The rubidium-strontium dating method is a radiometric dating technique used by scientists to determine the age of rocks and minerals from the quantities they contain of specific isotopes of rubidium 87 Rb and strontium 87 Sr, 86 Sr. Development of this process was aided by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann , who later went on to discover nuclear fission in December The utility of the rubidium — strontium isotope system results from the fact that 87 Rb one of two naturally occurring isotopes of rubidium decays to 87 Sr with a half-life of In addition, Rb is a highly incompatible element that, during partial melting of the mantle, prefers to join the magmatic melt rather than remain in mantle minerals. As a result, Rb is enriched in crustal rocks. The radiogenic daughter, 87 Sr, is produced in this decay process and was produced in rounds of stellar nucleosynthesis predating the creation of the Solar System. During fractional crystallization , Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase , leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Highest ratios 10 or higher occur in pegmatites.
There are two stable isotopes of carbon: 12 C and 13 C, and one naturally occurring radionuclide: 14 C. The half life of 14 C is only 5, years, which is orders of magnitude shorter than the age of the Earth. Therefore, no primordial radiocarbon remains and all 14 C is cosmogenic see Section 8 for related methods. The main production mechanism is through secondary cosmic ray neutron reactions with 14 N in the stratosphere: 7 14 N n,p 6 14 C.
Any newly formed 14 C rapidly mixes with the rest of the atmosphere creating a spatially uniform carbon composition, which is incorporated into plants and the animals that eat them. Prior to the industrial revolution, a gram of fresh organic carbon underwent
Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that We can measure the present ratios of (87Sr/86Sr)t and (87Rb/86Sr)t with.
The radioactive decay of rubidium 87 Rb to strontium 87 Sr was the first widely used dating system that utilized the isochron method. Because rubidium is concentrated in crustal rocks, the continents have a much higher abundance of the daughter isotope strontium compared with the stable isotopes. A ratio for average continental crust of about 0. This difference may appear small, but, considering that modern instruments can make the determination to a few parts in 70,, it is quite significant.
Dissolved strontium in the oceans today has a value of 0. Thus, if well-dated, unaltered fossil shells containing strontium from ancient seawater are analyzed, changes in this ratio with time can be observed and applied in reverse to estimate the time when fossils of unknown age were deposited. The rubidium—strontium pair is ideally suited for the isochron dating of igneous rocks. As a liquid rock cools, first one mineral and then another achieves saturation and precipitates, each extracting specific elements in the process.
Geochemistry of Radioactive Isotopes
Mathematical Content : Exponential and logarithmic functions, algebraic operations, graphs. Certain natural phenomena or processes, such as Earth’s year-long solar orbit, and the resulting annual climatic variations that govern the growth of tree rings, can be used as “natural clocks. If we can find and date a rock that we know has been around since the Earth formed, we can measure the age of the Earth. Can we find in rocks a natural clock that has been operating since they formed?
Debunking the creationist radioactive dating argument. The argon age determination of the mineral can be confirmed by measuring the loss of potassium. their ratios to strontium Rb/Sr and Sr87/Sr We measure the amounts.
The chapter targeted the geochemistry of radioactive isotopes dealing with multidisciplinary topics and focusing on geochronology and tracer studies. The most common subjects are presented to include the basic principles of radioactive isotopes. The process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves known as radioactive decay that causes the energy loss from the parent nuclide converting it to daughter nuclide [ 1 ].
This chapter has been authorized based mainly on published reference focusing on some basic properties and principles of radiation and how to use this phenomenon for the estimation the absolute geological age depending on the isotope half-life and provides brief summary of only a very few examples of dating applications. Geochronology and tracer studies are two principle applications of geochemistry of radiogenic isotope. Geochronology goes to estimate the absolute time based on the radioactive rate decay from the beginning of decay to its daughter by knowing how much nuclides have decayed.
Tracer application relies on the variation in ratio of the radiogenic daughter isotope to other isotopes of the element. The purpose of authoring this chapter is to help those who are interested in this field and to provide what is useful and brief in a simplified way away from the complexity. The radioactive decay a phenomenon of natural and artificial means loss of energy that results in an atom named the parent nuclide converting it to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide.
The 14 C is a parent, emits radiation and transforms to a 14 N representing a daughter [ 2 ].
Clocks in the Rocks
Geosphere ; 14 4 : — The Sesia zone in the Italian Western Alps is a piece of continental crust that has been subducted to eclogite-facies conditions and records a complex metamorphic history. The exact timing of events and the significance of geochronological information are debated due to the interplay of tectonic, metamorphic, and metasomatic processes. Our study focuses on the shear zone at the contact between two major lithological units of the Sesia zone, the eclogitic micaschists and the gneiss minuti.
Metasedimentary rocks of the eclogitic micaschists unit contain phengite with step-like zoning in major element chemistry as evidence for petrologic disequilibrium. The eclogitic micaschists also show systematic Sr isotope disequilibria among different phengite populations, so that minimum ages of relict assemblage crystallization can be differentiated from the timing of late increments of deformation.
ture of the event dated by radiogenic isotope geochemistry, and a meaning difficult to obtain good Rb/Sr ages on mafic3 and ultramafic rocks.
Rb-Sr age of the Shergotty achondrite and implications for metamorphic resetting of isochron ages. The age of the Shergotty achondrite is determined by Rb-Sr isotope analysis and the metamorphic resetting of isochron ages, which is presumed to have occurred during a shock event in the history of the meteorite, is discussed. Different apparent ages obtained by the K-Ar and Sm-Nd methods are interpreted in terms of a model which quantifies the degree of resetting of internal isochron ages by low temperature solid state diffusion.
On the basis of these considerations, it is concluded that Shergotty crystallized from a melt million years ago, was shock heated to to C after its parent body was involved in a collision million years ago, and was first exposed to cosmic rays two million years ago. Resetting of RbSr ages of volcanic rocks by low-grade burial metamorphism.
We report a nine-point RbSr whole-rock isochron age of 70?? The same rocks have also been dated by the UThPb method on zircon, giving a crystallization age of ?? The data demonstrate that whole-rock RbSr ages of volcanic rocks, even lava flows with SiO2 content as low as 57 wt. The rocks range in composition from rhyodacite tuffs to andesite lavas. The complete breakdown of all major minerals that contain Rb and Sr resulted in an alteration mineral assemblage consisting of phengite, albite, secondary quartz, and minor amounts of chlorite and epidote.
Phengite is the K-bearing product of the breakdown of biotite and K-feldspar. Pressure during low-grade metamorphism of the volcanic rocks, estimated from phengite composition to have been in the range of 4 to 6 kbar, points to thrust-related burial as the main cause of resetting. Consequently, such reset isochrons may date large-scale events such as regional thrusting and metamorphism.
Alkali Metal Dating, Rb-Sr Dating Model: Radioactive Dating, Part 4
Different lithologies impure marble, eclogite and granitic orthogneiss sampled from a restricted area of the coesite-bearing Brossasco—Isasca Unit Dora Maira Massif have been investigated to examine the behaviour of 40 Ar— 39 Ar and Rb—Sr systems in phengites developed under ultrahigh-pressure UHP metamorphism. Mineralogical and petrological data indicate that zoned phengites record distinct segments of the P — T path: prograde, peak to early retrograde in the marble, peak to early retrograde in the eclogite, and late retrograde in the orthogneiss.
Besides major element zoning, ion microprobe analysis of phengite in the marble also reveals a pronounced zoning of trace elements including Rb and Sr. These data confirm previous reports on excess Ar and, more significantly, highlight that phengite acted as a closed system in the different lithologies and that chemical exchange, not volume diffusion, was the main factor controlling the rate of Ar transport.
Although this time interval matches Ar ages from the same sample, Rb—Sr data from phengite are not entirely consistent with the whole dataset.
Petrology Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Radiometric Dating Prior to the best and most accepted age of the Earth was that proposed by Lord Kelvin based on the amount of time necessary for the Earth to cool to its present temperature from a completely liquid state. Although we now recognize lots of problems with that calculation, the age of 25 my was accepted by most physicists, but considered too short by most geologists.
Then, in , radioactivity was discovered. Recognition that radioactive decay of atoms occurs in the Earth was important in two respects: It provided another source of heat, not considered by Kelvin, which would mean that the cooling time would have to be much longer. It provided a means by which the age of the Earth could be determined independently. Principles of Radiometric Dating. Radioactive decay is described in terms of the probability that a constituent particle of the nucleus of an atom will escape through the potential Energy barrier which bonds them to the nucleus.
The energies involved are so large, and the nucleus is so small that physical conditions in the Earth i.
The Rb-Sr beta-decay dating system is one of the most attractive tools in geochronology, as Rb is sufficiently abundant in common K-bearing minerals like biotite, muscovite and K-feldspar. This allows dating of a wide variety of rocks e. However, this advantage was to date negatively counteracted by the lack of a suitable in-situ technique, as beta decay systems by nature have isobaric interferences of the daughter isotope by their respective parent isotope.
A reaction cell sandwiched between two quadrupoles within an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer ICP-MS allows exactly this, the online chemical separation of two different elements. Coupled to a laser ablation LA system, in-situ Rb-Sr dating is therefore possible if a suitable reaction gas within the reaction cell can be found that separates Sr from Rb.
micaschist MK, illustrating the locations where minerals for dating the eclogite-facies assemblage (prefix “E”) by Rb-Sr were separated.
Radiometric dating is a means of determining the “age” of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain radioactive elements. By “age” we mean the elapsed time from when the mineral specimen was formed. Radioactive elements “decay” that is, change into other elements by “half lives. The formula for the fraction remaining is one-half raised to the power given by the number of years divided by the half-life in other words raised to a power equal to the number of half-lives.
If we knew the fraction of a radioactive element still remaining in a mineral, it would be a simple matter to calculate its age by the formula. To determine the fraction still remaining, we must know both the amount now present and also the amount present when the mineral was formed.
In this article I shall introduce the Rb-Sr dating method, and explain how it works; in the process the reader should learn to appreciate the general reasoning behind the isochron method. There are three isotopes used in Rb-Sr dating. It produces the stable daughter isotope 87 Sr strontium by beta minus decay. The third isotope we need to consider is 86 Sr, which is stable and is not radiogenic , meaning that in any closed system the quantity of 86 Sr will remain the same.
Rubidium-Strontium Dating Rubidium (87Rb) decays to strontium (87Sr) and because the half-life is so long, it is used by geologists to find the age of very old.
Continue to access RSC content when you are not at your institution. Follow our step-by-step guide. In situ dating of K-rich minerals, e. With a more efficient reactive transfer, it should be possible to obtain similar results with a smaller laser spot size, hence gaining higher spatial resolution. Our tests show that both N 2 O and SF 6 form interfering reaction products, e. This facilitates the dating of micas by the K—Ca isotopic system; we present the first in situ K—Ca age determination.
If you are not the author of this article and you wish to reproduce material from it in a third party non-RSC publication you must formally request permission using Copyright Clearance Center. Go to our Instructions for using Copyright Clearance Center page for details. Authors contributing to RSC publications journal articles, books or book chapters do not need to formally request permission to reproduce material contained in this article provided that the correct acknowledgement is given with the reproduced material.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
All publications more feeds BibTeX file. Aliquots of a homogenized whole rock are called whole-rock samples. Whole-rock isochrons especially those of metamorphic rocks may be disturbed. This study summarizes current knowledge on relevant problems. Magmatic processes generally produce initial isotopic homogeneity.
pletely recrystallized. A sample of undeformed tonalite yields a Rb-Sr biotite age land using Rb-Sr biotite and whole-rock dating. The main reason for this.
Rubidium has two isotopes 85 Rb When a mineral crystallizes, it will usually incorporate both rubidium and strontium ions and the ratio of Rb to Sr will vary depending on the mineral involved. Using these proportions it is possible to identify the amount of radiogenic 87 Sr present. Originally the above proportions were assumed, but today it is more usual to plot 87 Sr: 86 Sr against 87 Rb: 86 Sr to produce a straight-line isochron from which the age of the mineral can be determined.
When using the 87 Rb: 86 Sr method it is customary to use whole-rock samples in the analysis, because although 87 Sr may leak from one mineral to adjacent minerals over time it usually remains in the system. The method has particularly been applied to ancient metamorphic rocks. August 11, Retrieved August 11, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.


