The multi-zone evohome controller controls the time and temperature of up to 12 heating zones plus a domestic hot water supply if required. Each zone has independent time and temperature control.
It has a backlit colour LCD screen. The unit can either be wall mounted with an external power supply or table mounted on the table stand. This is powered by a 13amp power cable.
The evohome controller can be removed from the stand for easy programming for up to 2 hours before returning to the stand for charging.
The colour of the surround can be changed to either black or silver. A choice of idle screens, analogue or digital clock displays and a choice of day or night mode increases the aesthetic properties of the most visible part of the evohome system. When controlling the heating system the evohome controller has a number of features that make operation easy.
The evohome controller can act as a room thermostat on its own. Zone names can be input to match the actual property and the zones can be controlled as multi-room or as single-room zones. Zones can be configured to give individual local override of a room or rooms within the zone.
The programming in the unit is split between in-use and installation sections with a wide variety of control choices for the property owner. There is a guided scheduling wizard for the property owner to help them set up time and temperature profiles in each zone and a guided configuration facility for installers.
The screen will show energy efficiency messages to the homeowner as each zone’s temperature will be colour coded to show potential over or under set point temperatures.
The Heating Off button will turn all the zones off unless the frost protection temperature level is reached
The evohome controller provides access for the installer to fully control the heating system.
It is suitable for radiators, hydronic
under floor and a mixture of both types of heating. Cycle rates, minimum on times and fail safe parameters can be set.
OpenTherm® capability is built-in to work with OpenTherm® boilers (not hot water systems). Boilers can be controlled by either a boiler relay or an OpenTherm® bridge. You can programme a temperature offset for the evohome controller screen when used as a temperature sensor in its own right.
Hot water cylinder overrun and temperature offset levels can be programmed as can the hot water temperature itself. You can carry out a wireless Radio Frequency (RF) check using the evohome controller screen. Wireless binding of the system components is carried out via the touchscreen and additional sensors can be easily bound in post application if the zoning requirements change.
In-built optimisation features such as ‘delayed start’ and ‘optimum stop’ allow evohome to intelligently optimise start and stop times. A learning TPI algorithm ensures each zone adapts to the weather and the seasons.
Where there is a requirement to use a wireless room thermostat as a temperature sensor, both Honeywell’s DT92 Digital Room Thermostat and the Y87 Single Zone Room Thermostat can be included into the evohome system.
Easy to set up with two way wireless communication (30m range) and a signal strength indicator. Simple to operate with up and down buttons (DT92) or by a turn of the Dial (Y87). Individual zone temperature override.
5 to 35°C set point range offers a wide range of comfort levels. The DT92 digital thermostat can be wall mounted or free standing to ensure best possible positioning. Y87 Single zone thermostat is wall mounted
The remote relay is wired into either a motorised zone valve or the boiler and provides the wireless interface between these devices and the evohome system. The relay box requires a permanent 230V~ supply.
Control domestic hot water via the evohome controller screen by installing an externally- mounted wireless cylinder thermostat onto the hot water cylinder; Sensors are provided for vented and unvented cylinders.
Honeywell’s externally-mounted wireless cylinder thermostat is a combination of a temperature sensor that is mounted against the metal of the hot water cylinder and a wireless battery powered transceiver that communicates the water temperature to the evotouch controller.
By controlling the hydronic under floor heating via the Honeywell under floor heating controller, the time and temperature of the under floor heating can be achieved via the evohome controller screen.
The under floor heating controller provides for up to 5 zones of under floor heating and the optional extension controls a further
3 zones. It operates on the same 868 MHz frequency as the rest of the evohome components and has an internal antenna.
To enable the evohome system to be controlled remotely by either a wifi-enabled tablet or smartphone, a remote access gateway needs to be connected to the internet network within the property.
LED lights are provided on the gateway for feedback during binding and operation. This is achieved by connecting the supplied ethernet cable into the remote access gateway and a spare ethernet port on the home broadband router.
The remote access gateway is powered by a supplied 13 amp power supply and there is one button binding of the gateway to the evohome system via the evohome controller.
Once bound, the homeowner is then able to visit the total connect website to register their evohome system, uniquely identify their evohome remote access gateway (MAC ID & CRC code) and receive instructions on how to download the smartphone or tablet app that suits their Apple or Android system.
The smartphone or tablet app that enables remote control of the evohome system will be available for download from the iTunes Store and the Google Play store.
(Click to open Note: Not mobile compatible)


Powder synthesis – Particle design optimizes battery materials (Article in German)
Battery materials for more capacity and stability – Particle design by powder synthesis
Glatt powder synthesis offers a versatile tool for the development and industrial production of innovative battery materials. The highly flexible technology opens up the possibility of producing and refining anode and cathode materials as well as solid electrolytes in just one step. The key to the effectiveness of this process is the special conditions in the pulsating hot gas flow.
Authors: Dr.-Ing. Viktor Drescher, Dr. rer. nat. Thomas Jähnert, Dr. rer. nat. Johannes Buchheim, Glatt Ingenieurtechnik GmbH, Weimar, Germany
Originally published in the magazine “Verfahrenstechnik”, issue 03/2023, Vereinigte Fachverlage


Maritime transport has developed considerably over the last twenty years with advances in information technology. With the development of satellite technologies and also new radio frequency-based data transmission systems, data transmission between the ship and the coast is now much faster, more efficient and cheaper than it was a few decades ago. In addition, the price of sensors that monitor the operation of various devices and machines has decreased. This has opened up a whole new world with the digitalisation of maritime transport and also with automation.
Constantly updated weather and environmental information, navigation information, increased automation and the use of remote control on ships facilitate work on the ship’s bridge and, when used correctly, increase both efficiency and, in particular, safety. We can look at maritime automation from the following perspectives:
- Technologies that facilitate navigation, such as maps, weather and ice data.
- Remote monitoring of ship’s equipment and machinery.
- Different reporting, e.g. reporting fuel consumption to shore.
- Development of ports, including automatic mooring and information flow when a ship arrives in a port or needs pilotage, for example. This information can then be utilized in land transportation planning.
- Remote control or remote monitoring of control from countries.
- Automatic driving.
Of particular interest are smart fairways, where more advanced ships receive their navigation information electronically. Intelligent fairways also enable remote pilotage, where pilots would not have to transfer to ships in person, but it would be possible to give instructions from land. Development work has progressed at a rapid pace, and remote piloting will be tested this year on both the Swedish and Finnish fariways.
Perhaps the most important issue in the future of automatic ships is safety. Safety is key to the development and testing of unmanned ships and, above all, to the adoption of new practices. It is to be expected that automatic vessels will first be introduced in national waters licensed by the national authorities, and only later, perhaps even decades from now, will automatic vessels be approved by the IMO and classification societies in international waters.
We will see automated vessels first with very short and safe connections, such as river crossings or as part of a closed logistics chain. These may have less other traffic and, for example, less weather and wave effects, and safety may initially be ensured, for example, by having a pilot on board just for in case needed. Such a single transport chain automatic connection is designed for YARA fertilizer transport, see https://www.kongsberg.com/maritime/support/themes/autonomous-ship-project-key-facts-about-yara-birkeland/
Plans for automatic ocean transportation have not yet been presented. While global attention in waterborne transport has shifted to traffic automation, major changes are underway in transforming waterborne transport into carbon neutral. More on that a little later.
Photo by Vesa Laitinen, Helsinki Material Bank


