DETOXIFICATION AND WELLNESS
Why is detoxification important?
Our philosophy is that a toxic body is at the root of all discomfort and disease. In our modern society we produce very toxic compounds that find their way into the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soaps and detergents we cleanse our environment with, and the lotion and perfumes we put on our skin to smell good.
The body must get rid of these dangerous substances by neutralizing them, putting them into solution and excreting them through the lymph, lungs, skin, kidneys, and bowels. Unfortunately, not all of them get excreted efficiently. Some of the toxins are even circulated back into the bloodstream and others are stored in various body tissues such as fat tissues forming tumors.
Over the years toxins can build up in the fatty tissues which are concentrated in the brain, breast, reproductive organs and various other organ and tissues leading to a variety of health issues.
What is body detoxification?
Body Detoxification is as important to your body as taking out the garbage and flushing the toilet is to daily life in your home. Without occasional flushing out toxins with fasting, toxins accumulate causing the proliferation of parasites and waste buildup in your tissues and cells.
Detoxification is an essential part of maintaining good health because an accumulation of toxins taxes every system of the body, damages tissues, facilitates cell mutation, reduces circulation, lowers immune function and causes many unpleasant symptoms in the body related to fatigue, skin, joints, digestion, sinusitis, headaches, nausea. This internal toxic waste give rise to all types of conditions, high blood pressure, lupus, depression, chronic fatigue, diabetes, heart disease, cancers of all types, and skin conditions.
Detoxification is the process of clearing out toxins from the body or neutralizing or transforming them. This renders them harmless and reduces the symptoms of toxicity within the body. Everyone should rest and detoxify their bodies from time to time. An increasing exposure to environmental toxins (air, water, radiation, UV, microwave), intake of chemically altered foods, poor habits (caffeine, sugar, nicotine, drugs, alcohol), high pharmaceutical drug intake and imbalanced physiological function (poor digestion, inadequate elimination, congestion, etc.) heightens this need.
How can I rid my Body of Toxins and Waste?
Colon hydrotherapy, heat sauna, body wraps all detoxify the body. We have several programs that can detox your body at the cellular level for the best possible cleanse. It is wise to engage in a multifaceted program; i.e., a program that combines the cleansing modalities as well as the fasting and juicing programs. Our Kalulife Enhancement 12-day cleansing program is a cellular cleanse. We put over 2000 people on this program with great success. It works alone or best when combined with the colonics, body wraps and heat sauna. The program consists of four parts:
Part One: 7-days of fasting: This part can be extended based upon how toxic you are, which is noted by the symptoms you have: headaches, fatigue, depression, arthritis or other diseases or debilitating conditions. Part one can be extended for 5-10 day for maximum results. The fast can be tailored to suit your particular health concerns or needs.
Part Two: Liver/gallbladder flushing: This is a one night flush to move toxins out of your liver and gall bladder. The formula is sometimes changed to move hard toxins out of the kidneys.
Part Three: 5-day Raw food diet: This section consists of eating nothing but raw or live foods. A raw foods diet helps rebuild the digestive system and give your body a new start. This section can also be extended for 5 to 10 to give your body time to rest and rejuvenate.
Part Four: New Healthy Eating Guide: Now you gradually return to normal. However, you will want to prepare your self to continue to follow the principles you will learn from the information in your program folder.
Dr. Kalu has been supervising this fast for a decade helping over two thousand people overcome different health crises. The 12-day cleansing program has given our clients tremendous results. We have seen blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol reversed; blood chemistry results get better, skin conditions clear up, etc… Try it and see what it does for you. If you are not interested in a 12-day program or your budget does not allow for the purchase of the items involved, we have other cleansing programs we can tailor to suit your needs.
How is a program chosen for me specifically?
Dr. Kalu takes into account your:
experience with cleansing.
past eating habits.
current health conditions and lifestyle.
potential strengths and weaknesses.
past and current patterns of elimination.
gastrointestinal response to herbal laxatives.
It is important that any detoxification program commences with a colonic irrigation to relieve the colon of waste which will facilitate the cleansing process thus lessening the symptoms that usually accompany fasting and cleansing.
What are the benefits of a detoxification program?
In today’s society the refined foods we eat lack the bulk and fiber to create the cleansing and peristaltic motion to facilitate the movement of the food through the colon. Refined flour, hardened fats, high intake of sugar, lack of water, caffeine, antibiotics, and stress all contribute to poor health in general.
Upon the completion of an herbal cleansing program with colonics, you may experience the following physical changes:
• Improved digestion
• Less bloating
• Less flatulence
• Fewer reactions to foods
• Clearer skin
• Less mucous discharge
• Improved sinus conditions
• Easier breathing
• Improved bowel elimination
•Balanced blood pressure
•Balanced glucose levels• Improved detoxification mechanism
• Less headaches, backaches, joint and muscle aches
• Less body odor
• Better health
• Weight loss
You may also feel the following:
• More energetic
• Clear thinking and improved concentration
• Sense of lightness
• Greater control over your mind and body
• Increased vitality
How should I expect to feel on the program?
How you respond to the products and the juices will be determined by your uniqueness and your ability to adhere to the program. Many people begin to experience the many benefits of detoxification within a few weeks and show results within a month. Some individuals take longer to notice results. Some may do the cleansing program 2 or more times before they experience the benefits and have no reactions. However, everything you feel or experience depends upon how deeply toxic you are and how much energy your body has to release the toxins.
How do I start the program?
You make an appointment to come into the office for a consultation. As no two people have exactly the same dietary needs or health problems, the program may be modified to suit your particular needs. However, there are occasions when a program may be designed especially for you.
How should I prepare?
There is no specific preparation necessary. Here are a few pointers that may help:
you will need to have become willing to change,
you will want to create the time needed to engage in the process,
you will want to read through the entire program
you may want to reduce the foods that will cause the most negative effects while
exiting your system: caffeinated beverages, refined sugars and dairy products.
What can you expect on your first visit with me?
You receive a one on one consultation with the ability to ask the questions important to you.
The visit begins with:
It is an information gathering session, where nothing is off limits; I find a place for everything and everyone. I understand that people are complex beings, affected by their present symptoms, family history, past medical history, current medications, diet, lifestyle, emotional and psychosocial stress. I realize that everything is connected so, we talk about:
symptoms you are experiencing;
medications you are currently taking;
supplements you are currently taking;
review of current and past lab tests;
the physical problems that you are having;
your body and how it is functioning;
the many different aspects of health and disease;
the amount of stress in your life;
how you are sleeping;
how you are thinking;
how you are exercising
how you are working;
what you are eating;
and what you are drinking.
The session ends with:
The natural alternative treatments available and when necessary, the conventional treatments available to you. The more information you have about what’s going on and what your different options are, the better decisions you are going to make about how to take care of your health. You will most likely be given recommendations on:
Healthy Cooking Instruction
Promoting and maintaining health
Immune system building
Vegetable & Fruit juicing guidance


The over 200 species of squirrels all over the world are majorly vegetarians and are known to consume a wide variety of nuts, seeds, fruits, and other vegetarian foods. However, some species of flying squirrels have been known to be omnivores. They also eat small birds, small insects, caterpillars, and eggs.
Overall squirrels eat a wide variety of food depending on what’s available for them, but they prefer nuts and seeds. They can go to any length to get nuts and seeds, so don’t be surprised if you’ll need to get a squirrel-proof bird feeder for your birds.
Squirrels are sensitive and sensible animals. They know where their food is and are always eager to do everything possible to get to it. When you have birds and provide them with tasty seeds, squirrels are always ready to fight for those seeds. So, you should know that where squirrels are present, you best need squirrel-proof bird feeders to make your grains and seeds safer for your birds.
Squirrels drink water to get hydrated just like other rodents, and they also take various fruits to get some delicious juice. Once a while, some naughty groups of squirrels take almonds flavored sugary alcohol just to give them the party spirit.
Here are some important facts about how and what squirrels eat.
How do squirrels eat during winter
Squirrels largely depend on seeds and nuts. Most trees produce their nuts only once a year, usually in the autumn season, which means that squirrels would have to find a way to store food to sustain them for the entire winter.
Some squirrel store their food in their territory and always defend it, while other bury their nuts in various locations to form scattered hoarding.
Squirrels have intrinsic skills to determine the nuts’ freshness and weight, whether insects might infest them when they are buried. They try to organize how these nuts are buried so they won’t forget any nut during the winter – all these just to keep their food safe so that they won’t starve during the cold.
During the winter, they always reach where these nuts are kept and judiciously eat and avoid wastage. If there is no food, they search for your grains and seeds that are provided for birds.
What nuts do squirrels eat
Basically, squirrels are widely known to thrive on nuts. As with their regular diet, the various kinds of nuts squirrels eat largely depend on the season, availability, and what they can get hold of at any moment. Below are some tasty nuts that can make a delicious meal for squirrels.
- Beech nuts
- Pine nuts
Do squirrels eat carrots?
If you grow carrots in your backyard and you have squirrels around, you should be concerned because yes! Squirrels eat carrots. Although they prefer nuts and seeds to vegetables, they always will eat what is available.
If you have a friendly squirrel that comes from the forest and visits your house from time to time, and you have nothing else at hand but carrots bought from the corner store, you can simply feed her or him carrots as long as the squirrel accepts the food.
Do squirrels eat bread?
Yes, squirrels eat bred. Bread contains sugar, and it gives a pleasant taste to it. These critters are scavengers. They always hustle hard to get their food, which makes them search for bread in the trash and anywhere around your home. They can even develop the courage to steal your bread.
What are squirrels’ favorite foods?
Although squirrels can adapt to the conditions and food available, just like every other animal, they have some tastier food than others. These foods make them really happy when they have a chance to eat them.
Squirrels love nuts the most; breaking shells from nuts and eating gives them joy and pleasure. They also fancy eating seeds, fruits, fungi, and grains. Vegetables, roots, bulbs, and bark also form a nice delicacy for squirrels.
Squirrels love eating all these foods than insects and caterpillars.


