Diagnosing phosphorus deficiency in wheat agriculture. Crops usually display no obvious symptoms of phosphorus deficiency other than a general stunting of the plant during early growth. It has a key position in the combustion processes of the cell, and in the total energy transfer of the plant. Nutrient deficiency symptoms of woody ornamental plants in. Expanding on nutrient management outline for greenhouse.
Under p deficiency, leaves are narrow, short, very erect, and develop if the variety has a tendency to produce anthocyanin. If you start to notice the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency with your marijuana plants, always act fast and you should recover within a week. Oxygen deficiency of root systems occurs frequently in nature kennedy et al. Leaves are often dark green and in the early stages abundant with foliage. Sodium deficiency does not appear to exhibit any symptoms since it is not an essential element. Pdf the diagnosis and correction of sulfur deficiency and the. Plant nutrient deficiency symptoms environmental science. The influence of phosphorus deficiency on growth and nitrogen. Under severe k deficiency, leaf tips are yellowish brown. Much of the information on this website describes diseases but this section is devoted to problems associated with either excess levels of nutrients in the soil which leads to toxicity, or a lack of nutrient within the soil which leads to deficiencies within plants.
Stems, petioles and lower leaf surfaces may turn purple. During phosphate pi deficiency, most plants including arabidopsis thaliana enhance the. Understand how to use a key for identifying deficiency symptoms. Symptoms of deficiencies and toxicities greentrees. Newly emerging leaves will not show the coloration. Reactive oxygen species in plant development the company of. May 16, 2014 phosphorus is a major plant nutrient, and is the p of npk and the roots of shootsrootsfruits. When p deficiency is severe, plants may not flower at all. Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in wheat are usually nonspecific and difficult to diagnose in the field. Diagnosing nutrient deficiencies and toxicities diagnose nutrient deficiencies.
Phosphorus nutrient management mosaic crop nutrition. You still may have some time as phosphorus moves from the bottom of the plant to the top. During phosphate pi deficiency, most plants including arabidopsis thaliana enhance the development of lateral roots and root hairs, resulting. Phosphorus deficient potato plants are stunted, with dark green leaves. Its best to try and fix this soon, before it becomes a major problem. The biggest concentrations of phosphorus are also found in the selfdeveloping. Other effects of p deficiency include delayed maturity often by one week or more. Phosphorus plays a vital role in the plant for the transformation of energy within the plant body and it is very effective in early root growth and development chaudhary and singh 2018. Phosphorus is a vital nutrient required by cannabis plants that fulfills many important biological functions.
How do you control and treat phosphorus deficiency in tomatoes. There are numerous different signs of deficiency symptoms to look out for when it comes to this nutrient. Soil organisms use any nitrogen to break down carbon sources, making n unavailable to plants. Role of sodium and chloride in plant culture promix.
Diagnosing phosphorus deficiency in wheat agriculture and food. Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency plants with phosphorus deficiency are most likely to exhibit the following traits. When p deficiency is very severe, grain formation may not occur, and it will have. Nutrient deficiency symptoms of woody ornamental plants in south florida 3 will be greatly reduced in such plants and a reduction in leaf size will also be observed. Identification of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Plants that have small root systems and significant above ground growth require plentiful amounts of phosphorus fertilizer. Bromley, mercer county horticulturist 10 of all of the symptoms and signs of trouble in plants, possibly the most overlooked are nutrient deficiencies. Mycorrhizas can increase the amount of phosphorus uptaken by plants. Boron deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants, resulting in inhibition of cell expansion, death of meristem, and reduced fertility. It is necessary that any gardener see to it that the phosphorus level on the soil remains sufficient otherwise.
Copper can influences growth, disease control and production in. Ideally, for healthy and productive soil you should aim for a phosphorus concentration of 20. All of the processes in the photosynthetic machinery influenced by p deficiency appear to be fully reversible and can be restored in less than 1 h after resupply of p to the leaf tissue. Sources, functions and deficiency symptoms of essential. Chloride deficiency can occur if there is consistently less than 2 ppm chloride in the growing medium and the symptoms appear as chlorotic blotches with necrotic spots located between the veins or on the margins of the younger leaves. Some strains of cannabis need more nitrogen than others, just the same and some are sensitive to nitrogen and need less. Before rock phosphate, ground bones mixed with dilute sulfuric acid provided plants with phosphorus. Pdf phosphorus p deficiency is a common nutritional factor limiting agricultural production around the globe. Ppi aps amimi ppi deficiency symptoms because p is needed in large quantities during the early stages of cell division, the initial overall symptom is slow, weak, and stunted growth. Aug 11, 2017 phosphorus deficiency in cannabis plants. The metabolic response of plants to oxygen deficiency. All plants require sufficient supplies of macronutrients for healthy growth, and nitrogen n is a nutrient that is commonly in limited supply.
In the field, roots can be subject to oxygen deficiency soon after strong rainfall, since the soil usually becomes flooded for a short or longer period depending. The most noticeable feature of phosphorus deficiency in wheat is reduced growth and vigour. Chlorosis will eventually spread throughout the plant. Plants grown for their seeds and fruits benefit from phosphorus, and the nutrient helps establish healthy root systems in young plants. Phosphorus is highly mobile in plant and essential for respiration and cell division. Phosphorous p fertilization is the major mineral nutrient yield determinant among legume crops. Caveats many nutrient deficiencies may look similar. Plant nutrient functions and deficiency and toxicity symptoms.
Phosphorus is a mineral needed by your body for strong bones and teeth and other body processes. Nutrient deficiencies and application injuries in field crops john sawyer department of agronomy. Nutrient deficiency symptoms that occur in irregular patterns in a field are probably due to a soil condition. It readily mobilizes and translocates in the plant.
Expanding on nutrient management for greenhouse crops neil mattson ph dneil mattson, ph. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders tnau agritech portal. Symptoms of deficiencies and toxicities by element. Guide to symptoms of plant nutrient deficiencies arizona.
Phosphorus deficiency guide phosphorus plays an important role for all living organisms and is an essential nutrient element for plants and animals. Balamohan department of fruit crops, horticultural college and research institute tamil nadu agricultural university, coimbatore 641 003 nutritional disorders are basically physiological disorders in the plants that affect productivity as well as the quality of fruits. Nov 26, 2014 under p deficiency, leaves are narrow, short, very erect, and develop if the variety has a tendency to produce anthocyanin. A wide variety of problems can effect plant growth and health. Plants are most likely to suffer from phosphorus deficiency when they are grown in compacted, poorly aerated soil that is low in organic matter. Phosphorus deficient plants are smaller and grow more slowly than do plants with adequate.
Objectives after reading this module, the reader should be able to. Plants are dark green with reddishpurplish leaf tips and margins on older leaves. Some soils are depleted of phosphorus and give rise to phosphorusdeficient produce. The influence of phosphorus deficiency on growth and. This reduces water quality and desirable fish and aquatic plants. P is relatively mobile in plants and can be transferred to sites of new growth. In severe cases the whole plant may take on a purple hue. Glutathione is the most important redox buffer in plants and. Key to nutrient deficiencies in corn and sorghum cropwatch.
This could be an issue with phosphorous deficiency going on within your marijuana plants. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Because n is a part of the chlorophyll molecule, a major deficiency symptom is chlorosis. Symptoms of deficiencies and toxicities greentrees hydroponics. Phosphorus deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder of crop plants, especially in the highly weathered acidic soils of the tropics that contain large quantities of al and fe oxides fageria and baligar, 1996. In intact plants, the amount of watersoluble boron fluctuates with the amount of boron supplied, while insoluble boron does not. Although sorghum plants use n more efficiently than most c 3type crops and are more tolerant to drought and high temperature stresses compared to corn young and long, 2000, n deficiency suppressed plant growth and dm accumulation and allocation. Many micronutrients are used by plants to process other nutrients or work together with other nutrients, so a deficiency of one may look like another for instance, molybdenum is required by legumes to complete the nitrogen fixation process. Phosphorus is a structural component of the plasma membrane of the cell. Assistant professor, horticulture cornell university outline brief overview of essential nutrients calcium iron forms of nitrogen organic fertilizers element symbol ppm percent relative number of atoms nitrogen n 15,000 1. The highest shoot formation occurred in plants grown in solution and with. Use the following key to help identify seven nutrient disorders observed in nebraska corn and sorghum. Plants contain boron both in a watersoluble and insoluble form. Detecting phosphorus deficiency can take multiple forms.
Slow growth and stunted plants lower protein, fewer leaves, and early maturity in corn yellowing begins at leaf tip and extends along midribs. Mild to moderate p deficiency is difficult to recognize in the field. If you suspect a nitrogen deficiency in the soil but are unsure how to correct it, you may be wondering why do plants need nitrogen anyway. Iron fe iron deficiency is common on trees and shrubs growing on alkaline or poorly drained soils. Nitrogen deficiency in plants can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil. The omission of nutrients both in simple and multiple forms affected plant development. Phosphorus p deficiency is usually visible on young corn plants. Identify and diagnose common plant nutrient deficiency and. The symptoms of phosphorus deficiency vary widely between species but most plants will show the following symptoms. The availability of phosphate is essential for young plants since approximately threequarters of the total amount of phosphorus absorbed by the plant occurs before it is a quarter of the way through its life cycle. Phosphorus deficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. Florida and north carolina produce the most rock phosphate in america.
By the time a visual deficiency is recognized, it may be too late to correct in annual. Induced phosphorus deficiency in seedlings can occur in very dry conditions, but is often transitory and plants recover when the topsoil rewets. Journal of plant nutrition phosphorus deficiency in. If plants fail to thrive, despite adequate soil preparation, watering and mulching, it may be a sign of a nutrient deficiency. Plants will exhibit lack of vigor as older leaves become yellow chlorotic from lack of chlorophyll. Identify and diagnose common plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity symptoms 2. Specifically, p deficiency is believed to affect co 2 assimilation by reducing the atpdependent regeneration of ribulose1,5. Zinc deficiency occurs when plant growth is limited because the plant cannot take up sufficient quantities of this essential micronutrient from its growing medium. Maize plants with severe zinc deficiency in the foreground, with healthier plants planted at the same time in the background. Identifying problems hallowrooted annual and perennial plants frequently have iron and zinc deficiencies caused by excessive phosphorus. Phosphorus is a fairly mobile element in plants so deficiency symptoms are more often seen on older leaves because the phosphorus from old leaves is more easily redirected to new leaves as theyre produced. Learn about the functions and sources of this major mineral, as well as what happens to your body. In some plants the leaf pigment change as a result of this process can turn leaves a dark purplish color. Plant nutrition is a difficult subject to understand completely, partially because of the variation between different plants and even between different species or individuals of a given clone.
Under k deficiency, darkgreen plants with yellowishbrown leaf margins or darkbrown necrotic spots first appear on the tips of older leaves. What are the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in plants. Phosphorus deficiency in winter and early spring can be temporary, due to the decreased ability of plants to absorb phosphates in cold soil conditions. A preliminary detection method is a visual inspection of plants. Tomato roots growing in cold soil, either in the greenhouse or the field, take up phosphorus poorly.
It is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency around the world and causes large losses in crop production and crop quality. Also, acid loving plants grown in neutral to alkaline soils display symptoms of deficiencies. Spot nitrogen deficiency with marijuana and recover in a week. Phosphorus deficiency is most often manifested as purpling of the leaves, particularly the leaf veins. Phosphorus p is an essential macronutrient, and p deficiency limits plant productivity. Nutrient deficiencies and their symptoms in selected crops.
Reddyb a department of plant and soil sciences, mississippi state university, box 9555, mississippi state, ms 39762, usa. The aim here was to compare p uptake and translocation, biological nitrogen fixing ability and photosynthetic rate among mashbean vigna aconitifolia cv. Natural resources fact sheet plant nutrientsphosphorus. Greenyellow plants with dark yellow interveinal chlorosis advancing to rustbrown necrosis. Deficiency symptoms in plants types and its symptoms. Plant growth and physiological responses to nitrogen deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency alters nutrient accumulation patterns. Nutrient deficiencies and application injuries in field crops. Once the soil temperature warms, then tomato plants are able to absorb phosphorus and the problem fixes itself. Warm the soil with cloches and mulches, and also lime the soil which makes phosphorus more soluble and available to plants.
Elements present at low levels may cause deficiency symptoms, and toxicity is possible at levels that are too high. Boron deficiency is a common deficiency of the micronutrient boron in plants. S deficiency appears as yello wing of both upper and lower leaves. Phosphorus supports the transfer of energy in plants, which is a different role from other plant nutrients, such as nitrogen. It is important to know what a plant species looks like when it is healthy in order to recognize symptoms of distress, for example some plants were bred to have variegated patterns in the leaves when they are healthy.
The absence of any element necessary for the nourishment of that particular plant will lead to the morphological changes. Of course, if the deficient element is provided to the plant in good time, the symptoms of deficiency disappear. Fix the phosphorus deficiency in your marijuana plants. It is more likely to appear on young plants, especially on soils that are cold, wet, or too dry. We embody the universitys landgrant mission with a commitment to eliminate hunger, preserve our natural resources, improve quality of life, and empower the next generation through worldclass education. Darker green leaves and purplish or red pigment can indicate a deficiency in phosphorus. Phosphorus deficiency is more difficult to diagnose than a deficiency of nitrogen or potassium. The interrelationship between a nutrients availability and soil ph, air and soil temperature, available moisture, excesses. P influences many aspects of photosynthesis pdeficient plants typically remain green and do not develop leaf chlorosis and yet p starvation immediately affects co 2 assimilation. Zn, cu, and calcium ca concentrations were significantly higher in pdeficient plants, while grain magnesium mg.
Occasionally bronzecolored spots appear on the leaves. Eating a lot of foods lacking in nutrition junk foods can lead to phosphorus deficiency, as can inadequate phosphorus intake through food supplement intake. Many of the symptoms of nutrient deficiency are most easily detected without special equipment and without damaging or digging up a plant on the leaves of affected plants. Darker green leaves and purplish or red pigment can indicate a. Expanding on nutrient management outline for greenhouse crops. Understand how to use a key for identifying deficiency symptoms 4.665 1143 1249 99 714 570 822 89 1117 379 1011 944 563 1202 704 672 1304 1234 1033 756 312 1221 855 1304 1581 346 1566 833 966 389 1476 1270 873 1458 1458 1265