MPLS and VPNs
MPLS creates the basis because that many species of VPNs offered on IP networks today, particularly Layer 3 VPNs. LSPs are favor the PVCs and SVCs that developed “virtually private” links across a common public network such as FR or ATM. LSPs space not yes, really the same as personal leased-line links, yet they show up to be to your users.
You are watching: Multiplexing enables a single t1 circuit to carry how many channels?
Of course, if the course is constrained, the MPLS-based class 3 VPN is not actually doing anything distinct to secure the contents of the tunnel or to safeguard its integrity. So, this “security” worth is minimal to constraining the path. This to reduce the places where snooping or injection can occur, yet it does not replace other Layer 3 VPN an innovation for security (such together IPSec, questioned in thing 29).
Nevertheless, VPNs are often positioned together a security attribute on router networks. This is because, like “private” circuits, hackers can not hack right into the center of one LSP (VPN) just by spoofing packets. There space labels to be dealt with, regularly nested labels. The ingress and also egress routers are an ext vulnerable, yet it's no as easy to harm VPNs or the web page they affix as that is come disrupt “straight” router networks.
So, VPNs have a lot in typical with MPLS and LSPs—except the the terms space different! for example, the transit routers in MPLS are now provider (P) routers in VPNs. VPNs are disputed further in the protection chapters.
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Jean Walrand, Pravin Varaiya, in High-Performance communication Networks (Second Edition), 2000
Telephone companies are implementing the incorporated Services Digital Network (ISDN) follow to standards defined in succeeding recommendations finishing in
ISDN provides a variety of bearer services built on height of the an initial three OSI layers, higher-level services (called teleservices), and supplementary services. The teleservices room application-layer services in regards to the open Data Network model. The supplementary services are came to with speak to control attributes rather than communication per se, and also do not fit straight in the open up Data Network model.
The main bearer solutions are the deliver of audio and also digitized voice (at 64 Kbps), circuit-switched digital channels at prices that are multiples of 64 Kbps, packet-switched virtual circuits, and also connectionless service (datagrams). The teleservices include telex, facsimile, videotex, and teletex transmissions with specific coding and also end-to-end protocols. A message-handling service and a directory service are also being defined for ISDN. The supplementary services incorporate telephone solutions such as caller identification, contact forwarding, speak to waiting, and also conference calling. Figure 5.21 gives a schematic that the ISDN architecture. Circuit-switched, packet-switched, devoted point-to-point, and also call-control (common channel signaling or CCS) services are lugged together in ~ an ISDN switch and accessed by the user with a usual terminal equipment (TE).
The user interfaces come ISDN are identified as combinations of three species of channels: B, D, and also H. (See number 5.22.) The B channel is a 64-Kbps channel the transports a circuit-switched connection, an X.25 business (packet-switched, virtual circuit), or a long-term digital point-to-point connection. The D channel is a 16-Kbps or a 64-Kbps channel offered for signaling information (call control) and for low little rate packet-switched services. An H channel is a 384-Kbps, 1,536-Kbps, or 1,920-Kbps channel provided like a B channel but for higher-rate services. The ISDN criter specify the an easy access and also the primary access for users. The simple access is 2B + D; it consists of 2 full-duplex B channels and a full-duplex 16-Kbps D channel. The primary access is 30B + D (64 Kbps) in Europe, and also it is 23B + D (64 Kbps) in the unified States, Japan, and Canada.
The ISDN requirements specify a network-user user interface that deserve to be accessed directly by ISDN terminal devices such together digital telephones and, via terminal adapters or ISDN routers, by other gadgets such as computers.
We now summarize several of the ISDN criter for implementing the lower three OSI layers. For simple access, the physics layer of ISDN mentions an 8-pin connector to affix to the network, a pseudo-ternary encoding (1 is represented by 0 volt and 0 by additionally +0.75 volt and − 0.75 volt), a frame layout that has synchronization and also DC-level balancing bits, and also a line rate of 192 Kbps equivalent to the 144 Kbps of user data price (2 × 64 + 16 Kbps) to add the overhead bits. In addition, the physical layer mentions a contention-resolution protocol for accessibility to the D channel by as much as eight terminals attached come a common (multidrop) line. (See number 5.22.)
The data link layer the ISDN is LAPD for the D channel and LAPB for packet-switched connections on the B channel. For circuit-switched or long-term connections on the B channel, the users can pick the data link protocol and also can use the I.465/V.120 protocol characterized by the CCITT for such connections.
LAPD offers unacknowledged and acknowledged information-transfer services. The frame structure is essentially that that X.25: bit-oriented frames the start and end through an 8-bit flag the is avoided inside the structure by bit-stuffing; a 16-bit CRC is offered for error detection; 16-bit addresses are supplied to distinguish users connected to the very same interface and also different relationships with a given user (i.e., various service access points). The unacknowledged service is applied as a datagram; erroneous frames room discarded. The acknowledged company is applied as a virtual circuit through Go ago N attach error control. The receiver have the right to turn the sender off and also on by sending out it “receiver not ready” and also “receiver ready” frames.
The I.465/V.120 data attach protocol is a modified version of LAPD that gives asynchronous data transfer, HDLC synchronous data transfer, and bit-transparent asynchronous transfer. To use this move protocol, the users very first set increase a circuit top top the B channel by utilizing the D channel. As soon as the transfer is complete, the users release the circuit likewise by utilizing the D channel.
The network layer of ISDN specifies the routing, multiplexing, and congestion control, in addition to the call-control messages.
In summary, ISDN is an effort to diversify the bearer services readily available by the telephone network. The different services are provided by different networks (rather 보다 in one solitary network) accessed with a common ISDN switch. Diversity is minimal because these services are built on height of the classic 64-Kbps channels, i m sorry constrains the little bit stream prices that have the right to be supported.
June S. Park, in Encyclopedia of details Systems, 2003
III.D. X.25 and also Frame Relay
We have discussed WAN services based on circuit-switching technologies in the three preceding subsections. In the remaining component of section III we comment on packet-switched WAN services consisting of X.25, framework relay, switched multimegabit data business (SMDS), and also ATM services. This public packet-switched digital networks are created using PSTN or SONET as the underlying facility network. Packet-switched network service providers download packet switches ~ above the nodes the PSTN or SONET and link them amongst one another using existing wire infrastructure. Separation, personal, instance organizations have the right to use the general public packet-switched network solutions to build virtual private networks (VPNs). It is called virtual since sites room not associated by permanent specialized circuits, however by digital circuits or datagrams on request.
Old publicly data networks monitor a standard referred to as X.25 that was emerged by CCITT in the 1970s. X.25 supports permanent and switched online circuits and also datagram routing. Many X.25 networks work at accelerates to 64 Kbps. Because X.25 was created before an individual computers came to be popular, X.25 networks were originally engineered to affix ASCII terminals to remote time-sharing computers. Those dumb terminals might not inspect incoming transmissions for errors or notify the sending maker of one error and the need for retransmission. Moreover, copper wires were noisy and had a high propensity to cause errors ~ above the line. Therefore, X.25 had actually to be designed to do packet switches perform complex error checking and correction and flow control (i.e., a feedback system over a direct link that allows the recipient to accelerator the sender right into sending packets no much faster than the receiver have the right to handle the traffic).
During 1980s fiber optic networks were mounted throughout the united States substantially increasing the top quality of transmissions. Also with the widespread usage of clever desktops, it no longer was crucial for the WAN to execute error recovery and also flow control. ~ above the other hand, most organizations needed come interconnect their LANs in different locations using high-speed connections. CCITT and the American nationwide Standards institute (ANSI) occurred the structure relay typical to attend to this environment. The an initial frame relay organization became available in 1991. Structure relay go not provide error recovery or circulation control, thus avoiding a lot of the overhead processing. It offers data rates varying from sub-64 Kbps to T1, and more recently as much as the T3 speed.
Frame relay is a connection-oriented service supporting both permanent and also switched digital circuits. A PVC is comparable to a leased line in the the interaction path is predetermined in between the two sites. However, there are vital differences: for a leased line, the user must recognize the line capacity so that it is somewhat greater than the height transmission rate. As result of the queuing hold-up effect, the utilization price of a line volume at the height traffic fill should be, say, 80% or less. When a certain line capacity is acquired, however, the complete capacity can always be provided exclusively. For a PVC the user must identify the committed details rate (CIR) that shows the average web traffic volume in between the 2 sites. Data bursts over CIR can still be sent at full speed as long as the long-term average intake does no exceed the guaranteed CIR.
The carriers charge much much less for a PVC 보다 a leased line. Therefore, framework relay's PVCs are an ext attractive than leased lines once the website traffic demand in between two sites fluctuates and does not justify continuous dedicated bandwidth. SVCs establish the course on request and also last only for the duration of the interaction session as discussed in ar I. All significant telecommunication carrier in the world administer frame relay services. Many of them administer only PVC services due to the fact that PVCs are much less complicated to provision while adequately managing the routing and also the reconstruction of web traffic in situation of failures.
The cost of connecting a variety of sites through PVCs contains (1) the access charge because that connecting the CPE in ~ each site to that nearest POP, (2) the port charge for each site, and (3) the PVC fee for every PVC as presented in Fig. 3. The port charge is determined based upon the harbor speed, and also consists of a one-time surroundings charge and also monthly recurring charges. For each port used, the speed selected must be at least as great as the PVC speed for each PVC connected to the port. In Fig. 3 each port has four PVCs linked to it.
PVCs space simplex (one directional). Duplex (two-way) traffic calls for the use of 2 PVCs. The 2 PVCs may have different speeds to assistance an asymmetric web traffic pattern. The PVC charge likewise consists the a onetime surroundings charge and also monthly recurring charges. Some carriers determine the PVC fee at each port based on the variety of PVCs linked to the port, and others based on the CIR of each PVC installed. Some carriers market an even more facility tariff, e.g., using usage charges based on actual volumes of traffic delivered on the PVCs. Uneven the IOC charge included in leased heat tariffs, the PVC charge is indifferent come the distance in between the two POPs connected.
An organization setup up a VPN using structure relay services have to decide the port rate at every site and also the CIR the the PVC in between each pair of interacting sites. That is possible to connect two sites, say, A and also C in Fig. 3, indirect via node B using two or an ext PVC links in tandem. However, the tariff structure of frame relay services offers less inspiration for together a partial-mesh topology than that that leased line services. The is, the network topology and also routing decisions have actually much less impact on the total cost of a VPN using framework relay services than the of a exclusive leased-line network.
Walter Goralski, in The portrayed Network (Second Edition), 2017
Network layer Routing and Switching
Are the differences in between connection-oriented and connectionless networking at the network class really that important? Actually, yes. The difference in between the means connectionless router networks take care of traffic (and link and node failures) is a major reason that IP has actually basically taken end the entire people of networking.
A switch in contemporary wide-area networking is a bit different than a top of rack or leaf-spine LAN move in a data center. In one ISP, a network node forwards packets towards a destination depending upon a locally far-reaching connection identifier end a resolved path. This fixed route is dubbed a virtual circuit and also is collection up by a signaling protocol (a switched digital circuit, or SVC) or by hand-operated configuration (a permanent online circuit, or PVC). A connection is a logical combination of two endpoints. Relations only require be referenced, not established by “to” and “from” information. A data unit sent out on “connection 22” can only flow in between the two endpoints whereby it is established—there is no need to specify more. (We’ve seen this already at great 2 when we looked in ~ the connection-oriented PPP frame.) As long as there is no man in the switch, link identifiers can be reused, and also therefore have what is called local meaning only.
Packets top top SVCs or PVCs are regularly checked for errors hop through hop and also are resent as necessary from node come node (the originator theatre no function in the process). Packet switching networks market guaranteed delivery (as least as error-free as possible). The network is also reliable in the sense that details performance assures in terms of bandwidth, delay, and so on deserve to be implemented on the connection due to the fact that packets always follow the same path through the network. A an excellent example the a switched network is the public switched phone call network (PSTN). SVCs room normal voice calls and also PVCs space the leased lines offered to attach data devices, but frame relay and also asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) are additionally switched network technologies. Fine talk around public switched network modern technologies such as frame relay and also ATM in a later chapter.
On the various other hand, a router is a network node that individually forwards packets towards a destination based on a globally unique deal with (in IP, the IP address) over a dynamic course that can readjust from packet to packet, however usually is reasonably stable end time. Packets top top router networks are rarely checked for errors hop by hop and also are only resent (if necessary) from host to organize (the originator plays a crucial role in the process). Packet routing networks offer just “best-effort” shipment (but as error-free as possible). The network is likewise considered “unreliable” in the sense that details performance promises in terms of bandwidth, delay, and so on can not be imposed from finish to end due to the fact that packets regularly follow different paths with the network. A an excellent example of a router-based network is the global, publicly Internet.
Before spring at how MPLS would manage a packet sent out from LAN1 come LAN2 end an MPLS tunnel, we must look in ~ the unique terminology connected with MPLS. In no particular order, the crucial terms are:
LSP—We’ve to be calling castle tunnels, and they are, yet in MPLS the tunnel is called a label-switched path. The LSP is a unidirectional link following the same route through the network.
Ingress router—The ingress router is the start of the LSP and also where the label is pushed top top the packet.
Egress router—The egress router is the finish of the LSP and where the label is popped off the packet.
Transit or intermediary router—There have to be at the very least one transit (sometimes dubbed intermediate) router between ingress and also egress routers. The transit router(s) swaps labels and also replaces the incoming values v the outgoing values.
Static LSPs—These space LSPs set up by hand, lot like permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) in FR and ATM. Castle are daunting to adjust rapidly.
Signaled LSPs—These room LSPs collection up by a signaling protocol used with MPLS (there space two) and also are comparable to switched-virtual circuits (SVCs) in FR and also ATM.
MPLS domain—The arsenal of routers within a routing domain the starts and also ends every LSPs form the MPLS domain. MPLS domain names can be nested, and also can be a subset the the routing domain itself (that is, all routers perform not have to understand MPLS; just those top top the LSP).
Push, pop, and swap—A push to add a brand to one IP packet or an additional MPLS label. A pop removes and also processes a brand from an IP packet or one more MPLS label. A swap is a pop adhered to by a push and also replaces one brand by an additional (with different field values). Lot of labels have the right to be added (push push …) or eliminated (pop popular music …) at the exact same time.