More than three thousand insects appear in this film each for a single frame. As the colours glow and change across their bodies and wings it is as if the genetic programme of millions of years is taking place in a few minutes. It is a rampant creation that seems to defy the explanations of evolutionists and fundamentalists. It is like a mescalin dream of Charles Darwin’s.
The film is inspired by the insect collection of Walter Linsenmaier in the natural history museum of Luzern. As each insect follows the other, frame by frame, they appear to unfurl their antennae, scuttle along, or flap their wings as if trying to escape the pinions which attach them forever in their display cases. Just for a moment the eye is tricked into believing that these dead creatures still live . . .


COVID19 Learning from four disease outbreak responses
16 April 2020
At Start Network we always aim to learn from experience. So, we have endeavoured to analyse the data and information from past Start Fund responses in order to present a set of lessons for COVID-19 projects.
Looking at disease responses from 2018 and 2019, including project data and information from 12 activated Start Fund alerts and post-project learning exchanges, we have developed a set of lessons on four disease responses. Including Cholera, Dengue Fever, Ebola and Lassa Fever.


Overview of the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection
The Scripps Pelagic Invertebrates Collection is among the world's preeminent collections of marine zooplankton. It includes over 110,000 whole zooplankton samples containing some 108 specimens. In addition to worldwide geographic coverage, the Collection includes the remarkable CalCOFI zooplankton time series, which has surveyed the California Current since 1949. Zooplankton have been collected with nets, pumps, and specialized collecting devices, over depths ranging from the neustonic layer to the bathypelagic. While most samples are stored in formaldehyde, a growing number are available in ethanol, hence suitable for DNA sequencing. The collection houses the Fleminger Copepod Library, comprising ca. 21,500 sorted copepod specimens as well as reprints and monographs concerning the Copepoda. An additional 8,500 sorted, identified reference specimens are available for other zooplankton and micronekton taxa (e.g., Euphausiacea, Cephalopoda, Sergestidae, Pteropoda, etc.). Most samples are supplemented with physical and chemical data. The Collection includes worldwide holdings with particular strengths in the Pacific, Indo-West Pacific, and Antarctic regions.
Photo: SIO Collections
Collection data for all holdings are accessible on a searchable database. The Pelagic Invertebrates Collection supports scientific research by providing specimens for studies on systematics, evolution, molecular genetics, ecology, population dynamics, climate change and other topics. Specimens are available for examination at SIO and for loan to researchers at recognized institutions (loan policy). The Oceanographic Collections, including the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection, also support graduate courses and research at SIO.
Dr. Mark D. Ohman, Professor and Curator: firstname.lastname@example.org
Ms. Linsey Sala, Collection Manager: email@example.com
Ms. Annie Townsend, Collection Manager emerita: firstname.lastname@example.org
Pelagic Invertebrates Collection
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
University of California, San Diego 0227
9500 Gilman Drive
La Jolla, CA 92093-0227, U.S.A.
Phone: 858-534 2071; Fax: 858-534 6500
Vaughan Hall, Rooms 135, 125 Click here for map


The image on the right shows a longitudinal (cut from top to bottom) section of the heart while the image on the left shows the plane through whick the section was taken. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is returned to the heart through four pulmonary veins (PV) that empty into the left atrium (LA). When the left atrium is filled completely, the pressure that it creates opens the mitral valve (MV) very much like opening a hatch door by applying pressure against it. The edges of the mitral valve that is made up of two leaflets are kept from flopping back into the left atrium by cords that are known as chordae tendineae (pronounced cord-ee ten-din-ee). This is very much like ropes that holds the sail of a boat in place as wind gushes against it. The other end of the cords are attached to papillary muscles that helps take up the slack as ventricle starts to empty (known as contraction) and decreases in size. The increased pressure within the ventricle as it contracts pops open the aortic valve and blood gushes into the aorta. The aorta serves as a highway or conduit that divides into branches which in turn carries blood to various parts of the body.
The body tissues extracts oxygen and nutrients from the blood that is then returned to the right atrium (RA), travels through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle (RV). The process is very similar to that described for the left atrium and left ventricle. Unlike the mitral valve that has two leaflets, the tricuspid valve has three leaflets (thus the name). When the right ventricle (RV) is filled, it begins to contract and empties the blood across the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery (PA). The PA carries blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood then travels via the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. This round trip comprises the circulation of blood.
The pictures below represent a heart that is cut along the horizontal axis. The picture on the left shows the plane along which the heart is cut. That is, the top of the heart, including the right and left atria (atria is plural for atrium), the pulmonary artery and aorta are removed on the picture on the right (below). It shows the heart as you would look down at it from the front. The tricuspid and mitral valves are represented right and left, respectively (you can see the right and left ventricles through the two valves). The aortic and pulmonic valves are shown up and down, respectively, in the bottom half of the picture. The heart size increases and decreases during the filling (DIASTOLE, pronounced die-as-tull-ee) and contraction or emptying (SYSTOLE, pronounced sis-tull-ee) of the heart chambers.
The animation on th right shows an animated cross section of th heart, together with valve structures that open and shut to let blood pass through the atria, ventricles and the great vessels. The image on the left shows the plane through which the cross-section of the heart was taken.
The video clip below shows another cross section of the heart.
The mitral and tricuspid valves open and the aortic and pulmonic valves are shut while the ventricles fill during diastole. In contrast, the mitral and tricuspid valves shut while the aortic and pulmonic valves open during ventricular systole. This sequence ensures that the ventricles are filled to capacity before the aortic and pulmonic valves are opened. At this time, the mitral and tricuspid valves are shut so that blood does not leak back into the the two atria. Yes, the heart is an ingenious device that could have inspired design of the modern day mechanical pump and integrated valves.
Did you stop and wonder why each side of the heart has two pumping chambers (atrium and ventricle)? Why not just have a ventricle to receive blood and then pump it straight out? The reason is that the atrium serves as a "booster pump" that increases the filling of the ventricle. Filling a normal ventricle to capacity translates to more vigorous contraction or emptying. You can compare this to a strong spring, and imagine that the heart muscle is made up of tiny little "springs" known as ACTIN and MYOSIN. Within reasonable limits, the more you stretch a spring, the more vigorously will be its contraction or recoil. In medical terms, this is known as "Frank-Starling's" law.


Invasive species: First traps set for Chinese mitten crabs in the UK
Emily Dunham – 23 October 2023
If you’re not familiar, the term ‘invasive species’ is used to describe non-native flora and fauna that is artificially introduced to a country, only to wreak havoc on indigenous wildlife. One example you’ll definitely be familiar with (even if it comes as something of a surprise) is the grey squirrel, but you probably won’t be familiar with the Chinese mitten crab – the latest non-native species to make its mark. With furry claws and ability to grow to the size of a dinner plate, you’d be forgiven for thinking that this crab sounds cuddly, but the species can be quite aggressive, and has been listed as an invasive species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the UK since August 2016.
The classification isn’t unwarranted either, the crabs disrupt the biodiversity of UK waterways (an ecosystem that is already under immense pressure) and compromise the stability of riverbanks as they burrow into them – how shellfish! The species is native to South East Asia, and was considered to be established in the Thames in 1973. But it has now been seen in waterways across the UK, and even shocked some dog walkers at a park in the Nene Valley in Peterborough!
Now, a group of scientists have been given special permission by the Environment Agency to test a trap for the crabs at Pode Hole in Lincolnshire. The project, which sees collaboration between the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust, the Wellings and Deepings Internal Drainage Board and the National History Museum, aims to prevent the crabs migrating to breeding grounds to slow their spread. The site has been chosen because the village lies at the confluence of several drainage channels and has been reported to have a particular problem with the crabs.
There are some really complicated rules and regulations that cover this kind of thing, so it’s unlikely to be solved by a snappy decision. The Invasive Alien Species (Enforcement and Permitting) Order 2019 is a key piece of legislation here, and details when permits or licenses are required. The government’s guidelines require permission before you are free to put traps in waterways, and you cannot take live animals away from the riverbank, so must instead humanely kill them where you caught them (though there are some exceptions if you have a permit to keep live animals for research or conservation). The group involved in this project have a license to set their trap, but it does have some conditions placed upon it – the crabs will be frozen to be used for further scientific analysis, and cannot be transported live. Interestingly enough, they plan to use the crabs to research their digestive system!


