The 2-component injection pump IZP 11/150 is an electric diven gear pump, which can be used with most 2-component materials, requiring a mixing ratio of 1:1 The gear pump design of the IZP 11/150 allows for high pressures and flow rates at a steady-going volume flow, without the disturbing pulsing of the piston pumps.
The electric drive of the IZP 11/150 permits a stepless variable control of the flow rate. The pump can be applied in areas where no compressed air is available. Because of its compact and modular construction the pump can be easily transported even in heavy terrain.
Along with the IZP 11/150 media tanks with 2x50l capacity are supplied, which ensures a continuous workflow without the need of permanent refilling.
Application: The IZP 11/150 is mainly used where high pressures and flow rates are re- quired for the injection of 2- component materials.
|electric drive||400V / 920 U/min||Connections|
|max. operating pressure||150 bar / 2175 psi||suction connection||1x Rd.32 x 1/8“|
1x Rd.38 x 1/8“
|theor. flow rate||2x 15,7 ccm/U||pressure outlet||1x Steck-O DN10|
1x Steck-O DN12
|max. flow rate||2x 15 l/min bei 920 U/min||max. inlet pressure||2 bar|
|max. operating pressure||60°C||weight||395 kg|
|electric motor||11 kW|


Pump specialist T-T Pumps look at what specifiers need to know when it comes to sewage pumping stations.
Selecting a pumping system can be a complex and time-consuming task which can involve several hundred calculations to ensure optimum efficiency, reliability and compliance. The key to streamlining this process is to understand the functions of a pumping station, the design challenges involved and the installation practices required.
Some of the main areas which need to be borne in mind by specifiers undertaking such installations include the following:
• compliance and technical specification;
• ease of installation;
• maintenance requirements;
• longevity and resilience.
A sewage pumping station is usually used to move sewage and surplus water to a sewer or sewage treatment works. In a nutshell, when gravity cannot be relied upon, a pumping station is installed to shift the water from one place to another. These systems are designed to act as a collection point for waste water and are stored in a large chamber from which they pump the liquid into the main sewer.
The chamber is a key part of the system, which also consists of pumps, pipework, guide rails, auto coupling assemblies and float switches. A separate valve chamber may be required as well as a control panel to run and monitor the pumping station.
There are two main options of pumping stations to choose from: adoptable or non-adoptable.
Non-adoptable pumping stations
These systems usually serve domestic applications, office premises, commercial/ industrial properties, hotels or nursing homes. A non-adoptable pumping station, also known as private pumping station or package pumping station, is designed to be economical to install and does not require compliance with the water companies’ specifications.
These pumping stations are quick and easy to install and require less space to accommodate them within the sewage network. They typically contain a pre-formed chamber element that is assembled off-site along with its own internal pipe work and valve system, and is then delivered to site in short timescales. The package pumping station is taken from a range of standard designs available on very short lead times.
Due to private pumping stations not being ‘adopted’ by the appropriate water company, the property owners are responsible for the running and maintenance costs.
Adoptable pumping stations
Adoptable pumping stations’ name is derived from the fact that they are ‘adopted’ by the relevant water authority, who then become responsible for them.
An adoptable pumping station is designed and installed to suit the required water authority specification. Each station is constructed individually and to site-specific drawings. The chamber well is built using concrete rings and engineers then place the pipework and valve assemblies in situ.
Adoptable pumping stations can be utilised in multiple housing developments as well as commercial properties. In order to achieve adoption, a pumping station’s specification, build and installation must be compliant with the relevant local water company requirements. This means they have to comply with the current requirements of ‘Sewers for Adoption’ – the standard set for the design and construction of sewers in the UK – before being adopted by the local water company. This process can in turn result in longer lead times.
Selecting a good pumping system is critical to its longevity and performance, and specifiers will be required to supply a range of data about the site, including a series of measurements, materials and capacity.
When there is an inflow into the pumping station, the level rises. Once the liquid level increases, the start float switch level control tilts upwards, which sends a message to the control panel to switch the pump on. The pump sends the liquid through the discharge pipe and the level begins to drop. The float switch level control then tilts down, sending a message to the control panel to stop the pump. The level in the discharge pipe falls back, but is prevented from falling further by the non-return valve closing. The cycle continues as the inflow causes the level in the chamber to rise again.
A package pumping station usually takes a week to install, while an adoptable pumping station may require three days to install and a further three days to commission in line with a project programme. The installation of a package pumping station involves site excavation and laying of base concrete before the pump chamber is installed into the ground and the pipework connections fitted. Subsequently, the pumping station is encased in concrete. The pumps are then installed into the pump chamber, the electrics are connected and the system commissioned.


199 Contiguous River Miles
The Sheyenne River Water Trail is in the process of becoming a Nationally delegated Water Trail. With 199 contiguous river miles from the north end of Lake Ashtabula to the east end of the Sheyenne National Grassland, the river trail caters to ever level kayaker and canoer!
At the completion of the water trail construction, there will be primitive, modern, and ADA landings along the river ranging from 1 - 8 hour paddle times.
Amenities along the water trail include camping, dining, hiking, hotels, parks, restrooms, and more.
Understanding River Conditions
Current streamflow information can be accessed at: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nd/nwis/current
The below Streamflow from the Baldhill Dam will indicate these conditions along most of the river:
100 cubic feet per second or below-The river will be very low with many sand/gravel bars exposed. Paddling may be challenging at many locations
100-300 cubic feet per second-The river will be navigable in most areas with a few obstacles exposed.
300-1000 cubic feet per second-This is the optimal paddling flow along the Sheyenne.
1000-2000 cubic feet per second-Use caution at flows this high. Current will be fast and many shoreline areas will be inundated with trees and logs becoming hazards along the edges.
Over 2000 cubic feet per second-DANGER-current will be very fast with debris in the river. Paddlers should avoid paddling in flows this high along the Sheyenne.


The pressure reducing valve is a valve that adjusts the inlet pressure to a certain required outlet pressure and relies on the energy of the medium itself to automatically maintain the outlet pressure. From the point of view of fluid mechanics, the pressure reducing valve is a throttling element whose local resistance can be changed, that is, by changing the throttling area, the flow velocity and the kinetic energy of the fluid are changed, resulting in different pressure losses, thereby achieving the purpose of decompression. Then, relying on the adjustment of the control and regulation system, the fluctuation of the post-valve pressure is balanced with the spring force, so that the post-valve pressure remains constant within a certain error range.
Basic performance of pressure reducing valve:
(1) Pressure regulation range: It refers to the adjustable range of the pressure reducing valve output pressure P2, within which the pressure reducing valve is required to reach the specified accuracy. The pressure regulation range is mainly related to the stiffness of the pressure regulating spring.
(2) Pressure characteristics: It refers to the characteristic that the output pressure fluctuates due to input pressure fluctuation when the flow rate g is constant. The smaller the output pressure fluctuation, the better the characteristics of the pressure reducing valve. The output pressure must be lower than the input pressure setting to substantially not change with the input pressure.
(3) Flow characteristics: It refers to the input pressure timing, and the output pressure changes with the change of the output flow g. When the flow rate g changes, the smaller the change in the output pressure, the better. Generally, the lower the output pressure, the smaller it fluctuates with the change in output flow.


South San Diego Pipeline No. 2
This project includes planning, design, and construction assistance for 11 miles of 54-inch through 30-inch diameter welded steel potable water piping. The project was under construction from 1997 to 2004. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. was a key member of the project team which included a civil engineer/surveyor, geotechnical consultant, environmental consultant, and construction manager. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. was primarily responsible for hydraulic capacity studies, preparation of contract documents and technical specifications, design of steel pipe and special pipe details and connections, review of shop drawings, and coordination of construction sequencing.
Cuyamaca Water Booster Station
This station is in the Padre Dam Municipal Water District and includes three 125 hp vertical turbine potable water booster pumps with a capacity of 1,250 gpm at 208 feet TDH. It was designed with a hydropneumatic tank and a trailer-mounted emergency power generator. Once a future reservoir is built, the tank could function as a surge vessel and the emergency power generator can be used by the District at any of several other facilities.
Green Valley Pipeline - Reaches 2, 3 and 4.
The Green Valley Pipeline is an 8 reach section of 30-inch water line which will eventually connect the major water pipeline in Mira Mesa Boulevard to Del Mar Heights Road. This pipeline involved crossing under both Interstate 5 and Interstate 805. The following three reaches are broken down into our involvement with the project.
Reach 2 - Design, bidding, and construction management.
Reach 3 - Design and assisted in construction management to the City of San Diego.
Reach 4 - Design of Reach 4 and Rancho Bernardo Pressure Reducing Station.
The Summit Project - Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc.
provided engineering services for two water storage reservoirs and a water booster station for The Summit project located in the City of Anaheim. The lower zone reservoir has a capacity of 1.0 million gallons. This reservoir was a concrete reservoir which was buried below a residential street cul-de-sac. Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. provided all engineering services to this reservoir. The upper zone reservoir is a 4.0 million gallon steel reservoir and preliminary design work on this reservoir was completed by Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. The water booster station has a capacity of 4,000 gallons per minute and has emergency standby generation capacity and an onsite liquid petroleum gas storage tank. The water booster station and 1.0 million gallon tank were constructed in 1992. The reservoirs and pump station are owned and operated by the City of Anaheim.
La Vina Reservoirs
The La Vina Reservoirs consist of two 500,000 gallon reservoirs that sit side by side. The La Vina Reservoirs were built for the Lincoln Avenue Water Company which serves an area north of the City of Pasadena. These tanks were fast-tracked and took less than 12 months for design and construction. The tanks were also in an area with rocky outcrops but blasting was not required. The tanks and yard piping were designed to withstand a Zone 4 seismic event.
Pressure Reducing Stations
Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. did the planning, design, and assistance during construction for Buena No. 10 pressure reducing and chlorination facility for the Vista Irrigation District. This work began in 1986 and construction was completed in 1987. Since then, Dexter Wilson Engineering, Inc. has designed numerous pressure reducing stations for several agencies including the City of San Diego, Otay Water District, and Carlsbad Municipal Water District. The largest facility included two 16-inch pressure reducing valves in parallel for the Bonita Pipeline Phase 1B project for the City of San Diego.