Penultimate hop popping (PHP)—Many the LSPs have the right to terminate at the very same border router. This router should not just pop and process all the labels but route all packets inside, plus all various other packets that arrive from within the ISP. To ease the fill of this border router, the router one hop upstream from the egress router (known together the penultimate router) have the right to pop the label and simply route the packet come the egress router (it must be one hop, so the result is the same). PHP is one optional function of LSPs, and keep in mind that the LSP is still taken into consideration to terminate at the egress router (not in ~ the penultimate).
Constrained path LSPs—These space traffic engineering (TE) LSPs set up by a signaling protocol that need to respect certain TE constraints imposed on the network with regard to delay, security, and also so on. Car is the many intriguing element of MPLS.
IGP shortcuts—Usually, LSPs are provided in unique router tables and also only obtainable to courses learned through BGP (transit traffic). Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP) shortcuts permit LSPs come be installed in the main routing table and used by website traffic within the ISP itself, routes learned by OSPF or an additional IGP.
Eric Conrad, ... Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study overview (Third Edition), 2016
WAN Technologies and Protocols
ISPs and also other “long-haul” network providers, whose networks expectancy from urban to countries, regularly use vast Area Network technologies. Countless of us have actually hands-on endure configuring LAN technologies such together connecting Cat5 network cabling; it is less usual to have actually hands-on experience structure WANs.T1s, T3s, E1s, E3s
There space a variety of international circuit standards: the most prevalent room T carriers (United States) and also E carriers (Europe). A T1 is a devoted 1.544-megabit circuit the carries twenty-four 64-bit DS0 (Digital Signal 0) networks (such together 24 circuit-switched call calls). Keep in mind that the terms DS1 (Digital Signal 1) and also T1 are regularly used interchangeably. DS1 describes the flow of bits (via any medium, such together copper, fiber, wireless, etc.); a T1 is a copper call circuit the carries a DS1.
A T3 is 28 go together T1s, forming a 44.736-megabit circuit. The state T3 and also DS3 (Digital Signal 3) are additionally used interchangeably, through the exact same T1/DS1 distinction noted above. E1s are committed 2.048-megabit circuits that lug 30 channels, and 16 E1s type an E3, at 34.368 megabits.
T1 and T3 speed are often rounded turn off to 1.5 and also 45 megabits, respectively. This publication will use those number (and they space also an excellent shorthand for the exam). Beyond the scope of the exam is the little amount that bandwidth compelled for circuit frame overhead. This is the factor 28 T1s times 1.544 megabits equates to 43.232 megabits, a little lower than the T3 speed of 44.736 megabits. The very same is true for the E1→E3 math.
SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) dead multiple T-carrier circuits via fiber optic cable. SONET provides a physics fiber ring for redundancy.Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switched class 2 WAN protocol that gives no error recovery and also focuses ~ above speed. Greater layer protocols carried by frame Relay, such as TCP/IP deserve to be used to provide reliability.
Frame Relay multiplexes many logical connections over a solitary physical connection to create Virtual Circuits; this mutual bandwidth version is an alternate to committed circuits such as T1s. A PVC (Permanent online Circuit) is always connected, analogous to a real devoted circuit choose a T1. A Switched virtual Circuit (SVC) sets up each “call,” move data, and terminates the connection after one idle timeout. Structure Relay is addressed locally via Data attach Connection Identifiers (DLCI, express “delsee”).X.25
X.25 is an older packet-switched WAN protocol. X.25 listed a cost-effective way to transmit data over long distances in the 1970s through beforehand 1990s, once the most usual other option was a direct speak to via analog modem. X.25’s popularity has actually faded together the net has become ubiquitous.
The worldwide packet switched X.25 network is different from the an international IP-based Internet. X.25 performs error correction that can add latency on lengthy links. It can lug other protocols such as TCP/IP, but because TCP offers its very own reliability, over there is no need to take the extra power hit by also providing dependability at the X.25 layer. Various other protocols such as structure relay room usually provided to bring TCP/IP.ATM
Asynchronous Transfer setting (ATM) is a WAN an innovation that offers fixed size cells. ATM cells are 53 bytes long, v a 5-byte header and also 48-byte data portion.
ATM enables reliable network throughput compared to Ethernet. The answer to “How plenty of Ethernet frames deserve to I send every second” is “It depends.” common Ethernet frames can variety in size from under 100 bytes to over 1500 bytes. In contrast, every ATM cells room 53 bytes.
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service) is larger and comparable to ATM, additionally using 53-byte cells.MPLS
Multiprotocol label Switching (MPLS) provides a way to forward WAN data via labels, via a shared MPLS cloud network. This allows MPLS networks to lug many species of network traffic, consisting of ATM, frame relay, IP, and others. Decisions are based upon labels, and not encapsulated header data (such as an IP header). MPLS can bring voice and data, and be used to leveling WAN routing: assume 12 offices affix to a data center. If T1s to be used, the data center would require 12 T1 circuits (one to each office); v MPLS, the data center and also each office would require a single connection to attach to the MPLS cloud.SDLC and also HDLC
Synchronous Data attach Control (SDLC) is a synchronous class 2 WAN protocol that offers polling to transmit data. Polling is similar to token passing; the difference is a major node polls an additional nodes, which deserve to transmit data when polled. Combined nodes can act as major or secondary. SDLC support NRM transmission only (see below).
High-Level Data connect Control (HDLC) is the follower to SDLC. HDLC to add error correction and flow control, and also two additional modes (ARM and also ABM). The three modes of HDLC are:•
Normal response Mode (NRM)—Secondary nodes have the right to transmit when provided permission through the primary•
Asynchronous an answer Mode (ARM)—Secondary nodes might initiate interaction with the primary•
Asynchronous well balanced Mode (ABM)—Combined setting where nodes may act as main or secondary, initiating transmissions without receiving permission
David Large, James Farmer, in Broadband Cable access Networks, 2009
The third leg of network information capacity is how efficiently the available information volume is shared amongst users and applications. As stated previously, at an early stage cable systems delivered all video channels at the same time to all homes. In a mechanism with many networks and tiny nodes, however, that is most likely that some networks are no being watched in some nodes few of the time (in part small-node systems, in fact, there might be an ext viewing options than customers every node). If much less popular networks are yielded to nodes only when desired by a subscriber, it is feasible to offer more program an option without raising the total obtainable information capacity. A network able to carry out this incorporates a type of time sharing well-known as switched online circuit, through which a user is granted full-time use of a video clip stream for the expression of his or she use, after i m sorry the volume is freed up for various other users. The terms switched broadcast and switched digital video (SDV) describe the special situation where the mechanism delivers, come one or more viewers, routine streams that run on a continual schedule and are no under the manage of viewers. The ax video ~ above demand (VOD) is generally minimal to systems in which the content is streamed indigenous a server under the interactive manage of a particular viewer.
Providing a customer momentary use that a interactions path is the same principle used in the style of main office call switches, where usage of a “path” with a move is granted solely to who making a call but then is freed up for the following caller. Depending on the statistical usage pattern, switched-channel time sharing deserve to be a an extremely inefficient use of easily accessible information capacity. Most telephone callers, for instance, spend around the very same amount the time listening as talking and, also when talking, perform not speak in a consistent stream yet are silent for a surprising percentage of the moment (although us all recognize exceptions!). Thus, lock use just a portion of the mechanism resources specialized to them throughout the call.
Sometimes time sharing is ~ above a much smaller scale. Because that instance, a T1 telephony circuit in ~ 1.544 Mb/s is comprised of 24 digitized voice streams, every of which calls for 64 kb/s (plus a complete of 8 kb/s that “overhead”). Thus, 24 telephone call are carried over one datastream, with the moment slots of about 5 μs allotted come each call on a rotating basis. This is recognized as time division multiplexing (TDM); hierarchies are accessible up to multiple prices of gigabits every second. TDM techniques that provide a fixed percentage of the complete data rate to each user is known as the constant little rate (CBR). In the T1 example, every voice channel is a 64-kb/s CBR online circuit.
Where user demands are variable, an ext efficient share of a data channel results as soon as the capacity is divided among datastreams together needed, a method known as statistical multiplexing. Because that instance, where countless telephone calls re-publishing a usual circuit, that is possible to considerably increase the complete call capacity merely by no transmitting any type of bits when a caller is silent and using that volume for one more conversation. One more example of statistical sharing is the Ethernet local area network, where computers send data packets to other computers on the network only as needed. A final, and very important, instance is digital video, where the little rate forced for each video clip stream varies greatly, depending upon the degree of change from framework to frame of a video clip source. It is possible to squeeze an ext video programs right into a given datastream if us take benefit of the statistics of combining sources with varying data rates. In the instance of MPEG-2 compressed, standard-resolution video, it is feasible to incorporate as plenty of as 12 come 15 variable-bit-rate (VBR) programs into a solitary 6-MHz RF channel, compared with 8 to 10 because that CBR program or a solitary analog program.
Where countless nonsynchronized users should share a channel, a time-sharing scheme well-known as time department multiple access (TDMA) might be used. The upstream communications from cable modems are an instance of such a situation.
A key advantage of statistically sharing a digital datastream is that each application have the right to have access to optimal data rates that room much higher than required on average. This is particularly important in the case of highly bursty data solutions such as net access.
Time sharing deserve to be provided at various levels in the network. For instance, blocks of RF networks may it is in shared amongst analog video clip services, contribution streams in a multichannel digital video clip multiplex, or individual packets in an IP network.
Jean Walrand, Pravin Varaiya, in High-Performance interaction Networks (Second Edition), 2000
6.7.3 IP over ATM
IP is a an effective and widely used internetworking protocol. With IP we have the right to interconnect IEEE 802 networks easily. IP is a datagram network layer. In this thing we disputed the ATM technology and exactly how it deserve to be supplied to develop local area networks and broad area networks through a great control on the quality of organization it offers to applications.
For the ATM an innovation to be extensively implemented, it have to interoperate with the IP protocol suite. In this ar we describe how ATM networks deserve to transport IP packets. This possibility permits a progressive upgrade of the internet to the ATM technology. The advantage such an update would carry out is the applications request the tight manage of QoS have the right to be supported by ATM and not quickly by the TCP/IP protocols. Thus, progressively, the net would evolve right into a BISDN network while staying compatible v the set up base of best-effort services.
We explain three strategies: the classic IP model, the shortcut models, and also the incorporated models. Us then describe multicast IP over ATM. These strategies room being advanced by the IETF working group IP end ATM. (See RFC 1754.)Classical IP
The use of lane for IP transfer needs two levels of resolve resolution: the IP attend to must be fixed to a MAC address, and also the MAC attend to must be addressed to one ATM deal with using LANE. Classic IP straight provides IP-to-ATM address resolution using an ARP server, in order to reducing broadcast traffic.
Consider the situation shown in number 6.21. In the timeless IP model, the nodes attached come an ATM network room grouped right into logical IP subdomains (LIS). Routing between logical IP subdomains is via routers, as displayed in the figure. Note that AAL5 is offered so that the router reassembles the packet prior to forwarding.
Within one given logical IP subdomain, a node uses an address-resolution protocol (ARP) server. The station all recognize the ATM address of their ARP server. Thus, to discover a particular destination, rather of broadcasting a inquiry are friend node IP.address? to discover the physics address, below a node sends out a inquiry to the ARP server of the subdomain asking, what is the VCI that a details IE address?
In the situation of SVCs (switched virtual circuits), the nodes have to register with the ARP server. They carry out so by phone call the ARP server (using the ATM addresses). The server climate asks, what is her IP.address? and enters that info in the table
The IP and also ARP packets space encapsulated end AAL5. Two options exist: one of two people one VC is allocated every protocol (one for IP, one for ARP), or many protocols room multiplexed over a solitary VC per subnetwork attachment allude (SNAP). The maximum transmission unit in IP over ATM is addressed to 9,180 bytes. Other sizes (up to 64 KB) have the right to be i agree on by configuration (in the case of PVC or long-term virtual circuit) or by signaling (for SVC). The form of ATM link is one of two people CBR or VBR v specified height rates forward and also backward. Various other encapsulations are being proposed to get rid of or reduce the redundancy IP header. (See RFC 1483, 1755, 2225.)Shortcut Models
Instead the retransmitting via routers together in the timeless IP model, the idea of the faster way models is to go directly from resource to destination ATM nodes. In the welcomed terminology, the ATM network is dubbed a nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) link layer. In number 6.22 we indicate just how a node S finds the NBMA address.
The NBMA following Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) extend the idea above. It allows a source wishing to connect over a NBMA subnetwork to identify the internetworking class addresses and also NBMA addresses of perfect “NBMA next hops” towards a destination station. Routers are forced to interconnect this subnets, however NHRP permits intermediate routers to be bypassed ~ above the data path. NHRP gives an extended deal with resolution protocol, which permits following Hop client to send queries between different subnets. Queries room propagated by next Hop Servers follow me the routed path established by a conventional routing protocol. This permits the establishment of ATM VCCs throughout subnet borders without routers in the data path.
Note that this method can likewise be offered for frame Relay, ISDN, and X.25 networks that perform not support broadcasting. (See RFC 1735, 2332.)Integrated Model
The incorporated model proposal aims to simplify the routing by completely addressing and routing that IP and also ATM. In this model, the ATM resolve could be a superset the the IP address. (This approach does not work-related with networks that use the E.164 addresses.) The IP router then maps the destination IP deal with into the ATM resolve of the location if it is straight reachable or of the finest router otherwise. The choice of the best router may be load dependent.Multicast IP over ATM
The key difference between ATM multicast VCs and also multicast IP is the the source must add brand-new destinations in the instance of ATM.
The device uses a Multicast address Resolution Server (MARS) the maps one IP multicast deal with to either the list of all the separation, personal, instance ATM addresses or to the ATM address of a Multicast Server (MCS). A cluster is a collection of master that usage the very same MARS. The communication between clusters works as the continuous IP multicast routing. We define the interaction within one cluster.
There room two viewpoints to multicast connections within one cluster. In the straight approach, every sender sets increase one VC every member the the multicast group. In the indirect approach, the sender sends out to an MCS, which climate sets up VCs to the group members.
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In the straight approach, the master send join and leave requests to the MARS. The MARS maintains a point-to-multipoint VC to all the resources (called the ClusterControlVC) to notify them of team changes. The join and also leave messages room retransmitted over the ClusterControlVC. Prior to sending, the resource asks MARS because that a list of ATM addresses. Then the sender sets up the VCs.
In the indirect approach, the sender knows just the MCS as a member that a group. The hosts register with MCS, and every MCS registers with MARS. (See RFC 2022.)