The consequences of human and physical processes on ecosystem services and products have a strong spatial and temporal context. In this subtheme, we seek for presentations that tackle biogeography, biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. What are the conditions underpinning changes in ecosystems, ecosystem services and products? What interventions have yielded positive results in terms of recovery? How best can we propel ecosystem integrity under changing conditions? What governance and policy frameworks best guarantee the integrity of ecosystems? How can conservation biogeography be propelled in sensitive and fragile landscapes? How can the emergency of data science drive improved conservation of threatened species, landscapes and people?
A 250-word abstract on the topics of the conference is required for those intending to make presentations. Both oral and poster presentations in the conference will be accepted. In addition, specific proposals for sessions may also be accepted. Abstracts will be submitted online at the submit-abstracts page.
Abstracts will be reviewed in real-time and feedback on acceptance will be given to the proponents after being subjected to a peer review process. The deadline for abstract submission and notification are as follows;
- Deadline abstract submission: 31st October 2022
- Latest Notification of abstract: 7th November 2022


Flaxseed w/ Artichoke Powder
Flax Seed: Contains a natural blend of insoluble and soluble fiber with a low glycemic index. Flaxseed contains essential fatty acids such as ALA Omega 3, and possesses one of the best sources of Lignans (a natural and powerful antioxidant).
Artichoke: A good source of fiber, vitamins and minerals and high levels of antioxidants. Also may help to maintain healthy liver functions and maintain healthy levels of cholesterol.
Acai: In the Amazon, Acai is widely consumed as a popular nutritious fruit drink. It is rich in antioxidants and is a natural astringent. Acai is high in fiber and contains Vitamin B1, B2, B3, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Calcium, Potassium, Proteins, and healthy fatty acids Omega 6 and Omega 9.
Nopal-Cactus: Contains and excellent source of high levels of both soluble and insoluble fiber for healthy digestion.*
Apple Fiber: Helps to maintain a healthy intestinal function.* An excellent source of Pectin, a soluble dietary fiber found in apples, works to lower cholesterol by reducing the amount of cholesterol that is absorbed in the intestines.
Oat Bran Fiber: Great source of Phosphorous, Selenium, and Manganese, Iron, Magnesium, Vitamin B1, and a soluble fiber. The consumption of soluble fiber from whole oats may reduce the risk of heart disease and may help lower cholesterol. L-
Lysine: Lysine is one of the essential amino for building proteins. Lysine is essential for proper collagen formation.
Fennel Seed Powder: Rich source of dietary fiber and contains a concentrated source of minerals like copper, iron, calcium, potassium, manganese, selenium, zinc, and magnesium.
Apple Cider Vinegar: Apple Cider vinegar helps maintain healthy blood glucose levels, contains acetic acid which may help to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and used by many for healthy weight management.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.


Medical director wants intervention fund for patients with kidney failure
A consultant nephrologist, Dr Abdulwasiu Busari, has decried the increasing rate of kidney diseases in Nigeria, saying it is currently about 20 to 25 per cent.
Busari, who works at the Renal Department, Gbagada General Hospital, Lagos, spoke with the News Agency of Nigeria on Thursday in Lagos, in commemoration of the World Kidney Day celebration.
The World Kidney Day is celebrated annually on the second Thursday in March aimed at raising awareness on the importance of kidneys to overall health.
It is also aimed at reducing the frequency and impact of kidney disease and associated health problems worldwide.
This year’s theme is: “Living Well with Kidney Disease.”
“Out of every 10 people we see, two or three have Chronic Kidney Disease, and it has been increasing yearly.
“The situation is now so bad that you see a lot of patients soliciting for financial assistance to meet their medical needs.
“It is not only adults that are affected with kidney disease, even children have the disease,” he said.
The nephrologist attributed the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease to rise in the risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, abuse of drugs, intake of herbal concoction, obesity among others.
He listed other major causes as Chronic Glomerulonephritis, Obstructive Uropathy (prostate enlargement, urethral structure, fibroids, bilateral kidney stones, bladder cancers).
They are toxic nephropathy (Herbal concoctions, analgesic abuse, antibiotics abuse, hard drugs), HIV/AIDS, genetic disease (Adult Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease) and autoimmune diseases.
Busari said that most people diagnosed with chronic kidney disease were not aware that they have kidney disease, thus most present late at the hospital.
“What is of concern to us as nephrologists is that only one third of these people know that they have kidney disease when they come to the hospital.
“Most times when they come to the hospitals, they complain about treating recurring malaria and typhoid fever.
“When we do our investigations through tests, we discover that the patients may have an advanced stage of chronic kidney disease which is often irreversible.
“That’s when they need dialysis or transplant,” he said.
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Red 3, also known as erythrosine, is a pink or red food coloring that is commonly used to dye foods ranging from candies to popsicles to cake decorations. But is this vivid additive actually vegan? With conflicting information circulating, many vegans and vegetarians want a clear answer.
If you’re short on time, here’s a quick answer: Red 3 is generally not considered vegan. While the dye can be synthetically produced, most Red 3 used in food products today is derived from animal sources like fish and insects.
What is Red 3 and How is it Made?
Overview of Red 3 dye
Red 3, also known as Erythrosine B, is a synthetic food dye commonly used to add a vibrant red color to various food and beverage products. It falls under the category of azo dyes, which are compounds derived from petroleum.
Red 3 has been approved for use by regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in Europe.
Natural vs synthetic manufacturing
Red 3 can be manufactured using both natural and synthetic methods. Natural sources for red dye include cochineal insects and certain plants, such as beetroot. However, the synthetic manufacturing process is more commonly used due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency.
Main production methods
There are two main production methods for synthetic Red 3 dye: the diazotization-coupling method and the sulfonation method. In the diazotization-coupling method, aromatic compounds are combined with a diazonium salt to produce the desired dye.
On the other hand, the sulfonation method involves the reaction of an aromatic compound with sulfuric acid to form the dye.
It is important to note that the manufacturing process of Red 3, as well as other food dyes, is closely regulated to ensure safety and purity. Extensive testing and quality control measures are implemented to meet the standards set by regulatory agencies.
While Red 3 is widely used in the food industry, its safety has been a topic of controversy. Some studies have suggested a potential link between Red 3 consumption and adverse health effects, such as allergies and hyperactivity in children.
However, more research is needed to establish a definitive connection.
Animal-Derived Sources Used to Make Red 3
Carmine dye from cochineal insects
One of the main sources for Red 3 dye is carmine, which is derived from cochineal insects. These insects are native to South America and are commonly found on cacti. The dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects by crushing them and then boiling them in water.
The resulting liquid is then processed to obtain the red dye. This process has been used for centuries and is still widely used today in the food industry.
Fish scales and shellfish
In addition to cochineal insects, fish scales and shellfish can also be used to produce Red 3 dye. The scales of certain fish, such as herring, can be processed to extract the dye. Similarly, shellfish like shrimp or lobster can also provide a source for this dye.
These animal-derived sources are often used as alternatives to carmine, especially in cases where customers prefer vegan or vegetarian options.
Other animal-based sources
While cochineal insects, fish scales, and shellfish are the primary animal-derived sources for Red 3 dye, there may be other potential sources as well. However, it is important to note that the use of these alternative sources may vary depending on the specific manufacturer or supplier.
It is always recommended to check the product labels or contact the manufacturer directly for more information on the origin of Red 3 dye.
For more information on food dyes and their sources, you can visit the FDA website, where you can find detailed information on the approved uses and safety regulations of food dyes.
Vegan Status Among Other Food Dyes
When it comes to determining whether a food dye is vegan or not, it’s important to consider the source of the dye. Red 3, also known as Erythrosine, has been a subject of controversy among vegans due to its origins and uses.
To understand its vegan status, it’s helpful to compare it with other food dyes.
Colors approved for vegan products
There are several food dyes that are commonly used in vegan products. These dyes are derived from plant-based sources and do not involve any animal products or by-products. Examples of such dyes include:
- Annatto extract, which is obtained from the seeds of the achiote tree
- Turmeric, a yellow spice derived from the Curcuma longa plant
- Spirulina extract, a blue-green pigment derived from blue-green algae
These plant-based dyes are often used in a variety of vegan foods, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and confectioneries.
Other animal-derived food dyes
In contrast to the vegan-approved food dyes, there are several food dyes that are derived from animal sources. These dyes are not suitable for vegans due to the involvement of animal products in their production. Examples of animal-derived food dyes include:
- Cochineal extract, also known as carmine, which is derived from crushed cochineal insects
- Shellac, a resin secreted by the female lac bug
- Beetle juice, which is obtained from the Dactylopius coccus insect
These animal-derived dyes are commonly used in various food and beverage products, including candies, fruit juices, and cosmetics.
Natural vegetable-based colors
When it comes to the origins of Red 3, it is not derived from animal sources. Instead, it is a synthetic dye that is made from coal tar. However, this does not necessarily make it vegan-friendly. Some vegans choose to avoid Red 3 due to concerns about its potential health effects and the fact that it is not derived from natural vegetable sources.
It’s important to note that the vegan status of Red 3 may vary depending on individual beliefs and dietary choices. If you’re unsure about whether a particular food dye is vegan, it’s always a good idea to check the ingredient list or contact the manufacturer for more information.
Potential Health and Environmental Impacts
Studies on toxicity and cancer
There have been concerns about the potential health effects of Red 3, a commonly used food dye. Several studies have indicated that Red 3 may have carcinogenic properties and could increase the risk of cancer.
However, it is important to note that the evidence is not conclusive, and more research is needed to fully understand the impact of this food dye on human health.
Hyperactivity in children
Some studies have also suggested a link between Red 3 and hyperactivity in children. Although the evidence is limited and conflicting, some parents and experts believe that consuming foods containing Red 3 may contribute to increased hyperactivity levels in children.
It is essential to consider individual sensitivities and consult with healthcare professionals before making any dietary changes.
Synthetic dyes and pollution
Another aspect of concern regarding Red 3 and other synthetic food dyes is their potential impact on the environment. The manufacturing process of these dyes often involves the use of petrochemicals and other synthetic compounds, which can contribute to pollution and harm ecosystems.
Additionally, the disposal of food products containing these dyes can further contribute to environmental pollution.
It is worth noting that there are ongoing efforts to develop natural alternatives to synthetic food dyes, which may have fewer environmental impacts. Some companies have started using plant-based alternatives, such as beet juice or spirulina extract, to achieve vibrant colors in food products.
These natural alternatives offer a more sustainable and eco-friendly option for food coloring.
Seeking Vegan-Friendly Foods Free of Red 3
For individuals following a vegan lifestyle, it is important to be mindful of the ingredients in the foods they consume. One ingredient that often raises questions is Red 3, a food dye that has been the subject of controversy.
While it is not inherently non-vegan, many vegans choose to avoid it due to its origins and potential health concerns. To help you navigate this issue, here are some tips on finding vegan-friendly foods free of Red 3.
Reading ingredient labels
The first step in seeking vegan-friendly foods free of Red 3 is to carefully read the ingredient labels. Red 3, also known as E127 or erythrosine, is commonly used as a food dye to add a vibrant red color to various products, including candies, baked goods, and beverages.
By checking the ingredient list, you can determine if a particular product contains Red 3 or any other ingredients that may not align with your vegan values. Look for products that explicitly state they are free from artificial colors or use natural alternatives.
If you are concerned about the presence of Red 3 in store-bought foods, one option is to make your own homemade alternatives. This way, you have complete control over the ingredients used. There are numerous natural food dyes that can be created using ingredients like beets, turmeric, spinach, and berries.
These homemade alternatives not only provide vibrant colors but also allow you to customize the taste and flavor of your dishes. Plus, it can be a fun and creative activity to experiment with different natural dyes in your recipes.
Plant-based brands to look for
To make your search for vegan-friendly foods easier, there are plant-based brands that prioritize using natural ingredients and avoiding artificial food dyes like Red 3. These brands often have a wide range of products, including snacks, condiments, and beverages, that are free from artificial colors.
Some well-known plant-based brands that you can explore include Beyond Meat, Gardein, and Field Roast. These companies are committed to providing vegan options without compromising on taste or quality.
Remember, being vegan is about more than just eliminating animal products from your diet. It also involves making conscious choices about the ingredients you consume. By reading labels, exploring homemade alternatives, and seeking out plant-based brands, you can find vegan-friendly foods that are free of Red 3 and align with your ethical values.
While small amounts of synthetic Red 3 not derived from animal products may be vegan, the majority of this additive comes from non-vegan sources. Concerned vegans and vegetarians should read labels carefully and limit consumption of products containing this controversial dye.