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When smoked in cigarettes and inhaled, nicotine is quickly absorbed in the lungs, with the freebase largely suspended on tiny tar particles. Inhaled nicotine reaches the brain within eight seconds, almost as quickly as an intravenous injection (Figure 7.6). Tobacco in oral products is more basic (has a high pH) and is better absorbed via the mouth than cigarette smoke, which is more acidic. Cigarettes contain 1–2% nicotine or approximately 10–20 mg of nicotine each. Most of the nicotine in inhaled smoke is absorbed in the lungs; much less is absorbed through the mouth. Dependent cigarette smokers tend to titrate their intake over time within the confines of the rapid rise and fall associated with each cigarette, but they average approximately 1 mg of delivered nicotine per cigarette (Figure 7.7). Dependent smokers will maintain relatively stable blood nicotine levels over the course of their waking hours (Figure 7.8). Plasma nicotine levels range from 4–6 ng/ml for pipe smoking to 20–50 ng/ml for cigarette smoking. Tobacco smokers can accumulate substantial levels of carboxyhemoglobin (7–10%) produced by 12 h of tobacco exposure (Figure 7.8). These carboxyhemoglobin levels produced by exposure to carbon monoxide are sufficient to meet and exceed the Environmental Protection Agency occupational threshold limit of 50 ppm of carbon monoxide (which produces 5% carboxyhemoglobin). For example, in both males and females with an average cigarette consumption of 36 and 32 cigarettes per day, respectively, who had smoked 21 and 18 cigarettes, respectively, by the time of sampling, venous blood nicotine levels were approximately 32 ng/ml, and average carboxyhemoglobin levels were 8% (Table 7.2). Nicotine can also be passively absorbed, and non-smokers who live with a 40-cigarette-per-day smoker will achieve levels of urinary cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) that are equivalent to smoking approximately three cigarettes. The minimal acute fatal dose of oral nicotine appears to be about 65 mg, but some individuals have ingested much larger quantities and recovered.
Figure 7.6 Blood concentrations of nicotine in subjects who smoked cigarettes for 9 min (1.33 cigarettes), used oral snuff (2.5 g), used chewing tobacco (mean 7.0 g), or chewed nicotine gum (two 2 mg pieces). Shaded bars indicate the period of exposure to tobacco or nicotine gum. These data show that smoking cigarettes produces the most rapid rise in blood nicotine levels. Notice also, however, that oral snuff, chewing tobacco, and nicotine gum also have relatively rapid absorption, more than one sees with the oral administration of other drugs. This is attributable to the more basic pH in these preparations. [Taken with permission from Benowitz NL. Drug therapy: pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 1988, (319), 1318–1330.]
About 80–90% of nicotine is metabolized in the liver, and nicotine and its metabolites, mainly cotinine and nicotine-1’-N-oxide, are excreted in the urine. Approximately 4% of nicotine is converted to nicotine N-oxide, which is largely excreted in urine without further metabolism. Approximately 70% of nicotine is metabolized to cotinine, which is then further metabolized (Figure 7.9). The half-life of nicotine is about 2 h after inhalation or parenteral administration, and the half-life of cotinine is 19 h. The metabolite cotinine has been shown to have psychoactive effects. Intravenously administered cotinine (30 mg) produced blood cotinine levels similar to those of smoking (378 mg/ml) and significantly decreased tobacco withdrawal symptoms in abstinent cigarette smokers.


London’s culinary scene is renowned for its innovation and diversity, and within this dynamic landscape, molecular mixology stands out as a captivating fusion of science and art. This avant-garde approach to crafting cocktails has transformed the traditional bar experience into a scientific culinary journey. Here’s why molecular mixology service in London is celebrated as a fascinating exploration of flavor, texture, and presentation:
Scientific Precision: At its core, molecular mixology relies on scientific principles to manipulate the physical and chemical properties of cocktail ingredients. Bartenders use laboratory techniques and equipment like liquid nitrogen, vacuum chambers, and syringes to create cocktails with distinctive textures, temperatures, and flavors.
Visual Theater: Molecular cocktails are visually Cocktail service in Brighton captivating creations. Guests are treated to an immersive spectacle as they witness cocktails that bubble, smoke, or change color before their eyes. This visual theater enhances the overall drinking experience, making it a multisensory delight.
Creative Flair: London’s molecular mixologists are true artists. They push the boundaries of creativity by experimenting with unusual ingredients, textures, and flavor combinations. The result is a menu of cocktails that challenge conventional expectations, enticing patrons to embark on a culinary journey of exploration.
Customization: Molecular mixology service in London places a strong emphasis on personalization. Bartenders engage with patrons to understand their flavor preferences and dietary restrictions, crafting bespoke cocktails that cater to individual tastes. Each drink becomes a unique reflection of the patron’s palate.
Texture Play: Texture is a defining feature of molecular cocktails. From velvety foams to suspended pearls and gel-like spheres, these textural elements add depth and intrigue to each drink, transforming the act of sipping into a tactile experience.
Interactive Engagement: Ordering a molecular cocktail is akin to embarking on a scientific adventure. Patrons often have the opportunity to observe the preparation process, interact with the bartender, and even participate in the creation of their cocktails, creating a sense of engagement and connection.
Pairing Menus: Many molecular mixology bars in London offer curated pairing menus that harmonize cocktails with complementary dishes. This gastronomic exploration takes patrons on a journey where flavors and textures intertwine, enhancing the overall dining experience.
Educational Insights: For those curious about the science behind molecular mixology, some bars in London offer workshops, classes, or tasting sessions. These educational opportunities provide a deeper understanding of the techniques and principles that underpin the craft.
Reservations and Exclusive Experiences: Due to the meticulous preparation involved, molecular mixology bars often require reservations. Exclusive tasting sessions and curated experiences may also be available, allowing patrons to explore a carefully selected array of molecular creations.
Sustainability: Many establishments specializing in molecular mixology in London prioritize sustainability. They source local and seasonal ingredients, minimize waste, and adopt eco-friendly practices to align with the city’s growing emphasis on sustainable dining and drinking experiences.
In conclusion, molecular mixology service in London represents an enthralling fusion of science and culinary artistry. It’s a journey that transforms cocktails into immersive and memorable experiences, challenging the boundaries of what a libation can be. Whether you’re a cocktail connoisseur, a lover of innovative cuisine, or simply someone seeking an unforgettable night out, London’s molecular mixology service invites you to embark on a scientific culinary journey that will stimulate your senses and redefine your appreciation of cocktails. Cheers to the captivating world of molecular mixology in London!


