and relative ease of production . All (CH2)6N4 comes from the same lot from a sole source manufacturer.
The following calculation demonstrates the combustion of Hexamethylenetetramine under ideal circumstances and do not account for the surrounding atmosphere nor the dilution of the hydrogen peroxide used:
Since this study utilizes a low concentration, changes in temperature will be minor. Slight changes in temperature during the experiment will translate to larger changes when higher concentrations of H2O2 are used.
Data is gathered by measuring the combustion temperature of three samples in a control sample burn, three samples with decomposed hydrogen peroxide, and three samples with atomized hydrogen peroxide.
In all variants of the experiment Hexamethylenetetramine is placed on an aluminum test stand with holes cut through it in a ‘star pattern’. The temperature in this experiment is measured using a Voltcraft IR-Thermometer 260-8S with a duration of twenty seconds for each sample. Because the measurements are taken with an IR thermometer each reading is centered on the burning Hexamethylenetetramine cube and the thermometer is held approximately 25 cm away from the flame.
Each sample undergoes the following cycle:
- Measure start temp of cube prior to combustion.
- Ignite fuel.
- Allow fuel to burn for 10 sec to allow fuel to reach max burn temperature.
- Introduce oxidizer (if applicable).
- Measure temperature of fuel for 20 sec.
- Record maximum and minimum temperatures.
- Extinguish flame.
Samples are discarded after combustion allowing each sample to combust with the same mass.
A. Introduction of Atomized Hydrogen Peroxide to Combustion
To introduce atomized hydrogen peroxide, the study uses a pneumatic atomizing nozzle with a reciprocating pump mechanism. The nozzle is kept approximately 17 cm away from the flame and sprayed every three seconds allowing the mist to interact with the combustion.
B. Introduction of Decomposed Hydrogen Peroxide to Combustion
Decomposed hydrogen peroxide is introduced to the combustion by mixing 15 ml of H2O2 with 5 ml of a yeast enzyme in a bowl. The bowl is then placed underneath the combustion; as the O2 from the decomposed hydrogen rises it interacts with the combustion of (CH2)6N4. This study chose to use a yeast enzyme over magnesium dioxide or other inorganic material to better understand the possibility of using organic oxidizer decomposition, or more environmentally-friendly, rocket propulsion designs.
The ambient temperature of H2O2 in a bowl during the experiment is 25.0 °C. After the catalytic enzyme is added to the bowl of H2O2, the temperature rises to 39.6 °C.
Table 1 demonstrates the control temperatures of Hexamine combusting without an oxidizer.
|Table 1: Control Burn Temperatures
|Table 2: Enzyme Decomposition Oxidizer Temperatures
|Table 3: Atomized Oxidizer Temperatures
After measuring all samples, the highest temperature reaction is the enzyme decomposition. The decomposed hydrogen peroxide from enzyme also produced the highest median temperature.
When considering the mean maximum and minimum of all temperatures in the oxidization on the reaction, the combustion temperature of enzyme decomposed hydrogen peroxide is 11.9 °C less than the control, and the combustion temperature of atomized hydrogen peroxide is 18.0 °C less than the control.
|Table 4: Average Variance in Stability
|Method of Introduction
|Δ Temperature (Tmax – Tmin)
Additionally, the amount of change between maximum and minimum temperature is 43% less than the control with atomized H2O2; enzyme decomposed H2O2 has a deviation of 37% from the control.
III – Conclusion
In a combustion of Hexamethylenetetramine, hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer produces the highest maximum temperatures when it is decomposed prior to combustion; for this study pre-decomposition is achieved with the use of enzymes. Including hydrogen peroxide in the combustion process does not increase temperature. In this study hydrogen peroxide must occur prior to combustion to achieve maximum combustion efficiency.
The large variance of average temperatures from methods can be attributed to inconsistent means of introducing the oxidizer to the combustion. In subsequent tests, the oxidizer must be introduced at a uniform and constant rate to decrease the ΔT within the reaction.
Also, it is speculated that the maximum temperatures of a H2O2 will increase when catalyzed with a non-organic compound such as magnesium or silver.
Using industrial strength hydrogen peroxide in future studies could possibly increase combustion efficiencies.
 Nelson, D. P., and Kiesow, L. A., “Enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase at 25° C (with molar extinction coefficients of H2O2 solutions in the UV),” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 49, 1972, pp. 474–478.
 Berrier, B., “Hydrogen Peroxide Incidents” Available: https://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/crgis/images/9/95/H2O2.pdf.
 Maia, F. F., Gouvea, L. H., Pereira, L. G. F., Vieira, R., and Costa, F. D. S., “Development and Optimization of a Catalytic Thruster for Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition,” Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 6,2014, pp. 61–67.
 Ahn, S.-H., Choi, T.-H., Krishnan, S., and Lee, C.-W., “A Laboratory Scale Hydrogen-Peroxide Rocket-Engine Facility,” 39th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 2003.
 Newlands, R. M., Science and Design of the Hybrid Rocket Engine, LULU, 2017.
 Dolling, G., and Powell, B. M., “Intermolecular Dynamics of Hexamethylenetetramine,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 319, 1970, pp. 209–235.


In this paper, we study the fundamental mechanism of surface bubble nucleation in nanoparticle (NP) suspension upon laser irradiation. Our experiments find that the bubble nucleation thresholds differ depending on if the surface is forward- or backward-facing the light propagation direction even if the laser power density is the same on the surface. High speed videography reveals that NP deposition on the surface is a pre-requisite for bubble nucleation, and it is the optical dispersive force that drives such deposition. Optical pulling force is needed to deposit NPs when the surface is backward-facing the laser propagation direction, and this is achieved only when the laser optical fluence is sufficiently high to generate a supercavitating nanobubble around the NP, which is needed to enable proper optical condition for optical pulling motion to happen. When the surface is forward-facing the laser propagation direction, optical pushing force, which exists on both bare or supercavitating NPs, makes the NP deposition easier and thus lowers the surface bubble nucleation threshold. Further experiments comparing the NPs with different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) frequencies show that optical pulling-induced nucleation is impossible if the laser is off the SPR peak of the NPs, since it cannot intensely excite the NP to form supercavitation. However, optical pushing-induced nucleation surface bubble nucleation always happens regardless if the NP SPR peak aligns with the laser wavelength. The results reveal interesting physics leading to photothermal surface bubble generation in NP suspensions.