Canola oil is generally considered safe for consumption and is a popular choice for cooking due to its mild flavor and high smoke point. However, like any oil, it should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
While some claims suggest that canola oil has negative health effects, it is important to consider the scientific evidence and expert opinions. Here are nine side effects that have been associated with canola oil, although their severity and prevalence may vary:
- Allergic reactions: Some individuals may be allergic to canola oil, resulting in symptoms such as skin rash, itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing. Allergies to canola oil, though rare, should be taken seriously.
- High omega-6 fatty acid content: Canola oil is high in omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential but should be balanced with omega-3 fatty acids. An excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3s may promote inflammation in the body, potentially contributing to certain health conditions.
- Trans fats: While canola oil is low in saturated fats, it may contain small amounts of trans fats, which are unhealthy and should be minimized in the diet. However, the levels of trans fats in commercial canola oil are generally low.
- Oxidative stress: Canola oil, like other vegetable oils, can undergo oxidation when exposed to heat, light, and air. Oxidized oils may produce harmful free radicals in the body, contributing to oxidative stress. To minimize this, it is advisable to store canola oil properly and avoid reusing it for frying.
- Impaired lipid profile: Some studies suggest that canola oil may negatively affect cholesterol levels, increasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels while reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, other research suggests that the impact on lipid profile may be beneficial compared to saturated fats.
- GMO concerns: Most canola crops are genetically modified, and some individuals may have concerns about the potential health effects of consuming genetically modified organisms (GMOs). However, the consensus among major health organizations is that genetically modified foods, including canola oil, are safe for consumption.
- Processing methods: The extraction and refining processes used to produce canola oil can involve heat, chemicals, and solvents. While these methods are regulated and generally considered safe, some individuals may prefer less processed oils for their cooking needs.
- Sensitivity to erucic acid: Canola oil is low in erucic acid, which in high amounts may have adverse effects on heart health. However, commercially available canola oil contains negligible levels of erucic acid, and concerns about its presence are not relevant to most consumers.
- Individual variations: It’s important to remember that people may react differently to different foods. While canola oil is generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience digestive discomfort or other side effects when consuming it.
It’s worth noting that many of the concerns related to canola oil are based on individual studies or anecdotal evidence, and the overall body of scientific research suggests that canola oil can be part of a healthy diet when consumed in moderation. As always, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian for personalized advice based on your specific health needs.
Canola oil is derived from the seeds of the canola plant, which is a type of rapeseed. It is known for its relatively low saturated fat content and high monounsaturated fat content, which is considered heart-healthy. The American Heart Association and other health organizations recommend using oils that are low in saturated fats and high in unsaturated fats, such as canola oil, as part of a healthy diet.
In addition to the potential side effects mentioned earlier, it’s important to note that the impact of canola oil on health can vary depending on individual factors, such as overall diet, lifestyle, and existing health conditions. The key to a healthy diet is moderation, variety, and balance.
Here are some tips for using canola oil in a healthy way:
- Moderation: While canola oil is considered a healthier option compared to oils high in saturated fats, it is still important to consume it in moderation. Like any oil, it is high in calories and can contribute to weight gain if consumed in excess.
- Variety: It’s beneficial to include a variety of healthy oils in your diet. Alongside canola oil, consider using oils such as olive oil, avocado oil, or coconut oil to diversify your fat intake and benefit from the unique nutritional profiles they offer.
- Balanced diet: Remember that overall dietary patterns matter more than individual ingredients. Focus on consuming a well-rounded diet that includes a variety of whole foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, including oils like canola oil.
- Cooking methods: Canola oil has a high smoke point, making it suitable for various cooking methods, including sautéing, baking, and stir-frying. Avoid heating the oil to its smoke point, as this can lead to the production of harmful compounds. Use lower heat settings whenever possible.
- Quality and storage: Choose high-quality, cold-pressed canola oil when available, as it undergoes minimal processing. Store canola oil in a cool, dark place to protect it from heat, light, and air, which can contribute to oxidation. Consider purchasing smaller quantities to ensure freshness.
It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian for personalized advice, especially if you have specific health concerns or dietary restrictions. They can provide guidance tailored to your individual needs and help you make informed choices about the oils and foods you consume.
Remember that maintaining a healthy lifestyle involves a combination of various factors, including regular physical activity, a balanced diet, adequate sleep, stress management, and overall wellness.
- Nutritional profile: Canola oil contains a good balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are both essential for our body. While it is higher in omega-6 fatty acids, it still provides a source of omega-3s. Incorporating a variety of foods rich in omega-3s, such as fatty fish, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and walnuts, can help maintain a healthy balance between these two fatty acids.
- Cardiovascular health: Canola oil’s low saturated fat content and high monounsaturated fat content have been associated with potential cardiovascular benefits. Monounsaturated fats, when used in moderation and as part of a heart-healthy diet, may help lower LDL cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve overall heart health.
- Vitamin E content: Canola oil is a good source of vitamin E, an antioxidant that helps protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin E also plays a role in maintaining healthy skin and eyes, supporting our immune system, and promoting proper cell function.
- Culinary versatility: Canola oil’s mild flavor and high smoke point make it a versatile cooking oil. It can be used for frying, baking, grilling, and sautéing, as well as in dressings, marinades, and sauces. Its neutral taste allows the flavors of other ingredients to shine through in dishes.
- Research and safety: Numerous scientific studies have examined the health effects of canola oil, and overall, it has been found to be a safe and beneficial option when consumed as part of a balanced diet. It is important to consider the weight of evidence from reliable sources rather than focusing on isolated studies or anecdotal claims.
It’s important to remember that individual responses to different foods can vary, and some people may have specific dietary requirements or sensitivities. If you have concerns or questions about including canola oil in your diet, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian who can provide personalized guidance based on your unique needs and circumstances.
Ultimately, incorporating a variety of healthy fats, including canola oil, in moderation, as part of a diverse and balanced diet, is generally considered a healthy approach to nutrition.