NEON Personnel Tracker Pro
NEON® Personnel Tracker improves safety and situational awareness for industrial, security, and defense users. Personnel Tracker provides ubiquitous 3D location, tracking, and mapping for personnel operating indoors, underground, and in any GPS-denied environment.
NEON Personnel Tracker is deployed as an Android application (or Linux library) with a small body worn accessory. NEON applications have a technology foundation based upon the NEON Location Service, a suite of patented algorithms that fuse multi-GNSS data with inertial sensor data, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi RF readings, as well as map and building data to deliver reliable and seamless 3D location. NEON Location Service options are available for integration with third-party applications via the NEON API.
NEON Personnel Tracker Pro is a complete end-to-end software solution for 3D tracking of first responders, security personnel, industrial users, and warfighters. Users wearing just a small accessory (NEON Tracking Unit) and carrying an Android device can now be tracked and located in real-time or for playback in after-action review. Ultra-wideband or Bluetooth beacons may optionally be deployed for initialization of location and to enhance location precision. NEON Command provides 3D mapping for preplanning and real-time visualization.


SanDiskÂ® microSDHCâ„˘ mobile memory cards are the ideal companion for multimedia phones because they plug right inside the phone providing immediate expansion of memory storage needed for carrying more music, video, photos, games, and mobile software applications in the latest generation of phones.
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Prof. Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein
M3 Lab: Mesoscale Meteorology and Modeling
Associate Professor (Adjunct)
Room 304 South
My research focuses on mesoscale meteorology and modeling and pursues to improve numerical weather and climate prediction at high spatial resolution, with special attention to planetary boundary layer (PBL) phenomena. I have put special emphasis on developing data assimilation (DA) approaches that can optimally improve model initial conditions in the PBL by assimilation of observations into the model. Moreover, much of my efforts have been devoted to developing and improving dynamical downscaling methods to efficiently achieve computationally expensive high resolution climatographies (model calculated climatology). In addition, I have developed analogues and weather-regimes based downscaling methods and applied them in seasonal forecasts and future climate predictions of precipitation. The use of observations and models provide me the tools to better understand the physical and dynamical processes responsible for the mesoscale phenomena of interest such as sea-land breeze, foehn and hydraulic jumps, among others. I have dedicated efforts to study meteorological phenomena beyond the PBL including transport of mineral dust.
I lead several projects and collaborate in others. In all of them my contribution is significant to make them possible.
Ongoing and future projects:
Data assimilation of opportunistic observations to improve convection scale precipitation forecasts using WRF model and DART ensemble Kalman filter DA.
Mesosocale modeling over urban areas for air pollution applications using WRF model with mesoscale urban parameterizations
Analysis of Mediterranean cyclones in present and future global and regional climate models and their connection to precipitation using analogues downscaling methods.
Improvement of atmospheric dust-aerosol model by incorporation of a turbulent thermal diffusion parameterization and improved dust-soil emission parameters using WRF-Chem model and field measurements.
Application of machine learning techniques to estimate future climate projections of meteorological variables affecting human health.