My favorite Twenties poison! I use Rough on Rats in SILENT MURDERS (due out in September), but not to kill anyone. No . . . another poison kills my victims. Still, I have a special place in my heart for Rough on Rats ever since I found some of the advertisements for the product. Aren’t they great? I bought them on eBay, and I bring them to book club meetings whenever I’m invited to visit.
I’ve been reading the POISONER’S HANDBOOK by Deborah Blum and was delighted to see her discuss Rough on Rats. I learned a good deal about the stuff: it was a grayish powder made of 10 % soot and 90 % arsenic. Arsenic was a much-used ingredient in dyes to color wallpaper, fabric, boxes, greeting cards, candles, toys, paints, Venetian blinds, carpets soap, and jewelry. In other words, it was everywhere. Even wallpaper untainted by arsenic (it made a lovely green) could be poisonous because paperhangers mixed arsenic in their paste in the belief that it would keep rats from gnawing into the walls.
The author makes the point that it was hard to pin arsenic murder on a particular person because anyone could buy arsenic easily (in drugstores, grocery stores, or garden supply stores) and virtually everyone had it at home, whether they knew it or not, because it was an ingredient in medicines and creams prescribed by doctors as well as used for weed killers, bug killers, and rat killers. So arsenic was a foolproof way to kill someone–until the advent of forensic science in the Twenties.


Early and consistently hands-on, inquiry-driven science learning is something we care deeply about at Acera. Which is why we are excited to open up our professionally equipped science lab to the community on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday afternoons, 3:30 to 5:30 p.m.
On Tuesdays, middle school age children (11-15) can immerse themselves in our biotechnology program, exploring concepts and techniques such as restriction enzymes, electrophoresis, bacterial transformations and cell culture, immunoassays, and PCR.
On Wednesdays, we invite the youngest learners to try out what it is like to do science, not read about it. Children age 7-9 will enter the worlds of biology (fall trimester), chemistry (winter) and biochemistry (spring). Next to bacteria, they will explore acid-based chemistry, electro-chemistry, and try some cool experiments involving chemical reactions and their classifications.
On Thursdays, children age 9-13 will also immerse themselves in biology, chemistry and biochemistry, running their own experiments and learning at a level appropriate for middle school age children.
Classes are taught by Michael Hirsch, a former pharmaceutical scientist with a B.S. in molecular biology and a Masters of the Arts in Teaching for biology, and the winner of the GlaxoSmithKlein Exceptional Science Award. Michael has taught High School biology and chemistry, including AP classes, and currently works as the Laboratory Science Manager at Acera School.
Learn more and register for a program at www.acerasteamlab.org!


Our research focuses on the effects of hallucinogens and entactogens in humans. More specifically, we are investigating the acute effects of LSD and MDMA (particularly neuronal correlates measured with fMRI) and potential therapeutic effects of LSD in anxiety and depression. Furthermore, we systematically assess the evidence for neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
We have been involved in several studies on the effects of MDMA, LSD, mescaline and psilocybin in healthy participants. All studies are conducted in close cooperation with the research group of Prof Matthias Liechti, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Basel. Outcomes of these studies included acute subjective effects, physiological effects, safety, and fMRI correlates of acute drug effects. Among others, this research demonstrated safety and feasibility, distinct (dose) profiles of subjective drugs effects and shed some light on neuronal correlates of acutely induced drug effects. We could also show that LSD induces long-lasting positive effects in healthy persons.
Currently, we aim to carry results of these phase-I-studies forward to clinical application: We have been involved in a phase-II-study investigating LSD as a treatment for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases and generalized anxiety disorder . Furthermore, we are conducting a phase-II-study which investigates LSD as a treatment for patients suffering from major depression. The primary hypothesis is that two administrations of LSD can induce long-lasting symptom reductions in anxiety and depression.
- Psychological, physiological, endocrine, and pharmacokinetic effects of LSD in a controlled study (link)
- Effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and MDMA on emotion-processing in humans: A pharmaco-fMRI study (link)
- Neuronal correlates of altered states of consciousness (link)
- LSD treatment in persons suffering from anxiety symptoms in severe somatic diseases or in psychiatric anxiety disorders (link)
- Role of dopamine, serotonin and 5HT2A receptors in emotion processing (link)
- Role of the serotonin 5HT2A receptor in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness (link)
- Direct comparison of altered states of consciousness induced by LSD and psilocybin (link)
- LSD therapy for persons suffering from major depression (link)
After the discovery of LSD by the Basel chemist Albert Hofmann in the 1940s, psychiatry placed high hopes on this compound, especially as possible treatment options for various mental diseases. Clinical studies showed evidence of positive long-term effects on depressive symptoms, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Similar effects were seen after administration of the related hallucinogenic agents psilocybin and mescaline. Interestingly, it was observed that limited administrations of these substances resulted in positive long-term effects in several mental diseases. Thus, this approach appeared to be fundamentally different from other known psychiatric medications that require administrations on a daily basis. Although psychiatry has progressed greatly during the twentieth century, there are still patients who do not respond well to established interventions and are therefore considered treatment-resistant. A few years ago, there was a worldwide resurgence in this area of research and our team has been on the forefront of this development.
Dr Albert Hofmann


