Just before the thirtieth anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster in April 2016, journalists from the Associated Press tested milk from a Belarusian dairy farm located near the 30 kilometer Zone of Alienation, which was created in the weeks following the explosion of reactor no. 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in April 1986. Lab results showed the milk had ten times more radioactive strontium than permitted by Belarusian law. Farm director Nikolai Chubenok was flabbergasted. “That is impossible,” he said and described how the farm had a lab that tested every sample for traces of the radioactive isotopes known to be in soils of zones contaminated by the accident.
Global reporting on radioactive milk was bad news for regional business and political leaders. In the past few years, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia have been working, yet again, to close the last chapter on the Chernobyl disaster. Russian officials announced in December 2014 that they reduced in half the number of communities in Russia considered contaminated that qualify for subsidies. Belarusian officials have been cooperating with international agencies for a decade to return contaminated land to farm production, and a state run company is constructing Belarus’ first nuclear power plant on its northern border with Lithuania. Ukrainian leaders, meanwhile, are dreaming up plans to transform their section of the Zone into a nuclear industrial park. Officials assert their plans for resuming economic activity on Chernobyl contaminated ground can go forward because the level of radiation has decreased to safe levels. Life, they say, can return to normal. Well, almost normal, until a reporter discovers strontium 90 in milk.
Pripyat, the (now abandoned) city built to serve the nearby Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Photo: Keith Adams. Source: Wikimedia
The race to relegate the Chernobyl disaster to history books shows that humans don’t have the patience for the time scale that nuclear accidents require. The period for half of the cesium and strontium fallout to decay elapsed at thirty years. It will take another thirty years to extinguish the remaining half. Americium as it decays over several hundred years issues radioactive iodine, a powerful and harmful, short-lived isotope. Plutonium will continue to pulse with destructive energy for thousands of years.
In the dawning age of the Anthropocene, humans are grappling with new temporal orders presented by a mounting, steadily accruing layer of toxins and carbons produced and released by human activity. One thousand years from now geologists will find substances in the sedimentary layer, among them radioactive isotopes, which they will date starting about 1945. The scientists of the future will be able to track the remnants of plutonium, uranium and other isotopes as they multiplied on the earth’s surface in the decades of nuclear weapons testing followed by decades of furious reactor construction. They will locate hot spots of concentrated activity, but generally the isotopes will embrace the planet like the sweet icing glaze encircling a donut: existing everywhere, holding fast, spiking the flavour of life.
Looking back now, it is easy to see how resistant scientists were in the months after the accident to accepting the fact that Chernobyl was a problem with very long legs. In August 1986, Soviet and international scientist met at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. The anxious body of experts rushed to tell the public that the accident was under control. Six months later, IAEA consultants issued an assessment asserting that Chernobyl levels of radiation were low and not dangerous. In a 1991 report, IAEA scientists repeated the assertion that they detected no health consequences in the contaminated regions and there would likely be no detectable effects in the future. They wrote this report even as the first evidence emerged of a rare and unexpected spike in childhood thyroid cancers. Scientists made these assertions, which turned out to be wrong, based on estimates of cancers and health problems projected from estimates of radiation levels in the environment.
The maintenance of radiation protection standards works by asserting an understanding of bodies and environments as two discreet realities. Monitors measure gamma waves and alpha particles at waist level in a handful of places over vast stretches of field and forest to produce the familiar, splotchy red and orange contamination maps. With these maps it was possible to make statements about the relative safety of contaminated zones surrounding Chernobyl. Radiation monitors measure radioactivity as something out there. As long as it is imagined externally, scientists can maintain an image of bodies as castles on a hill, under siege, perhaps, but readily defended against low levels of radiation. Waist high gamma radiation, however, is not the point when one considers the dangers present today. One of the insights of the Anthropocene is that there is no threshold between an outside “environment” and human bodies. “We have literally merged”, historian Sarah Vogel writes, “with our material environment to become synthetic humans”. Microbiologists, in fact, are re-coding what it means to be human. In the past decade, microbiologists have determined that 90 per cent of the cells in what was once considered to be the body are not human cells at all, but bacteria hitching a ride. These cells of parasites outnumber human cells in the body by ten to one.
At the dawn of the nuclear era in the 1940s, American scientists realized the porosity of bodies by having mice and human subjects (themselves included) ingest manmade radioactive isotopes. They determined that a hundred per cent of radioactive cesium collects in the digestive tract. Strontium and plutonium, they found, mimic the behaviour of calcium in human bodies and settles in bones and marrow. Human thyroids readily drink up radioactive iodine. Collecting children’s baby teeth from around the world, they realized that by the end of the first decade of nuclear testing, every person on earth had incorporated radioactive fallout. KGB doctors in Kyiv in the late 1980s came to similar insights. They recorded ten to twelve different radioactive isotopes in the bodies of their patients who had been exposed to Chernobyl radiation. Some of the isotopes drain from the body over time. Plutonium never leaves the body. Archeologists a thousand years from now will be able to trace the contours of the Anthropocene by ashing the bone of twentieth-century earthlings to detect the deposits of radioactive isotopes in them.
Authors writing on the Anthropocene and the Chernobyl accident alike tend to slip into millennial scales and metaphysics. How about getting down to the particulars: the dates, facts and fate of people most directly confronted with the new radioactive reality? How did life change after Chernobyl in the immediate years after the accident? I want to know, I have a feeling we might all soon want to know, what are the arts of human adaptation in a state of severe ecological crisis?
In August 1986, the Ukrainian Ministry of Health issued five thousand copies of a pamphlet addressed to “residents of population points exposed to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl atomic station”. The pamphlet begins with assurances:
Dear Comrades! Since the accident at the Chernobyl power plant, there has been a detailed analysis of the radioactivity of the food and territory of your population point. The results of the investigation show that living and working in your village will cause no harm to adults or children. The main portion of radioactivity has decayed. The composition of the radioactivity in water, air, forest and shrubs is tens of times lower than the established norms. For this reason, you have no reason to limit your consumption of local agricultural produce.
If villagers persisted in reading beyond the first pages, they found that the pamphlet’s confident tone trails off, like the telling of an unfunny joke:
Children this year, especially, should not eat any berries or mushrooms, nor should they enter the forest beyond the village.
Limit consumption of greens and early berries.
Do not drink local meat and milk.
Be careful to maintain domestic hygiene. Do not carry work clothes into the house. Don’t wear shoes indoors.
Wash down homes regularly.
Don’t burn dry biomass.
Do not use animal manure or ash as fertilizer.
Take the top layer of soil off the garden, add clay. Bury the top soil in specially-prepared graves far removed from the village.
Better to give up the milk cow and keep pigs instead.
Don’t let domestic birds range freely. Try to keep them in cages.
The pamphlet is actually a survival manual, one that is unique in human history. There had been nuclear accidents before which left people living on territory contaminated with harmful levels of nuclear fallout, but never before Chernobyl had a state been forced to admit to the problem and issue a manual for the new reality.
Despite the manual’s crash course in radiation protection, it didn’t take long for the Ministry of Industrial Agriculture to record the first radioactive food. A fortnight after the accident and a day after state troopers set up radiological control points outside the city of Kyiv, monitors reported the arrival of spring vegetables – sorrel, green onions, spinach – recording readings at levels higher than the permissible dose. As historian Toshi Higuchi points out, nuclear regulators world wide deployed temporary emergency doses for exceptional nuclear “incidents” (which could be something as predictable as fallout clouds from nuclear tests spreading beyond the test range to populated areas). In keeping with this international practice, Soviet officials in the wake of the accident raised permissible doses fifty times higher than before the accident. Yet, even at the new elevated norms, thirteen regions in contaminated provinces of Ukraine reported within a few weeks that a third of milk was too hot for consumption. By late May, trusted party operatives were going door to door warning farmers against drinking the fresh, rich milk from their family cows.
In Kyiv, buyers shunned leafy greens and berries in the markets so that soon stores refused to stock them. Three control points around the city monitored food shipped in trucks. As produce registered increasingly hot, Kyiv officials placed orders for vegetables from southern, clean territories of the Ukrainian Republic. They mined warehouses for food stocks grown before the accident. Officials banned the shipment of meat to major Ukrainian cities for six months. They shut down open air markets where produce collected radioactive dust and set up radiation labs in shops and indoor markets. Army meteorologists seeded the clouds so that radioactive precipitation would not fall on the city. Five months followed with no rain. Instead, trucks watered the streets.
In the tenth century, Kyivans created their city, high on a palisade, surrounded by walls, to withstand attacks. In this 1986 strike by a new-age invader, city officials used the infrastructure of the modern Soviet city to secure bodies against the environment in which they lived: a network of roads and police forces, an army of scientists equipped with labs, centralized plumbing, a centralized food distribution network, and packaging all helped to reduce the number of radioactive isotopes entering the mouths of city dwellers.
Villagers left outside the city walls, as in the Middle Ages, had to fend for themselves as the soils, plants and animals they relied on for subsistence turned against them in mysterious ways. The Soviet countryside had few of the modern amenities necessary for overcoming this high-tech disaster. Most villages in the poor, northern territories lacked plumbing and central heating. Water came from open wells carried in open buckets. Taking a bath and doing laundry involved a lot of work and so occurred only occasionally. Almost no one had the luxury of a shower, an important fixture for radiation hygiene. Heating came from contaminated peat and wood. Dirt roads generated dust carrying radioactive particles. Some villages were cut off for several months of the year because of flooding and so transports of packaged food could not reach them. Shops carried salt, kerosene, matches and little else. Farmers ate what they produced on their private plots. Everyone worked the fields, including pregnant women and children. There were few hospitals and clinics and the number of medical personnel dropped every year. As more regulations came down from Kyiv stipulating that collective farmers become modern consumers of food, fuel, and medicine while following safety regulations and hygiene norms for workers at nuclear power plants, it became clear this would be a losing battle.
In the years immediately following the disaster, the number of food samples over the permissible norms continued to increase. In several regions, 70 per cent to 100 per cent of milk, meat, and greens sampled did not pass inspection. Even territories with relatively low soil counts of radioactivity served up food that was too radioactive to consume. This news should not have been surprising. Scientists had known for decades about the tendency for radioactive isotopes to biomagnify due to the remarkable, life-giving necessity for organisms to drink from soils and water the minerals they require to thrive. Fish swimming in mildly contaminated lakes quickly concentrate ten to a thousand times more radioactive isotopes in their bodies than in the water in which they swim. Plants gather radioactive minerals from soils in roots in higher concentrations than the ground in which they grow. Peaty, swampy soils, which predominate in the territories around the Chernobyl plant, are especially good at transferring radioactive isotopes to the edible parts of the plants, even in soils with low surface contamination. Soviet scientists working in southern Belarus and northern Ukraine had documented this phenomenon decades before in the 1960s. What is surprising is that Soviet planners established the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Park, with a projected ten reactors, in an eco-zone which they knew was extremely conducive to biomagnification.
Finally, in 1989, with measurements of radioactivity in food and soils remaining practically unchanged, the Ministry of Industrial Agriculture conceded that dis-activation work had failed. They resolved to resettle a host of villages, but as the Soviet Union crumbled politically and financially, the evacuations ceased. People either had to find the means to move on their own or remain on contaminated territory.
The rest of this history takes a microscope to discern, for as the isotopes disappeared into bodies the record of their activity grows yet more blurred, which is one reason for the controversies over Chernobyl’s health effects. Soviet doctors looked at blood samples for telling changes in white and red blood cells and ran villagers through whole body counters, which only dimly measure gamma rays coming from patients’ bodies. Most rays coming from bodies are blocked by the flesh and water of the body itself. Medicine, meanwhile, has no humane way of measuring alpha and beta particles incorporated inside of living people. Researchers recorded in the Rivne Province that 24 per cent of the population had an estimated dose of one to two rems of radioactive cesium in 1987 and three rems in 1988. Some in the strictly controlled zones had doses up to 10 rem. Soviet scientists established in 1989 a safe “lifetime” dose of a half a rem a year over 70 years. The high body counts pointed to a distressing convergence of the new environmental factors with a new biological reality.
Once inside a body, alpha and beta particles, which are too weak to penetrate a sheet of paper, have no trouble piercing cells of organs and tissues to cause DNA breaks, damaged cells, hormone disruptions, and a host of other problems that are so far poorly understood. Unaware of their high internal doses, villagers complained in the late 1980s in letters to officials and emerging perestroika politicians of health problems. They reported chronic illnesses, fertility problems, strange pains, chronic fatigue, and weak, pale children who had trouble paying attention and fainted at their desks. Almost every region where agronomists reported in classified documents radioactive food above permissible levels, doctors wrote classified reports of a sharp decline in the number of people categorized as “healthy”. Until I unearthed these reports, they had existed in post-Soviet archives, buried along with the political and administrative entities that created them. After the collapse of the USSR, international organizations largely took over evaluating the significance of the Chernobyl accident.
A recent World Health Organization assessment counted up cataracts among emergency workers and 11,000 thyroid cancers among children, “a fraction of which” could be attributed Chernobyl. The “main health impact”, the report authors asserted were “pyscho-social” problems caused by the accident and subsequent resettlement which produced stress and an increased likeness for Chernobyl-affected populations to report “multiple unexplained physical symptoms and subjective poor health”. The difference between the assessment of Chernobyl’s health impacts by doctors on the ground and international experts arriving later relates to the tendency of classical radiology to focus on environments over bodies. Radiologists consulting for WHO or IAEA generally study environmental levels of radioactivity and run those numbers against projections of radiation damage from established studies, mostly from the Atomic Bomb Survivor Casualty Study, started in Japan five years after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. With environmental data and atomic bomb epidemiology, they create “individual dose estimates” that then determine how much of reported disease rates are estimated to have been caused by radioactivity. The bomb studies largely focused retroactively on the seconds of exposure from the bomb blast – the half-second of gamma rays passing in and out of bodies. The science of beta and alpha particles lodged temporarily and permanently in organs to cause non-malignant health problems is far less advanced. The first five years after the blast, the health of the survivors was not recorded. Soviet doctors in Ukraine, on the other hand, acquired a great mass of data on just the kind of physiological changes that swept through contaminated communities in the years immediately following exposure. Physicists, however, working as radiologists have so far failed to concur with physicians who have studied the effects of radiation within the landscape of internal organs. In other words, starting with external counts of radioactive decay to determine internal effects sustained the pre-Anthropocene anachronism that bodies are distinct from their environments. And that mirage has worked to contain and minimize the assessment of health damage from the Chernobyl accident.
In the persistent, thirty-year rush to disappear the Chernobyl accident, in the failure to fund large-scale, epidemiological studies about multiple health outcomes, international organizations and scientists have lost the opportunity to trace the adaptive and evolutionary features of human bodies living on territory contaminated by radioactive fallout. And that is a regrettable loss to science and to history. Villagers living off the radioactive landscape present a vivid manifestation of the metamorphosing Anthropocene-era human, one that has slowly been changing places with the accident, becoming pico curie by pico curie a part of nuclear reactor no. 4, the reactor that no longer is.