RemTEC Summit 2019 takes place on February 26 to 28 local time, at the Colorado convention center in Denver, USA. Ms. Ren, the environmental technical specialist, and Ms. Zhang, the oversea sales of SAGWELL, attended the summit with Spherical Porous Iron Powder, UIF, Ni/Fe bimetal and other environmental remediation metal powder products.
During the three-day exhibition, dozens of customers came to ask for samples, including 16 soil remediation companies, 9 on-site technical service companies, 5 water treatment companies and 3 scientific research institutions.
As can be seen from the customer’s sample selection, our company’s ultra-fine iron powder UIF has a broad application prospect in the field of environmental remediation in the United States.
Our Fe/Ni bimetal has also received a lot of attention due to its high catalytic activity. A company focusing on drinking water purification and sewage treatment expressed great interest in bimetal in sewage treatment, and couldn’t wait to carry out the activity experiment at that time.
During the three-day exhibition, nearly 50KG of all kinds of our ultrafine metal powder sample has been sent. The patient and professional answers of our technical person have brought about more than ten potential customers. The follow-up work of sample testing is well underway.
About RemTEC Summit The RemTEC Summit delivers a truly unique platform focused on advancing the environmental science and remediation industry. It is the place where you can hear essential sources of information on technology, application and policy affecting contaminated site restoration field from the world’s leading experts within the academic, regulatory and environmental-consulting communities. Unlike most environmental conferences, RemTEC is focused on cost-effective site management and closure – not just theory and research.


13 Oct SEA Fall Session 2012
Posted at 00:00h in Uncategorized 0 Comments
We are excited that the 2012 Fall Session will kick off on October 13th! We have a lot of fun projects lined up for this session:
GRADE 2: Air and Weather
- Students will learn about the relationship between temperature and weather, properties of air, and how clouds are formed.
GRADE 3: Rocks and Minerals
- Students will learn about the properties that determine the difference between rocks and minerals and will discover household items that are made from minerals.
GRADE 4: Landforms
- Students will learn about land mapping, the water cycle, stream modeling, and erosion.
GRADE 5: Chemistry
- Students will learn about atomic structure, balancing chemical equations, and endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Stay tuned for updates and fun educational resources!
– Science Education Academy
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LouvreTec’s all aluminum range of opening roofs, sun louvers and shutters are available in three types of ﬁnishes.
Powdercoating is the most readily available and commonly used coating system.
Today’s new generation of UV resistant ﬁnishes are available in a wide range of warrantable standard, metallic and pearlescent colors.
Warranties range from 5 years to 15 years depending on the speciﬁcations and requirements of the installation.
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This unique European designed powder coating system offers a number of ﬁne timber grain ﬁnishes.
Anodising is a tried and proven electromechanical process that produces a smooth hard wearing oxide coating on the aluminum. Thicker coatings of ﬁlms offer greater corrosion resistance.
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It is believed that different types of antioxidants, when consumed in appropriate amounts, work together to fight free radicals. However, consuming too much or too little of a particular type of antioxidant may inhibit the benefits of other antioxidants.
At high levels, some antioxidants such as Carotenoids may be dangerous to a person’s health. Some experts believe that high doses of antioxidant supplements may promote oxidation. Others believe that high doses kill too many free radicals, inhibiting the ability of some to attack harmful bacteria or cancer cells. In addition, there is insufficient research to determine what, if any, long-term effects may occur as the result of taking these supplements.


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November 11, 2019
PLA stands for polylactic acid and is a resin made from corn starch. PLA is used to make clear compostable containers and PLA lining is used in cups and containers as an impermeable liner. PLA is biodegradable, and fully compostable. It uses 65 percent less energy to produce than conventional oil-based plastics and generates 68 percent fewer greenhouse gasses and contains no toxins.
PLA is used as a feedstock material in desktop fused filament fabrication 3D printers (e.g. RepRap). PLA-printed solids can be encased in plaster-like moulding materials, then burned out in a furnace, so that the resulting void can be filled with molten metal. This is known as "lost PLA casting", a type of investment casting.
PLA can degrade into innocuous lactic acid, so it is used as medical implants in the form of anchors, screws, plates, pins, rods, and as a mesh. Depending on the exact type used, it breaks down inside the body within 6 months to 2 years. This gradual degradation is desirable for a support structure, because it gradually transfers the load to the body (e.g. the bone) as that area heals. The strength characteristics of PLA and PLLA implants are well documented.
PLA can also be used as a decomposable packaging material, either cast, injection-molded, or spun. Cups and bags have been made from this material. In the form of a film, it shrinks upon heating, allowing it to be used in shrink tunnels. It is useful for producing loose-fill packaging, compost bags, food packaging, and disposable tableware. In the form of fibers and nonwoven fabrics, PLA also has many potential uses, for example as upholstery, disposable garments, awnings, feminine hygiene products, and diapers. Thanks to its bio-compatibility and biodegradability, PLA has also found ample interest as a polymeric scaffold for drug delivery purposes.
Racemic and regular PLLA has a low glass transition temperature, which is undesirable. A stereocomplex of PDLA and PLLA has a higher glass transition temperatures, lending it more mechanical strength. It has a wide range of applications, such as woven shirts (ironability), microwavable trays, hot-fill applications and even engineering plastics (in this case, the stereocomplex is blended with a rubber-like polymer such as ABS). Such blends also have good form stability and visual transparency, making them useful for low-end packaging applications. Pure poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), on the other hand, is the main ingredient in Sculptra, a long-lasting facial volume enhancer, primarily used for treating lipoatrophy of cheeks. Progress in biotechnology has resulted in the development of commercial production of the D enantiomer form, something that was not possible until recently.


Alnico magnets, composed of primarily aluminum, nickel, and cobalt, were developed in the 1940’s. This class of magnet remains a preferred material because of it’s excellent temperature stability, high magnetic flux density, and resistance to corrosion. Alnico magnets are manufactured through a casting or sintering process. The casting process allows for the magnet to be manufactured into intricate and complex shapes, which are not possible with other magnetic materials.
Alnico Magnets Overview
Alnico magnetic material is an alloy of aluminum-nickel-cobalt which possesses an excellent temperature stability and high residual induction. However, its low coercive force limits its applications in many cases. Casting and sintering are two major processes used to manufacture the Alnico magnets.
Excellent temperature stability
Strong corrosion resistance
The maximum working temperature is up to 500°c
High density and magnetic properties
Shorter production lead time
Temperature factor of Br is the smallest among all the permanent magnets
Cast Alnico magnets can be produced in relatively complex shapes
Tooling for cast Alnico magnets is relatively low, since sand molds are generally used for the casting process.


Walter joined Insmed in December 2010 in connection with the business combination between Insmed and Transave. Prior to this, Walter joined Transave in 2002 and served as Chief Technology Officer. Walter has over 25 years’ experience utilizing nanoparticle drug delivery systems for multiple routes of administration including inhalation and has authored 80 scientific publications and U.S. patent applications. Prior to Transave, Walter spent 15 years with The Liposome Company (later a part of Elan Drug Delivery), where he was involved in the design of several lipid-based drug delivery systems, including an artificial lung surfactant formulation, and helped in the characterization, development, and launch of the company’s two commercial products Abelcet® and Myocet®. As part of Elan’s Drug Delivery Division, Walter played a lead role in the implementation of liposome technology in both inter-divisional projects and corporate partnerships. Walter received his bachelor and doctoral degrees in Biophysical Chemistry from the University of Virginia, where he studied liposomes as model membrane systems.


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The Lenzing GroupINNOVATIVE BY NATURE
As a global company in the field of high-performance materials Lenzing transforms CO2 and sunlight into highly functional, emotional and aesthetic products - botanical cellulose fibers with which we supply the global textile and nonwovens industry.
The Lenzing Group is the only manufacturer worldwide that produces all three generations of cellulose fibers from wood.
Our success is based on our consistent customer orientation together with our leadership in innovation, technology and quality. We are committed to the principles of sustainable management and very high environmental standards.


Testosterone enanthate 10ml 250mg
Molecular Formula: C19H28O2 Molecular Weight: 288.42442 g/mol Testosterone is responsible for the normal growth and development of the male sex organs and for the maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics. The drug can affect the growth of the prostate, testis, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and also is important for body growth. Even though testosterone is an androgenic hormone, it does posses anabolic properties. Its use has been shown to promote protein synthesis and a positive nitrogen balance in the presence of a rich calorie diet. Testosterone also has the ability to cause a mild increase in the production of red blood cells by stimulating the synthesis of EPO from the kidney. This results in an increase in the red blood cells and hence an increase in the oxygen carrying capacity. When testosterone is taken for prolonged periods, it inhibits the release of Gonadotropins from the pituitary gland through a negative feedback mechanism. At large doses, it can even inhibit spermatogenesis.


