Self loader concrete mixer with pump refers a combination of self loader concrete mixer and stationary concrete pump. So it has function of mixing and pumping concrete.
Preparation step: after the self loader concrete mixer truck arrives at the construction site, the operator inspects and prepares the equipment. It includes checking the quality of the concrete in the mixing tank, lubricating the transfer pump, checking the hydraulic system, etc.
Mixing step: the driver in cab of self loader concrete mixer operates the functions of self loading, mixing and unloading. At the same time, the self loader will automatically calculate and add the appropriate amount of cement, sand, gravel and other raw materials according to the preset ratio.
Pumping step: after mixing is complete, self loader concrete mixer will discharge the concrete into the stationary concrete pump. The pump will transport the concrete through high-pressure pipelines to the construction site.
Pouring step: during the pumping process, the operator can adjust the pressure and flow rate of the delivery pump as needed to ensure the concrete can be transported smoothly to the designated location. At the same time, operators also need to monitor the quality and mix ratio of concrete to ensure the stability of the concrete.
Cleaning step: after finishing the pour, the operator needs to clean the self loading concrete mixer with pump, including drum mixer, pump and high-pressure pipelines.
High efficiency: the combination of self loader concrete mixer and stationary concrete pump can mix, transport and pump concrete, reducing the multiple transfers and pumping steps in traditional construction methods and greatly improving construction efficiency.
High quality: due to the self loader concrete mixer with pump can prepare high-quality concrete immediately at the construction site, so it can avoid problems such as concrete segregation and bleeding caused by long-distance transportation, ensuring the quality of the concrete.
Space saving: compared with traditional concrete production and delivery equipment, the self loader concrete mixer with pump can greatly reduce the space occupied by the equipment and is suitable for construction sites with limited space.
High reliability: self loader concrete mixer with pump has a high degree of automation, simple operation and convenient maintenance, so it can greatly improve the reliability and service life of the equipment.
Energy saving and environmental protection: the self loader concrete mixer with pump can greatly reduce the frequency of the use of transport vehicles, thereby reducing exhaust emissions, which is beneficial to energy saving and environmental protect.
Self loader concrete mixer with pump is mainly used in construction project, road and bridge, water conservancy, municipal projects and large-scale infrastructure construction projects. The advantage is that it can provide high-quality concrete and quickly and conveniently, save manpower and materials resources, and improve construction efficiency.
In summary, the self loader concrete mixer with pump from LT Group is an efficient, high-quality, space-saving, reliable, energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and has broad application prospects in engineering construction.


Crestline will receive $1M from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for new wastewater plant
CRESTLINE — The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will provide more than $1 million toward construction of the village's new wastewater treatment plant, pump station and force main.
The Corps' Buffalo District entered into an agreement with the village in November to provide $1,075,000 in partial funding assistance toward the project's design and construction, the Corps announced in a news release Thursday.
The village plans to construct a new separate treatment train, and to replace the Park Road Pump Station and force main. The total project cost is estimated at $14.2 million.
In October, the village learned it would receive a $5 million Ohio BUILDS initiative grant for the project.
In part because of limited capacity at the treatment plant, Crestline experiences sanitary sewer overflows on a regular basis during wet weather, according to the Army Corps of Engineers' news release. The existing plant was completed in 1948 and its equipment and infrastructure have exceeded their useful service lives.
"The Park Road Pump Station is frequently clogged by large debris and requires costly maintenance each time this occurs," the news release states. "The new pump station work will include approximately 3,500 linear feet of 12-inch force main to the treatment plant."
The goal is to break ground next year, probably in the fall, and have the plant up and running by December 2024, Crestline Mayor Linda Horning Pitt said previously. The new plant will be built at the same site, 1000 Westgate Drive, to the east of the existing structure.
“We’re pleased to partner with the Village of Crestline in taking on the problems of aging infrastructure and protecting the environment,” Lt. Col. Eli Adams, commander of the Buffalo District, said in the news release.


Domestic water pumps are used to draw water for domestic purposes and supply water to households at a lower force. However, despite how vital domestic water pumps are, most homeowners do not know much about them. Thus, to give homeowners a better idea of the different types of domestic water pumps, we have compiled some useful facts about them.
Shallow well pumps
- Shallow well pumps are easy to install and maintain.
- These pumps are used in rural areas to draw water from shallow wells.
- They have a suction height of up to 8 meters, which enables high suction performance.
Self-priming regenerative pumps
- Self-filling regenerative pumps have blades rotating inside the pump, so the water recirculates back to the impeller base instead of draining.
- Re-priming helps the pump remove air from the pipes, which makes it ideal for use in pipelines.
- They do not need an additional foot valve, thanks to their recirculation mechanism.
- Submersible pumps have a hidden motor and are submerged underwater or pumped liquid.
- These pumps are very efficient and are primarily used in wells.
- After they are immersed in water, these pumps do not need priming.
- Since they are quiet, these pumps do not require cavitation.
- Water pressure prevents the engine from overheating and reduces energy consumption.
- There are two types of submersible pumps – submersible pumps with tubes that are suitable for wells and submersible pumps with open wells.
- Centrifugal pumps offer high efficiency.
- They use centrifugal force to transport water and are operated by an electric motor.
- These pumps use one or more rotors.
- They have high discharge rates and can easily handle a substantial amount of liquid flow.
- They can efficiently pump low viscosity liquids. The thicker the viscosity of the fluid being pumped, the lower the pump’s utility and higher the energy consumption.
- They can be used to store clean water that is free of chemicals and solid contaminants.
- They are ideal for supplying water to homes and lawn sprinklers, filling swimming pools, irrigating small areas, emptying wells and tanks, etc.
- The pump needs to be supported by a foot valve and the correct impeller type.
Borewell compressor pumps
- Borewell pumps are durable and consume little energy.
- These pumps are designed to pump water from wells that are as deep as 600 feet.
- Air pressure is used to pump up the water, which is supplied periodically.
- They do not need to be supported by a foot valve.
- These pumps are divided into two categories: monoblock and belt-driven.
Pressure booster pumps
- Hydrophore pumps are primarily used in homes to increase the pressure of the water supply.
- Different pumps use different pressure levels, so choose the right one as too much pressure can damage the hydraulic system.
- Although easy to install, they are comprehensive devices made up of a pump, motor, valves, and sensor for maximum comfort.
- These pumps are installed in areas of very low water pressure.
- They should be stored in places where they are not exposed to freezing temperatures.
- A pressure tank equipped with this pump can maintain a constant water pressure through all the pipes.
If you still do not understand where, how, or why these pumps are installed, do not fret. Let the professionals identify if you require them or not. Get your free estimate for pump installation in Winnetka, IL, or contact us for more information about the services we offer at Bill’s Plumbing & Sewer Inc.


Ships in 1-2 days
Apollo Valves 3610301 - 1/2" NPT 36 Series Single Union Pressure Reducing Valve, 25-75 PSI, Bronze Body.
Apollo 36 Series Pressure Reducing Valves are designed to protect residential and commercial water distribution systems by controlling excessive pressures. The valves are built for long reliable service with proven ASTM grade materials including a bronze body and stainless steel strainer.
- Corrosion Resistant Bronze Body and Bonnet.
- 100% Factory Tested, Preset to 50 psi (-01).
- Control Pressure Ranges is 25-75 psi (standard).
- Integral SS Strainer.
- Balanced Piston Design.
- Internal thermal expansion bypass.
- Multiple connection options.
- Optional pressure gauge or tapping.
- 100% manufactured in USA.
- Maximum supply pressure up to 300 psig.
- Temperature range 33°F – 180°F.
- APPROVALS: ASSE 1003, CSA B356.
- SKU: Apollo Valves 3610301


A transient is used to refer to any pressure wave that is short lived (i.e. not static pressure or pressure differential due to friction/minor loss in flow). The most common occurrence of this is called water hammer in a pipe network, when a valve or pump is suddenly shut off, the water flowing in an adjacent pipe is suddenly forced to stop. A region of high pressure builds up immediately behind said valve or pump and a region of low pressure forms in front of it. The momentum of the water is suddenly transferred into the fitting and Newton’s Third Law kicks in growing the high-pressure region of water as it all “piles up” in the pipe. This high pressure region then travels back along the pipe in the form of a wave. The border of the high-pressure zone is referred to as a pressure wave, or transient.
Transients are often misunderstood and not accounted for in the design of water distribution systems and are often the cause of (or a contributing factor to) hydraulic element failures (i.e. pipe breaks, pump/valve failures, etc.).


An elevated water tank having an improved means of preventing ice formation. The water tank is provided with an air supply line communicating the interior or the water tank to an external air compressor. The air compressor forces air through the air supply line into the water held in the water tank causing mixing of the water and generally perturbing the water to prevent ice formation on the surface of the water. The ice prevention system ensures the availability of water supply from the elevated water tank during the winter months when many water tanks freeze over. Furthermore, the ice prevention system eliminates the need for agitators and recirculation systems prone to failure or costly heating systems.


|Low Flow Diversion
A low flow diversion is a structure that captures dry-weather urban runoff and routes it into a sanitary sewer for treatment and discharge offshore. The purpose of a low-flow diversion is to protect beachgoers, swimmers, etc, from coming in contact with polluted urban runoff that has been related to illnesses.
Low flow diversions are not intended to handle wet-weather stormwater runoff.
|Currently, there is one low-flow diversion project, the Thornton Avenue Storm Drain, under operation within the City of Los Angeles near Venice Beach.
There are currently plans to build several more structures pending City Council approval.


