16 Antimetabolites as cancer drugs
In this chapter, we will talk about anti-metabolites as anti-cancer agents, exemplified by Methotrexate, an anti-folate, and 5-FU as well as Capecitabine as pyrimidine analogues. “Anti-metabolite drugs work by inhibiting essential biosynthetic processes or by incorporating into macromolecules such as DNA and RNA, and inhibiting their normal function.”
16.1 Folate antagonists: Methotrexate
In this chapter we will discuss folate antagonists, in particular Methotrexate. Anti-folates are drugs that block (antagonise) the actions of folic acid. Methotrexate was one of the first chemotherapeutic drugs used in the early 1950’s.
The primary function of folic acid (Figure 14.1), also called vitamin B9 or simply folate, is as a cofactor for various enzymes called methyltransferases. It is involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acids serine and methionine, but also in the synthesis of thymidine and purine. There are two major protein targets for anti-metabolites: The majority of anti-folates work by inhibiting the enzyme Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR), but some are inhibitors of Thymidylate Synthase (TS). DHFR catalyses the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Anti-folates act specifically during DNA and RNA syntheses and are thus cytotoxic during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Anti-folates inhibit cell division, DNA or RNA synthesis and repair and protein synthesis. DHFR is an attractive pharmaceutical target for inhibition due to its pivotal role in DNA precursor synthesis.
16.2 Antimetabolites targeting Dihydrofolate Reductase
By means of reductive methylation, deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate are together used to form deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and dihydrofolate as a secondary product (Figure 14.2). DHFR catalyses the conversion of dihydrofolate back to the active tetrahydrofolate. One important drug that blocks regeneration from dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate is Methotrexate.
The two chemical structures of dihydrofolate and Methotrexate (MTX) (Figure 14.3) are very similar and differ only in two positions: the hydroxy group in dihydrofolate is substituted with an amino-group in the 4-position. In addition, the N10 position is methylated in methotrexate.
Methotrexate competitively inhibits DHFR that participates in tetrahydrofolate synthesis. The affinity of Methotrexate for DHFR is about 1000-fold increased, compared to dihydrofolate. Therefore, Methotrexate is extremely potent, essentially a stoichiometric inhibitor of DHFR. The crystal structure of the DHFR-MTX complex is shown in Figure 14.4. The protein is coloured in pink and blue, whereas the inhibitor is shown in red bound in the inhibitor-binding pocket.
16.3 Mechanism of action of Methotrexate
The mechanism of action of Methotrexate is very interesting (Figure 16.5) because it is also the basis for the development of resistance at later stages of tumour treatment (see section 21).
- Methotrexate enters cells by two different proteins, either the reduced-folate carrier (1) or the membrane folate binding protein (2).
- Methotrexate is then polyglutamylated by the enzyme folypolyglutamate synthetase (3). Polyglutamylation is a form of reversible posttranslational modification of glutamate residues.
- Polyglutamylated Methotrexate (glu)~n~ is a potent inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) (4).
- Methotrexate polyglutamates are hydrolyzed to Methotrexate in the lysosome by γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase (GGH) (5). Hydrolysis of the polyglutamate tails by this enzyme makes (anti)-folates exportable from the cell again.
In summary, Dihydrofolate Reductase catalyses the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. Tetrahydrofolate is needed in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, important for cell proliferation and cell growth. Inhibiting DHFR by Methotrexate causes depletion of tetrahydrofolate leading to a deficiency of thymidylate. Since DNA synthesis is dependent on thymidylate supply, cessation of DNA synthesis can lead to growth arrest in rapidly proliferating cells. Therefore, Methotrexate interferes with DNA synthesis in S-phase.
16.4 Route of administration, clinical uses and toxicities of methotrexate
Various routes of administration for Methotrexate are available including orally, intravenously and several additional routes. Methotrexate can be used either alone or in combination with other drugs to treat:
Head and neck
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Methotrexate can also be used using lower doses to treat other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and graft-versus-host disease.
The most common adverse effects include bone marrow suppression, in particular leukopenia and oral mucositis, which is a painful inflammation that occurs in the mouth and which is a common complication of cancer treatment.
Methotrexate can also affect how the kidneys work but only usually when it’s given in high doses. Patients will have blood tests before and during treatment to monitor this. Patients will have extra fluids through a drip before and after chemotherapy to protect the kidneys.
Routine monitoring is recommended including Methotrexate levels, complete blood count and creatinine at least every two months.
Leucovorin is usually given 24 h after starting Methotrexate treatment to reduce the side effects. Leucovorin is administered at the appropriate time following Methotrexate as part of a total chemotherapeutic plan, where it may "rescue“ bone marrow cells from Methotrexate treatment. Although it will alleviate gut and bone marrow toxicity, it does not alleviate kidney problems.
Leucovorin may also be useful in the treatment of an acute Methotrexate overdose and it should be redosed until the Methotrexate is back to normal levels.
16.5 Antimetabolites targeting thymidylate synthase
We will know look at pyrimidine anti-metabolites. Anti-metabolites masquerade for example as a pyrimidine, the building blocks of DNA. They prevent pyrimidine becoming incorporated into DNA during S phase of the cell cycle.
We have discussed the mechanism of action of Methotrexate and will now look at the mechanism of action of a drug called 5-FU, which targets Thymidylate Synthase (Figure 14.2). By reductive methylation, Thymidylate synthase catalyses the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) (Figure 14.2). This is coupled to the transformation of methylene tetrahydrofolate to dihydrofolate.
16.6 Function of Thymidylate Synthase
We want to focus on the reaction catalysed by Thymidylate Synthase in more detail. The reaction catalysed by thymidylate synthase involves dUMP, N5, N10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate and the enzyme (Figure 14.6). Thymidylate Synthase forms a covalent bond to the substrate dUMP, through a cysteine side chain from the enzyme. The cofactor N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate donates a methyl group to the α carbon atom, resulting in a so-called transition state. The generated products are dTMP, which now carries an additional methyl group, and dihydrofolate. In summary, a methyl group has been transferred from the cofactor to the nucleotide during hte reaction.
16.7 Poisoning Thymidylate Synthase: mechanism of inhibition by 5-FU
Having understood function of thymidylate Synthase we can now appreciate how this enzyme is inhibited. What is the mechanism of action of the anti-metabolite drug 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU)? 5-FU is an analogue of uracil with a fluorine atom at the C-5 position in place of hydrogen (Figure 14.7). Upon entering the cell, 5-FU is converted to a variety of active metabolites. One such metabolite is FdUMP. FdUMP differs from dUMP by a fluorine in place of a hydrogen on the α atom where the compound - compared to dUMP- possesses an additional flourine substituent.
FdUMP is also able to bind to the nucleotide-binding site of the enzyme. Again, thymidylate synthase forms a covalent bond to the substrate dUMP, through a cysteine residue from the enzyme. The cofactor N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate donates a methyl group to the a carbon atom. However, the FdUMP is unable to have an elimination reaction and complete the methyl donation from methylene-tetrahydrofolate. 5-FU forms a stable ternary complex with the enzyme and tertrahydrofolate, therefore blocking binding of the normal substrate dUMP and inhibiting dTMP synthesis. F+ is highly unlikely as a leaving group, it cannot have an equivalent reaction to the hydrogen.
Expert box: 5-FU principally acts as a Thymidylate Synthase inhibitor. Another mechanism of cytotoxicity of 5-FU is mis-incorporation of fluoronucleotides into RNA and DNA. 5-FU exerts its anticancer effects through incorporation of its metabolites into RNA and DNA. Again, the molecular basis is not fully understood. The importance of this mechanism may be cell dependent. The 5-FU metabolite FUTP is incorporated into RNA, disrupting normal RNA processing and function.
16.8 Route of administration, clinical uses and toxicities of 5-FU
5-FU is injected intravenously. Oral administration is not advised because the absorption from the GI-tract is unpredictable. The 5-Fu concentration peaks shortly after injection. The elimination half-life from plasma is extremely fast with 10 to 20 min, requiring continuous infusion to maintain 5-FU levels in the plasma. We will talk about this inconveniences in a moment, when we discuss the inhibitor Capecitabine.
5-FU is used to treat
Head and neck cancer,
5-FU has the greatest impact in colon cancer.
5-FU induces a large range of adverse effects, the main ones being nausea and vomiting, stomatitis and diarrhea, which may be dose-limiting. It should be noted that toxicities differ depending on how 5-FU is administered: if 5-FU is administered IV as a bolus (‘administration of a discrete amount of drug within a specific time, generally within 1 -30 min”), its main toxicity is bone marrow depression. If it is administered as a continuous infusion main toxicities include stomatitis and diarrhea.
As we have just heard, 5-FU is very swiftly metabolised with half-lives of 10 to 20 min, involving the enzyme Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase (DPD). About 8% of the population have a DPD deficiency, which leads to slower metabolism and therefore significantly longer half-lives of 5-FU. If undetected this may lead to life threatening toxicity, because 5-FU is continuously administered to the patient but not eliminated by the expected metabolisation.
16.9 Capecitabine, a new 5-FU prodrug
Capecitabine is an orally administered prodrug of 5-FU, in contrast to 5-FU, which his administered via IV. Capecitabine is converted by the liver enzyme carboxyl esterase to 5-DFCR (5-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine) and then to 5-DFUR (5-deoxy-5-fluorouridine) by cytidine deaminase, an enzyme expressed in both the liver and in the tumour. 5-DFUR is then converted intracellularly to the antimetabolite 5-FU by thymidine phosphorylase. Tumour specificity is being achieved due to the high level of expression of this enzyme in malignant relative to normal tissue.
Capecetabine is used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancers. Clinically, it is more important than 5-FU due to its oral administration and tumour specificity.
Matthews, D.A., Alden, R.A., Bolin, J.T., Freer, S.T., Hamlin, R., Xuong, N., Kraut, J., Poe, M., Williams, M., Hoogsteen, K. (1977). Dihydrofolate reductase: x-ray structure of the binary complex with methotrexate. Science 197, 452-455.
Carreras, C.W. and Santi, D.V. (1995). The catalytic mechanism and structure of thymidylate synthase. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 64, 721-762.
Longley, D.B., Harkin, D.P. and Johnston, P.G. (2003). 5-Flyorouracil: mechanism of action and clinical strategies. Nature Reviews Cancer 3, 330-338.
Midgley, R. and Kerr, D.J. (2009). Capecitabine: have we got the dose right? Nature Clinical Practice 6, 17-24.