Huizhou Golden Ocean Wire co., Ltd
Founded in 2001, Golden Ocean Wire is a Hong Kong-owned large multinational company with an area of over 56,000 square meters and more than 1,200 employees.
Product range: Enameled wire, three-layer insulated wire, DC cable USB, HDMI, AC cable, audio and video cable, car cable, etc.
Hunan Yangxin Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
Hunan Yangxin Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. was established in May 2018 with a registered capital of 10 million yuan. It is affiliated to the large-scale Hong Kong-owned multinational company Xinyang Copper Industry (Hong Kong) Co., Ltd., and Huizhou Xinyang Line Industry Co., Ltd. is the wire production base under the Xinyang Copper Industry; Yangxin has a plant area of 18,000 square meters and has more than 200 employees. Staff.
Product range: flat enameled wire, three-layer insulated wire, DC wire, USB, HDMI, AC cable, audio and video cable, medical harness, car wiring harness, etc.
Product application areas: The company's products are mainly for communication electronics, consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical electronics, military electronics (aerospace, seabed) and other scientific and technological fields.


IMDEA Networks Institute launched this month in Madrid (Spain) a new Marie Curie European Training Network that marks the birth of a new discipline - Low-energy Visible Light IoT Systems - at the intersection of VLC and networked embedded systems (traditionally the domain of radio communication technologies). ENLIGHT’EM* will recruit and train a new generation of innovators and provide them with the know-how to spearhead the development and real-world implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the immediate and beyond-5G world.
Dr. Domenico Giustiniano, ENLIGHT’EM’s Principal Investigator, explains: “Light Emitting Diodes, commonly known as LEDs, are driving a revolution in lighting systems due to their superior energy efficiency (up to 80% higher than fluorescent or incandescent lights). In this project we are exploring their potential to render networked communication functionalities. What we propose is to bring connectivity to every LED bulb by means of VLC technology. Every LED bulb can be turned into a transceiver, complementing the existing Radio Frequency (RF) infrastructure, making it possible to create truly sustainable and ubiquitous networks where IoT systems can operate.”


The gripper generates a high flow rate for reliable and gentle handling. The vacuum is established extremely quickly, which allows for very short handling cycles. The SCG can reliably move workpieces even with low coverage of the suction area, for example if printed circuit boards contain openings or drill holes or have been assembled. Users also benefit from the low operating costs: The gripper delivers high performance with minimum air consumption. It has a suction rate of 590 liters per minute and operates at an operating pressure of between 1 and 5 bar.
The SCG can be flexibly integrated into existing production systems. It is designed to be ready to connect, is exceptionally compact with dimensions of 55 x 70 mm and has a built-in vacuum generator. This eliminates the need for additional hoses – and the gripper can be easily installed in either the lateral or axial position. The suction cup on the flow gripper is made from Perbunan nitrile rubber: This material is anti-static and dissipates potential electrical charges that could damage sensitive electronic components.


Samsung Camera Cell Phones: Something For Everyone
Slider camera cell phones, old-fashioned candy bar camera cell phones, and flip camera cell phones: Samsung camera cell phones are available in all three styles, to appeal to every cell phone user. Samsung camera cell phones are engineered to meet the highest standards of functionality and form, placing Samsung among the top five global cell phone manufacturers, and its clear understanding of what the market demands in advanced camera cell phone performance and appearance will increase the demand for Samsung camera cell phones.
Three typical Samsung camera cell phones from the same U--or Ultra Edition-- family are the Samsung U100 and the Samsung U600. The candy bar style U100 Samsung camera cell phone is equipped with a three megapixel camera and video recorder; Bluetooth, a hands-free speaker, MP3 player, document viewer, and numerous other features in a handset measuring 5.9mm, or less than ¼", thick.
The razor thinness of the U100 Samsung camera cell phone makes the earlier U600 slider style Samsung camera cell phone, at 10.9 mm, or almost ½' thick, seem positively bulky in comparison. But that extra thickness encloses a 3.2 megapixel, 4X digital zoom camera with image editor; an MP3 player and WMDRM which allows the u600's users to access to buy purchase and download music from various online sites; Bluetooth stereo, an 80MB internal memory; and much more.
The big dog of the Ultra Edition Samsung camera cell phones, however, is the Samsung U700 slider phone, which not only has the three megapixel camera but also contains a VGA camera for use during video calls; and again has the MP3 player, the Bluetooth features, email support, and everything its smaller siblings offer.
The U100 Samsung camera cell phones actually stole some of the thunder from Samsung's X820, the amazingly thin, at 6.9mm, flip phone made of exceptionally strong fiberglass reinforced plastic. The X280 was introduced with a sophisticated matte black finish with a silver chrome accent along its top.
The X820 Samsung camera cell phone is equipped with not only a two megapixel camera and MP3 player; it has Bluetooth wireless technology to enable both wireless printing and quick file transferring. While its 1.9" wide landscape LCD viewing screen allows you to enjoy your photographs as you take them, you can also connect the X280 Samsung camera cell phone to a larger viewing screen with its Direct TV output+ feature. And unlike most cell phones, the X820 can be used during air travel simply by engaging its offline mode.
One other flip style Samsung camera cell phone is the Z140, unsual for its rotating VGA camera with 640 x 480 resolution, providing clear photos. The camera has a 2x digital zoom, a timer, night mode, and multiple shot capability, and photo editing features which can allows its users to add creative effects to their finished photo files.
The Z140 Samsung camera cell phone provides Internet access and allows its users to both make video calls and hold video conferences, so it is ideal for business use.