Japan recently marked the 13th anniversary of the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck Fukushima prefecture, leading to significant loss of life and ongoing challenges related to nuclear decommissioning and environmental safety.
At a glance
- 13th anniversary of Fukushima earthquake and tsunami
- Approximately 20,000 lives lost
- Over 160,000 people evacuated, 20,000 still unable to return
- Efforts to remove radioactive melted fuel debris are yet to start
- Renewed calls for review of evacuation plans after recent quake in Noto
Japan recently marked the 13th anniversary of the devastating earthquake and tsunami that struck Fukushima prefecture on March 11, 2011. The 9.0 magnitude quake and subsequent tsunami hit Japan’s northeastern coast, resulting in the tragic loss of approximately 20,000 lives.
To commemorate the event, people across Japan observed a minute of silence at 2:46 p.m., the exact time when the earthquake occurred.
The tsunami wreaked havoc on the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, leading to meltdowns in three reactors.
This catastrophic event forced over 160,000 people to evacuate their homes initially, with 20,000 individuals still unable to return due to lingering radiation concerns.
Despite the passage of time, efforts to remove the radioactive melted fuel debris at the plant have yet to commence.
Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has reaffirmed the government’s commitment to providing support for the rebuilding and safe decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
Memorial events were held in Miyagi and Iwate prefectures, which bore the brunt of the casualties from the disaster.
In the wake of a recent devastating quake in Noto on January 1, there have been renewed calls for a review of evacuation plans to bolster preparedness for future calamities.
The government has set its sights on ensuring the safe and transparent decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
However, the decision to release treated radioactive wastewater into the sea has sparked protests from local fishers and neighboring countries.
Despite these challenges, Fukushima Gov. Masao Uchibori remains optimistic about the region’s recovery process.
While reconstruction efforts have made significant strides in Iwate and Miyagi, many former residents have yet to return to their communities.
Notably, national memorial services have not been held in Tokyo since the 10th anniversary, with local services now taking place in the disaster-affected regions.
As Japan continues to grapple with the aftermath of the Fukushima disaster, the government faces ongoing pressure to prioritize the safety and well-being of its citizens while navigating the complexities of nuclear decommissioning and environmental concerns.
Here are all the sources used to create this article:
This section links each of the article’s facts back to its original source.
If you suspect false information in the article, you can use this section to investigate where it came from.
|– Japan marked the 13th anniversary of the earthquake and tsunami that hit Fukushima prefecture
– A 9.0 magnitude quake and tsunami struck Japan’s northeastern coast on March 11, 2011, killing about 20,000 people
– People across Japan observed a minute of silence at 2:46 p.m., the time of the earthquake
– The tsunami destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, causing meltdowns in three reactors
– More than 160,000 people were initially forced to leave their homes, with 20,000 still unable to return due to radiation
– Work to remove radioactive melted fuel debris at the plant has not yet begun
– Prime Minister Fumio Kishida pledged government support for rebuilding and safe decommissioning of the plant
– Memorial events were held in Miyagi and Iwate prefectures, where most deaths occurred
– Calls for a review of evacuation plans were renewed after a devastating quake in Noto on Jan. 1
– The government aims to ensure the safe and transparent decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi plant
– Treated radioactive wastewater has been released into the sea, facing protests from local fishers and neighboring countries
– Fukushima Gov. Masao Uchibori expressed confidence in the region’s recovery process
– Reconstruction of infrastructure has been largely completed in Iwate and Miyagi, but many former residents have not returned
– National memorial services have not been held in Tokyo since the 10th anniversary, with local services now hosted in disaster-hit areas.