Genesis advise that Lake Tekapo is currently approaching its Maximum Control Level, due to recent rainfall and inflows.
Genesis advise that Lake Takapō/Tekapo is currently approaching its Maximum Control Level, due to high inflows.
Once this is reached water will spill into the Takapō/Tekapo River.Spill will commence at approximately 2pm Wednesday 31 August 2022 and will continue until the lake level is below the Maximum Control Level and will stop as per resource consent requirements.
- Please do not camp in or around the Takapō/Tekapo River bed.
- Please take care when accessing or recreating in river areas downstream of dams and hydraulic structures in case of flow changes.
If you see others who may be at risk, please contact Genesis’s Control Centre on (07) 384 7210.


Hydropower energy is the energy that is derived from the moving water from high altitude to lower altitude. It is the renewable source of energy contained in the water used to generate electricity. The energy is produced from water using the gravitational force when water falls from height. It is predictable, mature and cost-effective technology. The conversion efficiency of this energy resource is about 90%, which is the best among all energy resources. The investment is high, but the maintenance cost is low along with a long life span. This energy resource has played a significant role in social and economic development in the past through water and energy services. It also helps mitigate water scarcity by providing fresh water for drinking, irrigation purposes and flood control. After the generation of electricity without consuming the water, that water is available for other ethical use. Hydropower energy generation can occur on a large, medium, and small scale. A small scale is used for rural electrification. In India, the first hydropower plant of 130KW was installed in Sidrapong (Darjeeling) in 1897. Some other power plants were Shivasamundram in Mysore (2000 kW), Pullivasal (400 kW) in 1910 Chhaba (1750 kW) in Shimla in 1913. These are installed for lighting purposes.
Capacity and Potential Of Hydropower
The energy conversion efficiency of hydropower plants is around 90% which means flowing water of a dam can produce 90% of electrical energy. The total efficiency of hydropower is defined by the sum of the loss of three components, which are following as hydraulic loss, friction loss and head loss.
The head loss in a hydropower plant is the energy loss that occurs in the water conductor system during the diverting of the water to the turbine. The friction loss in hydropower is dependent on the water velocity and the roughness of pipeline, penstock and tunnels through which water is moved. Hydraulic loss occurs when water moves through the channel from the reservoir to the turbine via valves and pipelines.
Such losses can be minimised as hydraulic losses decrease by increasing the reservoir capacity or the turbine capacity. Head loss is minimized by raising the tailrace and headrace area.
Different type of turbine has a different profile for efficiency when the discharge of the turbine diverge from the optimal value.
The potential of hydropower energy production is defined by the given parameters that are dependent on topography, hydrology, and power plant design:
The available amount of water.
Water loss by flood spill, leakage or bypass requirements.
The head difference between an upstream and a downstream
Water transport causes hydraulic losses due to friction and velocity change.
The efficiency of electromechanical equipment for energy conversions.
The potential of Hydropower is estimated by using the equation:
Power in kW (P) = Q . H . 9.81 η
Where Q Discharge in m3 /s
H- Head in meters
η- Overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear-box (may be taken as 75% initially)
India’s hydropower potential is estimated at about 148,701MW. 92.5% of hydroelectric power production is accounted for by the public sector. Public sector companies for hydropower are as follows:-
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
Northeast Electric Power Company (NEEPCO)
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVNL)
Classification of Hydropower Plants
Classification of hydropower plants majorly based on head and installed capacity. In India, hydropower plants are categorised into micro, mini, small, medium and large hydropower plants. Micro up to 100kW, mini up to 2MW, small up to 25MW, medium up to 100MW and large above the 100MW. Three main categories are often used to categorise the hydropower plant depending on its type of flow and operations. Reservoir (storage), RoR- run of river and pumped storage all vary from small to large hydropower plants that depend on topography and hydrology. Apart from this, instream hydropower is the fourth category that is still underdeveloped.
Run of River (RoR):
In this type of hydropower plant, the electricity is generated by diverting the available water from the stream. The segment of water from the river deviates from the mainstream to a pipeline, and that leads to the turbine that is connected to the generator. Such power plants use short-term storage (hourly, daily and weekly) by adapting the demand profile. This type of power plant is cheap and shows little or minor environmental impact.
Run of River Hydropower Plant (Shivasamudram, heritage, India)
This type of hydropower plant uses a water storage system to reduce its dependency on variable inflow. The big reservoir is used to store the water, control the water flow, and use it effectively to generate power by releasing the water on the turbine. This is the most common type of hydropower plant used around the world. Such plants are used as peak load or baseload as per need. This type of power plant install in the river valley and use the water for irrigation. Drinking and flood control.
Hydropower Plants with Reservoir (1,528 MW)Manic-5, Québec, Canada
This type of hydropower plant pumps the water up the storage basin using surplus electricity, which is generated by the baseload power plant and reserves the flow to produce power during the daily peak period. It is one of the most efficient methods available for energy storage. Surplus energy is generated from other resources like wind or solar energy.
Small Hydropower Systems: Overview of Micro, Mini and Small
Hydropower plants are categorized as small and large hydropower plants based on their size. Different countries have different criteria to classify the small hydropower plant that ranges from 10 to 50MW. Whereas in India, a power plant that has a capacity of 25MW or below is categorised as a small hydropower plant. Such small hydropower is further categorised into micro-100KW or below, mini 101-2MW and small 2-25MW hydropower segments. The capacity of the plant has up to or below 3MW are comes under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The 63MW aggregate installed capacity of the 3MW power plant came under the MNRE jurisdiction till 1989. After 1999, the plant capacity up to or below 25MW comes under MNRE. In 2016, IIT Roorkee estimated the potential capacity of small and mini-hydropower plants is 21135.37MW from 7135. Half of the estimated power capacity is contributed by the hilly states.
Status of Hydropower Worldwide
One of the most intensively used renewable energy resources is hydropower throughout the world. Its larger portion is acquired by China, which is 370.2GW and acted as a world leader, the USA is second, accounting for 102 GW and Canada is third with 82GW. India is placed in the fifth position(50.5), overtaking japan, whose installed capacity is 50GW. Countries that show the highest increase in hydropower in Brazil (4.92GW), China (4.17GW) and then Laos (1.89GW) in 2020.
Cumulative hydropower capacity worldwide in 2020, by major country(in gigawatts)
Environmental and Social Impacts
Hydropower plants play a crucial role in energy and economic development and reduce the burden of fossil fuel-based power generation, helping to mitigate environmental change caused by fossil fuel use. The impact of hydropower depends on size, type and local conditions. It is a clean energy resource and conserves fossil fuels. It is based on the water cycle to generate power, and that water cycle is regulated by solar energy and is renewable. It provides water supply and control flood and also offers recreational activity like boating, fishing and swimming. Apart from positive impacts, some negative impacts also occur like hydrological balance, drainage problems, soil erosion, and hilly hydropower prone to seismic activity (Tehri dam). Eutrophication and change in surface water quality, alteration of natural flow, change the biodiversity and ecosystem imbalance. Population displacement during the Sardar Sarovar dam. Poor compensation to displaced population, rehabilitation and resettlement problems.
Dr. Emily Greenfield is a highly accomplished environmentalist with over 30 years of experience in writing, reviewing, and publishing content on various environmental topics. Hailing from the United States, she has dedicated her career to raising awareness about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices.


Combines all components required to operate the rainwater supply system according to the two-pressure-pump principle. Rainwater is pumped by the submersible loading pump out of the storage tank to the buffer tank of the indoor hybrid unit. A submersible pressure pump inside the buffer tank supplies rainwater to appliances. The buffer tank of the unit is directly topped up with mains water, buffer storage volume 100 l for high consumption peaks.
Complies with DIN 1989 and DIN EN 1717
Dimensions of the Maxima hybrid unit: ø 400 mm (1.2 ft) x heigth 1410 mm (4.5 ft).
Indoor hybrid unit with:
Capacity 100 l (26.39 gallons) with emergency overflow DN 100 (3.9 in)
Multigo 205 or 407 multi-stage submersible pressure pump with rubber feet
Pump controller SA 06/V with pressure gauge
Electronic control unit with sensor rod
Automatic mains water top-up
Open mains water outlet (1⁄2“ for Maxima 205, 3⁄4“ for Maxima 407), with solenoid valve, ball valve and dirt trap
Drain valve 1⁄2“
Non-return valve in rainwater inlet
Provedo VX submersible loading pump with fixed vertical float switch, 20 m connecting cable, 11⁄4“ nozzle at discharge end with non-return valve (ST 1011), 3 m lifting strap and hook with screw thread
Stainless-steel baseplate 22 cm x 22 cm (8 in x 8 in) for submersible pressure pump
Stainless-steel floating fine suction filter, mesh size 0.3 mm (0.01 in), with 0.75 m (2.5 ft) flexible suction tube