A mutually beneficial marriage is a win win situation in which both companions can benefit from the text. It can be a loving romance or possibly a business relationship.
In characteristics, https://yourmailorderbride.com/caribbean-cupid-review/ there are various types of mutually effective relationships that exist between varied organisms. The most common one is symbiotic, where two microorganisms interact with each other for the purpose of mutual benefits. Similarly, some kinds are also parasitic, where they live inside the host and directly get nutrients from it.
Another type of mutually beneficial romance is saprophytic, where https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/before-you-go/activities/marriage microbes derive their diet via dead or decaying subject. Examples of these are bacteria and yeast that take shelter in the large intestines to get nitrogen, fungi that grow in nitrogen deficient soil to provide diet to additional plants, and lichen that takes pound in origin nodules to aid plants in nitrogen fixation.
Another examples would be the egret and cattle that roam mutually in areas and get their food via lush lawn. It is a symbiotic relationship since both pets need the different to survive.
The most important factor that ascertains whether a romantic relationship is certainly mutually helpful or not really is if the two main social gatherings share similar goals in life. If they do, therefore there is a great chance of that working out.
A mutually beneficial relationship can be described as win-win condition that can last for years which is usually a proper option for many looking for a long term relationship. This type of romantic relationship is often legal and non-sexual, and it can be described as a great way to find the right person for everyone.


Spider veins are like varicose veins but smaller. They begin as tiny capillaries and appear as blue or red squiggles. They are small red, blue or purple veins that commonly appear on the surface of the thighs, calves and ankles. It’s estimated that at least one third of the adult female population is troubled with this common problem. People often seek treatment for spider veins because of cosmetic concerns. However, it is also common for spider veins to cause symptoms, such as aching, heaviness, itching and night cramps.
Our physicians ensure you receive the highest quality treatment possible. Our board certified doctors and Registered Nurses have successfully treated thousands of happy patients, and want to do the same for you! Visit us and get an honest assessment of your vein problems, and learn about the proper treatments for you!
Call us today at 416 515 0007 to book your consultation.
Spider Veins Treatment
Sclerotherapy for Spider Veins
A common form of treatment for spider veins is sclerotherapy. This is an in-office procedure where veins are painlessly injected with a solution, using small needles, which causes them to collapse and fade from view. The procedure typically improves not only the cosmetic appearance but associated symptoms as well. A few sessions may be required to obtain maximum benefit.
During sclerotherapy, the affected leg is elevated to drain blood, and the sclerosant is injected into the spider vein. The procedure normally takes 20 to 30 minutes, depending on how many spider veins are treated. You may need repeated sessions and many injections per session, depending on the extent of the spider veins and type of sclerosant used.
Lasers may also be used to treat spider veins. During laser treatment, intense light is directed at the veins to aid in eliminating them. Lasers are especially suited to treat small spider veins when a needle cannot be used.
Bruising occasionally occurs in the area treated after laser treatments and lasts for a few days. The cost of laser treatment for spider veins is usually higher compared to sclerotherapy.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What are Spider Veins?
- Will I get more spider veins after treatment?
Sclerotherapy and Laser do not prevent the development of new spider veins and varicosities later in life. Many people require further treatment from in the years after to keep their legs clear.
- What are the Risks associated with Sclerotherapy?
As the veins close, they become mildly inflamed, and may feel lumpy and tender. This takes several weeks to clear. Veins often look worse immediately after the procedure. Temporary bruising and swelling is should be expected. Some patients complain of an itchy sensation after treatment for a day or two.
It is important for you to wear compression stocking for 1-3 weeks after treatment to reduce the risk of bruising and swelling or other complications. This will help seal the treated vessels, and reduce the development of dark spots. It can reduce the number of treatments necessary, and the possibility of recurrence.