|Project Overview||Beam Performance||CNGS↔LNGS||Publications/Talks||Events||Links|
|Technical Page (EDMS)||Civil Engineering||Naming Conventions||Download Pictures||Planning||Search|
|Project Organization: Secondary Beam WG, Project Team, Technical WG, Commissioning WG|
The CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) project aims at investigating the 'oscillation' of neutrinos. The project is motivated by the results obtained at the Superkamiokande detector in Japan and supported by other experiments, observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. These experiments measure a significant deficit in the flux of deteced muon-type neutrinos.
The features of this 'anomaly' could be explained by the hypothesis of neutrino oscillation, i.e. the conversion of a given neutrino type into another during their travel from the source to the detector (for example, muon-type to tau-type neutrino oscillation). The CNGS facility aims at directly detecting such neutrino oscillations and confirming this fascinating hypothesis with artificially produced neutrinos from an accelerator.
A beam produced at the CERN SPS accelerator will consist of only muon-type neutrinos. Neutrinos interact very rarely with matter, and these particles can therefore pass undisturbed underground to their destination, the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) of the INFN in Italy, 730 km from CERN. This laboratory located 120 km to the east of Rome, exists since 1987 and many experiments have been conducted there by international collaborations. LNGS is currently preparing to house huge detectors specially designed to detect the rare tau-neutrinos created by "oscillation" from muon-neutrinos on the way between CERN and LNGS.
The CNGS project's mandate is the construction of the new neutrino beam facility at CERN, not including the work needed for the detectors at LNGS. CNGS has been approved by the CERN Council at its December 1999 meeting. Construction started in September 2000, and first beam is expected in May 2006.


Northwest Medical Isotopes (NWMI) is one step closer to building a production plant in Columbia.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission heard testimony Tuesday regarding Northwest Medical Isotopes’ application for a construction permit. The hearing signals that the commission is approaching its final decision on whether NWMI can build in Columbia.
The proceedings were concerned primarily with the Atomic Energy Act, which, according to the EPA’s website, was put in place to advocate “utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes to the maximum extent consistent with the common defense and security and with the health and safety of the public.”
NWMI produces Molybdenum-99, which is used as a radioactive tracer to detect diseases in bone, kidney, heart and lungs. The company is seeking approval to erect a medical radioisotope production facility in Columbia’s Discovery Ridge Research Park.
NWMI announced its intention to build in Discovery Park in 2014. Originally, NWMI expected to be up and operating by 2016, but the application process has taken longer than expected. A series of studies and evidentiary hearings in conjunction with the nuclear commission, including a 2016 review that determined building would have minimal environmental impact, has prolonged the launch date to 2020, commission Chairwoman Kristine Svinicki said in the hearing.
“It was going to be a long-term process because of the application process they had to go through,” Bernie Andrews, executive vice president of Columbia and Boone County’s Regional Economic Development Inc., said. “It’s taken longer than we expected, but we’re making progress.”
The plant would bring about 75-85 high-paying jobs to Columbia.
Click here to read the full story from the Columbia Missourian.


Well, it’s been several days and nobody has ventured a guess, so I’ll just offer the answer now. The most-written about news story in the Webster-Kirkwood Times from 1986 to 1988 was the shipping of radioactive waste from the Three Mile Island accident on trains through St. Louis County to points west where that waste was to be disposed of. Those shipments came through Webster Groves on the Missouri Pacific line.
Three Mile Island, a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania, experienced a meltdown in March 1979, creating a lot of contaminated water, soil, and nuclear waste. The cleanup lasted until 1993, and it seems that nobody whose communities the waste passed through was happy about it. Residents in Webster Groves, as you may imagine, had a lot to say about it, and every local legislator worked to end the train shipments through town.


NPI will participate in material research in the AMULET project
05. 12. 2023
The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the CAS will participate as one of eight partners in the AMULET (Advanced MUltiscaLe Materials for key Enabling Technologies) project, which was successful in the Excellent Research call under Operational Programme Johannes Amos Comenius.
The aim of the project, led by the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, is to develop so-called multiscale materials with broad application potential, for example in electrical engineering, medicine or environmental technologies.
The team from the Institute of Nuclear Physics led by prof. Anna Macková will investigate the possibility of synthesising new materials by ion implantation, ion lithography and targeted ion irradiation at the atomic level. Energetic ion beams will be generated using the Tandetron 4130 MC accelerator, the only facility of its kind in the Czech Republic.
The Tandetron laboratory in Řež near Prague is part of the Centre for Accelerators and Nuclear Analytical Methods (CANAM). The centre is used for research, development and characterisation of new materials and surfaces. It is also used for radiation testing, the preparation and study of new radionuclides and the detection of radiation using accelerated ion beams.
"Participation in such an ambitious project shows that the role of the CAS Institute of Nuclear Physics in materials research is irreplaceable. It is not only about the scientific erudition and competence, but also about the instrumentation, which is unique in the Czech Republic," says prof. Anna Macková.
In addition to the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS and NPI of the CAS, the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, the Faculty of Science of Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, the Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the CAS, the Institute of Physics of the CAS, the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics and the Faculty of Science of Charles University and the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague are also participating in the project.
Here is the link to the AMULET press release.


The Los Alamos area, sprawled over several north central New Mexico mesasin a region known as the Pajarito Plateau, is historically characterized by remoteness. Many undisturbed prehistoric Pueblo Indian ruins still dot the region. After the arrival of Europeans in the mid 1700s, the Plateau slumbered for some 150 years as a secluded grazing and timbering area. The few homesteads and ranches that arrived in the late 1800s and early 1900s were mostly seasonal.
In 1917, an elite preparatory school for boys took over the year-around Los Alamos Ranch, which occupied a large, central portion of the Plateau. The Los Alamos Ranch School operated until 1943, when outside events forced it, along with a number of homesteads, to vacate the premises. The Jemez’ isolation and beauty had attracted the attention of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, who was seeking a secluded site for a top-secret World War II military program, the Manhattan Project; he had visited the school on horseback during his youth.
The Manhattan Project dramatically transformed the Los Alamos area into a bustling scientific and military complex with several outreach sites, much of it fenced and all of it guarded by U.S. Army patrols on horseback or in jeeps. Staffed by many of the world’s top scientists, the Los Alamos weapons laboratory designed, built, and tested at White Sands, New Mexico, the world’s first atomic bomb. The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan in August 1945 to end World War II. Ramifications were immediate, immense, and worldwide.
After the war, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission assumed responsibility for the Laboratory. It also mandated a closed, civilian town built by government contractors. Los Alamos became a county in 1949 but remained closed until 1957. White Rock, initially opened in 1949 to house Laboratory construction workers and intended to be temporary, was reborn in the early 1960s for permanent homes. The Los Alamos National Laboratory continues to design and provide oversight for the nation’s nuclear weapons stockpile and nonproliferation activity. Basic medical, energy, and technical research have considerably expanded the Laboratory’s initial focus.
Clearly, the development of Los Alamos did not follow a familiar American West scenario. Nor is the County similar to other communities within northern New Mexico. The cultural and technical ramifications of its unique events and personalities have had profound worldwide significance. Preserving the community’s physical history is important not only to the people of the County, but to those of the state, nation, and world.
Overseeing historic and cultural resources is a cooperative effort incorporating overlapping spheres of official influence.The National Historic Preservation Act serves as an overall guide to local levels of preservation activity and the New Mexico Cultural Properties Act sets state standards of preservation policy. The State Historic Preservation Division is the liaison between communities and national policy makers. The Fuller Lodge/Historic Districts Advisory Board, the Los Alamos Historical Society, and other groups – including but not limited to local enterprises, volunteer organizations, Los Alamos County, and Los Alamos National Laboratory – contribute to local historic preservation.