CARPET CLEANING SUPPLIES
CARPET CLEANING SUPPLIES
Klanz offer a range of carpet spot and stain removers to
keep your hotel carpets clean.
Products to help remove spots and stains from daily foot traffic, spills and accidents
Carpet maintenance is a very important task of the Housekeeping department since carpet and upholstery’s appearance ensure a splendid and magnificent atmosphere in hotel premises were both the guest and visitors can be attracted to the hotel services and the surroundings
The reasons why hotels pay attention to great detail in maintaining carpet and upholstery are:
It creates a positive impression
Promotes cleanliness within the premises
Make the best use of investment
To protect it from being soiled
To improve the air quality
There are certain soils which trigger the need for maintenance and refurbishment of carpet.
Soils are very dangerous for carpets because they affect heavy traffic areas of carpets.
Housekeeping must take initiative to remove the soils from carpets as one single soiled area can spoil the entire appearance of the hotel.
Since different soil requires different treatment, a complete understanding of these types of soil will ensure cost effective implementation of a carpet cleaning maintenance program.
Followings are the four types of soils that affect Carpet:
1. Dry Soils
Dry soil could be any type that lies in dry position and difficult to clean if they are mixed with any oily materials (since oily materials lead the dry soils to stick to the carpet fiver very strongly). Following are the certain basic types of dry soils:
Grit Ashes and other loose particles
Among all soils, carpets are mostly vulnerable to sand and grit. Sand and grit trigger excessive and rapid wear on the carpet fibres and the carpets backing material.
2. Water Based Spots and Stains
Water based soils affect the carpet through frequent corrosion of carpet appearance by sticking to the carpet fibres.
Spillages- coffee ,tea
Water based spot and stain removers that are formulated ,blended and mixed are very effective and useful for removing and cleaning the water soils.
3. Oil based Spots and Stains
There are several types of oily based materials that adhere with carpet fibres and responsible for carpet deterioration.
Detergent and solvent based spot and stain removers that are formulated, blended and mixed are very effective and useful for removing and cleaning the oily soils.
4. Stains, Discoloration and Odour
Stains and Discoloration include miscellaneous soils such as rust, water spots, food dyes. Using specialized blended, mixed and formulated carpet spotters are very helpful in eliminating these soils form the carpets.
Carpets are exposed to various unwanted odours over their life. Using the correct chemicals and equipment, Odours can be removed from carpets safely
Our aim is to simplify how in house teams clean carpets in your hotels, products having easy heading labels as to not confuse the operators. Product that include removers for : Red wine, tea, coffee, food dyes,
shoe polish, make up and more
Here is an explanation of the 4 Types of Carpet Cleaning Techniques that can be performed on your carpets. We hope this would help you understand what to expect every time you have your carpet cleaned.
Before any carpet cleaning is undertaken it is of vital importance that a thorough vacuum cleaning routine is carry out to remove as much dry soils as possible.
1.Hot Water Extraction (Deep Cleaning Method)
Hot water extraction involves a combination of high temperatures water that is mixed with various cleaning agents being injected into the carpet at high pressure to loosen the dirt,
stains and soil from its fibres.
A hot water extraction carpet cleaning machine usually has two tanks. A solution tank to hold the clean water and cleaning solution and a
recovery tank which is where all the dirty water is extracted to. Powerful vacuums extract the dirty water and debris from the carpet.
Hot Water Extraction is an effective deep-cleaning method
This method helps to remove dirt trapped way down into the carpet fibres.
2.Dry Powder Cleaning
Dry powder cleaning involves a technique where a soft, natural cleaning product is combined with a small amount of water, detergent, and a safe-to-use solvent.
This mixture is then brushed into the carpet, The powder acts like micro-sponges that dissolve and absorb dirt. Later, the product is vacuumed out to reveal a cleaner carpet surface.
This method is not considered as a deep-cleaning since it just removes dirt from the surface of a carpet. However, this is an appropriate maintenance cleaning technique for commercial use.
An encapsulation cleaning solution is applied via a sprayer
Afterwards, a rotary or cylindrical agitation machine with a brush is used brush the chemical into the carpet,
This allows the encapsulating chemical to penetrate, absorb and isolate the dirt on the carpet, allowing the isolated dirt to then be vacuumed way once dried
This cleaning process is fast and with minimum downtime, since this is a low-moisture system, carpets can be put back into use promptly.
This is also a great carpet maintenance-cleaning method for commercial use, perfect to maintain the surface of high foot traffic carpet.
4.Bonnet Mop Cleaning
A very low moisture cleaning method
Because only the surface of the carpet is treated, the carpet is usually dry in 15-30 minutes.
In Bonnet Cleaning, self-neutralising detergent is sprayed into the carpet and it’s then agitated with a rotary scrubber with a dry cotton bonnet pad attached.
This is an appropriate maintenance cleaning technique for commercial use, giving the surface of the carpet a clean appearance.
Klanz have over 25 years experience in the carpet cleaning industry and can recommend chemicals and machines that suit you needs - Contact us firstname.lastname@example.org