Pigeon Pests: Air Rats
The pigeons are probably the most common birds in city squares. Although there are numerous species, the most common belong to the type of brave pigeon.
They are medium-sized birds that are often admired by many, but generally, rather hated by the vast majority of the population. So much so that, in fact, some sociologists have studied why we hate pigeons so much. The reason is, among other causes, that their pests are a real public health problem.
Surely you have heard many times about the ‘winged rats’. If you still don’t know, we will tell you: they are the pigeons. They are commonly called that precisely for two reasons.
First, the abundant droppings they leave. The pigeons can leave us no less than 11 kilos a year of their smelly ‘little gifts’, in which, by the way, the PH is quite acid and poses a health problem as well as being corrosive to buildings and homes.
The other reason we have to look for it in its potential as transmitters of diseases that can reach the human being.
- For example, pigeons can carry salmonella bacteria on their feet and can transmit it when they walk in areas where people leave their food (outdoor tables or snacks, benches, fountains, etc.). Now that you know, you probably think twice before sitting down to eat the sandwich in a square full of pigeons.
- They also house some ectoparasites harmful to humans such as ticks, fleas, lice, mites or the one known as ‘chance de la Paloma’. In this case, direct contact with the animal is not necessary for you to take one of these insects that live in its plumage as a souvenir.
- In addition, it has been shown that at least three human diseases are related to their feces: cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and psittacosis.
- They favor the development of bacteria and fungi, as they cause moisture.
On the other hand, the pigeons feed on almost any other food, from waste, fruits or seeds, bread and in reality, anything that your gizzard (an organ attached to the stomach) is able to crush.
Pigeons ingest 15% of their weight in food every day, although they have no problem with enduring a few days without eating. Water, however, is something they need daily. Therefore, the first step in preventing them from staying in an area is not to feed them. It seems obvious, but if you make it too easy, it will be very difficult to throw them out of your comfort zone.
Pigeons: a public problem
In some places, they have become a real problem. It is the case of Venice, in Italy, where local authorities have had to take measures since the corrosion caused by their excrements is deteriorating the artistic and architectural heritage of the city.
But this is not all, because also in cities in Spain such as Madrid, Valencia, and Barcelona there is special legislation for the control of pigeons that goes beyond the well-known anti-pigeon skewers that are placed in churches and cathedrals to prevent them from landing on the ledges of these buildings.
What to do before a plague
- First of all, it is important to avoid its approach. In addition to not approaching them, there are ways to encourage them to move away, or in other words, you must know how to drive away pigeons.
- To do this, there are several instruments in the market that will help you achieve your goal. For example, pigeon repellents. Some audibles emit sounds that are unbearable for them. One of the best-known brands is Bird Gard. Another sound repellent, widely used in department stores or farms away from urban centers are those that emit sounds similar to those of a cannon shot or shot to keep them away. There are also complex wave eradicators that alter your sleep cycle, so they will end up leaving, although in this case, it is a long-term method.
- On the other hand, to prevent them from entering buildings or depositing their feces on them, their entrance can be blocked. This is the case of the aforementioned anti-pigeon skewers, as well as the nets, a more aesthetic and less heavy option for common buildings.
- Finally, if the problem is very serious and the only solution is to decrease the population. For this, there are contraceptive methods that prevent eggs from becoming chicks. There is also poison and other methods that eliminate or exterminate the animal, but in any case, they are prohibited in most countries and fact, any type of pigeon and weapon traps used against them is also prohibited.


Description Louis Philippe Crepin
Louis Philippe Crépin, a name synonymous with botanical artistry and scientific illustration, left an indelible mark on the world of natural history in the 19th century. Born in Brussels in 1772, Crépin's life journey was one of unwavering dedication to the study and depiction of the plant kingdom.
From an early age, Crépin exhibited a deep fascination with the natural world. His formative years were marked by an insatiable curiosity that led him to explore the diverse flora of Belgium. This exploration laid the foundation for his lifelong passion for botany.
Crépin's artistic talents emerged alongside his botanical interests. He honed his skills as a botanical illustrator, mastering the delicate art of capturing the intricate details of plant specimens with precision and accuracy. His illustrations were not mere works of art; they were valuable scientific records that contributed significantly to the field of botany.
One of Crépin's defining achievements was his collaboration with renowned botanist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Together, they worked on illustrating Lamarck's seminal work, "Flore Française," a comprehensive botanical treatise. Crépin's meticulous illustrations brought the richness of France's flora to life on the pages of this monumental work, earning him accolades from the scientific community.
Crépin's dedication to botanical accuracy extended to the study of type specimens. He was instrumental in cataloging and preserving these crucial reference specimens, ensuring their availability for future generations of botanists.
Beyond his artistic contributions, Crépin was a tireless educator. He served as a professor of botany at the University of Brussels, inspiring countless students to pursue a deeper understanding of the plant world. His teaching was characterized by a profound respect for the intricacies of nature and a commitment to instilling the same reverence in his pupils.
In the realm of taxonomy, Crépin's influence extended to the nomenclature of plant species. His work on the classification and naming of plants left an enduring legacy, with several species bearing the "crepini" epithet in his honor.
Louis Philippe Crépin's life was one of profound devotion to botany and scientific illustration. His illustrations remain cherished treasures in botanical literature, serving as a testament to his exceptional talent and unwavering commitment to the natural world. Crépin's legacy endures, reminding us of the beauty and importance of preserving the botanical wonders of our planet.


Learn to protect yourself and others in your home from Legionella
(NC) There is a group of nasty bacteria that could land in Thorold homes. The harmful germs could be finding a path into hot tubs, humidifiers, water heaters, showerheads and other places in plumbing systems in residences across Canada. Known as Legionella, these bacteria can make people sick if inhaled from water droplets and mists released into the air.
Legionella tend to grow where there are warm water temperatures, standing or still water and settled particles and biofilms — a slimy, glue-like material containing other germs and nutrients. Fortunately, most healthy people don’t get sick from these bacteria.
But some people may have a higher risk of infection, including people over 40 years of age, current and former smokers, people with chronic lung disease or with other underlying illnesses, and those with already weakened immune systems.
Legionella can cause two types of illness, Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever. Legionnaires’ disease is a serious respiratory illness that results in pneumonia, lasting weeks to months, and can lead to death.
Pontiac fever is a milder illness, causing flu-like symptoms. People with Pontiac fever generally recover in two to five days without treatment.
Protect persons in your home from Legionella by:
• Keeping your water heater temperature at a minimum of 60°C. To reduce the risk of scalding, the temperature of the water at the tap should be no higher than 49°C. You can contact a qualified plumber to install mixing valves to control the tap water temperature.
• Regularly cleaning and disinfecting mist-producing devices in your home, such as showerheads and sink taps, humidifiers and hot tubs, according to manufacturer directions.
• Running the hot and cold water taps for a few minutes after not using them for more than two weeks.
• Periodically draining and flushing your water heater, according to manufacturer directions, to reduce settled particles.
Find more information by searching “Legionella” at canada.ca.