In addition to surface erosion, stream bank erosion and failure contributes significant sediment and sediment-bound nutrients to receiving waters during high flow events. However, distributed and mechanistic simulation of stream bank sediment contribution to sediment loads in a watershed has not been achieved. Here we present a full coupling of existing distributed watershed and bank stability models and apply the resulting model to the Mad River in central Vermont. We fully coupled the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) with the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to allow the simulation of stream bank erosion and potential failure in a spatially explicit environment. We demonstrate the model's ability to simulate the impacts of unstable streams on sediment mobilization and transport within a watershed and discuss the model's capability to simulate watershed sediment loading under climate change. The calibrated model simulates total suspended sediment loads and reproduces variability in suspended sediment concentrations at watershed and subbasin outlets. In addition, characteristics such as land use and road-to-stream ratio of subbasins are shown to impact the relative proportions of sediment mobilized by overland erosion, erosion of roads, and stream bank erosion and failure in the subbasins and watershed. This coupled model will advance mechanistic simulation of suspended sediment mobilization and transport from watersheds, which will be particularly valuable for investigating the potential impacts of climate and land use changes, as well as extreme events.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License.
© 2017. The Authors.
Stryker J, Wemple B, Bomblies A. Modeling sediment mobilization using a distributed hydrological model coupled with a bank stability model. Water Resources Research. 2017 Mar;53(3):2051-73.


The response of riparian vegetation to PL-566 flood control structures.
In this study, the response of riparian trees to increased stream water availability due to hydrologic alteration by PL-566 dams was investigated through three successive studies. To determine site water balance within a specific riparian site downstream from a PL-566 dam, a three-year study was established along a second-order stream. The results showed stream water contribution to transpiration, via a highly dynamic hyporheic flow (further enhanced by riparian trees), exceeded both rainfall and groundwater flow. Leaf area development was closely coupled with stream and groundwater fluctuations, indicating sensitivity of site water balance for small dam systems. A second study used oxygen-18 stable isotopes to characterize source water contributions within this same riparian zone and an additional site. The results showed a linear trend between isotopic enrichment and tree distance-to-stream, with the stream contributing as much as 80% of source water to tree uptake. The study demonstrated that riparian trees provide a historical record of the close connectivity between stream water availability and riparian transpiration. A third study examined the large-scale and long-term effects of PL-566 dams on riparian systems. A land-use change detection analysis using remotely-sensed Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper images was performed on a headwater basin containing several PL-566 dams along its intermittent tributaries. Comparisons were made of vegetation shifts in the riparian zones of impounded and non-impounded reaches over a ~30 year period (1973-2001). The results showed a compositional shift toward increased riparian species along the impounded reaches, from 6% of land-cover in 1973 to 39% by 2001. Hydrologic modeling of the watershed showed the dams act individually to increase water residence in the downstream reach, some by almost 2000% above flow, if the same stream were non-dammed. Collectively these dams increase basin-wide groundwater recharge (3.2 mm/yr), deep aquifer recharge (0.22mm/yr), and revaporation to the soil layers (5.7 mm/yr). The overall outcome from these studies is that upstream impoundments have increased riparian vegetation productivity by influencing movement of stream water to storage in the groundwater system. Just as importantly, the trees have responded in a positive feedback mechanism to further increase hyporheic exchange of stream water.
Duke, J.R., J.D. White, S. Prochnow, L. Zygo, P.M. Allen, R.S. Muttiah. 2007. The Use of Remote Sensing and Modeling to Detect Small Dam Influences on Land-cover Changes Along Downstream Riparian Zones. International Journal of Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 7:281-293.


City crews halt sewer leak along the Loosahatchie
Memphis public works crews Friday completed a temporary fix to halt a sewer leak that was dumping up to 1.5 million gallons of untreated wastewater a day into the Loosahatchie River.
Crews installed three pumps and a network of pipes to bypass a ruptured 42-inch pipe north of Davy Crockett golf course in Frayser. The pipe ruptured after the river bank in which it was buried eroded away as a result of record rainfall last month.
The leak was the third in a three-week period for the city. Two other leaks along Cypress Creek in Southwest Memphis were fixed with temporary bypasses earlier this month, but not until more than 350 million gallons of raw sewage poured into the creek and McKellar Lake.


On June 10, the Ukrhydroenergo company announced in its Telegram channel that the hydroelectric power plants of the Dnieper cascade were transferred to reduced capacities in order to minimize the consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station. More than a third of the water from the Kakhovka reservoir has been lost.
Kakhovskaya HPP is one of the six hydroelectric power plants of the Dnieper cascade. It also includes the Kiev, Kanev, Kremenchug, Dneprodzerzhinsk and Dnieper hydroelectric power stations. Kakhovskaya HPP had the smallest installed capacity among them – 335 MW.
By 06:00 on June 10, the level of the Kakhovka reservoir near Nikopol was 10.55 m. By 12:00, the company said, the water level had dropped to 10.2 m, almost 1.2 m lower than the previous day.
Director General of Ukrhydroenergo Igor Sirota said that water intake to settlements is impossible at a level of 12.7 m. The head of the Kherson Regional Military Administration Alexander Prokudin said today that since June 6, when the dam of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station broke through, the water level in the reservoir has decreased by 6.25 m
As a result of the breakthrough of the dam of the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station, an uncontrolled discharge of water occurred, which flooded the settlements on both sides of the Dnieper. The Kakhovka reservoir, in particular, ensures the operation of the cooling pond of the Zaporizhzhya NPP. In addition, since March 2022, water from the Dnieper has been supplied to Crimea through the North Crimean Canal.
For more information about the situation at the Kakhovskaya hydroelectric power station, see Kommersant’s article “Dam with Two Ends”.


On Monday December 11th and continuing throughout the week, the Vinalhaven Water District will begin a hydraulic flow test of the water system.
The test will involve flowing and pressure testing fire hydrants within the system. The data collected from this test will be used by the District to develop a hydraulic model that will capture pressure and flows throughout the entire water distribution system. That model will be included in a newly developed capital improvement plan that will guide the District towards future infrastructure improvements.
During the test water pressure will fluctuate within the system. Some areas may experience low pressure. A test of this type can also stir up particulates in the pipes resulting in cloudy or dirty water.
The District appreciates your patience and understanding during this process.


