Roots are those underground portions of a plant that store food, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and anchor the plant in the earth.
Roots account for more than 80 per cent of plants’ biomass in ecosystems such as tundra and short grass prairies. In many plants, roots are longer and spread wider than the shoots. The extensive root systems of plants are effective collectors of water and minerals necessary for the life of the plant.
Root Cap and Quiescent Center
The root’s structure facilitates each of its functions. Tips of roots are covered by a thimble-shaped root cap. At the base of the root, the cap is a meristem that produces cells that form the cap.
The meristem pushes cells forward into the cap, which protects the tip of the growing root as it forces its way through the soil. As these cells move through the cap, they differentiate into rows of columella cells. Columella cells contain plastids that sediment, in response to gravity, to the lower side of the cell. This sedimentation is how roots perceive gravity.
Surrounding the outside of the root cap are peripheral cells. Peripheral cells produce and secrete large amounts of a slimy, water-soluble substance called mucigel. Mucigel has several important functions.
It protects roots from desiccation and contains compounds that diffuse into the soil and inhibit the growth of other roots. Mucigel also lubricates roots as they force their way between soil particles. Soil particles cling to mucigel, thus increasing the root’s contact with the soil, which helps roots absorb water.
Just behind the root cap is the quiescent centre, which is made up of five hundred to one thousand seemingly inactive cells. Cells of the quiescent centre divide only about once every twenty days, while those of the adjacent meristem divide as often as twice per day.
Cells of the quiescent centre become active when the tip of the root is damaged. When this occurs, the quiescent cells divide rapidly to form cells to repair the damaged root tip. The quiescent centre also organizes the patterns of primary growth in roots.
The subapical region of roots consists of three zones: the zone of cellular division, the zone of cellular elongation, and the zone of cellular maturation.
These regions of the root intergrade and are not sharply defined. The zone of cellular division surrounds the quiescent centre and is a dome-shaped meristem 0.5 to 1.5 millimetres behind the root tip.
Thus, the meristem of a root is subterminal and is made of small, multisided cells. Meristematic cells divide between one and two times per day. In some plants, the meristem produces almost twenty thousand new cells per day. The rate of these divisions is influenced by hormones such as ethylene.
The zone of cellular elongation is 4 to 15 millimetres behind the root tip. Cells in this zone elongate rapidly by filling their vacuoles with water. As a result, the elongating zone is easily distinguished from the root cap and zone of cellular division by its long, vacuolate cells.
Cellular elongation in the elongating zone pushes the root cap and apical meristem through the soil as fast as 2 to 4 centimetres per day. Cellular elongation is typically inhibited by the hormone auxin and stimulated by low concentrations of ethylene.
Cells behind the elongating zone do not elongate. Elongation begins the process of cellular differentiation, or specialization. Differentiation is completed in the zone of cellular maturation, which is 1 to 5 centimetres behind the root tip. The maturation zone is distinguished by the presence of numerous root hairs—as many as forty thousand per square centimetre.
Root hairs increase the surface area of the root by a factor of several thousand and are usually less than 1 millimetre long. They live only a few days and form only in the mature, elongating region of the root. Because root hairs are fragile extensions of epidermal cells, they usually break off when plants are transplanted.
All mature tissues of roots from behind the zone of cellular maturation. The root is surrounded by an epidermis, which is usually only one cell thick. Epidermal cells usually lack a cuticle. The epidermis covers all of the root except the root cap and typically has no openings.
Immediately inside the epidermis is the cortex. The cortex occupies most of a root’s volume and consists of three concentric layers: the hypodermis, storage parenchyma cells, and the endodermis. The hypodermis is a waxy, protective layer that slows outward movement of water. Thus, the hypodermis helps roots retain water and nutrients that have been absorbed.
Most of the cortex consists of thin-walled parenchyma cells that store carbohydrates. These cells are separated by large intercellular spaces occupying as much as 30 per cent of the root’s volume. The innermost layer of the cortex is the endodermis.
Unlike other cortical cells, endodermal cells are packed tightly together and lack intercellular spaces. Their radial and transverse walls, furthermore, are impregnated with a Casparian strip of lignin and suberin.
If endodermal cells are compared to bricks in a brick wall, then the Casparian strip is analogous to the mortar surrounding each brick. The Casparian strip prevents inward movement of water and nutrients through the cell wall and intercellular spaces. The endodermis functions somewhat like a valve that regulates the movement of nutrients.
Collectively, the tissues inside the cortex are called the stele, which consists of the pericycle, vascular tissues, and sometimes a pith. The pericycle is the outermost layer of the stele and is a meristematic layer of cells one to several cells thick; it produces secondary, or lateral, roots.
Inside the pericycle is the root’s vascular tissue, which consists of xylem and phloem. Vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant and differentiate in response to auxin, a plant hormone, coming from the shoot.
Roots of most dicotyledons (dicots) and gymnosperms have a lobed, solid core of primary xylem in the centre of the root. Roots of monocots and a few dicots have a ring of vascular tissue that surrounds a pith.
Bundles of primary phloem differentiate between lobes of xylem. In dicots and gymnosperms, a vascular cambium later forms between the xylem and phloem and produces secondary growth that thickens the root.
Types of Root Systems
|Types of root systems|
Different kinds of plants often have different kinds of root systems. Most gymnosperms and dicots have a taproot system consisting of a large primary root and smaller branch roots. In plants such as the carrot, fleshy taproots store large amounts of carbohydrates. Not all taproots store food.
Long taproots of plants such as poison ivy and mesquite are modified for reaching water deep in the ground rather than storing food. Many plants have very long taproots. Engineers digging a mine in the southeastern United States uncovered the taproot of a mesquite tree more than 50 meters down.
Most monocots such as corn and other grasses have a fibrous root system that consists of an extensive mass of similarly sized roots. Most of these roots are adventitious roots, which form on organs other than roots themselves.
Fibrous roots of some plants are edible—for example, sweet potatoes are fleshy parts of fibrous root systems of Ipomoea (morning glory) plants. Plants with fibrous root systems reduce erosion because their root systems are extensive and cling tightly to soil particles.
Adventitious roots are common in ferns, club mosses, and horsetails. In plants such as tree ferns, adventitious roots form in stems, grow down through the cortex, and finally emerge at the base of the stem.
Adventitious roots are a primary means of asexual reproduction in many plants. For example, prairie grasses and forests of quaking aspen trees are often derived from a single individual propagated by adventitious roots.
Humans use adventitious roots to propagate plants such as raspberries, apples, and brussels sprouts. Formation of adventitious roots is controlled by hormones such as auxin, which is often an ingredient in “rooting” compounds sold commercially.
The structure of a root relates directly to its four primary functions: absorption, anchorage, conduction, and storage. For example, most water and nutrients are absorbed by root hairs in the zone of maturation of the root.
The water thereafter moves through the root either inside cells or in spaces between cells. Water seeping between cells finally encounters the endodermis, which is the primary barrier to absorption.
The Casparian strip in the endodermis ensures that water and nutrients enter the stele via the plasmodesmata (narrow strands of cytoplasm that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells). Most nutrients are absorbed and accumulate in the apical 0.3 to 0.5 meter of the root.
Few nutrients are absorbed past a few centimetres beyond the root tip because these parts of the root lack root hairs and have a waxy endodermis.
These non-absorptive regions of roots anchor plants and may later produce branch roots. Water and dissolved nutrients absorbed by roots move to the shoot in xylem. Roots receive nutrients from the shoot via the phloem. These nutrients either are used for growth or are stored in cortical cells for future use.
Roots of many plants are modified for special functions. For example, roots of plants such as beets, radishes, dandelions, and cassava store large amounts of starch. Sweet potato roots store carbohydrates as sugars. Roots of other plants are used for asexual reproduction.
Roots of cherry, apple, and teak possess adventitious buds that form shoots called suckers. When separated from the parent plant, suckers become new individuals. Adventitious buds are a common means of propagating many other plants.
For example, most groups of creosote bushes are clones derived from a single plant. Some of these clones are more than twelve thousand years old—meaning that the first seed germinated approximately four thousand years before humans began writing.
The roots of many plants minimize competition for water and nutrients by growing in different parts of the soil. For example, mesquite trees growing in deserts often have tap roots more than 20 meters long that obtain water from the underground water table.
Nearby cacti, however, survive in the same environment by producing a shallow root system that spreads as far as 30 meters. Cactus roots do not reach the water table; rather, they quickly absorb water after the infrequent and often heavy rains that occur in the desert.
Roots can protect the plant from other organisms. Most root defences against soil pathogens are chemical rather than structural. Roots often secrete noxious chemicals that inhibit the growth of pathogens and other organisms, including other plants, in some cases.
Prop roots are aerial roots that grow into the soil. They are common in plants such as corn and banyan trees. Banyan trees produce thousands of prop roots that grow down from horizontally oriented stems and form pillar-like supports.
The growth and distribution of roots are controlled by several environmental factors. For example, the short days and cooler temperatures of winter typically cause roots to become inactive.
Microbes living in the soil also affect how roots grow. Most microbes in soil live within 10 micrometres of the root and secrete compounds that significantly affect growth and distribution of roots. These compounds can affect the anatomy, morphology, a number of root hairs, and branching patterns of root systems.
Microbes also affect how plants absorb and transport minerals from the soil. Plants growing in sterile soil absorb fewer minerals than those growing in soil containing microbes. Beneficial fungi called mycorrhizae live in and on roots of almost all plants in a form of mutualism, meaning that both the plant and the fungus benefit from the association.
The mycorrhizae absorb nutrients from the environment, while the host plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and other organic substances. Plants with mycorrhizae tolerate drought and other types of stress better than uninfected plants.
Roots of legumes such as beans are often infected with Rhizobium (from rhiza, the Greek word for “root”), a genus of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Swellings in response to these infections are called nodules. Bacteria receive carbohydrates and other substances from the host, while the host plants receive large amounts of usable nitrogen from the bacteria.
Many organisms compete with roots to collect nutrients and water in the soil. For example, 1 gram of fertile soil contains approximately 109bacteria, 106 actinomycetes (a group of fungi-like bacteria), 105 fungi, and 103 algae.
Plants have evolved several different strategies for competing with these organisms. One is to produce an extensive root system consisting of many roots that permeate the soil. Most roots grow in the upper 3 meters of soil, however, where nutrients are most abundant.
The narrow zone of soil surrounding a root and subject to its influence is called the rhizosphere. Roots modify the rhizosphere by secreting organic matter, compressing the soil, and absorbing nutrients. As a result of these effects, the rhizosphere is significantly different from bulk soil. It usually contains large amounts of energy-rich molecules. These molecules are eaten by fungi and bacteria.
Roots tend to grow best in moist, loosely packed soil. Roots of many plants grow two to four times faster in loose, sandy soil than in tightly packed clay. The slow growth of roots in poorly aerated soil is probably caused by the accumulation of ethylene, a plant hormone that slows root growth.
Roots of plants that grow in wet areas are usually small and modified for gas exchange. They possess small amounts of xylem, lack root hairs, and contain large intercellular spaces, thereby improving ventilation.
Roots of aquatic plants are also modified for gas exchange. For example, the black mangrove produces specialized roots called pneumatophores, which grow up into the air, where they function like snorkels through which oxygen diffuses to submerged roots.
Epiphytes, including some bromeliads and orchids, are plants that grow on other plants but are not parasites. Adaptations among these “air plants” include a thickened root epidermis which protects the cortex and retards water loss.
The “flower pot plant” (Dischidia rafflesiana) grows a “pot” that collects water and debris; the plant’s aerial roots grow into the pot, where they can absorb the minerals collected there.
Roots of plants that grow in dry areas are often extensive and modified for rapid transport of water. They contain large amounts of xylem, which allows them to move water rapidly to the shoot after rainfall.
Plants such as witchweed and broomrape use their roots to parasitize other plants. Witchweed is a red-flowered plant that infects grains such as corn and sorghum; it is the second leading cause of cereal famine in Africa.