Childs Farm Baby Bedtime Bubbles Organic Tangerine Oil 250ml
Gorgeous smelling Childs Farm bubble bath, will leave your little one clean, moisturised and their skin snuggly soft. Made with organic tangerine oil, you are guaranteed happy skin and fun bath times!
Suitable for newborn babies upwards. Dermatologist and paediatrician approved, as it's suitable for sensitive skin and safe for people who may be prone to eczema.
Childs Farm bubble bath, organic tangerine 250ml is registered with The Vegan Society and certified by Cruelty Free International!
Aqua (Water), Sodium Coco-Sulfate,Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Decyl Glucoside, Benzyl Alcohol, Coco-Glucoside, Glycerin, Sodium Chloride, Citric Acid, Parfum (Fragrance), Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate, Limonene, Sucrose Laurate, Lauryl Glucoside, Dehydroacetic Acid, Alcohol, Citrus Reticulata (Tangerine) Peel Oil*, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Citrate, Tocopherol, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Sorbic Acid (* Denotes Certified Organic Ingredient). Please check the label before using this product as we may make small ingredient changes
Add a generous slug to warm running water and relax or play in fragrant bubbles. If product gets in eyes, rinse well with water. External use only. If irritation occurs wash with copious amounts of water. If irritation continues, stop use. Always patch test. We recommend that you carry out a patch test 24 hours before using any product for the first time.


|Pond Liner & Underlayment|
|Pond Kits & Pond |
Free Waterfall Kits
|Waterfall Spillways & Pond Free Waterfall Supplies|
|Pond Installation |
|Biological Filters &|
|Pond Care & Maintenance|
|Aerating Fountains & Fountain Nozzles|
|Pond Care Water Treatment Products|
|Lawn and Garden Treatment Products|
|Large Pond and Lake Management|
|Fish Care Fish Food|
|Garden, Pond Decor |
|Fountain Pumps & Supplies|
|Garden Fountain Kits and Supplies|
|Fountain Making Supplies|
|Viaaqua Pump Replacement Parts|
|Fountain Building & Consultation|
On 11-11 HGTV featured the American Pond Kit on their "Don't Sweat It" edition. Across America viewers were able to see the ease of installation and the beauty of a backyard pond using the American Pond system. Thanks America and Thank You HGTV!
Carbon, when used in an aquarium application, is a form of chemical filtration that is capable of doing a multitude of things. It helps remove odors, discoloration, medications, organics and inorganics from the water by allowing those particles to bond or become trapped by the pores in the carbon. It also helps water clarity by polishing the water, more so then a fine filter pad. The finest of filter pads still have larger pores then carbon, rendering carbon a powerful tool in removing particles at the microscopic level. BUT, be sure to use a filter pad to prevent the carbon from prematurely gunking up.
Trapping the particles in the pores is called absorption; just like a sponge, it provides a porous surface area for particles to get ‘stuck’ in. One may ask, “If it’s like a sponge, can’t I just rinse it?” There is another process called adsorption; notice a “d” instead of the “b.” This process actually chemically bonds particulates, therefore trapping them in the chemical makeup of your carbon. Particulates that are adsorbedcannot be removed by any conventional standards. Think of it like baking a cake; all of the ingredients are separately added and the outcome is drastically different then a bowl of eggs, milk and other cake batter ingredients. Now think if you wanted to back track while making a cake; you would have to go to a science lab and chemically extract each ingredient and even then, that may not be possible as the protein in the milk may have bonded with the egg whites, and so on. So once your water smells or is becoming discolored; it’s time for new carbon. No matter how much you rinse your carbon, it is effectively useless for chemical filtration once all of the pores are clogged.
Investing in a high quality activated carbon will help ensure that your filtration system is performing at its best by providing an ample amount of pores for particles to stick or bond to. Replacing your carbon monthly or when your water begins to yellow or smell, will ensure that your water is healthy. Having trouble telling what color your water is? Try pouring a cup full of water into a clean toilet. Does the toilet water change color? If so, time for new carbon!


Brow Tint Rescue Kit
Brow Code Tint Shades:
All shades of Brow Code Brow Tint can be mixed together to create a variation of colours:
• Natural Brown – Very dark and well concealing brown
• Light Brown – Ideal when applied on light blonde to light brown hair
Your kit includes enough tint for two to three applications, 2 application brushes, Bodyography Brow pencil in Taupe or Brown to fill in and guiide your application, cotton buds, wipes and a voucher for 50% off a Brow Shape and Tint when we reopen
Please ensure you test patch prior to use.
ALLERGIES: There are a small number of individuals who show an allergic reaction to hair colors. In very rare cases this reaction may be severe. In order to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction it is important to carry out a skin sensitivity test. This skin sensitivity test must be carried out 48 hours before each application to ascertain if there is an allergy or sensitivity against the product or if such has emerged since the last application. In exceptional cases irritations can occur only after 72 hours. If you know that hypersensitivity could be on hand, leave the mixture for 72 hours on the skin. Instructions: Mix 1cm of Brow Code Tint with 1 cm of Oxidant 3% liquid or crème . Apply a small amount to a small area on the inner bend of the elbow or behind the ear. Allow to dry and leave uncovered for 48 to 72 hours, then clean thoroughly. If any irritation occurs during this time do not carry out the treatment.
Tint: Aqua, Cetearyl Alcohol, p-Phenylenediamine, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Resorcinol, m-Aminiphenol, Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate, p-Aminiphenol, CI77499, CI 77491, CI 77492
Cream Oxidant3% 10vol: Aqua, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ethanol, Cetearyl Alcohol, Sodium Lauryl Supphate, Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate, Phosphoric Acid, Tetrasodium EDTA, Disodium Phosphate
Before Brow Tinting:
1. Remove all eye makeup before tinting the eyebrows using our latest technology in Micellar Eye Makeup Remover
2. In order to achieve the optimum tinting results, the eyebrows should be dry and free of all oils and sebum as this can create a barrier against all Brow Code Tints and it will not adhere to the surface layer of the skin or the hair.
Preparation of tint:
Immediately before tinting mix equal parts of Brow Tint and Cream or Liquid Oxidant into a creamy paste using the enclosed application stick. The mixing ratio is 1:1 / equal parts (Generally 4 drops of Cream or Liquid Oxidant is enough to make an even paste)
1. When the customer has closed the eyes, apply the tint to the eyebrows using the application stick until they are completely covered in tint.
2. Ensure the tint is directly placed in the shape you are wanting to achieve as it can slightly stain the skin.
3. Application times vary depending on customer, desired intensity and results achieved between 5 – 12min


European Raw Material Alliance
Prioritized by European Raw Materials Alliance
Rare Earths Norway is proud to announce that ERMA – the European Raw Materials Alliance – endorsed us in 2022. https://erma.eu
ERMA is part of the EU-funded European Institute of Innovation and Technology – Raw Materials – EIT RM. https://eitrawmaterials.eu
The endorsement recognizes the importance of the Fen REE deposit, which probably is the largest REE resource in Europe, and its significance for the industrial transition from fossil to renewable technologies.


Medterra’s Dissolvable Sleep Tablets combine 25mg of CBD with 10mg of melatonin to provide a restful night’s sleep. Our sleep tablets allow the option of using CBD for sleep by allowing the user to place the tablet under the tongue before bedtime and allowing it to dissolve before swallowing. Each tablet is conveniently scored to allow the user to consume half (1/2) of the sleep tablet if they are sensitive to melatonin. Our sleep tablets contain natural spearmint flavoring.
Tablets per Bottle: 30
0% THC | NON-GMO | MADE IN USA | NO PESTICIDES | LABORATORY TESTED
Grown and extracted from the USA, our quality CBD is fully compliant under the Kentucky Department of Agricultural Industrial Hemp Pilot Program. Our CBD products are legal and shipped to all 50 states and internationally. All of our CBD products contain 0% THC, guaranteed. Our whole plant CO2 extraction allows us to draw the CBD from the plant material and filter out unnatural substances, maximizing pure CBD concentration. Each and every product that leaves the facility is third-party tested to ensure consistency and quality.
We stand by our 30 day money back guarantee if you are unsatisfied with our product.
Orders placed Monday – Friday will be shipped within 1-2 business days.
Active Ingredients: 99%+ CBD Isolate, Melatonin
Inactive Ingredients: Avocado Oil Powder, Spearmint, Stevia, D-Mannitol, Xylitol, MCC, Crospovidone, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Anhydrous, Magnesium Stearate, Silica Dioxide
- Dissolves Quickly
- Pesticide Free and Non-GMO
- Take before bedtime
- Zero THC Guaranteed


All of us who are involved in fermentation have considered taking our activity to the next level: distilling. At Legacy we have designed the right systems for proper and safe distillation of spirits. We can manufacture the equipment for your distillery as you need it, for the volume you require.
We have created alliances with the best copper producers from Michoacán to deliver hybrid distillation systems that combine the strength and durability of stainless steel with the malleability, aesthetics and functionality of copper caps, coils and condensers to give you the perfect distillation process.
We can manufacture equipment for distilling: mezcal and tequila, whiskey, vodka and gin, and other distillates.