A stabilised natural marine lipid extract comprising a rare combination of lipid groups and unique Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids known as PCSO-524™. Lyprinol® has been shown through clinical research to be an extremely potent anti-inflammatory.
Independent studies have shown Lyprinol® to be:
- 100 times more potent than EPA Max
- 125 times more potent than the original freeze dried mussel powder
- 175 times more potent than evening primrose oil
The unique grouping of fatty acids in Lyprinol has evolved as the most potent group of Omega-3 lipids in blocking the 5 - lipoxygenase metabolic pathway responsible for inflammation in the body.
Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 0, No. 0, pp. 1-17 (1999):Over the counter (OTC) oral remedies for arthritis and rheumatism: how effective are they? M.W. Whitehouse.
This unique marine product has been exposed to critical review by many research institutions world wide and is proven to have significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in inhibiting leukotriene synthesis and in vivo by markedly reducing the severity of adjuvant-induced poly arthritis in rat models. Various publications have been released confirming these results all of which are available on request. Leukotrienes are formed in the body via the lipoxygenase pathway and are responsible for initiating and extending the inflammatory process. The work carried out in The Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide in Australia and the Charite University in Berlin, Germany has clearly demonstrated that the stabilised marine lipid Lyprinol® is a powerful modulator of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, thus its ability to markedly reduce the damaging effects of persistent inflammation that one may find in various allergic reactions including arthritis and other inflammatory disorders including inflammation of the respiratory airways. Since many of the currently used anti-inflammatory drugs, in particular the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), function via the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, much recent international research and effort has gone into the development of modulators of the second major pathway, the lipoxygenase pathway.
There is little doubt that Lyprinol® can provide a potent means of controlling and inhibiting the damage caused by the excesses of the body's inflammatory responses. In vivo studies undertaken at The University of Queensland in Australia tested the anti-arthritic properties of Lyprinol®. Using the standard model for evaluating the potency of anti-arthritic drugs, Lyprinol® was measured against its ability to reduce the swelling which occurs in adjuvant induced poly arthritis in rats. Published in the Journal "Inflammopharmacology". The results were dramatic, with Lyprinol® reducing joint swelling by 93% compared with untreated controls. Following these outstanding findings The University of Queensland scientists set out to compare Lyprinol® with two widely used anti-arthritic drugs, namely Indomethacin & Ibuprofen. When given orally at the same dose rate (5mg/kg body wt./day) Lyprinol® outperformed the drugs Indomethacin & Ibuprofen by a factor of 2:1. This was a staggeringly successful outcome for Lyprinol®. More recently a double blind clinical trial conducted at the Hong Kong Poly Tech University has shown that the patients taking Lyprinol had greater improvement in the perception of pain as measured by the VAS, and patients’ global assessment of arthritis in those who took Lyprinol® when compared with controls from week 4 following adjustment for the change in the amount of paracetamol used between study visits. Patients who took Lyprinol® but not placebo also had improved scores in the CAIMS2-SF physical function and psychological status domains from week 4*. The results from this paper have been published in the journal ‘PROGRESS IN NUTRITION VOL. 6, N. 1, 17-31, 2004’
Lyprinol has also been trialed for the use in mild to moderate asthmatics as an adjuvant treatment. In a study conducted at the Pavlov Medical University St Petersburg, Russia there was a significant decrease in daytime wheeze, the concentration of exhaled H2O2 and an increase in morning PEF in the lipid extract group compared to the placebo group. The results of this clinical trial were published in ‘The European Respiratory Journal 2002; 20: 596–600’.
Note: Much more research has been conducted on Lyprinol over the past 25 years, all of which is available on request.


- Improves skin elasticity and firmness
- Reduces fine lines and wrinkles
- Evens tone and reduces discoloration
- Protects against further damage
- Improves skin hydration
This luxurious eye cream dramatically reduces fine line and wrinkles, and is specially formulated for the delicate skin area around the eyes. The restructuring action of this formula encourages cell renewal and the skin regains its elasticity. Leaves the eye area intensively revitalized and smooth.
Because of its very rich texture this product can also be used as a mask treatment. Active Ingredients: REGU®-AGE, SYN®-COLL, SYN®-AKE, Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid), Vitamin F.A.C.E.-Complex, Ubiquinone (Coenzym Q 10), Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A Palmitat), Cera Alba (Beeswax), Lanolin, Squalane


Sniffer dog Sasja has a good nose for tobacco and precursors – the raw products for synthetic drugs. The dog and its handler form an important link in the chain in the fight against smuggling in the Rotterdam seaport region.
“Sasja is a smart and enthusiastic Dutch shepherd. She’s able to detect all sorts of smoking materials and the constituents of amphetamines and designer drugs in trailers and containers. People sometimes ask me whether animals that sniff these substances can get addicted to them, but that’s not true. I can’t tell you much about the nature and amount of the catches that Sasja and I have been involved in. What I can say is that I’m proud of our fantastic partnership and the results we get.”


STAIN-PROOF Original™ is an impregnating, invisible and breathable sealer that provides premium long term protection for natural stone, tiles, pavers, concrete, brick and grout from water and oil based stains and damage caused by water and dissolved salts. Treated indoor and outdoor surfaces become easier to clean and keep looking good for longer.
STAIN-PROOF Original™ is suitable for a wide variety of indoor and outdoor applications in residential and commercial buildings, including: building facades, floors, walls, countertops, showers, swimming pool surrounds, patios, garages, kitchens and entertaining areas.
STAIN-PROOF Plus™ is an impregnating, invisible and breathable sealer that protects natural stone countertops from damage caused by water, salts and oil-based stains. Treated countertop surfaces become easier to clean, maintain, and keep looking good for longer. STAIN-PROOF Plus™ provides lasting protection for natural stone that comes with a 25 year warranty*.
*A 15 YEAR And 25-YEAR PERFORMANCE WARRANTY is offered when product applied by an Accredited Applicator following our written instructions and surface is maintained regularly using our written maintenance system, as outlined in our warranty document. Spills should still be cleaned up immediately to minimise absorption.