Yeast infections can strike when you least expect them. It is possible you are suffering from a yeast infection right now. Or, maybe you just got over a yeast infection, and you don’t want to repeat that pain and discomfort in the future. No matter your reason for reading, the ideas in this piece are extremely relevant and useful.
Stress is one of the things that you need to avoid as much as possible to prevent yeast infections in your body. Stress can affect you in a lot of ways and can make you more prone to a yeast infection.
If you are susceptible to recurring yeast infections, it may be time to rethink your use of bath products. You should not use cleansers and soap which contain dyes and scents. This happens because those type of products throw off the pH of the vaginal area. Rather, stick with milder, hypoallergenic options.
Avoid perfumed soaps and bubble baths. These scented products can help yeast flourish and increase the chances of getting an infection. Also avoid scented tampons and pads as they have a similar effect.
Add more garlic and/or sugar-free yogurt to your diet. Garlic can help halt the growth of yeast. Check at health food stores or a pharmacy for garlic pills, and you will likely prefer the deodorized version. Purchase yogurt that contains live cultures to treat your yeast infection.
If a yeast infection happens upon you at every monthly period, take measures to prevent it. Include acidophilus supplements just before, during and after you menstruate. You will realize that the symptoms do not bother you as much. Taking preventative steps can help ward off the infection.
Use soaps specifically intended for use in the vaginal area. Several different types exist. These soaps help you retain your vagina’s natural balance and they won’t dry out that area or harm your natural flora down there. Choosing them instead of traditional soaps can help you to keep yeast infections away.
If you swim and exercise a lot, you must change your clothes often. Never leave sweaty or wet clothing on after you swim or work out. A moist and warm environment is a prime breeding ground for yeast. Change your clothes right after working out. Change everything, from socks to underwear.
If you suffer from recurring yeast infections like many people, it is critical you adjust your lifestyle. You can cure one or two infections, but if you keep getting these infections you need to learn how to prevent it. Changes to diet and wardrobe are probably good first steps towards combating the problem.
Wearing cotton undergarments can help to prevent yeast infections. Cotton works well to remove the moisture from the skin and keep your skin from becoming irritated. If you get yeast infections a lot, you should change your underwear and keep it clean. Protective napkins can be used to absorb excess humidity.
There are a huge variety of natural treatments that will help you conquer your yeast infection. Herbs like rosemary, cedar or goldenseal can inhibit the growth of yeast. You can make a concoction of these, and either take them as a douche, or soak pads in them to soothe irritating symptoms, such as burning and itching.
You must determine the underlying cause to eliminate recurring yeast infections. Identifying the specific cause of a yeast infection can take some time, but you need to review your lifestyle objectively. Clothing choices, birth control methods, diet and sexual encounters can all play a part in the occurrence of yeast infections.
Avoid wearing tight clothes so that your crotch area can get proper air circulation. This is due to the fact that yeast prospers in the moist and warm climates these types of clothes create.
Choose clothes that contain natural materials to prevent yeast infections from appearing. Cotton is a great option, because it is natural and absorbs moisture. Synthetic fabrics can cause yeast infections.
Drink plenty of water. High levels of water consumption will flush your system. It will also clear your body of sugar as well. Reducing the sugar in your bloodstream makes it more difficult for yeast to grow and take over. Drink more water if you are fighting an infection. This might help you recover.
Garlic can be really beneficial when you have a yeast infection. If garlic’s flavor is unappetizing to you, there are taste-free garlic pills. Garlic tabs without a coating can also be inserted in the vaginal cavity to relieve symptoms of a yeast infection.
You may have many different reasons for reading this article. You may be wanting to handle a yeast infection, prevent one, or ensure you never have one. No matter your reason, you can use the tips shared here for future success.


October 19, 2010
Gazprom completed this year’s final resettlement of rare animals from the Olympic construction sites.
In four years Sochi will host the XXII Winter Olympic Games. A large construction site has already been deployed in the Krasnaya Polyana settlement – a biathlon and ski complex and the Olympic village are being constructed, as well as the second stage of Gazprom’s mountain tourist center. Gazprom sotsinvest is in charge of constructing these venues. The company is allotted with one more equally important and essential task – rare animals resettlement and Red List plants transplantation from the Olympic construction sites.
Struggling for biodiversity
These activities are needed due to a unique character of the regional biosystem – indigenous species of flora and fauna (relics and endemics) live and grow on the hillsides of the Caucasus Mountains. A whole set of compensatory arrangements was elaborated by Gazprom sotsinvest to save the ecological balance at the Olympic construction sites. Meticulous work of a large group of experts stands behind that – it is necessary to select the most appropriate period of resettlement for each animal and plant species, as well as the most comfortable conditions for their further habitation. The experts have recently accomplished final resettlement of rare amphibian species – the Agile frog.
This species (Rana macrocnemis Boulenger) is in the Red List of the Krasnodar Krai. They inhabit only the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Northwest Iran. The Agile frog is a relic, which is a species of great antiquity. Moreover, this kind of amphibians is an endemic, i.e. an animal that can’t live on territories with even slightly different natural conditions.
Resettlement of rare amphibians was carried out by the company’s environmental experts together with the specialists of the Mountain Forestry and Forest Ecology Research Institute. All the procedures had to be finished before the cold season when amphibians go into hibernation.
In the areas adjacent to the current and future construction sites the frogs were gathered and carried to the wooded slopes of the Psekhako Ridge free of human activity. The experts also gathered the spawn of the Agile frog to carry it to water reservoirs.
The company checks the resettled “babies” on a regular basis. It is noted that the results of previous resettlements were very successful: immense amount of fine and healthy tadpoles came to life in all water bodies. Adaptation of adults in their new habitat is also under control of the experts. The population of each species will be specifically monitored – the experts will regularly count the number of species per square kilometer.
According to Svetlana Zhiglova, chief expert of the environmental protection group of Gazprom sotsinvest, a total of 288 adult Red List animals and a large quantity of spawn and hatchlings have been resettled. Among the resettled amphibians are such rare species as the Caucasian Grey Toad (Bufo verrucosissimus/Bufo colchicus), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus), the Banded Newt (Triturus vittatus), the Southern Crested Newt (Triturus karelinii), the Lantz’s Newt (Triturus vulgaris lantzi), the Aesculapian Snake (Elaphe longissima or Zamenis longissimus) and many others.
2,387 units of plants have also been resettled including such Red List species as the Georgian Snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii), the Cyclamen Caucasium, the Erythronium Caucasium, the Autumn Crocus (Colchicum speciosum), the Caucasus Peony (Paeonia caucasica), the Common Spotted Orchid (Dactylorhiza urvilleana) and others. However, this figure is constantly increasing; the transplantation and resettlement activities are nearly continuous.
The experts need to identify the biological features of each species to find out the most favorable timing for their capture and resettlement and to distinguish the areas that would be most suitable for their further existence. Thus, for instance, to catch a Caucasian Parsley Frog, one has to search for it by sound during the night period using a flashlight as its activity time is rather limited within the 24-hour period: from 11 pm to 2 am.
All the resettled animals are in the Red List of the Russian Federation or the Red List of the Krasnodar Krai – particularly these species are the rehabilitation targets. They are enlisted in the Resettled Plants and Animals Rehabilitation Policy approved by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources.
According to this document, at lest 92 plant species protected by law grow within the Mzymta River watershed where the Olympic venues are constructed. The Olympic premises are also inhabited by 147 animal species put in the Red List of the Krasnodar Krai and 83 species – in the Red List of Russia which also includes birds and insects considered mobile species able to migrate to appropriate areas of habitation. Rehabilitation involves not only resettlement: separate specimens are moved over for captive propagation or, using the scientific language, ex-situ propagation, i.e. outside their natural habitats to further inhabit new territories.
In late October the experts of Gazprom sotsinvest are planning to reach a milestone, the hundredth transplantation of Red List plants – the Ruscus Colchicus will be transplanted in new areas.
Gazprom sotsinvest stresses that all the measures are taken in strict compliance with the existing environmental standards. These measures will minimize the adverse impact caused by the Olympic construction sites on the unique flora and fauna of the region, and maintain its high recreation features as well.