A desktop electric hydraulic press is a powerful machine that uses electric power and hydraulic pressure to carry out pressing tasks with high precision and accuracy. This type of press is commonly used in manufacturing, metalworking, and engineering applications, where high force and control are required for material forming, bending, shaping, or pressing. In this article, we will discuss the working principle of a desktop electric hydraulic press and its key advantages.
The working principle of a desktop electric hydraulic press is based on the conversion of electrical energy into hydraulic pressure, which is then used to generate force for pressing or forming materials. The press consists of an electric motor, a hydraulic pump, a hydraulic cylinder, a control unit, and a pressing plate. The electric motor provides the power to the hydraulic pump, which creates hydraulic pressure by pushing oil through the cylinder. The hydraulic cylinder converts the pressure into force, which is transmitted to the pressing plate through a piston rod.
To operate the press, the operator places the material to be pressed on the pressing plate and adjusts the pressure and stroke length using the control unit. The press then activates the hydraulic cylinder, which applies force to the material, causing it to bend or form into the desired shape. The pressing force and speed can be adjusted to achieve the required precision and accuracy.
1.High Precision and Accuracy: The desktop electric hydraulic press offers high precision and accuracy in material forming and pressing. It provides excellent control over the force and speed of pressing, enabling the operator to achieve the desired shape and dimensions.
2.Versatility: The press can be used for a wide range of material forming and pressing applications, including metalworking, engineering, and manufacturing. It is ideal for tasks such as bending, shaping, and pressing, making it a versatile machine for various industries.
3.Efficiency: The press operates on electric power, making it more efficient and cost-effective than traditional hydraulic presses. It requires less energy to operate, resulting in lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact.
4.Compact and Easy to Use: The desktop electric hydraulic press is compact in size and easy to use, making it ideal for small workshops or manufacturing facilities. It requires minimal maintenance and can be easily operated by a single person.
The desktop electric hydraulic press is a powerful and versatile machine that provides high precision and accuracy in material forming and pressing. Its working principle is based on the conversion of electrical energy into hydraulic pressure, which offers excellent control over the force and speed of pressing. The press offers several key advantages, including high precision, versatility, efficiency, and ease of use, making it an ideal choice for various industries.


40 bar pressure T-hose set 1,5 m with NPT fittings and seals. The hoses are rated for 40 bar / 600 psi and have Bx G1/8” female threads in all ends.
The set includes:
- T-hose consisting of 3x 0.75 m (30”) hoses combined with a junction block (T-block) to form a T-hose, total length 1.5 m (60”)
- Pressure fitting Bx G1/8” male to 1/4” NPT male (7113300) for a device under test
- Pressure fitting Bx G1/8” male to 1/8” NPT male (7113260) for a device under test
- Spare O-rings and lock rings for the hoses’ female fittings (Bx G1/8”)
See detailed specifications for the hose in https://shop.beamex.com/pressure-accessories/pressure-hoses/40-bar/


SMU is responsible for managing and operating the Mill Creek Barrier Dam, 14 floodgates and a 1.5 mile-long floodwall during high water conditions in the Ohio River.
The Barrier Dam and floodwall/floodgate system was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1948 to prevent rising water in the Ohio River and tributary flow in the Mill Creek from causing local flooding in the Mill Creek Valley. The barrier dam is located at the mouth of the Mill Creek just inland from the Ohio River. During normal conditions on the Ohio River, the Mill Creek flows into the Ohio River through an opening in the barrier dam. When the Ohio River approaches flood stage (52 feet), the opening is closed off using 14 metal bulkheads weighing 11,000 pounds apiece, put in place by a large crane. Large pumps inside the dam are then used to pump the flow of the Mill Creek through the dam to the Ohio River.
The floodwall extends east from the barrier dam for about 1.5 miles along Mehring Way to Linn Street. If needed, up to 14 floodgates can be installed at various street openings in the floodwall to prevent flooding of the valley.
The Barrier Dam is put into service when the Ohio River is predicted to reach flood stage of 52 ft. Normal Ohio River pool elevation is about 26 feet. The barrier dam was built to protect against the 1937 flood level of 80 feet.
Pumps Inside Barrier Dam
Flood Gate Installation
Flood Gate Installed
MSD's Customer Call Center:
1600 Gest St.
Cincinnati, Ohio 45204


Principle of input static pressure liquid level transmitter
The input static pressure liquid level transmitter is based on the principle that the measured liquid static pressure is directly proportional to the liquid height, and uses the piezoresistive effect of diffused silicon or ceramic sensitive elements to convert the static pressure into an electrical signal. After temperature compensation and linear correction, it is converted into 4-20madc standard current signal output. The sensor part of the input static pressure liquid level transmitter can be directly put into the liquid, and the transmitter part can be fixed with flange or bracket, which is very convenient for installation and use.
P= ρ gh
Principle of static pressure measurement: when the liquid level transmitter is put into a certain depth of the measured liquid, the pressure on the liquid level of the sensor is as follows:
P= ρ gH+Po
P: Pressure on liquid level of transmitter
ρ: Measured liquid density
g: Local gravitational acceleration
Po: atmospheric pressure above the liquid level
H: Depth of liquid into the transmitter
At the same time, the pressure of the liquid is introduced into the positive pressure chamber of the sensor through the air guide stainless steel, and then the atmospheric pressure Po on the liquid level is connected with the negative pressure chamber of the sensor to eliminate the Po on the back of the sensor, so that the pressure measured by the sensor is: ρ g.H 。 Obviously, the liquid level depth can be obtained by measuring the pressure P.


The Hydraulic Power Packs are made up of a hydraulic pump, a motor, and various other parts that work together to produce, manage, and distribute hydraulic power. In a variety of situations where a dependable and effective source of hydraulic power is needed, these packs are used. They are frequently employed in industrial settings to drive hydraulic motors, cylinders, presses, and other machinery. Hydraulic Power Packs can also be used to power hydraulic systems for lifting and moving heavy loads in mobile applications like construction equipment and agricultural machinery. Depending on the applications, they can be powered by a variety of sources.


Solar for water pump solar power can be a great solution for powering water pumps, particularly in areas with abundant sunlight and where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. Here are some key points to consider when using solar for water pumps:
You will need solar panels to generate electricity to power the water pump. The number and size of the panels will depend on the power requirements of the pump and the amount of sunlight available in your location.
You may need to use battery storage to store excess solar power generated during the day so that it can be used to power the water pump during times when there is no sunlight.
It’s important to select a pump that is compatible with solar power, as not all pumps are designed to run on DC power from solar panels. There are many solar-powered water pumps on the market designed specifically for this purpose.
Installation and maintenance
Solar-powered water pump systems require proper installation and maintenance to ensure they function correctly and last a long time. You may want to consult with a professional installer to ensure your system is installed correctly and safely.
Overall, solar power can be a reliable and cost-effective way to power water pumps, particularly in remote or off-grid locations. However, it’s important to carefully consider your specific needs and do your research before investing in a solar-powered water pump system.
There are two main types of solar water pumps: submersible and surface.
Submersible solar water pumps are installed underwater, typically in a well, borehole, or water source. They are designed to be efficient in pumping water from deep wells or underground sources. These pumps are powered by a solar panel array located above ground that converts solar energy into DC power. The DC power is then sent to the submersible pump which runs on a DC motor.
Surface solar water pumps are installed on the ground and draw water from a nearby source, such as a pond, lake, or river. They are typically used for shallow water sources and are less expensive than submersible pumps. Surface pumps are powered by a solar panel array located above ground that converts solar energy into DC power. The DC power is then sent to a surface pump which runs on a DC motor.
Within these two main types, there are several subtypes, including:
Centrifugal solar water pumps
These pumps are used for high flow rate and low-pressure applications such as irrigation or livestock watering.
Diaphragm solar water pumps
These pumps are used for low flow rate and high-pressure applications such as domestic water supply, pressure boosting, or drip irrigation.
Helical rotor solar water pumps
These pumps are used for high flow rate and high head applications such as irrigation, livestock watering, or domestic water supply.
Overall, the type of solar water pump you choose will depend on your specific needs, including the depth and location of the water source, the required flow rate and pressure, and your budget.
Solar water pumps are used for a variety of purposes in both residential and commercial settings. Here are some of the most common uses of solar water pumps:
Solar water pumps are widely used in agriculture for irrigation purposes. They can pump water from wells or other sources to irrigate crops, without the need for grid electricity.
Solar water pumps can be used to provide water for livestock in remote areas where traditional sources of water are not available. This is especially useful for ranchers and farmers who raise livestock in remote locations.
Domestic water supply
Solar water pumps can be used to supply water to homes, cabins, and other off-grid locations where traditional sources of water are not available or are unreliable.
Fountain and pond circulation
Solar water pumps can be used to circulate water in fountains and ponds, creating a beautiful and relaxing outdoor environment.
Solar water pumps are also used in aquaculture to circulate water in fish ponds or tanks.
Solar water pumps can be used to pump water through filtration systems, making it suitable for drinking or other uses.
Overall, solar water pumps are versatile and can be used for a wide range of applications, particularly in areas where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. They are also environmentally friendly and can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Solar water pumps offer several advantages over traditional grid-connected pumps, including:
Solar water pumps can provide significant cost savings over traditional grid-connected pumps, particularly in remote or off-grid locations where the cost of extending power lines is high.
Solar water pumps are highly energy efficient, as they use solar energy to power the pump. They do not require any fuel or electricity from the grid, which reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Solar water pumps are highly reliable, particularly in areas where grid electricity is unreliable or unavailable. They can continue to operate even during power outages or disruptions.
Solar water pumps are low maintenance and do not require much upkeep, as they have fewer moving parts than traditional pumps.
Solar water pumps have a long lifespan and can last for many years with proper maintenance.
Solar water pumps are environmentally friendly, as they do not produce any greenhouse gas emissions or other pollutants.
Overall, solar water pumps offer a reliable and cost-effective solution for pumping water in remote or off-grid locations. They are also environmentally friendly and can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
While solar water pumps offer many advantages, there are also some disadvantages to consider:
High initial cost
The initial cost of a solar water pump can be high compared to traditional grid-connected pumps. However, over time, the cost savings from reduced energy consumption and maintenance costs can make up for the initial investment.
Dependence on sunlight
Solar water pumps require sunlight to function, so their output may be affected by weather conditions such as cloudy or rainy days. This can impact their reliability and may require additional storage or backup solutions to ensure consistent water supply.
The output of a solar water pump is limited by the size of the solar panel array and the intensity of the sunlight. This means that large-scale pumping operations may require multiple solar pumps or larger solar panel arrays.
While solar water pumps require less maintenance than traditional pumps, they still require periodic cleaning and inspection of the solar panels, wiring, and pump components to ensure optimal performance.
Solar water pumps may not be compatible with all water sources, particularly if the water source is too deep or the water quality is poor. In such cases, additional equipment such as water treatment systems may be required.
Overall, while solar water pumps offer many benefits, it is important to carefully consider their limitations and suitability for your specific application before investing in one.
A solar water pump works by converting sunlight into electrical energy to power a DC motor which drives the pump. More specifically, here’s how it functions:
The solar panels, also called solar modules, are installed above ground and convert sunlight into DC electricity. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells that generate a direct current (DC) when exposed to sunlight.
The DC electricity generated by the solar panels is sent to a controller, which regulates the voltage and current to ensure that the pump operates efficiently and safely. The controller also manages the system’s battery storage, if applicable.
The DC electricity from the controller is then sent to a DC motor, which drives the pump to move water from the source to the intended destination.
The pump, which can be either submersible or surface, is responsible for moving the water from the source to the destination. The type of pump used depends on the depth and location of the water source and the required flow rate and pressure.
Once the pump is activated, it delivers water to the desired location, such as a storage tank, irrigation system, or livestock watering trough.
In summary, a solar water pump works by using solar panels to generate electricity, which is then used to power a DC motor that drives a pump to move water from a source to a desired location.