SciAps, Woburn, Mass., has introduced the Z-903 portable, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyzer that is capable of measuring every element in the periodic table of elements.
It uses the same laser as the company’s other Z-900 models, has an extended spectrometer range: from 190 nm to 950 nm. Profile Builder software for PC adds benchtop functionality.
Weighing 4.93 lbs., including the battery, this analyzer can be used anywhere in the world for instant elemental analysis. The laser delivers 5-6 mJ/pulse on the sample, with a 50 Hz repetition rate. Laser raster to rapid-sample multiple locations in one test. Analysis averaging is available for multi-shot averaging and data rejection. Using the sample alignment micro-camera and LED Spotlight, you can focus on just where you want.
The system also has a small aperture for small-piece analysis and on-board argon-purge to aid with precision and superior LODs.
The laser strike pattern, cleaning shots, and spectrometer settings are all controlled by the user.
The analyzer includes software for modifying all of the settings, comparing spectral data, and for generating quantitative calibration curves. You can choose your own lines, build curves and methods, and customize the amount of spectral pre-processing.
Android OS and intuitive app-driven software are used and it has both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth with GPS capability. Users can print, email, and connect to any information management system for efficient, real-time test data and reporting, the company states.


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CAB (Console Adapter Box)
For club operators wanting to replace their personal viewing screens but prefer to use the integrated controls provided by the cardio equipment manufacturer, the CAB (console adapter box) is the solution. An attachable controller is not required for this application and the user can use the existing control panel integrated into the console to control the volume and channels of the personal viewing screen.
The CAB will also control cable and satellite boxes with any console / controller on any personal viewing screen (PVS). Please call for details.
The CAB is currently compatible with the following Cardio Equipment Brands:
MATRIX®, STARTRAC® and others.
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The brands listed above are registered trademarks and do not represent an endorsement or affiliation with Broadcastvision Entertainment.


Difference Between 32 bit & 64 bit Operating Systems
The terms "x64" and "x86" refer to different computer architectures used in modern processors. They indicate whether the processor and the operating system are 64-bit or 32-bit, respectively. Understanding the difference between x64 and x86 is essential when installing software, choosing an operating system, or ensuring compatibility with hardware and applications. Let's explore the details of each architecture:
- x86 architecture, also known as 32-bit architecture, is the older and more traditional architecture used in processors and operating systems. It takes its name from the original Intel 8086 processor, which was a 16-bit processor.
- The x86 architecture supports a maximum of 4 gigabytes (GB) of RAM, which means that 32-bit operating systems and applications can access up to 4 GB of memory.
- In practical terms, due to memory limitations, a 32-bit operating system might not be able to utilize the full 4 GB of RAM, as some memory is reserved for system processes and hardware mappings.
- The memory addresses in x86 architecture are represented using 32 bits, allowing a theoretical maximum of 2^32 (4,294,967,296) memory locations to be addressed.
x64 (or x86-64 or AMD64)
- x64 architecture, also known as 64-bit architecture, is the newer and more advanced architecture used in modern processors and operating systems. It evolved from the x86 architecture to support 64-bit computing.
- The x64 architecture allows for significantly larger memory addressing, enabling access to much more RAM. A 64-bit operating system can theoretically address up to 16 exabytes (EB) of RAM (1 EB = 1,024 PB), which is a massive amount of memory compared to the 4 GB limit of x86 architecture.
- With the ability to access more RAM, 64-bit systems can handle more complex applications, perform better with memory-intensive tasks, and support advanced software, particularly in fields like graphics, video editing, and scientific computing.
- The memory addresses in x64 architecture are represented using 64 bits, providing a much larger address space than the 32-bit x86 architecture.
- Memory Addressing: x86 architecture uses 32-bit memory addressing, limiting the amount of RAM accessible to around 4 GB, while x64 architecture uses 64-bit memory addressing, enabling access to much larger amounts of RAM, up to several exabytes.
- Application Compatibility: 32-bit applications are designed to work on both x86 and x64 systems, but 64-bit applications are specifically optimized for x64 architecture. However, most modern systems are backward compatible and can run 32-bit applications on 64-bit operating systems.
- Performance: In general, 64-bit systems perform better in memory-intensive tasks due to their ability to access larger amounts of RAM and utilize more powerful instructions.
- Compatibility: Some older hardware and software may not be compatible with 64-bit systems, as they were designed for 32-bit environments. However, most modern hardware and software support 64-bit architecture.
Choosing Between x64 and x86
For most users and modern systems, using a 64-bit operating system (x64) is recommended, as it provides better performance, access to more RAM, and compatibility with the latest software. However, if you have older hardware or specific software requirements, you may need to use a 32-bit operating system (x86). Always check the system requirements of the software and ensure that your hardware supports the chosen architecture.
How to determine if Windows OS is 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64)
Open the Power User menu. Press the Windows key + X to open this menu. Click on System.
There is ne another way you can understand that if your PC is running 64-bit Windows, you'll probably find a Program Files (x86) folder on your hard drive. This stores 32-bit applications, while the other 'Program Files' folder contains all the 64-bit apps you've installed.


If you are a military person or need a durable and strong body watch, then the military tactical smartwatchreview is for you. Because military gadgets are comfortable to wear and the battery life is very good.
If you are a bike rider or do off-road adventures then you need a reliable watch, that is where military gadgets shine. Expect from these features many products come with in-built GPS so, it shows routes and your location.
I know that millions of products are available in the market and it is very hard to find the best one. After spending so many days on google I write this article and I think this guide will help you to find a good product.
If you are looking for a Fitbit band then click here:
Benefits Of Having A Military Tactical Smartwatch Review:
- Durable and strong body.
- Reliable watch for off-roading.
- Comfortable to wear.
- Many products have in-built GPS.
- Very good battery life.
Top 5 Military TacticalSmartwatchReview List:
Suunto Core All Black
Timex Expedition Gallatin
1. Garmin Instinct:
This gadget is manufacture by world one of the largest watch manufacturer Garmin. It has a 23*23 mm chemically strengthened rounded lens with 128*128 pixel resolution so, you can use it under bright sunlight.
The watch case and band are made of fiber-reinforced polymer and silicone so, it is very lightweight and comfortable to wear. Its battery is rechargeable with solar power and lasts up to 14 days in normal use, 16 hours in GPS mode.
Garmin Instinct can track all-day activities like step, heart rate, calories burned, stress, active minutes, etc. Also, it has in-built GPS, galileo, and GLONASS so, it shows routes, distance, and location.
This product won’t damage by rain, dust, swimming, sweat, cold because it has U.S. Militarystandard shock, thermal, and up to 100M water resistance protection.
If you connect your watch with an Android or IOS smartphone through Bluetooth then you will get all the notifications like a phone call, SMS, email, Whatsapp, Facebook, Twiter, and many more.
Also, it has so many other important features like compass, accelerometer, sunrise/sunset times, alarm, timer, stopwatch, weather report, find your phone/watch, and many more.
2. Casio PathfinderMilitary Tactical Smartwatch Review:
This smartwatch has a two-layer LCD digital rounded display. There is an inbuilt backlight that allows the user to view the screen in the dark. This feature is useful when you are in an area where there’s low visibility.
It is made of strong, hard Stainless Steel material and thickness is 15mm. Its band is made of resin material. Casio Pathfinder battery lasts up to 6 months and rechargeable with solar power.
The watch won’t damage by low temperature, 31 time zones, five daily alarms, set five daily alarms, weather report, timer, stopwatch. You get all these features because of its three in-built sensors (Barometer, Digital Compass, and Thermometer).
It has up to 100M water-resistant protection so, it won’t damage by rain, dust, sweat, cold. Also, you can use it while swimming and showering.
This product has in-built GPS so, it shows routes, distance, and location. It is available in two different colors. Also, this product comes with many other features like a calendar, calculator, find your phone, and many more.
3. Suunto Core All Black:
Like other military tactical smartwatches, it has a mineral crystal rounded digital display with black dial color. Also, this gadget is very comfortable and lightweight to wear because its body, the band is made of carbon fiber and silicon material.
This watch has 1 lithium metal batteries which last up to one year and the battery is replaceable. It comes with low battery warning so, when your device has a low charge light up to notify you.
It has water-resistant protection so you can use it under the river, swimming, showering. Also, it won’t damage by rain, dust, low temperature, sweat.
Suunto core all black comes with in-built GPS and compass so it shows routes, distance, speed, and location. Also, it has a barometer so, you get up to 7 days weather report, over 400 locations sunset/sunrise time.
This gadget has so many other features like alarm, timer, stopwatch, reminder, backlight, calculator, calendar, etc. The watch has two years warranty.
4. G-shock Rangeman:
This smartwatch is manufactured by Casio. It has a very good digital display with gray dial color and the weight is 142g.
This gadget battery lasts up to 30 months in power-saving mode and one day with GPS on. Also, it supports wireless and solar charging.
The watch has dust and dirt-proof, low-temperature resistance down to -20°C (-4°F), a carbon fiber insert band, shock-resistant, and mud-resistant construction protection so, it won’t damage by dust, low-temperature, and comfortable to wear.
Also, this watch has up to 200M water-resistant protection so you can use it while swimming, showering, under the rain, and sweating.
If you connect your Android or IOS smartphone with it through Bluetooth then you will receive all the phone notifications like a phone call, SMS, email, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and many more.
G-shock Rangeman in-built GPS is very good because it shows distance, route, speed, location. Also, it has a 3D graphic display to make your visibility better.
Also, you can set 4 daily alarms with snooze, countdown timer 1 second to 24 hours, stopwatch, 40 cities time zones, auto calculator, sunset/sunrise time, auto LED backlight with afterglow, flight mode, and many more.
5. Timex Expedition Gallatin:
First and foremost, if you are looking for a military tactical smartwatchreview at a low price then this one for you. This gadget has a rounded analog display with a black dial face and the lens is scratch-resistant so, it won’t damage by dust, scratch.
It is very comfortable and lightweight to wear because the band is made of nylon materials. This product is available in two different colors these are black/blue and green/black.
Timex expedition Gallatin battery is very good because it lasts up to 10 years and it is replaceable. It has 100M water-resistant protection so, it won’t damage by rain, cold, swimming, shower, sweat.
Also, this product has so many other important features like timer, stopwatch, reminder, calendar, calculator, alarm, and many more. It has six months of warranty.
There are so many things you need to look when searching for a brand new militarytactical smartwatchreview.
Keeping in mind the circumstances you may be showing your watch, this is the first thing you must look at. Is the Band made of good quality components?
We only mentioned devices in this analysis which give excellent abrasion and shock resistance because they use extremely robust components. They are almost all waterproof.
Some of the products are fitted with Sapphire lenses which give substantially better abrasion resistance than the crystal glass that is more widely used.
2. Battery Life:
These product’s battery life depends on your use. If you don’t use battery drain features GPS then it will last up to 1 year.
Not only these smartwatches but all the GPS watches battery life is short. But on the flip side of it, these gadgets provide more features and reliable data. Also, the majority of products battery is rechargeable.
If your watch has GPS it will help you in so many things like instantly get your location, shows routes, get reliable fitness data, etc.
4. Military Features:
A military tactical smartwatchreview can do a lot more things than just time, and date. If you want to know about weather forecast/sunset time/storm alarm, you will get all the data in this small gadget.
Also, it has so many other advanced military features like altimeter, compass, and barometer.
People love to wear a comfortable and lightweight watch so, all the big-budget watches band quality is very good, water-resistant, and you can wear these bands the whole day.
If you are looking for a smartwatch at a low cost but you do not have knowledge about bands. Then here I mention about popular, water-resistant, and very good band materials these are plastic, nylon, rubber, physical vapor deposition, cloth, ceramic, and leather.
Water-resistant is a very important feature because it won’t damage by swimming, showering, rain, sweat, dust. Also, the military watches come with this feature. If someone says you, a military watch not water-resistant then look at other products.
A tactical watch must have a durable build and be in a dark subtle color that didn’t attract too much notice a vital aspect for devices used by military forces, athletes, and other sporting tactics.
Both products in this analysis sport durable build and available in dark colors like black, dark grey, and green.
A militarytactical smartwatch review a very important device for sportsmen, riders, soldiers, policemen because they play with their lives. So, in some cases, their life depends on time, geographical knowledge, and weather reports.
I think this article will help you to find the best one. Also, stay tuned for more tech products review.