1. Acne (Acne vulgaris)
Acne, the most common skin disorder in the U.S., can be a source of anxiety for every teen. Plus, the incidence of acne is growing in adults, too.
Acne is caused by blocked hair follicles and oil (sebaceous) glands of the skin, often triggered by hormonal changes. The term acne refers to not only pimples on the face, but blackheads, cysts, and nodules as well. Some people get acne on other parts of their body too, such as the back and chest.
Acne treatment by a dermatologist is important because acne left unchecked can often lead to permanent scars and dark facial spots. For more moderate or severe acne, these options may be used:
Adapalene topical (Differin) cream is now available over-the-counter without a prescription.
In severe acne cases, oral isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis, other brands and generics) may be used, but comes with serious pregnancy warnings. This drug should not be used by female patients who are or may become pregnant. There is an extremely high risk that severe birth defects will result if pregnancy occurs while taking this drug.
Tretinoin topical (Retin-A, Avita, Altreno, other brands and generics) is also available in creams, gels and lotions. Discuss the use of this drug with your doctor: tretinoin should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly needed and the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus.
In October 2018, sarecycline (Seysara) tablets were FDA-approved for the treatment of non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris.
See managing and treating acne for other treatment options.
2. Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)
Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common forms of eczema seen in children. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not known, but researchers believe it may involve genetics, the environment, and/or the immune system.
Atopic dermatitis can appear on the face (especially in infants), hands, feet or in the creases and folds of the skin. Dry, scaly and itchy skin are the norm, and constant scratching may lead to a thickened area. While eczema often occurs in people with allergies, allergies do not cause eczema. Topical steroids are often used to lessen symptoms.
In March 2017, the FDA cleared Regeneron’s Dupixent (dupilumab) injection to treat adults with moderate-to-severe eczema who cannot use or have failed topical therapy. Clinical trials of Dupixent in over 2,100 adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis led to clear or almost clear skin as compared to placebo, with a reduction in itching, after 16 weeks of therapy. Dupixent can be used with or without topical corticosteroids.
Other forms of eczema include contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis.
3. Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Shingles virus (herpes zoster) results in a red, blistered rash that may wrap around your torso or appear anywhere on your body. A fever, fatigue and headache may occur, too.
Two preventive shingles vaccines are approved in the United States:
Zostavax (zoster vaccine live) is available as a subcutaneous injection to prevent shingles and is recommended for use in people 60 years or older.
Shingrix (herpes zoster subunit vaccine) is approved for the prevention of shingles (herpes zoster) in adults aged 50 years and older. Shingrix is a non-live (inactivated), recombinant subunit vaccine given intramuscularly in two doses, with the second dose given 2 to 6 months after the first. Shingrix is now the preferred vaccine over Zostavax due to a higher rate of effectiveness (>90% effective).
Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox - the varicella-zoster virus. If you've had chickenpox, you're at risk for shingles as the chickenpox virus lies dormant (not active) in your nervous system for years.
Seniors and people with an impaired immune system are at highest risk. Shingles can be painful, but early treatment with antivirals like oral valacyclovir (Valtrex) can lessen symptoms.
4. Hives (Urticaria)
Hives are the familiar welts (raised, red, itchy areas) that can occur on the skin. Common causes of hives include medication, food, and bug bites or stings.
Seek urgent treatment or call 911 if your hives cover a large area of your body, your throat or facial area is swelling, or they affect your breathing. Hives usually go away in 2 to 4 hours; however, in some people hives may persist for months or years; this is known as chronic urticaria.
Avoiding the trigger, whatever it may be, is the best tactic to prevent hives. When that is not possible, OTC antihistamines like loratadine (Claritin) or fexofenadine (Allegra) can be used to control itching.
A drug used to treat allergic asthma, omalizumab (Xolair injection), was approved in 2014 to treat chronic urticaria in those with no response to antihistamines.
There's no doubt - it's easier to prevent a sunburn than to treat one.
Sunburns occur when there is too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or sunlamps. The skin turns red, painful, hot to the touch, and may even peel away. It's hard to know how much time is safe in the sun, though, even with sunscreen protection. Repeated sunburns, especially as a child, can boost the risk for skin cancer later in life. Usually sunscreen needs to be reapplied every 2 hours, but you may just need to get out of the soon, too.
The first step in treating a sunburn is to seek shade, get inside if possible, and cool the skin down.
Take a cool bath or shower with a mild soap.
Drink plenty of fluids and moisturize the skin with a light, oil-free moisturizer or aloe vera while the skin is still damp.
In some cases, an OTC topical product with lidocaine might be needed.
Taking an NSAID, such as ibuprofen, can help with any discomfort or swelling.
See a doctor if you have a fever, chills or severe blistering over a large portion of your body. Don't scratch or pop any blisters - this could lead to infection.
6. Contact Dermatitis
Most of us have had contact dermatitis - when we touch something that evolves into a skin reaction.
Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema, and may come from plants (poison ivy, sumac, oak), jewelry, latex gloves, and irritants like bleach or soaps.
To prevent contact dermatitis, avoid the object when possible.
To control symptoms, antihistamines, oral or topical steroids, and colloidal oatmeal baths are often helpful.
If your doctor suspects you have contact dermatitis, and the cause is unknown, they may suggest patch testing. In patch testing, allergic substances are applied to your skin. In a few days, your doctor will check for a reaction.
7. Diaper Rash
Anyone who has a child knows about the common problem of diaper rash. A wet or soiled diaper left on too long can lead to red bumps and rash in the diaper area, the buttocks, genitals, and skin folds. Urine and stool can break down skin, and chemicals in a disposable diaper can dissolve out and irritate the skin. Candida (yeast) or bacteria can also take advantage of the inflammed, broken, skin and complicate the rash.
To help prevent diaper rash, change diapers as needed to keep the area dry and expose the baby's bottom to fresh air when possible.
You can use an ointment like Desitin (zinc oxide topical) to form a protective barrier on the baby's bottom. If the rash still persists after 2 to 3 days, consult with your pediatrician.
Rosacea is a chronic swelling of the face, with redness, prominent blood vessels, and pimples.
Rosacea is most common in women over 30, but men can be affected too. Problems with the immune system, vein problems and/or environmental issues can cause the condition.
Depending upon the symptoms, there are several effective treatments.
Antibiotics, such as metronidazole cream or oral doxycycline can be used.
Azelaic acid gel (Finacea), a naturally-occurring saturated dicarboxylic acid, can be used for the inflammed pimples.
For more severe cases, your doctor might suggest the acne drug isotretinoin.
Beta blockers (to reduce flushing), the smallest dose of estrogen possible, or laser or surgical treatments may also reduce redness.
In January 2017, the FDA approved Rhofade (oxymetazoline) cream, a topical vasoconstrictor agent applied to the face once a day to shrink vessels and lessen the facial redness of rosacea in adults. Other prescription items include Soolantra (ivermectin) and Mirvaso (brimonidine).


In a groundbreaking move, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval for Ixchiq, the inaugural vaccine designed to combat the Chikungunya virus. Developed by Valneva, this milestone approval extends to individuals aged 18 and above who are at risk of exposure to the virus. Chikungunya, transmitted through mosquito bites, shares its carrier with the likes of dengue and Zika, as highlighted by Dr. Marc Siegel, a clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a medical contributor at Fox News.
Characterizing Chikungunya as an "emerging global health threat," the FDA disclosed a staggering five million reported cases over the past 15 years. Dr. Peter Marks, the director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, emphasized the gravity of the virus, stating, "Infection with Chikungunya virus can lead to severe disease and prolonged health problems, particularly for older adults and individuals with underlying medical conditions." The FDA's approval marks a crucial step in addressing this unmet medical need and represents a significant stride in preventing a potentially debilitating disease that currently boasts limited treatment options.
Prior to obtaining FDA approval, Ixchiq underwent rigorous safety evaluations in clinical trials involving 3,500 adults. Commonly reported side effects among participants included headaches, muscle pain, fatigue, joint pain, nausea, fever, and tenderness at the injection site. While the majority experienced only mild reactions, a small fraction (1.6%) faced adverse effects, leading to hospitalization for two recipients, according to the FDA's release.
Further bolstering confidence in Ixchiq, a separate study gauged the vaccine's efficacy based on immune response data from 266 adult participants. Remarkably, almost all participants displayed protective antibody levels, underscoring the potential effectiveness of the newly approved Chikungunya vaccine. This approval marks a crucial milestone in public health, offering hope in the battle against a virus that has posed a significant global threat for over a decade.
In conclusion, the FDA's approval of Ixchiq, the first-ever Chikungunya vaccine developed by Valneva, marks a watershed moment in global health. With Chikungunya recognized as an emerging threat, the vaccine's approval addresses a critical gap in medical preparedness. Dr. Peter Marks' assertion that the virus can lead to severe health issues, particularly for vulnerable populations, underscores the significance of this milestone.
The comprehensive evaluation process, involving 3,500 adults in safety trials and a separate study affirming the vaccine's efficacy, instills confidence in Ixchiq's potential to combat Chikungunya effectively. Despite some reported side effects, the overall safety profile remains encouraging, offering a crucial preventive measure against a virus that has affected millions over the past 15 years.
This approval not only represents a triumph in the scientific community's ongoing battle against infectious diseases but also signifies a tangible advancement in public health. As Ixchiq becomes a reality, there is newfound hope in mitigating the impact of Chikungunya, contributing to a healthier and more resilient global population.


Prof. Erdal Karaöz
Prof. Erdal Karaöz finished his university education at Dicle University in 1986 , and completed his Doctorate in the Department of Histology and Embryology at Gazi University’s Faculty of Medicine in 1994. He received the titles of Associate Professor and Professor in 1996 and 2002, respectively. Having worked in “Stem Cell, Tissue Engineering and Gene Therapies” since 2000, Prof. Erdal Karaöz carried out studies in “Embryonic Stem Cell and Islet Transplantation” at Harvard University in Boston, USA in 2005. Prof. Erdal Karaöz has 4 published books, 158 published articles (102 of which are international articles), and he is the author of chapters in 11 books ( 7 of which are international). In 2007, he founded “Kocaeli University (KOU) Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Application Center” (KÖGEM) which is Turkey’s first corporate R&D center in its field. During his time at KÖGEM, he organized a total of 23 nationally and internationally recognized courses on “Stem Cell, Tissue Engineering and Endometrium-Embryo Co-Culture”. Within this period, he served as a coordinator, researcher and advisor on many national and international projects, including 30 TUBITAK projects.
He worked as the Founding President of the Stem Cell Department at the Institute of Health Sciences, Kocaeli University in 2010, and paved the way for the start of the first Postgraduate Program on “Stem Cell” in Turkey. He retired from this role at his own request on 1 October 2014 and, afterwards, he started to work as the Supervisor of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Production Centers at Liv Hospital, Istanbul. In addition to peer-reviewing for many international scientific journals, Prof. Erdal Karaöz is on the editorial board of some of these journals. He serves as an assistant editor for the “Stem Cell Treatments” section of Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology Journal.
Prof. Karaöz served as the founding board chairman of the “The Society of Stem Cell and Cellular Treatments” from 2013-2016. Prof. Karaöz mainly conducts R&D studies on beta-cell replacement applications with embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the treatment of diabetes, as well as on the immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neovascularization and fine structure characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells obtained from various tissues and organs. He continues to work as a consultant in the process of establishing many national and international stem cell laboratories. Today, he manages the processes requiring or not requiring ministerial approval to assist people with various diseases to benefit from cellular therapy options with human-transferable cells produced at the GMP (Good Manufacture Practice) Lab of the Regenerative Medicine Center under his directorship within Private Liv Hospital. Prof. Karaöz took part in several Ministry of Health-approved clinical trial and research projects entitled the Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Matrix-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activity for many diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Friedreich ataxia, Non-progressive congenital myopathy, spinal injury, Retinitis pigmentosa, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, encephalomalacia secondary to head trauma, cerebral palsy and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) that are impossible to treat with today’s known medical methods.
Prof. Karaöz also maintains his academic works as the founding Vice President and as a lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine at Istinye University founded as per the law dated 01.04.2015 and numbered 6642. As the founder of the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research and Application Center at ISU, Prof. Erdal Karaöz carries out his national and international R&D activities at this center while simultaneously conducting the Postgraduate Program of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering.