Water recycling and the reduction of the water footprint are important aspects of modern business management. In order to reduce fresh water costs, the produced wastewater may be treated for reuse, saving also heat and possibly water softening chemicals. Adapting the desired water quality to internal factory processes avoids an unnecessarily high treatment performance: Water-consuming processes are often less demanding, e.g. the pre-treatment of received goods. High process water qualities and an entire water recirculation (Zero Liquid Discharge / ZLD) are certainly also possible.
WEHRLE combines different technologies to achieve the desired process water quality – as stand-alone solution for a direct treatment of the wastewater or as upgrade of an existing wastewater treatment plant.
Example of water recycling:
cost-effective water reuse in different qualities at a laundry facility
WEHRLE helps you choose the ideal solution in terms of water recycling:
- Focus on the desired process water quality
- Focus on minimizing the quantity of residues / concentrates (ZLD - Zero Liquid Discharge)
- Focus on the cost efficiency of water supply (compared to the costs of fresh water supply)
- Focus on independence in water supply


Pressurisation units are designed to replace water that has been lost from a system due to leakage. Our units will maintain the system design fill pressure in sealed heating and chilled water systems.
Most modern heating systems and air conditioning systems are sealed systems, however leakage can occur resulting in a loss of water pressure. Pressurisation Units will automatically replace the lost water to restore the system pressure and give warnings when the fill pressure is low or when the water has over expanded causing high pressure.
We offer a wide range of systems to suit all applications.


Grit removal from wastewater is very important to reduce operational problems of the wastewater treatment plants and to reduce maintenance of the mechanical equipment installed in it. Grit and other solids can increase wear of the mechanical equipment, cause pipe blockages, can settle and reduce the effective volume of the treatment basins.
- Compact design leading to smaller footprint.
- Robust design and simple in operation.
- Various models to cover a wide range of flow and grit handling requirements
- Consistent grit removal efficiency over a wide range of flow
- Low energy requirement due to efficient design and typical flow pattern inside the chamber.
- Design provides full access to grit collection hopper
- High efficiency electric motor suitable for rigorous conditions
- Material of construction of tank can be carbon steel or stainless steel, depending upon application or requirement. Alternate concrete tank design is available.
- Minimal maintenance.
- Control panel complete with PLC programming or SCADA.


Advanced solutions for Desalination and Waste Water plants
The world’s water and environmental technologies market constitutes a major opportunity for the Israeli economy. The world is facing growing water shortages, global warming and environmental challenges. Israel has the tools and experience to successfully address these problems. Contel, together with its subsidiary Hydrocom Control Systems Ltd., offers solutions in the area of automation and control for optimal operation of water supply systems, water desalination plants and sewage treatment plants. Contel has engineering staff with a proven track record in the water industries.
Our solutions in this area include:
- Supply of automation and control systems for water desalination plants, and for public and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
- High-power variable speed drives and soft starters for regulating pump speeds.
- Supply of analytical instrumentation for monitoring and measuring water and wastewater contaminants.
- Supply of switching, distribution and electrical drive systems for water treatment plants.
- Supply of software solutions for the management and optimization of water supply systems, through the activities of Hydrocom.


The winter of 2015/2016 saw the most extensive groundwater flooding ever witnessed in Ireland. Homes were flooded or cut off, roads submerged, and agriculture disrupted by karst derived groundwater flooding, with some affected areas remaining inundated for months. In the aftermath of the floods, the lack of data on groundwater flooding and fit-for-purpose flood hazard maps were identified as serious impediments to managing groundwater flood risk in vulnerable communities. In response Geological Survey Ireland, as the leading national authority on groundwater science, initiated a new groundwater flood project, GWFlood, to address these deficits in collaboration with Trinity College Dublin and Institute of Technology Carlow.
The remit of GWFlood was to advance understanding of karst groundwater flooding in Ireland, address the deficit of data available, and enable local and national authorities to make scientifically informed decisions regarding groundwater flood risk management. The study addressed the gap in groundwater hydrometric data by establishing a permanent telemetric network, as well as developing the historic groundwater flood map, and the predictive flood map. These maps showed maximum extent of groundwater flooding in Ireland, and the probability of several regions in Ireland to get flooded by groundwater.
The Groundwater flood map viewer, level data viewer and GWFlood project report are available at the following links:


Proceedings-DFI-India 2016: 6th Conference on Deep Foundation Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India, (DFI)
Deep Excavation with Well Point Dewatering in Soft Soil
Mihir B. Roy, Consulting Geotechnical, Industrial Foundation Engineer, Kolkata, India
Coal transported by rail for Thermal Power Plant in Haldia, West Bengal, India, was to be received and stored in Coal Complex comprising of Wagon Tippler, Track Hopper, Junction Houses and network of horizontal and inclined tunnels. The site was very soft with high ground water level. Deep excavation and dewatering posed great difficulty. Original plan was to drive about 1000 m of steel sheet pile and well sinking which had major impact on cost and time. High ground water was identified as the main problem. Controlling water level and maintaining it would allow open excavation over major areas. Scheme for lowering aquifer with one and two-stage well-point dewatering system was developed following basic principles of groundwater and seepage. Arrangements of wells, installation and pumping were worked out in detail. Water levels could be lowered below bottom levels of excavation. Design of sheet pile was modified under lowered ground water condition. Overall length and depth of sheet pile were reduced drastically. Open excavation was possible in segments over major areas. The scheme was highly successful in smooth and fast progress of underground works. The works were completed safely months ahead of schedule time and with significant saving in cost.
|article #2218; publication #1020 (INDIA-2016)|


This close coupled style bronze self-priming centrifugal pump is equipped with high quality ball bearings permanently filled with grease for maintenance free operation. The main shaft seal is a mechanical face type seal of proven reliability. Unlike positive displacement pumps centrifugal pumps have larger internal clearances as the pressure is generated by centrifugal force and high liquid velocity. These pumps can handle impurities in the liquid and the flow in the discharge line may be throttled or shut off without the need for a relief valve.
This pump must be operated with the shaft in a horizontal position as shown in the picture. Before initial start-up, the pump must be filled with liquid through the priming plug opening on top of the pump body. It will be self-priming thereafter, even without a foot valve in the suction line. However, a foot valve is always recommended to insure immediate liquid flow at startup.


Hydraulic pumps are simply put, a machine that uses the principles of pressure to pump fluids in any necessary direction. Put in a more detailed way, the hydraulic pump creates a vacuum its inlet when it operates; this vacuum then forces any fluid found on its other side into the inlet. Mechanical action then pumps this liquid to the designated outlet and the hydraulic system. Hydraulic pumps are largely of two main subcategories as hydrostatic pumps and hydrodynamic pumps
There are many types of hydraulic pumps – popular examples include gear, rotary vane, bent axis, flow, pressure, etc.:
• Gear pumps – there are basic types of gears, with gear pumps being one of them (the other two are rotary vane and piston pumps). Even of these basic types, the gear pump is by far the most economical and simple option. Gear pumps consist of externally fit gear teeth, which upon meshing create pressure. Gear pumps used to be noisy, but newer models have become much quieter and reliable. Their reliability largely lies in how breakdowns in this type of pump is very rare, as the pump gradually wears down until it becomes unusable, instead of breaking down all of a sudden.
• Rotary vane pumps – when compared with gear pumps, rotary vane pumps are much more efficient. They are not used for high pressure systems usually, but newer models have become capable of handling pressures of over 30,000 kPa. Since this type of pump has the ability of changing the centre its body, rotary vane pumps make for simple and adjustable pumps which are easy to use.
• Hydraulic Split Flow pumps – the difference from normal hydraulic pumps is that these pumps specialize in having a number of outlets, hence the name. The “Split Flow” technology here refers to the ability of these pumps to synchronize movement and provide multiple functions without having the need to resort to multiple flow dividers. Basically, what this means is that you will not need to resort to using a number of hydraulic pumps, but instead rely on only pump for all your needs.
The uses of hydraulic pumps are not limited to any single field. They are used throughout the many industrial fields, such as those of construction, transport, mining and the like, for example. Under these fields, hydraulic pumps are applied to perform functions such as jacking alongside ToughLift jacking systems, clamping, drill rigs, presses, flushing rigs, lifting, etc.
Thus, it can be seen that hydraulic pumps have become an essential equipment in many different fields, and are widely used throughout the world nowadays.