How to Attract Butterflies to Your Garden
Earn your wings
At the height of summer, Nina and Ron Koziol’s 1-acre garden near Chicago is the O’Hare Airport of butterflies. Majestic monarchs taxi on runways of zinnias, Pentas, milkweed and asters. Super-size swallowtails circle fragrant purple butterfly bush blossoms. Smaller fliers like tortoiseshells, commas, sulphurs, checkerspots and crescents make repeated touch-and-go landings amid beds, borders and containers.
To attract all the air traffic, Nina relies on blue and violet blooms—natural magnets for pollinators like butterflies that feed on flower nectar. Because most perennials bloom for only a month or so, she plants annuals in beds and pots to ensure color all summer. She also grows species-specific plants for female butterflies to lay their eggs on. The leaves provide food for the larvae that hatch and form chrysalides before morphing into butterflies. Nina says, “Part of the joy of creating a butterfly garden is knowing that we’re helping future populations to thrive.”
Click ahead to learn more about Nina's and Ron's tips for growing a butterfly-friendly garden. Pictured: A great spangled fritillary fills up on nectar from tall verbena in Nina and Ron's suburban Chicago garden.
Up-size a bed
Butterflies zero in on large beds. This one includes ‘Northwind’ switchgrass, fountain grass and annual flowers.
Grow big blooms
Many butterflies live only a week or two, so help them make the most of their days. Plants with large, single daisy-type blossoms, such as black-eyed Susans and Mexican sunflowers, let butterflies gather nectar in one spot, which saves them time and energy. Pictured: Cosmos.
Back up perennials with potted annuals like red fountain grass, salvia, ‘Stripe Me Pink’ boat lily and ‘Blackie’ sweet potato vine.
Create a butterfly nursery by growing favorite food plants for young larvae. Dill (pictured), fennel and parsley are good host plants for caterpillars that will become eastern black swallowtails.
Offer free refills
A hummingbird stops by for sugar water. Butterflies need liquid, too, so provide a shallow dish of wet sand where they can get salt and nutrients not found in nectar.
Keep an eye out for butterflies-to-be. Chrysalides hide on outdoor structures, pots and chairs. And be prudent with pesticides. Many products kill all kinds of caterpillars, destructive or not. (Pictured: Monarch on tropical milkweed.)
Butterfly gardens attract the birds and bees, too. 'Fireworks' rough goldenrod and tall grasses surround a bluebird house.
Enjoy the show
Set aside a special spot in your backyard where you can sit and watch the butterflies come and go. This patio seating area gives close-up views of the aerial action.