About this market
With the increase in development of new innovative therapies, there is a growing demand for spinal muscular atrophy treatment. The market is witnessing an increase in the development of new innovative therapies for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. For instance, two innovative new therapies for type 1 spinal muscular atrophy have proven to be highly effective in ongoing clinical trials. The first therapy employed a DNA-loaded virus to replace the missing SMN1 gene with a fresh copy of the gene. The second therapy, which has already been approved by the FDA, is called nusinersen (SPINRAZA). It promotes the production of the nerve protein by SMN2. These two therapies have improved the motor function in babies. AveXis in 2018, entered into a licensing agreement with Genethon for the in vivo gene therapy delivery of AAV9 vector into the CNS for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. Technavio's analysts have predicted that the spinal muscular atrophy treatment market will register a CAGR of almost 23% by 2023.
Rising number of initiatives being taken by organizations to provide patient care
Several organizations are taking initiatives to provide the best care to patients suffering from spinal muscular atrophy, and some organizations such as Cure SMA are offering care packages and family support staff to newly diagnosed patients.
Low adoption of spinal muscular atrophy treatment
One of the major challenges faced in the market is low adoption of spinal muscular atrophy drug therapy as patients have a higher propensity towards other approaches, such as physiotherapy, nutritional support, respiratory care, and enablement strategies.
For the detailed list of factors that will drive and challenge the growth of the spinal muscular atrophy treatment market during the 2019-2023 period, view our report.
The market appears to be highly concentrated and with the presence of Biogen, the market is expected to grow less concentrated with the emergence of new players during the forecast period. Factors such as increase in development of new innovative therapies and rising number of initiatives being taken by organizations to provide patient care, will provide considerable growth opportunities to spinal muscular atrophy treatment companies. Biogen is the major company covered in this report.


While modern medicine has done countless things to increase our longevity, cure many diseases, and help us be the healthiest that we can, there is no way to overlook the many different benefits that natural herbal remedies can provide. Before modern medicine, natural remedies were relied on almost entirely to treat any medical issue or health problem. From bloating to bleeding, swelling to diarrhea, herbal and natural remedies were used throughout the world. Today, we understand much more about the body and how to treat medical problems, but natural remedies still hold a place in our lives. Burdock tea is one such remedy and offers numerous health benefits to those who use it.
The main benefits it can provide are in stomach and digestive issues. It can help aid digestion and keep your intestines clean by flushing them. Those with gastrointestinal problems such as IBS or acid reflux can truly benefit from it, and their problems are lessened in severity by drinking it. Burdock tea can stimulate your appetite as well, and even help to lower blood sugar levels in the body slightly. It has long been relied on as a purifier and detoxification agent, flushing toxins and waste products from not just the intestines but also the kidneys, urinary tract, and liver.
Other studies have found that it can improve the immune system by boosting your resistance to bacteria and provide antioxidants. The cleansing properties of this tea can help cleanse the bloodstream and promote healthy liver function as well. It has even been shown to improve circulation and reduce certain inflammations in the body, and has been used to combat rheumatism in some cases.
There are many more benefits to be found in burdock tea. It can help promote healthy skin, assist those that suffer from diabetes, and it even has studies that back it as an effective preventative tea for certain cancers. With all the benefits that this tea has to offer, it’s no wonder why many herbalists turn to rely on it for helping them to maintain a healthy body and lifestyle. For those that are interested in buying and using burdock tea, it is generally advised to drink two to three cups a day as desired. Burdock tea is considered safe for everyone however it is not advised to drink it if you are pregnant since it can have a chance of inducing contractions which can lead to early childbirth.


Last week, a new investigation confirmed a higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in pediatric patients than previously thought.
The data was part of the ongoing observational study called TARGET-NASH, which included participants with NAFLD and/or alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
The study, which included 660 pediatric patients, cited an increase in liver disease following evaluation of alanine aminotransferase.
Notably, pediatric patients with greater than 250 U/L ATL had an eight-fold greater risk of developing cirrhosis.
For this episode of DocTalk, Miriam Vos, MD, MSPH, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, sat down with assistant managing editor Kenny Walter to discuss the data from TARGET-NASH as well as the implications of NAFLD in pediatric patients.


Cacti have evolved to reproduce in two different ways: asexually, where a portion of the cactus grows and then splits off to form a new yet identical cactus; and sexually, where genetic material from another cactus mixes with the genes of the host cactus, forming a new cactus that is different to both of its parents. Sexual reproduction in cacti occurs via pollination, just like many other plants. Although self-pollination is possible in some species of plant, in most cases it is insects and other creatures that will pollinate the cactus.
Insects are by far the most common pollinators of cacti, with a large variety of different insects responsible for pollinating different cacti depending on the area the cactus is growing in and the nearby insect population. Some species of cactus have evolved to specialize in feeding specific insects, such as Oxypetalum specializing in hawk moths. Others are pollinated by bees, wasps, butterflies and beetles.
Birds come closest to insects in terms of their importance to cactus pollination. The bright flowers produced by many cacti serve to attract birds to the plant and approximately 2000 species of bird are capable of feeding from a cactus safely; with hummingbirds being the most common. Like the hawk moth and the species of cactus-feeding vampire bat, the birds able to feed from cacti generally have long tongues that can lick the nectar from long filaments.
Some cacti, such as the Organ Pipe cactus and the Saguaro, produce large flowers with very strong scents caused by high quantities of both nectar and pollen. These flowers are often funnel-shaped and attract certain species of bat, especially the Glossophagidae genus and vampire bats. Pollen from the cactus catches on the bat as it clings to the flowers while it feeds. The bat then pollenates cacti it moves between during feeding.
Although humanity is a relative newcomer to cactus pollination, gardeners play an important role in breeding new varieties of cactus. Humans brush the pollen from the flowers of one cactus using a cotton bud or other implement and then transfer it manually to the next cactus by brushing the pollen-coated implement on the stigma.
For more information on what pollinates cacti, see


Like a mouldering but still proud old man, Britain’s most famous tree species stands head and shoulders above all others in the national consciousness. The Oak is revered for its strength, its stature and its grizzled, gnarled permanence. From the earliest times, the Oak has been associated with the most powerful gods – with Zeus and Odin – its height – often bringing it in range of lightning strikes – brought it a strong connection with fire, as though its branches, reaching to the skies, were in communion with the very gods themselves. We can only wonder today at how the sight of a mighty Oak erupting in flame as a tempest raged about it must have impressed itself upon the imagination of the people who witnessed it – a people still utterly bound to the natural world, their lives inescapably entwined with the elements. When life and death were so easily at the mercy of these extraordinary forces, we can quite see how these great, powerful trees that stretched into the heavens can have taken on a godlike aura of their own.
Oaks are often known in folklore as the King of the Woods and its myths and personae seem unquestionably male, but in many ways the Oak can also be seen as a mother – a giver of life. No other tree of the British Isles supports such an array of living organisms as the Oak, from mosses and lichens, to insects and other invertebrates to the birds and small mammals that feed on them and ultimately to the higher predators that live on them in turn. Every tree is an ecosystem – a whole world in itself – and that can be no truer of any tree than the vast Oak.
In the 1st Century AD the great Roman historian Pliny the Elder wrote of a Ritual of Oak and Mistletoe that he reported was happening in Britain. Mistletoe was revered by the Celtic people who inhabited the islands and their druids; and none more so than that which grew on the Oak tree. With great ceremony the druids would climb the tree, cut the mistletoe with a golden sickle, throw it from the branches and catch it in a white cloak. Two white bulls would be sacrificed and an elixir made from the plant, which was believed to cure infertility and to counter the effects of poison. In ancient times, mistletoe was seen as magical because it remains green throughout the winter and its mere appearance – an alien lurking in the branches of its host – must have given it an air of great mystery and power.
As a mighty Oak ages, it often enters a “stag-headed” phase, where the highest branches die off and the crown of the tree moves down, the transportation within its vascular network thus becoming easier. As this happens, the circumference of the tree increases and its great girth begins to cause problems for the tree as a whole. The bark can no longer contain its bulk and it eventually splits, exposing the wood within to the elements. Soon, water finds its way in and the tree starts to rot. As the interior breaks down, the outer, living part of the tree then grows roots into itself and consumes the decomposing wood within. The heartwood having long-since died, the tree can sacrifice the strength it gives for its continued life. In the end this process leads to the outer part of the tree splitting into a ring of smaller trees but all still growing from the same old roots. In this way an Oak can live for many hundreds of years.
No other tree has been so extensively used in medieval building and in naval construction. The strength for which it was revered became inextricably linked with a vision of a powerful nation protected under its spreading boughs and still today, while protected from over-felling, it is a highly sought-after wood for many purposes, from framing houses, to building furniture and even to warming us as an excellent firewood. In the wheelwright’s workshop, it was used to make the spokes of a wheel, such was its straight, strong grain and its resilience under compression. From common people who were married under the boughs of Oak trees, to the the royals like Elizabeth who received news that she was Queen beneath one and Charles II who hid in one to evade capture as he escaped the country after Worcester, there is no tree that can rival its complete entanglement in the national imagination. This great living godlike plant is a portal both to the heavens and the vastness of the universe and to the tiny worlds of the minute creatures that inhabit its darker recesses. We would do well to retain the reverence our forebears had for this glorious tree.