Mirion Technologies Dosimetry Services Division Acquires NRG's Dosimetry Business in the Netherlands
Expanding the Availability & Support of Instadose® Personal Dosimetry Monitoring Solutions in Europe
IRVINE, Calif. and ARNHEM, The Netherlands, Nov. 1, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Mirion Technologies Dosimetry Services Division (Mirion), a global provider of radiation detection solutions, announced today that it has acquired the personal dosimetry business of the Nuclear Research and consultancy Group (NRG) based in Arnhem, The Netherlands.
Personal dosimeters are typically worn by individuals who work with or around radiation and are used to measure, record, and track the radiation dose they are exposed to while performing their job/occupation. The acquisition of NRG's dosimetry business gives Mirion a new European dosimetry service center in Arnhem, The Netherlands and fosters the availability of smarter, advanced dosimetry products and services in Europe. This includes the Mirion Instadose® dosimeter which increases compliance, is cost efficient and improves the radiation safety culture by providing on-demand dose insights.
"The acquisition of NRG's dosimetry business is part of Mirion's global strategy to keep those who work in and around radiation safer by expanding the availability of advanced radiation monitoring solutions, expertise and support services," said Lou Biacchi, President of the Mirion Dosimetry Services Division. "By combining the expertise of NRG's dosimetry team with Mirion's innovative Instadose® platform we are allowing our European partners access to smarter radiation monitoring solutions and local expertise."
"The traditional method of monitoring occupationally exposed staff is a time intensive process that offers delayed results, which are often received too late to proactively act upon," said Bart Leclou, Vice-President of Worldwide Sales and Marketing for the Mirion Dosimetry Services Division. "But this is no longer the best way. Today, radiation exposure information needs to be available on-demand to better safeguard staff and mitigate exposure risks. Our acquisition of NRG's dosimetry business will allow us to better protect staff, particularly in the healthcare industry where long-term radiation exposure risks are most prevalent."
Mirion offers the Instadose® platform, a SMARTER personal dosimeter technology that eliminates the need to collect and return badges—which delays processing—by providing on-demand exposure data and cumulative dose insights with instant online access to dose information. The company also offers robust online radiation monitoring dosimetry management capabilities—enabling instant access to current and historical dose data along with the ability to make account, location, device, and wearer changes online within minutes.
"We are excited about the acquisition by Mirion because it affords us an opportunity to educate more people about new innovative technologies and services to help protect employees around the world from radiation exposure," said Tom Grimbergen, manager of NRG's individual monitoring team. "When you look at the landscape of radiation monitoring by personal dosimetry, Mirion leads the industry in innovative technologies that represent the future of radiation monitoring to safeguard employees."
About Mirion Technologies | Dosimetry Services Division
The Mirion Dosimetry Services Division is a global provider of radiation monitoring services and dosimetry solutions for a wide range of applications. Headquartered in Irvine, California-USA, Mirion Dosimetry Services Division is part of Mirion Technologies, Inc., a portfolio company of Charterhouse Capital Partners LLP. For more information, please visit: www.mirion.com.
NRG is an internationally operating nuclear service provider organized as a general partnership between the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and the ECN Nuclear Foundation. Located in Arnhem, The Netherlands, the NRG dosimetry business manages the personal dosimetry of many thousands of workers who are exposed to radiation sources in their work. For more information visit: www.nrg.eu.
SOURCE Mirion Technologies
Released November 1, 2018


CAYCE — South Carolina Electric and Gas Company (SCE&G), principal subsidiary of SCANA Corporation (SCANA) (NYSE:SCG), has filed a formal request with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to withdraw the combined operating licenses (COLs) for VC Summer Station Units 2 and 3.
This week’s notification follows the July 31, 2017 NRC notification that the company stopped construction activities on the VCS Units 2 and 3 site.
“This notification is consistent with our plans for abandonment and helps to ensure we qualify for a tax deduction in 2017 so that we can capture approximately $2 billion for our customers to offset the costs of the new nuclear project,” said incoming SCANA CFO Iris Griffin.
In its notification to the NRC, SCE&G states that it has irrevocably abandoned its interests in the VCS Units 2 and 3. All of its completion and preservation activities have ceased. Work is limited to only those actions required to place the site in a safe condition, terminate construction and close active permits.
SCE&G has offered to cede its abandoned interest in the VCS Units 2 and 3 project to Santee Cooper, for no consideration. If, prior to the NRC approval of this request to withdraw the COLs, Santee Cooper chooses to seek to become the sole licensee for the project, SCE&G will support an application to the NRC to transfer the licenses to Santee Cooper.


Iran not tolerate IAEA disregarding agreement: envoy
Iran's Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the international organizations in Vienna said his country does not tolerate IAEA's violation of the agreements reached.
Iran Press/ Europe: Stressing Iran's goodwill in its interaction with IAEA's new director-general, Kazem Gharibabadi noted that in case the agency tends to violate, under any pretexts, the mutual understandings already made, it has, in fact, targeted Iran's cooperation with IAEA.
Gharibabadi referred to the recent trip of IAEA's director to Iran to have direct contacts with the relevant authorities so that he would gain insight into the nuclear activities of Iran.
The Islamic Republic of Iran and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) issued a joint statement on Wednesday at the end of Rafael Grossi's two-day visit to Tehran and holding talks with Iranian officials.
"The issuance of a joint statement, which is the result of hard and intensive negotiations with the IAEA Board", indicates the success of the interaction, Iran's Ambassador to IAEA said.


Liquid State Laboratory - C2 170
- 700 MHz Bruker Avance 6-channel NMR system with dual inverse cryoprobe, several other commercial probes. We just completed a 12-spin benchmark on this spectrometer.
- 600 MHz Bruker Avance NMR system. Used for liquid-state QIP work (Laflamme) and liquid/solid chemistry studies (Power). HCN, HF, 2.5mm MAS commercial probes.
- The laboratory also houses all of the test equipment and tools necessary to design, construct, troubleshoot and repair RF instruments. We have use of Prof. Bill Power's chemistry laboratory for sample preparation. The UW Physics Department maintains a well run machine shop for the students and researchers. We have access to X-ray crystallography and ESR facilities in the UW Chemistry Department for solids sample characterization.
Solid State Laboratory - RAC 1124
- 300 MHz (wide-bore) Bruker Avance 6-channel NMR spectrometer with home-built probes for solid state NMR QIP. Primarily used for single crystal QIP studies
- 200 MHz (wide-bore) Bruker Avance 6-channel NMR spectrometer with home-built probes for solid state NMR QIP. Magnet charged to 100 MHz for low-temperature dynamic nuclear polarization experiments. 0 -> 30 MHz variable field magnet for future studies of coherent hyperfine dynamics/optical magnetic resonance. Two Oxford continuous flow helium cryostat for low- temperature experiments
Facility ManagerMichael Ditty
Post Doctoral Fellows


Los Alamos, NM, 2 July 2011: Rain! Steve Remde, chief cook at The Los Alamos Elks Lodge 2083 smiles in relief as rain pelts him and Los Alamos helping fire fighters in their struggle to contain the Las Conchas Forest Fire. The Los Alamos Elks have been open 24/7 feeding anyone and everyone since the fire began last Sunday serving upwards of 2500 meals a day.
At 7:30 pm, last night, Los Alamos National Laboratory downgraded the "State of Emergency" to a "State of Recovery". The Laboratory is safe and the town has been spared from the Las Conchas forest fire. Spot fires continue to burn in the Jemez mountains around Los Alamos and the fire still rages to the north. All concerned await news as to when residents will be allowed to return from the mandatory evacuation order given at 1:45 pm last Monday, June 27.
The Las Conchas forest fire had threatened the town of Los Alamos and Los Alamos National Laboratory, America's foremost nuclear research facility. 12,000 residents were evacuated and the National Laboratory was closed. The potential of LANL hazard waste becoming airborne if incinerated by the fire was avoided and air sampling has proven that the greatest health hazard is from the smoke itself.
A downed tree and power line along with extreme drought conditions are blamed for the origin of this fast moving and devastating fire. Around 1:00 pm Sunday, June 26, 2011 an aspen tree was blown down by intense winds onto a power line which ignited the tree, broke the power line and ignited the surrounding forest. The fire started roughly 12 miles southwest of Los Alamos near the Las Conchas trailhead on private property near highway marker 35 on State Road 4.