The following conditions will prevent me carrying out your waxing treatment or a GP referral will be required before any treatment is carried out.
Diabetes: The skin is slow to heal and may have poor circulation along with blood sugar levels may need monitoring.
Epilepsy: As there is risk of fitting
HaemophilaOperations/Recent scar tissue– You would need to wait 6 months until you have waxing over scar tissue. This is so the natural healing process takes place as waxing could interfere with the healing process which would be painful.
Clients with sunburn/heatrash: If you have sunburn or heat rash from the sunbed or sun you will have to wait 24 hours until waxing can be carried out. As the skin would be very hot and the waxing would be very painful and may pull skin.
Contagious skin conditions listed below requiring GP referral due to cross infection.
Impetigo -A small patch of reddening of the skin that becomes a cluster of white blisters which turn yellow. A highly contagious infection which requires antibiotics.
Stye– Inflammation of the eyelid, often the upper lid. It is caused by an infection in the hair follicle, swelling, redness and can be painful. Scratching or rubbing the area may cause the infection to spread.
Boils– An infection of the hair follicle caused by the staphylocci bacteria. Inflammtion occurs with pus formation.
Viral infections listed below: Requiring GP referral due to cross infection
Conjuctivitis Itchy sore eyes/eye which weep green fluid during sleep. Antibiotics normally required.
Shingles Caused by the chicken pox virus (Herpes Zoster). If you have shingles it is advised not to have waxing until the infection has passed.
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) ( Genital warts/genital herpes)- Gp referral required due to cross infection If having intimate waxing, Vaseline will be put on the warts providing they are closed, unfortunately I am unable to wax over warts.
Fungal infections listed below requiring GP referral due to cross infection
Ringworm-Can effect various parts of the body, large red scaly or inflamed itchy areas of skin. Highly contagious and unable to wax until infection has cleared.
Scabies– Caused by a parasite and is highly contagious. A doctor’s consent will be required when infection has cleared.
Lice Head,body and pubic areas. Infestation of the hair and clothes by tiny insects which suck the blood. Intense irritation which makes the suffer scratch constantly. Doctors consent needed once infection has cleared.
The following conditions may restrict your treatment
Coldsores (herpes simplex) A highly contagious blister normally found around lips of mouth. Usually clears up in around 2 weeks
Bruises cuts and abrasions These can be painful whilst having waxing and could cause further damage or hinder the natural healing process. A doctors note will be required if the cuts and abrasions are open/ weeping as it can lead to cross infection.
Allergies-I will need to know if have any allergies due to the ingredients in the wax.
Psoriasis Patches of skin with red raised areas and silvery scaly skin which can become infected. The body makes new skin far to quickly for the skin to cope causing this condition. Open or weeping psoriasis can cause cross infection, making it unable to wax. A doctors note is required.
Eczema -A red raised rash which is itchy and cracks can bleed and weep. Varies with each individual. Unable to wax with open sores and a doctors note is required.
Raised and hairy moles Unless moles are inflamed, swollen or weeping, there are no problems waxing over them.
Varicose Veins :Doctors consent will be needed due to the vein being so close to the surface of the skin. Slight possibility the vein could rupture and cause bleeding.
Menstruation: During a woman’s period the pain threshold is at its lowest immediately before and during her period. Hormones which stimulate the regrowth of hair are most active during this time. Providing you are happy to be waxed during your period I am happy to wax you, as long as you are aware the pain may be slightly higher than other times.
Self Tan :Waxing may cause your self tan to appear patchy.


Portland, OR – Bambu today announced a corporate initiative to support honey bee research through its sponsorship of Oregon State University’s Honey Bee Lab, according to company president and co-founder Jeff Delkin.
“The Honey Bee Research Lab is making important inroads to understanding the complexities of maintaining healthy honey bee colonies,” Delkin said. “Honey bees are critical to healthy food systems. We’re sponsoring the lab to support its ongoing work— a great example of dedicated people working to build healthy eco-systems that benefit us all.”
OSU’s Honey Bee Research and Extension program focuses on honey bee health, nutrition, and pollination, servicing commercial beekeepers, backyard beekeepers, producers, and all citizens interested in bees. The lab is responsible for comprehensive analysis of honey bee health in the state of Oregon; evaluating effects of nutrition and pollen diversity on honey bee health; enhancing pollination efficiency of honey bee colonies in hard-to-pollinate crops; and development and support for the Oregon Master Beekeeper Program.
“Honey bees and other pollinators are critical for our food security and ecosystem. Currently honey bees are facing enormous challenges that need to be addressed soon to promote sustainable apiculture and pollination,” OSU Department of Horticulture professor Ramesh Sagili said. “The Honey Bee Lab is delighted to establish a partnership with Bambu to improve honey bee health.”
In addition to the financial support the company is contributing to the lab, Bambu has launched a Honey Bee Collection of products, which includes: an Organic Bamboo Honey Dipper, Honeycomb Bamboo Cutting Board, Bee Motif Coasters (set of four), and Hemp Denim Baby Bib.
With roots in Portland, Oregon, since 2003 Bambu has designed, developed and manufactured handcrafted, modern home products made from renewable materials such as bamboo, hemp, cork, coconut and soy. The company is headquartered in Shanghai, China, where it produces more than 150 different products in its own production workshop and partnering facilities, all of which are located close to their raw-materials sources. In 2013 Bambu opened a North American sales and customer service office in Portland. Its products are sold in more than a dozen countries through diverse retail distribution partnerships in the gift, kitchen, gourmet, grocery and hospitality market segments. The company is a member of Green America and its Green Business Network, and manufactures using organic sources certified by IMO Switzerland. A selection of Bambu’s products is USDA Biobased-certified.