Cover Crops in a Changing Climate: Can Mixtures Reduce Water Stress? Publique Deposited
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Climate change models predict more extreme rain events and drought to occur in different areas of the mid-latitude region. Farmers and researchers have been looking for solutions to reduce negative impacts of these precipitation changes. Cover cropping is a promising practice as it minimizes erosion in extreme rain events and conserves water in drought years if used as mulch for the following crop. To adapt to climate change and achieve production goals at the same time, growing multispecies of cover crops is a potential approach as different species provide complementary ecosystem services. Despite a large volume of research on how cover crops support agriculture in a changing climate, understanding is limited of how climate change influences the growth of cover crops. I investigated the early development of two common cover crop species – crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) – in response to water stress, and evaluated if a cover crop mixture is capable of ameliorating water stress. I hypothesized that rye and crimson clover grown in the mixture would have a better performance than those grown in monocultures. To examine the influence of water stress and diversity on plant growth, a one-month experiment was conducted, where the two factors were fully crossed in randomized blocks. To determine plant growth, I recorded survival and growth rate throughout the experiment; at the conclusion of the experiment, I collected total biomass and generated root traits using RhizoVision Explorer program. I found that water stress negatively influenced the growth of cover crops, and the impacts varied among species: crimson clover showed to be susceptible to drought, and rye performed poorly under waterlogging. In the face of these stresses, growing in mixtures showed potential to ameliorate water stress via sampling effect and niche complementarity.
MLA citation style. 2022. https://dickinson.hykucommons.org/concern/etds/cd2930e9-3f19-42d1-aa1f-8f1c237e5529?locale=fr Cover Crops In a Changing Climate: Can Mixtures Reduce Water Stress?.
APA citation style(2022). Cover Crops in a Changing Climate: Can Mixtures Reduce Water Stress?. https://dickinson.hykucommons.org/concern/etds/cd2930e9-3f19-42d1-aa1f-8f1c237e5529?locale=fr
Chicago citation styleCover Crops In a Changing Climate: Can Mixtures Reduce Water Stress?. 2022. https://dickinson.hykucommons.org/concern/etds/cd2930e9-3f19-42d1-aa1f-8f1c237e5529?locale=fr
Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.
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In people with bleeding disorders, the blood clotting process doesn’t work properly. As a result, people with bleeding disorders can bleed for longer than normal, and some may experience spontaneous bleeding into joints, muscles, or other parts of their bodies.
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people. People with hemophilia do not have enough clotting factor VIII or IX in their blood. As a result, they can bleed for longer than normal.
The most common bleeding disorder is von Willebrand disease (VWD). It is generally less severe than other bleeding disorders. Many people with VWD may not know that they have the disorder because their bleeding symptoms are very mild.
Rare clotting factor deficiencies are disorders in which one of several clotting factors is missing or not working properly. Less is known about these disorders because they are diagnosed so rarely. In fact, many have only been discovered in the last 40 years.
Finally, inherited platelet disorders are conditions in which platelets don’t work the way they should, resulting in a tendency to bleed or bruise.
What is hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a bleeding problem. People with hemophilia do not bleed any faster than normal, but they can bleed for a longer time. Their blood does not have enough clotting factor. Clotting factor is a protein in blood that controls bleeding.
Hemophilia is quite rare. About 1 in 10,000 people are born with it.
Types of hemophilia
The most common type of hemophilia is called hemophilia A. This means the person does not have enough clotting factor VIII (factor eight).
Hemophilia B is less common. A person with hemophilia B does not have enough factor IX (factor nine). The result is the same for people with hemophilia A and B; that is, they bleed for a longer time than normal.
How do you get hemophilia?
People are born with hemophilia. They cannot catch it from someone like a cold.
Hemophilia is usually inherited, meaning that it is passed on through a parent’s genes. Genes carry messages about the way the body’s cells will develop as a baby grows into an adult. They determine a person’s hair and eye colour, for example.
Sometimes hemophilia can occur when there is no family history of it. This is called sporadichemophilia. About 30% of people with hemophilia did not get it through their parent’s genes. It was caused by a change in the person’s own genes.
In rare cases, a person can develop hemophilia later in life. The majority of cases involve middle-aged or elderly people, or young women who have recently given birth or are in the later stages of pregnancy. This condition often resolves with appropriate treatment.
Severity of hemophilia
The severity describes how serious a problem is. The level of severity depends on the amount of clotting factor that is missing from a person’s blood.
Percentage of normal factor activity in blood
Number of international units (IU) per millilitre (ml) of whole blood
less than 1%
less than 0.01 IU
Symptoms and diagnosis
The signs of hemophilia A and B are the same:
Bleeding into muscles and joints
Spontaneous bleeding (sudden bleeding inside the body for no clear reason)
Prolonged bleeding after getting a cut, removing a tooth, or having surgery.
Bleeding for a long time after an accident, especially after an injury to the head.
The Q2 Plus Meter from MicroPoint Technologies allows the doctor to perform a simple APTT test with a finger prick.The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)is used as a general screening test for the detection of coagulation abnormalities in the intrinsic pathway. The APTTis sensitive to deficiencies or abnormalities of factors VIII,IX,XI,XII,X and II,prekallikrein,high molecular weight kininogen(HMWK),and fibrinogen. If the patient is suffering from Hemophilia disorder the APTT results are higher than normal thus helping the Health Care Provider with instant information with APTT screening results. The abnormal results however can further be confirmed by performing a Lab investigation specific for any deficiency including Factor VIII or IX.
The q2 Plus is available for Professional Point of Care Testing for screening of Hemophilia (Baseline APTT Test Result) with instant results. The q2 Plus docks with e-Station for easy data uploading and hard copy printouts. The devise is also equipped with inbuilt barcode scanning for Patient ID or Test Barcode info capture.
This product is exclusively marketed by Operon Biotech & Health Care headquarted At Bangalore in India.
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With the onset of colder temperatures, the prevalence and transmission of infection and disease increases. This is not only true for humans (have you gotten your flu shot yet?) but for dogs as well. Kennel cough has gotten its name for being contracted mostly kennels and dog runs, where dogs are kept in high numbers and closed quarters. This is also why if you ever have, or ever will consider boarding your dog in a kennel, most reputable dog boarding companies will make this an absolute requirement (in addition to being up-to-date on all core vaccines such as DHPP and rabies) before taking them on. Just around the corner from us at Bickford Park, kennel cough has been making its way around. In this blog post you’ll learn about the origin of the kennel cough, what to look for if your dog has it, what and where to avoid, and how to best prevent your dog from this infection.
Kennel cough is an upper respiratory infection, that can originate from a variety of sources, such as the canine distemper and canine adenosine virus or more commonly from the Bordetella bacteria. Luckily, if your dog is current on their vaccination schedule (don’t hesitate to call your vet clinic and confirm this!), the DHPP vaccine protects your dog from the viral strain of kennel cough. This is why most kennel coughs originate from the bacteria Bordetella, because DHPP does not protect against this.
So how can your dog contract kennel cough? It is a highly contagious disease that is transmitted through sneezing or coughing, as well as coming into contact with contaminated surfaces. Even after dogs stop showing symptoms of kennel cough (more on that later), the virus/bacteria can still be actively infective to other dogs.
The symptoms you should be on the lookout for in your dog (and other dogs, so as to avoid any contact with them) include a hacking cough, retching, sneezing, snorting, gagging and occasionally vomiting. These symptoms take about two days to appear once contaminated and can persist for up to 20 days. Kennel cough is not to be taken lightly! However rare, kennel cough can progress into a lower respiratory infection and, on occasion, can be fatal.
While vaccination against kennel cough (the DHPP vaccine, which is a core vaccine, and the Bordetella injectable or intranasal vaccine) can reduce the chance of your dog contracting this infection, like the human flu shot, it is not a foolproof plan; dogs can still contract strains of kennel cough different from the one they have been vaccinated against. The most critical component of maintaining animal health in veterinary medicine is practicing preventative medicine and husbandry; this includes taking all precautions and erring on the side of caution. Ask your vet if the Bordetella vaccination is right for your dog!


In 2016, Koray proposed five major elements of plant lights, and in 2019, the element of intelligent control was added. The following article is for reference.
not a single one can be omitted
What is a good grow light? There are six elements you need to know.
It has a definite good effect on plants.
- High-efficiency and energy-saving
High-efficiency PPE and higher photosynthetic light quantum density PPFD at the same power
- Safe and reliable
In line with the safety requirements of various countries in the world
- Long life
Using long-life components, can withstand scrutiny and truly achieve long life
- Friendly to the human body
Sometimes it is necessary to work in a plant growth environment, so human perception is also very important. No harm to the human body, no stroboscopic eye protection
- Intelligent control
Intelligent control of illumination and spectrum
The most important include two points, a good spectrum, suitable or higher, and uniform lighting PPFD:
Spectrum: Light recipes for plants, each grow light manufacturer, claims its spectrum is the most effective. The difference in planting effect between a good spectrum and a not-so-good spectrum (at least 660nm of extreme red light) is less than 10%. There is no most effective spectrum, the spectrum is good or bad, depending on what you need.
If you grow vegetables with a good taste, then you can add some UV purple light. If you need a shift in the flowering cycle, you may need to add some far-red FR730. A good spectrum should be adjustable, which should contain multiple adjustable channels, UV channel, blue and white light channel, red light channel, and far-red light channel. In this way, we can adjust the spectrum reasonably according to the variety of plants and different stages of plant cultivation. Of course, adjusting the spectrum is a little bit difficult.
Only the spectrum that can be adjusted can be an effective spectrum
PPFD: In fact, PPFD is the most important data in the plant lamp. It is more important than the spectrum. Only the right PPFD can have a good harvest. Generally, indoor planting is related to light, that is, insufficient light, which can be insufficient power. With higher PPFD, the light can be reduced by dimming, while low-light products can no longer increase the illumination.
Generally speaking, the average PPFD of leafy vegetables needs 250umol/m2/s, and the tomato seedling stage needs 150umol/m2/s. The vegetative growth period requires 400-600umol/m2/s, and the flowering and blooming harvest periods require 600-1200umol/m2/s light. We can add additional carbon dioxide during the growing period and flowering period of tomatoes. The growth stages of cucumbers and peppers are basically the same as those of tomatoes. Adding carbon dioxide can also increase production.
Lighting uniformity: It can also be said that the higher the uniformity of PPFD, the better. The uniformity is related to the hanging height. The higher the hanging height, the more uniform the light will be. But the light loss will also increase with it.
2. High efficiency and energy saving
The effect of LED plant lights should reach 2.7umol/J, but almost all plant lights claim to be above 2.7umol/J, which requires us to analyze and identify them well. Generally, the plant lights of big brands will be more reliable. If it is not a brand, we need to know the brand of the LED lamp beads used (preferably with a specific model) and the number of lamp beads, which can also help identify the credibility of the light effect. Generally speaking, using the same lamp bead model, the more the number of lamp beads, the higher the efficiency.
3. Safe and reliable
Safety should be the priority, and lamps and lanterns should meet the safety requirements of various countries in the world. In addition to meeting safety requirements, it also needs to be reliable. Guaranteeing long-term work requires the strong reliability of plant lights. Lamps also heat up, and temperature rise is also an important indicator. If the temperature is too high, it will seriously affect the life of the plant lamp. Heat dissipation capacity is also an important indicator of plant lights.
4. Long life
As mentioned above, a low-temperature rise is a way to ensure long life. Use great quality components, especially the power supply, which is relatively easy to damage. You can try to use LED grow lights with brand power supplies. The lamp beads can also use international brands, such as products using Osram, Cree, Samsung, and other brand lamp beads.
5. Luminous and comfortable
It has nothing to do with plants, but the planting environment may also be the environment for our temporary works. Here, light that is friendly to the human body is also needed. Under this kind of light, we can also see the growth of plants clearly and detect diseases and insect pests in time. As for plant growing areas with UV lamps, we need to turn off the UV lamps before entering the plant growing area.
6. Intelligent control
Intelligent control of lighting and spectrum. According to the different growth stages of different plants and different planting requirements to control the lighting time, light gradient conversion, spectral gradient conversion, etc.