Krsko, 23 December (STA) - The Krsko Nuclear Power Plant, NEK, will produce almost 6,000 kWh of electricity in 2011, more or less a half of Slovenia's electricity, NEK chairman Stane Rozman told the press on Friday. He added that apart from the temporary shut down due to a fault on the electricity grid in March the power plant functioned well throughout the year.
While the plant produced so much electricity because no renovations were scheduled for this year, NEK is to undergo a renovation in 2012, when the final decision whether the plant will continue operating until 2043 will also be made, Rozman said.
He moreover pointed to the stress tests that were performed on European nuclear power plants after the Fukushima accident, stressing that NEK's results were good and will be published by the end of the next year.
Rozman noted that the renovation, which is to start in spring, will include several projects for boosting the plant's safety, including the renewal of NEK's the anti-flood barriers.
In 2012, NEK will also carry out a number of technological modernisations in order to ensure a continued safe functioning of the plant, he added.


What is Boron Neutron Capture Therapy?
BNCT is a form of radiotherapy that targets cancer cells using biochemical methods. One of the constituents of natural boron, known as boron-10 (or 10B), is irradiated with low-energy thermal neutrons, yielding high linear energy transfer alpha particles and recoiling lithium-7 (or 7Li) nuclei. These biochemical interactions are known as nuclear capture and fission reactions.
The advantages of BNCT
1. Selective cancer cell destruction
Tumor cells absorb much more 10B boron than normal cells. For example, malignant brain cells may take in seven times as much 10B as normal cells. As a result, the fission reaction process destroys only cancer cells.
2. Complete in a single session
Unlike other methods, such as proton and heavy-ion radiotherapies, BNCT requires only one or two radiation sessions, reducing hospital visits and improving the quality of life of patients. BNCT can also be used for recurring cancer, even in patients who have undergone X-ray treatment.
3. Highly effective with few side effects
Alpha particles and lithium-7 nuclei act only at short range (5–9 micrometers), selectively killing tumors without significant damage to adjacent normal tissue.


Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), one of the most powerful analytical techniques in chemistry and life science, is typically limited to macroscopic volumes due to its inherent low sensitivity. This excludes NMR spectroscopy from analysis of microscopic samples sizes such as in single-cell biology or in microfluidic applications. In recent years, it has been shown that NMR signals can be detected from nano- to microscale volumes by a new sensor class – quantum sensors based on defects in the diamond lattice - the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. However, these experiments were limited by a low spectral resolution and to pure samples with high viscosity, which precludes practical applications in chemistry. Here, I will present our recent results where we could overcome these basic problems. First, I will describe how NV-centers can be used to detect NMR signals from picoliter sample volumes on the surface of the diamond chip with high spectral resolution (~1 Hz). Second, I will discuss our newest results on improving the molecular sensitivity of this approach by hyperpolarizing nuclear sample spins. This technique combines microscopic-scale NV-NMR with a fully integrated Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization scheme which reaches femtomole sensitivity. I will provide an overview of this rapidly developing technology and discuss potential applications, such as single cell metabolomics.


Extending the applicability of RANS turbulence closures to the simulation of transitional flow around hydrofoils at low Reynolds number.. 2018.
A more fundamental wall lubrication force from turbulent dispersion regularization for multiphase CFD applications. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 98. 2018.
STRUCTure-based URANS simulations of thermal mixing in T-junctions. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 340. 2018.
Assessment of a Simplified Set of Momentum Closure Relations for Low Volume Fraction Regimes in STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 110. 2017.
A Methodology for Characterizing Representativeness in Power Plant Performance Indicator Measurements with CFD Simulations. NURETH-16.. 2015.
Modeling of the groundwater transport around a deep borehole nuclear waste repository. Proceedings of NURETH-16.. 2015.
A Structure-Based Approach for Topological Resolution of Coherent Turblence: Overview and Demonstration. NURETH-16.. 2015.
Structure-Based Resolution of Turbulence for Sodium Fast Reactor Thermal Striping Applications. NURETH-16.. 2015.
Transient modeling of host rock for a deep borehole nuclear waste repository. Nuclear Science and Engineering. M.S.. 2015.
Towards the Development and Application of Borehole Virtual Reality Simulation Tools. Proceedings of ANS Winter Meeting. :367-369.. 2013.


The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organisation on 29 July 1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute, the IAEA reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. The IAEA serves as an intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology and nuclear power worldwide. The programs of the IAEA encourage the development of the peaceful applications of nuclear energy, science and technology, provide international safeguards against misuse of nuclear technology and nuclear materials, and promote nuclear safety (including radiation protection) and nuclear security standards and their implementation.