Duckhams Zircon Hydraulic 68 is an ashless (zinc-free) hydraulic oils designed to be used in mobile or stationary gear-, piston- or vane pump hydraulic systems, particularly suitable where environmental concerns or legislation prohibit the use of zinc-containing hydraulic fluids.
Developed using high-quality hydro-processed base oils these products meet or exceed industry standards for HM hydraulic fluids.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
- Zinc Free formulation reduces environmental impact compared to Zinc containing products and ensures compatibility with yellow metal components found in hydraulic systems.
- Excellent anti-wear performance protects components within hydraulic systems and reduces operating costs by extending pump life and minimising downtime.
- Excellent Hydrolytic Stability improves the protection of yellow metal components, even in the presence of water, extending component life.
- Good thermal and oxidative stability extends oil life reducing operating costs.
- Good Sludge and particulate control maintain system cleanliness extending filter life and reducing filter change frequency.
- Excellent filterability.
- Good anti-rust and anti-corrosion properties protect the system.
- Compatible with Elastomers commonly used as seals within hydraulic systems.


The Water and Wastewater Maintenance Division maintains over 1,400 miles of water distribution and sewer collection lines. Some of this infrastructure dates from the 1920's.
The Water and Wastewater Maintenance Division oversees the following:
- Maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement of fire hydrants
- Rehabilitation and replacement of water and sewer lines and valves
- Emergency repair of water leaks and wastewater stoppages
- Operation and maintenance of wastewater lift stations
- Televising wastewater lines
- Flushing water lines to maintain water quality
- Manhole rehabilitation and construction
- GPS locating and mapping of existing and new infrastructure
This division installs water and sewer taps for new residential services and repairs/replaces existing service taps.


Know-How Pressure Reducing Valves
Pressure reducing valves reduce a high and frequently fluctuating pressure to an adjustable constant pressure downstream of the valve. A spring keeps the valve open and this closes as the outlet pressure rises.
Field of Application
Protects all the devices, valves and installations situated downstream from excessive pressure build-up, simultaneously the consumption is reduced and the flow velocity and noise are minimised.
A spring (optionally a gas spring or weight) keeps the valve open, the outlet pressure acts through the control element (diaphragm, piston or bellows) onto the cone and, in the event of rising outlet pressure, proportionally closes the valve. The pressure to be controlled can be adjusted by a pre-tensioned / relieved spring through an adjusting screw.
Selecting valve type and nominal diameter
Using your maximum operating data and the smallest differential pressure Δp, you should calculate the characteristic performance figure Kv (see leaflet Calculation of Pressure Regulators). Select a valve whose Kvs value is 30 % greater than the calculated Kv figure. Additional allowances must be made for high-viscosity liquids or liquids which vaporise when depressurised.
You should also note the reduction ratio i.e. inlet pressure p1 divided by outlet pressure p2. The inlet pressure acting on the cone causes the valve to open whereas the outlet pressure acting on the diaphragm/spring system causes it to close. If the reduction ratio calculated from the operating data is greater than the quoted ratio, the valve will not close. Pressure reducing valves should not be overdimensioned. Their optimum working range is within 10 % to 70 % of their Kvs value.
Selecting rated pressure and valve material
The rated pressure must exceed the maximum system pressure, irrespective of safety allowances. Please note also the effect of the temperature (see DIN 2401).
Selecting the setting range
For good control accuracy you should select a setting range which places the required outlet pressure near its upper limit. If, for example, the controlled outlet pressure is to be 2.3 bar, you should select the 0.8 to 2.5 bar setting range, not 2 to 5 bar.
If the available setting range is not wide enough you may go below the bottom limit of the setting range provided that the valve loading is kept low and a high control accuracy not required
Selecting elastomer materials
You should select elastomers according to the operating temperature and the requirements of the medium. High-pressure gases, for example, can diffuse into the elastomer and cause damage when being depressurised.
Depending on pressure drop and permitted maximum noise level, we recommend the following flow velocities
Liquids: 1 - 5 m/s
Saturated steam: 10 - 40 m/s
Superheated steam: 15 - 60 m/s
Gases below 2 bar: 2 - 10 m/s
Gases above 2 bar: 5 - 40 m/s
Sense line (control line)
You should install a sense line if the selected pressure reducer is designed for sense line operation. The sense line should be connected at a distance of not less than 10 times nominal diameter downstream of the pressure reducing valve. No isolating valves should be installed in the sense line to avoid an excessive pressure differential between valve body and diaphragm.
To attenuate any oscillations occurring in the pipeline system, the sense line may be fitted with a restrictor which must never be fully closed during operation.
In the case of steam and liquids the sense line must be installed so as to fall towards the valve. Under special operating conditions, for example intermittent operation with dry steam, an compensation vessel must be installed. The sense line must be rigid as elastic hoses can induce oscillations.
Protecting your system
To protect your system you should install a safety valve downstream of the pressure reducer to prevent the maximum permitted operating pressure (normally 1.5 x maximum set pressure) being exceeded. The safety valve operating pressure should be set approximately 40 % above the maximum set pressure of the pressure reducer to avoid blow-off during slight pressure fluctuations. For example: if the pressure reducer setting range is 2 - 5 bar the safety valve operating pressure must be 1.4 x 5 bar = 7 bar.
Protecting the pressure reducing valve
To protect the pressure reducer against damage from solid particles carried in the pipeline, a strainer or filter should be fitted and serviced at regular intervals.
With medium steam, the pressure reducer should be preceded by a water trap, which is also called steam dryer, to protect it from cavitation (see below chapter "Steam Operation").
Valve seat leakage
These valves are no shut-off elements ensuring a tight closing of the valve. In accordance with DIN EN 60534-4 and/or ANSI FCI 70-2 they may feature a leakage rate in closed position in compliance with the leakage classes II – V:
Leakage class II (metal sealing double seat cone) = 0.5% Kvs value
Leakage class III (metal sealing cone) = 0.1 % Kvs value
Leakage class IV (PTFE seal cone) = 0.01 % Kvs value
Leakage class V (soft seal cone) = 1.8 x 10-5 x Δp x D* [l/h]
Any low leakage requirement must be expressly specified when ordering. Valve leakage can be considerably reduced by special measures such as lapping the valve seat, using special cone seals and increasing the control (diaphragm) surfaces.
For the purpose of installation, servicing and isolation of the valve, shut-off valves should be installed upstream and downstream of the pressure reducer. When closing the shut-off valves the upstream valve must always be closed first. A bypass line may be necessary to maintain emergency operation.
Stellited seat and cone
In the case of abrasive media or liquids with pressure drops (inlet pressure minus outlet pressure) of more than 25 bar the valve cone must be stellited; for pressure drops above 150 bar the seat must be stellited as well.
If toxic or hazardous media are used the valve must feature a sealed spring cap (including setting spindle seal) fitted with a leakage line connection. When the pressure reducer is installed on site a leakage line must be fitted capable of safely and pressureless draining the escaping medium in case the control valve should become defective.
For gases a pressure reducing valve can normally be fitted in horizontal pipelines with the spring cap at the bottom or at the top. Installation in vertical pipe runs is possible but can result in increased wear and loss of control accuracy owing to increased friction.
In the case of liquids a pressure reducer should be installed with the spring cover at the bottom. Thus gas traps upstream of the valve are avoided which would cause the valve to oscillate.
For steam a pressure reducer should likewise be installed with its spring cover at the bottom to protect the diaphragm against overheating by means of a layer of condensate. In case the valve must be emptied completely during operation (angle valves), it must be installed with the spring cap pointing upwards.
1 Bypass for maintenance
2 Shutoff Valves
3 Strainer / Filter
4 Pressure Gauge
5 Safety Valve
6 Pressure Reducer
7 Sense Line
8 Leakage Line
Pressure reducers should be started up and operated without pressure surges, if possible. A sudden operation of upstream or downstream valves should be avoided.
If a pressure reducer is installed in a steam plant the diaphragm water reservoir must be filled before the plant is started up. There must be no danger of overheating at the installation site caused by excessive ambient temperatures or insufficient heat dissipation. Pressure regulators must not be insolated.
In some cases an insulating of the body is permitted, but only with cast bodies. Never insulate diaphragm housing, mid section and spring cap (or open springs). Overheating caused by insulating destroys the elastomere of the control unit.
Many steam generators send a lot of water through the piping together with the steam. Even an initial overheating can get lost through piping heat losses, so that the steam gets "wet". A piping speed of up to 25 m/s is normal for "dry steam", whilst wet steam already has the effect of a sandblasting machine at this speed, and the condensate and/or the water droplets eat holes into pipings and valve seats. In addition, water obstructs heat transition especially in heat exchangers. To avoid it, the water should be removed by a water trap, also called steam dryer, as quickly as possible and without steam losses.
Setting the pressure
Pressure reducing valves are normally supplied by us with a relaxed spring. This means that a valve is set at the factory to the minimum outlet pressure. The required pressure should be set under operating conditions.
Pressure reducers must be cleaned and serviced regularly.
Valves free of oil and grease or silicone
Please pay attention to order an fit only spares free of oil and grease resp. free of silicone.
Please consult our engineer if extreme operating conditions apply or whenever you are in doubt.
Notes on Safety, Operating Instruction etc. MUST be followed.