Introduction to Hydraulic Cylinders
Hydraulic cylinders are often also referred to as hydraulic rams, hydraulic jacks, hydraulic pistons or hydraulic actuators. These different terms are generally synonymous, although a ram is usually a cylinder with a very large piston rod diameter and a jack normally refers to a short stroke single acting hydraulic cylinder.
Above: A cutaway of a typical hydraulic cylinder with major components labelled with the correct technical terms.
Types of Hydraulic Cylinders
Hydraulic cylinders may be classified into two groups, double acting and single acting cylinders.
Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinders
A single acting hydraulic cylinder employs hydraulic force in only one direction, usually to extend the cylinder. The single acting cylinder is returned to its start position by an external force such as gravity or a spring. Of course, this can only be done after the hydraulic fluid within the cylinder has been depressurized and is allowed to return to the oil reservoir.
Double Acting Hydraulic Cylinders
A double acting hydraulic cylinder employs hydraulic force in two directions, both extension and retraction. This requires valving between the pump and the cylinder to direct the flow of oil alternately between the two sides of the piston. A double acting cylinder is more complex in design than a single acting cylinder as it has two oil supply ports and additional seals to retain the pressurized fluid within the cylinder and to prevent it from leaking past the piston rod.
Above: A simple double acting hydraulic cylinder system.
Hydraulic cylinders may be further classified into two other basic design types, Rod Cylinders and Telescopic (or Telescoping) Cylinders.
Rod Style Cylinders
Rod cylinders have a single stage barrel with a piston moving within it. A rod cylinder can only produce a motion or stroke much less than its overall length. It can be said that it works within the length of the barrel. The output motion is limited to the length of the barrel minus the length of the internal piston and the cylinder end caps.
Above: A small bore rod style cylinder.
Rod cylinders are the most common type of hydraulic cylinder. Most are single rod end with the piston rod extending out through a rod gland on one end of the actuator only. Double rod end cylinders have a piston rod attached to both sides of the internal piston. When one rod is extended, the other rod is retracted. (for more information, see the section "Double Rod End Cylinders" below, under the Heading "Cylinder Optional Features".)
Telescopic Hydraulic Cylinders
Telescopic cylinders are also sometimes called multi-stage telescopic cylinders. They may have 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 stages. These consist of hydraulic tubes nested within each other. They enable the telescopic cylinder to extend to a length much longer than the cylinder's fully retracted length. This system gives engineers great flexibility when designing a machine. A telescoping cylinder is, however, much more complex and expensive than a rod cylinder.
Above: A cross sectional diagram of a telescopic cylinder.
Telescopic cylinders are also available in both single and double acting configurations. Double acting telescopic cylinders are very complex and require special procedures in their use and application to prevent damage. See our separate Tutorial on Telescopic Cylinders.
Finally, hydraulic cylinders are categorized by method of construction. The two most common methods of constructing hydraulic cylinders are the Tie Rod Style and the Welded Body Style.
Tie Rod Style Cylinders
Tie Rod Cylinders use high strength steel rods to hold the end caps onto the cylinder barrel. Miniature cylinders (1/2 or 3/4" bore) may have 2 tie rods, small to intermediate bore size cylinders (1" to 8" bore) may have 4 tie rods, and larger bore size cylinders may have as many as 20 tie rods. The tie rod design is easy to assemble and disassemble but suffers from some design limitations. (See the Tutorial on Welded Body Cylinders - Advantages)
Above: A typical tie rod style cylinder.
Welded Body Cylinders
With Welded Body Cylinders, the end caps are welded to the cylinder barrel. This requires more careful construction but also produces a more robust cylinder design. Thus welded cylinders are the design of choice for mobile hydraulic applications and heavy industry. (See the separate tutorial on Welded Body Cylinders.)
Above: A typical welded style cylinder with cutaway showing internal components.
How Hydraulic Cylinders Work
Hydraulic cylinders produce linear force and motion by employing the flow of pressurized fluid. This fluid is usually supplied by a mechanical pump. In the most simple and basic application, the pump may be hand or foot operated. In a mechanized application, the pump is usually powered by an electric motor or an internal combustion engine. The distance the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder is able to push a load is called the "stroke".
Once it reaches the hydraulic cylinder, the pressurized oil exerts pressure upon the area of the piston inside the cylinder barrel. This pressure produces a large force that moves the piston. In order to prevent the hydraulic pressure from being lost by passing over the piston to the opposite side, hydraulic seals are installed in the piston. These seals are often made from a rubber or urethane compound. They may be O-rings, U-cups, Stacked V-cups or another style of seal design. These seals usually fit into grooves machined into the outside diameter of the piston where it meets the inside diameter of the cylinder barrel. In addition to the piston seals, the piston may also have a bearing surface to enable it to endure side load forces without damaging the smooth inside diameter of the cylinder barrel. Often the piston bearing is a replaceable flexible band fitted into a groove on the outside diameter of the piston.
The internal piston is coupled to a shaft called the piston rod. This rod is in turn attached to the work piece or load that the cylinder is required to push or move. It may be coupled to the load using a machined thread on the end of the shaft or one of a number of typical mounting attachments including rod eyes and rod clevises. These mounting attachments may be welded or threaded onto the end of the piston rod. In some cases a pivot hole is simply machined into the end of the piston rod.
Above: A simple double acting cylinder ciircuit.
The piston rod exits the cylinder through a sealed gland called the rod gland. The rod gland is equipped with elastomeric seals that prevent the oil from leaking out of the cylinder when that end of the actuator is pressurized. It is also often outfitted with a rod wiper which prevents external contaminants from entering the cylinder when the rod motion is reversed and the piston rod is retracted back into the actuator. Finally, the rod gland has a bearing that supports and guides the rod as it moves back and forth. This bearing must be of sufficient size to support the weight of the piston rod and any external forces, especially side forces, exerted on the rod. This is particularly critical in long stroke applications. (See the Tutorial on Cylinder Design Considerations)
The opposite end of the cylinder to the rod end is called the cap end, rear end or blind end. The cap end is sealed off with a plate that is either welded or bolted to the cylinder barrel. The cap end often also serves as a mounting surface for the actuator as many hydraulic cylinders produce motion that requires they pivot through an arc. Thus the cap ends of many hydraulic cylinders are attached to clevis, trunnion or eye mounts.
The amount of force produced by the cylinder is directly proportional to both the oil pressure and the effective area of the piston. This force can be calculated using the equation F=PA , where F= Force, P = oil pressure, and A = the effective area of the piston.
Above: A diagram comparing force outputs for small and large pistons at the same pressure. Exert a force on the small piston on the left and the large piston on the right will exert a much larger force.
The effective area of a piston is different on both sides of a rod cylinder. (except in the case of a double rod end cylinder) The piston rod on the one side of the piston occupies a section of the piston face preventing the pressurized oil from acting on that area. Thus the net effective area of the rod end of a hydraulic cylinder is less than that of the cap end. This must be included in any design calculations when selecting a hydraulic actuator for an application particularly when it is required to produce force in the retraction stroke.
This retraction force of a rod cylinder can be calculated using the equation F=P(Ap-Ar), where F= Force, P = oil pressure, and Ap = the total area of the piston and Ar = the area of the piston rod.
The volume of the rod end of a rod cylinder is also much less than that of the cap end due to the volume taken up by the piston rod. This difference in volume causes the cylinder to retract much more quickly than it extends as the pump is able to fill the smaller rod end volume much faster. As well, the rate of oil flow returning to the oil reservoir will be much higher on the return stroke. In fact, this flow will be higher than the pump flow. The cylinder port size, fitting, hose and tube sizes, and the flow capacity of the return line oil filter must be selected based on the return flow on retraction. This is very important in systems with cylinders having very large piston rod diameters.
Cylinder Optional Features
Double Rod End Cylinders
Double rod end cylinders have a piston rod extending out both sides of the piston and have a rod gland at both ends of the cylinder barrel. In this case, if the rod diameters are the same on both sides, the extension and retraction speed would be exactly the same. The force output would also be exactly the same on extension and retraction.
Above: A small bore double rod end cylinder.
Double rod end cylinders are sometimes mounted by the two rod ends. The load is then attached to the body of the cylinder which moves back and forth while the piston rods are held stationary.
Double rod cylinders are sometimes employed as a means to adjust the output stroke of the actuator. The piston rod extending from the rear is equipped with a mechanism so that it strikes external stops. This arrangement can limit the extension, retraction or both.
In a similar fashion, the rear rod may also be outfitted with a mechanism to activate position sensors or some other form of feedback device indicating the cylinders stroke position.
In either of the latter two uses, the second piston rod may not have to be the same diameter as the primary rod coupled to the workload. Using a smaller secondary piston rod for stroke limiting or position sensing may thus save on unit weight and cost.
Hollow Piston Rods
Double rod end cylinders may also be built with a hollow piston rod so that a continuous passageway extends through the cylinder from one end to the other. This may be used to allow a cylinder to extend closing a die mold and then inject a material through its hollow rod into die mold.
Single rod end cylinders may also be equipped with a hollow piston rod. Often a hollow rod is used to reduce the weight of a large diameter piston rod. A hollow rod is much lighter and yet retains the column strength of a solid rod. Additionally, a hollow rod can accommodate a Linear Velocity Displacement Transducer (LVDT) which are used to provide very accurate electronic measurements of cylinder stroke.
Cylinders are often equipped with end of stroke cushions on one or both ends. Cushions are an internal feature that slows down the approach speed of the piston and rod assembly as it nears the end caps. This reduces the high impact forces that might otherwise cause damage to the internal components of the cylinder or to the machine that the cylinder is driving.
Cushions are in essence small secondary pistons that are mounted on either side of the main cylinder piston. As this small piston approaches the cylinder end cap it enters the passage way the leads to the cylinder port. This shuts off the flow of oil leaving the cylinder. The oil exiting the cylinder is now forced to leave the cylinder through a second passageway that is usually fitted with an adjustable needle which controls the volume of oil flow. This reduced oil flow slows the cylinder down during the last part of its stroke. To enable the cylinder to leave the end cap with full oil flow when it is reversed, a second passageway equipped with a check valve allows full pump oil flow to bypass the restricted cushion flow and reach the piston face.
Above: A cut away showing the details of a cushioned cylinder head.
Cushion pistons (sometimes also called cushion bosses) are often tapered so that they produce a progressive reduction in oil flow at the end of stroke. This results in a more gradual speed reduction and less of a jerk in the motion.
Caution must be exercised when using cushions with very heavy loads as the momentum of a large load may produce a very large pressure spike in the cushion chamber. This spike may be severe enough to exceed the pressure rating of the cushion seals. With damaged cushion seals the impact forces would not be reduced at end of stroke and significant machine damage could occur.
Stop Tubes and Dual Pistons
On cylinder applications that may encounter large side load forces, a number of methods may be employed to increase the cylinders ability to withstand these forces. This is particularly true in cylinders with very long strokes. If a very long stroke cylinder is fully extended, side load forces may cause the actuator to buckle and collapse. A general rule of thumb is to consider additional internal bearing support if the stroke exceeds ten times that of the cylinder bore size.
One such method of providing additional internal bearing support is the dual piston. A dual piston may be simply a longer piston that has extra piston bearing area or it may be two pistons separated some distance on the piston rod. The effect of this design is also to reduce the moment forces acting on the rod gland when the cylinder is at full extension by keeping the rod bearing and the piston bearing separated by a certain distance. Dual pistons retain the ability of a cylinder to have rod end cushions.
A second similar method of achieving this is the stop tube. The stop tube methods is simpler and less costly. It involves installing a large section of tube around the piston rod so as to prevent the cylinder from fully extending. Thus the piston bearing is kept a distance away from the rod bearing and side load capacity to resist buckling is maintained. The use of a stop tube does, however, preclude the installation of a rod end cushion.
It is obvious that the installation of either a dual pistons or a stop tube increases the overall length of a cylinder.
Hydraulic Cylinders in Mechanisms
Some hydraulic cylinders are assembled to a rack and pinion mechanism attached to a shaft in order to produce a rotary motion. This type of unit is called a hydraulic rotary actuator. The units can produce extremely high torque outputs in the order of tens of thousands of foot pounds.
Other mechanisms serve to guide or support the load that the cylinder is moving. It must be remembered that, while hydraulic cylinders are very powerful, the load that they are moving must be supported by rails or shafts in order to prevent damage to the cylinder. An improperly supported load may cause the piston rod to bend, or it may apply excessive side load forces to the piston and rod bearing which will score the inside diameter of the barrel and the rod bearing. The result is a reduced service life from the actuator and machine downtime while it is repaired.
Hydraulic Cylinder Mountings and Attachments
Cylinders are mounted in machines using a wide variety of methods. Mounting styles may be separated into two distinct classifications: rigid and flexible.
Rigid mounting styles hold the cylinder firmly in place and do not allow the body of the cylinder to move when it extends and retracts. These fixed mountings include foot mounts, flange mounts, side tapped holes, and threaded face mounts.
Flexible mounts allow the body of the cylinder to move as it extends and retracts. A cylinder pushing on a lever requires a flexible mount to allow the cylinder to follow the lever as it moves through an arc. Sometimes a flexible mount is used to allow for a slight misalignment between a cylinder and a load that is firmly guided. Flexible mounting styles include rear pivot mounts, clevis mounts, trunnion mounts, and spherical eye mounts.
Above: A hydraulic cylinder with spherical mounts on both ends.
Mounting attachments are sometimes bolted to a cylinder with high strength fasteners. Often they are welded to the body or the piston rod for maximum strength and cycle life expectancy.
Hydraulic Cylinder Materials of Construction
Hydraulic cylinders must be manufactured from high strength materials such as steel. Yet many applications are in areas with high temperature, humidity, corrosive elements, and abrasive elements. To accommodate these difficult environments, steel components are often surface treated to resist corrosion and abrasion. These treatments can include nitriding, chrome plating, and epoxy painting. In some cases, piston rods or entire cylinders may be made from stainless steel for maximum corrosion resistance. Care must be taken in the selection of cylinder materials as some corrosion resistant materials may lack tensile strength or surface hardness and thus prove unsatisfactory.
The Future of Hydraulic Cylinders
Hydraulic cylinders will continue to be the primary source of industrial heavy muscle for some time to come. Although great strides have been made in the area of electric motor driven linear actuators (sometimes called electric cylinders), these still do not have the power density or ruggedness of high pressure hydraulic cylinders. This means that designers will continue to turn to hydraulic cylinders as the main solution for high force output actuators.