HomeNewsThe Science Behind Aging Wine: How Time Enhances Flavors and Complexity
May 9, 2023
The Science Behind Aging Wine: How Time Enhances Flavors and Complexity
Wine has long been revered for its ability to evolve and improve with age, unlocking new dimensions of flavor and complexity. The process of aging wine is a delicate art that combines chemistry, biology, and patience. Through the interplay of various factors, including time, oxygen, and chemical reactions, wines can undergo remarkable transformations, leading to a heightened sensory experience. In this article, we will delve into the science behind aging wine, exploring the intricate mechanisms that contribute to the development of rich flavors, aromas, and textures. Join us on a journey through the vineyards and cellars as we unravel the mysteries of time and its effects on wine.
I. The Aging Process
A. The Foundation of Aging: Wine aging is a process that occurs after the production and bottling of wine. It involves allowing the wine to mature under specific conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and light exposure. During this time, chemical reactions take place within the wine, leading to the development of complex flavors and textures.
B. The Role of Oxygen: Oxygen plays a crucial role in the aging process. Controlled exposure to oxygen allows the wine to undergo oxidation, which softens harsh tannins, enhances aromatic compounds, and promotes the development of desirable characteristics. However, excessive oxygen exposure can lead to oxidation and spoilage, highlighting the importance of proper storage conditions.
II. Chemical Reactions in Wine Aging
A. Phenolic Compounds: Phenolic compounds, such as tannins and anthocyanins, are responsible for the color, structure, and mouthfeel of wine. Over time, these compounds undergo polymerization, resulting in the formation of larger and more complex molecules. This process contributes to the wine’s overall smoothness and aging potential.
B. Esters and Aldehydes: Esters and aldehydes are volatile compounds responsible for the fruity and floral aromas in wine. During aging, these compounds undergo chemical reactions, leading to the formation of new and more complex aromas. These transformations add layers of complexity and nuance to the wine’s bouquet.
C. Acid Hydrolysis: Acid hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that occurs between wine acids and water molecules. Over time, this reaction can reduce the wine’s acidity, resulting in a smoother and more balanced taste. The gradual breakdown of acidic compounds contributes to the overall harmony and integration of flavors.
D. Reduction and Sulfur Compounds: In some cases, the aging process can lead to reduction, a chemical reaction that occurs when wine lacks oxygen exposure. Reduction can result in the formation of sulfur compounds, which may contribute to off-flavors and aromas, often described as “reductive” or “stinky.” However, controlled levels of reduction can add complexity and depth to certain wine styles.
III. Factors Affecting Wine Aging
A. Grape Varieties: Different grape varieties possess varying levels of tannins, acidity, and sugar content, all of which influence their aging potential. Some grapes, such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Nebbiolo, are known for their ability to age gracefully, developing intricate flavors and textures over time.
B. Oak Aging: The use of oak barrels during the aging process can significantly impact the flavor profile of wine. Oak imparts flavors such as vanilla, spice, and toastiness through the extraction of compounds from the wood. Additionally, the micro-oxygenation that occurs when wine interacts with the oak barrel allows for controlled oxidation, enhancing the wine’s complexity.
C. Storage Conditions: Proper storage conditions are crucial for successful wine aging. Temperature, humidity, and light exposure can all affect the chemical reactions taking place within the wine. Ideally, wines should be stored in a cool, dark environment with stable humidity levels to prevent premature aging or spoilage.
D. Bottle Aging vs. Barrel Aging: While barrel aging is commonly associated with the aging process, wines can also age in the bottle. Barrel aging primarily contributes to the wine’s early development, while bottle aging allows for further evolution and integration of flavors over an extended period. Some wines are released only after undergoing significant bottle aging to ensure optimal enjoyment.
E. Aging Potential: Not all wines are suitable for aging. Factors such as grape variety, winemaking techniques, and vintage variation play a crucial role in determining a wine’s aging potential. Wines with higher levels of tannins, acidity, and sugar have a greater capacity to age and evolve positively over time.
IV. The Pleasure of Aged Wine
A. Flavor Development: As wine ages, its flavors become more complex and nuanced. Primary fruit flavors may give way to secondary and tertiary flavors, including earthy notes, dried fruits, leather, and tobacco. These evolving flavors provide a unique and captivating experience for wine enthusiasts.
B. Textural Changes: Aging can also lead to changes in the wine’s texture and mouthfeel. Tannins, which can initially be firm and astringent in young wines, gradually soften and integrate, resulting in a smoother and more velvety sensation on the palate. This evolution enhances the overall drinking experience.
C. Aromatics and Bouquet: The aging process enriches the wine’s aromatic profile, creating a more complex bouquet. The initial fruity and floral aromas may evolve into a symphony of layered scents, including spice, tobacco, and hints of oak. These enticing aromas contribute to the sensory pleasure of aged wine.
V. Enjoying Aged Wine
A. Cellar Selection: Building a cellar and selecting wines for aging requires careful consideration. Collecting wines with good aging potential from reputable producers and storing them under optimal conditions will yield the best results. Consulting with knowledgeable sommeliers or wine experts can provide valuable guidance.
B. Decanting and Serving: Aged wines often benefit from decanting, which allows them to breathe and open up, revealing their full potential. Additionally, serving aged wines at the appropriate temperature and using suitable glassware can enhance the overall tasting experience.
The science behind aging wine is a fascinating exploration of chemical reactions, oxygen exposure, and gradual transformations that result in the development of intricate flavors and textures. Understanding the factors influencing wine aging, such as grape varieties, oak aging, and storage conditions, allows wine enthusiasts to appreciate the true artistry and craftsmanship behind aged wines. So, next time you uncork a bottle of aged wine, savor the experience as you indulge in the culmination of time, patience, and the science that elevates wine to a whole new level.


Eurasian permafrost soils contain large amounts of organic carbon (OC) and mercury (Hg), sequestered by vegetation during past and present interglacial periods. Lake sediment archives may help understand past OC and Hg dynamics and how they interact with climate-related variables. We investigated Hg accumulation, OC dynamics, and Hg and OC stable isotopes in a 14,000 year sediment record from lake Malaya Chabyda (Central Yakutia, Russia). Sediment Hg was correlated to OC (p value <0.01), with lower OC and Hg accumulation rates (OCAR, HgAR) during the cold Younger Dryas (YD, 12,900–11,700 cal BP), when the lake level was low. Elevated sediment Δ200Hg (0.05 ± 0.11‰), representing dominant HgII deposition, and low δ13C, indicates low lake primary productivity during the YD. During the early Holocene, Δ200Hg and Δ199Hg decreased, while δ13C, δ202Hg, OCAR, and HgAR increased, suggesting enhanced algal primary productivity, in deeper, more turbid waters. From 4,100 cal BP to present, Hg/OC ratios and HgAR increased at constant OCAR, indicating an additional Hg source to the lake. Analysis of Hg isotopes suggests enhanced direct Hg0 uptake into lake waters, driven by primary production and efficient Hg burial. Our observations suggest that the gradual climate warming since the Last Glacial Termination and into the late Holocene led to enhanced OC and Hg burial in northern lakes and watersheds. Early Holocene enhanced Hg burial, but not OC, is possibly related to a renewed increase in lake primary productivity. Continued global warming may lead to further Hg sequestration in northern aquatic ecosystems.


Oil sealsJump to products
Oil seal in standard design referring to DIN 3760 with an elastomer outer sheath covering a metal insert as well as a spring-energised sealing lip.
Fields of application
Are touch seals designed to seal rotating machine parts. The degree of sealing ability depends on the operating conditions of the sealing component and the sealing life requirements.
Wiper seals maintain sealing contact to the piston rod when the equipment is stationary (static, no reciprocating motion of rod) and in use (dynamic, reciprocating rod), whereas the tolerance for the rod diameter d is determined by the rod seal. Without a wiper seal, the retracting piston rod could transport contaminants into the cylinder. The outside static sealing of the wiper seal within the housing is also important to avoid moisture or particles from entering around the outside of the wiper seal.
NBR - Good chemical resistance to mineral oils and greases, hydraulic oils H, HL, HLP, non-inflammable hydraulic pressure fluids HFA, HFB, HFC to approx. +50°C and water to max. +80°C
HNBR – HNBR is obtained by fully or partially hydrogenating NBR. It leads to considerable improvement in resistance to heat, ozone and ageing, and gives it very good mechanical properties, e.g. good resistance to wear. The media resistance compares to that of NBR. HNBR has a good resistance to some refrigerants. The temperature application range is from -30°C to +150°C.
MVQ – Good resistance to water (up to 100 °C), aliphatic engine and transmission oils, animal and plant oils and fats. VMQ is generally not resistant to fuels, aromatic mineral oils, steam (short term up to 120 °C possible), silicone oils and greases, acids and alkaline compounds.
FKM Viton – Good chemical resistance to mineral oils and greases, synthetic oils and greases, engine, transmission and ATF oils to approx. +150°C, fuels, non-flammable hydraulic pressure fluids HFD, aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, water to max. +80°C, excellent resistance to weathering, ozone and ageing, very low gas permeability (and therefore excellent for vacuum application) and resistance to a wide range of chemicals.


October 19, 2017 | Use Case
Ensure your primer specificity with ePCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, is a molecular biology technique used to amplify and generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in vitro. It has many research and practical applications, such as gene cloning, medical diagnostics and forensic analysis.
The key determinant of PCR success is the PCR primer, a short DNA sequence (usually 18-22 base pairs) which recognises the complementary site and binds to gene of interest in template DNA, initiates the DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase using the basic building block dNTPs. A primer may binds to a few different locations in DNA or cDNA template with complementary sequences. When the nucleotide sequence located at the 3′-end of the primer has a few mismatches (1-3) with the DNA/cDNA template at non-targeted sites, PCR extension may occurs and resulting in non-specific PCR amplification. Hence, primer design has becoming the most crucial step in DNA amplification.
Electronic PCR (ePCR), also known as in silico PCR, has been developed as a computational tool to calculate theoretical PCR amplification results using given sequence information on PCR primer and target DNA (e.g. specific gene in the genome or transcriptome). The outputs of ePCR help to predict the specificity of designed primer by providing a list of possible PCR products with their PCR product sizes, locations etc. It has been widely used to check the PCR specificity after the primer design, before the PCR sequences are sent to the service provider for oligonucleotide synthesis.
Arkgene integrated ePCR tool into its Microbes workbench, allowing users to check the primer specificity against their bacteria genomes or transcriptomes via an interactive graphical interface. This application requires an STS file containing the name of primer, forward and reverse sequences, PCR product size and name of the tool/algorithms, for example: “primer1 TTCACATGAGCCAGTCCACT AATGGAACGGTGACAAAGGG 50-3000 ePCR“. The users have to select the input (targeted sequences) file and output filename, as well as parameters such as number of gaps or INDEL (insertion or deletion of bases) allowed. The analysis results will be computed in a text file.
Troubleshooting the root cause of PCR failure is a common problem for molecular biologist. With Arkgene, you can seamlessly check your primer specificity on the bacteria genomes uploaded in cloud, to ensure a successful PCR in your experiment.