In irrigation projects, the construction of main canals, branch canals, and distributaries often requires crossing natural drainages such as rivers, streams, and nallahs within the project area. These crossings are inevitable, necessitating the construction of appropriate structures known as cross-drainage works. These works enable the smooth flow of water in both the canal and the drainage, ensuring uninterrupted water supply and efficient drainage disposal.
Importance of Cross-Drainage Works:
Cross-drainage works play a crucial role in maintaining uninterrupted canal supply by effectively managing drainage water. Typically, the canal is either elevated or placed below the drainage level, although in some cases, they can be at the same level. Canals are generally aligned on watersheds to avoid drainage crossings. However, in the initial stretch of a main canal, it is often necessary to intercept several natural drainages flowing from the watershed to the river. Once the canal crosses the watershed, the need for cross-drainage works diminishes as the drainage originates from the watershed and flows away. However, in certain situations, when the canal deviates from the watershed, cross-drainage works become necessary to intercept drainages and ensure proper water flow.
Types of Cross-Drainage Works:
Cross-drainage works can be classified into three categories based on the relative positions of the canal and the drainage:
1. Canal over the drainage:
(a) Aqueduct: An aqueduct is a structure where the canal flows over the drainage, while the drainage flows below in an open channel. Similar to a road or railway bridge, the canal is carried over the drainage using a canal trough supported by piers. Aqueducts are constructed when the canal bed level is higher than the High Flood Level (H.F.L.) of the drainage.
(b) Syphon aqueduct: In a syphon aqueduct, the canal is taken over the drainage, but the drainage water flows under syphonic action through a pipe. Syphon aqueducts are built when the H.F.L. of the drainage exceeds the canal bed level. By depressing the drainage bed or constructing an impervious floor at the crossing, a barrel is formed between piers to allow the drainage water to pass under pressure. Syphon aqueducts are preferred over aqueducts, despite being costlier.
2. Canal below the drainage:
(a) Superpassage: A superpassage involves taking the canal below the drainage, with open channel flow in the canal. This is the reverse of an aqueduct. A superpassage is required when the Full Supply Level (F.S.L.) of the canal is lower than the drainage bed level. The drainage water is channeled through a trough supported by piers constructed on the canal bed, allowing gravity-driven flow with atmospheric pressure.
(b) Canal syphon: In a canal syphon, the canal is taken below the drainage, and the canal water flows under symphonic action without atmospheric pressure. It is the opposite of a syphon aqueduct. Canal syphons are constructed when the F.S.L. of the canal is above the drainage bed level, although they should be avoided due to head loss and potential silting issues.
3. Canal at the same level as drainage:
(a) Level crossing: A level crossing is established when the canal and the drainage are practically at the same level. In this arrangement, the drainage water is allowed to enter the canal at one bank and is discharged at the opposite bank. A crest wall across the drainage, with its crest level matching the F.S.L. of the canal, facilitates the passage of drainage water into the canal. Drainage and canal outflows are regulated.
(b) Inlet and outlet: An inlet-outlet structure is provided when the drainage and the canal are almost at the same level, and the discharge in the drainage is small. The drainage water is admitted into the canal at a suitable site where the drainage bed is at the F.S.L. of the Canal. The excess water is discharged out the canal through an outlet provided on the canal at some distance downstream of junction. There are many disadvantages in use of inlet and outlet structure, because the drainage may pollute canal water and also the bank erosion may take place causing the deterioration of the canal structure so that maintenance costs are high. Hence, this type of structure is rarely constructed.
Selection of a suitable type of cross-drainage work:
The following points should be considered while selecting the most suitable type of cross – drainage work:
1. Relative levels and discharges: The relative levels and discharges of the canal and of the drainage mainly affect the type of cross – drainage work required. The following are the broad outlines:
If the canal bed level is sufficiently above the H.F.L of the drainage, an aqueduct may be provided.
If the F.S.L. of the canal is sufficiently below the bed level of the drainage, a super-passage is provided.
If the canal bed level is only slightly below the H.F.L. of the drainage, and the drainage is small, a syphon aqueduct is provided.
If the F.S.L. of the canal is slightly above the bed level of the drainage and the canal is of small size, a canal syphon is provided.
If the canal bed and the drainage bed are almost at the same level, a level crossing is provided when the discharge in the drainage is large, and an inlet-outlet structure is provi1ded when the discharge in the drainage is small.
2. Performance: As far as possible, the structure having an open channel flow should be preferred to the structure having pipe flow. Therefore, an aqueduct should be preferred to a syphon aqueduct. Similarly, a super-passage should be preferred to a canal syphon. The performance of inlet-outlet structures is not good and should be avoided.
3. Provision of road: A aqueduct is better than a super-passage because in the former, a road bridge can easily be provided along with the canal trough at a small extra cost, whereas in the latter, a separate bridge is required.
4. Size of drainage: When the drainage is of small size, a syphon aqueduct will be preferred to an aqueduct as the latter involves high banks and long approaches. However, if the drainage is of large size, an aqueduct is preferred.
5. Cost of earthwork: The type of cross-drainage work which does not involve a large quantity of earthwork should be preferred.
6. Foundation: The type of cross-drainage work should be selected depending upon the foundation available at the site.
7. Material of construction: Suitable types of material of construction in sufficient quantity should be available near the site for the particular type of cross – drainage work selected.
8. Cost of construction and overall cost: The cost of construction of cross-drainage work should not be
9. Subsoil water table: If the subsoil water table is high, the types of cross – drainage works which require deep excavation should be avoided.
10. Permissible loss of head: The cross-drainage works should be selected based on the permissible loss of head. Where the head loss cannot be permitted, a canal syphon should be avoided.
11. Canal alignment: The canal alignment is sometimes changed to achieve a better type of cross-drainage work. By changing the alignment, the type of cross- drainage work can be altered. The canal alignment is generally finalized after fixing the sites of the major cross – drainage works.
Selection of site of a cross-drainage work:
The following points should be considered while selecting the site of a cross-drainage work:
1. At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum.
2. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks.
3. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exist below the bed of the drainage at a reasonable depth.
4. The site should be such that long and high approaches of the canal are not required.
5. The length and height of the marginal banks and guide banks for the drainage should be small.
6. In the case of an aqueduct, sufficient headway should be available between the canal trough and the H.F.L of the drainage.
7. The water table at the site should not be high, because it can create dewatering problems for laying foundations.
8. As far as possible, the site should be selected downstream of the confluence of two streams, thereby avoiding the necessity of construction of two structures.
9. The possibility of diverting one stream into another stream upstream of the canal crossing should be considered, if found feasible.
10. A cross-drainage work should be combined with a bridge, if required. If necessary, the bridge site can be shifted to a cross-drainage structure or vice-versa.


Dredge hose is mainly used for the suction and discharge of seawater, slurry, silt and sand. Besides, it is used for flood discharge.
Seawater dredge hose is mainly used for the suction and discharge of seawater, because its cover is made from corrosive resistant neoprene.
Silt dredge hose is widely used in the dredging projects, such as port and shipping lane construction, port maintenance and land reclamation.
Sand dredge hose is widely used for the suction and discharge of sand, which is for the cleaning of river, lake and sea.
Flood discharge dredge hose has excellent rigidity for its special reinforcement, avoiding the problems of lining protrusion and vortex flow.


The data displayed in the above graph is generated by averaging the stage height of the canal flume once per minute over a period of one hour. The hourly average flow (or discharge) is then calculated by looking up the flow, based on stage height, in the station’s weir rating table.
Diurnal (daily) fluctuations may show up in these graphs. This is likely related to the water consumed by the plants/trees in the riparian zone. Each day when the sun begins to shine the streamside vegetation lowers the water table. Since there is less water in the system available for diversion when this occurs, a drop in the water flows in the canal diversions shows up in the graphs. The delay in the lowering of water flows is caused by the time it takes to deplete, and refill, the water table each day.


The sustainable management of our water resources is an increasingly important challenge for subcontinents, countries and communities. With the future reliability of water resources at stake, it is essential to understand the complex issues underpinning the planning, development and implementation of water resources for the sustainable benefit of communities, industry, agriculture and the environment.
Aurecon’s experience in water resources management spans several decades. We appreciate the need for innovative, integrated, multi-disciplinary solutions to address water resources management and our services encompass all project phases, from conception through to implementation and operation.
Increased water demand from communities and industry, coupled with growing uncertainty in supply due to projected climate change impacts, presents a significant challenge to our clients’ business operations. Aurecon’s water professionals possess a deep understanding of the water cycle and offer a complete range of engineering and scientific services to help clients optimise the sustainable management of their water resources in an integrated manner and in the face of mounting uncertainty.
Our highly experienced engineers and scientists provide support and skills to water authorities, government, local councils, and other organisations with water resource assets to plan, design, construct or manage, in widely varying geographies, economic development needs and scales. We strive to combine innovative thinking with constructive project delivery models to deliver cost-effective solutions to our clients.
Some key areas of water resource planning for which Aurecon provides specialist services include:
- Catchment, allocation and drought modelling
- Environmental flow requirements for rivers and estuaries
- Flood management and hazard assessment
- Groundwater and aquifer management
- Hydraulic analysis and design
- International and trans-boundary river systems management
- Irrigation systems planning, design and optimisation
- Management of mining and industrial water
- Monitoring and information management
- Policy development assistance
- Stormwater and urban drainage
- Strategy, planning and management
- Sustainability assessments and advice
- Water resource infrastructure feasibility studies and development planning
- Water demand and loss management measures
- Water quality modelling and assessments
- Water re-use, recycling and conservation management plans
- Water use evaluation, allocation and optimisation
- Water supply for developing communities
- Waterways and catchment management.