Storm & Sanitary Analysis
The Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis Extension for AutoCAD® Civil 3D® is an advanced, powerful, and comprehensive modeling package for analyzing and designing urban drainage systems, stormwater sewers, and sanitary sewers. These tutorials are designed to provide a comprehensive overview of Autodesk Storm and Sanitary Analysis Extension capabilities.
Autodesk® Storm and Sanitary Analysis is an advanced, powerful, and comprehensive modeling package for analyzing and designing urban drainage systems, stormwater sewers, and sanitary sewers.
The software can simultaneously model complex hydrology, hydraulics, and water quality. Both US units and SI metric units are supported.
This software can be used for designing and analyzing:
- Highway drainage systems (including curb and gutter inlets)
- Stormwater sewer networks and interconnected detention ponds
- Subdivision drainage systems
- Sizing and designing of detention ponds and outlet structures
- Bridge and culverts, including roadway overtopping
- Water quality studies
- Sanitary sewers, lift stations, CSO’s, and SSO’s
The software has been used in numerous of sewer and stormwater studies throughout the
world. Typical applications include:
- Design and sizing of drainage system components for flood control
- Design and sizing of detention facilities for flood control and water quality protection
- Floodplain mapping of natural channel systems
- Designing control strategies for minimizing combined sewer overflows (CSO)
- Evaluating the impact of inflow and infiltration on sanitary sewer overflows (SSO)
- Generating non-point source pollutant loadings for waste load allocation studies
- Evaluating the effectiveness of BMPs for reducing wet weather pollutant loadings


What is a hydraulic clutch gearbox?
A hydraulic clutch gearbox is a type of transmission system that combines the use of a hydraulic clutch and a gearbox in a vehicle. This system allows for smoother gear shifting and improved control over the vehicle's power transfer.
In a conventional manual transmission, the clutch is engaged and disengaged using a mechanical linkage that connects the clutch pedal to the clutch plate. This requires the driver to manually apply the right amount of force to engage or disengage the clutch. However, in a hydraulic clutch gearbox, the mechanical linkage is replaced by a hydraulic system.
The hydraulic clutch gearbox operates on the principle of hydraulic pressure. When the clutch pedal is pressed, the hydraulic fluid is forced into a master cylinder, which in turn pushes the hydraulic fluid to the slave cylinder located near the clutch assembly. The slave cylinder compresses a diaphragm, which releases the pressure on the clutch plate, disengaging the clutch.
The advantage of a hydraulic clutch system over a mechanical clutch system is that it eliminates the need for the driver to adjust the clutch manually. The hydraulic system ensures that the force applied to the clutch plate is consistent and controlled, resulting in smoother gear shifting and reduced wear on the clutch components.
Additionally, a hydraulic clutch gearbox allows for the implementation of assisted systems, such as hill start assist and automatic clutch adjustment. These features enhance the driving experience by providing added convenience and safety.
One of the main benefits of a hydraulic clutch gearbox is its durability and reliability. The hydraulic system is not prone to the same mechanical wear and tear as the traditional mechanical linkage. However, like any mechanical system, it requires regular maintenance and fluid checks to ensure optimal performance.
There are a few potential problems associated with hydraulic clutch gearboxes. One common issue is a leak in the hydraulic system, which can lead to a loss of hydraulic pressure and result in the clutch not engaging or disengaging properly. This can be caused by a faulty seal or a damaged hydraulic line. Regular inspection and maintenance of the hydraulic system can help prevent such issues.
Furthermore, as the hydraulic clutch gearbox uses hydraulic fluid, it requires periodic fluid replacement to maintain proper functioning. Contaminated or degraded hydraulic fluid can lead to poor clutch performance and potentially cause damage to the hydraulic components. Following the manufacturer's recommended fluid change intervals is essential to ensure a long-lasting and trouble-free operation.
What are the potential problems or maintenance considerations associated with hydraulic clutch gearboxes?
1. Fluid leaks: Hydraulic clutch gearboxes rely on hydraulic fluid to operate effectively. Over time, the hydraulic lines or seals may develop leaks, leading to a loss of fluid. This can result in a decreased performance of the clutch system and gear shifting difficulties. Regular inspection of the fluid levels and addressing any leaks promptly can help mitigate this issue.
2. Contamination of hydraulic fluid: Contaminated hydraulic fluid can cause significant damage to the clutch gearbox components. Dust, debris, and moisture can find their way into the system, affecting the functionality of the clutch and gears. Flushing and replacing the hydraulic fluid at regular intervals is crucial to remove any contaminants and maintain optimal performance.
3. Clutch plate wear: The clutch plate experiences significant wear and tear over time due to the friction involved in engaging and disengaging. Proper maintenance is necessary to monitor the condition of the clutch plate and replace it when required. Neglecting the wear of the clutch plate can result in gear slippage, difficulty in shifting, or even complete clutch failure.
4. Hydraulic pump issues: The hydraulic pump is responsible for generating the pressure required to engage and disengage the clutch. A faulty or worn-out hydraulic pump can lead to a loss of pressure, causing clutch engagement problems. Regular inspection and timely replacement of the hydraulic pump can prevent such issues from arising.
5. Air in the hydraulic system: Accumulation of air bubbles in the hydraulic system can hinder the smooth operation of the clutch gearbox. Air pockets can cause spongy clutch pedals or incomplete clutch disengagement. Proper bleeding of the hydraulic system is essential to remove any trapped air and ensure efficient clutch operation.
6. Overheating: Continuous or strenuous use of the hydraulic clutch gearbox can cause the components to overheat. Excessive heat can lead to accelerated wear and potentially damage the clutch plates, hydraulic lines, or seals. Proper cooling mechanisms, regular maintenance, and avoiding excessive strain on the system can minimize the risk of overheating.
To address these problems and ensure the longevity of the hydraulic clutch gearbox, regular maintenance is crucial. It includes periodic fluid checks and replacements, inspection of clutch plate wear, monitoring of hydraulic pump functionality, and bleeding the system from air pockets. Following the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule and seeking professional assistance for complex issues can help keep the hydraulic clutch gearbox in optimal condition.


CDR offers extensive hydrodynamic modelling experience and uses state-of-the-art modelling software, including the MIKE21 suite and Deltares software in a strategic partnership with MetOcean Consult (www.metoceanconsult.com). Hydraulic modelling studies provide hydraulic design conditions and can be used to optimize coastal and riverine projects. CDR provides the following hydraulic and numerical modelling studies:
• Metocean studies: high accuracy offshore wave- and wind data
• Wave studies: nearshore wave statistics and wave penetration studies
• Hydrodynamic modelling studies: water levels and flow conditions in coastal areas and river system
• Morphological studies
Together with our partners we also provide site survey campaigns, viz. hydrographic, topographic and geotechnical survey campaigns to support the numerical modelling studies and provide for important local hydrodynamic and geotechnical data.


Chennai, Sep 21 (SocialNews.XYZ) The Tamil Nadu Water Resources Organisation (WRO) has commenced the repair work of the shutter of the Parambikkulam dam in Kerala's Palakkad district.
One of the three shutters of the Parambikulam dam located in Kerala's Palakkad district was damaged in the wee hours of Wednesday, resulting in huge flow of water into the Athirapally river.
While the dam is situated in Kerala, its maintenance is done by the Water Resources Organisation (WRO) of Tamil Nadu. The dam has a total height of 72 feet and the storage level on Tuesday night was 71.45 feet.
A senior WRO official told IANS that the shutter has to be totally replaced, which may take about three to four weeks.
The official said that the North-East Monsoon will intensify by October 20 and the shutter has to be replaced before that.
Suresh Kumar, Assistant Executive Engineer, Parambikkulam dam, told mediapersons, "The water level is being maintained and there is no threat of any flood-like situation due to this. We are closely monitoring the situation."


Preparing the site
Sufficient space to install the pump. The pump is 365 mm (height) by 240 mm (depth) by 181 mm (width) and weighs 7.0 kg, and should not be housed in a volume of less than 0.124 m3.
A reliable cold water supply (6 lpm flow and 1 to 10 bar pressure) with a standard BSP 3/4" connection.
Automist should be powered by an unswitched fused connection unit connected to an independent circuit either via a dedicated RCD or no RCD (1.7kW, 230V and 50Hz).