2022 Fall Forum
October 14 @ 7:00 PM – 8:30 PM
“THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE BIRDS”
Dr. Pamela Hunt – Senior Biologist for Avian Conservation
Which birds are doing well, which are not..and how we can help
7:00 p.m. – 8:30 p.m.
(doors open at 6:30)
Grantham Town Hall
300 Rt. 10S, Grantham NH 03753
(this hybrid event will also be available online. Please check back in mid-September to register for the online option.)
Pam Hunt has been interested in birds since the tender age of 12, when an uncle took her to Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge in NJ. She went on to earn a B.S. in biology from Cornell University, M.A. in zoology from the University of Montana, and a Ph.D. from Dartmouth College in 1995. Pam came to NH Audubon in 2000 after five years as adjunct faculty at Colby-Sawyer College in New London. In her current position as Avian Conservation Biologist, she works closely with NH Fish and Game to coordinate and prioritize bird research and monitoring in the state, and also authored NH’s “State of the Birds” report. Specific areas of interest include habitat use by early successional birds (particularly whip-poor-wills), conservation of aerial insectivores (e.g., swifts and swallows), and the effects of events outside the breeding season on long-distance migrants. Pam also coordinated the “NH Dragonfly Survey,” a five-year project that mapped distributions of these insects throughout the state, and remains active in the dragonfly field.


Achilles tendon rupture is an injury that affects the back of your lower leg. It most commonly occurs in people playing recreational sports. The Achilles tendon is a strong fibrous cord that connects the muscles in the back of your calf to your heel bone. If you overstretch your Achilles tendon, it can tear (rupture). The tendon can rupture completely or just partially. If you have an Achilles tendon rupture, you might feel a pop or snap, followed by an immediate sharp pain in the back of your ankle and lower leg that usually affects your ability to walk properly. Surgery is often the best treatment option to repair an Achilles tendon rupture. For many people, however, nonsurgical treatment works just as well.
Causes of and contributors to Achilles tendon rupture include trauma (caused by injury, usually an acceleration injury such as pushing off or jumping up). Preceding tendon problems. Chronic Achilles tendonitis (can lead to small tears within the tendon, increasingly weakening it). Certain drug therapies/treatments. Drugs that have been linked to Achilles tendon rupture include. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics - after nearly 900 reports of tendon ruptures, tendonitis and other tendon disorders (most associated with the Achilles tendon) linked to Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) alone were collected in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)s database, at least one public-interest group petitioned the FDA to recommend that a "Black Box Warning" be added to Cipro's packaging. Some researchers speculate this class of antibiotics is toxic to tendon fibers, and that in some cases may reduce their blood supply. Patients should at least be more aware of the potential for ruptures so that they can be switched to other antibiotics at the onset of early warning signals such as tendon pain.
Typically patients present with sudden onset of pain and swelling in the achilles region, often accompanied by a audible snap during forceful dorsiflexion of the foot. A classic example is that of an unfit 'weekend warrior' playing squash. If complete a defect may be felt and the patient will have only minimal plantar flexion against resistance.
A physician usually can make this diagnosis with a good physical examination and history. X-rays usually are not taken. A simple test of squeezing the calf muscles while lying on your stomach should indicate if the tendon is still connected (the foot should point). This test isolates the connection between the calf muscle and tendon and eliminates other tendons that may still allow weak movement. A word of caution, Achilles tendon rupture is often misdiagnosed as a strain or minor tendon injury. Swelling and the continuing ability to weakly point your toes can confuse the diagnosis. Ultrasound and MRI are tests that can assist in difficult diagnosis. Depending on the degree of injury, these tests can also assist in determining which treatment may be best.
Non Surgical Treatment
Achilles tendon ruptures can be treated non-operatively or operatively. Both of these treatment approaches have advantages and disadvantages. In general, younger patients with no medical problems may tend to do better with operative treatment, whereas patients with significant medical problems or older age may be best served with non-operative treatment. However, the decision of how the Achilles tendon rupture is treated should be based on each individual patient after the advantages and disadvantages of both treatment options are reviewed. It is important to realize that while Achilles tendon ruptures can be treated either non-operatively or operatively, they must be treated. A neglected Achilles tendon rupture (i.e. one where the tendon ends are not kept opposed) will lead to marked problems of the leg in walking, which may eventually lead to other limb and joint problems. Furthermore, late reconstruction of non-treated Achilles tendon rupture is significantly more complex than timely treatment.
Operative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures involves opening the skin and identifying the torn tendon. This is then sutured together to create a stable construct. This can be performed through a standard Achilles tendon repair technique or through a mini-incision technique (to read about the different types of techniques, look under Procedure in Achilles Tendon Repair). By suturing the torn tendon ends together, they maintain continuity and can be mobilized more quickly. However, it is critical to understand that the return to normal activities must wait until adequate healing of the tendon has occurred. The potential advantages of an open repair of the Achilles tendon include, faster recovery, this means that patients will lose less strength. Early Range of Motion. They are able to move the ankle earlier so it is easier to regain motion. Lower Re-rupture Rate. The re-rupture rate may be significantly lower in operatively treated patients (2-5%) compared to patients treated non-operatively (8-15%). The main disadvantage of an open repair of the Achilles tendon rupture is the potential for a wound-healing problem which could lead to a deep infection that is difficult to eradicate, or a painful scar.
To help reduce your chance of getting Achilles tendon rupture, take the following steps. Do warm-up exercises before an activity and cool down exercises after an activity. Wear proper footwear. Maintain a healthy weight. Rest if you feel pain during an activity. Change your routine. Switch between high-impact activities and low-impact activities. Strengthen your calf muscle with exercises.


Rosuvastatin Aspirin Clopidogrel capsules are a combination medication used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people who have a history of heart disease or who are at risk for developing heart disease.
Rosuvastatin is a medication from the class of statins, which works by lowering cholesterol levels in the blood. Aspirin and clopidogrel are both antiplatelet medications, which work by preventing blood clots from forming.
The combination of these medications helps to prevent blood clots and reduce inflammation, which can help reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.
The dosage and frequency of this medication will depend on the individual’s age, weight, and medical history. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when taking this medication, and to report any side effects or adverse reactions.
Common side effects of this medication may include stomach upset, headache, and dizziness. More serious side effects may include bleeding or bruising, and it is important to seek medical attention if these occur.
As with all medications, it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting this medication, as it can interact with certain medications, including blood thinners, and increase the risk of bleeding.


| Product Details – Everything you need to know about our products |
|Creeping Wire Vine|
Creeping Wire Vine (Muehlenbeckia axillaris)
A low creeping evergreen groundcover, this forms a spreading mat of wiry stems, clothed in tiny rounded leaves with a glossy green finish. Fall and winter colour is an attractive bronze green. Insignificant green flowers become black-seeded white berries in late summer. Great for large areas and stabilizing slopes. Vigorous habit. Space at 4 to 6 plants per square yard. Plants may be mown once a year in the spring to encourage thicker growth. Good in combination with spring flowering bulbs. Tolerates fairly high foot traffic and dry conditions, once established. Zone 6-9.
You can find this item under Perennials and Ground Cover.
Subject to availability. Prices may vary.


Dr Nina Orfali joined the team at St James’s Hospital as a consultant haematologist in 2020.
Dr Orfali is a medical graduate of NUI Galway. After completing her internal medicine training between Galway University Hospital and the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, she branched into laboratory research, spending three years in laboratories at the Cork Cancer Research Centre and Weill Cornell University in New York. Dr Orfali was awarded a PhD from UCC for her work on the role of autophagy in leukaemic cell differentiation.
Dr Orfali trained as a haematology specialist here in Ireland and then returned to Cornell University in New York to undertake further specialist training in stem cell transplantation for two years. She returned to Dublin in 2020 to take up her position on the Adult Bone Marrow Transplant team.
MB BCh BAO MRCPI FRCPath PhD
Malignant myeloid disease including; acute myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative disorders. Stem cell transplantation and long-term survivorship post-transplant.
Dr Orfali’s research focuses on finding strategies to reduce relapse and strengthen the immune system after donor stem cell transplantation. She is also interested in the significance and prognostic impact of gene mutations in myeloid disease. She has published in these areas and maintains working collaborations with researchers at Cornell University in New York.
St James's Hospital


Each 100 gm contains: Flumequine 10 gm.
Flumequine is an anti-infective for the synthesis of quinolone, Which has a broader spectrum of activity than the parent compounds and are well distributed to tissues. They are bactericidal by inhibiting microbial DNA gyrase and are active against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella sp. ,and also against some Gram-positive micro-organisms and Mycoplasma spp. They are not active against obligate anaerobes. Flumequine is not particularly effective against streptococcal and enterococcal infections. For this reason, they tend to spare the normal gut flora of animals under treatment.
There is concern about the increasing resistance of certain bacteria to flumequine. These include some zoonotic organisms such as Salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. And E. coll. The resistance is often due to chromosomal mutations either in the Gyr A gene or in proteins in the bacterial cell membrane, which allow the drug to enter the bacterial cell. Resistance within a population of bacteria becomes evident whenever antibacterial drugs are heavily used due to selection pressure.
It is used for treatment of:
-Digestive intentions caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.
-Respiratory infections caused by Pasteurella multocida and haemolytica Manheimia.
DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION
Route of administration:
Orally via drinking water
For whole product:
3 gm Actflume / 50 kg b. wt in drinking water . morning and evening for 5 days.
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
-The use of quinolones should be based on susceptibility testing whenever possible and take into accent official and local policies on antibiotic use
-Do not use in case of hypersensitivity to quinolones.
– Do not combine with trimethoprim or sulfonamides.
Meat and offal: 2 days.
Store at temperature not exceeding 30c, in dry place.
Use after opening for 28 days when storage at temperature not exceeding 30c in dry place and use immediately after reconstitution
D B K for pharmaceutical industries (D B K pharma) for Lavie pharma.
Sale agent: Trooper pharma