Always up to date
Safety and reliability are paramount in the evaluation of PCR test tubes. Femitec from Neusäß, a manufacturer for automated solutions, has developed a laboratory cell with two cooperating six-arm robots - a novelty in laboratory technology.
Tests for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are performed everywhere and as a matter of course. A reliable method for detecting viruses is polymerase chain reaction (PCR); in this PCR test, known as a pathogen detection test, secretion from a swab of the nasopharynx and oral pharynx of the person tested is immersed in a plastic tube filled with buffer fluid. The sample is analyzed in a laboratory - with a repetitive handling procedure: remove the tube from the collection tray, shake it and perform the barcode identification. Now the cap of the tube is unscrewed and exactly 0.2 milliliters of sample material is taken with the pipette. Immediately after this, the cap is screwed back on and the test tube is placed back in the tray. Finally, the pipette contents are placed in the reagent substrate and sent for further laboratory evaluation. In this evaluation, genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be detected, provided that the test person who gave the specific sample secretion is infected. Since this only becomes evident after completion of the analysis process, all test tubes including screw caps and pipettes must be assumed to be contaminated during sample handling. Nothing must go wrong here, nothing must fall off!
Zero error process is indispensable in the test procedure
Even if a laboratory were in a position in terms of personnel to handle, process and evaluate the daily tests manually, the "human factor of uncertainty" remains: On the one hand, two hands are hardly sufficient to safely manage sample handling without intermediate storage. On the other hand, the permanently repeated unscrewing and screwing on of the tube caps is unergonomic and mentally tiring. The screw caps, which were put on manually in the test centers, fit differently and can possibly be tilted. And finally, a person is probably not capable per se of delivering zero-defect performance over hours. But in the case of the Corona tests, this is absolutely necessary. On the one hand, to rule out procedural errors and thus false test results. On the other hand, to prevent any virus-contaminated material from being released into the laboratory environment under any circumstances. Both would have far-reaching consequences.
Fully automated test sequence - without example and "developed from scratch".
The key to solving this anything but trivial challenge is automation. The special machine builder Femitec in Neusäß near Augsburg has developed a robotic cell for a well-known laboratory company, which precisely maps this handling process in a customized manner and carries it out completely automatically. The automation cell can be flexibly expanded and converted and is suitable for continuous operation. Development started in December 2020, and the cell was delivered in April 2021. "We developed from scratch," says Raimund Geh, a member of the management team at Femitec. "There was no sample or example for this cell," he indicates. "After all, an automated PCR test analysis station didn't exist before, and it was clear from the start that the system had to work one hundred percent safely in every respect." It was also clear that the boundary conditions were challenging. This is because plastic tubes from different manufacturers come out of the test stations, in different sizes, often with different wall thicknesses. The material gives way when gripped, Raimund Geh points out. In addition, the tubes are screwed together manually, each with a different force. The plastic thread may also be damaged or uneven. The challenge was mastered by choosing a flexibly controllable gripper that is explicitly suitable for applications in laboratory automation.
Project development at top speed
After a total development time of only five months, the automation solution was delivered to the test laboratory. Since then, it has been working smoothly and is a novelty in terms of laboratory automation technology: One of the two installed FD-H5 six-axis jointed-arm robots from OTC DAIHEN picks up the plastic residual tubes in parallel from two trays - one on the right, one on the left - as they are delivered from the test center to the laboratory. Attendance is checked at a light barrier, the sample is mixed at a vibrating pad, and barcode entry, opening of the screw cap and holding of the cap are performed at two stations in parallel. Meanwhile, the second robot picks up a pipette, removes the precisely defined sample volume of 0.2 milliliters and feeds it very precisely to the reagent tray for diagnostics. The first robot puts the screw caps back on and places the test tubes back in the tray.
The two robots work cooperatively with each other and exchange all process information in real time. In addition, a total of five grippers are used - three handle the tubes, two grippers hold the screw cap, while a rotary unit unscrews or reseals the tube - non-stop.
"The cell has passed all contamination tests on the part of the laboratory: No material is carried away at any point during the process, and the suction system works perfectly," concludes Raimund Geh with satisfaction.


At Postwink, we love the idea of your company being truly environmentally-conscious.
This is why we promote all things which are planet-friendly – but which also works efficiently.
So since you are already doing your bit by recycling, why not clean your recycling bins and wheelie bins the planet-friendly way? The way nature intended? Postwink recommends a multi-purpose enzyme cleaner which is especially soft on your stainless steel, vinyls and branded recycling bins; and yet it is efficient in removing dirt and organic waste – for good.
This amazing product is called the BACTERRORIST.
Sounds dangerous? It is for dirt, but not for the environment as it cleans the way nature intended using enzyme cleaning technology.
“My team are loving the product – thank you and all the silver rails, interior of the lift etc were cleaned on Saturday using this product.”RobynVineyard Hotel, Cape Town
“One of the best products I’ve used!! The smell is also sublime.”Bernievia Postwink’s Facebook page
How to order?
Why is it cool that the BACTERRORIST has Enzymes?
In short – because stains and dirt are made of different types of molecules, and enzymes are very efficient at breaking down the basic components of these stains and dirt. For example, the Enzyme called Proteases break down proteins (e.g. meat, egg, gravy, etc..). Amylases break down starches, Lipases break down fats and grease and Xylanase break down plant cell walls.
What are Enzymes?
Enzymes are long-chain proteins created by living cells and found in all living matter. When added to organic materials like dirt, grease, and oil, enzymes accelerate the natural biodegrading, and immediately go to work breaking down the organic materials within these substances. When activated, enzymes attack, eat, or digest the amino and fatty acids that bond organic materials together. They also emulsify these materials so they can be completely removed from the surface.
Why using enzymes is more Sustainable than using Chemicals?
Small amounts of enzymes can offset larger amounts of conventional chemical ingredients. In other words, you will need less when cleaning using an enzyme cleaner. In addition to high cleaning performance, consumers also benefit with more-compact products, and therefore reduced environmental impact. Besides being an effective cleaning agent, the BACTERRORIST is biodegradable which helps protect our environment as compared to using conventional chemically produced detergents.
Through many years of testing, it has been proven that enzymes have a very safe toxicological profile, lending to their sustainability profile. They have no reproductive nor developmental toxicity, and have a low toxicity to aquatic systems. That said, enzymes may have the potential to cause inhalation allergy to certain hypersensitive individuals. Hence, avoid excessive inhalation and/or use a protective mask.
Dilute or not to Dilute
Your BACTERRORIST is a “ready-to-use” concentrated solution – which means that it is concentrated enough to allow for further dilution (1:1) to clean the home -from the floors to the sink. Yet, for tough cleaning – such as clogged drains and stubborn mildew in bathrooms – you should use it as is.
Whenever diluting the BACTERRORIST, you can dilute in warm or cold water – but not hot water which could kill off the enzymes. Furthermore, once diluted, the resulting mix must be used in the same day.
Furthermore, remember that the dirtier the area (or the worse the smell), the better it is to spray the BACTERRORIST onto the relevant surface – and to leave it to allow time for the enzymes to do their job. It is also not necessary to rinse it thereafter.
Did you know you can use the BACTERRORIST for the following uses?
The BACTERRORIST can be used in almost anywhere in your home – it especially works great for cleaning drains, floors, bathrooms. It also removes foul odours and deters insects in your home.
Here are some useful tips for using the BACTERRRORIST:
Pour undiluted solution into clogged drains. It is best to use the enzyme at night or over the weekends to give the enzyme several hours to do its job. Enzymes are not fast acting like acid-type products and they do require a few hours to work properly, but are much safer to use. Remember that strong chemical disinfectants can kill the living organisms of the enzymes – reducing the BACTERRORIST’s effectiveness.
Restrooms / Toilets:
When mopping, mix half of the BACTERRORIST with warm water (not hot water) and mop the floors. No need to rinse the floor, but let it air dry, allowing the enzymes time to react with the bacteria.