Shanxi furthers establishment of water conservation society
Shanxi province recently issued a plan to develop a water conservation society in the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-25).
The plan systematically summarizes the achievements of the development of a water conservation society in 2016-20 and formulates the main target indicators, main tasks, key areas and major measures for the years to come.
According to the plan, by 2025, the total water consumption in the province should be under 9.6 billion cubic meters, water consumption per 10,000 yuan ($1,569.73) of GDP should drop by 12 percent from 2020, and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value should decrease by 10 percent.
In addition, the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water should reach 0.58, the leakage rate of urban public water supply pipe networks should be less than 9 percent, the utilization rate of urban reclaimed water should amount to 25 percent, and the utilization rate of mine water should be 75 percent.
To achieve these targets, Shanxi will focus on the development of county-level water conservation societies, agricultural and rural water conservation, urban water conservation, industrial water conservation, and the utilization of unconventional water sources.
For example, the province will promote the conservation of industrial water and reduction of pollution and implement industrial wastewater recycling projects.


There are many different combinations of pumping systems which we use for the different applications we encounter.
One of the most favoured pumping systems for boreholes is to install a pump and balloon system.
This entails installing the correct size of pump to enable the water to be pumped out under pressure from whatever depth necessary.
Firstly we have to calculate the size of pump required.
To do this we test pump the borehole, to ascertain the level of the water under normal pumping conditions then we add 35% to give a safety margin.
When we know this level, we calculate the pump size by dividing the depth by ten which gives us the amount of kilos pressure to lift the water to the surface, then we add the kilos pressure we require for the final system.
So for example if the water level is at 150mt this represents 15 kilos plus say 5 kilos of house pressure plus 35% which is ( 15+5=20+35(7) Total required 27 kilos).
We then consult the pump manufacturer’s data sheets to find correct pump for the job.
Obviously this is very important for the client to get the best returns from the borehole using the minimum amount of electricity.
Once we have installed the pump we connect it to a pressure vessel system.
This is where you have a large steel or fibreglass tank with a rubber bag inside. Between the bag and the inside of the tank is compressed air. When the water is pumped from the borehole it fills the rubber bag until it reaches the preset pressure, whereby via a pressure switch connected to the borehole pump control panel, it shuts off the pump. When some of the water has been used, lowering the pressure, the pressure switch restarts the pump.
The main advantage of this system is that the water comes direct from below ground and does not come into contact with the oxygen in the air.


Availability in stock
CETOP3/NG6 Solenoid Operated Modular Directional Control Valve with Manifold Block.
High flow directional control for hydraulic winches.
Solenoid Operated Directional Hydraulic Control Valve, CETOP3/NG6 Three-Position 24V
Used to start, stop and direct the oil flow.
Manifold Subplate CETOP3/NG6 Hydraulic
Provides a manifold to connect the P,T,A,B pipework into a directional control valve (and pressure regulator if required).
Industry-leading lifetime warranty on mechanical components & 3yrs warranty on electrical.
VAT invoice provided with every sale.
|4WE6 Solenoid Direction Control Valve|
|Max. flow rate (l/min)||80|
|Max. working pressure (MPa) A, B, P port||31.5|
|Max. working pressure (MPa) T port||16|
|Double solenoids type Weight (kg)||2.2|
|Hydraulic Fluid||Mineral Oil|
|Seal Material||NBR Seals|
|Temperature range (°C)||-30 to +80|
|Viscosity range (mm2/s)||2.8 to 500|
|Oil cleanliness class according to ISO 4406||Class 20/18/15|


Iron Piston Rings
Iron piston rings are available for reciprocating or rotary applications. Our standard iron piston ring features a unique overlapping – interlocking joint design. It can be used in bi-directional sealing applications at pressures up to 5,000 PSI. The joint cut design compensates for ring and cylinder wear during operation. It has become the hydraulic cylinder standard, where high pressure, high temperature, radiation, thermal fatigue, and reliability requirements make normal seals undesirable.
|IRON PISTON RING


Equipped to perform and demonstrate a number of experiments that provide undergraduate students with the practical applications of fluid mechanics, facilities include:
- Hydrostatic pressure apparatus to measure hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies;
- Orifice and jet apparatus to allow students to compare between actual and jet trajectories, calculate the coefficient of discharge for various orifices, and identify different methods of flow measurement;
- Fluid friction, bends and fitting apparatus to allow students to determine major and minor losses in pipes;
- Pipe network apparatus to measure flow and pressure drops in a wide range of network configuration, e.g. individual pipes, series pipes and parallel pipes;
- Flow visualization channel for conducting several applications in open channels such as hydraulic jump, discharge under sluice gate and energy equation;
- Osborne Reynold’s apparatus facilitating the demonstration of laminar and turbulent flow.


In a bid to drought-proof the local area, the Rural City of Murray Bridge has undertaken a large-scale stormwater treatment scheme.
The rural city, located 75 kilometres from Adelaide, is an important hub for regional industries in the Lower Murraylands and Mallee Regions of South Australia.
The City has a current water allocation of 250 megalitres per year from the River Murray.
This allocation was significantly restricted during the drought years of 2006 through to 2010, dropping as low as 45 megalitres per year (18%) in 2008/09, which resulted in significant degradation of Council’s reserves and sporting fields.
Stormwater was identified as a valuable untapped resource. Council applied for a grant of $7.115 million from the Australian Government to deliver a scheme that would capture and treat stormwater in Murray Bridge.
Council contributed $5.548 million and $1.567 million of in-kind works by the Gifford Hill Joint Venture brought the total budget to $14.23 million.
The objectives of the scheme are to harvest stormwater and reduce Council’s reliance on mains and river water and to improve flood protection in the city.
The system comprises of four main infrastructure packages:
A number of harvesting pump stations that can capture stormwater from eight existing Council basins, with pipelines to transport raw stormwater to a new storage lagoon.
A 110-megalitre lined lagoon at Gifford Hill for the long-term storage of raw stormwater.
A treatment plant that will treat the raw stormwater so that it is fit for use in public open spaces.
Distribution pumps and 14km of pipelines to transport the treated stormwater to Council’s irrigation system.
The scheme will yield more than 230 megalitres annually. This volume of water will no longer need to be drawn from the River Murray, and provides recycled water that is surplus to Council’s current needs.
Council has established water use agreements with the Murray Bridge Racing Club and Murray Bridge Golf Club and treated stormwater can now be used to supplement their irrigation water supply.
Using the new control system Council staff will now be able to remotely monitor the water levels in the retention basins and adjust pump rates and sequencing to manage flood risk in real time.
Council is incredibly proud of the efforts of all involved, especially the fact that the scheme was delivered on time, on budget, and with an impeccable safety record.
The scheme is now fully operational, and will benefit the Murray Bridge community and the health of the River Murray for generations to come.


Navigable Waterway Maintenance Dredging
Man-made canals will periodically fill in with sand and sediment, reducing or eliminating navigability. This problem is compounded during drought conditions.
Some of the sediment flows in from the natural tides; some of it comes from runoff from stormwater. Beautiful backyard canals can turn into smelly seas of soil. Dredging drastically improves the navigation issues caused by sediment buildup, in turn improving the property and raising the property value over time.
Hydraulic Dredging basically vacuums the sediment from the canal bottom, moves it through a pipeline using water as a transport medium, and deposits it into an onshore disposal facility. Once the water and sediment mixture reaches the disposal facility, it is processed to allow the sediment to settle out of suspension. The water is then returned to the canal.
Dredging is vital to social and economic development. Specifically, dredging is vital to the construction and maintenance of the infrastructure upon which our economic prosperity and social well-being depend.
C&M Dredging can safely, effectively and responsibly return your canal to its original design depth to allow watercrafts to safely navigate.


Intex 28636 automatic filter pump is a practical and economical solution for those who own small to medium sized pools and want to keep the water clean and crystal clear.
Intex 28636 filter pump is suitable for the following models of pools:
- Easy Set: 549cm
- Frame diameter: 488-549cm
- Oval Frame: 610x366cm
- Rectangular: side 549 cm
- Fow capacity of the filter pump: 5.678 l/h
- Flow capacity within the pool: 4.466 l/h
- Vent valve
- Double insulation
- Power consumption: 165 W
- Automatic timer
- Cartridge suitable for model “A” code 59900
- Two 38mm tubes to be connected to the pump to the pool.


In this paper, a novel wire-mesh sensor based on permittivity (capacitance) measurements is applied to generate images of the phase fraction distribution and investigate the flow of viscous oil and water in a horizontal pipe. Phase fraction values were calculated from the raw data delivered by the wire-mesh sensor using different mixture permittivity models. Furthermore, these data were validated against quick-closing valve measurements. Investigated flow patterns were dispersion of oil in water (Do/w) and dispersion of oil in water and water in oil (Do/w&w/o). The Maxwell–Garnett mixing model is better suited for Dw/o and the logarithmic model for Do/w&w/o flow pattern. Images of the time-averaged cross-sectional oil fraction distribution along with axial slice images were used to visualize and disclose some details of the flow.
Keywords: wire-mesh sensor, liquid–liquid flow, viscous oil, phase fraction, flow visualization


A flow control ball valve is a vital component in industrial processes that require accurate fluid flow management. This innovative valve design utilizes a spherical ball with a strategically positioned bore, allowing precise control over flow rates. When the valve is turned, the ball’s orientation determines the flow passage’s size, enabling modulation from fully open to fully closed and any point in between.
Unlike traditional valves that rely on linear motion, the flow control ball valve leverages the rotational movement of the ball. This mechanism offers several advantages. Firstly, it ensures minimal pressure drop across the valve, promoting energy efficiency and reducing the risk of erosion. Secondly, the smooth, 360-degree rotation enables gradual adjustments, making it particularly suitable for applications demanding precise flow control.
The ball’s robust design also enhances durability and longevity, even in harsh operating conditions. Industries such as oil and gas, water treatment, chemical processing, and manufacturing benefit from this technology. Additionally, the flow control ball valve’s compact size and versatility contribute to its popularity.
In conclusion, the ingenious design of the flow control ball valve, utilizing a spherical element for precise modulation of flow, revolutionizes fluid management across a spectrum of industries, promoting efficiency, reliability, and accurate control.