In the realm of natural remedies for stress and anxiety, a budding contender has emerged: high THCA hemp flower. As the world searches for alternative solutions to combat the daily stresses of modern life, the science behind these flowers offers promising insights into their potential to promote serenity and well-being.
Understanding THCA: The Precursor to THC
THCA, or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, is a naturally occurring compound found in raw cannabis plants. Unlike THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), THCA is non-psychoactive, meaning it does not produce the intoxicating effects commonly associated with marijuana consumption. Instead, THCA must undergo a process called decarboxylation, typically through heat or aging, to convert into THC. This conversion occurs when cannabis is smoked, vaporized, or cooked, activating the compound’s psychoactive properties. Understanding the role of THCA as the precursor to THC is essential for exploring its therapeutic potential and effects on the body.
The Entourage Effect: Amplifying Serenity
The entourage effect refers to the synergistic interaction between different compounds found in cannabis, including cannabinoids like THC and CBD, as well as terpenes and other phytochemicals. Research suggests that these compounds work together to enhance the therapeutic effects of cannabis, amplifying its potential benefits for various conditions such as pain relief, inflammation reduction, and anxiety management. By harnessing the entourage effect, individuals can experience a more comprehensive and holistic approach to wellness through the use of THCA-rich cannabis products.
Balancing the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including mood, memory, appetite, and pain sensation. Cannabinoids like THCA interact with the ECS by binding to cannabinoid receptors located throughout the body, influencing the release of neurotransmitters and signaling molecules. By modulating the activity of the ECS, THCA may help restore balance and promote homeostasis within the body, potentially offering therapeutic relief for a wide range of conditions.
Nature’s Pharmacy: Harnessing the Power of Terpenes
Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis, that contribute to their distinctive flavors and aromas. In addition to their sensory qualities, terpenes also possess unique therapeutic properties that complement the effects of cannabinoids like THCA. For example, limonene may have anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects, while myrcene may promote relaxation and sedation. By incorporating terpenes into THCA-rich cannabis products, individuals can benefit from the synergistic interplay between these natural compounds, enhancing the overall therapeutic experience.
Finding Peace: Practical Applications and Considerations
As interest in THCA-rich cannabis products continues to grow, it’s essential to consider practical applications and potential considerations when incorporating them into your wellness routine. Whether you’re using THCA for pain management, anxiety relief, or general wellness, it’s important to start with low doses and gradually increase as needed to find the optimal therapeutic effect. Additionally, consulting with a healthcare professional or knowledgeable cannabis provider can help ensure safe and effective use, especially if you’re new to cannabis or have underlying medical conditions. By approaching THCA with mindfulness and intention, individuals can unlock its full potential as a natural remedy for promoting health and well-being.


Pōhutukawa is a native tree with the nickname of New Zealand Christmas Tree because it flowers like this around Christmas time.
photo © Jenny Mespel
Metrosideros excelsa (pōhutukawa, New Zealand pohutukawa, New Zealand Christmas tree) is a coastal evergreen tree in the myrtle family that produces a brilliant display of red flowers made up of a mass of stamens. The pōhutukawa is one of 12 Metrosideros species endemic to New Zealand. Renowned for its vibrant colour and its ability to survive even perched on rocky, precarious cliffs, it has found an important place in New Zealand culture for its strength and beauty and is regarded as a chiefly tree (rākau rangatira) by Māori. The blossom of the tree is called kahika.
Have a great day: merry Christmas!


What Do Skunks Look Like?
Skunks are large rodents, most closely related to badgers. As adults, they usually grow to be about the same size as the average house cat but can be differentiated by their distinctive color patterns. Skunks are usually covered in black fur, with two white stripes leading from the top of their heads to the end of their long, bushy tails. Their fur is usually shorter along the body and grows longer as it reaches their tail.
Are Skunks Dangerous?
Bites from skunks are relatively uncommon, as their first line of defense is to spray. Being sprayed by a skunk can be intensely irritating, as the stench is strong and difficult to remove. Their spray contains sulfur compounds, that if inhaled or comes in contact with the eye, can cause discomfort. Skunks are known to exhibit aggressive defensive behavior as a last resort when grabbed. It is not advised to try and move live skunks on your own. It is best to contact a wildlife professional for the job.
Skunks can carry the rabies virus, making them a serious health concern. Rabies is only transmitted through saliva or bite wounds. You can tell if skunks are rabid by their behavior, which will be erratic. Skunks are usually night scavengers, but if you see them during the day wandering or stumbling in plain sight, precautions should be taken to avoid the animals. They are commonly more aggressive and vocal when they are infected with the rabies virus. This is a situation that needs to be reported and dealt with by professionals. Do not attempt to intercept or trap animals that you suspect may have rabies. Keep all pets such as cats and dogs contained away from the suspected pests until professional help arrives.
How Do I Tell If Skunks Are the Problem?
There are a few different ways you can tell if skunks have recently visited your property:
- Smell. Skunks have a distinct and potent odor that is sprayed as defensive measure against predators, and to mark territory. It is commonly referred to as a rotten-egg-like smell that can linger for days.
- Recently dug-up dirt piles. Favorite food items for skunks are grubs and beetles. Skunks find them by digging into the ground. They are also known to dig up and eat small plants and to chew leaves, as well as raid berry bushes. If you begin to see a small grouping of three to four-inch holes appearing across your lawn, you may suspect that you have skunks visiting your property at night.
- Burrows. Look for burrows dug near food sources or under foundations of buildings.
How Do I Get Rid of My Skunk Problem?
As skunks are large rodents, capable of defensive behavior such as spraying, it is recommended that homeowners do not attempt to remove these animals on their own. Our licensed professionals are available for emergency calls for this purpose. At Family, we practice eco-friendly and humane methods of wildlife control and removal.
Family Pest’s Skunk Prevention Tips
Here are some tips for preventing skunks on your property:
- Make sure that all garbage is securely locked inside a bin. Skunks are scavengers that relish finding easy food sources. For this reason, pet food should be brought inside at night in order to not attract skunks and other foraging pests to your home.
- The use of a motion sensor light may help deter these creatures, as they prefer to forage unseen in the low light of the night.
For more prevention tips, please reach out to us at Family for a personalized consultation to discuss the best measures that can be taken to protect your property.