FREE RADICALS & ANTIOXIDANTS
Ten years ago I imported the first urine test that measures excess free radicals in the urine, and I went around giving talks trying to educate the doctors and the public on the role of free radicals and antioxidants in ageing and the evolution of many diseases. However many doctors were skeptical and at one private hospital I was ridiculed for believing that free radicals are responsible for so much of the damage in the body.
Now the scenario is different as that fact is well established and even the lay person knows about free radicals and antioxidants, thanks to the interest in health and the many articles available in various media and the internet.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that require electrons to re-stabilize. They steal the electrons from other molecules, making the latter unstable, causing a chain-reaction. If this happens to the molecules which make up the wall, DNA or other components of the cell, then these structures become damaged. Accumulated free radical damage will lead to abnormal functioning, accelerated ageing, cancer or cell death.
Antioxidants are molecules which readily provide electrons to free radicals, thus sparing precious cell components from damage. Although the antioxidants themselves become free radicals, these are weak or relatively harmless free radicals. The chain is broken when water- soluble antioxidants which have become free radicals are excreted by the body. Thus it is good that vitamin C, which is the most common antioxidant supplement consumed, is excreted through the urine ( about 50% of ingested vitamin C is removed every 3 hours ). That way the body can neutralize a lot of free radicals, provided fresh antioxidants are made available all the time.
THE ORAC SCORE
The measurement of an antioxidant’s power to neutralize free radical damage at the cellular level is known as the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity or ORAC score or value.
A sample of antioxidant in the form of food, drink, fruit, nutritional supplement, vitamin, or chemical substance (for example, orange juice, carrot, or vitamin C) is put in a test tube to see how well and how long it takes to destroy or neutralize a known quantity of free radicals.
The nutrient tested is then given an ORAC SCORE that reflects the power and speed with which it does its job as an antioxidant.
The Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University USA has established that 5000 ORAC units per day can prevent certain age-related diseases.
ORAC scores are given in units per liter, so when you are comparing the scores between different foods or nutrients, it must be between the same volume ( or for simplicity, even weight or amount ) of the substances being compared.
Below are the ORAC scores of some berries, and grapes, spinach and carrot for comparison.
|– Ningxia wolfberry
– Red grapes
THE CAROTENOID SCORE
One method of measuring antioxidants directly in the body is by using the Biophotoscan to measure the body’s carotenoid score. This measures the amount of carotenoids present, but not the other antioxidants. Carotenoids are the yellow-orange-red antioxidant pigments that are present in carrots, papaya, tomato, watermelon and many other fruits and veggies.
If you take a well-balanced diet consisting of a wide variety of fruits and veggies ( or a broad-spectrum supplement ), the carotenoid score can be used to estimate the adequacy of other antioxidants as well.
Although most antioxidants can be measured accurately through blood tests, this is not practical, and not even necessary.
OXIDATIVE STRESS & OXYSCORE
The most important score to know is one that tells you how much excess free radicals you have. Although taking high ORAC antioxidants is good insurance, and having a high carotenoid score is comforting, you are really healthy only if the antioxidants are sufficient to combat the free radicals lurking in you. Your free radical load may even be much higher than your high antioxidant score!
Everyday each cell is bombarded by over 10,000 free radicals. Our toxic environment adds so much more to that produced by our cell metabolism. Our immune cells produce free radicals and use them to fight bacteria. The free radical load in the body is so high that it is impossible for anyone not to have an excess of free radicals even after taking plenty of antioxidants. What separates the healthy from the unhealthy is how much excess free radicals.
The amount of excess free radicals can be accurately measured using the urine free radical test. The urine free radical score ( or Oxyscore ) is a reliable estimation of the excess free radicals that have damaged your cell walls.
SPECIFICITY OF ANTIOXIDANTS
While the ORAC score gives the free-radical scavenging power of the antioxidant nutrient when tested in the lab, it only indicates the potential when the nutrient is available at the proper site in the body. Different free radicals are neutralized by different antioxidants – and therefore the widest range of antioxidants must be present to protect the cells maximally.
Different antioxidants also have varying activity outside and inside the cell, and in different cell types. For example, different berries are beneficial for different cells/organs. So always get your antioxidants from a variety of fruits and veggies, or supplements containing a variety of them.
THE MYSTICAL BERRIES
Now let us discover the super foods with superb antioxidants – the mystical berries. Berries are the superstars of antioxidant-rich fruits. They contain special antioxidants called anthocyanins. They are also rich in vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals like ellagic acid, quercetin and catechins. Many studies have shown that berries have powerful anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties. Acai berry, wolfberry and blueberry consistently top the list of antioxidant-rich foods studied. For a long time it was thought that blueberries had the highest antioxidant content among them, as only the berries common in Western countries were studied. Acai berries of the Amazon were found to be twice stronger. Now it is known that Chinese Ningxia wolfberries are ten times stronger! When these berries are studied in greater detail, more magical benefits will unfold.
Berries are a large family of mostly edible fruits. We are most familiar with blackberries, blueberries, bilberries, cranberries, elderberries, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries and wolfberries, but there are many more ( alaska wildberries, aronia or chokeberries, lingonberries, boysenberries, to name a few ). Did you know that botanically, grapes and blackcurrants are also berries? No wonder they all look similar (except for the colour), and are equally nutritious. Grape seed and grape skin contain powerful antioxidants like anthocyanins and resveratrol.
The different berries not only vary in their colours and tastes, but also in the type of anthocyanins, and therefore in their health benefits. All berries have deep or dark colours, and it is well known that the phytochemicals which give these colours are potent health-enhancing nutrients as well. Berries have very high ORAC scores (see table above), and are qi-enhancing, especially when taken fresh.
Many scientific studies have now validated what was expected from their known nutrient contents. A study by the founding president of the American Society of Holistic Medicine on a concoction of seven different berries ( including Acai and wolfberry ) blended with grapes, pomegranate and green tea showed that consuming it for 2-3 weeks reduced free radicals in the body by 43%.
From known scientific data about free radicals, if that reduction is maintained long term, it is estimated that life span may be increased by 20 years!
In another study, the anti-cancer effects are so strong that rats injected with carcinogens and then fed a berry-rich diet had 80 per cent fewer cancers compared to those without berries in their diet (study done in Ohio State University, USA).
Acai (pronounced ah-sigh-ee) berry is perhaps the crown jewel of the berries. I have mentioned it in a previous article (see www.superqigong.com/articles). It is consumed to improve circulation, increase energy and vitality, improve eyesight, and provide natural resistance to colds, flu, and disease. It is so vitalizing that it is called the “Fruit of Life”. Amazon legends accord it magical powers to enhance sexual desire.
It has ten times the antioxidant power of red grapes, thirty times that of red wine, and its seeds are also packed with antioxidants. It is rich in essential fatty acids, and has plenty of phytosterols which help to bring down bad cholesterol. It is also an excellent source of vitamins and fibre. Studies have shown it to be beneficial for the circulatory and digestive systems.
It is listed by the famous dermatologist Dr Nicholas Perricone as the top anti-aging superfood, and was even featured on the Oprah Winfrey Show.
Bilberries have been proven to be protective and reparative to the eyes, and are now standard recommendation for improving eyesight, and also preventing age-related eye diseases. Bilberries, blueberries and wolfberries can act synergistically to protect the eyes and many other organs, including the cardiovascular system.
Blueberries have been used to improve mental functions. In fact, in animal studies, blueberry extracts have been shown to be able to make nerve cells grow and significantly improve learning, memory and coordination.
Cranberries have long been known to be especially beneficial for preventing and treating urinary infection. Nutrients from cranberries prevent bacteria from sticking to the wall of the urinary tract. Cranberry juice and even extracts ( in tablets or capsules ) have been prescribed by doctors and naturopaths alike for this purpose, especially for women, who are at least 10 times more prone to urinary infections compared to men, simply because of our different anatomies. During pregnancy, that risk increases another ten-fold.
Elderberries and all the other berries improve the immune and cardiovascular systems through their antioxidant power.
Raspberries and strawberries were shown to be effective against many types of cancer, in studies done on rats and mice in The Medical University of South Carolina. Raspberries have also been shown to improve vision, memory and motor skills. These studies also showed that taking the individual phytochemicals (as supplements) was not as effective as taking the fruits themselves. Therefore, for supplementation, go for whole food extracts that retain all the nutrients.
Wolfberries were among the secrets behind the longevity of the Himalayan people, as well as the north-western Chinese. And the best wolfberries are those from Ningxia autonomous region of China. I discovered this through my Qigong sifu ( who is from Ningxia, China ) who shared with me (about 15 years ago) how wolfberries were used by his people to stay young and also fight tumours. I didn’t pay much attention then. Later, my interest in antioxidants and cancer led me to information which confirmed that Ningxia wolfberries have very potent anti-aging and anti-cancer nutrients. They help the function of many organs. They have an ORAC score of 25,000 which is over 10 times that of blueberries. Ningxia wolfberry is my “secret weapon” for health, aesthetics, anti-aging and preventing cancers.
Several types of “berries”
( References available on request )


Ethyl Alcohol ………… 70 %
Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Radiata Leaf/Stem Essential Oil, Polysorbate 20, Carbomer, Water
Cautions and Warnings
- Flammability warning. Keep away from open flame and sources of heat.
- For external use only.
- Supervise children when they use this product.
- Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, call a poison control centre or get medical help right away.
- Stop use and ask/ consult a health care practitioner if irritation develops.
- When using this product avoid contact with eyes. If contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water.


Superheavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table by Kit Chapman
In Superheavy: Making and Breaking the Periodic Table (2019), Kit Chapman goes on a scientific, chronological, and geographical tour of the mysterious upper reaches of the Periodic Table, taking his readers back in time to the beginning of nuclear physics/chemistry as well as from the United States to Russia to Germany and Japan and introducing his audience to the scientists who discovered (or not — there were more than few disputes) the “trans-uranium” elements beyond uranium’s atomic number 92. It’s both an engaging and informative read.
After covering the early discoveries necessary for further exploration of superheavy elements (fission, fusion, the makeup of the atom, etc.), Chapman moves into the increasingly difficult job of discovering, or creating, the upper elements. Most of the early heavy lifting was done by the lab in Berkeley, which had formed the perfect mix of high level equipment and high quality scientists and engineers, led by Nobel winner Glen Seaborg, who was involved in discovering ten new elements and was the first living scientist (and one of only two) honored by having an element name after him.
Those early elements were relatively easy to find — samples were large (in chemical terms), they stuck around for minutes, and detectors didn’t have to be all that sensitive. But as the explorers moved farther upward, all that changed. New technology had to be devised, samples were microscopic (to the nano degree) and they stuck around for seconds and then far, far less than a second. After Berkeley’s early success, other teams began to get into the game and even take the lead, particularly the Russians led for many years by Yuri Oganessian, the second person to have an element named after them. Teams in Sweden, Germany, and Japan also leapt into the race, and Chapman does a great job through interviews and research of conveying the competition, sometimes heated, sometimes petty, often tied to geopolitics (the Cold War) between the teams as he covers the push forward, innovations, embarrassments over mistaken claims, disputes over who was first (and the accompanying naming rights), and even outright fraud (once).
The interviews in particular are engaging, as are the many personal stories, such as the time one pair of scientists, raising the half-life clock on a sample, zoomed past a gate guard threatening to shoot if they didn’t stop. There are also several surprisingly moving moments, as Chapman never loses track of the personal in pursuit of the science. He also does an excellent job of highlighting the contributions of female scientists, such as Lise Meitner or Darleane Hoffman, who have too often been overlooked — passed over for a deserved Nobel Prize or, thanks to sexism, missing out on being credited for several element discoveries.
Superheavy is always informative, often entertaining, sometimes moving, and, as scientists edge nearer to discovering elements that due to their incredibly short existence serve no “useful” purpose, filled with the kind of wonder for wonder’s sake that is the best of science.


Laminated Sheet Products - WaveFront Technology Inc.
Laminated Sheet: Banner Content
Laminated Sheet: Rigid Lamination
When the substrate thickness requirement for a given product reaches a thickness that cannot be made roll to roll, we offer lamination to rigid sheet. Microstructures are replicated to thin PET film substrates on our R2R machines. This film is then bonded to acrylic, polycarbonate, or other substrates. The bonding agent is a UV cured polymer and has no outgassing. Rigid product can be laser cut into various shapes and sizes all in-house.


To make your soil more acidic for blueberries, you can take several steps to lower the soil’s pH level. Blueberries prefer acidic soil with a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. Here are some methods to achieve the desired acidity:
- Soil Testing: Start by testing your soil’s current pH level to determine how much adjustment is needed. Soil testing kits are available at garden centers or through agricultural extension offices. This will give you a baseline for making the necessary changes.
- Add Sphagnum Peat Moss: Sphagnum peat moss is an excellent amendment for increasing soil acidity. Mix it into the top 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) of the soil. Peat moss not only lowers the pH but also improves soil structure and moisture retention.
- Use Elemental Sulfur: Elemental sulfur is a natural and effective way to lower soil pH gradually. It converts to sulfuric acid through microbial action in the soil. Follow the application rates recommended based on your soil test results, as excessive use can harm plants.
- Ammonium-Based Fertilizers: Fertilizers that contain ammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate can help acidify the soil as the nitrogen in these compounds can contribute to lower pH levels. However, be cautious with over-fertilization, as it can lead to nutrient imbalances.
- Pine Needle Mulch: Mulching with pine needles can help maintain soil acidity over time. As the needles break down, they release organic acids that aid in soil acidification.
- Acidifying Agents: There are commercial acidifying agents available specifically for adjusting soil pH for acid-loving plants like blueberries. These products usually contain sulfur or other acidic components.
- Rainwater Irrigation: If you collect rainwater, it tends to be naturally slightly acidic, and using it for irrigation can help maintain soil acidity.
Remember that altering soil pH is not an immediate process. It may take several weeks or even months for the changes to take effect, especially in larger or more clay-heavy soil volumes. Monitor the soil pH periodically and adjust as needed to create the optimal growing conditions for your blueberries.
What is a good soil acidifier for blueberries?
A good soil acidifier for blueberries is elemental sulfur. Elemental sulfur is a natural and effective way to lower the pH of the soil, making it more acidic, which is ideal for blueberry plants that prefer a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. When added to the soil, elemental sulfur undergoes a chemical reaction with soil bacteria to produce sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH over time.
Here are some key points to keep in mind when using elemental sulfur as a soil acidifier for blueberries:
- Use Finely Ground Elemental Sulfur: The finer the sulfur particles, the faster it will react with the soil and lower the pH. Look for finely ground elemental sulfur for more immediate results.
- Follow Soil Test Recommendations: Before applying any soil acidifier, it’s crucial to conduct a soil test to determine the current pH and the amount of sulfur needed for your specific soil conditions. Soil testing kits are available at garden centers or through agricultural extension offices.
- Application Rate: The application rate of elemental sulfur will depend on the soil’s current pH and the desired pH for blueberries. The soil test results will guide you on how much sulfur to add. Typically, applications of 1 to 2 pounds of sulfur per 100 square feet are common, but this can vary.
- Time and Patience: Lowering soil pH with elemental sulfur is not an instant process. It may take several weeks or even months for the full effect to be seen. Be patient and monitor the soil pH periodically.
- Incorporate Sulfur into the Soil: Mix the elemental sulfur thoroughly into the top 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) of the soil to ensure even distribution.
- Watering: After applying sulfur, water the soil well to help it dissolve and start the pH-lowering process.
Always follow the instructions on the product label and the soil test recommendations for the best results. Additionally, remember that soil pH is an ongoing aspect of gardening, and regular soil testing and maintenance may be necessary to ensure your blueberry plants continue to thrive in the acidic conditions they prefer.
How do you naturally acidify soil for blueberries?
You can naturally acidify the soil for blueberries using organic methods and materials. These methods may take some time to show results, but they are environmentally friendly and can create a suitable acidic environment for blueberry plants. Here are some natural ways to acidify soil for blueberries:
- Sphagnum Peat Moss: Mix sphagnum peat moss into the top 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) of the soil. Peat moss is acidic and will help lower the pH over time. It also improves soil structure and moisture retention.
- Pine Needle Mulch: Mulch around your blueberry plants with pine needles. As the pine needles decompose, they release organic acids into the soil, gradually making it more acidic.
- Coffee Grounds: Coffee grounds are slightly acidic and can be added to the soil around blueberry plants. You can save coffee grounds from your daily coffee brewing and spread them as a mulch.
- Oak Leaves: If you have oak trees nearby, collect fallen oak leaves and use them as mulch around your blueberries. Oak leaves naturally contain tannic acid, which can help acidify the soil.
- Compost: Use compost made from acidic materials like fruit and vegetable scraps, pine needles, and oak leaves. The decomposition of these materials will contribute to lowering the soil pH.
- Rainwater Irrigation: Use rainwater for watering your blueberries whenever possible. Rainwater tends to be naturally slightly acidic due to the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide.
- Acidic Fertilizers: Choose organic fertilizers that are slightly acidic, such as those with ammonium sulfate or cottonseed meal. These can contribute to lowering the soil pH over time.
Remember that natural methods of soil acidification may take some time to show significant results, especially in larger soil volumes or highly alkaline soils. Regular monitoring of the soil pH and continued use of these natural amendments will help maintain the desired acidic environment for your blueberry plants. Additionally, consider conducting a soil test to determine the current pH and to assess the effectiveness of the natural acidification methods you use. How to prepare blueberry soil? >>
What is the best soil mix for blueberries?
The best soil mix for blueberries should be acidic, well-draining, and nutrient-rich. Blueberries thrive in a specific soil pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, so it’s essential to create an environment that meets their specific requirements. Here’s a recommended soil mix for blueberries:
- Sphagnum Peat Moss: Sphagnum peat moss is the foundation of a good blueberry soil mix. It is highly acidic and helps lower the soil pH. It also improves soil structure and moisture retention. Aim to use about 50% to 70% peat moss in the mix.
- Perlite or Vermiculite: Add perlite or vermiculite to the mix to improve drainage. Blueberries prefer moist, well-draining soil, and these materials will prevent waterlogged conditions that can be harmful to the plants. Use about 20% to 30% perlite or vermiculite in the mix.
- Compost or Well-Rotted Pine Bark: Incorporate compost or well-rotted pine bark to provide essential nutrients to the plants. These organic materials contribute to the overall health of the blueberries. Aim for about 10% to 20% compost or pine bark in the mix.
- Sand (Optional): If your peat moss is coarse, you can add a small amount of sand (about 5%) to help improve the soil structure and drainage further.
Here’s a basic recipe for a blueberry soil mix:
- 60% Sphagnum peat moss
- 30% Perlite or vermiculite
- 10% Compost or well-rotted pine bark
Mix the ingredients thoroughly to ensure even distribution and use this mix when planting or repotting blueberries. Adjust the quantities based on your soil test results and the specific needs of your blueberry plants.
When growing blueberries in containers, use this soil mix to fill the pots or raised beds. If you’re planting blueberries directly in the ground, incorporate this mix into the planting hole and the surrounding area to create the ideal soil conditions for the plants.
Regularly monitor the soil pH, and if needed, supplement with organic soil amendments or natural acidifiers to maintain the desired acidity for your blueberries’ optimal growth and fruit production.
What is the best fertilizer for blueberries?
The best fertilizer for blueberries is one that provides essential nutrients while also helping to maintain the acidic soil conditions they prefer. Blueberries have specific nutrient requirements, and using the right fertilizer will promote healthy growth, strong root development, and abundant fruit production. Here are some key considerations when choosing the best fertilizer for blueberries:
- Acidic Formulation: Blueberries thrive in acidic soil with a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. Therefore, it’s crucial to select a fertilizer specifically formulated for acid-loving plants or those labeled for use with blueberries. These fertilizers will help maintain the soil pH within the ideal range.
- Low in Phosphorus: Blueberries have relatively low phosphorus requirements, so it’s best to choose a fertilizer with a low or balanced N-P-K (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) ratio. A fertilizer with a higher nitrogen (N) content and lower phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content is preferable. For example, a ratio like 10-5-5 or 12-4-8 is suitable.
- Slow-Release Fertilizer: Consider using slow-release or controlled-release fertilizers. These types of fertilizers release nutrients gradually over time, providing a steady supply of essential elements to the blueberry plants. This approach is especially beneficial for container-grown blueberries.
- Organic Fertilizers: Organic fertilizers can be an excellent choice for blueberries, as they contribute to soil health and microbial activity. Look for organic fertilizers that are specifically formulated for acid-loving plants or those containing ingredients like cottonseed meal, feather meal, or fish meal.
- Avoid Lime-based Fertilizers: Lime raises soil pH and makes it less acidic, which is detrimental to blueberries. Ensure that the chosen fertilizer does not contain lime or any other alkaline materials.
- Application Timing: Fertilize blueberries in early spring before new growth starts. Avoid fertilizing in late summer or fall, as it may interfere with the plant’s hardening process for winter.
Before applying any fertilizer, it’s essential to conduct a soil test to determine the nutrient levels and pH of the soil. This will help you choose the right fertilizer and apply it at the appropriate rates. Soil testing will also prevent over-fertilization, which can be harmful to the plants and the environment.
Overall, a fertilizer specifically formulated for acid-loving plants or blueberries, with a low phosphorus content and a balanced N-P-K ratio, is the best choice to support the healthy growth and fruiting of your blueberry plants.