Scientific information has demonstrated that the Jumbo Resort project will have very substantial negative environmental impacts on the glaciers, the watershed and will eventually impact the internationally recognized Ramsar designated Columbia Wetlands. Threatened and endangered wildlife such as mountain caribou, grizzly bear, mountain goats, wolverine and bull trout will be negatively impacted.
The environmental assessment process was extremely flawed and reported by individuals inside the process to have been politically directed and not based on the science provided by the Government’s own biologists.
“The proposed Jumbo Glacier Resort has the potential for substantial and direct cumulative impacts to the Central Purcell Grizzly Bear population.”
- BC Ministry of Water Land and Air Protection, 2004
“...there will be a substantial impact to grizzly bear habitat effectiveness, mortality risk, and most importantly, the fragmentation of grizzly bear distribution…”
- Matt Austin, Large Carnivore Specialist, Biodiversity Branch, Government of B.C.
“While the developer claims to be committed to ‘no net impact’ to grizzly bears this could only be achieved by reducing or largely eliminating human activities in surrounding watersheds, including, but not limited to, the Glacier, Howser, Toby, Horsethief, and Brewer/Dutch drainages.”
- Stefan Himmer, BSc. RPBio
“My colleagues and I see the southern Purcell mountains as one of the last non–fragmented “fingers” of southern grizzly bear distribution in BC.”
- Dr. John Boulanger
“No other land management prescription of the Forest directly results in more stream-water depletion, wetlands impacts, …or permanent habitat loss (than ski areas)."
- Cynthia Cody, US Environmental Protection Agency
Blue listed species such as bull trout, cutthroat trout, wolverine and mountain goats will be adversely impacted.
- Report to EAO from scientists Chris Beers, Cam Gillies & Rene Franken
" Climate Change is the new reality. Glaciers are melting worldwide, and rates of decline have doubled since the 1980’s. Waters are drying up – in the Canadian West, late summer flows are dwindling, threatening communities, farms, and fish. There is no question that climate-related phenomena have become the major environmental concern of this century."
- Dr. David Suzuki
“Glaciers are critical to local environments and water supplies. It is expected that the remaining glaciers of the Purcells and Rockies will have ablated to the point of disappearing in less than 4 decades.”
- Dr. Mindy Brugman, Glaciologist
Snow packs in the Southern Canadian Rockies are expected to drop from 30-50% within 3 decades based on climate change models for the Columbia Basin.
- University of Washington
Even the government’s own experts predict severe impact on the grizzly bears of the Purcell Range.
"This project is expected to result in direct human-caused mortality of grizzly bears due to actual or potential bear-human conflicts within the Jumbo Creek valley and bears being struck and killed by vehicles on the access road to the project."
“In addition, if human-caused mortalities do occur as a result of the project the provincial government will need to reduce hunting opportunities to offset this impact."
“Offsite mitigation required to achieve the ‘no net impact’ standard will require approvals by the provincial government and possibly legislative changes (e.g. legal restrictions on motorized access)."
* * *
“Perhaps the most fundamental issue to be considered in the evaluation of the potential impact of the project on grizzly bears is the permanence of the proposed development versus the potential permanence of any mitigation program. It is critical that the timeframe over which the mitigation of the project’s impacts is implemented coincides with the lifespan of the project (i.e. indefinite) and that mechanisms are established to ensure the long-term security of this mitigation. This will be a substantial challenge."
"As a result of this challenge, I recommend that, in the absence of extraordinary measures to ensure the indefinite implementation of mitigation measures, those considering the impacts of this project on grizzly bears should assume that over the long-term mitigative measures will not be implemented to a degree that will achieve the “no net impact” standard. Instead I recommend that it be assumed that there will be a substantial impact to grizzly bear habitat effectiveness, mortality risk and, most importantly, the fragmentation of grizzly bear distribution in the Purcell Mountains over the long-term as a result of the project.”
- Matt Austin, Large Carnivore Specialist, Ministry of Environment


Dramatic AquaHabitat Results
We are currently out of all 6 foot Reel Weeds. Reel Weeds can easily be spliced together to create longer lengths which is practical for aquahabitat and aquariums.
Introducing Reel Weeds in AquaHabitats and AquaCulture arenas provide an environment in which fish feel comfortable living, nesting and reproducing. Numerous stock ponds are now stocked with Reel Weeds to aid in providing structure, refuge and controlled aquatic management.
Use Reel Weeds in private stock ponds, rearing ponds, backyard ponds or lakes that require much needed nesting and/or protective habitat.
Reel Weeds for AquaHabitat™ are available in 4 foot and 6 foot length packs of 50 and are manufactured with quality and environmental safety in mind. They contain no wire, dye, or any other harmful residuals or bacterial absorbent qualities. Each comes with a clip on bottom for easy attachment.
Ease of Use, Ease of Removal and Longevity
Reel Weeds are a leading solution for AquaHabitat uses because they are easily deployed and can be easily removed after spawning, unlike other fish attractors on the market that are often left in lakes year-round, and do not remain intact for long.
Case Study: South Dakota Perch Habitat
Working to address the unpredictable perch population in a glacial lake, officials from the South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department authorized a pilot program initiated by LaDredge Outdoors. In coordination with the South Dakota State University (SDSU), the groups placed 250 Reel Weeds™ structures in five areas throughout the lake.
Within 43 hours of deploying 250 Reel Weeds™ structures, 14 perch egg masses appeared. As water temperature increased in April, another 204 egg masses appeared in the next seven days. By the end of the spawning period, researchers found 247 egg masses on Reel Weeds™ structures. Each adult perch egg mass contains approximately 25,000 eggs. The custom design of Reel Weeds creates perfect adherence ability for the egg.
Dr. Dave Willis of the SDSU Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences tracked the progress of the research. “I was not surprised by the yellow perch using them,” he said. “I was surprised by the sheer number of egg masses on the Reel Weeds™.”
Willis said the biggest benefit of Reel Weeds™ is the product’s ease of use, ease of removal and longevity.
Read More: Jumbo Perch Reproduction Project [PDF]
PondBoss.com's "Reel Weeds - For Real!" Article on Reel Weeds™ for AquaHabitat
This article detailing the success of the Reel Weeds AquaHabitat project is featured on South Dakota State University's website as a resource for the Department of Natural Resource Management division.
If you are interested in discussing projects to increase the structure and habitat in your pond or fishery, contact us. We are happy to work with you to answer any questions and/or assist you in designing a Reel Weeds™ habitat project.


Red Cedar River Watershed Facts
The Red Cedar watershed covers approximately 461 square miles. It originates in Livingston County and flows north and then west for approximately fifty miles until it enters the Grand River in Ingham County. It spans from Marion and Howell townships in Livingston County to East Lansing and Mason in Ingham County. It includes the land and cities in between, such as Fowlerville and Williamston, towns to the south such as Dansville, and Meridian Township to the north. It includes parts of Ingham, Livingston, Clinton, Shiawasee, and Eaton Counties.
The Red Cedar River Watershed is a diverse landscape of grasslands, wetlands, forests, agricultural, and developed residential, commercial, and industrial land. Historically the area was predominately forested (1). Today, much of the land is engineered to drain water from the soil by way of drain tiles, buried pipes that collect and convey groundwater from the soil to the river. Urban areas are also drained by way of storm sewers. Water drained by both drain tiles and storm sewers are not treated and drain directly into the Red Cedar River or its tributaries.
Subsequently, as with most urban rivers, pressures on the Red Cedar River include intensive agricultural land use in the headwaters and middle of the watershed and urban development downstream. The size of the urbanized area within the Red Cedar River Watershed is approximately 100 square miles.
The Red Cedar River and connecting water bodies can be an asset and highlight of this community. Surveyed residents of the Red Cedar Watershed think the watershed is most important for nature walks, fishing, boating, hunting, and to drain the land (2).
The State of Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have declared that areas of the Red Cedar River Watershed are not meeting federally set Water Quality Standards for the bacteria E. coli. Due to the E. coli levels, the water is too frequently unsafe to swim in or use for activities such as boating. The presence of E. coli bacteria indicates fecal contamination of warm blooded animals. Persons in contact with excessive amounts of E. coli may be at risk of contracting Infections or diseases.
You can read more about the DEQ’s reporting of this watershed in the TMDL document on the right.


Barend Mons (born 1957, The Hague) is a molecular biologist by training and a leading FAIR data specialist. The first decade of his scientific career he spent on fundamental research on malaria parasites and later on translational research for malaria vaccines. In the year 2000 he switched to advanced data stewardship and (biological) systems analytics. He is currently a professor in Leiden and most known for innovations in scholarly collaboration, especially nanopublications, knowledge graph based discovery and most recently the FAIR data initiative and GO FAIR. Since 2012 he is Professor in biosemantics in the Department of Human Genetics at the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) and since May 2022 also at the Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) in The Netherlands. In 2015 Barend was appointed chair of the High Level Expert Group on the European Open Science Cloud. In 2017 Barend started the International Support and Coordination office of the GO FAIR initiative. He is also the elected president of CODATA, the standing committee on research data related issues of the International Science Council. Since 2021, Barend is the Scientific Director of the GO FAIR Foundation. Barend is a member of the Netherlands Academy of Technology and Innovation (ACTI). He is also the European representative in the Board on research Data and Information (BRDI) of the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine in the USA. Barend is a frequent keynote speaker about FAIR and open science around the world, and participates in various scientific advisory boards of international research projects.