Winstrol and Testosterone are two of the most widely used compounds in the evolving field of bodybuilding and fitness, and we can tell you why. These substances, when used strategically in a carefully planned cycle, can help individuals achieve remarkable and massive gains in muscle mass, strength, and overall physical and bodybuilding performance. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of a 12-week Testosterone and Winstrol cycle, exploring the benefits, risks, and considerations that should be taken into account for those looking to take their fitness to the next level.
The combination of Testosterone and Winstrol is a prime choice among athletes and bodybuilders due to their synergistic effects. While Testosterone provides the foundation for muscle growth, Winstrol enhances the process by promoting lean muscle development and reducing water retention. However, it is essential to note that using these compounds together requires a thorough understanding of their mechanisms, dosages, and potential side effects. In the following sections, we will provide valuable insights into crafting an effective and safe 12-week cycle, helping you make informed decisions on your path to achieving your fitness goals.
12 Week Testosterone and Winstrol Cycle: Why This Stack is Popular Among Bodybuilders
The popularity of the 12-week Testosterone and Winstrol cycle can be attributed to the unique benefits that each compound brings to the table. Testosterone, a naturally occurring hormone in the body, plays a fundamental role in muscle growth and overall well-being. When supplemented exogenously in a cycle, it can significantly increase protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy and improved strength. Bodybuilders favor Testosterone as it forms the backbone of many cycles, providing the necessary foundation for achieving their desired physique.
On the other hand, Winstrol, also known as Stanozolol, is an anabolic steroid renowned for its ability to enhance performance by promoting lean muscle mass while simultaneously reducing body fat. Winstrol’s unique property lies in its ability to increase nitrogen retention in the muscles, a crucial factor in muscle protein synthesis. This results in not only increased muscle density but also improved vascularity and a more defined physique. For bodybuilders seeking that chiseled and aesthetic appearance, Winstrol is often considered a must-have in their arsenal.
Another reason behind the popularity of this stack is the complementary nature of Testosterone and Winstrol. Testosterone, being the primary male sex hormone, ensures that users maintain healthy sexual function and overall vitality during the cycle, which can be negatively impacted by the use of certain steroids alone. Winstrol, on the other hand, helps mitigate some of the water retention that can occur with Testosterone, allowing bodybuilders to achieve a more dry and defined look. This synergy between the two compounds makes them a formidable combination for those looking to achieve exceptional results in terms of muscle gain and aesthetics.
However, it’s essential to recognize that while the 12-week Testosterone and Winstrol cycle offers numerous benefits, it also carries potential risks and side effects. These risks include hormone imbalances, liver strain, cardiovascular issues, and the risk of dependency or abuse. To maximize the benefits while minimizing these risks, it is imperative to follow a well-structured and disciplined approach, including appropriate dosages, regular monitoring, and post-cycle therapy (PCT) to help restore natural hormone levels after the cycle ends.
Winstrol and Testosterone Cycle: Things to Remember Before Stacking Them
Before starting your own 12-week Testosterone and Winstrol cycle, there are essential considerations that individuals should keep in mind. Understanding these factors will help ensure a safer and more effective experience during the cycle.
- Research and Education: Knowledge is your greatest asset when it comes to any performance-enhancing cycle. Thoroughly research the properties, dosages, and potential side effects of both Testosterone and Winstrol.
- Personal Health Assessment: Before starting any cycle, it is imperative to assess your overall health. Underlying medical conditions, especially those affecting the liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, or hormonal balance, can be exacerbated by the use of these compounds.
- Dosage and Timing: Determining the right dosages and timing for Testosterone and Winstrol is crucial. Dosages should be tailored to your experience level, body weight, and goals. Typically, Testosterone is used as a base, with Winstrol added at specific points in the cycle. Never exceed recommended dosages as it can lead to severe health complications.
- Monitoring and Side Effects: Regular monitoring of your progress and health is essential. Keep a close eye on potential side effects, including changes in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, liver function, and hormone balance. If any adverse effects occur, adjustments to the cycle or discontinuation may be necessary.
- Post-Cycle Therapy (PCT): Planning for a proper PCT is as important as the cycle itself. PCT helps restore your body’s natural hormone production, preventing the crash in testosterone levels that can follow the cessation of anabolic steroid use. Have a PCT strategy in place before starting the cycle.
By taking these factors into account, individuals can approach their Testosterone and Winstrol cycle with a more informed and responsible mindset. Remember that these substances should not be taken lightly, and prioritizing safety and health is paramount throughout the entire process.
Testosterone and Winstrol Cycle: What to Expect Once You Start the Cycle
Starting a Testosterone and Winstrol cycle can be an exciting yet challenging endeavor, and understanding what to expect during the process is crucial for a successful outcome. Here are some key aspects to anticipate as you start your cycle:
- Initial Gains: In the first few weeks of the cycle, you may experience rapid gains in strength and muscle mass. Testosterone, as the foundation of the stack, begins to exert its anabolic effects, increasing protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. These initial results can be quite motivating, but it’s essential to remember that much of this early progress may be due to water retention.
- Enhanced Vascularity: Winstrol’s unique ability to reduce water retention can become more evident as the cycle progresses. This leads to a more vascular and defined appearance, with muscle striations becoming more visible. This is often a desired effect for bodybuilders seeking a lean and sculpted look.
- Improved Stamina: Both Testosterone and Winstrol can enhance endurance and stamina, which can be beneficial for more extended and intense workouts. You may find yourself able to push through more reps and sets, leading to further gains in muscle size and strength.
- Potential Side Effects: It’s crucial to remain vigilant for any potential side effects that may arise during the cycle. These can include acne, hair loss, changes in libido, mood swings, and fluctuations in blood pressure and cholesterol levels. If any adverse effects become bothersome or severe, consider adjusting your dosages or seeking medical advice.
- Post-Cycle Changes: Once the 12-week cycle concludes, you’ll need to transition into post-cycle therapy (PCT) to help restore your body’s natural hormone production. During this phase, you might experience a temporary decrease in energy, mood, and overall well-being as your body adjusts to the absence of exogenous hormones.
Understanding what to expect during a Testosterone and Winstrol cycle allows you to prepare mentally and physically for the journey ahead. It’s essential to maintain a balanced perspective, setting realistic goals and expectations. Remember that consistency, proper nutrition, and adequate rest are vital components of achieving and maintaining the gains you make during the cycle.
Testosterone Enanthate and Winstrol Cycle: What this Stack Can Do
When it comes to combining Testosterone Enanthate and Winstrol in a 12-week cycle, bodybuilders and fitness enthusiasts can anticipate a powerful synergy that can yield remarkable results. Testosterone Enanthate, a long-acting ester of Testosterone, forms the backbone of this stack, providing a steady release of the hormone into the body over an extended period. Winstrol, or Stanozolol, complements this base by enhancing the anabolic effects while reducing retained water levels, resulting in a leaner and more defined physique.
One of the primary benefits of this stack is the potential for substantial muscle growth. Testosterone Enanthate, as a potent anabolic hormone, stimulates protein synthesis and nitrogen retention, promoting muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. When combined with Winstrol, which has a reputation for providing a harder and more vascular appearance, the results can be particularly impressive.
Furthermore, users of this combination can expect enhanced endurance and stamina, which can be advantageous during intense training sessions. The reduction in water retention caused by Winstrol contributes to a leaner and more sculpted look, making it a popular choice for individuals seeking to improve their aesthetics.
However, it’s essential to emphasize that this stack, like any anabolic steroid cycle, comes with potential risks and side effects. Users should be vigilant for any signs of adverse effects, including changes in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, liver function, mood swings, and hormonal imbalances. Maintaining a responsible approach to dosages, regular monitoring, and incorporating a well-planned post-cycle therapy (PCT) regimen are essential to maximize the benefits while minimizing the potential drawbacks of this cycle.
Winstrol and Testosterone Propionate Cycle: What this Stack Can Do
The combination of Winstrol (Stanozolol) and Testosterone Propionate in a 12-week cycle offers bodybuilders and athletes a dynamic blend of benefits that cater to specific fitness goals. Testosterone Propionate, known for its rapid action due to its short half-life, pairs well with Winstrol to create a cycle that delivers unique advantages.
One of the key benefits of this stack is the potential for enhanced muscle definition and a harder appearance. Testosterone Propionate, being a fast-acting form of Testosterone, provides a quick boost in anabolic activity, promoting muscle protein synthesis and nitrogen retention. When coupled with Winstrol’s capacity to reduce water retention and improve vascularity, users often experience a more sculpted, chiseled look.
Additionally, this stack can lead to notable increases in strength and endurance. Testosterone’s influence on muscle growth and recovery, coupled with Winstrol’s ability to enhance red blood cell production, results in improved stamina during workouts and an overall boost in performance. This can be particularly advantageous for those looking to push their physical limits in the gym.
Despite these benefits, it’s vital to acknowledge the potential risks associated with this cycle, which include side effects such as acne, hair loss, mood swings, changes in libido, and potential cardiovascular issues. As with any steroid cycle, responsible usage, careful monitoring, and a well-structured post-cycle therapy (PCT) plan are essential to mitigate these risks and optimize the positive outcomes of the Winstrol and Testosterone Propionate stack.
Testosterone Cypionate and Winstrol Cycle: What this Stack Can Do
Combining Testosterone Cypionate with Winstrol in a 12-week cycle creates a potent synergy that can cater to various fitness goals. Testosterone Cypionate, known for its longer-lasting effects due to its extended half-life, and Winstrol, renowned for its ability to enhance muscle definition, offer a compelling combination for those seeking specific outcomes.
One of the primary advantages of this stack is the potential for significant muscle growth and strength gains. Testosterone Cypionate serves as a robust anabolic foundation, stimulating protein synthesis and nitrogen retention, which are essential for muscle hypertrophy and increased power. When paired with Winstrol’s ability to reduce water retention and promote a more chiseled physique, users can expect to see notable improvements in muscle size and definition.
Additionally, endurance and stamina are often enhanced in individuals using this combination. Testosterone’s role in muscle recovery, coupled with Winstrol’s ability to improve red blood cell production, leads to increased stamina during workouts and improved overall physical performance. This can be particularly beneficial for athletes and bodybuilders aiming to excel in their training sessions.
However, it’s crucial to be aware of potential side effects associated with this cycle, including acne, hair loss, mood swings, changes in libido, cardiovascular issues, and hormonal imbalances. As with any steroid cycle, responsible dosing, vigilant monitoring, and a well-structured post-cycle therapy (PCT) plan are essential to minimize these risks and maximize the positive outcomes of the Testosterone Cypionate and Winstrol stack.
Winstrol and Testosterone Cycle for Women: Is It A Good Choice for Female Bodybuilders?
The use of a Winstrol and Testosterone cycle among female bodybuilders is a topic that requires careful consideration and caution. While these compounds can offer benefits, they are typically not recommended for women due to the potential for virilization, which includes the development of masculine traits.
Testosterone, even in small amounts, is a male sex hormone that can lead to unwanted side effects in women. When used in a cycle, it can cause voice deepening, facial hair growth, clitoral enlargement, and disruptions in menstrual cycles. These effects, known as virilization, are irreversible, and they can have a profound impact on a woman’s physical appearance and overall well-being.
Winstrol, although milder in terms of androgenic effects compared to some other steroids, still carries a risk of virilization when used by women. While some female athletes have used Winstrol successfully in very low doses for short durations, it remains a risky choice.
For female bodybuilders or athletes seeking performance enhancement, alternative options with lower androgenic properties and a reduced risk of virilization should be explored. In general, female bodybuilders are encouraged to steer clear of Testosterone and Winstrol cycles to avoid the potential and irreversible side effects of virilization.
Other Steroids to Stack with Winstrol and Testosterone for More Results
While the combination of Winstrol and Testosterone can yield significant results for many individuals, some may opt to explore additional steroid compounds to further enhance their performance and physique. The choice of additional steroids to stack with Winstrol and Testosterone depends on specific goals, experience level, and tolerance to potential side effects.
For those seeking increased muscle mass and strength, the inclusion of compounds like Deca-Durabolin (Nandrolone Decanoate) or Anavar (Oxandrolone) can be considered. Deca-Durabolin is known for its excellent muscle-building properties and joint support, while Anavar is a milder steroid with less potential for water retention and androgenic side effects.
Athletes aiming for leaner and more defined physiques may explore combinations with Masteron (Drostanolone) or Trenbolone. Masteron is valued for its hardening and drying effects on the body, while Trenbolone is renowned for its remarkable fat-burning and muscle-preserving abilities.
However, it’s crucial to emphasize that adding more compounds to a cycle also increases the complexity and potential for side effects. Users must be well-informed about the properties and risks associated with each steroid, adjust dosages carefully, and consider additional measures such as liver support and cardiovascular health monitoring.
Furthermore, post-cycle therapy (PCT) remains crucial when stacking multiple steroids to help restore natural hormone production and mitigate the risk of hormonal imbalances.
In bodybuilding and fitness, the strategic use of steroids like Winstrol and Testosterone has become a common practice to achieve remarkable gains in muscle mass, strength, and aesthetics. These cycles can offer substantial benefits, but they also come with significant potential risks and side effects. It is crucial for individuals considering such cycles to approach them with caution, responsibility, and a deep understanding of the compounds involved.
While the synergy between Testosterone and Winstrol can lead to impressive results, the choice to embark on such a cycle should not be taken lightly. A comprehensive assessment of one’s health, careful dosing, vigilant monitoring of side effects, and a well-structured post-cycle therapy (PCT) plan are essential components for minimizing risks and maximizing the positive outcomes. Additionally, the consideration of alternative steroids and combinations should be done with prudence and under the guidance of experienced individuals who can provide informed advice tailored to individual goals and health profiles. Ultimately, the pursuit of fitness and performance enhancement should prioritize safety, health, and long-term well-being above all else.