Metal Detectable Tri-Clamp Gaskets are designed to create strong, functioning joints in Food Manufacturing settings. Made from a durable EPDM rubber that includes a ferromagnetic additive and certain atomic elements that allows it to be detectable by both Metal Detection and X-Ray Visibility foreign body contaminant prevention systems. It's made from high-performance materials that are food grade, blue, and FDA approved. Seal fragments that are 5MM in size are capable of being detected (detection ability depends on system settings of course).
Dual Detectable by Metal Detection and X-Ray Visibility
Colored Blue for visual detection
EPDM Material is resitant to hydraulic oils, steam, and acids
Has Excellent resistance to weathering
Temperature Range: -40°C to 140°C (-40°F to 284°F)
FDA and EU Approved
A special ferromagnetic additive is evenly dispersed within the material to make it detectable by properly functioning Metal Detection Systems
Specific atomic elements have been evenly distributed within the material to make it visible to X-Ray systems.


Indications for use:
Gel for external use in the form of a homogeneous soft mass of white or white with a tint from pink to light gray. It is intended for use as the main or additional means of prevention and control against:
• blackheads, acne, pyoderma;
• dermatosis, eczema;
• herpes rashes;
• wounds, cuts, scratches;
• insect bites;
• mycoses of skin, nails;
• telangiectasia, hemorrhoids;
• trophic ulcers, necrosis, bedsores.
Hypoallergenic. It has an analgesic effect: it reduces pain within a few minutes after application. *** Contraindications : individual intolerance to the components. If individual intolerance to the components is detected, immediately stop using it and choose another remedy with a similar spectrum of action. No age restrictions.
How to use: To achieve the desired result, SANITATEM gel is applied to the problem area after its preliminary cleansing. The procedure is repeated 1-5 times a day until the problem disappears completely. Composition : water solution of silver, CMC. Storage conditions : store in a dark place at room temperature. Shelf life 24 months. Color from transparent to light yellow. It is not a medicinal product.
The main active ingredient of SANITATEM gel is silver of the highest standard (without impurities) in the form of nanoparticles. This ensured the maximum effectiveness of the product in 4 directions at an absolutely safe concentration of the noble metal included in the composition.
• Restoration of blood supply to problem areas. Activates the process of formation of new blood vessels and capillary network (angiogenesis).
• Accelerated regeneration of damaged tissues. With simultaneous protection against the formation of voluminous scars and large-scale scars.
• Suppression of vital activity of pathogens. Interferes with development of pathogenic microorganisms on the processed site.
• Blocking of inflammatory processes. Stops the production of inflammatory mediators - prostaglandins, reduces pain.
Accelerates the survival of transplanted skin, healing of surgical incisions. Reduces the depth of wrinkles (anti-aging effect). Stimulates recovery processes, improves metabolism.
Caution : Exposure to direct sunlight on the silver-treated area may cause unwanted reactions. To prevent, cover the area with sunscreen applied.


Harp Cleaning Kit
Harp Cleaning Kit
A clean harp is a happy harp! Our Harp Cleaning Kit includes a bottle of specialized cleaning spray and a micro fiber towel. Harpo "No More Marks" Cleaning Spray is the first cleaning product exclusively developed for and tested on harps. It gently cleans and removes oil and grime build-up and has a soothing lavender scent. Harpo Harp Cleaning Spray was developed by John Clarke, an industrial chemist with more than 45 years experience, for his wife, professional harpist, Carol Thompson.
Cleaning spray directions:
First try the product on a small, inconspicuous area on your harp or other wooden instrument. (If you have a Rees Concert Line Harp or a Rees Harpsicle® brand Harp, we have already tested the spray on our finishes so you can just go ahead to the next step.) Spray onto the cloth provided. Do not spray directly onto the harp. Rub scratches using a gentle, circular motion. Do not scrub hard. After cleaning, apply a good quality furniture polish. We recommend Pledge Lemon Enhancing Polish.*
Harpo Harp Cleaning Spray is biodegradable and non-toxic.
*Our recommendation of Pledge Enhancing Polish is not random. A number of years ago Fine Woodworking magazine conducted a review of various furniture polishes and carnauba wax polish. They determined that if you have the time, carnauba wax is always the best but it is very difficult to apply. The surprise is that after carnauba and well above everything else on the list was Pledge Enhancing Polish (which, at that time, was called “Lemon Pledge with Real Wax”). Amazingly, Pledge actually does what the advertising says it does. It picks up dirt and oil and leaves behind a thin layer of wax which, unlike carnauba, does not cloud.
For harpers, the advantage of Pledge is that trying to get carnauba wax in between all the hardware on the arch and then to get it buffed is virtually impossible but doing the same with Pledge is vastly easier. As always with any cleaner or polish, apply Pledge to a cleaning cloth and then use the cloth to apply a thin layer of polish to your harp.


It can process non-flammable and non-explosive mineral materials with Moh's hardness below 9.3 and humidity below 7%, and the fineness of the finished products can be adjusted from 80 mesh to 1250 mesh.
Materials:iron ore, copper ore, limestone, nickel, manganese, calcium carbonate, gypsum, phosphates etc.
Gold ore processing plant is mainly composed of jaw crusher, ball mill, spiral classifier, Spiral chute, shaking table,etc.
According to the physical or chemical characteristics of the material,we can choose magnetic, flotation or gravity separation.
The whole plant consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, spiral classifier, magnetic separator, high-efficiency concentrator, bucket mixer and drum dryer.
The flotation plant consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, spiral classifier, flotation cell, high-efficiency concentrator, bucket mixer and drum dryer and other major equipment.
The whole ore beneficiation line consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, spiral classifier, flotation cell, magnetic separator high-efficiency concentrator, bucket mixer, drum dryer, vibrating screen and vibrating feeder.
Stone crushing production line refers to a complete set of equipment used to produce stones with all kinds of particle sizes.
The whole plant consists of vibrating feeder, jaw crusher, sand maker, vibrating screen, sand washer belt conveyor, centralized control and other equipment.
Milling process refers to the process that mainly uses grinding equipment to grind stone or other materials into the powdered materials that are suitable for use.
The whole active lime production plant consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, drum dryer, bucket elevator, dust collector, cooler preheater, rotary kiln.
The producing process of it :Raw material→Crushing and Pre-homogenizing→Preparing→Homogenizing→Preheating and Decomposing→Calcining→Grinding→Packa
The producing process of ceramsite production line: Raw material→Crushing→Mixing→Grinding→Pelleting →Calcining→Coolong→ Screening→Finished products→Package.
Dry mix mortar plant is mainly used in constructional engineering, which can evenly mix cement, sand, stone, limestone and other raw materials.
The ready mixed mortar refers to all kinds of mortar mixture produced by professional manufacturers in construction engineering, which is one kind of new building materials developed in recent years.
Dry mortar is a kind of mixed powdery materials, which has different composition according to actual situation. Generally speaking, composition of dry mortar includes quartz sand, cement, limestone, additive, etc.
The 500,000T/Y dry mix mortar plant is a kind of large mortar production line, which is also called ready-mixed mortar production line.


Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-03-06 Origin: Site
Aromatherapy is a kind of fashion, a kind of culture, and a way of spiritual sustenance for people who pursue high-quality life.
Here is the content list:
What is an ultrasonic aroma diffuser?
What are the benefits of an ultrasonic aroma diffuser?
According to the diffusion method, what types of aroma diffusers can be divided into?
Ultrasonic aroma diffuser uses the high-frequency vibration generated by the ultrasonic vibration equipment to decompose water molecules and dissolved plant essential oils into the nano-scale cold mist with a diameter of 0.1-5 microns, which is dispersed in the surrounding air, making the air full of fragrance.
After heating in winter, the indoor air is dry, and people will have dry lips, dry throat, dry mouth, cough, dry skin, nose bleeding, and other "heat dryness" symptoms. Ultrasonic aroma diffusers use various methods to atomize water and pure plant essential oils. Keep the room high humidity, and produce a certain amount of natural negative oxygen ions, purify the air, and achieve the effect of aromatherapy, which can assist in the treatment and alleviation of diseases such as influenza, hypertension, and bronchitis. The system and the body's metabolism play a protective role.
1. Ultrasonic aroma diffuser decomposes water molecules into the nano-scale cold fog with a diameter of 0.1-5 microns through the high-frequency electronic vibration generated by the ultrasonic vibration equipment;
2. Ultrasonic aroma diffuser produces a large number of active oxygen negative ions, which strongly react with harmful gas molecules in the air, comprehensively remove them, and eliminate the hazards of formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia, TVOC, etc.
3. The effect of using ultrasonic aroma diffuser with lavender and tea tree essential oil is more significant-the cold mist generated by ultrasonic vibration can emit 100% and maintain the active ingredients of essential oils so that essential oils are more easily absorbed by the human body to achieve maximum effect; 2 seconds Inside, you can feel the original ecological aromatherapy effect. It is fundamentally different from traditional heating and combustion hot mist methods. Its cold mist technology does not damage any components of essential oils, does not produce secondary pollution, and is safer to use.
4. Ultrasonic aroma diffuser is small in size, with a water volume of about 100ml. You only need to add 1-2 drops of essential oil in the water to achieve aromatherapy, which is in line with the use of essential oils, a precious product, and is economical. The humidifier has a large volume capacity, mostly around 1L.
5. The material of ordinary humidifiers has insufficient corrosion resistance, and it is prone to quality problems when used for aromatherapy.
1. Direct heating and evaporation aroma diffuser. This is a relatively primitive method, using an open flame or electric heating to heat, so that the essential oil molecules undergo violent movement, achieving the effect of diffused in a small area. Advantages: Simple operation and low price; Disadvantages: The spread of fragrance is unstable. The high temperature of open flame or electric heating will destroy the molecular activity in essential oils, causing them to lose the physiotherapy effect of essential oils. In addition, open flames or electric heating will also have higher safety risks. Products: There are two main types, one is a candle-type aroma diffuser, and the other is a plug-in aromatherapy lamp
2. Naturally volatile aroma diffuser. . The most common natural volatile aromatherapy is rattan aromatherapy. One end of the rattan is inserted into the bottle to inhale essential oils, and the other end is naturally volatilized in the air. It is only suitable for use in small areas. Advantages: simple operation, relatively cheap cost, no safety hazards; disadvantages: can not adjust the fragrance concentration; rattans need to be replaced frequently, which will be accompanied by a certain amount of waste of essential oils. Products: rattan aromatherapy, diffuser, etc.
3. Ultrasonic aroma diffuser. The common aroma diffusers on the market that need to add water and look like humidifiers use this technology. Its principle is to use ultrasonic high-frequency oscillation to disperse the molecular structure of essential oils through a ceramic atomizing sheet to produce a natural and elegant micro mist, which is quickly absorbed by the air. It can meet the needs of various areas by controlling the size of the fog. Advantages: quiet, fine mist, no heating required, effective protection of the activity of natural molecules of essential oils, good diffusion effect, controllable volatilization speed; disadvantages: only suitable for water-soluble essential oils; will produce a certain humidification effect, not suitable for the environment Places requiring high dryness. Products: All kinds of ultrasonic aroma diffusers.
Ultrasonic aroma diffuser is very convenient and simple to use. With a small bottle of essential oil, it can produce unparalleled effects. You no longer need to spend hundreds of thousands of money on fitness and health care like before. You only need a small aromatherapy machine to maintain your health. Guangdong Titan Smart Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd. has developed a variety of ultrasonic aroma diffusers and conducted a lot of tests before leaving the factory to ensure quality. If you are in the black ultrasonic aroma diffuser business, you can consider using our cost-effective products.
Copyright © 2021 Guangdong Titan Smart Electrical Appliance Co., Ltd.