Some of you may have heard me chat about the importance of magnesium. It’s so vital for the body and it’s been proven that most people are deficient which causes many health problems.
Here are some symptoms that would suggest your body is magnesium deficient:
- Muscle pain and spasms from feet cramps to chest pain (due to spasms in your heart muscle), and even restless leg syndrome
- Headaches and migraines
- Feeling constantly fatigued or weak
- Depression, anxiety and edginess
- Craving chocolate (cacao is high in magnesium)
- Quick exhaustion during exercise
- Insomnia and mid-night waking
Magnesium is also such an important mineral for hormone balance. Magnesium does the following wonderful things:
- It Improves the thyroid function
- Supports bad oestrogen detoxification
- Lowers blood sugar levels
- Lowers stress hormone levels in the body
- Supports testosterone production
- Increases serotonin levels (the happy hormone)
- Increases DHEA (a luxury hormone that can be converted into things like progesterone if needed).
If you’ve been into a health food shop lately you will see that there are SO many different types of magnesium.
How do you know which one is right for YOU?
Well here is my guide:
My 1st choice: Magnesium Bisglycinate (also known as magnesium chelate, magnesium di-glycinate, magnesium glycinate) it’s a highly absorbable form of magnesium chelated to two molecules of the amino acid glycine. Take 300mg a day but I would double up to 600mg, or even 800mg per day if very stressed, or traveling (also a form of stress).
“Chelated” forms of a mineral mean that an amino acid has been attached to them, making them a very stable form of magnesium that is less likely to cause gastrointestinal symptoms and reduces the laxative effect. Yet, it helps with PMS, fibrocystic breasts, sleep, anxiety, cravings, pains and cramps.
Magnesium Citrate is another chelated type of magnesium bound to citric acid. This form of magnesium is about 30% bioavailable, but it pulls water into the bowels giving it more of a laxative effect, which some may like if suffering from chronic constipation. If you feel depleted in magnesium (based on the symptoms) and struggle with chronic constipation, magnesium citrate is the one for you.
Magnesium Malate is a type of magnesium bound to malic acid. For those having issues with energy production, a magnesium malate supplement may be effective for helping with chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia. No surprise, this form may be too stimulating for some and may disrupt sleep, especially when taken at night.
Magnesium Threonate is a form of magnesium chelated to threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C. This form of magnesium in comparison to others was created to cross the blood-brain barrier – it may therefore improve learning and memory functions and maybe be especially beneficial for age-related cognitive decline. The suggested dose is 2,000 mg of magnesium threonate.
Magnesium oxide contains a lot of magnesium by weight but has a bioavailability of only 4%. This form is found in many magnesium supplements and should be avoided. If you are taking a multi-vitamin check if it contains this form of magnesium. If it does I would switch to a better quality supplement. Anything from boots or Holland and Barrett is generally rubbish! Go to an independent health food shop for the best brands.
Magnesium Chloride is a form of magnesium for topical use. The skin is a great way to increase magnesium levels and bypass using the gut – this is especially beneficial for people with IBS (or leaky gut) who suffer from malabsorption of nutrients. Many people report fantastic results using this form of magnesium; from pain reduction, feeling calmer and to deeper/longer sleep.
Any questions then please do drop me an email: firstname.lastname@example.org


Asymmetric biocatalytic amination of ketones at the expense of ammonia and molecular hydrogen
Holzer, A.K.; Hiebler, K.; Mutti, F.G.; Simon, R.C.; Lauterbach, L.; Lenz, O.; Kroutil, W.;
Org. Lett., 2015, 17, 2431-2433. DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01154
A biocatalytic system is presented for the stereoselective amination of ketones at the expense of NH3 and molecular hydrogen. By using a NAD+-reducing hydrogenase, an alanine dehydrogenase, and a suitable ω-transaminase, the R- as well as the S-enantiomer of various amines could be prepared with up to >99% ee and 98% conversion.


Chemists study the physical and chemical properties of materials to determine their composition. They use this information to develop new materials and products, to devise more efficient processes for making materials and to increase scientific knowledge.
Chemists should not be confused with pharmacists (see separate entry for Pharmacist).
Chemists may perform the following tasks:
- conduct experiments to identify chemical composition and study chemical changes that occur in natural substances and processed materials
- undertake research and analysis to develop and test theories, techniques and processes
- develop practical applications of experiments and research findings, including those combining new compounds for industrial, agricultural, veterinary and medical use
- test products and materials and prepare specifications and standards to ensure compliance with government health laws and quality standards
- undertake cost analysis, pricing and quality assurance exercises when developing new substances, processes and products
- take part in the marketing and financial management of substances, processes or products developed
- supervise and coordinate the work of technical support staff
- conduct routine analyses in a process environment.
An analytical chemist carries out tests and analyses to determine the compositions of substances and to detect the presence of impurities, residues and trace elements.
An environmental chemist monitors waste products from all sources, determines ways to neutralise any negative effects pollutants might have on the environment and devises industrial processes that are environmentally friendly.
A geochemist studies the chemistry of earth materials.
An industrial/production chemist designs, runs, troubleshoots and improves the processes of chemical and material production on an industrial scale.
An organic chemist studies the nature of organic compounds to develop new substances for use in the industrial, agricultural, veterinary and medical fields.
A physical chemist studies macroscopic, atomic, subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.
A research chemist provides innovative solutions to chemical problems and may be involved in pure or applied research.
Chemists may work alone or as part of a team of professionals and technicians. They work in laboratories, in the field or in chemical processing plants, offices and educational institutions.
Depending on the type of laboratory, chemists may have to handle dangerous or hazardous materials. Protective clothing and equipment are usually provided.
- enjoy scientific activities, including laboratory work, fieldwork and research
- able to think logically and creatively
- aptitude for accurate work
- patience, perseverance and an enquiring mind
- able to work individually or as part of a team.
Education and Training, Employment Opportunities and Additional Information
Select the State/Territory you are interested in:


Methodology of the UP Scorecard
The UP Scorecard looks at six separate impact areas when assessing the human and environmental impacts of foodware and food packaging products. Learn more about each of these six areas below, and find more detailed information in the published methodology document.
The proliferation of plastic pollution has emerged as one of the greatest environmental threats of our time with troubling implications for food systems, fisheries, human health and the climate. By preventing unnecessary plastic use, we measurably reduce the cascade of ecological risks created when this material enters the environment. The UP Scorecard will show how foodware choices contribute to plastic pollution.
Indicator: grams of plastic leakage to the environment
The Plastic Pollution metric estimates the amount of plastic that enters the environment, including plastic pollution to land and aquatic ecosystems. Leakage from the following five life cycle stages is estimated:
- Loss during resin raw material manufacture, handling, and transport (e.g. as “nurdles”)
- Loss in the supply chain during conversion from resin to containers
- Loss as litter and plastic pollution during or after use of container
- Handling and management after use, including sorting and reclamation
- Loss during disposal
The UP Scorecard estimates plastic leakage rates at each stage and reports the aggregate contribution to plastic pollution in units of mass. Different plastic resins are assumed to leak at the same rate for a particular life cycle stage. As location-specific (e.g. state, county, or city) data representing litter and plastic pollution rates and waste management practices become more available, the estimates of plastic leakage can be updated to account for these data.
Chemicals of Concern
The presence of toxic chemicals in food packaging associated with harm to humans and the environment is well documented. Hundreds of different harmful substances can be present in the various types of materials used in food packaging and can leach out in different amounts and at different rates depending on many factors. The UP Scorecard helps to guide users in avoiding the most concerning substances in food packaging and moving towards healthier materials.
Indicator: scale from 1 (worst) – 100 (best) based on chemicals of concern and material inertness
The Chemicals of Concern (CoC) metric is intended to encourage suppliers to better understand the chemical impact of their products and to empower purchasers to eliminate chemicals of high concern from their portfolios and ask for safer ingredients. To provide a starting point and pathway to safer foodware and packaging, a matrixed approach was developed that calculates two separate scores to:
- Consider the avoidance of chemicals of concern based on a tiered list of chemicals and reward verification of claims and
- Consider the inertness of the food contact material, as a proxy for the propensity for any present chemicals of concern to migrate from the product into food and the environment.
These two scores are then combined to calculate a total CoC score for each food contact material on the UP Scorecard’s results page. Where only limited or highly uncertain data were available to inform the score, this is visually communicated to the user on the scorecard’s results page.
The carbon footprint from plastic manufacturing is expected to become increasingly important as this sector expands. But replacement materials often have larger greenhouse emissions. The UP Scorecard enables carbon-conscious consumers and professionals with the information they need to make informed product choices.
Indicator: grams CO2 equivalents (CO2e)
The Climate metric estimates the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the product and is assessed using IPCC 2013 radiative forcing factors, as implemented by the Ecoinvent Centre. The implementation includes 45 substances characterized in terms of their relative radiative forcing potential in comparison to carbon dioxide.
Nearly one in five major cities around the world faces a high to very high risk of drought. While many of us are increasingly focused on water conservation, it’s not obvious to all that washing reusable containers usually saves water compared to using single-use container options. The UP Scorecard will show you which container system uses the least amount of water, even compared with washing reusables.
Indicator: liters of water consumed
To assess water use by the product system, the UP Scorecard follows the methodology of the Global Water Footprint Standard. It computes the “blue water footprint,” which reports consumptive use of surface and groundwater throughout the product supply chain, including actions that result in the transfer of water between reservoirs. The blue water footprint is reported as the total volume of water consumed; it does not account for regional differences in water scarcity. The blue water footprint does not include rain that falls on crops or forests.
Increasing the post-consumer recycled content in packaging materials avoids the need to extract virgin natural resources and also creates urgently needed market demand for recycling. For containers made from plant-based materials, the sustainability of the agricultural or forestry practices used to grow the plants have a huge impact on the overall sustainability of the container. The UP Scorecard combines these two critical issues into one Sustainable Sourcing metric.
Indicator: scale from 1 (worst) – 5 (best)
The Sustainable Sourcing metric is a qualitative assessment based on the percentage of post-consumer recycled content in the container and, for containers made from plant fiber, if the fiber production has earned one of several specified sustainability certifications. Because of the concern about chemical contamination from recovered materials, the Sustainable Sourcing metric only rewards recycled content in metals (aluminum and steel), glass, and PET bottles.
Waste is no longer a luxury we can afford on an ever-crowded, natural resource-constrained planet. We must retool our food system to reduce reliance on disposable and hard-to-recycle products and encourage packaging solutions with circularity in mind: Packaging that can be reused or truly recycled or composted to provide sustainable feedstock for future products or degrade safely into the natural environment. The UP Scorecard provides a recoverability ranking to demonstrate the circularity potential of each foodware product.
Indicator: scale from 1 (worst) – 5 (best)
The Recoverability metric is a qualitative rating that represents the potential for the material to be recovered for commercial use (i.e. reused, recycled, or composted) or converted into a beneficial material by nature. It considers compostability, packaging design for recyclability, and material persistence. All materials are ranked in one of five performance tiers: reusable, recoverable in both commerce and nature, recoverable in commerce only, recoverable in nature only, or not recoverable. The tiers were developed by the UP Scorecard project team and informed by interviews with additional experts.