A pure source of omega 3 and astaxanthin
Antarctic Krill Oil (Euphausia superba) is a pure and natural source of high concentration omega 3 oil, the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin, as well as high levels of phospholipids - a fundamental component of human cell membranes.
Krill oil is used for the same reasons as cod liver oil, flax oil and other omega 3 fatty acids, but is often favoured because it doesn't cause fishy burps or an after-taste - a common side effect of fish oil.
The fact that it contains astaxanthin is also unique. The ultimate antioxidant - researchers have found that it may be more powerful than vitamin E, beta-carotene and lutein. It can also enhance the action of other antioxidants, such as vitamin E and C.
60 capsules (500mg): A pure source of Omega 3 and astaxanthin


Hey there, fellow pool enthusiast! Maintaining your pool water chemistry is the key to enjoying those sparkling, crystal-clear waters all summer. Don’t worry; with a bit of knowledge and some regular care, you can keep your pool looking inviting and refreshing. Let’s dive into some essential pool water chemistry tips!
1. Test Your Water Regularly
The first rule of thumb is to know what you’re dealing with. Invest in a good quality pool water testing kit. You’ll want to check your water’s pH, chlorine, alkalinity, and calcium hardness levels.
2. pH Balance
pH measures how acidic or basic your pool water is on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. To keep it comfortable for swimming and to protect your equipment, aim for a pH level between 7.4 and 7.6. If it’s too high, add pH minus; if it’s too low, add pH plus.
3. Chlorine Levels
Chlorine is your pool’s best friend. It sanitizes the water and keeps it safe. Aim for a chlorine level between 1 and 3 ppm (parts per million). Use chlorine tablets, liquid, or granules to adjust as needed.
4. Total Alkalinity (TA)
Alkalinity is a buffer for pH levels. Ideally, keep your TA between 80 and 120 ppm. If it’s too low, use an alkalinity increaser; if it is too high, use pH minus.
5. Calcium Hardness
To protect your pool’s structure and equipment, maintain between 200 and 400 ppm calcium hardness levels. Adjust it as needed with a calcium hardness increaser or a dilution method.
6. Shock Your Pool
Regularly shocking your pool with a non-chlorine or chlorine shock treatment helps kill bacteria and break down organic contaminants. Follow the product instructions, especially after heavy pool usage or heavy rainfall.
7. Circulation and Filtration
Ensure your pool’s pump and filter work correctly. Proper circulation and filtration help distribute chemicals evenly and remove debris. Clean your filter regularly to ensure optimal performance.
8. Skimming and Cleaning
Remove debris like leaves, insects, and dirt from the surface with a skimmer. Vacuum your pool regularly to keep it free from algae and other contaminants affecting water chemistry.
9. Sunscreen and Swim Gear
Ask your swimmers to rinse off sunscreen and other products before jumping in. These substances can throw off your pool’s water chemistry.
10. Keep Records
Create a pool water log to track your testing results, chemical additions, and maintenance activities. It’ll help you spot trends and anticipate when adjustments are needed.
A Clean Pool Means More Fun
Maintaining proper pool water chemistry is an ongoing process, not a one-time fix. Regularly testing and adjusting your pool water will ensure it stays clear, safe, and ready for a refreshing dip whenever desired. Happy swimming, and enjoy those crystal-clear waters!
Are you ready to turn your backyard into a personal oasis of relaxation and luxury? Look no further than Artesian Pools! We specialize in crafting custom-built pools that meet and exceed your expectations. Imagine the joy of having a beautifully designed pool, tailored to your unique style and preferences, right in your backyard. With Artesian Pools, you’re not just getting a pool; you’re getting an experience that will enhance your lifestyle and create lasting memories.Contact Artesian Pools today, and let’s start the journey to transform your backyard into a stunning retreat that you, your family, and your friends will cherish for years to come. Don’t miss out on the opportunity to make


Our brewed coffee is carefully stored in kegs with detailed labeling in the spirit of transparency and quality assurance.
What goes onto our labels?
Once picked, coffee cherries are processed in one of two ways. The oldest way, also known as the “natural” or “dry” method, is to allow the cherry to dry in the sun. The fruit ferments and imparts upon the bean unpredictable flavors, which can result in exciting fruitiness in each cup. Although the dry method can lead to a more dynamic taste, it can be unpredictable and inconsistent; in some instances, the fruit rots, leading to beans poor in quality. The second method is the “washed” or “wet” method, which involves soaking the cherries in stainless steel vats for a period of time, allowing them to ferment briefly before they are sent through a wet mill. This removes the fruit before it has a chance to impart significant flavor on the bean, resulting in greater consistency and a “cleaner,” more elegant flavor profile.
Total Dissolved Fluids (TDS)
TDS essentially tells us how strong the coffee is. A regular cup of coffee is composed primarily of water (in addition to anything present in the water during the brewing process) as well as approximately 1.3% to 1.5% coffee bean solubles, such as caffeine. For comparison, an espresso has a high concentration of coffee solubles, reaching generally 7% to 12.5%. Alchemist Draft Coffee has a TDS of 1.45 – right around the upper end of a strong cup of coffee, but not strong enough to give you a headache or to make you dizzy unlike some cold brews.
Most coffee we drink comes from the species “Coffea Arabica,” and within that species are many varietals which affect the flavor of the cup, such as Bourbon, Typica and Geisha. This is comparable to wine in that all vines are of the species “Vitis Vinifera” which contains varietals such as Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.
This number signifies the percentage of each individual coffee bean which has dissolved into the water. 32% of a coffee bean is soluble in water, but the “sweet spot” for the grinder we use at Alchemist is between 20% and 22% for the “Antithesis Blend” and 21% to 24% for our single origin offerings. This “Goldilocks Zone” of extraction produces a brew with a good balance of acidity, aromatics, tannins and sweetness. The coffee is carefully brewed to include all elements that make coffee taste good while avoiding the compounds which induce bitter, sour or astringent flavors.


Inventing Polymer Science
Staudinger, Carothers, and the Emergence of Macromolecular ChemistryUniversity of Pennsylvania Press Anniversary Collection Anniversary Collection
It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of polymer science to life in the twentieth century. Developments in polymer chemistry and engineering have led not only to the creation of a variety of substances such as synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, and plastic but also to discoveries about proteins, DNA, and other biological compounds that have revolutionized western medicine. For these reasons, the history of the discipline tells an important story about how both our material and intellectual worlds have come to be as they are.
Yasu Furukawa explores that history by tracing the emergence of macromolecular chemistry, the true beginning of modern polymer science. It is a lively book, given human interest through its focus on the work of two of the central figures in the development of macromolecular chemistry, Hermann Staudinger and Wallace Carothers. In Inventing Polymer Science, Furukawa examines the origins and development of the scientific work of Staudinger and Carothers, illuminates their different styles in research and professional activities, and contrasts the peculiar institutional and social milieux in which they pursued their goals.
1. Background, 1800-1920
2. Staudinger and the Macromolecule
3. Carothers and the Art of Macromolecular Synthesis
4. Triumph and Struggles of Two Giants
5. Restoration of the Physicalist Approach
6. The Legacy of Staudinger and Carothers
List of Abbreviations


The selection of pipe components is mostly determined by the properties of the process fluid. The chemical substance, the pressure and temperature determine the required resistance and strength of the material. Also some external factors such as wind loads can have an influence on the design of the piping and indirectly on the selection of the pipe components.
The pipe class is a toolbox for the pipe designer with the approved components for specific process conditions. With these components the designer can build the pipe line.
The piping engineer can commence with building the pipe classes when the process (and utility) design is completed. The process design will include the tentative line sizing and the material choice for the pipe systems.The piping engineer will consider the corrosion allowances and tolerance necessary for the overall plant lifecycle.
The PCC program allows the piping engineer to select the pipe components based on the information stated above. Easy edit windows make updates of the pipe specification efficient. Copy and paste facilities provide additonal flexibility when building new pipe classes. All the pipe classes are organized in projects, each project can be considered as a complete pipe specification for the respective plant or unit.


Whether it’s autonomous ships with no crew or ultra-strong underwater glue inspired by mussels, the U.S. Navy has some pretty intriguing research projects. Their latest? Weaponized slime, capable of being fired at enemy vessels to stop them in their tracks.
The synthetic slime is being created by a team of researchers at Utah State University, who have been awarded a 15-month Navy contract to carry out the work. It is based on the slime of a real, eel-like creature called a hagfish, which defends itself against would-be attackers by using a jet of slime to fill predators’ mouths and gills with goo. This slime swells up by a factor of several thousand when it comes into contact with sea water.
“We are attempting to create hagfish thread keratins synthetically,” Justin Jones, an assistant professor in the Department of Biology at Utah State University, told Digital Trends. “Hagfish thread keratins, in their native form, rival spider silk in their mechanical properties. The problem is that farming hagfish for these threads is likely impossible. That necessitates producing the individual proteins that comprise the thread keratin using another host system. We have chosen to produce the proteins in E. coli due to our group’s experience, the economics of scaling the process, as well as the robust amount of protein produced in this system.”
Once the slime proteins have been manufactured using modified E. coli bacteria, they will then have to be formed into fibers. For this, the team will rely on their previous experience “wet spinning” spider silk proteins to develop a method for re-creating the hagfish thread keratin fibers. The goal is to create a synthetic fiber comparable to its native counterpart.
At present, the U.S. Navy stops boats — such as those it suspects contain smugglers — by firing a plastic rope with a pneumatic launcher, designed to tangle in the boat’s propeller. The hope is that this new method could prove to be safer, more effective, and less likely to injure the occupants of the other vessel.
Before you start getting concerned about the possible polluting effects of firing massive amount of slime into the water like an oil spill — yes, they’ve thought of that, too.
“Hagfish thread keratins are comprised of protein and protein alone,” Jones continued. “Therefore they do not contribute to plastic waste problems in the world’s waterways. With mechanical properties that outperform some petroleum-based polymers, they are an ideal biomaterial to use to deploy in order to stop maritime vessels without causing further pollution.”