This Valentine’s Day, I decided to make homemade gifts for all of my girlfriends. I know they love to take baths as a way to decompress and relieve stress, so DIY bath bombs were the first idea that came to mind. My friends will be able to pamper themselves with a spa night at home whenever they like!
- 1 cup baking soda
- ½ cup citric acid
- ½ cup Epsom salts
- ¾ tbsp. water
- 12 drops of essential oil (my favorites are rose and lavender)
- 1 tbsp. olive, almond, or coconut oil
- Food coloring
- Bath bomb mold
1. Mix dry ingredients in a bowl with a whisk.
2. Mix liquid ingredients in a separate bowl.
3. Then, slowly stir mixed liquids into the dry ingredient bowl. Stir thoroughly with whisk.
4. Fill 2 half molds with the mixture. Be sure to pack the mixture in really well.
5. Press the half molds together firmly. Let sit for about minute inside the mold before removing. Let fully dry for 24 hours before use.
For more DIY gift ideas, click here.


Despite the use of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCe) in some regions as a diesel fuel additive, the physicochemical properties of the resulting exhaust particles in the ambient atmosphere are not well known. The mixing state of ceria with other exhaust particles is one such physicochemical property that has been shown to potentially affect ecosystem/human health. In this study, cerium-containing particles associated with an nCe additive were collected in the laboratory and in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK where the local bus fleet uses the Envirox nCe additive. Electron microscopy of laboratory-generated exhaust samples indicated both individual ceria and soot particles (external mixture) and ceria contained within soot agglomerations (internal mixture). Low ambient concentrations prevented quantification of the ceria particle mixing state in the atmosphere; therefore, a multicomponent sectional aerosol dynamic model was used to predict the size, chemical composition, and mixing state of ceria particles as a function of distance from an idealized roadway. Model simulations predicted that most ceria particles remain nonmixed in the ambient atmosphere (300 m downwind from the roadway) due to slow coagulation, with the mixing rate most sensitive to the ceria content of emitted nuclei-mode particles and the particle concentration upwind of the road. Although microscopy analysis showed both external and internal mixtures of ceria and soot in freshly emitted particles, the ambient mass concentration, and size distribution of ceria particles predicted by the model was insensitive to the emitted mixing state.


Tea Tree Oil, farm foraged eucalyptus powder, Tasmanian white sand, patchouli & lavender essential oil and plenty of magic 🌟.
Antiviral, antibacterial, soothing, gently exfoliating... and just magical.
Extra virgin olive oil, castor oil*, rice bran oil, virgin coconut oil*, shea butter*, sodium hydroxide (lye), raw goat's milk, organic/ farm foraged eucalyptus powder, Tasmanian white sand, tea tree essential oil, essential oil, sodium lactate, white kaolin clay, green french clay.
Approx net weight : 120 g
*Please note that when soap is made by natural methods, you MUST use sodium hydroxide. There just isn't really any other way to make a soap. Once the bars have been made and has cured for 4-6 weeks, sodium hydroxide is no longer found in them, due to the saponification, reaction it made with the oils to create soap.


Cotton-Nylon fabric/yarn dyeing
Cotton and Nylon blended fabrics may be dyed using the above process diagram. Machinery: (Cheese dyeing machine or Soft-flow machine)
- Set the dye bath with1.5 to 2.5 gpl acetic acid at room temperature.
- Add the total quantity of Glauber’s salt for reactive dyeing in two portions. This will function like a leveling agent for acid dyeing.
- Add the dyestuff mixture of acid and reactive dyes in two portions.
- Raise the temperature to 80°C @ 1°/minute.
- Hold at 80°C for 30 to 45 minutes according to the recipe/depth of nylon dyes (acid dyes).
- Then check the shade for nylon portion by carbonizing the cellulose in 70% Sulphuric acid.
- If not ok, make required additions and continue dyeing otherwise reduce the temperature to 60°C @ 2°/minute.
- At 60°C add alkali in two portions as mentioned above. Check pH. It should be 10.8 to 11.2.
- Continue dyeing for 45 to 90 minutes according to depth.
- Drop the bath.
- Cold wash twice for 10 minutes each.
- Neutralize with 1gpl of acetic acid at 40°C – Drain.
- Hot wash at 70°C – 10 minutes.
- I- Soaping with Sandopur RSK Liq – 2 gpl at 90°C
- II – Soaping with Sandopur RSK Liq – 1 gpl at 90°C
- Hot wash at 70°C
- Cold wash – twice for 10 minutes each.
- Acid wash with 1 gpl acetic acid at cold.
- Unload or take it for finishing.
Few suggestions for continuous dyeing are:
- Continuous Dyeing of Nylon and cotton blends may be done using disperse and reactive dyes in the same way we do for polyester and cotton. Thermosolling may be done at 80 to 90°C instead of 135 to 150°C. A bottleneck with disperse dyeing is, you can produce only light and medium shades only. With disperse dyestuff you may not get proper yield and washing fastness.
- With Clariant there is a dyestuff called ‘Forosols’ that can be used for dyeing both cotton and polyester for solid shades. You can make a lab trial in consultation with Clariant people and then finalize your process for continuous dyeing.


Our multi-award-winning* Fit Pit natural deodorant, scented with invigorating tea tree and mandarin orange essential oils. With a low bicarb formula that is light and gentle, suitable for delicate skin.
– All-day odour protection
– 100% organic natural ingredients
– Aluminium, paraben and BPA FREE
– Plastic FREE
– Cruelty FREE and vegan
Cream deodorant applied with fingertips, melts on contact with warm skin. No waiting to dry. No white stains. 100ml glass jar is reusable or recyclable and contains a 3-month supply.
VegFest Awards 2018, Real Eco awards 2019, Plastic Free home awards 2020.
How it works
Bicarbonate of Soda subtly alters your skins natural pH which prevents smell causing bacteria from thriving. The Coconut oil and Shea Butter, moisturise your skin. Unlike some deodorants it doesn’t merely mask bad smell, it prevents it. And unlike antiperspirants it doesn’t block your sweat glands, which means your body can still remove toxins, making it even healthier for you.
The result is beautifully soft and healthy underarms with a delicious fresh scent.
*Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot) root powder, *Cocos nucifera (Coconut) oil, Sodium bicarbonate, *Butyrospermum parkii (Shea) butter, *Citrus nobilis (Mandarin orange) peel oil, *Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) leaf oil, *Cupressus sempervirens (Cypress) oil, **Limonene, **Linalol.
*Organic ingredients. **Occurs naturally in essential oils.


Dr. Brusseau is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and a member of several professional societies. Dr. Brusseau's research is focused on developing a fundamental understanding of the factors and processes influencing the transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface. He is also interested in the development and evaluation of innovative subsurface characterization and remediation technologies, and the evaluation of risks posed to human health by contamination. His research integrates mechanistic, laboratory-based experimentation, site-specific field-based investigation, and the development and application of mathematical modeling. His research projects span and integrate multiple spatial scales, from the pore scale to the basin scale. Dr. Brusseau has extensive experience in research translation and technology transfer activities. He is the originator and Director of the Research Translation Core for the University of Arizona Superfund Research Program. He has served on the technical advisory board for the Arizona WQARF (state Superfund) program, and for several federal and state Superfund sites. He is a member of the Broadway/Pantano WQARF Community Advisor Board (CAB), and has participated in numerous CAB meetings for other sites. He has conducted several international webinars and has participated in local/regional conferences and workshops to relay research results to environmental regulators, consultants, and the general public.
Brusseau, M.L., Carroll, K.C., Allen, T., Baker, J., DiGuiseppi, W., Hatton, J., Morrison, C., Russo, A., and Berkompas, J. 2011. The Impact of in-situ chemical oxidation on contaminant mass discharge: Linking source-zone and plume-scale characterizations of remediation performance. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45:5352-5358.
Brusseau, M.L., Russo, A.E., and Schnaar, G. 2012. Nonideal transport of contaminants in heterogeneous porous media: 9- Impact of contact time on desorption and elution tailing. Chemosphere, 89: 287-292.
Brusseau, M.L. and M. Narter. 2013. Assessing the Impact of Chlorinated-Solvent Sites on Metropolitan Groundwater Resources. Groundwater, 51(6): 828-832.
Miao, Z., K.C. Carroll, and M.L. Brusseau. 2013. Characterization and Quantification of Groundwater Sulfate Sources at a Mining Site in an Arid Climate: The Monument Valley Site in Arizona U.S.A. J. Hydrology, 504: 207-215.
Brusseau, M.L. and Zhilin Guo. 2014. Assessing contaminant-removal conditions and plume persistence through analysis of long-term pump-and-treat data. J. Contamin. Hydrol., 164: 16-24.
Miao, Z., C. Carreón-Diazconti, K.C. Carroll, and Mark L. Brusseau. 2014. The impact of biostimulation on the fate of sulfate and associated sulfur dynamics in groundwater. J. Contamin. Hydrol., 164: 240–250.
Ramirez-Andreotta, M.D., Brusseau, M.L., Maier, R.M., Artiola, J., Gandolfi, A.J. 2014. Environmental research translation: enhancing interactions with communities at contaminated sites. Sci. Total Environ., 497/498: 651–664.
Brusseau, M.L., El Ouni, A., Araujo, J.B., Zhong, H. 2015. Novel methods for measuring air-water interfacial area in unsaturated porous media. Chemosphere, 127: 208-213.
Mainhagu, J., Morrison, C., and Brusseau, M.L. 2015. Using vapor phase tomography to measure the spatial distribution of vapor concentrations and flux for vadose-zone VOC sources. J. Contam. Hydrol., 177/178: 54-63.
Brusseau, M.L., Mainhagu, J., Morrison, C., Carroll, K.C. 2015. The vapor-phase multi-stage CMD test for characterizing contaminant mass discharge associated with volatile organic contaminant sources in the vadose zone: Application to three sites in different lifecycle stages of SVE operations. J. Contam. Hydrol., 179: 55-64.
Zhong, H., Brusseau, M.L., Wang, Y., Yan, N., Quig, L., Johnson, G.R. 2015. In-situ activation of persulfate by iron filings and degradation of 1,4-dioxane. Water Research, 83:104-111.
Yan, N. Liu, F., Xue, Q., Brusseau, M.L., Liu, Y., Wang, J. 2015. Degradation of trichloroethene by siderite-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and persulfate: Investigation of reaction mechanisms and degradation products. Chem. Eng. J., 274: 61-68.
Miao, Z., Gu, X., Lu, S., Brusseau, M.L., Zhang, X., Fu, X., Danish, M., Qiu, Z., Sui, Q. 2015. Enhancement effects of chelating agents on the degradation of tetrachloroethene in Fe(III) catalyzed percarbonate system. Chem. Eng. J., 281:286-294