Article Revised August 23rd, 2022
If you remember your high school chemistry class, you may recall that the symbol for iron on the periodic table is Fe. This is an abbreviation of the Latin word for iron, Ferrum, and the word from which we ultimately get the term “ferrous.” When comparing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, the key difference is that ferrous metals contain iron. As a precision metal fabricator, EVS manufactures products using both ferrous and non-ferrous metals like stainless steel and aluminum.
Ferrous vs. Non-Ferrous Metals: A Brief History
The use of non-ferrous metals has a much longer recorded history than ferrous metals. Take copper, for example, which has been used since the dawn of civilization. Its widespread use began around 3500 B.C. and lasted between 500-800 years, depending on the geographic location, known as the Chalcolithic (from the Greek word for copper) period. The Copper Age marked the end of the Stone Age and served as the buffer between the longer and much more commonly written about Bronze Age (an alloy of copper and tin), which began around 3000 B.C and ended in 1200 B.C. with the advent of the Iron Age.
Types and Characteristics of Ferrous Metals
There are a number of different types of ferrous metals, such as wrought iron, carbon steel (also sometimes referred to as “structural steel”), cast iron, alloy steel, and stainless steel. Ferrous metals are popular for their incredible strength and durability, which makes them excellent for applications like skyscrapers, cars, railroad tracks, and shipping containers. Ferrous metals are generally but not always magnetic.
The drawback of most ferrous metals is that they are generally not appropriate for wet or very humid conditions, as they are vulnerable to rust and corrosion. There are two excellent exceptions to this, however. Wrought iron is so pure that it is able to resist rust without the addition of extra elements, while the use of chromium in stainless steel — one of the most common metals from which EVS fabricates — makes it extremely rust resistant as well.
Types and Characteristics of Non-Ferrous Metals
As the name states, non-ferrous metals do not contain iron (Ferrum), and are generally more corrosion resistant than ferrous metals. They are also non-magnetic. Examples of common non-ferrous metals include lead, brass, copper, zinc, tin, gold, silver, and aluminum/aluminum alloys.
Non-ferrous metals tend to be softer, making them easier to mold, bend, and cut. While they can still rust or corrode, it’s much less common, and the process takes longer with these types of metals. They are excellent for outdoor use, such as outdoor traffic signs and roof gutters, and for applications where the look of the finished product is especially important, i.e., fine jewelry and musical instruments.
So which type of metal is better, ferrous or non-ferrous?
Ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals are both extremely important for metal fabricators. Their use depends not just on supply and overall availability but the intended use of the end product. Although ferrous metals like stainless steel tend to be less expensive than non-ferrous metals, the additional cost of a non-ferrous metal like aluminum is often more than justified, especially when corrosion resistance is a top priority. The verdict? Both ferrous and non-ferrous metals have their place in precision sheet metal fabrication.
Want to learn more about EVS’s ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication capabilities? Get a fabrication quote online, or call us at 1-888-9EVSMET.


Project duration: From 2013-06-01 to 2016-11-30 Total cost: EUR 2 713 017 EU contribution: EUR 2 422 076 NIRDTP is currently investigating materials for medical sensing applications, such as acoustic microsensors based on nano- and microwires and implantable magnetic microsensors based on nanostructured magnetic materials, e.g. nanocrystalline microwires. Furthermore, NIRDTP is actively involved in the development of methods for measurement, analysis and operation at the nanoscale to develop biosensors for the detection of biomolecules and for applications in nanomedicine.
- Research Topic A: Microsensors for Medical Applications
- NIRDTP’s research capacity building activities will focus on two sub-topics of microsensors for medical applications: acoustic microsensors based on nano- and microwires for medical applications (A1) and implantable magnetic microsensors based on nanostructured materials for medical applications (A2).
- A1 Acoustic microsensors based on nano- and microwires for medical applications
- This sub-topic is a complex, multidisciplinary subject situated at the interface between physics, materials science, electrochemistry, electronics and medicine, which aims to develop acoustic microsensors based on nano- and microwires for use in cochlear implants. The magnetostrictive nano- and microwires represent the active element of the microsensor, to be activated by acoustic signals. Certain frequencies of acoustic signal determine the resonance of the nano/microwires which, at its turns, determine the generation of a localized magnetic field which is subsequently transformed/transduced into an electrical signal by some magnetoresistive sensors. The electrical signal generated by the acoustic microsensors depends on the length, diameter, density per area unit and composition of the nano- or microwires. A single microsensor or an array of microsensors can be used to reproduce as much as possible the cilia from the inner ear.
- A2 Implantable magnetic microsensors based on nanostructured materials for medical applications
- NIRDTP is deeply involved in the development of innovative microsensor prototypes employing nanostructured magnetic microwires as sensitive elements for biology and medical applications. Their innovative character arises from both the solution offered – the materials and operating principles (giant magneto-impedance effect, smart antenna) – as well as from the envisaged medical applications of the microsensors, e.g. detection of extremely low biomagnetic signals with applications in magneto-cardiography, and the detection and remote monitoring of mechanical stress and temperature from implants and organs.
- Research Topic B: Biosensors based on Nanoparticles and Barcode Nanowires
- NIRDTP’s research capacity building activities will focus on two sub-topics of biosensors: sensors based on nanosized detection elements (nanoparticles) for applications in nanomedicine (B1) and biosensors based on multilayered nanowires (barcode nanowires) for the detection of biomolecules (B2).
- B1 Sensors based on nanosized detection elements for applications in nanomedicine
Nanoparticles, having special particularities, present unique magnetic properties, which could be exploited for (bio)detection. The surface chemistry represents an important parameter for the control of the nanoparticles physical and chemical properties. Together with decreasing nanoparticle size, surface effects become very important thanks to the increase of the volume ratio of the surface atoms related to the entire particle. Understanding the magnetic behaviour versus surface chemical interactions is important for the development of biomedical techniques which use magnetic nanoparticles. The surface effects also have an impact onto developing the magnetic nanoparticles modified with a bio-ligand for biomedical applications. On the other hand, such small magnetic particles represents a big challenge for the sensing capacity because the magnetic moments of the particles are very low considering their limited volume, relatively large surface and significant thermal activation of their magnetic moments (the consequence is the superparamagnetic behaviour).
- B2 Biosensors based on multilayered nanowires for the detection of biomolecules
In the last years, many efforts were made to implement or to enhance the biodetection methods based on metallic nanowires. A number of nanowires, e.g. Au, Ag or Pt non-magnetic nanowires are currently tested for target biomolecules detection, mainly DNA and antibodies. The principle of working is based on optical detection. Recently, the investigations shown that it is possible to detect simultaneously by optical methods more target biomolecules at once using multilayered nanowires. Each layer composing the multilayered nanowires will act differently, acting as a specific code and being “read” by a specific technique, identical with the “bar-code” systems used for commercial products identification. If a number of sequences used in the multilayered nanowires will be magnetic, then they can be detected easily in the presence of a magnetic field and used for separation. We will also develop the magnetophoresis method and use it for biomolecules detection.