State Pascal’s principle.
Pascal’s principle states that the transmission of pressure exerted on a fluid (liquid or gas) in an enclosed system is uniform throughout the fluid and in all directions.
State the basic principle of the hydraulic system.
The basic principle in a hydraulic system is the transmission of pressure in all directions based on Pascal’s principle.
Give three examples of the application of Pascal’s principle in daily life.
Hydraulic jack system, hydraulic brake system, dental chair
State Bernoulli’s principle.
Bernoulli’s principle states that a fluid moving at a higher velocity produces a lower pressure in that region.


La Crosse, Prairie du Chien brace as spring flooding spreads
Melting winter snowpack and springtime rains are causing major floods on the Mississippi River in western Wisconsin, with communities facing road closures and neighborhood evacuations as waters rise.
By Frederica Freyberg | Here & Now
April 26, 2023 • Southwest Region
In La Crosse, the river was forecast to crest on April 26 at 16 feet — four feet above flood stage – and above the high water mark set in 1969. The major flooding means at least one Interstate 90 exit could be closed to travel.
Down river in Prairie du Chien, evacuations of homes along Main Street were proceeding. Many streets in the city and one bridge over the Mississippi upstream closed as the water continued to rise.
The river is expected to crest near 24 feet by April 28 – two-and-a-half feet above the 1969 record.
Tens of thousands of sand bags have been filled and placed in Prairie du Chien as residents try to keep flood waters at bay.
The major flooding is the result of record snowpack, followed by rainfall and saturated soil.


FEMA Funds New Project To Reduce Flooding Risk For Central Coast Community
A Central Coast community is getting a major grant for work to help reduce future flooding from rainfall.
FEMA has awarded the San Luis Obispo County Flood Control and Water Conservation District $3 million dollars to do work on the Arroyo Grande Creek flood plain.
The creek could potentially cause major flooding in parts of Oceano. The money will fund the reduction of dense vegetation in the creek bed area, removing accumulated sediment, and building some flood control barriers to protect potentially at-risk structures.


July 30, 2021, 10:10
AKIPRESS.COM - Construction of the hydropower plant at Kirov water reservoir in Talas region is planned.
Talas region governor Bakytbek Narbekov, Minister of Energy and Industry Doskul Bekmurzaev visited the Kirov dam to see the site of the prospective construction.
Hydroproject representative Askar Kalenov said geodetic works are in progress at the site of the plant-to be.
The capacity of the hydropower plant will make 30 MW. Construction of the hydropower plant will not affect irrigation system, Energy Minister Doskul Bekmurzaev said.
It was announced earlier construction of the hydropower plant is estimated at $22 million.


Glen Canyon Dam
Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell
The Glen Canyon Dam was built to harness the power of the Colorado River and to provide water and electricity to millions of people in the western United States. This concrete-arch dam rises 710 feet above the bedrock and is the second-highest in the US, after Hoover Dam. Its creation led to the formation of Lake Powell, which has a storage capacity of 27 million acre-feet of water. This stored water is used to sustain the needs of cities, industries, and agriculture throughout the West during times of drought.
The Glen Canyon Powerplant produces approximately five billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power annually, providing electricity to Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Nebraska. The revenues from the production of hydropower also fund important environmental programs associated with Glen and Grand Canyons.
The National Park Service manages the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, which was designated in 1972 to highlight the recreational benefits of Lake Powell and the Colorado River downstream of the dam. The Glen Canyon Dam is the key water storage unit of the Colorado River Storage Project, which is one of the most extensive river resource developments globally. It has allowed for the development of the Upper Colorado River Basin states’ portion of the Colorado River.
The dam's crest length is 1,560 feet, and it contains 4,901,000 cubic yards of concrete. Its thickness at the crest is 25 feet, and the maximum base thickness is 300 feet. Two separate spillways are constructed in each abutment, each consisting of an intake structure with two 40- by 52.5-foot radial gates and a lined spillway tunnel. The outlet works near the left abutment of the dam consist of four 96-inch-diameter pipes, each controlled by one 96-inch-ring follower gate and one 96-inch hollow-jet valve.
Lake Powell's total capacity is 27 million acre-feet, with an active capacity of 20,876,000 acre-feet. At normal water surface elevation, the reservoir has a length of 186 miles and a surface area of 161,390 acres. The power plant at the toe of the dam consists of four 118,750-kilowatt and four 136,562-kilowatt generators driven by eight turbines. The total nameplate generating capacity of the powerplant is 1,021,248 kilowatts, with eight penstocks through the dam conveying water to the turbines. Each penstock reduces in size from 15 to 14 feet in diameter.


(751g) Thermoelectric Power Technology Choices Based on Water Availability
Thermoelectric Power Technology Choices Based on Water Availability
National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) has developed a prototype water-energy model to investigate issues surrounding the energy-water nexus as it relates to the effect of power generation plant design choices on water availability and the overall costs of supplying water for thermoelectric power generation.Â The model utilizes the database developed by a team of researchers with the Water Security Program at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). The database includes water availability, cost, and water use for electric power, agriculture, municipal and industrial for 38 conterminous states representing various Interconnects within the U.S.Data on current and future water use for thermoelectric power are derived from NETL databases on water use by technology and projections from the Energy Information Administrationâ??s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS).Current and forecasted water availability data from the World Resources Institute are used to develop three water availability scenarios.
The prototype water-energy model is used to project the amount of water available for power generation, to project water demand for future power generation based on a NEMS forecast, to identify regions that experience potential water shortfalls, and to estimate the cost of meeting water demand where water shortfalls exist for each water availability scenario. A case study of the Brazos River Basin in Texas is used to illustrate a specific application and to highlight the capabilities of the prototype water-energy model.


Hydraulic hoses for different hydraulic fluids
Typical functions of the hydraulic hoses are: transmission of hydraulic energy, reduction of pressure peaks and vibrations. In order to set mechanical components, machine elements or lifting devices in motion, the forces generated by the system pressures (hydraulic energy) are transmitted by means of the hydraulic fluid so that the desired work can be performed accordingly.
The hydraulic fluids frequently used are, for example, minerals, vegetable oils, synthetic hydraulic fluids or water. The material of the hose inner layer is responsible for the resistance of the hose.
Optimize the service life and your costs
The hydraulic pressure ranges are roughly divided as follows:
- Low pressure: up to 110 bar
- Medium to high pressure: 110 - 250 bar
- Maximum pressure: up to 420 bar and higher
Due to the price pressure, the follow-up costs caused by the failure of the hose lines after a short period of use are often not taken into account. In order to be able to keep the system, machine or device in operation for as long as possible, hydraulic hose lines are designed according to the following criteria: pressure conditions (static, dynamic), flow medium (chemical resistance), temperature conditions (flow medium, external influences), installation situation (bending radius, movement absorption), connection fittings (size, connection type, material), pressure drops, external influences (mechanical, thermal, chemical), possibility of assembly on site and weight.
A further cost reason is the interchangeability of the hydraulic hose lines. They should always be standardized if possible, such as dimensions, system pressures, bending radii, connections, etc.