Written in EnglishRead online
Includes bibliographical references.
|Statement||Vladimir Babak, Guy Degany.|
|Series||Research paper ;, 76, Research paper (Merkaz le-ḥeḳer Beri. ha-M. u-Mizraḥ Eropah ʻa. sh. Marg"ori Meiroḳ) ;, no. 76.|
|LC Classifications||TK9085 .B33 1994|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||42 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||42|
|LC Control Number||95149649|
Download nuclear legacy of the former Soviet Union
The Radiation Legacy of the Soviet Nuclear Complex: An Analytical Overview [Egorov, Nikolai N., Novikov, Vladimir M., Parker, Frank L., Popov, Victor K.] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Radiation Legacy of the Soviet Nuclear Complex: An Analytical Overview.
The breakup of the Soviet Union left a cold war nuclear legacy consisting of tens of thousands of nuclear weapons and a sprawling infrastructure for their production and maintenance. This book examines the fate of this vast nuclear weapon complex and the unprecedented non-proliferation challenges associated with the breakup of a nuclear weapon state.
THE NUCLEAR LEGACY OF THE SOVIET UNION. Niall Michelsen. Roosevelt University. Search for more papers by this author. Niall Michelsen. Ukraine has been obstinate but even it has apparently concluded that its nuclear inheritance is too expensive to maintain, not a sufficient deterrent, and an impediment to better relations with the West.
Author: Niall Michelsen. This book tells the story of half a century of nuclear waste management activities and contamination incidents in the former Soviet Union (FSU). It paints a striking picture of the USSR and now FSU nuclear waste management activities, tracing the evolution of what is likely the world's largest nuclear waste management by: During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union amassed nuclear arsenals containing the explosive power of one million Hiroshimas.
The Soviet Union secretly plotted to create the “Dead Hand,” a system designed to launch an automatic retaliatory nuclear strike on the United States, and developed a fearsome biological warfare machine.
Rensselaer Lee is a Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and President of Global Advisory Services. For a detailed discussion of nuclear smuggling, see his book Smuggling Armageddon: The Nuclear Black Market in the Former Soviet Union.
Buy The Nuclear Legacy of the Former Soviet Union by Vladimir Babak, Guy Degany (ISBN:) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible : Vladimir Babak, Guy Degany.
This book describes the author’s academic journey from an undergraduate in London to his current research on Ukraine and Belarus as a History professor in Alberta, Canada. It highlights the dramatic changes of the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods, his travel stories, experiences, and the Stalinist legacy in both countries.
The Soviet Union and the United States stayed far apart during the next three decades of superpower conflict and the nuclear and missile arms race.
Beginning in the early s, the Soviet regime proclaimed a policy of détente and sought increased economic cooperation and disarmament negotiations with the West. During 70 years of communist rule, the former Soviet Union inflicted wide-spread environmental damage throughout Russia and the Soviet Republics in its quest for military and economic power.
Now that the USSR is gone, the newly independent states are forced to deal with this legacy of destruction in an effort to rebuild their economies. For forty years the Soviet-American nuclear arms race dominated world politics, yet the Soviet nuclear establishment was shrouded in secrecy.
Now that the Cold War is over and the Soviet Union has collapsed, it is possible to answer questions that have intrigued policymakers and the public for years.
How did the Soviet Union build its atomic and hydrogen bombs. The Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS or Semipalatinsk), also known as "The Polygon", was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear is located on the steppe in northeast Kazakhstan (then the Kazakh SSR), south of the valley of the Irtysh scientific buildings for the test site were located around km (93 mi) west of the town of Semipalatinsk (later renamed.
The breakup of the Soviet Union left a cold war nuclear legacy consisting of tens of thousands of nuclear weapons and a sprawling infrastructure for their production and maintenance. This book examines the fate of this vast nuclear weapon complex and the unprecedented non-proliferation challenges associated with the breakup of a nuclear weapon Format: Capa Comum.
A well-written account of the final days (or months) of the Soviet Union, accounting for its collapse by the culmination of nationalist movements and power struggles, especially after the August Coup.
Plokhy uses the recently declassified documents/ records of conversations between key players in the US, Soviet Union, and republic leaders/5(90). Analysis: The Soviet nuclear legacy Areas of concern for security experts and environmentalists By BBC News Online's Johanna Numminen.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia and its former Soviet neighbours were left to deal with the legacy of the Soviet nuclear programme. Only several years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, nuclear security issues are again at the forefront of international concern.
This timely collection addresses issues of cleanup at Chernobyl (Chornobyl) and other sites of nuclear disasters, nuclear smuggling, safety concerns in the Ukrainian and Russian nuclear industries, and Ukraine's negotiations with Russia and the West regarding.
In his new book, Doomed to Cooperate that allowed the two former superpower enemies to “get past the sensitivity barriers” and make “the world a safer place.” Since the end of the Cold War, no significant nuclear event has occurred as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its nuclear.
The Soviet Union's nuclear legacy also affects the economic health of Russia and the former Soviet Republics. For example, many regional leaders have been reluctant to shut down aging Soviet reactors because of the expense of building new plants that run on other kinds of fuel, such as natural gas.
In the book, the former U.S. President discusses his tenure in length, while also highlighting several major events that took place while he was commander-in-chief.
Among the topics discussed in the book was Iran and their ongoing feuds with. The Legacy of Chernobyl: Book Mark: The Soviet Union tried to keep the disaster at Chernobyl a secret, but as the toxic plume moved across Europe, the magnitude of this radioactive volcano became.
The USSR told the people of Sarzhal village in the Polygon to cheer when it dropped nuclear bombs on their lands.
After pounding it with hundreds of bombs for 42 years, cancer, birth defects, chronic diseases are widespread among the locals. It draws on information from hundreds of literature sources as well as the author`s first-hand knowledge of nuclear waste related events in Russia.
It represents the largest compilation ever on nuclear waste management practices, past and present, in the former Soviet Union.
The Nuclear Posture Review sought to devalue the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. national security strategy by no longer planning, sizing, and sustaining U.S.
nuclear forces “as though Russia presented merely a smaller version of the threat posed by the former Soviet Union.” After the Cold War, Congress cancelled even modest.
The collapse of the former Soviet Union presented policy-makers with three unique nuclear challenges. The first was to address the fact that Soviet strategic nuclear weapons — principally its nuclear-armed ICBMs — were located in four of the Soviet successor states, raising the prospect that the demise of the Soviet Union would result in the.
Former Soviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev made the no-first-use pledge at the United Nations in June,at a time when the Soviet Union was believed to have an overwhelming advantage over the.
Since the founding of the National Security Archive, nuclear crises, nuclear proliferation, and the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. policy have been central to its FOIA requesting. The overwhelming importance of the problem of nuclear weapons has posed an existential threat since the early years of the Cold War and has made this an essential focus.
– Edwin Heathcote, in “Best Books of ,” Financial Times. “In Chernobyl: A Stalkers’ Guide, Darmon Richter—an expert in Soviet architecture who has spent years photographing and gathering information about the buildings and monuments of the former USSR—tells the amazing story of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone from the inside.
From Vilnius to Vladivostok, a beleaguered environment bears witness to a legacy of irresponsibility: the rivers of the former U.S.S.R. are open sewers of human and chemical waste; the Aral sea is drying up; in many Soviet cities the air is so polluted that it puts millions at risk of respiratory diseases.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia and its former Soviet neighbours were left to deal with the legacy of the Soviet nuclear programme. From warheads and decaying submarines to radioactive lakes, a complete map of the area’s radiation hazards has not yet been drawn.
Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant in Ukraine that was the site of the worst nuclear accident in history when a routine test went horribly wrong on Ap It had entered the nuclear age.
Within a few years, the United States, the former Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, and China developed the much more destructive hydrogen bomb. The Cold War —the rivalry between Communist and non-Communist nations— spurred on the development of superior nuclear weapons and delivery systems.
The Soviet Union's nuclear program was once one of the largest in the world. But from Chernobyl to the empire's former atomic bomb site in Kazakhstan, the legacy of that effort still affects tens of thousands of people in the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine.
One of the legacies of the Soviet Union in Central Asia is the emphasis by the powers-that-be on a narrative of national unity and ethnic harmony. In a new book, a former U.S. Defense. Get this from a library. Nuclear energy safety challenges in the former Soviet Union: a consensus report of the CSIS Congressional Study Group and Task Force.
[James R Schlesinger; Robert E Ebel; Sam Nunn; CSIS Congressional Study Group and Task Force.]. The Soviet Union's Deadly Legacy in the Arctic Ap By Frank H. Murkowski Sen. Frank H. Murkowski (R) of Alaska is vice chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
But very soon, three of four countries namely Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, decided to be non-nuclear states. And all former Soviet nuclear forces were partially dismantled or concentrated on that territory of Russia.
The second part of Russian heritage which Russia received from the Soviet Union was the background of Russia's nuclear strategy. The Soviet Union Atomic weapons.
In the decade before World War II, Soviet physicists were actively engaged in nuclear and atomic they had established that, once uranium has been fissioned, each nucleus emits neutrons and can therefore, at least in theory, begin a chain following year, physicists concluded that such a chain reaction could be ignited in either.
On Augthe Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb, sending a mushroom cloud high above northern Kazakhstan and a shadow of fear over the rest of the world. The nuclear. The Polygon in the former Soviet closed city Semipalatinsk (known today as Semey) was the primary nuclear test site of the Soviet Union.
In total, nuclear. In recent years, President Putin has repeatedly stated his will to protect the legacy of the Soviet Union’s contribution to WWII, expressing his desire to fight attempts to “distort history.” On February 23 - a Russian holiday commemorating those who served in the country’s armed forces - the President noted that the Red Army helped.
The End of the Soviet Union Decem Gorbachev’s Nuclear Initiative of January and the Road to Reykjavik Octo Unilateral U.S. nuclear pullback in matched by rapid Soviet cuts Septem PHOTOS FROM THE BOOK. Former United States military analyst offers his recollections and analysis of a cache of secret documents related to the US nuclear arsenal.
The book contains chilling details about narrowly-avoided disasters, flawed launch protocols, and philosophies and strategies regarding the true purpose of the US nuclear arsenal.The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union, the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (Russian: бли́жнее зарубе́жье, romanized: blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that emerged and re-emerged from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics following its breakup inwith Russia being the primary de facto internationally.


Russian state nuclear firm Rosatom announced on Thursday that it aims to start construction of the Akkuyu nuclear plant in Turkey by the end of March next year.
Speaking with Reuters on Thursday, Kirill Komarov, Rosatom’s first deputy chief executive for corporate development and international business, said, “We hope to get a Turkish nuclear operating license at the beginning of next year and start with the first concrete by the end of Q1.”
Komarov said Rosatom was on course to sell 49 percent in the $20 billion Akkuyu nuclear plant project to a Turkish consortium by yearend and that there was strong support from Turkish authorities to make the project happen.
In June Turkey’s Energy Market Regulatory Agency (EPDK) approved Russia’s State Atomic Energy Corporation (Rosatom) building the $20 billion Akkuyu nuclear power plant in southern Turkey.
The project to construct four nuclear reactors has repeatedly run into delays, including being briefly halted after Turkey downed a Russian jet near the Syrian border in November 2015. Ties have since normalized between the two countries and work on the plant has resumed.
It is now expected to be completed by 2023 and should meet 6-7 percent of Turkey’s electricity demand once it is fully operational, the energy watchdog EPDK said in a statement.
The EPDK said it had given Rosatom’s project company Akkuyu Nukleer AS a 49-year production license.
Dependent on imports for almost all of its energy, Turkey has embarked on an ambitious nuclear program, commissioning Rosatom in 2013 to build the four 1,200 megawatt (MW) reactors.
With Turkey’s energy imports costing about $50 billion annually and its energy demand among the fastest growing in Europe, Ankara wants at least 5 percent of its electricity generation to come from nuclear energy in under a decade, cutting dependency on natural gas largely bought from Russia.


Apr 29, 2016 · What is ionizing radiation? Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). The spontaneous disintegration of atoms is called radioactivity, and the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater than 1% of the speed of light), May 24, 2019 · ‘Ionizing radiation’ is the given term for any wave or particle with the potential to cause harm to our bodies. They are ionizing because they possess high enough energy to ‘kick’ electrons out of other atoms and molecules, forming ions. We take a look at the forms of ionizing radiation below. Ionizing Radiation Definition. The term radiation means to give off energy as waves or particles. Ionizing radiation gives off energy by knocking electrons off atoms, which causes the atoms to have a charge. Another term for a charged particle is an ion. The charges on the atomic particles make ionizing radiation unstable and reactive. Ionizing radiation has so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms, a process known as ionization. Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and DNA in genes. Ionizing radiation comes from x-ray machines, cosmic particles from outer space and radioactive elements. Radioactive elements emit ionizing radiation as their atoms undergo radioactive decay.