Moore Concrete manufacture a lockable precast Concrete Rat Bait Box designed to assist farmers in the management of vermin.
Rats breed rapidly, are versatile in their movement and consume huge quantities of food in relation to body weight. Sexual maturity is attained in just two to three months. In the following year the female produces six to seven litters of six to ten offspring.
Signs of rat infestation include “runways”, smears, droppings, gnawing and tracks. A population of 100 adult rats, typically consuming 28 g/day, can eat their way through 1 ton of feed grain or finished feed per year. Their role in terms of disease spread and structural damage is also significant.
Our Concrete Rat Bait Box is an ideal solution for vermin and rat issues. They are weather proof and due to their strength won’t be blown away or damaged by larger animals/machinery.


On Nov. 19, 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) expanded recommendations for booster doses to include all adults ages 18 years and older who received a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine primary series. The booster dose may be administered at least six (6) months after the completion of a two-dose primary series of either mRNA COVID-19 vaccine product. Healthy people who were not previously recommended for a booster dose may now receive one if they completed a primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccine series six (6) or more months ago.
In addition, the ACIP updated recommendations for the groups that should receive a booster dose at least six (6) months after completing a primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccine series to include all individuals ages 50 years and older and all residents of long-term care settings who are 18 years and older. Although these recommendations are specific to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine recipients, individuals eligible for a booster dose are able to choose to receive any of the COVID-19 vaccines currently authorized in the United States for their booster dose.
There were no changes to CDC’s existing booster dose recommendations for recipients of Johnson & Johnson’s (J&J) Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. All individuals who received an initial dose of the J&J COVID-19 vaccine should receive a booster dose at least two (2) months after receiving the initial vaccination.
For more information, guidance and resources about the COVID-19 response in Nevada, visit https://nvhealthresponse.nv.gov/.


Kerley B lines are 1 – 2 cm thin lines in the peripheries of the lung. They are perpendicular to, and extend out to the pleural surface. They represent thickened subpleural interlobular septa and are usually seen at the lung bases.
Causes of Kerley B lines include; pulmonary edema, lymphangitis carcinomatosa and malignant lymphoma, viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia, interstital pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis, sarcoidosis. They can be an evanescent sign on the CXR of a patient in and out of heart failure.
A repeat CXR the next day reveals a decrease in heart size and resolution of the Kerley B lines.
Want to read more….?


The Myopia Control Clinic is an optometry clinic specialising in the care and management of progressing and high myopes. We see a range of people who are interested in preventing their eyesight from deteriorating, or their myopia getting worse. This translational clinic works in conjunction with the Auckland Myopia Lab at the University of Auckland, and we aim to ensure the public has access to the latest in myopia research.
Myopia (short sightedness) is a common ocular condition. A person is diagnosed with myopia when light from distant objects fails to focus on the retina in the eye, and instead focuses in front of it. This causes blurred distance vision. A myopes near vision, however, could even be said to be better than average. This is the opposite of hyperopia, or far-sightedness.
The vast majority of myopia occurs when the eyeball grows too long, compared to the optical components at the front of the eye. This type of myopia, called axial myopia, appears to be largely irreversible. The excessive growth of the eye can stretch the delicate ocular tissues, and make it more prone to tears and rips, and it also increases the risk of other potentially blinding conditions, such as glaucoma and cataracts.
Myopia is getting worse with each generation. It is affecting children from a younger age, and progressing more rapidly that ever before.
The problem with continuing 'as is', is that the eye becomes more fragile the higher the level of myopia. This increases the risk of sight-threatening eye disease, particularly in later life.
Thankfully, there are now ways you can help prevent the rapid progression, and keep the eyes at a manageable level.


Research has shown that periodontal disease is associated with several other diseases. For a long time it was thought that bacteria was the factor that linked periodontal disease to other disease in the body; however, more recent research demonstrates that inflammation may be responsible for the association. Therefore, treating inflammation may not only help manage periodontal diseases but may also help with the management of other chronic inflammatory conditions.
- HEART DISEASE
- OTHER DISEASES
Courtesy of the American Academy of Periodontology


Musculoskeletal medicine deals with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the muscles and bones (musculoskeletal system) and the impact of these conditions upon your everyday life.
Musculoskeletal medicine incorporates aspects of physical therapy, spinal manipulation, joint, ligament and muscle injections, acupuncture, exercise therapy, and assistance in helping with your pain.
The Musculoskeletal Medicine team includes musculoskeletal physicians, acupuncturists, specialist nursing staff, a podiatrist, a physiotherapist and an osteopath.
What are musculoskeletal conditions?
Musculoskeletal conditions include common ailments such as neck and back pain in addition to discomfort in muscles and joints. Symptoms can result from injury, lack of exercise, inflammation, infection, or the normal aging process.


Thyroid tumors: the new intervention criteria on diagnosis, surgery and therapy
“Thyroid tumors are diagnosed with growing frequency all over the world: Italy records about 15.000 per year especially in the female population for which it is the fourth most frequent malignant tumor and comes to be the second in women under the age of 50, he explains Enrico Papini, Scientific manager Ame, Endocrinologists Medici Association and Director of complex Endocrinology and Metabolism diseases, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale. Thanks to the improvement of the diagnostic capabilities offered by the thyroid ultrasound and by the ultrasound eagastic guidance of thyroid nodules, today thyroid neoplasms are identified when they are not yet palpable or symptomatic. This, if on the one hand it represents an important step forward in prevention, puts on the other the doubt whether it is appropriate to submit “low risk” patients with limited tumors, to the same treatment traditionally reserved for more advanced neoplasms, exposing patients to possible complications and side effects probably not indispensable “.
The news on diagnosis, surgery and therapy of thyroid cancer are discussed at the workshop “4^ Thyroid Uptodate 2016 – Guidelines vs Clinical Practice: Consens and disputes“Promoted by Ame, Endocrinologi Medici Association, and by the Regina Apostolorum hospital in Albano Laziale, with the unconditional contribution of Ibsa Pharmaceuticals, which takes place in Ariccia on 7 and 8 October p.v. (link to the program).
“90-95% of thyroid nodules are benign, continue Paolo Vitti, President elected Sie, Italian Society of Endocrinology and Endocrinology Director I, Pisan University Hospital-University, And it is possible to identify the evil ones with a simple examination on cells taken from the lump with a common thin needle, the now well -known thyroid needleaspirate. This technique is highly reliable but unfortunately it is not perfect: in about 20% of cases for different reasons, insufficient aspirated biological material or for difficulties in classifying the nodules, you cannot make a certain diagnosis. The dream, already realized for other tumors, is to be able to have an objective method not based on the opinion of an examiner and the molecular examination, through the identification of genes changed in malignant cells, represents a very promising research line of research even if they have not yet found truly specific genes for thyroid tumors.
On the basis of these considerations, in the last international guidelines, the molecular examination, despite being certainly the future, is now considered only to support the diagnosis in specialized centers and, also considering the costs, not the only test to establish whether the patient should be operated or not “.
“The latest and most authoritative guidelines on the thyroid tumor of the American Thyroid Association in 2016 and the British Thyroid Association in 2014, he says Rocco Bellantone, Endocrine and metabolic surgery director of the Polyclinic “a. Gemini ”of Rome, They propose for the “microcarcinomas”, small and circumscribed tumors, a less aggressive approach than the traditional one. On the surgical level, the intervention of choice should be the removal of only half of the thyroid that contains the microcarcinoma and the intervention with a mininvasive video-assistant thyroidectomy technique (Mivat) which allows you to operate with an incision of only 2 cm.”.
“In the surgical follow-up, Papini continues the traditional therapy with radioactive iodine at high doses should be avoided in” low risk “patients or low-dose employee since the advantage in terms of survival appears very modest, in the face of an irradiation and of side effects not entirely negligible.
A more conservative surgery allows a very different approach to levotiroxine therapy, because the advantage that the residual part of the thyroid can not carry out in the maintenance of normal thyroid hormones should not be underestimated. Recent contributions in the field of pharmacology offer a portfolio of therapeutic solutions, such as the thyroid hormone in liquid solution, which can be taken together with breakfast, or in soft capsules, which can guarantee optimal absorption of the active ingredient and better adherence of the patient thanks to the ease of hiring.
Today, in summary, the treatment of thyroid cancer must be “made to measure” in relation to the different types of cancer and patient, treating aggressive neoplasms vigorously and managing more cautiously the initial ones and with favorable prognosis according to the idea that in some cases “Doing less is to do better” concludes the expert.