Jurox Promectin Plus Worming Paste
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All Wormer for Horses & Ponies. Anthelmintic for the treatment of internal and external parasites of horses and for alleviation of mineral deficiencies.
A broad spectrum wormer for the treatment and control of internal parasites in horses.
Tapeworms: Anoplocephala perfoliata, A. magna, and Paranoplocephala mammillana (adult and immature, heads and segments)
Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris (adults and arterial larval stages), S. edentatus (adults and tissue stages), S. equinus(adults) and Triodontophorus spp. (adults)
Small strongyles: including benzimidazole resistant strains (adult and immature) Cyathostomum spp., Cylicocylus spp., Cylicostephanus spp.,Cylicodontophorus spp., and Gyalocephalus spp.
Pinworms: Oxyuris equi (adult and immature)
Ascarids: Parascaris equorum (adult and immature)
Hairworm: Trichostrongylus axei (adult)
Large mouthed stomach worm: Habronema muscae (adult)
Neck threadworm: Onchocerca spp. (microfilariae)
Bots: Gasterophilus spp. (oral and gastric stages)
Lungworm: Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (adult and immature)
Intestinal threadworm: Strongyloides westeri (adult)
Also effectively controls skin lesions caused by Habronema and Draschia spp., and cutaneous larvae (summer sores) and microfilariae of Onchocerca spp. (cutaneous onchocerciasis).
Abamectin 3.7 mg/g Praziquantel 46.2 mg/g
Dose orally at the recommended rate of 0.2 mg/kg abamectin and 2.5 mg/kg praziquantel. Each weight marking on the syringe plunger will deliver sufficient paste to treat 50 kg bodyweight. The contents of this syringe will treat a total of 600 kg bodyweight.
All horses should be included in a regular parasite control program, with particular attention paid to mares, foals and yearlings.
Consult a veterinarian for a control program to meet your needs.
Meat Withholding Period (Horses)
DO NOT USE less than 28 days before slaughter for human consumption.


There are so many different places to get information on health, nutrition, child development, and parenting: the news, magazines, websites, blogs, your pediatrician your mother-in-law. It can be overwhelming to sort out the facts and decided what to do for your children. Good sources at least tell you where they got their information (who is Dr. KnowItAll anyhow?); better sources cite specific studies (are they quality studies?); the best sources are peer-reviewed scientific articles. Unfortunately, these articles can be hard to access, and even harder to understand. It is my hope that this guide will introduce you to the world of research and give you some basic tools so you can go straight to the source, finding the best information for your family.
So why bother reading the study instead of the news article? Newspapers are trying to get your attention, so they often take parts of a study and write a catchy headline that can be misleading. Here’s an example: “ A cheese sandwich is all you need for strong decision making”. The actual articles is “Serotonin modulates behavioral reactions to unfairness” and the researchers didn’t even mention cheese. What they did do was give subjects a drink that affected their serotonin levels indirectly through tryptophan, then presented them with a situation where they were treated unfairly and recorded the tendency to take revenge. It so happens that cheese and chocolate contain tryptophan too, but it’s a big jump to go from an artificial tryptophan cocktail to a cheese sandwich, and from a controlled test on unfairness and revenge to “strong decision making”, whatever that means. While it’s not the easiest way to get information, reading the study itself is the most reliable way. (http://www.ted.com/talks/molly_crockett_beware_neuro_bunk.html?quote=1993. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1739.short)
I would like to present you with some tools to help make accessing the studies easier. First, we will talk about places to find studies to read. Second, we will go through some different types of studies you might find. Next, we will go through some of the roadblocks to understanding you may encounter. Finally, we will take everything we have learned and evaluate studies to make decisions applicable to our lives.
The easiest tool for the home investigator like yourself is probably Google Scholar. It is a free search engine that contains scholarly articles, many of which are free to read. Others may only give an abstract or summary, so you can get the gist without any of the details. If you want more details you can purchase the article, but that is quite expensive. Many college and university libraries already subscribe to the most reputable science journals and may offer free services to the public, so check their periodicals section first. I have even heard of large public libraries offering this service as well.
So now that you have started looking for papers, let’s talk about some different types of studies you will find. When we are talking about medical studies, such as you will find when you look for information on disease and nutrition, you will find three basic types: in vitro, animal, and clinical. In vitro tests take tissue from people or animals, and test them in a lab to see how they react to different treatments or exposures. Animal tests, you guessed it, are done on animals, and are usually the result of a promising in vitro test done earlier. The advantage to animal tests is that the effect the researchers are testing can be seen in a whole organism not just small groups of isolated cells as in an in vitro test. If the animal tests go well, scientists move on to clinical tests where volunteers are subjected to certain treatment and the results are reported. Clinical tests are the most applicable to our lives, and there is danger in jumping to conclusions from in vitro or animal tests although they are very important steps in the process. Clinical tests may be blind tests, where the subjects don’t know what treatment they are receiving, or double blind, where neither the subjects nor the administrators of the test know.
Of course, not all studies are strictly biological. Studies of behavior usually fall into three categories: cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective. Cross-sectional studies are surveys about present factors and conditions that try to find relationships. (For example, how tall are you, and do you have blonde hair? might show that blondes are taller than brunettes) These are fairly easy studies to conduct and a great starting point for research, but it only shows correlations, not causes. A good quality cross-sectional study can still make really good guesses about causes though by doing some fancy statistics to weed out already known causes. Retrospective studies are a better look into causation because they ask people about past behavior and compare it to their current condition. One problem with these is that they rely on people’s memory and honesty. The best, and most time consuming and expensive, studies are prospective because they take a group of people and track them into the future.
Once you have an idea what kind of study you are looking at you start reading, and maybe it is getting complicated and overwhelming fast. You do need to have some background knowledge as you attack the literature. Check out my list of recommended books for basic information on subjects in which you are particularly interested. For more specific questions, I have found Wikipedia to be a great resource. While anyone can write a Wikipedia article, the more common articles are quite accurate thanks to that very fact. Mistakes get taken out so quickly because anyone can correct them.
The next challenge is probably all the statistics. I want all of you math-phobes to take a big deep breath; it isn’t going to be too bad. Here’s what we are covering today: confidence intervals, distributions, and significant results. There is off course a lot more to learn about statistics, but those three things should get you started.
First: confidence intervals. We can never include 100% of the population in a study, so we take a sample, maybe 300 people. We then try to take what we learned about those 300 people and generalize it to the population in question. A confidence interval tells you how sure we are that our results (the sample) match reality (the population) within a certain range. In the literature it will say something like, +/- 3 grams, 95% confidence interval, meaning that we are 95% sure that we have the “right answer” within 3 grams. The thing to look for with confidence intervals is to look at the extremes. If the bottom of the interval is in the negatives, you might question the results. For example, they may say eating eating a certain food has a positive average effect within a certain interval, but the bottom of that interval is actually a negative effect, so there is a chance that this food is actually bad for you! That’s why we never just look at an average.
Averages are also misleading when there is a wide distribution of results, meaning that a variable had much more affect on some people than others. You may be familiar with “the bell curve” or a normal distribution. This is where the vast majority of results are right around the average, and the further away from the average, the fewer data points there are. If we graphed it with results along the bottom, and number of people who got those results along the side, it looks like a bell. When studies look like this, they are easy to interpret, but that’s not always how things fall. Always pay attention to the distribution curve when it is provided in a study. If the graph has a long tail to the right, than the average will be pulled to the right, and most people/results will be less than “average”, and visa-versa for a long tail to the left. You may also see two humps, meaning that there were two common results. In that case, the average is probably between the two most common results, even though that is a low point on the graph: perhaps there isn’t a single data point at the average!
Another problem with not being about to study a whole population is that when we do find that a variable has an affect on the results we must make sure that we didn’t just get lucky. For example, say we are trying to see if 3-spotted ladybugs like water more than 4-spotted ladybugs so we go to the pond and the forest and collect five lady bugs at each site. We count the spots and find that all the ladybugs at the pond have 3 spots, and only three of the five from the forest had 3 spots. We must ask: what if we just happened to pick up the only 5 three-spotted ladybugs at the pond, and the other 50 bugs we didn’t catch all have 4-spots, and we just happened to find fewer three-spotted ladybugs in the forest even though they are much more common there? If that is the case, then our study would draw the wrong conclusion. This is what they are taking about when they say there is a “significant difference”. It doesn’t mean the difference is large, simply that considering the sample size compared to the population, and considering the difference they did find, they are reasonably sure that it is not just luck, there is a really correlation here. There is a mathematical formula to decide if a result qualifies as “significant”, but it can be a little misleading because the larger the sample, the smaller the difference needs to be before it is “significant” so check that before you base major life changes on the study. If the study included a huge number of people, the “significant” result could be tiny and perhaps not worth turning your life upside down. (Statistics for Engineers and Scientists by William Navidi)
Okay, so we have gone through how to get your hands on some scholarly papers, and how to make sense of them. Now it’s time to decide what we think. Evaluating the quality of a study is mostly about common sense. Look for anything in the methodology that might introduce bias, such as it not being a double blind study, or perhaps the sample is not representative of the population. Do a search of other papers that reference this one. Have the results been replicated? criticized? or disproven elsewhere? In the end, it is up to you to decide how this research affects you and your family.