Uranium Energy Corp. (NYSE:UEC) +4.4% in Tuesday’s trading after announcing a discovery of high-grade uranium at the Christie Lake project in Saskatchewan’s Athabasca Basin.
Uranium Energy (UEC) said the discovery hole encountered high-grade mineralization that averaged 7.8% uranium oxide over 9.1 meters and included a subinterval of 26.1% eU3O8 over 2.3 meters.
A follow-up hole intersected the unconformity 13 meters to the northeast and intersected 68.7% eU3O8 over 2.1 meters, the highest-grade mineralized intersection ever encountered on the Christie Lake property, the uranium producer said.
Seven holes have been drilled into a new discovery, all of them containing uranium mineralization at or near the unconformity.
The Christie Lake intersections represent some of the largest and highest-grade drill intersections of uranium reported globally in 2022, the company said.
Christie Lake is one of 29 projects included in Uranium Emergy’s (UEC) recent acquisition of UEX Corp.


The Physics Division and the University of Chicago, in coordination with the Schiffer family, will host a Symposium in honor of John Schiffer. John Schiffer’s career at Argonne spanned some 60+ years, during which he made outstanding and internationally acclaimed contributions to nuclear physics research. Through roles on advisory committees, both at the highest level nationally and internationally, he played a significant role in charting the path of nuclear physics research over the last half-century, exploring many varied topics in nuclear physics and beyond. In John’s spirit, the symposium is to be not just a retrospective but also forward-looking, exploring the future of nuclear science within John’s broad horizons.
The Symposium will be held in the Auditorium of the Physics Division (building 203) on July 10-11, 2023. A reception will be held at the Argonne Guest House on the evening of July 9, 2023.
Birger Back, Argonne
Don Geesaman (co-chair), Argonne
Walter Henning, Argonne
Ben Kay (co-chair), Argonne
Peter Littlewood, University of Chicago
Jerry Nolen, Argonne
Ernst Rehm, Argonne
Bob Wiringa, Argonne
Robin Harris (ANL)


Radiometric dating ppt
The age of the planet, though, was important to Charles Darwin and other evolutionary theorists: The biological evidence they were collecting showed that nature needed vastly more time than previously thought to sculpt the world.
A breakthrough came with the discovery of radioactivity at the beginning of the 1900s.
Free 5-day trial Radiometric dating is used to estimate the age of rocks and other objects based on the fixed decay rate of radioactive isotopes.
Learn about half-life and how it is used in different dating methods, such as uranium-lead dating and radiocarbon dating, in this video lesson. As we age, our hair turns gray, our skin wrinkles and our gait slows.
Before then, the Bible had provided the only estimate for the age of the world: about 6,000 years, with Genesis as the history book.
Hutton's theories were short on evidence at first, but by 1830 most scientists concurred that Noah's ark was more allegory than reality as they documented geological layering.
By measuring the ratio of lead to uranium in a rock sample, its age can be determined.Certain isotopes are unstable and undergo a process of radioactive decay, slowly and steadily transforming, molecule by molecule, into a different isotope.This rate of decay is constant for a given isotope, and the time it takes for one-half of a particular isotope to decay is its radioactive half-life.Scientists discovered that rocks could be timepieces -- literally.Many chemical elements in rock exist in a number of slightly different forms, known as isotopes.


HARI M. AGRAWAL, PhD, is Professor and Head of the Department of Physics at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. He received his doctorate in Experimental Nuclear Physics from AMU, Aligarh in 1979. He has three decades of experience in teaching nuclear physics courses and has more than hundred publications in international journals to his credit. Dr. Agrawal’s current research activities are in the fields of nuclear physics and material science. He has worked at various prestigious national/international institutes such as IIT Kanpur, NPD (BARC, Mumbai), State University–New York, Albany (USA), Department of Nuclear Engineering–University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (USA) and GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht (Germany) as visiting scientist. Professor Agrawal has also been to CERN (Geneva), BNL (USA), ICTP (Italy) and IAEA (Austria) on academic missions.


Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Third Edition, presents the nuclear science concepts needed to understand and quantify the whole range of nuclear phenomena. Noted for its accessible level and approach, the Third Edition of this long-time bestselling textbook provides overviews of nuclear physics, nuclear power, medicine, propulsion, and radiation detection. Its flexible organization allows for use with Nuclear Engineering majors and those in other disciplines. The Third Edition features updated coverage of the newest nuclear reactor designs, fusion reactors, radiation health risks, and expanded discussion of basic reactor physics with added examples. A complete Solutions Manual and figure slides for classroom projection are available for instructors adopting the text.
"This is a comprehensive introduction to nuclear science and engineering. It’s an ideal book for undergraduate students as a first course in nuclear engineering. The book is well written and the basics are well described for the students. The chapter problems are appropriate to the subject matter and give students good practice examples. This is a really good book for an introductory course on Nuclear Science and Engineering."
― Chaitanya Deo, Georgia Institute of Technology
"The biggest application of nuclear technology is the production of electricity with fission process, one commonly referred as nuclear engineering, which has become a cross-cutting disciplinary by itself. However, nuclear science covers a much broader areas and applications that is beyond the convention domain of nuclear engineering. There are very few books could cover all these topics so well such as this book that starts with fundamental atomic introduction and extends to almost all aspect of nuclear science and engineering topics. Highly recommended as introductory level book to college students and professionals."
―L. Raymond Cao, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
"I have used the earlier editions of this book for a number of years and I plan to continue to use it, in the newer edition, this year and beyond.
I have found this text to be the best for a solid sophomore/junior level nuclear engineering introductory course. In fact, there is much more content than can be covered in a semester, so I find it to be a good text to have on the shelf as a general reference."
―Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, Idaho State University, USA
J. Kenneth Shultis is a professor of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas, where he holds the Black and Veatch Distinguished Professorship. Dr. Shultis received his BASC degree from the University of Toronto, and his MS and PhD degrees in Nuclear Science and Engineering from the University of Michigan. Prior to joining the faculty at Kansas State University he spent a year at the Mathematics Institute of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is the author of five books in the areas of radiation protection and nuclear science and engineering, a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society, and recipient of the ASC’s Rockwell Lifetime Achievement Award.
Richard E. Faw is an Emeritus Professor in the Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering department, Kansas State University, where he taught from 1962 to 2000. He received his PhD, in Chemical Engineering, from the University of Minnesota. Dr. Faw currently resides in North Carolina. He is also a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society, and recipient of their Rockwell Lifetime Achievement Award for the work he and Dr. Shultis have done in the field of radiation shielding.


Hiroshima-Nagasaki Day 75th Anniversary Commemoration with Setsuko Thurlow & Friends
Thursday, August 6, 2020 at 7:00 PM – 8:30 PM EDT
by Hiroshima Nagasaki Day Coalition (Toronto)
On August 6th, 1945, 13-year old Setsuko Thurlow gathered with 30 classmates near the centre of Hiroshima, where she had been drafted into the student Mobilization Program. She recalls: “At 8:15 a.m., I saw a bluish-white flash like a magnesium flare outside the window. I remember the sensation of floating in the air. As I regained consciousness in the total silence and darkness, I realized I was pinned in the ruins of the collapsed building… Gradually I began to hear my classmates’ faint cries for help, ‘Mother, help me!’ ‘God, help me!’ Then suddenly, I felt hands touching me and loosening the timbers that pinned me. A man’s voice said, ‘Don’t give up! I’m trying to free you! Keep moving! See the light coming through that opening. Crawl toward it and try to get out!’”
TORONTO: On August 6th at 7pm the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Day Coalition invites the public to participate in the 75th Anniversary Commemoration of the Atomic bombings of Japan. The commemoration will focus on 75 years of living with the threat of nuclear war. The 75th commemoration will also focus on the role that Canada played in the Manhattan project. The keynote speaker will be A-bomb survivor Setsuko Nakamura Thurlow, who jointly accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on of the behalf the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) with Beatrice Fihn in 2017. Peace activist and historian Phyllis Creighton will sketch Canada’s role in creating the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, its nuclear industry’s reckless endangering of Dene workers, severely impacting the Indigenous community, Canada’s continued sale of uranium and nuclear reactors enabling more countries to become nuclear armed, and its full commitment to NORAD and NATO, both nuclear alliances relying on nuclear weapons. The event will include music by Grammy-nominated flautist Ron Korb and photos, animation and brief excerpts from documentaries that will show major highlights of the 75-yearlong effort to abolish nuclear weapons. Giving us hope for their eventual elimination is the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, now with 39 of the 50 nations needed to sign and ratify it before coming into international law. Thus far, Canada is not a signatory. The co-hosts for the commemoration are Katy McCormick, artist and professor, and Steven Staples, the founder of Public Response.
Registration for the online event can be found here. https://www.eventbrite.com/e/75-years-canada-nuclear-weapons-the-un-ban-treaty-tickets-108760389252#listing-organizer
Little known to many Canadians, Prime Minister Mackenzie King entered into a partnership with the US and Great Britain in the Manhattan Project’s development of the atomic bombs, including mining, refining, and exporting the uranium necessary for their success. Here in Canada, Dene workers from Great Bear Lake were hired to transport the radioactive uranium in cloth sacks from the mine to barges. They were never warned about radioactivity. Peter Blow’s documentary Village of Widows chronicles how the atomic bomb program impacted that Indigenous community. At the bottom of Great Bear Lake is over a million tons of tailings that will remain radioactive for the next 800,000 years.
On August 6th, Little Boy—a single Atomic bomb—demolished the city of Hiroshima, killing 70,000 people, and causing the deaths of 70,000 more by the end of 1945. On August 9th, 1945,Fat Man, a plutonium bomb, devastated Nagasaki, exploding near the largest Catholic cathedral in Asia, killing 70,000 non-combatants. Setting a pattern, US Occupation censorship hid the true impacts of nuclear weapons—still unknown to many today.
Media Contact: Katy McCormick firstname.lastname@example.org