Biotechnology and plant protection : viral pathogenesis & disease resistance / edited by Donald D. Bills ; Shain-dow Kung.
Contributor(s): Bills, Donald D | Kung, Shain-dow | United States | University of Maryland (System) | Monsanto Company.Material type: TextPublisher: Singapore ; World Scientific, 1995Description: xiii, 415p. : ill. ; 23cm.ISBN: 9810222742.Subject(s): -- Agriculture (General) | Plants | Plants, Protection of | Virus diseases of plants | Plant biotechnology
|Item type||Current location||Call number||Status||Date due||Barcode|
Nyankpala Central Library
Welcome to UDS Library, Nyankpala Campus
|S494.5.B563 .B31 (Browse shelf)||Available||NYK-011702004853|
Browsing Nyankpala Central Library Shelves , Shelving location: General Stacks Close shelf browser
|S494.5.B563 A63 Appropriate biotechnology in small-scale agriculture :||S494.5.B563 A71 Biotechnology in agriculture :||S494.5.B563 B31 Biotechnology : building on farmers' knowledge /||S494.5.B563 .B31 Biotechnology and plant protection :||S494.5.B563 B31 International workshop on biotechnology in agriculture :||S494.5B563 B31 Biotechnology in sustainable and organic farming :||S 494.5 B563 B31 Biotechnology for small-scale farmers in developing countries :|
"Proceedings of the fifth international symposium jointly sponsored by the United States Dpartment of Agriculture, the University of Maryland System, and the Monsanto Company"--Added t.p.
Includes bibliographical references.


Axia3® ProDigestive® Antacid which is developing a next-generation treatment for fast-acting relief from occasional heartburn announced today that it would launch its website http://axia3.com/.
A disease known as Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition of the digestive system which has spread widely in the past few decades. GERD is a fast growing risk for esophageal cancer; in fact, the widespread of esophagus cancer has risen over 600% with a total survival rate of 17.5% in a period of five years.
Axia3® ProDigestive®, a US-based internet healthcare company focused on helping people suffering from occasional heartburn or its chronic condition GERD. We recently acquire the company behind the production of Axia3 Pro digestive antacid.
Over time the backflow of stomach acid destroy the lining of the esophagus and cause serious medical issues such as heartburn, chronic cough, bleeding of the esophagus, ulcer. All these are the abnormal change in the esophagus and can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
Many heartburn sufferers turn to antacid and over the counter medication for the cure but still encounter the issue with digestion. A recent poll conducted by Axia3 concerning Axia3® ProDigestive® Antacid show that the drug eliminates and suppress the symptoms of heartburn
The former president of Mc Donald’s restaurant, Jan Fields knew too well about the product and said this “when I run my heartburn flares up, and I use Axial3 pro-digestive antacid to get me through my workout. I had a huge success with Axia3 when competing in the marathon event. I highly recommend it” so also Jeremiah McElwee, a former executive of Global Buyer Whole Food Market said, “My stepfather is battling with cancer, and these products have helped with his heartburn side effects from the drug he is taking.”
Understanding the heartburn, we developed a product solution that will neutralize the stomach acid thereby neutralizing the heartburn, but the product most importantly promotes digestive health benefit. Axia3® ProDigestive® Antacid contains natural digestive enzymes that are beneficial to human health for proper digestion. Its name Axial 3 represents customer value through three different benefits i.e. minty fresh breath, pro-digestive enzymes, and fast relief.