Three children all suffer from genetic enzyme deficiency that could lead to early death CBC News Posted: Sep 15, 2015 5:30 AM CT Last Updated: Sep 15, 2015 6:43 AM CT A family in Saskatoon is waiting and hoping for the solution to a triple heartbreak. Three of the five children suffer from a crippling genetic disease that could kill
Genetic Condition Caused By Enzyme Deficiency
Missing or deficient enzyme (GALNS) causes cellular waste from the cells to store in the bones, tissues, organs, and muscles. This disease is characterized as a lysosomal storage disorder.
Lysosomal Storage Leads To Progressive Symptoms
Virtually all bones, muscles, organs, and tissues in the body are affected by GALNS deficiency, leading to progressive, multi-systemic and debilitating symptoms.
First Ever Treatment Now Available
The FDA, the European Commission, and Health Canada have all approved the first ever treatment for Morquio A Syndrome. Developed by Biomarin Pharmaceuticals, this enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) delivers a synthetic version of the GALNS enzyme into the bloodstream.
Heart and Airway Disease
People suffering from Morquio A Syndrome can develop respiratory failure, severe sleep apnea, and upper airway collapse. Affected individuals may also develop numerous and recurrent respiratory infections and a thickening of the heart valves.
People with Morquio A Syndrome may have a wide range of skeletal symptoms. These can include shortened stature, spinal cord compression, bone deformities, chest protrusion, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
Usually common in the second decade of life, hearing loss can be progressive and severe.
Eye and Vision Issues
Some people with Morquio A Syndrome may develop severe corneal clouding and a debilitating decease in vision.
Frequent Hospital Visits
People with Morquio A Syndrome have frequent hospital stays for surgical procedures and to manage the symptoms of the disease.
Patients battling Morquio A Syndrome often visit numerous specialists to help manage their disease. These can include, but aren’t limited to, MPS Genetics Specialists, Neurologists, Ophthalmologists, Orthopaedic Specialists, Cardiologists, ENTs, Pulmonologists, and Rheumatologists.
In almost all cases of Morquio A Syndrome, patients need multiple surgical procedures. These may include skeletal corrections, corneal transplants, heart valve replacements, spinal cord decompression, and other procedures.
Studies have shown that endurance of affected individuals is impacted greatly due to the progression of the disease. Endurance has an impact on all facets of life. Recent clinical trials have shown a significant increase in endurance for all patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy.
New Hope for Morquio A Patients and Their Families
In 2014, the first ever treatment for Morquio A Syndrome was approved in the US, European Union, and Canada. Vimizim, created by Biomarin Pharmaceuticals, is a synthetic version of the GALNS enzyme that patients are lacking in their blood. This enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was fast-tracked through the approval process in both the US and Canada because of the tremendous unmet need the treatment provided patients.
Clinical trial results were very promising, with patients seeing a sizeable increase in endurance, an excellent indicator for how well the treatment works. Endurance measures how well a patient’s body is performing. From heart to bones to pulmonary function, increased endurance indicates that those systems are working better.Jump To Biomarin’s Vimizim Information Page
Children Diagnosed With Ultra-Rare Condition; Treatment Already Being Funded In Ontario and Quebec (Sept. 14, 2015) The Saskatchewan Ministry of Health is currently considering an application for exceptional funding of a life-sustaining treatment required by three siblings from Saskatoon. 8 year-old Sara Amir, along with her siblings Khadija, 10 and Muhammad, 12 have been diagnosed with Morquio Syndrome, and all


The Village has been informed by the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) that West Nile Virus positive mosquitoes have been found in traps set out in Morton Grove.
A batch of mosquitoes, collected on June 2, 2017, from a NSMAD trap in Morton Grove, tested positive for West Nile Virus (WNV) in their lab on June 6.
WNV positive batches of mosquitoes have also been found in NSMAD traps located in Evanston and Skokie.
While the risk of being infected with WNV is low at this time of year, the NSMAD recommends that residents take personal protection measures to minimize mosquito bites including: using insect repellent, wearing loose fitting clothing and avoiding peak mosquito feeding times during the hours around dawn and dusk. Residents are urged to examine their property and eliminate any items that can hold water, particularly smaller items that may be easily overlooked.
For additional information regarding what to look for around your home to discourage mosquitos, visit http://www.nsmad.com/fight-the-bite/around-your-home-2/. Information regarding mosquito repellents can be found at http://www.nsmad.com/fight-the-bite/repellent/. Remember, if it can hold water, it can breed mosquitoes.
Residents should follow the advice at this address if they find a dead bird: http://www.mortongroveil.org/how-to-handle-a-dead-bird/.
If residents would rather call the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District with their questions, they can be reached at 847 446-9434.


Written by Fish Lovers for Fish Lovers…
We are proud to announce the publication of
A Field Guide to Coastal Fishes from Maine to Texas
by Val Kells and Kent Carpenter.
Comprehensive and compact, this 448-page guide includes 1,079 full color illustrations and descriptions of over 1,006 marine and brackish water species.
This is the first field guide of its kind to be entirely illustrated in full color. Illustrations are large, and meticulously researched. Descriptions are concise, accurate and provide information about features, habitat and biology. It is accurate and up-to-date, using the most recently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature.
Scientists, fishermen, students, naturalists, divers, and fish enthusiasts alike will find this book essential, informative, and very easy to use.