AUGMENTATION / CONTOURING OF THE LIPS
Through the filling technique or augmentation of the lip volume, full and attractive lips can be achieved, being able to obtain very natural results.
Filling substances for the lips
There are various products to use as a filling substance in a lip augmentation treatment.
There are two great classifications:
- Permanent materials
- Resorbable materials (disappear after a certain time)
For lip augmentation, we don’t use synthetic permanent materials (silicone, polyalkylamide, polyacrylamide) due to a high percentage of the side effects being hard to solve. Within the resorbable products we preferably use hyaluronic acid since up to date it’s been proven to be the one with the least undesired effects, practically none. This is due to an easy application and very good results.
Hyaluronic acid has one disadvantage, it is not permanent, but thanks to the rest of advantages it has become the most used substance by doctors when performing a lip augmentation.
The augmentation of the lip volume on a person with fine lips achieves a more youthful aesthetic aspect, there is no need to get to an excessive volume. We all have in mind famous people who got an unreasonably big lip augmentation, but if the amounts injected are moderate, results that are very natural can be achieved.
The lip augmentation technique
First anaesthesia is applied to the lips through a local anaesthesia of the nerves that are responsible for the sensitivity of the upper and the lower lip. Once the lips are under anaesthesia, the filling substance is injected with a very fine needle, normally hyaluronic acid. The manufacturers produce hyaluronic acids designed especially for the lips that show different properties than the ones used for filling other body areas.
There are several brands of hyaluronic acid on the market: Teosyal®, Juvederm®, Restylane®, Hydryalix®, etc. All of them have specific products for filling the lips with small differences between each of them, but they all show an evidence-based quality and security.
¿And after the lip augmentation?
After the treatment of lip augmentation it’s normal for a certain inflammation to appear, that’s why the lips will be a bit thicker than what they are supposed to be. After 2 or 3 days the final volume is reached due to the inflammation almost being gone. However, it’s wise to wait around 14 days before assessing the result and determining the need of a retouch to correct asymmetries or in case we want even more volume for the lips.
The effect of the volume augmentation of the lips usually lasts, on average, around 1 year. This means that if we want to keep the volume, we need to perform new sessions every year. Nevertheless, the majority of doctors think that it’s much more preferable this way than risking aftermaths like deformities, bumps, inflammations and other reactions of rejection or intolerance that are caused by the use of permanent products. It has been observed that on successive sessions, a lower volume of hyaluronic acid is needed, or what’s the same, the effect lasts longer. It has been observed that on the successive sessions, less volume of hyaluronic acid is needed, or what’s the same, the effect lasts longer.
Price: 295€ / 1 vial
345€ / 1 vial Juvederm


BLACK PR WIRE
CHELMSFORD, Mass.–Whether they bought it or grew it, no one wants to imagine their hair on fire. FRX Polymers developed a flame retardant that can be mixed into synthetic material so it would be less likely to burn if the unimaginable were to happen. They named the flame retardant Nofia. Nofia can be used in many applications including hair fibers in wigs and weaves (hair extensions).
FRX CEO, Marc Lebel says, “Nofia is a phosphorus-based polymeric flame retardant additive with a most favorable toxicological profile, and unlike competitive liquid and powder-based flame retardants that both tend to migrate out of the plastic over time, Nofia, when it is mixed with the host plastic stays locked in and will not migrate out.”
To inform users of synthetic hair about this key ingredient in some synthetic hair fibers, FRX is launching a campaign to highlight the positive aspects of Nofia. Their PR agency, YourPRcompany.com (YPRC), has created a fictional character and named her Tracee A. Jackson, PhD. The edutainment campaign will highlight Nofia in hair fibers and other materials. Tracee Jackson, PhD is a successful, smart, fly girl with a doctorate degree in polymer science and is the CEO of an emerging company that just happens to also be named “FRX Polymers!”
J. Abra Degbor, Principal of YPRC, in discussing the character, says “Dr. Jackson is a strong, stylish and sophisticated role model, driven in business to improve the safety of the additives in plastics in general, but in hair fibers initially.” Degbor added, “We intend to encourage positive life themes around education and acquiring the best that life has to offer, while incorporating relevant messages about Nofia flame retardant.”
The campaign launched on February 17, 2015 the week leading up to the 2015 Mid-Winter Bronner Bros. International Beauty Show.
Subscribe to learn more about the work FRX is doing in flame retardant technology through “The Life and Times of Tracee Jackson, PhD” at www.whatisgoodhair.com.


Organizing Committee Member
Head of Department of Plant Bioploymers, Senior Research Scientist.
Tbilisi State Medical University.
Graduated from Georgian Polytechnical Institute, Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Tbilisi, Georgia. 1974-1978 - Post-graduate student. Zelinsky Instiute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia. 1978 - Ph.D. (candidate of chemical sciences), Zelinsky Instiute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia. 1999 - D.Sci. (doctor of biological sciences), Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Chemistry and Biological activity of Natural Products; Plant Polysaccharides; Plant Macromolecules; Pharmacology; Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory and Anticancer Compounds.


Why Cleaning for Oxygen Service Is Needed
Cleaning for Oxygen Service, sometimes referred to as Oxygen Cleaning, is a method of cleaning contaminants and particulates from process equipment, fittings and piping intended to transport gases or liquids. This service is typically used in the compressed gas, aerospace, military and other high-purity industries in which contiminant-free processing is required.
Oxygen cleaning helps prevent explosions and fires by removing combustible contaminants such as particles, chemicals and residues that contain hydrocarbons that can cause a fire or an explosion in certain environments. Examples of combustible substances include oils, paper, fiber, dust, waste, dirt and sand. Eliminating these materials also reduces friction, which improves performance, extends the life of the part and decreases the potential for combustion.


Moisture analyzers are measuring devices specially designed for determination of moisture content of relatively small samples of various materials.
Moisture analyzer PMC enables:
•easy access due to backlit LCD display
•drying profile (standard, mild, step, rapid).
•finish mode (manual, humidity stabilization, automatic, time defined).
•GLP/GMP printouts and reports
•standard and non-standard applications
•optimization of work due to halogen lamps mode
Maximal capacity of moisture analyzer series PMC ranges from 50 g /1 mg to 210 g/1 mg. Moisture content is measured with accuracy 0,01% (0,001% for samples up to 1,5g). Maximal drying temperature equals 160°C (an extra cost option is moisture analyzer for drying with temperature 250°C).
Each moisture analyzer is equipped with aluminum weighing pan with dimensions ø 90mm.
With a moisture analyzer and a special set it is possible to test permeablitity of water vapour through samples of different materials.


On Wednesday, a chemical leak on the Dow Chemical Co. Bayport plant brought about La Porte metropolis officers to evacuate the encircling space, when an over-pressurized tank vented a dangerous chemical known as hydroxyethyl acrylate, or HEA, into the air.
To be taught extra in regards to the chemical concerned within the leak — and chemical compounds in surrounding vans and services — Houston Public Media vitality reporter Kyra Buckley spoke with College of Houston chemical engineering professor and Chief Vitality Officer Ramanan Krishnamoorti.
This interview has been edited for size and readability.
What are you able to inform me about hydroxyethyl acrylate, or HEA? What is the concern locally?
So primarily, in massive quantities, it may influence folks’s respiratory, it may irritate eyes. However long run challenges — similar to carcinogenic or toxicological impacts — are a lot decrease than different sorts of natural molecules. Fortuitously, it’s one thing that’s bought a excessive diploma of attraction for water, so it tends to be washed away comparatively simply in comparison with many different natural compounds.
We perceive that they discovered the leak in a tanker truck, and so they’re monitoring to see if the temperature goes up or down in that truck. Why does that matter?
When this materials begins to hitch collectively, these reactions are extremely exothermic — they launch a whole lot of warmth. If that course of begins and progresses, then you possibly can have an explosive response, and this factor can react violently and explode.
The truck that the leak got here from is parked subsequent to 2 different tanker vans. One has the identical chemical in it. The opposite one, we perceive, has a chemical known as methyl methacrylate. Are you able to inform me extra about that and if there are considerations about that chemical compound?
It’s a compound that’s utilized in Plexiglas. It tends to be, once more, one thing that may irritate folks’s eyes, it may have an effect on your your air passages — however clearly not any important poisonous, toxicological or carcinogenic impacts. Like HEA, methyl methacrylate has the identical tendency of making an explosive response. If it will get extraordinarily sizzling throughout the tanker — greater than 200 levels — then it could possibly be a problem. However underneath most traditional circumstances, it’s unlikely to be a difficulty. They need to try to discover methods to maneuver the opposite vans out of the way in which, as a result of when you get an explosion, issues are uncontrolled and also you don’t know the place you’re going to have the following problem.
What questions would you could have when you bought to take a seat down with a Dow official?
To try to determine what the foundation explanation for this accident was. What steps can you set in place that might stop such leaks from occurring sooner or later? And the way do you handle inventories? Is it a good suggestion to have these a number of vans of the identical compound in shut proximity?
Is such a chemical leak widespread?
The protection file of the business — and truly broadly throughout the nation — the protection of chemical compounds being transported has improved. However I feel again 20-to-30 years in the past, this stuff used to occur much more steadily, so definitely issues have improved. However we’ve bought to search out higher methods to handle this, as a result of finally, each time considered one of these leaks occur, there’s much less and fewer religion within the business having the ability to handle what they’re doing, and handle the challenges of transferring very hazardous supplies across the nation.
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Lipase acts on triacylglycerols and releases fatty acids. Determination of its activity is calculated by titration of free fatty acids.
- A buffer solution containing Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 50 mM, pH=7, is prepared.
- Next an olive oil emulsion (40 ml of olive oil are added to 60 ml of gum arabic – emulsifier solution 5%, w/v) is prepared and the mixture is homogenized in laboratory homogenizer.
- The substrate of the enzyme is composed of 50 ml of olive oil emulsion in 45 ml of buffer solution.
Determination of enzymatic activity
- 0.5 ml of crude enzyme solution is added into 9.5 ml of substrate.
- The mixture is incubated in a shaker for 1 h at T=28 °C
- This is followed by titration of the mixture with NaOH solution 50 mM until pH=9
A unit of activity of lipase is the quantity of the enzyme that releases 1μmole of fatty acids in 1 h at T=28 °C.