Importance of Sulfate- and Paraben-free Hotel Amenities
If you are a hotel owner, you can do anything to boost the reputation of your hotel and the best way to do it is to give the best to your clients. If the amenities you provide to your guests are the most helpful and pleasant for them, they will be certainly pleased and spread a word about your hotel. One such amenity you provide in your hotel is toiletry, cosmetics and beauty products, and it is very important that they should be natural, and free from sulfates and paraben, so that your guests will have a soothing, natural and delightful experience with them.
What are Sulfates and Parabens?
Sulfates are a popular ingredient of several cleaning and cosmetic products, including conditioners and shampoos. A shampoo typically contains 15% of sulfate. SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate) and SLES (sodium laureth sulfate) are the most commonly used sulfates.
Parabens are chemicals that are water soluble and serve as broad-spectrum anti-fungals and antimicrobials in a formulation’s water-continuous phase. They are the most used preservatives in cosmetic products. They are normally used as a combination of many or all of these parabens: ethyl-, methyl-, butyl- and/or propyl-paraben. Their job is to improve the efficiency of the preservatives in the product.
Parabens are roughly considered as cancerous, having been found in breast tumor samples; however, no direct connection of cancer to paraben has been found.
Typically, a product consists of as little as 0.15 to 0.3 percent of paraben.
Harmful Effects of Sulfates and Parabens
Sulfates like SLS and SLES are actually corrosive detergents and became popular because they produce heavy, thick lather. However, this very lather is harmful for your skin, hair and mouth because it strips away the valuable moisture and protective layers. It also makes cuticles of hair rough, making them look dry, dull and damaged. They are even connected to follicular damage and can possibly cause hair loss.
Sulfates are also used in toothpastes and they cause similar effects in mouth too stripping away the outer protective layer of skin cells and thereby irritating tissues. Sulfate-containing toothpastes are known to cause canker sores and other types of lesions.
Soaps and skin cleansing products that contain sulfates strip away the protective lipids too that encase the skin. They also disturb the moisture balance of skin and dry it out. Moreover they can also produce toxic by-products.
Parabens have been found to interfere with the endocrine system, glandular activity and hormone production. Ironically, while many beauty products, such as moisturizers and lotions, contain parabens, research shows that they actually speed up skin’s aging process. Methyl parabens have been found to make the skin sensitive and prone to sun damage.
So, if you want to give the best to your guests, offer them sulfate- and paraben-free products like the Luxury Natural Hotel Amenities from DA Aromatherapy Collection. DA Aromatherapy Collection provides natural hotel amenities with organic essential oils made in Hudson Valley, New York.


Spray Foam Insulation Brazos County, TX
Spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX is becoming a popular choice among both residential home owners as well as commercial industrialists because it has several advantages over traditional types of insulation. At East Texas Spray Foam Insulation, we specialize in spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX utilizing only the best products and methods in the department of spray foam insulation.
What is Spray Foam Insulation?
Spray foam insulation is a newer, modern type of insulation that is being used in residential as well as commercial applications for the past 30 years. It is essentially a mixture of two compounds, polyol resin and isocyante, which reacts to form spray foam insulation. After it is sprayed, spray foam expands up to 30 to 60 times its total liquid volume. Spray foam is a type of insulation that is sprayed in place with the help of a gun. The two components come together at the tip of the gun.
It is great for using in areas where other types of insulation cannot reach. It has a high R-value and takes the shape of the space that it is sprayed into. Spray foam insulation has a wide application of uses.
We serve the following cities in Brazos County, Texas:
Spray Foam Insulation Off-Gassing and Dust
Spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX takes between 24 and 72 hours to fully cure. During the installation process, spray foam gives off two toxic and poisonous matters; VOC’s and chemical dust. In order for the off-gassing to cease, the two components, that is polyol resin and isocyante must be mixed properly and under the right conditions. If the components are not properly mixed, and until the chemicals and not cured properly, the compounds in the spray foam will continue to off-gas. During the installation of spray foam insulation, the house or the building should be completely vacant.
The spray foam insulation contractors and their team too need to use specialized work-wear like full face and body coverings, with proper respiratory gear. Their outfit needs to be chemical resistant and they need to take full precautions when working with spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX. If the basic guidelines are not followed properly, there can be very serious adverse effects. Curing takes time to complete and while curing is taking place; the area needs to be very well ventilated. Once the curing is complete, the spray foam will be non-reactive and inert, thus making it completely safe.
Have questions about your specific project?
Call us today to speak with our insulation contractors directly. We'll answer any questions you may have and get you a free, no-obligation estimate.
How Thick Does Spray Foam Insulation Need to be?
The thickness of spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX is determined by many factors. Insulation is rated by its R-value, which means the ability of a material to resist the flow of heat. Cellulose, mineral wool and fiberglass have apparent R-values; however, the R-value of spray foam insulation depends on whether you are using open-cell spray foam or closed-cell spray foam insulation.
The R-value of open-cell foam insulation is about R-3.5 per inch; however, the R-value can differ based on the product itself. Open-cell spray foam is generally used in places that are hard to reach and in the interiors of pre-existing walls. The R-value of closed-cell spray foam insulation ranged from R-5 and can go as high as R-7. According to industry standards, insulation thickness should be according to:
How to Remove Spray Foam Insulation
Because spray foam insulation is so sticky, it will stick to a lot of other thinks in the vicinity like furniture, your clothing and walls. Some of the equipment that is required for removing spray foam is:
Sometimes this may damage the finish of the substrate and you will have to redo the finish. A rag moistened with acetone can be used to remove spray foam from the skin and clothing too. Always remember that water should never be used to remove spray foam insulation because it has a counter-effect and hardens the insulation instead of softening it.
Advantages of Spray Foam Insulation
Spray foam insulation in Brazos County, TX has several advantages over other types of insulation such as:
If you are looking for a spray foam insulation contractor in Brazos County, TX, feel free to contact us today. We will be happy to assist you with finding the perfect insulation solution for your home or commercial building.


"The combined levels of bullish optimism, lack of concern about a possible market correction (don't worry the Fed has the markets back), and rising levels of leverage in markets provide the 'ingredients' for a more severe market correction. However, it is important to understand that these ingredients by themselves are inert. It is because they are inert that they are quickly dismissed under the guise that 'this time is different.' Like a thermite reaction, when these relatively inert ingredients are ignited by a catalyst, they will burn extremely hot. Unfortunately, there is no way to know exactly what that catalyst will be or when it will occur. The problem for individuals is that they are trapped by the combustion an unable to extract themselves in time."