The big screen, hand-gesture software depicted in the film ‘Minority Report’ is now becoming a reality. Scientist John Underkoffler has developed the interface to enable users to sift through masses of data. The system is intended to help facilitate workflow between multiple users. Kwin Kramer, chief executive of Oblong who developed the system observes that a business can have masses of data at its disposal, but it can be difficult to make use of this when it is hard to access and on different machines. This software changes that.
The gesture interface is called “g-speak” spatial operating environment and some systems use a glove rather than the hand alone. There have even been requests from the military for this interface. Unlike the onscreen version though, the software does not provide ‘pre-crime’ detection data, however it could be extended by law enforcement agencies, who could add their own analytics for this purpose.


How Solar Works
Powering your home with Sunlight
The Basics of
Home Solar Energy
Most people have basic knowledge of how solar panels work, but not as many people understand how they can benefit from them. Here’s a crash-course on home solar power, and how it can help you save thousands of dollars in energy costs.
Traditional Power and
Most of the power used in homes across the U.S. is delivered through a massive network of generators, wires, and stations. This network is called “the grid”. The grid is usually owned by large corporations, which are sometimes regulated by state and local governments. If you own a house, chances are these corporations send you a bill every month for the power you use.
Home Solar Systems
When a solar system is installed on your home, attractive, low-profile solar panels are attached to your roof. Your home becomes its own small-scale power generation plant, and you eliminate the need to buy most of your power from the power utility. Any extra power your system produces is put back onto the grid and sold to your neighbors, and you get energy credits applied to your account.
Net Energy Metering
A critical component to residential solar systems is the Net Energy Meter. A Net Energy Meter doesn’t look much different than the meter you have now, but it’s capable of running in both directions. You’re able to pull power from the grid, as well as put power back onto the grid. Your utility then credits your account for excess energy produced. These credits are then used by you at a later time. It’s all automatically monitored, so there’s nothing you need to figure out or do.
Pulling It All Together
As power is produced by your solar panels, it travels into a power inverter which converts the electricity into a usable form. Your own power needs are met first, and if excess electricity is available, it goes back onto the grid through your Net Energy Meter. This meter keeps track of how much energy the utility owes you in return. If your system is producing less power than what you need, you still have the connection to the grid to draw power as needed, and rather than paying the going rate for it, you use the credits you’ve built up first. This is particularly useful to avoid peak-time rates during those hot summer months.
Solar + NEM = a Better Way to Power Your Home
Solar panels produce the most power during the time of year when demand and rates are at their highest. People with solar homes enjoy lower energy rates year-round, and only buy power from their utility companies at the lowest rates, if they buy any at all.


Verity’s Trifecta Of Technology
Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are the three most groundbreaking emerging technologies in today’s tech industry. Verity cohesively employs all three in order to increase efficiency, transparency, and legitimacy in product assertions; namely, Made in USA, Organic, Halal, Kosher, and Vegan claims. Each of these technologies has immense potential and is deserving of the attention surrounding them. However, when applied simultaneously this tech trinity can be earth-shaking.
First, let’s clearly define Blockchain, Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence, then we will discuss their joint utilities.
The Blockchain is an immutable, decentralized ledger of all transactions. The transactions are replicated across multiple computers making record tampering virtually impossible.. This immutable mode of record administration eliminates the need for any central entity to manage the transactions. Instead, the decentralized network manages itself. This eradicates the need for a trusted third party to manage and protect data, which also means blockchain eliminates the ability of third-party entities to potentially corrupt data. Verity uses an IBM Hyperledger Blockchain custom tailored to be the industry leading software in blockchain based supply chain management.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical devices that are connected to the internet and thus communicate with each other. IoT is comprised of a diverse range of devices and everyday gadgets that utilize embedded technology to communicate and interact with the external environment, all via the Internet. Verity takes full advantage of IoT technology by using this highly advanced digital communication network to track and trace products across the supply chain in an extremely efficient and precise fashion. For example, our IoT devices can monitor slight temperature changes inside of shipping containers, which can be crucial to the well-being of the product.
Artificial intelligence is when a computer mimics human cognitive functions such as “learning” and “problem-solving”. Artificial intelligence can be used to monitor data autonomously, which eliminates vast amounts of manpower. The future of artificial intelligence is limitless and Verity plans to be at the forefront by using IBM’s Watson artificial intelligence software for sophisticated analytical problem solving and database management.
BENEFITS OF USING BLOCKCHAIN WITH IOT
Blockchain’s decentralized nature allows people to trust each other and transact peer to peer. As autonomous systems and devices interact with each other, the IoT transactions are exposed to potential security risk. If these transactions were made on the blockchain the data would be decentralized across computers all over the world making the sequences virtually unhackable. Blockchain technology gives a simple, cost-effective, and permanent record of decisions made and communicated on IoT devices while diminishing the possibility of security breaches or tampering.
- Transparency and Trackability
Data transactions take place between multiple networks owned and administered by multiple organizations. Blockchain can provide a permanent, immutable record so that custodianship can be tracked when data or physical goods move between points in the supply chain. Blockchain records are by their very nature transparent so activity can be tracked and analyzed by anyone authorized to connect to the network. This allows Verity to track and trace products using our IoT devices all over the world and store that data in one secure, transparent database.
Security is the largest concern for IoT devices while also being of the most revolutionary aspects of the blockchain. Imagine a scenario where hackers can infiltrate a supply chain using IoT to track and trace. They not only shut down the processes but also steal the data involved. If the data is exchanged over a blockchain network, the overall security of the IoT network is tremendously enhanced. The data is safe and secure behind the world’s most secure and trustworthy network.
Blockchains use smart contracts to enforce contractual obligations via the blockchain. Smart contracts get automatically executed when the conditions of the contract are fulfilled. Using smart contracts, actions can be executed across various entities in the supply chain automatically, in an immutable manner, and without disputes.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND IOT
In the past, code was written and computers would perform whatever the software directed it to do, nothing more. Artificial intelligence allows the computer to go beyond what it is instructed to do and allows it to “learn” and operate independently. The algorithms actually improve with time. When combined with IoT networks, the computer recognizes meaningful patterns buried in mountains of data provided by the IoT devices, prioritizes it, and learns from the data.
IoT platforms are already using machine language, which is a subset of Artificial Intelligence. With full-fledged Artificial Intelligence, like Verity uses, IoT platforms would maximize their full potential to track and trace enormous amounts of data all over the world. To achieve the full benefit of IoT, the speed and accuracy of the analysis are crucial. The decisions made by IoT platforms would advance over time as the AI software learns with experience.
Predictive maintenance is an area of interest to many manufacturers. The endeavor is always to cut down on the downtime, and increase machine availability without increasing expenditure on maintenance. SK Innovation, a leading South Korean oil refiner, is using artificial intelligence to predict the failure of connected compressors. AI-based systems have helped save Google 40% on data center cooling costs by predicting the temperature and pressure thereby limiting the energy usage. All major IoT platforms like Azure IoT, AWS IoT, etc. now have machine learning for predictive capabilities already incorporated, but going forward the deep learning capabilities of artificial intelligence will advance IoT to become incredibly accurate and advanced.
IOT, BLOCKCHAIN & AI IN ACTION – PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
IoT, AI, and Blockchain can complement each other well and can potentially remove some of the drawbacks that each technology may experience independently. Artificial Intelligence gets layered over the IoT platform while the data from external sources flows through the Blockchain platform. Even the data exchange within the IoT network can happen on a blockchain to ensure the traceability and recording of all transactions. Multiple IoT networks can exchange data while the brilliance of Artificial Intelligence will exponentially enhance with the collection of more data. Verity has created an all-encompassing, scalable system that can authenticate, categorize, and monitor virtually any form of data to qualify and quantify all marketing, transactional or distribution claims of virtually any product. The need for this system is worldwide, and its importance is unparalleled. The union of these technologies will deliver increased efficiency, security, transparency, and legitimacy. In the not so distant future, these technologies will be a necessity in order to remain competitive.