Asymmetric Structures and Conformational Plasticity of the Uncleaved Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer
发表刊物： J. Virol.
摘要： The functional human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] is produced by cleavage of a conformationally flexible gp160 precursor. gp160 cleavage or the binding of BMS-806, an entry inhibitor, stabilizes the pretriggered, "closed" (state 1) conformation recognized by rarely elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies. Poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) elicited at high titers during natural infection recognize more "open" Env conformations (states 2 and 3) induced by binding the receptor, CD4. We found that BMS-806 treatment and cross-linking decreased the exposure of pNAb epitopes on cell surface gp160; however, after detergent solubilization, cross-linked and BMS-806-treated gp160 sampled non-state-1 conformations that could be recognized by pNAbs. Cryo-electron microscopy of the purified BMS-806-bound gp160 revealed two hitherto unknown asymmetric trimer conformations, providing insights into the allosteric coupling between trimer opening and structural variation in the gp41 HR1N region. The individual protomer structures in the asymmetric gp160 trimers resemble those of other genetically modified or antibody-bound cleaved HIV-1 Env trimers, which have been suggested to assume state-2-like conformations. Asymmetry of the uncleaved Env potentially exposes surfaces of the trimer to pNAbs. To evaluate the effect of stabilizing a state-1-like conformation of the membrane Env precursor, we treated cells expressing wild-type HIV-1 Env with BMS-806. BMS-806 treatment decreased both gp160 cleavage and the addition of complex glycans, implying that gp160 conformational flexibility contributes to the efficiency of these processes. Selective pressure to maintain flexibility in the precursor of functional Env allows the uncleaved Env to sample asymmetric conformations that potentially skew host antibody responses toward pNAbs.


This 100% pure and natural oil is the fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Castor, Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae.
This clear, viscous liquid is colourless-pale straw in appearance, and has a slight, characteristic odour.
For use in cosmetic products and aromatherapy applications.
INCI: Ricinus Communis Seed Oil
Contains none of the 26 allergens designated by the EU in European Union Cosmetics Regulation (EC) No 1233/2009.
Does not contain material restricted/prohibited by IFRA and therefore does not require an IFRA statement.


150mg CBD Topical Salve w/Menthol
Nutrient-rich topical formula infused with cooling menthol and 150 mg of CBD.
• Easy application to target specific areas
• Absorbs quickly – no oily residue!
• Broad spectrum, phytocannabinoid rich hemp oil
• Third party lab tested for potency and quality: zero THC, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals
• No unnecessary additives
This nutrient-rich topical formula is infused with cooling menthol and 150 mg of CBD. The topical application allows you to target specific areas, and the natural ingredients absorb quickly into the skin, leaving no oily residue. We use only the highest quality, phytocannabinoid rich hemp oil, which is sent for third-party testing by our suppliers, and then again by us to ensure potency and quality – our products are guaranteed to contain ZERO solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, or THC. As with all of our products, our salves are formulated using no unnecessary additives – each ingredient is chosen for its contribution to your overall wellness.


We all know that there are a variety of organic products on the market, ranging from foods to dish soaps to cleaning agents to toothpastes. However, most people don’t really know what organic means, what ingredients are left out of organic products, how they differ from the regular product, and what benefits they can have. So, when it comes to choosing between regular and organic toothpaste, we’ll give you the scoop so you can make a well-informed decision about which toothpaste is right for you and your family!
What Is Organic Toothpaste?
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, organic means that a product is, “relating to or derived from living matter.” So an organic toothpaste is made with all-natural ingredients. These ingredients often include mint (a natural breath freshener), spearmint and peppermint oil, which both have antibacterial properties, and a variety of herbs. While regular toothpaste is safe and American Dental Association (ADA) approved, some people choose organic toothpaste because they prefer natural, holistic products that don’t have any manufactured chemicals in them.
Regular toothpaste contains sodium lauryl sulfate and saccharin. Sodium lauryl sulfate is what makes the toothpaste foam and is known for being a skin irritant for some people. Saccharin is a chemical used to create the sweet flavor of toothpaste, which organic toothpastes can achieve without a man-made ingredient.
Does Organic Toothpaste Work?
It’s important to note that toothbrushes are actually what do most of the teeth cleaning and toothpaste is for freshening your breath and eliminating bacteria—which organic toothpaste can easily do. If you choose to use organic toothpaste, you’ll still get the same effect as regular toothpaste, so you won’t have to worry about bacteria lingering on your teeth and causing cavities or getting too close to someone when you speak because of bad breath!
Ask Us for Recommendations!
Whether you’re looking for a new toothpaste for your family or yourself, it’s important to weigh your options and do some research on which one is right for you. If you have any questions about organic toothpaste, contact our office and one of our knowledgeable team members will be happy to discuss your questions.


Access to advanced functional testing and interpretation from an experienced Functional Medicine Doctor is one of the real strengths of our clinic. Dr Sarah is an expert in the interpretation of Organic Acids and has lectured for Genova Diagnostics on this topic. Our advanced nutritional and metabolic panels can give real insight into the root causes of chronic illness and allow us to accurately track progress and create bespoke treatment plans.
Dr Sarah is also trained in nutritional Genomics through Lifecode Gx. Understanding genomic causes for dysfunction is often helpful in complex or difficult cases. However, we do not offer genomic interpretation without organic acid screening as we feel it is important to look at the current metabolism alongside underlying genetic predisposition to make informed treatment decisions in this complex and emerging area of medicine.
Home phlebotomy (UK-based): Arrange to have your bloods taken in advance of your appointment in the comfort of your own home or office. Our partner MSS provide phlebotomy services via a UK-wide network of nurses. Other providers may be recommended in some circumstances.
Appointments can be cancelled up to 48 hours in advance with no charge. Cancellation with less than 48 hours’ notice or a failure to attend attracts the full fee – £75
Pura are our preferred UK supplier of standard blood tests for our new patient health screens and follow up testing. Offering excellent value and a wide range of laboratory testing, Pura screening panels are offered to all of our new patients.
PURA kits are stocked in the clinic – if you require delivery to your home then there is an additional fee for P&P (£5). Patients using MSS Remote phlebotomy will not need kits sending out.
New Patient Health Screen from PURA – £245: Our New Patient screen is offered to all new patients and is a comprehensive standard panel including:
- Full blood count, Kidney Function and Liver function
- Functional Lipid profile
- Fasting insulin and HbA1c (sensitive diabetes screen)
- High Sensitivity CRP (sensitive inflammation screen)
- Active B12 and Total B12, Folate, Advanced iron profile, Vitamin D
- Coeliac Disease screen
- Advanced Thyroid profile with Reverse T3
Standard Thyroid Panel – £55
Thyroid Advanced profile with Reverse T3 – £95
Vitamins and iron – £75
Thyroid with Reverse T3 and Haematinics – £145
Thyroid with Reverse T3 and Haematinics and Vitamin D – £152
We have access to all of Genova’s extensive functional testing panels but list those most commonly used in clinic below. The following kits are available in stock in clinic or may be posted directly to your address:
Metabolomix + Test £285: Urine Organic and amino acids including biomarkers for:
- Protein digestion and absorption,
- Yeast and bacterial dysbiosis,
- Intracellular B Vitamins,
- Inflammatory markers.
NutrEval Test £495 (requires centrifugation of blood): Incorporates the Urine results of the Metabolomix test (above), plus
- Fatty acid evaluation
- Vitamin D
- CoEnzyme Q10
- Minerals and Heavy Metals panels
- Optional Genomic screening for MTHFR, COMT, TNF-a and APOE (after discussion with Dr Sarah). Additional fee payable for these.
GI Effects £290 – Comprehensive stool analysis. This test offers valuable insight into digestive function, intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal microbiome.
Lactulose Hydrogen and Methane Breath test (SIBO analysis) £125 – A breath test which captures exhaled hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) gases following patient ingestion of a lactulose solution to evaluate bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine.
Nutrient and Toxic Elements Profile £145 – Evaluates recent toxic element exposure and assesses nutrient mineral status.
ONE Day Hormone Check £240 – A salivary hormone test that evaluates unbound, bioavailable hormone levels over 24 hours. Specimens are examined for levels of estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, DHEA, and melatonin.
Methylation Panel £240 – An innovative test designed to offer insight into the critical biochemical methylation pathway. This includes plasma methylation and genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methylation defects have been associated with many clinical conditions including cancer, autism, ADHD, neural tube defects, cognitive decline, depression, cardiovascular disease, and schizophrenia.
Homocysteine £55 – Used to assess ‘methylation’ capacity – may be used to monitor therapy in those with previous high levels. High homocysteine levels can contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and dementia.
We hold and account with Regenerus and the following tests may be advised for you:
Hair Toxic and Essential Elements £75 – An inexpensive and valuable screen for physiological excess, deficiency or maldistribution of elements. As protein is synthesised in the hair follicle, elements are permanently incorporated into the hair and represent a temporal record of element metabolism and toxic exposure.
Mercury Tri Test £352 – The Mercury Tri Test provides insights into the magnitude and source of mercury exposure and if any additional detoxification support is needed. It is the only clinical test to use speciation analysis to separat methyl mercury (MeHg) from inorganic mercury (Hgll). Both hair and urine values are individually correlated with blood measurements to give an index of excretion.
Lifecode provide both DNA screening and analysis for existing genomic data (such as 23&Me). These useful panels can be used alongside functional testing to determine underlying Genomic contribution to metabolic problems and can help us to target problems with more certainty. Please note, we do not read 23&Me raw data or long genomic datasets as this is simply too time consuming for the clinic. A selection of our most frequently used genomic panels are below. These can be ordered directly from Lifecode:
DNA Test Kit £99 – This is to collect a sample of cheek cells from which DNA is extracted and analysed.
Methylation Report £150 – Common genetic variants (SNPs) can impact our natural ability to methylate and thus result in increased susceptibility to chronic health conditions including heart disease, depression, diabetes, chronic fatigue, autoimmune disease, poor foetal development and premature ageing.
Detoxification Report £150 – The Detoxification report focuses on the key genes and variants involved in regulating Phase I, II and III liver detoxification pathways including those involved in the metabolism of caffeine, alcohol, hormones, neurotransmitters, pesticides and various common pharmaceutical drugs.
APOE Report £150 – The E4 form of the APOE gene has been associated with disorders of lipid metabolism (increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels) and increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative conditions such Alzheimer’s disease. Having the APOE 4 version of the gene is one of many risk factors and does not mean you will get any disease associated with it.
As well as the labs detailed above, we also work with specialist screens from:
- MELISA(specialists in metals allergy testing based in Germany).
- Armin Laboratories (specialists in Lyme Disease and Viral infection screening).
- Biolab (UK based Functional testing lab offering a wide range of screens).
- TDL (UK based Private lab with extensive traditional testing which may not be accessible elsewhere).
- Thriva (Online postal testing open to the public and specialists. Good for patients who wish to track their test results without the input of a clinic or specialist).