Table of Contents
A venturi meter is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It consists of a converging section, a throat section, and a diverging section. The fluid enters the converging section, where its velocity increases and its pressure decreases. The fluid then passes through the throat section, where the velocity reaches its maximum and the pressure reaches its minimum. Finally, the fluid passes through the diverging section, where its velocity decreases and its pressure increases.
Working Principle of Venturi meter
A venturi meter works on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation, which states that the total energy of a fluid flowing through a pipe is constant. This means that the sum of the kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy of the fluid remains constant. As the fluid flows through the converging section of the venturi meter, its velocity increases and its pressure decreases.
This is because the converging section reduces the cross-sectional area of the pipe, causing the fluid to accelerate to maintain the same mass flow rate. According to Bernoulli’s equation, the increase in velocity results in a decrease in pressure.
In the throat section, the cross-sectional area of the pipe is the smallest, which causes the velocity to reach its maximum and the pressure to reach its minimum. The kinetic energy of the fluid is at its maximum in the throat section, and the pressure energy is at its minimum.
Finally, in the diverging section, the cross-sectional area of the pipe increases, causing the velocity to decrease and the pressure to increase. The pressure in the diverging section is higher than the pressure in the converging section but lower than the pressure in the throat section.
Bernoulli’s equation for a venturi meter
Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed mathematically as follows:
P1 + (1/2)ρV1^2 + ρgh1 = P2 + (1/2)ρV2^2 + ρgh2
– P1 and P2 are the pressures at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.
– V1 and V2 are the velocities of the fluid at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.
– ρ is the density of the fluid.
– g is the acceleration due to gravity.
– h1 and h2 are the elevations of the fluid at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.
To calculate the flow rate of the fluid, we need to solve for V2. Rearranging Bernoulli’s equation and assuming that the fluid is incompressible and has negligible viscosity, we get:
V2 = √((2*(P1 – P2))/ρ(1 – A2^2/A1^2))
– A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe at the upstream and downstream sections of the venturi meter, respectively.
Using this equation, we can calculate the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe. The flow rate is given by:
Q = A2V2
Where Q is the flow rate and A2 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe at the throat section of the venturi meter.
Construction of Venturi meter
A venturi meter consists of three main parts: the converging section, the throat section, and the diverging section.
1. Converging Section:
The converging section is the inlet section of the venturi meter, where the fluid enters the device. It has a gradually decreasing diameter, which causes the fluid to increase its velocity while decreasing its pressure. The angle of the converging section is usually between 10 to 15 degrees.
2. Throat Section:
The throat section is the narrowest section of the venturi meter. It is a cylindrical section with a constant diameter that connects the converging and diverging sections. The pressure of the fluid at this point is the lowest, and its velocity is the highest.
3. Diverging Section:
The diverging section is the outlet section of the venturi meter, where the fluid exits the device. It has a gradually increasing diameter, which causes the fluid to decrease its velocity while increasing its pressure. The angle of the diverging section is usually between 5 to 7 degrees.
Materials Used in Venturimeter:
The construction of a venturi meter requires materials that are non-corrosive and can withstand high fluid pressure. The most commonly used materials are stainless steel, brass, and PVC.
Stainless steel is a durable and corrosion-resistant material. It is suitable for measuring fluids with high temperatures and pressures. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring steam flow in power plants.
Brass is a non-corrosive and easy-to-machine material. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring water flow in irrigation systems.
PVC is a lightweight and inexpensive material. It is commonly used in venturi meters for measuring fluid flow in laboratories.
Installation of Venturi meter:
The installation of the venturi meter should be done carefully to ensure accurate measurements. The venturi meter should be installed in a straight section of the pipe, where the fluid flow is fully developed. The length of the straight section should be at least 10 times the diameter of the pipe upstream of the venturi meter and 5 times the diameter downstream of the venturi meter.
Where is the venturi meter used?
1. Water supply systems: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of water in pipes.
2. Oil and gas industry: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of oil and gas in pipelines.
3. Chemical industry: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of chemicals in pipelines.
4. Power generation: Venturi meters are used to measure the flow rate of steam and other fluids in power plants.
Advantages of Venturi meter
1. Accurate measurement: Venturimeters provide accurate measurement of flow rate, as they are based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.
2. Low-pressure drop: Venturi meters have a lower pressure drop compared to other flow meters, which reduces energy consumption.
3. Low maintenance: Venturimeters have no moving parts, which means they require little maintenance.
4. Wide range of applications: Venturi meters can be used to measure the flow rate of different types of fluids, such as water, oil
Also, read types of welding
Comment on “Venturi meter – Working Principle, Construction,”
Comments are closed.


Recently, areas in China, such as ZHUOZHOU in Hebei Province, have faced the onslaught of floods, and media reports have included numerous hydraulic terms like flood discharge and flood diversion. In this context, it is necessary to understand the meanings of these terms and the role of flood storage areas in flood control.
When floods strike, the common approach is to utilize reservoirs to store excess water and utilize river channels to discharge floodwaters. Reservoir storage, often referred to as flood retention, involves storing water in reservoirs, while flood discharge involves releasing excess water. When the water level in a reservoir exceeds a certain limit, to prevent overflow, gates are opened to direct the excess water into downstream river channels. In the case of extremely large floods, maintaining clear passage through embankments along the river becomes a crucial measure. However, areas containing embankments and fields within river channels may be inundated. In cases where the flood magnitude is substantial, relying solely on retention and discharge is insufficient, and that’s when flood storage areas come into play.
The purpose here is to divert excess floodwaters, alleviate peak pressure, and minimize flood-related losses. Flood storage areas refer to low-lying areas and lakes designated for temporary floodwater storage, with the ability to intake and release water as needed. Where are these flood storage areas located? The Chinese government has established comprehensive plans, identifying 98 flood storage areas, including 28 in the Haihe River Basin, which encompasses recently activated areas like the Yongding River basin and the Xiaoqing River diversion area. The Xianxian Flood Storage Area in Xianxian County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, is a well-known flood storage area, covering a total area of 331.5 square kilometers. In anticipation of approaching floods, flood control authorities promptly notify residents in flood storage areas to relocate to safer areas, reducing the risk of casualties. Flood storage areas make significant sacrifices in flood defense. For instance, in the recent floods in North China, once the rain stops, the water levels in river channels start to recede.
However, it takes time for flood storage areas to drain, with higher terrain areas expected to recover within about a week, while lower-lying areas may take up to a month. After the floodwaters recede, the losses incurred due to the use of flood storage areas are compensated by local governments in accordance with the law, covering damages to crops, livestock farming, housing, production equipment, and durable consumer goods.
As a country frequently confronted by flood and inundation disasters, China regularly faces the challenge of balancing local and national interests. To minimize losses to the greatest extent possible, we must recognize and remember the contributions and sacrifices made by flood storage areas. Our heartfelt wishes go out to all those affected by floods, hoping for a swift recovery and a return to normalcy.


Issued by NWS Corpus Christi, TX
FGUS84 KCRP 041752
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CORPUS CHRISTI TX
1152 AM CST SUN DEC 4 2016
...Notable but below river flood levels expected on
the Copano Creek...
For the Copano Creek Near Refugio.
* Latest Stage: 5.5 feet at 10 AM Sunday.
* Flood Stage: 12.0 feet.
* Bankfull and Caution Stage: 5.0 feet.
* Forecast: No flooding is expected, with the
river forecast to crest around 5.7 feet
Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio, local TV and radio
stations, or cable TV outlets, for the latest weather
information, as additional rainfall could affect crest


Lightweight efficient, compact and easy to operate, the MK10 Morpress Air Driven Pump provides instant and totally reliable hydraulic power.
The pump utilises a low pressure air supply to generate a high pressure output. This is achieved by means of a simple differential area system in which a large area air piston at low pressure produces high pressure on a small hydraulic piston.
Simple air controls enables the MK10 Morpress pump to provide any intermediate pressure required within the limits of the pump output range. (see table below for details of our standard range)
Both oil and air are filtered prior to entering the system. The MK10 Morpress pump requires only two connections, one to the air supply, the other to the hydraulic output. Simple and safe quick connect couplings and high pressure flexible hoses are used to connect the equipment being used.
The standard MK10 Morpress Air Driven Pump comprises of:
The Morpress pump can be built to your specification. Lower or higher pressure models, special outlet arrangements and customised gauges can all be accommodated. Just let us know your exact requirements.


Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
Pressure balanced rubber expansion joints are the only effective solution for directly absorbing large axial movements while continuously self-restraining the pressure thrust forces. They are designed to absorb all-directional movement, compensate for misalignments, and relieve pipe and anchor stresses. In-line pressure balanced expansion joints are designed to absorb axial and lateral movements from a pipe system, where anchoring is difficult or impractical, while elbow pressure balanced expansion joints are used where pressure thrust forces on equipment or piping is unacceptable and the direction of the pipe system changes.
|Inline pressure balanced expansion joint with one arch||80 to 4,000 mm||custom||up to 40 bar||up to 200°C||axial and lateral|
|Elbow pressure balanced expansion joint with one arch||80 to 4,000 mm||custom||up to 100 bar||up to 200°C||lateral and angular|


Burst water pipe disrupts supply to thousands of homes
August 24, 2014 17:10
A major water main burst at the Pat Intersection in southern Jerusalem Sunday morning, leading to heavy traffic and disruptions in water supplies to residences throughout the capital.
According to the Jerusalem Municipality, Hagihon, the capital’s water utility company, said normal water flow should be restored to most neighborhoods – with the possible exception of Gilo – as of Sunday evening. If water is not restored in Gilo, the municipality said water distribution stations would be placed throughout the neighborhood for residents. For more information regarding the state of the city’s water supply, residents have been asked to call Hagihon at *2070.


Work on the upstream side of the Red Rock Dam at the hydroelectric project will be temporarily suspended as water levels are expected to rise to an elevation of 764 feet by Christmas Day.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recently announced that it expects the rise in water levels following heavy rains that dumped three inches in much of the Red Rock Dam drainage basin over a two-day period Dec. 12 and 13.
Work has been under way at the 750-foot elevation on the upstream side of the dam as crews prepare the site to build an intake structure for the hydroelectric plant that will be operated by Missouri River Energy Services (MRES) of Sioux Falls, S.D.
Crews have demobilized, moving equipment and materials to higher ground, in preparation for the anticipated high water levels. All upstream work will be temporarily suspended until water levels return to normal. Work is continuing as usual on the downstream side of the dam.
Additionally, the Corps has reported that due high water levels, the section of Volksweg Trail adjacent the Marina is closed.