Court of Appeals Gives DHEC and Chem-Nuclear Ninety Days to Submit Plan for Reducing Nuclear Contamination of Groundwater at Disposal Site
In Sierra Club v. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmetal Control, the South Carolina Court of Appeals gave the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (“DHEC”) ninety days to submit a plan to bring a nuclear waste disposal facility operated by Chem-Nuclear Systems, LLC (“Chem-Nuclear”) located in Barnwell County into compliance with South Carolina regulations aimed at the prevention of radioactive waste contamination of groundwater at nuclear waste disposal facilities. Sierra Club v. S.C. Dep’t of Health & Envtl. Control, No. 2012-212791, 2014 WL 3734366, at *21 (S.C. Ct. App. July 30, 2014).


Single-neutron orbits near Ni-78: Spectroscopy of the N=49 isotope Zn-79
Single-neutron states in the Z = 30, N = 49 isotope Zn-79 have been populated using the Zn-78(d,p)Zn-79 transfer reaction at REX-ISOLDE, CERN. The experimental setup allowed the combined detection of protons ejected in the reaction, and of y rays emitted by Zn-79. The analysis reveals that the lowest excited states populated in the reaction lie at approximately 1 MeV of excitation, and involve neutron orbits above the N = 50 shell gap. From the analysis of gamma-ray data and of proton angular distributions, characteristic of the amount of angular momentum transferred, a 5/2+ configuration was assigned to a state at 983 keV. Comparison with large-scale-shell-model calculations supports a robust neutron N = 50 shell-closure for Ni-78. These data constitute an important step towards the understanding of the magicity of 78Ni and of the structure of nuclei in the region. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.


World Nuclear Exhibition 2018
26-28 June 2018 - Paris, France
Meet us at the World Nuclear Exhibition 2018
We are pleased to announce our participation to the World Nuclear Exhibition which will be held from 26 to 28 June in Paris Nord Villepinte.
This international event is the opportunity to present our engineering knowledge and skills to the global civilian nuclear community.
We will take advantage of this three-day event to highlight Flownex, the only thermo-fluid system simulation software to benefit from nuclear certification.
Come visit us on our booth B170 - Hall 7 for a demonstration!
If you would like to take advantage of this event to organize a meeting with our teams, please contact us by email at firstname.lastname@example.org
Learn more about the World Nuclear Exhibition 2018 www.world-nuclear-exhibition.com


Remarks on the Attack in Nice, France, Delivered in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, July 15, 2016
Prime Minister Abe (left) at the Japan–EU joint press conference with European Council President Donald Tusk of the European Union (center) and
European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker of the European Union (right).
In Nice, a large number of people have become victims of an attack that appears to have been a cruel act of terrorism. I pray for the repose of the souls of those who lost their lives and also extend my sympathy to those who were injured, as well as the families of all those affected. Japan and France share universal values. We express our strong solidarity as France goes through this hardship. The people of Japan stand with the people of France. Despicable acts of terrorism that involve innocent people are absolutely unforgivable. I resolutely condemn them. Just now, at the ASEM Summit Meeting, the nations of Asia and Europe shared their strong indignation and also shared their will to cooperate in rooting out terrorism. Going forward, Japan will work together with the international community in fighting resolutely against despicable terrorist acts while working to put an end to terrorism.
Speech at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony, August 6, 2016
Today, at the opening of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony on the 71st anniversary of the atomic bombing, I reverently express my sincere condolences to the souls of the great number of atomic bomb victims.
I also extend my heartfelt sympathy to those still suffering even now from the aftereffects of the atomic bomb.
On a bright sunny morning 71 years ago, the dropping of a single atomic bomb deprived people said to number well more than 100,000 of their precious lives and reduced Hiroshima to ashes in an instant. In this devastation, even those who narrowly escaped death experienced unbearable hardships.
However, thanks to the tireless efforts of its citizens, Hiroshima achieved reconstruction that transformed the city and admirably established its position as an International City of Peace and Culture.
This May, President Barack Obama visited Hiroshima as the first sitting U.S. president to do so. The president of the only nation to have used nuclear weapons witnessed the realities of atomic bombings and, in the presence of atomic bomb survivors, appealed to the world to pursue a world free of nuclear weapons and strongly urged countries holding nuclear weapons to have the courage to pursue such a world.
I am certain that this, together with the G7 Foreign Ministers’ Hiroshima Declaration, gave great hope to the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as people throughout Japan and around the world, who have never given up their hope for “a world free of nuclear weapons.”
The disastrous experiences that took place in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 71 years ago must never be repeated.
It is the responsibility of us who live in the present to keep making efforts continually towards that end. As the only country to have experienced the horror of nuclear devastation in war, Japan will appeal for the importance of maintaining and strengthening the regime of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) while firmly upholding the “Three Non-Nuclear Principles.” Japan will continue to make various efforts to bring about “a world free of nuclear weapons” by calling for cooperation from both nuclear weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states and having world leaders and young people become directly acquainted with the tragic reality of the atomic bombings.
In a year in which we will take a new step forward, I pledge once again here in Hiroshima that Japan will make its utmost efforts for the realization of eternal world peace.
Japan has enhanced its comprehensive relief measures covering health and medical services and welfare for atomic bomb survivors on the basis of the Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law. We will steadily promote relief measures by continuing to take into proper consideration the circumstances of atomic bomb survivors, who are advancing in years. We are working in particular to conduct screenings for recognizing atomic bomb diseases as quickly as we can so that we can convey the results as soon as possible.
I wish to conclude with my heartfelt prayers for the repose of the souls of those who fell victim to the atomic bombing here in Hiroshima, where people continue to pray for eternal peace. I also extend my best wishes to the bereaved families and to the atomic bomb survivors and pray sincerely for the inner peace of all the participants today and the people of Hiroshima City.


Tensions Over Iran's Nuclear Program Escalate
Iran’s foreign minister has warned that the attack on its main nuclear enrichment site affects ongoing negotiations over the Iran nuclear deal.
While not claiming responsibility for the sabotage, Israel is widely believed to have carried it out.
Host Tonya Mosley speaks with Borzou Daragahi, international correspondent for The Independent.
This article was originally published on WBUR.org.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


Decay spectroscopy of Tl184 has been performed at the CERN Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. An excitation energy of 506.1(1) keV and a half-life of 47.1(7) ms of the intruder based (10-) state have been extracted. The internal decay characteristics of this state are determined and discussed, extending the systematics of such states in the even-mass thallium nuclei below neutron midshell at N=104. The retardation factors of the isomeric M2 and E3 transitions are deduced and compared with retardation factors in neighboring odd-mass and even-mass thallium isotopes. The new information is combined with a review of hindered and unhindered α-decay data of Bi187-192 populating levels in daughter nuclei Tl183-188 and supports the interpretation of the intruder character of the (10-) state in Tl184.


CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, launched its open data portal today granting free access to datasets from Large Hadron Collider experiments. CERN expects the data to be highly valuable to the research community and to educators. CERN is also providing free, open source software to read, analyze, and visualize the data. The open data portal includes datasets from prominent CERN experiments like the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb collaborations. All of the data in the open data portal is shared in the public domain, free for sharing and reuse by all.