On a double-acting cylinder the push force (extension) exerted is
calculated by multiplying the piston area at the base of the rod by
the pressure acting on the piston area.
The pull force (retraction) is calculated by mutiplying the
annulus area on the rod end by the pressure acting on it.
The annulus is the difference between the total piston area and
the rod area.
To find the extension force of a cylinder, use the cylinder force formula:
PSI = Pressure (Pounds per Square Inch)
r = Radius
Piston Area = (Pi X r2)
To find the retraction force of a cylinder, use the
cylinder retraction force formula:
Retraction Force (lbs) = (Piston Area - Rod Area) x PSI
Example: For a double-acting cylinder with a piston radius
of 2 inches,
a rod radius of 1 inch, 2000 psi supplied to the base on extension,
and 2500 psi supplied to the rod end for retraction:
Extension Force = (3.1416 x 22) x 2000 psi
Extension Force = 25,132.8 lbs
Retraction Force = Annulus x 2500 psi
Annulus = (3.1416 x 22) - (3.1416 x 12) =
Retraction Force = 23,562 lbs
(rounded to the nearest 10,000th)


Nigeria’s President, Muhammadu Buhari (GCFR) will visit Bauchi State on Thursday, 19th May, 2022 to commission Bauchi Water Expansion Project.
It could be recalled that Governor Bala Mohammed had in 2019 flagged off the rehabilitation and expansion of water supply facilities in Bauchi metropolis.
The multi billion naira project was designed to ensure affordable and sustainable access to water services to all consumers within areas of coverage, in addition to activating water facilities to ensure effective water supply across the state.
Major components of the project include the rehabilitation of Gubi Dam, rehabilitation and expansion of Gubi Water treatment plant and replacement of Tx mains from Gubi Dam-Warinji and Buzaye Reservoir.
Others are extension of 100km main distribution network construction of 500mm mains Gubi Dam junction to the Reservoir at Buzaye Hills and construction of 7000m3 concrete reservoir at Warinji hills among others.


Houston Water Quality: Yesterday
Early settlers of Houston relied on a variety of water sources including “pure, cold, and wholesome water” from Beauchamp Springs, which was delivered to residents for 75 cents per 30 gallons; cisterns to catch rain water for household use; shallow wells; or bayou water stored in barrels. However, as the city grew these water sources could not keep up with demand. After the City Market Fire of 1878, Houston City Council sought new water sources and built a water works facility that pumped water from the Buffalo Bayou. But the population continued to burgeon, and the new water works couldn’t provide adequate water pressure to serve the city’s widening footprint. City planners found a source of seemingly unlimited pure water only 180 feet underneath Houston in 1887 when a resident drilled an artesian well and discovered the third largest underground reservoir in the U.S.
Even so, Houston grew so rapidly in the first half of the twentieth century that in emergency situations, Buffalo Bayou water had to be pumped through the mains and mingled with the groundwater to provide enough water pressure to fight fires. Residents began to suspect that Buffalo Bayou water was secretly being used to supplement the drinking water supply, calling their tap water “tar water.” It wasn’t until 1906 when the City of Houston began to restore resident’s confidence in their water supplies, by drilling new wells instead of pumping Buffalo Bayou water.
After WWII, Houston city officials began to develop longer-range water solutions from surface water sources. In 1953, City engineers constructed a dam across the San Jacinto River to create Lake Houston. The City of Houston also holds a percentage of the water rights to Lake Livingston (constructed in 1969) and Lake Conroe (constructed in 1973).


Other company information
Certifications/quality standardsISO 9001:2008, Armenian licenses
Number of employees10-49
Annual turnover0.5-2 million €
Annual balance sheet total0.5-2 million €
Already engaged in international businessYes
Percentage of international business50 % or more
The company is specialized in engineering and consulting services in water sector projects. They are searching for Finnish partners for joint participation in water sector projects in Armenia and CIS countries.
Currently the company is especially interested in finding a Finnish partner that is involved in wastewater treatment technologies for the reduction of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in domestic wastewater of small communities.
The company’s Water and Sanitation sector projects related services include:
- Feasibility Studies
- Preliminary and Detailed Design Development
- Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
- Technical Supervision
- Capacity Building
Markets and customers
The customers so far have been water supply and wastewater companies as well as international financing organizations.


I. What is an infiltration basin?
An infiltration basin is a type of stormwater management system that is designed to capture and absorb rainwater runoff. It is typically a shallow depression in the ground that is filled with gravel, sand, or other porous materials that allow water to seep into the ground. Infiltration basins are commonly used in urban areas to help reduce flooding and erosion caused by stormwater runoff.
II. How do infiltration basins work?
Infiltration basins work by capturing rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces such as roofs, driveways, and sidewalks. The water is directed into the basin, where it is allowed to slowly infiltrate into the ground. This helps to recharge groundwater supplies and reduce the amount of water that flows into storm drains and waterways.
III. What are the benefits of using infiltration basins in gardening?
Using infiltration basins in gardening can provide a number of benefits. These include:
– Reducing flooding: By capturing and absorbing rainwater runoff, infiltration basins can help prevent flooding in your garden.
– Recharging groundwater: Infiltration basins allow water to seep into the ground, helping to recharge groundwater supplies.
– Improving soil quality: The water that infiltrates into the ground can help to improve soil quality by providing moisture and nutrients to plants.
– Reducing erosion: By capturing and absorbing rainwater runoff, infiltration basins can help reduce erosion in your garden.
IV. How to design and install an infiltration basin in your garden?
To design and install an infiltration basin in your garden, follow these steps:
1. Choose a location: Select a spot in your garden that is prone to flooding or erosion.
2. Dig a basin: Dig a shallow depression in the ground that is at least 6 inches deep.
3. Line the basin: Line the basin with a geotextile fabric to prevent soil from clogging the drainage system.
4. Fill the basin: Fill the basin with gravel, sand, or other porous materials that allow water to seep into the ground.
5. Direct runoff: Direct rainwater runoff from impervious surfaces into the basin using gutters or downspouts.
6. Monitor drainage: Check the drainage system regularly to ensure that water is infiltrating into the ground properly.
V. How to maintain an infiltration basin?
To maintain an infiltration basin in your garden, follow these tips:
– Remove debris: Regularly remove leaves, twigs, and other debris from the basin to prevent clogging.
– Check drainage: Monitor the drainage system to ensure that water is infiltrating into the ground properly.
– Inspect lining: Check the geotextile lining for signs of wear or damage and repair as needed.
– Add mulch: Add a layer of mulch to the basin to help retain moisture and prevent erosion.
– Monitor plant growth: Keep an eye on plant growth in and around the basin to ensure that they are not obstructing the drainage system.
VI. What are some tips for maximizing the effectiveness of infiltration basins in gardening?
To maximize the effectiveness of infiltration basins in gardening, consider the following tips:
– Size appropriately: Make sure that the basin is large enough to capture and absorb the amount of rainwater runoff in your garden.
– Use native plants: Plant native vegetation in and around the basin to help absorb excess water and prevent erosion.
– Incorporate a rain garden: Combine an infiltration basin with a rain garden to further enhance stormwater management in your garden.
– Consider overflow options: Install overflow outlets to prevent flooding in case the basin becomes overwhelmed during heavy rainfall.
– Regular maintenance: Keep the basin clean and well-maintained to ensure optimal performance and longevity.


Newsletter: System flushing happens this month
Published on March 09, 2022
Water mains are underground pipelines that distribute water to various users including residences, businesses and fire hydrants. Although the water entering the mains meets all state and federal standards, the pipelines must be regularly maintained to avoid deterioration of water quality.
Water main flushing is the process of cleaning or “scouring” the inside of the pipes by sending a high-velocity flow of water through the system. This is conducted by opening hydrants and releasing water at the speed of up to 5 feet per second to remove deposits built up inside the mains.
More: District News


According to the bank document, Project objectives are to upgrade the urban and rural water supply and sewage facilities and to enhance the economic efficiency of water resources and the effectiveness of water management system in Shengzhou through financing the construction of four water supply plants, three sewage treatment plants, associated pipelines and a smart water management center, thereby fostering socio-economic development of Shengzhou Municipality.
The Project has four components: (i) construction of water supply plants and pipelines;
(ii) construction of sewage treatment plants and pipelines;
(iii) smart water management center;
(iv) capacity building and project management.
The NDB loan through the modality of Sovereign Project Loan will be used by the People's Republic of China for on-lending to the People's Government of Shengzhou Municipality through the People's Government of Zhejiang Province.
The total cost of the Project is estimated to be RMB 1,868 billion. NDB will finance RMB 825 million, accounting for 44% of the total cost. The remaining balance will be financed by counterpart funds from Shengzhou Municipal Government and Shengzhou Water Group Co, and loans from domestic banks.
New Development Bank RMB 825 million (US$ 116 million)
Shengzhou Municipal Government RMB 100 million (US$ 14 million)
Shengzhou Water Group Co RMB 273 million (US$ 38.2 million)
Domestic Bank RMB 670 million (US$ 94 million)
The Project is estimated to be implemented over five years. People’s Government of Shengzhou Municipality will be the Project Implementation Agency. Contractors for the Project will be selected through a competitive and transparent bidding process.
*There is no further information being disclosed at this stage of the project*
For further information, comments or suggestions please reach out to us at email@example.com.


Fabtek’s AERT and AERCS Series deliver high-efficiency operation by combining the latest concepts in the hydraulic turbine pump design with precision computer-controlled manufacturing. This series brings together high discharge pressure of displacement designs with the flexible operation of centrifugal pumps.
The AERT and AERCS Series pumps deliver high-efficiency operation with increased quality and overall value. Costs are controlled by highly optimized pump designs and efficient manufacturing processes, thereby giving you top-of-the-line pumps at a reasonable price.
Should maintenance ever be required, costs are kept to a minimum by combining an easily serviceable design with the use of heavy-duty, high-quality components to provide a long service life.