Background Dublin City Council initiated the Environmental Improvement Scheme for Crumlin Village in 2018. This included realignment of footpaths and road resurfacing works, while also taking into consideration road safety, flood risk and amenity issues. The design included the management of surface water runoff in a sustainable way, rather than using a conventional piped system. This approach was taken to meet the requirements of the current City Development Plan and provide resilience to climate change, through implementing a nature-based solution for managing surface water. A softer, greener, ‘engineered’ approach was considered from preliminary design stage, in order to manage surface water at source in accordance with best SuDS practice and to provide flood resilience. Solution The proposed solution included managing surface water runoff to eliminate discharge to an overloaded combined sewer system, and significantly reducing discharges to the surface water system. This included the construction of localised porous surfaces, filter drains with 'engineered’ filtration zones and tree pits to drain water from hardstanding areas (Figures 1 and 2). This resulted in the removal of surface water during normal rainfall events from the conventional piped system, through direct discharge to ground and for use by trees/vegetated areas. Excess flows in extreme events are drained to the conventional piped system through catch pits/silt traps and a filter drain system that provide improved water quality and attenuation. This sustainable surface water system increased the capacity to deal with extreme rainfall events in an urban setting, whilst achieving greater flood resilience by removing surface water discharges from the combined system that ultimately would discharge to Ringsend Treatment Plant. The use of SuDS has led to a significant decrease in surface water discharges, thereby creating capacity in the existing network, improving water quality, and enhancing the amenity value for the area through the use of localised permeable surfacing, vegetated areas, filter drains and tree pits, while implementing a design that aligns with the vision for the area. Figure 1: Green engineered flood defences – Crumlin Village. Benefits of Solution The approach to provide a nature-based, ’engineered’ solution to manage surface water runoff from the preliminary design stage, has produced a cost-effective and climate-resilient design for this scheme. This development at Crumlin village provides better flood management, climate resilience, biodiversity and enhanced landscaped areas, thereby enhancing the area for residents and visitors. Environmental The approach taken for management of surface water runoff for the scheme has removed the need to discharge surface water to the existing combined network through the implementation of this sustainable ‘engineered’ solution. The solution encompassed several sustainable and climate action policies currently being implemented by Dublin City Council. The benefits from implementing the nature-based solution to manage surface water runoff include: - removal of surface water discharges from the public combined system and significantly reducing therequirement to discharge to the surface water system; - Improved resilience to flooding during extreme rainfall events through use of an ‘engineered’ sustainable response to surface water management; - improvements to water quality through filtering out pollutants, prior to discharge to ground or to conventional piped systems during extreme rainfall events (and ultimately to rivers and the Ringsend Treatment Plant); and, - the introduction of tree pits to manage surface water runoff has also enhanced biodiversity and increased the tree canopy for the area, providing shade in times of increased temperatures. Economic The total catchment area of the scheme was 2,400m². The overall cost for the Environmental Improvement Scheme was €693,663 of which 9% of the costs can be attributed to the implementation of SuDS, thereby providing value for money for this flood resilient solution for managing surface water. Social Through public engagement with Dublin City Council Area Office, local councillors and public displays, the scheme had ‘buy in’ from design stage. Feedback from the local community has been positive and indicated that a greater sense of place has been created. The creation of green spaces and benches has enhanced the ‘sense of place’ for residents and visitors while delivering on the aims of the scheme. Figure 2: Tree pits for draining surface water.


Shurflo's 12V Aquaking 2 automatic freshwater pressure pumps are 4 chambers 3 gallons per minute (11.3 LPM) pumps with pressure up to 55 PSI for multi-fixture applications of up to 3 outlets, shower, galley etc.
The quad design gives very low noise and the built-in adjustable by-pass valve gives top performance and smooth flow without rapid pump cycling and without the need for an accumulator.
The pump has 1/2" male thread NPT ports.
- 12V 6.5 amp
- Smooth flow 4 chambers co-moulded diaphragm.
- 3 GPH (11.3LPM) flow with 55 PSI shut-off pressure.
- Very quiet operation and no rapid cycling.
- Corrosion resistant seamless electro-coated motor casing.
- Self Priming to 1.8 metres (6ft) vertical lift.
- Sealed pressure switch unit and motor casing.
- Ignition protection and thermal overload protection.
- Santoprene Diaphragm with EPDM valves and seals.
- Can run dry for periods without damage.
- 3-year warranty
Use ONLY Shurflow genuine swivel hose fittings. Don't use thread tape.


Ningbo Yinzhou MAKE Fluid Conveyance Co., Ltd. is a China-based manufacturer of hydraulic hose fittings, hydraulic hose ferrules, as well as hydraulic adapters or hose joints. Our primary products include:
- Swaged Hose Fittings for braided hoses and spiral hoses (ISO, EN, BSP, JIS, DIN, METRIC, JIC, ORFS, SAE,etc.)
- Ferrules for R1AT, R2AT, 1SN, 1ST, 2SN, 2ST, 4SP, 4SH, R5, R9, R12, R13 and PTFE(A) hose etc.
- Adapters for American, British, Japanese, and metric standard.
and many other related hydraulic fittings which are ISO9001: 2000 certified.
We are confident that you will be very satisfied with MAKE hydraulic hose fittings, hydraulic hose ferrules, adapter or tube joint.


AGRO PRODUCTS >> SPRINKLERS
Sprinkler irrigation system allows application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump. It releases water similar to rainfall through a small diameter nozzle placed in the pipes. Water is distributed through a system of pipes, sprayed into air and irrigates in most of the soil type due to wide range of discharge capacity.
- Eliminates water conveyance channels, thereby reducing conveyance loss.
- Suitable in all types of soil except heavy clay.
- Water saving up to 30% - 50 %.
- Suitable for irrigation where the plant population per unit area is very high.
- Helps to increase yield.
- Reduces soil compaction.
- Mobility of system helps system operation easy.
- Suitable for undulating land.
- Saves land as no bunds required.
- Soluble fertilizers and chemicals use are possible.
- Provides frost protection & helps in alteration of micro climate.
- Reduces labour cost.
MINI SPRINKLERCategory: SPRINKLERS


Backflow Prevention & Cross Connection Control Program
Cross Connection & Backflow Prevention
Water distributions systems are designed so that water flows in one direction from the water plant to the customer. Cross connections are any unprotected connections between a public or a consumer's potable water system. Backflow is the undesirable reversal of flow of water or mixtures of water and other liquids or substances into the distribution pipes of the potable supply of water from any source or sources.
Federal and State laws require Water Purveyors to protect their system from cross connections and backflow. To do this, we work closely with consumers, architects, contractors, and engineers to insure that all those who are required to comply with cross connection control and/or backflow prevention requirements.


The storm surge barrier near Ramspol was built to project the hinterland against flooding by high water form the IJsselmeer Lake. The barrier consists of three inflatable, nylon-reinforced rubber dams, each 80 meters long, 13 meters wide and with a design height of 8.35 meters. They are the largest dames of their kind ever built. The dam is inflated with air while a gravity-feed system allows water to flow in. The barrier is lowered again by pumping out the water and letting out the air.


What are boiler feed pumps?
Pumps are mechanical machines devised for supplying water and slurries from one location to another. They can be driven by electricity, manual operation, wind energy, and convert these to the hydraulic form of energy.
They are usually classified into two types – Centrifugal Pumps and Positive Displacement Pumps.
Boiler Feed Pumps are mostly centrifugal pumps used in boiler systems for pumping feed water into the boiler. The water supply may be freshwater or the condensate water from the boiler system returned into the boiler. They are used to increase the water pressure high enough to be fed into the boiler drum. The continuous feedwater supply is crucial to boilers as it helps in maintaining the temperature of the boilers to prevent damage due to overheating.
Boiler feedwater pumps can be of any type from centrifugal pumps to positive displacement pumps depending upon the requirements based on boiler capacity and its usage and are driven either by steam or motor. Small size boilers are generally equipped with positive displacement pumps or stacked in-line centrifugal pumps. Large capacity boilers are generally operated with in-lined centrifugal pumps.
What are the parts of Boiler Feed Pumps?
The boiler feed pumps have the following parts-
The casing is a cover that surrounds the pump impeller and supports the entire pump assembly. It also assists in pressure generation inside the pump and acts as a seal to prevent leakages. The casing type which is used in feedwater pumps is called the diffuser casing.
The impeller is a part of a pump that rotates inside the casing. It receives its energy from the shaft and adds to the fluid.
The shaft inside a pump works to transfer mechanical energy from a motor of the turbine to the impeller blades.
The shaft sleeve is a hollow cylindrical tube covering the shaft to prevent it from corrosion or other damages.
Mechanical seal is an additional sealing arrangement that allows the shaft to pass through the wet area without allowing the water to pass through it.
How do the Boiler Feed Pumps work?
The function of a boiler feedwater pump is to supply feed water from the hot-well to the boiler drum. The pump takes water from the hot-well utilizing strainers and injects into the boiler drum through an orifice plate or a feed check valve.
The water axially flowing through the pump exerts a radial pressure along with the pump casing while crossing the impeller blades arranged along its path. This increases its pressure, which is proportional to the number of impeller blades along its path. The multi-stage feed pumps have two or more impellers in series to create substantial pressure. The overall pressure also depends upon the size of impellers. The high-pressure water after reaching its pressure value higher than the boiler inside pressure is then fed into the boiler.


During medium and high intensity storm events, urban drainage networks can rapidly reach their maximum capacity, and subsequently floods can occur. Owing to the non-linearity of the processes involved, it is evident that the return period of a rainfall is different from the return period of the generated overflows. Therefore, the assessment of the maximum overflow volume related to a given return period is a key element in the management of urban drainage networks, since it may cause problems to infrastructure and economic losses. In this paper, a combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of such networks is proposed, by expressing their hydraulic critical conditions in terms of overflow volumes rather than rainfall volumes and considering both observed rainfall data and synthetic hyetographs derived from statistical analysis. The first application of the proposed methodology to the sewer network of the Mesola Municipality is presented and commented on.
Scheda prodotto non validato
Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo
|Titolo:||A combined methodology for the hydraulic rehabilitation of urban drainage networks|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2016|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


WALTON – Drinking water diversions
and downstream releases from the Cannonsville Reservoir are being reduced
to normal levels due to repair work that has halted the turbid discharge
below the Cannonsville Dam, New York City Department of Environmental
Protection officials announced Sunday.
The decision to resume normal operations made in consultation with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission comes following testing and monitoring that proved the dam is safe, stable and uncompromised by the cloudy seepage that began three weeks ago.
With DEP’s shift to normal operations Sunday, the drinking water diversion from Cannonsville Reservoir will be reduced to zero, in favor of diverting more drinking water from Pepacton and Neversink reservoirs.
DEP also plans to slowly reduce the amount of water released into the West Branch Delaware River from 1,500 cubic feet per second to 500 cubic feet per second, the normal rate outlined in the Flexible Flow Management Program.