This is a supplement to the blog post describing my PCB etching station. Here I explain my technique for etching boards for those who have not experienced with PCB etching.
The technique I use for PCB fabrication applies toner transfer alongside chemical etching. The first process relates to imprint of a protective mask onto the copper plating. The mask first printed on a thermal-transfer-paper with a toner printer (laser printer), and the paper is laid on the copper clad board and pressed with a hot iron. The paper is removed by soaking it together with the copper clad board in a water bath and peeling it while taking care not to peel the transferred toner as well.
To print the layout I use a high resolution 2400×600DPI Brother HL-L2310D, Though less accurate printers will do for less demanding layouts. The paper use is specialized for toner transfer, it is a paper laminated with a thin plastic layer which detaches when heated. The iron was set to the maximum possible temperature, measured to be ~150°C.
To clean the board I used steel wool together with acetone (ethanol is almost as effective), allowing the toner to adhere strongly. The steel wool removes the protective plastic layer the board is shipped with, or abrades the oxidized copper layer of an unprotected board. The acetone serves to remove oils and fats that may cover the board.
Once the toner mask is imprinted onto the board, I begin with the etching. This is where the PCB etching station I designed comes to play: a bath with an etching solution is heated to 50°C, the masked board is soaked in and left there until all of the copper is etched away, which typically takes 7-15 mins. The board is then extracted from the solution, rinsed in water to remove residual chemicals, and the toner is removed using acetone and toilet paper. That’s it! I have a PCB, all that is left is to drill the holes with a precision drill, such as a Dremel rotary tool.


AHA Cleanser: Wet face with warm water. Dispense AHA cleanser into your hand and massage onto your face in a circular motion, working into a lather. Use caution around eye area. Rinse thoroughly with warm water. Use morning and evening. Recommended for use on oily or problematic skin.
Detoxifying Charcoal Peel-Off Mask: Apply a medium-to-thick layer on desired area, making sure to avoid eyebrows, hairline, eye area and lips. Leave for 20-30 minutes until fully dry and peel-off, gently peeling starting from the bottom.
Resveratrol Peptide Cream: Apply to clean skin morning and evening.
AHA Cleanser: Purified Water (Aqua), Sodium Olivate, Glycolic Acid, Glycerin, Rosa Rubiginosa (Rose Hip) Seed Oil, Helianthus Annus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Chamomilla Recutita Flower Oil, Citrus Paradisi (Grapefruit) Oil, Citrus Medica Limonum Fruit Oil, Calendula Officinalis Seed Oil, Chondrus Crispus (Seaweed) Extract, Eriobotrya Japonica Extract
Detoxifying Charcoal Peel-Off Mask: Water (Aqua), Polyvinyl Alcohol, Alcohol Denat., Glycerin, Charcoal Powder, Peg-12 Dimethicone, Glycereth-26, Isododecane, Dimethicone Crosspolymer-3, Laureth-4, Ceteth-10, Niacinamide, Squalane, Marrubium Vulgare Meristem Cell Culture, Xanthan Gum, Xylitylglucoside, Anhydroxylitol, Xylitol, Lepidium Sativum Sprout Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerin
Resveratrol Peptide Cream: Water (Aqua), Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Polyacrylamide, C13-14 Isoparaffin, Squalane, Laureth-7, Sodium Hyaluronate, Resveratrol, Glycerin, Acetyl Hexapeptide-8, Pentapeptide-18, Dipeptide Diaminobutyroyl Benzylamide Diacetate, Acetyl Octapeptide-3, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide -7, Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil, Butylene Glycol, Carbomer, Polysorbate 20, Caprylyl Glycol, Potassium Sorbate, Phenoxyethanol, Ethylhexylglycerin
Not tested on animals. Please recycle.
Discontinue use if redness or irritation occurs. Do not ingest.


Chemistry help carbon 14 dating
Chemistry help carbon 14 dating - dating diego san service
They exist in equilibrium with the C14 concentration of the atmosphere, that is, the numbers of C14 atoms and non-radioactive carbon atoms stays approximately the same over time.As soon as a plant or animal dies, they cease the metabolic function of carbon uptake; there is no replenishment of radioactive carbon, only decay.
Today, there are over 130 radiocarbon dating laboratories around the world producing radiocarbon assays for the scientific community.
Carbon-14 has a relatively short half-life of 5,730 years, meaning that the fraction of carbon-14 in a sample is halved over the course of 5,730 years due to radioactive decay to nitrogen-14.
The carbon-14 isotope would vanish from Earth's atmosphere in less than a million years were it not for the constant influx of cosmic rays interacting with molecules of nitrogen (N) into organic compounds during photosynthesis, the resulting fraction of the isotope 14C in the plant tissue will match the fraction of the isotope in the atmosphere.
After plants die or are consumed by other organisms, the incorporation of all carbon isotopes, including 14C, stops.
Thereafter, the concentration (fraction) of 14C declines at a fixed exponential rate due to the radioactive decay of 14C. ) Comparing the remaining 14C fraction of a sample to that expected from atmospheric 14C allows us to estimate the age of the sample.
One of the most frequent uses of radiocarbon dating is to estimate the age of organic remains from archaeological sites.
The technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1949.The radiocarbon method is based on the rate of decay of the radioactive or unstable carbon isotope 14 (14C), which is formed in the upper atmosphere through the effect of cosmic ray neutrons upon nitrogen 14.The reaction is: (Where n is a neutron and p is a proton).Emilio Segrè asserted in his autobiography that Enrico Fermi suggested the concept to Libby at a seminar in Chicago that year.Libby estimated that the steady-state radioactivity concentration of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram.The 14C formed is rapidly oxidised to 14CO2 and enters the earth's plant and animal lifeways through photosynthesis and the food chain.


Brauer Breastfeeding Support is designed to support the increased nutritional requirements of breastfeeding. Each tablet is formulated with a combination of 18 vitamins and minerals, including a bioavailable form of folate as well as active forms of vitamin B2, B6 and B2.
Always read the label. Follow the directions for use. This product contains selenium which is toxic in high doses. A daily dose of 150 micrograms for adults of selenium from dietary supplements should not be exceeded. Vitamins and minerals can only be of assistance if dietary intake is inadequate. Advise your doctor of any medicine you take during pregnancy, particularly in your first trimester. If you are concerned about the health of yourself or your baby, please consult your healthcare practitioner.
Store below 25°C. Do not use if cap seal is broken.
Adult women: Take two capsules once daily with food, or as directed by your healthcare professional.
Each film-coated tablet contains:
Thiamine nitrate 864 micrograms (equiv. Thiamine (Vit B1) 700 micrograms), Riboflavin sodium phosphate 1.1mg (equiv. to Riboflavin (Vit B2) 800 micrograms), Nicotinamide 8.5mg, Calcium pantothenate 3.82mg (equiv. Pantothenic acid (Vit B5) 3.5mg), Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate 3.13mg (equiv. to Pyridoxine (Vit B6) 2mg), Levomefolate glucosamine 225 micrograms (equiv. to Levomefolic acid 125 micrograms), Biotin 17.5 micrograms, Ascorbic acid (Vit C) 30mg, Colecalciferol (Vit D 500IU) 12.5 micrograms, d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate (Vit E 6IU) 5mg, Mecobalamin (co-methylcobalamin) 10 micrograms, Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 538mg (equiv. to Calcium 125mg, equiv. to Phosphorus 97mg), Magnesium citrate 387mg (equiv. Magnesium 62.5mg), Ferrous fumarate 14.41mg (equiv. Iron 4.5mg), Choline bitartrate 122mg (equiv. Choline 50mg), Zinc glycinate 17.73mg (equiv. Zinc 5mg) Potassium iodide 177 micrograms (equiv. Iodine 135 micrograms), Sodium selenite 60 micrograms (equiv. Selenium 27.5 micrograms), Tagetes erecta flower ext. dry conc. stand. 10.86mg (From minimum fresh flower 7.66g, Standardised to contain Lutein esters calculated as Lutein 5.43mg and Zeaxanthin 1.09mg.
Breastfeeding can be a nutritionally demanding time and a busy mum's diet may not always be sufficient to maintain optimal nutrition and energy levels. Brauer's Breastfeeding Support is formulated to provide essential vitamins and nutrients during breastfeeding.
At Brauer, we are passionate about selecting the very best ingredients for new mums and their babies.
In our Breastfeeding Support, this includes:
✔ Quatrefolic® (Levomefolate glucosamine) a bioavailable form of folate
✔ Vitamins B2, B6, B9 & B12 in their more active forms
✔ Clinically researched Lutemax® 2020 - supports healthy eye development
✔ No galactagogue herbs which can change the taste of a mother's milk!