There is an emerging trend of mushroom cultivation in the farming sector these days. The future of farming is looking a little more green. The use of fungi culture, or growing mushrooms in large-scale farming operations, is an all-natural way to grow crops while reducing the impact on the environment.
Mushrooms and their cultivation
Mushrooms are a hearty crop with a variety of benefits for farmers and consumers alike. These can be grown under a wide range of conditions including indoors or outdoors, in low-nutrient mediums such as sawdust, recycled paper, and even cottonseed hulls. In addition to being organic and environmentally friendly, they also have a fast turnover time. Its duration varies from three days to two weeks depending on the type of mushroom. According to some researchers, the levels of protein it contains are higher than beef, or chicken, etc.
In fact, Mushrooms are a type of fungus. They consist of a mass of thread-like cells called mycelium, which is often found in soil or on decomposing plant matter. Some mushrooms can be eaten, while others have been shown to have medicinal properties.
Mushroom cultivation is a growing trend in food and medicinal markets. There are many types of mushrooms that grow in different ways and provide different benefits to the human body. This blog will explore more about fungi culture, its benefits, and different types of mushrooms.
The benefit of mushrooms
There are many reasons why mushrooms are good for you. They are full of antioxidants, which help reduce inflammation and harmful chemicals in the body.
Mushrooms are also a great source of vitamin D, which is good for strengthening your immune system. Vitamin D also promotes cell growth, which strengthens your bones.
Some mushrooms can also improve your mood or alleviate anxiety. This is because they contain compounds called beta-glucans, which have the ability to activate the body’s natural defenses by improving the function of white blood cells. These cells help fight infection and illness, so consuming mushrooms could reduce your risk of disease.
Let’s take a look at some popular types of mushrooms that might be beneficial for you.
Types of Mushrooms and How to Grow Your Own Mushrooms
There are many different types of mushrooms and most can be grown at home with a little know-how. Mushrooms come in all shapes and sizes, with some edible and some poisonous. Mushroom cultivation is made all the more accessible because you don’t need a traditional garden to grow them. You can cultivate your mushrooms on logs, straw, or other plant matter found in nature.
Easy to Care
There are a variety of reasons why mushroom cultivation has great potential for modern agriculture. First, It is very easy to grow them both indoors and outdoors, so production is flexible. In addition to being easy to grow, mushrooms also have a fast turnover rate – from three days to two weeks. Mushrooms are high in protein and offer a solution to many environmental pollution problems. Mushrooms offer a fast turnover time and high levels of protein. Their growth is always much rapid in a wide range of conditions.
Mushrooms have been shown to provide many benefits to the human body including improved immune system function, reducing inflammation, lowering blood pressure, improving bone health, reducing risk for stroke, reducing risk for heart attack, and warding off cancer among other things.
Here are some popular mushroom varieties that are easy to grow at home:
White button mushrooms
White button mushrooms are one of the most popular types of mushrooms. They provide a great source of protein and are very popular in different cuisines. They also help with memory and boost your immune system. White button mushrooms are very popular in many cuisines across the world.
Shiitake mushrooms are brown or light brown in color and have fairly wrinkly caps with long stems attached. They grow well on hardwood stumps or sawdust blocks which provide the best environment to grow them fast.
Shiitake mushrooms are a type of edible mushroom. They are one of the most popular types of mushrooms in the culinary world, mainly due to their rich flavor, texture, and versatility. Shiitakes mushrooms are very delicious and easy to use both raw and cooked.
Shiitake mushrooms have antiviral properties and are very useful for many treatments. They also contain antioxidants that can help support your immune system. These mushrooms can also boost your metabolism and improve digestion.
Oyster mushrooms are one of the easiest mushrooms to grow at home because they’re usually grown on logs. They’re also delicious. They’re dark brown to black in color with fairly flat caps. The gills underneath the cap often run down the stem. Oyster mushrooms are a type of edible mushroom, which grows on the sides of trees. They are very common in wooded areas and can grow up to 3-5 feet long. These mushrooms are typically light brown having slight white gills, but may also be dark brown or grey.
Oyster mushrooms have an earthy flavor and are often used as the main ingredient in soups, stews, sauces, and salads. They can be eaten raw or cooked and are especially popular in Asian cuisine. Oyster mushrooms contain B vitamins, potassium, copper, selenium, manganese, iron, silicon, tryptophan (a natural mood-enhancer), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), vitamin D2, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), biotin (vitamin H) and choline.
Believe it or not, fungi might be the answer to some of the world’s most pressing problems. This new form of farming, also known as fungi culture, is poised to make a large impact on the environment, providing food for millions of people, and providing sustainable alternatives to current farming practices. Mushrooms are one of the most under-appreciated food sources in our diets. They are a great source of protein, fiber, and B vitamins.
But, there are many varieties of mushrooms, and not all are suitable for consumption. That’s why it’s important to research the types of mushrooms you would like to grow in order to ensure they are edible. Growing your own mushrooms is a great way to save money and ensure you’re getting the freshest product possible. Governments of many countries are also facilitating the people to cultivate mushrooms. For this purpose, they have launched mass media campaigns to create awareness among the people.


The world is facing a biodiversity crisis. Decades of climate change and unchecked industrial development are putting nature under more pressure than ever. British Columbia is on the frontlines of the fight to protect our last remaining large, intact natural land and seascapes, and the plants and animals that depend on them.
Governments have a choice: To take bold action to defend against the decline of species, or to continue to watch iconic animals like caribou and orca vanish from our ecosystems forever. The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society in British Columbia is committed to helping them make the best decision.
The Society is part of one of Canada’s oldest non-profit conservation groups. We protect wilderness in every corner of BC and deep into the ocean. We have been defending British Columbia since 1978, and are dedicated to keeping British Columbia’s natural environment thriving forever. Nature is BC’s best hope.
The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society in British Columbia has a plan to stem the nature emergency and ensure resilient ecosystems that can weather the storms of a changing climate. When nature thrives, so do we.
The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society defends public lands and the ocean. We work with Indigenous, provincial and federal governments with the goal of creating large protected and interconnected areas: places that can nurse nature through climate change and shelter plants and animals forever.
Most of the land, freshwater and ocean in BC and on the coast is held in public trust. It is our shared responsibility to protect it for future generations.
Our work to safeguard large parks, protected areas and wildlife corridors has been instrumental in protecting precious places across the province. Join us in the fight to safeguard special places across the province including Tatshenshini, Muskwa Kechika, South Okanagan-Similkameen, Gwaii Haanas, the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and the Scott Islands.


Students from Natasha Gault’s Vermillion Middle School eighth grade science class spoke to the Vermillion City Council about how the possible intrusion of Asian Carp in the Missouri River could be detrimental to the ecosystem that flows through the area.
Because of their efforts, the class won $20,000 worth of technology from Samsung for their research and presentation on Asian Carp.
“These invasive fish eat, grow and reproduce in ways that are superior to native species,” said Madyson Gilbertson, student at VMS.
Asian Carp can change the water quality in the river, disrupt the food webs of native fishes by eating Plankton on the bottom of the river and eventually reduce the population of fish in the river, according to research by South Dakota State University.
The fish is most notably known for jumping up to 10 feet out of the water. Often times they hit boaters and can even cause injury.
Asian Carp can swallow eight swimming pools worth of water and eat Plankton up to 10 percent of their body weight. They grow up to 10 inches in their first year of life and can spawn up to 48 million eggs in their lifetime.
“It’s concerning to me that this is such a big problem and none of (the council) has ever heard about it before,” said Steve Ward, city council member and University of South Dakota faculty.
Asian Carp is listed on the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Park’s list of least wanted species. The fish is considered an Aquatic Invasive Species and is illegal to transport or sell in the state.
The Asian Carp was introduced to the United States in the 1970’s in Arkansas. The fish has made its way up the Mississippi River and parts of the Missouri River.
“Asian Carp are here in our own backyards,” said Brooklyn Kirsh, VMS student.
The class will represent the state at Samsung’s Solve for Tomorrow Contest in March. The five final states will receive technology valued at $140,000 for the school and a trip to Washington D.C., if selected.
The contest is to encourage Science, Technology, Engineering and Math education.


Here’s a good example of a ‘tough one’ when it comes to taking the best approach to conservation. At first glance, it seems that the Australian government is backing out of an obligation, but looking a bit further is that the case?
It appears that this isn’t the first time that difficulties like this have popped up, as can be seen by the 2010 amendment made to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in order to account for recreational and commercial fisheries and occasional catches of sharks.
Another quick look shows that, in NSW, recreational fishing regulations already aim at protecting several of these shark species; limiting bag limits to a single shark of any combination of the species in question while also stating that only one of the three hammerhead species (the smooth hammerhead) can be legally retained. Queensland regulations state that one shark of any species (excluding white sharks, grey nurse sharks, sawfish and speartooth sharks which are no take) can be retained as a bag limit. Other states and territories have similar restrictions to recreational fishing of sharks.
While I haven’t looked into commercial fishing regulations, the few things I did see suggest that there is allowance for inevitable bycatch of sharks while fishing for other species, and requirements to immediately release living sharks that are accidentally caught.
So would making it illegal for recreational and commercial fishers to capture these species in Australian waters adequately address the threats posed to these species? Or would further changes to existing state fishing regulations achieve the same outcome without unduly persecuting those that are trying to do the right thing?
I’m not taking a side on this one until I get a better idea of the whole story. Feel free to have your say!