A check valve on a sump pump is a one-way valve that allows water to flow in one direction, preventing it from flowing back into the sump pit. If the check valve is not functioning properly, it can cause the pump to run continuously or fail to pump water out of the pit effectively. Here are the steps for replacing a check valve on a sump pump:
- Shut off the power to the sump pump. This is an important safety step, as working on the pump while it is powered can be dangerous.
- Locate the check valve. The check valve is usually located near the outlet of the sump pump, between the pump and the discharge pipe.
- Disconnect the check valve. Depending on the type of check valve you have, you may need to loosen a clamp or unscrew a fitting to disconnect it from the pump and the discharge pipe.
- Remove the old check valve. Carefully pull the old check valve out of the discharge pipe and set it aside.
- Install the new check valve. Slide the new check valve into the discharge pipe and secure it in place according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Make sure the arrow on the check valve is pointing in the direction of water flow.
- Reconnect the check valve to the pump and discharge pipe. Tighten any fittings or clamps to secure the check valve in place.
- Test the sump pump. Fill the sump pit with water and turn on the pump to make sure it is working properly.
Replacing a check valve on a sump pump requires some basic plumbing skills and knowledge. If you are not comfortable with this type of work, it is recommended to hire a licensed plumber to handle the replacement.
Sump pumps usually last for years without any significant problems if given proper attention to it. When problems do occur, don’t panic. Sump pumps are relatively easy to repair. Most of the sump pump repairs can be done by yourself.
Let’s take a look at how to install or replace a check valve for your sump pump.
Installing a new sump pump check valve
To install a new valve, slide one flexible coupling over the pipe that connects to the pump and another over the pipe that connects to the drain. Insert the valve with the direction-of-flow arrow facing away from the pump. To reinstall a valve after reversing its direction of flow, slide the coupling over the pipe stubs on the valve and tighten the straps.
Adding a sump pump check valve
To add a check valve to a line that doesn’t have one, purchase a valve no smaller in diameter than the existing drain pipe and any required couplings or adapters. Use a hacksaw or pipe cutter to cut out a section of pipe to accommodate them. Deburr the cut edges with a metal file or utility knife.


Dams have been a part of man’s life for a very long time. Dams have been used to retain water in rivers for irrigation and to meet other domestic needs. More recently, dams have been used to drive industrial growth and to light homes due to additional energy needs. Due to rising numbers and increased industrialization, Africa has experienced a scarcity of resources. The African continent has seen an increase in the construction of massive dams to supply water more regularly and to generate hydroelectric power. Most dams are located along the Nile specifically in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is located in a mountainous region with plenty of rivers ideal for construction, earning the nickname Africa’s water tower. This article is a list of Africa’s biggest dams.
Biggest dams in Africa
- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
- Gilgel Gibe III Dam
- Kariba Dam
- Merowe Dam
- Katse Dam
- Aswan High Dam
- Cahora Basa Dam
- Inga Dams
- Tekeze Dam
- Akosombo Dam
- Kainji Dam
1. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
The dam is Ethiopia’s most massive project to date, costing about $6.4 billion, making the dam Africa’s largest dam generating a massive 6000MW of electricity. The dam is located on the Blue Nile and construction work began in 2011. The main dam makes use of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) which is a mixture of normal concrete and flies ash. The technology uses less water, making the mix drier and without any slump. It is delivered by truck and spread out by bulldozers before being compacted by vibratory rollers. The Dam will be the largest in Africa upon completion, about 1,800m long, 155m high and will have a total volume of 74,000 million cubic meters. The dam has a 15000 cubic meters per second spillway and a rockfill saddle dam that is 5km long and 50 meters high. The generating capacity of the dam will be from 16 Francis turbines located in 2 power stations situated on either bank of the river producing 15000GWh annually. The dam will also be capable of handling a flood of 19,370 cubic meters per second, reducing alluvium in Sudan by 100 million cubic meters, and also facilitating irrigation of around 500,000 ha of new agricultural lands. The dam will also reduce about 40km of flooding in Sudan.
2. Gibe III Dam
Our list of the biggest dams in Africa is not complete without mentioning this dam located across the Omo River in Ethiopia. The RCC dam is 243m high with an associated hydroelectric power plant. It will be the third-largest dam in Africa upon completion. It will have a power output of about 1870MW. The Gibe III dam is part of the Gibe Series of dams and there are plans for Gibe IV (1472MW) and Gibe V (560MW) dams.
3. Tekeze Dam
This dam is Africa’s tallest arch dam. It is a double curvature arch dam located on the border of the Amhara and Tigray region of Ethiopia. The dam is situated on the Tekeze River, a tributary of the Nile that flows through one of the world’s deepest canyons globally. The 188m Tekeze Dam is Africa’s largest double-curvature dam. The powerhouse contains four 75MW turbines generating 300MW of electricity.
4. Kariba Dam
The dam stands at 128 meters (420ft) and is 579m (1,900ft) long. The dam is the world’s biggest man-made reservoir. It forms Lake Kariba which extends for 280Km (170 mi) and holds 185 cubic kilometers of water. Plans to rehabilitate the dam began in 2014 after experts advised that it should be repaired after cracks appeared on its walls. The experts warned that Africa’s largest man-made lake would measure 226Km long and in some places is 40Km wide, would collapse if no action was taken to repair it. Rehabilitation works on the project include; reshaping of the plunge pool downstream of the dam wall, which started in 2017, and rehabilitation of the spillway. It consists of six gates in the upper part of the concrete dam wall through which the ZRA releases water into the plunge pool to manage the reservoir water levels. The Kariba dam rehabilitation project will ensure that the dam can operate at its full capacity to international standards and the installed power generation capacity of 1830 MW.
5. Merowe Dam
Downstream on the Nile less than a decade ago, Sudan completed the Merowe Dam which has a length of about 9Km and a crest of up to 67m. It consists of concrete-faced rockfill dams on each river bank. The planned generating capacity for the dam is 1250MW from 10 Francis turbines each with a capacity of 125MW.
6. Katse Dam
It is located in South Africa and was created to alleviate South Africa’s water crisis. The dam is a concrete arch dam on the Malibamat’so River in Lesotho. The dam is Africa’s second-largest double-curvature arch dam, after Tekeze Dam, and is part of the Lesotho Highland Water Project, which will eventually include five large dams in remote areas. The dam is below the confluence of the Bokong River, which forms the western arm of the Katse reservoir. Water from the dam travels through a 45Km, 4m diameter tunnel, exiting at a hydroelectric station near Muela. The high elevation of the dam allows a gravity floe delivery system to South Africa, in addition to hydroelectric power for Lesotho, and was one of the main reasons the site was chosen.
7. Aswan High Dam
It is located near its namesake city in Southern Egypt. The Aswan High Dam ranks as the continent’s second-largest dam. It is built across the Nile and is the largest embankment dam in the world. The dam produces 2,100MW of electricity and has a height of 11 meters and a length of 4Km. Powering twelve generators, each at a rate of 175MW, to produce 2,100MW.
8. Cahora Basa Dam
It is one of Zambezi River’s two major dams. The Cahora Bassa Dam is the largest hydropower plant in Southern Africa. Power is generated through five 415MW turbines for a combined capacity of 2,070MW. Most of the power generated from this dam is exported to South Africa through the Cahora Bassa high voltage direct current (HVDC) line system, with two conversion stations in Songo, Mozambique, and Apollo, South Africa.
9. Inga Dams
It is comprised of two single dams, Inga 1 (351MW) and Inga II (1424MW). Dams in the Democratic Republic of Congo currently operate at a combined capacity of 1,775MW. Built on Inga Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in the world, the hydroelectric dams currently work at merely half their potential capacity. Expansion of the dam has generated interest from nations and power companies in the pursuit of a Grand Inga project estimated to cost $80 billion which would make it the largest power station in the world with a capacity of up to 70 GW.
10. Akosombo Dam
It is located at Lake Volta, in Southeastern Ghana. The dam draws its hydropower from the world’s largest man-made lake with a surface area of 8,502 square Km. Initially, it was constructed to provide security for the country’s aluminum industry. The power plant currently has an installed capacity of 1020MW and provides electricity to Ghana, Togo, and Benin.
11. Kainji Dam
It is built on the Niger River in Nigeria, the Kainji Dam provides electricity to all of the west-African countries’ major cities. Despite the intention of designing a dam with an installed capacity of 960MW, only eight of the proposed twelve turbines have been installed, reducing the plant’s capacity to 760MW. The Kainji Dam has a length of 10Km and is one of the world’s longest dams.


Tender No. 2014-06 Railway Bypass Trunk Sewer awarded to Timbro Contracting (A Partnership) for $5,725,549.20. This price does not include taxes.
The City of Dawson Creek invites tenders for construction of a new sanitary sewer and syphon. The sanitary sewer will divert sewage flows from existing sewer systems directly to the treatment plant. The scope of the work comprises construction of approximately:
• 204 m of 250 mm dia.,
• 400 m of 300 mm dia.,
• 330 m of 375 mm dia.,
• 900 m of 450 mm dia., and
• 630 m of 600 mm dia.
In addition to:
• Construction of DR 35 PVC sanitary sewers complete with 29 manholes of various diameters,
• reconnection of existing sanitary services,
• construction of diversion and flushing chambers, and
• connection to the existing sewage lagoon.
Additionally there is approximately 2,470 meters of 600 mm dia. of HDPE syphon complete with nine cleanouts and one syphon drainage manhole. Within these works, approximately 2,930 meters of the gravity sanitary sewer and syphon is constructed on Canadian National (CN) lands complete with two railway crossings requiring jacking pits and carrier pipe crossings of approximately 40 and 60 meters in length respectively. The works include pipeline testing, asphalt, boulevard restoration and associated appurtenances.
The City’s scheduled date for substantial completion is October 1, 2014. All prices shall be good for the completion of the work.
An optional tenderer’s site meeting will be held on March 19, 2014 at 1:00 pm local time at Dawson Creek City Hall, 10105 – 12A Street, Dawson Creek, BC.
Sealed bids clearly marked “City of Dawson Creek – Railway Bypass Trunk Sewer”, will be received prior to April 2, 2014 at 2:00 p.m., local time, at the following address and location:
City of Dawson Creek
10105 – 12A Street
Dawson Creek, BC V1G 3V7
Attention: Shawn Dahlen, Deputy Director of Infrastructure & Sustainable Development
Tender forms, plans and specifications are available electronically on MERX at www.merx.com