So in my previous post I mentioned Exercism. This website consists of a series of coding challenges in several different coding languages. My chosen track is Ruby, of course. Again, the list of exercises in this track is at GitHub.
I have worked through several of the exercises thus far. One whose very premise made me happy was the Hamming exercise… put in two lengths of DNA and calculate their Hamming distance. In one of my previous incarnations, I worked in a lab tossing plasmids into sweet innocent bacterial strains… slave labour to manufacture proteins. Anyway, I knew exactly what this exercise was trying to measure.
Following is the README, or basic instructions of the exercise:
Write a program that can calculate the Hamming difference between two DNA strands.
A mutation is simply a mistake that occurs during the creation or copying of a nucleic acid, in particular DNA. Because nucleic acids are vital to cellular functions, mutations tend to cause a ripple effect throughout the cell. Although mutations are technically mistakes, a very rare mutation may equip the cell with a beneficial attribute. In fact, the macro effects of evolution are attributable by the accumulated result of beneficial microscopic mutations over many generations.
The simplest and most common type of nucleic acid mutation is a point mutation, which replaces one base with another at a single nucleotide.
By counting the number of differences between two homologous DNA strands taken from different genomes with a common ancestor, we get a measure of the minimum number of point mutations that could have occurred on the evolutionary path between the two strands.
This is called the ‘Hamming distance’
My first iteration of this exercise is as follows:
class Hamming def self.compute(dna_strand_1, dna_strand_2) dna_strand_1_array = dna_strand_1.split(//) dna_strand_2_array = dna_strand_2.split(//) length_shortest_strand = dna_strand_1.length length_shortest_strand = dna_strand_2.length if dna_strand_2.length < dna_strand_1.length i=0 hamming_distance = 0 while i < length_shortest_strand if dna_strand_1_array[i] != dna_strand_2_array[i] hamming_distance = hamming_distance+1 end i+=1 end hamming_distance end end
In my second iteration, I realized that there is no need to split the DNA strand into an array due to the each_char method. In addition, iterating to the end of strand 1 and ensuring that we were comparing to an existing base pair in strand 2, the length_shortest_strand variable could be eliminated.
class Hamming def self.compute(dna_strand_1, dna_strand_2) i = 0 hamming_distance = 0 dna_strand_1.each_char do |x| hamming_distance += 1 if dna_strand_2.byteslice(i) != x && dna_strand_2.byteslice(i) != nil i += 1 end hamming_distance end end
My last iteration utilized the with_index method to eliminate the iterator variable. I also assigned the individual base pairs that were being compared to the variable base_pair_a and base_pair_b for more readability.
class Hamming def self.compute(dna_strand_a, dna_strand_b) hamming_distance = 0 dna_strand_a.each_char.with_index do |base_pair_a, i| base_pair_b = dna_strand_b[i] hamming_distance += 1 if base_pair_b != base_pair_a && base_pair_b != nil end hamming_distance end end
This was a fun exercise!


Coca tea (known in Peru as mate de coca) , is an herbal tea made from the leaves of the coca plant.
|Holy coca leaf infusion|
|Coca tea (known in Peru as mate de coca) , is an herbal tea made from the leaves of the coca plant. The coca leaf is cut and put in a tea bag and is used as a normal tisane: by dipping a coca tea bag in hot water. Mate de coca is a very popular tisane in Peru where it is consumed as a digestive tea and even to treat altitude sickness. (that’s why it is so popular among the mountaineers who climb the Andes).
Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective against altitude sickness. It also is used as an anaesthetic to alleviate the pain of headache and sores, etc. Before stronger anaesthetics were available, coca leaves were also used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trephining operations on the skull.
|Is coca tea a drug?|
|Even tough the leaves of the coca plant contain several alkaloids including cocaine, it does not mean that coca leaf is equivalent to cocaine because to produce cocaine from the leaves it isneeded several kilos of leaves and some chemical products and processes to extract a few grams of cocaine which is not the case when consuming the leaves naturally and directly as a tea.
The tiny quantities of alkaloid that are naturally present in coca leavesprovide only a slight energising sensation and are not addicting at all. In Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, indigenous people chew coca leaves for energy to work all day long without eating.
Coca tea is sold in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador in the supermarkets besides the other kinds of teas, there is even no limitation of age to purchase coca tea. It is seen as another kind of tea in these countries and it is starting to be seen as so in the rest of the countries.
|The Coca plant|
Coca is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America. The plant plays a significant role in traditional Andean culture. Coca, spelled koka in Quechua and Aymara, resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2–3 m (7–10 ft). The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf.
Coca leaves have been used for centuries as a stimulant. Pre-Incan Indians used the leaves to relieve altitude sickness (hypoxia), hunger and fatigue. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes, or the highlands depending on the species grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been an important trade commodity between the lowlands where it is grown and the higher altitudes where it is widely consumed by the Andean peoples of Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Bolivia.
Traces of coca have been found in mummies dating to 3000 years ago. Extensive archeological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to the sixth century A.D. Moche period, and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in Cuzco. Coca chewing may originally have been limited to the eastern Andes before its introduction to the Incas.
|COCA TEA INFUSIONS|
|Coca tea – Frequently asked questions|
|1. Is it legal to import coca tea?
Coca tea is completely legal in Peru and in all South America, there you can buy it in every supermarket along with other kinds of teas. As it is made from coca leaves, it sometimes is seen as a part of the drug group but customs know that this is a normal tea that has nothing to do with cocaine so it is in a fuzzy zone of classification.
2. Where to buy coca tea in the USA?
You won´t find coca tea in any store in the USA or in other country apart from South America because its import is forbidden; so the only possibility is to purchase for personal use from our Peruvian partenrs webstore clicking the next link: buy coca tea
3. What happens if the customs stops my order?
It is very rare that the customs service stops the entrance but if that´s the case, the package will come back to our office and we will refund your payment.


The knee is one of the synovial joints in the body. The joint is encapsulated by a synovial membrane that releases synovial fluid to lubricate the knee joint. Certain knee injuries or conditions can cause the synovial membrane to become inflamed, resulting in synovitis. Knee synovitis is a secondary condition – synovitis treatment often involves treating the underlying cause as well as synovitis symptoms. At Robotic Hip and Knee Replacement LA, we offer synovitis treatment, including knee scar tissue removal surgery, at our clinic in Los Angeles.
Causes and Symptoms of Knee Synovitis
There are many different possible causes of an inflamed knee synovial membrane. Gout and rheumatoid arthritis are autoimmune disorders that can cause synovitis in the knees and other synovial joints. A knee injury or disease, like cancer, can cause synovitis, or the disease can occur on its own. Knee synovitis can also be a complication of knee replacement surgery. The synovial lining can produce excess scar tissue that is pinched between the implant components, resulting in inflammation and pain. Symptoms of knee synovitis include:
- Redness and warmth around the knee
- Swelling in the knee joint
- Stiffness in the knee joint, often worse in the morning
Knee synovitis treatment depends on the cause of the synovial membrane or lining inflammation. Injury or arthritis complications that cause synovitis may respond well to ice, rest and anti-inflammatory medications. For complications from a knee replacement surgery, knee arthroscopy may be required to remove the inflamed knee scar tissue to relieve pain and improve knee function.
If you are experiencing knee synovitis symptoms, contact us at Robotic Hip and Knee Replacement LA to book your appointment or use the online appointment form on our contact page. We can schedule an exam and consultation with our knee specialist, Dr. Farzin Kabaei, at our orthopedic clinic in Beverly Hills.


Naturopathic | Holistic Approach to Fertility
Many couples struggle with fertility now more than ever before. The good news is that more people are becoming aware of the treatment options to assist in making a healthy pregnancy a reality. The practitioners at Crossroads focus on treating each part of the menstrual cycle to enhance fertility. A combination of diet, exercise, herbs and acupuncture can be effective.
During the Menstrual Cycle
Acupuncture and Chinese herbs have an amazing effect on clearing the uterine lining, which is important for implantation during ovulation. This can be especially relevant in a woman who has fibroids, polyps, endometriosis or very clotty periods.
After the Period - the Follicular Phase
In many cases, women who have waited to start a family can have difficulty with preparing for ovulation in the follicular phase of the cycle. In Chinese Medicine, this is often described as Kidney Yin or Essence (jing) deficiency. In Western Medicine, these women often have elevated FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) levels, have been told that their AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) levels would make it difficult to conceive naturally, are hypothyroid or having irregular ovulations. Holistic treatments such as acupuncture, Chinese herbs, diet & certain supplements treat Kidney Yin and Essence deficiency. The goal is to enhance follicle development, produce a healthy endometrial lining and effective ovulations to increase female fertility and the likelihood of conception & implantation around ovulation.
Ovulation is an exciting time for couples and practitioners. Much of fertility has to do with timing and knowing when the right time is to "try." Practitioners teach women how to recognize the signs of ovulation. Some challenges that we often see in this phase are a physical blockage preventing the egg from it's descent to meet the sperm or a sluggish conversion of Yin to Yang energy-allowing the ripened follicle to be released. There are ways to remedy the above situations using both western medical technology, as well as Chinese herbs, acupuncture and naturopathic medicine.
After Ovulation - the Luteal Phase
In some cases, there is Kidney Yang and/or Kidney Qi deficiency. This is common in younger women who are very thin, overweight women, those who are always cold, women diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), or women with luteal phase defect (a short luteal phase of less than 14 days). From a hormone perspective, this can be reflective of lower progesterone output in the woman resulting in an insufficient uterine lining to support pregnancy after conception.
The good news is that there are many different approaches to remedy Kidney Yang and/or Kidney Qi deficiency through diet, lifestyle, herbs, supplements and acupuncture. After treatment, many women who have miscarried in the past go on to have healthy full term pregnancies and babies.
Twenty percent of fertility cases we see are related to male fertility-issues with sperm concentration, sperm motility or sperm morphology. Acupuncture, herbs, and natural supplements can support male fertility, alongside some diet and lifestyle recommendations.
We have much to offer couples struggling with fertility or who just need a little guidance. We also offer pregnancy support, labor preparation support and post-partum and lactation support.
Please contact us at Crossroads Naturopathic Clinic 604.568.6899 to book your appointment today.