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All About Boost
For decades, EVA foam was the industry standard for performance running midsoles. In 2013, though, EVA was flipped on its head by a new player in the industry: adidas Boost technology. Using thermoplastic polyurethane particles that are expanded to form tiny pockets of air, the result is an insanely durable, flexible, and, above all, responsive midsole material that provides unmatched energy return with every stride.


Chemistry laboratories can be hazardous
if the rules are not followed.
Learn and observe the safety and laboratory rules!
- Clothing must cover the body from shoulders down to toes.
NO shorts, skirts, or cropped pants
NO tank tops or low-cut tops
NO bare midriffs
NO sandals, open-toed shoes, or ballet flats
- Eye protection is required for all personnel, students, and any visitors present in the lab. You must wear safety glasses/goggles at all times when you are in the lab, even if you are not performing an experiment. Please notify your lab instructor if you wear contact lenses.
- Long hair and loose clothing must be confined.
- Gloves are available for your use when needed and must be removed before leaving lab. Do not handle personal items, such as pens, eyeglasses, etc. with the gloves on.
- Never work alone in the lab.
- Never perform unauthorized experiments.
- If you are ever in doubt about equipment use or procedures, ask the instructor.
- Keep all aisles and workbenches clear of clutter and obstructions.
- Do not bring food or drinks into the laboratory.
- Eating, drinking, smoking, taking medicine, and applying cosmetics is forbidden while in the lab.
- Never pipet liquids by mouth.
- Notify your instructor in the event of accident, illness, injury, or fire, no matter how minor.
- Do not attempt to clean up chemical spills on your own; notify your instructor immediately.
- Be sure to clean the balance after each use.
- Report broken thermometers and mercury spills to your instructor or a lab assistant.
- Notify your instructor or a lab assistant if your glassware is cracked or chipped.
- Make sure that all gas, water, and electrical devices are turned off and that your work area is clean before leaving the laboratory each day.
- Return all reagents and equipment to their proper place.
- Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving the laboratory.
- Know important safety numbers - Campus Safety ext. 888; Health Center ext. 5245; Local Ambulance/Fire/Police 911.
- Be familiar with the location and operation of the eyewash stations, safety showers, fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and exits.
- Avoid direct contact with any chemical. Keep chemicals off your hands, face, and clothing. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling any chemical. If chemicals come in contact with skin or clothes, ask for help and flush the contaminated area with copious quantities of water for 15 minutes.
- If chemicals come in contact with your eyes, ask for help and flush your eyes at the eye wash station for 15 minutes.
- Never smell, inhale, or taste a hazardous chemical.
- In case of a fire, evacuate the lab.
- Read the label before using a chemical. It is also a good idea to consult the manufacturer's or supplier's Safety Data Sheet (SDS). You can access a chemical's SDS online - http://hazard.com/msds/index.php. SDS are also stored in the Chemistry stockroom (BR 118) and with campus safety in Spellman Hall.
- Emergency response equipment is available in the chemistry stockroom (BR 118), but should only be used by qualified personnel.
- Recap all reagent bottles immediately after use.
- Keep all bottles of flammable, poisonous, and corrosive materials closed. Use these materials in the fume hood and with adequate traps.
- Many organic solvents are highly flammable. Check with your instructor before lighting any flames.
- Be sure to dispose of waste in its proper place:
- Broken glass ONLY in appropriately labeled containers.
- Trash ONLY in trash barrels.
- Syringes ONLY in *sharps* containers.
- Solid and liquid waste in properly labeled Hazardous Waste containers. If no such labeled container exists, alert your instructor.
- Keep waste containers capped when not in use. "In use" means that someone is in the act of placing waste into the container.
- Report problems with the waste containers immediately (overfilling, bad odors, bubbling, smoking, leaking, lack of appropriate labels, etc.)
- Never pour hazardous chemicals down a sink's drain.
Please contact Dr. Christopher Pappas, the campus Director of Laboratory Safety, with any questions or concerns.


Who would have thought that at one time our aluminum beer can could have been worth its weight in gold. Aluminum was only discovered in 1825 despite the fact that aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
It is very rare in its free form and in the 1800s it was considered a precious metal. At one time, it was as scarce as silver. In the 1800s aluminum jewelry sold for the same price as platinum jewelry. A lump of aluminum occupied a place of honor next to the crown jewels at the Paris Exposition of 1855. In 1884, the aluminum cap that was made for the Washington Monument was exhibited in the window of a Fifth Avenue jeweler, in New York City. Napoleon III entertained guests at his dining table with a set of aluminum forks. In 1852 aluminum sold for $545 a pound. Today it sells for about a dollar a pound.
How did this drastic drop in price come to be? In the spring of 1883, Prof. Frank Jewett of Oberlin College in Ohio said to the students in his chemistry class, “If any of you can extract aluminum in commercial quantities,” he said with a smile, “You are sure of a fortune.” A skinny young student, by the name of Charles Martin Hall, sitting in one of the front rows nudged the guy sitting next to him and whispered, “I’m going after that metal!” Three years later, on February 23, 1886, he figured out the commercial process we use today. Two months later Paul Heroult, in Gentilly, France figured out the same process independently. Thus was created the Hall-Heroult process. Charles Hall immediately patented his invention and in 1888 teamed up with financier Alfred E. Hunt to start the Pittsburgh Reduction Company known today as the Aluminum Company of America(ALCOA). By 1914, Charles Hall had brought the cost of aluminum down to 18 cents a pound, so it was no longer considered a precious metal.
Aluminum is produced from bauxite ore which is named after the French village of Les Baux where it was first discovered. An electrolytic process is used in which electricity is passed through a liquid solution causing the aluminum to precipitate out of the solution. The amount of electricity used to create one pound of aluminum would keep a forty watt lamp lit continuously for twelve and a half days. So it takes a substantial amount of energy to make aluminum from rocks. Making cans from bauxite ore(rock) uses 229 BTUs of energy while making cans from recycled aluminum uses only 8 BTUs of energy. The aluminum can recycling process saves 95% of the energy needed to produce aluminum from rocks. So using recycled aluminum is really energy efficient. Today, the average aluminum can contains about 40% recycled aluminum.
Aluminum beer cans have several advantages over steel beer cans. They weigh less than half as much as steel cans; so a six pack of aluminum cans is noticeably lighter than a six pack of steel cans. Aluminum allows the beer to chill faster(a definite plus). Aluminum cans are way more resistant to rust than almost all other industrial metals. They accept flashy colors directly on its surface, so no need for the glued-on paper label which eventually slides off in your cooler and makes the water gummy. Aluminum is one of the most recyclable materials around. Recycled aluminum is very ecologically friendly, very “green”. (That’s one of the reasons why Maui Brewing Company [which you can find at The Wine Stop] uses aluminum cans). And most impressive of all, it is easier to crush, in one bare hand, an aluminum beer can rather than a steel one. All you need is an empty can. I think I’ll start working on that. Cheers!
Certified Sommelier, General Manager, President Liane was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii. She graduated from the Kamehameha Schools in 1977, and worked in the bookkeeping department of Villa Roma, a women’s retail clothing store owned by her mother Audrey Fu, before flying off to college in New York City. She was a physics major at New York University (NYU). In her first semester, she attended a concert that was interpreted for the deaf. She became fascinated by the idea of communication through movement which for her was kind of like hula on steroids.