Minelab X-Terra 505 Metal Detector with 9″ (7.5 kHz) Search Coil is a great detector dedicated to coin, relic and treasure hunting. It has Manual Ground Balancing that allows a stable performance even in the toughest mineralized ground conditions.
The precision of its multi-segment notch discrimination makes it easy to eliminate “junk” and identify good targets. Recovery is further enhanced by the 505’s Depth indicator and rapid recovery Pinpoint function.
- Minelab’s proprietary VFLEX technology, the new class of single frequency detectors – you can change the operating frequency simply by changing coils.
- Compatible with low frequency (LF) 3kHz coils as well as medium 7kHz and high frequencies 18.75kHz. The LF coil option is ideal for hunting large, deep targets. All X-TERRA Coils can be used on the X-TERRA 505.
- Increased Ground Balance capability, range now (0-50), allowing the user to adjust to ground mineralization.
- Extra detecting pattern – Now features three preset detecting patterns, that can also be customised, plus All Metal mode.
- Choice of 1,2,3 or 4 Tone ID’s plus Multi-tone Target ID (19) response options increasing your flexibility in deciding how target signals are represented.
- Larger discrimination range allowing for finer discrimination of high conductive targets.
- Increased Noise Cancel range, now 5 manual settings, allowing greater choice of detecting channel. Increased Target Volume Adjust range, now (0-30), allowing better target response.
- Threshold adjustment, with a range of -5 to 25, allowing the user to set threshold to level where slight variations from either very small shallow, or very large deep, targets can be noticed.
- Fast recovery Pin-Point with variable tone and graphical indicator.
- Depth indicator, updates continuously, even in Pinpoint mode.
- Positive reflective LCD display.
- Runs on just 4 x AA batteries.
- Ultra lightweight, balanced design (only 2.9lbs).
Factory Included Accessories:
- X-Terra 9″ Coil Cover
- X-Terra 9″ Search Coil
- X-Terra Armrest Strap


For introductory courses on digital design in a Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, or Computer Science department.
- Authors: M. Morris R. Mano, Michael D. Ciletti
- File Size: 17 MB
- Format: PDF
- Length: 720 pages
- Publisher: Pearson; 6th edition
- Publication Date: March 17, 2017
- Language: English
- ASIN: 0134549899
- ISBN-10: 0134549899, 0134529561
- ISBN-13: 9780134549897, 9780134529561
Digital Design: With an Introduction to the Verilog HDL, VHDL, and SystemVerilog (6th Edition) eBook PDF
A modern update to a classic, authoritative textbook, Digital Design, 6th Edition, PDF, teaches the fundamental concepts of digital design in a clear, accessible manner. The textbook presents the basic tools for the design of digital circuits and provides procedures suitable for a variety of digital applications. Like the previous editions, this Digital Design 6e supports a multimodal approach to learning, with a focus on digital design, regardless of language. Recognizing that 3 public-domain languages—VHDL, Verilog, and SystemVerilog—all play a role in design flows for today’s digital devices, the 6th Edition offers parallel tracks of presentation of multiple languages but allows a concentration on a single, chosen language.


Using state-of-the-art software, our experienced surveyors complete a full assessment and testing of existing networks and identify requirements and unit counts. Using the captured data, our design team develops a detailed design in line with the client’s technical specification. During the survey and design stage, we innovate to create smarter solutions and invest heavily in Lean Six Sigma programmes to drive improvements and efficiencies.
Actavo provides a complete aerial survey and aerial inspection solution. The use of cutting-edge Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV/Drone) technology allows us to carry out aerial surveys to collect topographical data and imagery that is only possible from the air. From the resulting data, we can provide our client with precise geo-referenced data, stunning high-resolution photography, smooth video footage and a range of high quality 3D deliverables....read more
Mobile mapping is the process of capturing geospatial data from a vehicle, it bridges the gap between terrestrial and aerial laser scanning. Actavo deploys the Mobile Mapping System to collect point cloud data and imagery of route corridors such as highway networks, railways systems and urban areas. From a vehicle the System can capture data while travelling at speeds of up to 70km per hour, often in a single pass....read more
Actavo has in-house design capability with a full in-house network design team. Actavo’s detailed network design provides all specifications, design drawings, costings and bills of materials required to proceed to the network build phase.
In April 2015, Actavo commenced the survey, design and construction of a new optical Fibre-To-The-Building (FTTB) network in Ireland on behalf of SIRO. The network is being built on existing ESB overhead and underground infrastructure. Actavo is responsible for the design and construction of the Metro network, the PoP and the design and construction of the access network, including the fibre drop to the home. Actavo has also carried out a number of design projects for Digicel in the Caribbean, including Guyana, Aruba, Dominica and Turks and Caicos.


Allegheny Surveys has utilized Global Positioning System (GPS) technology since 1997 in the performance of numerous Static-GPS Surveys for control points, aerial photo targets, gas well location and corehole location. Allegheny Surveys has four Trimble 4000ssi receivers, which have been the workhorse of its GPS Control Network Surveys over the years and are still used today for certain projects.
Allegheny Surveys purchased its first Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) system in 2007. Having recently purchased two additional Trimble R8 RTK Systems, Allegheny Surveys currently has seven Trimble R8 GNSS RTK Systems. One of these RTK Systems also has the capability to utilize the West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH) Virtual Reference Station (VRS) service, or Real Time Network (RTN). This technology eliminates the need for a Base receiver onsite and allows the units to work as independent Rovers on the RTN. Allegheny Surveys utilizes RTK technology in the performance of topographic, as-built, ground control, and pipeline surveys. RTK is also used for construction stakeout on various projects. Both the static-GPS and RTK data are processed using Trimble Business Center software.
In addition to the survey-grade GPS equipment listed above, Allegheny Surveys also has the following mapping-grade units: two Trimble GeoXH 6000 series handhelds with external Tornado antennas and three (3) Trimble GPS Pathfinder ProXT receivers with Nomad data collectors. All the mapping-grade GPS units have Trimble's TerraSync software installed and the GPS data are post-processed using Trimble Pathfinder Office software.


DSL-AC68VG has multiple ways to connect to the internet, with a choice of DSL, Ethernet or 3G/4G LTE*. You can use DSL-AC68VG as a DSL modem Wi-Fi router or a standalone Wi-Fi router according to your needs. And with the ability to switch instantly between connections if one fails (and switch back again when it's fixed), it's perfect for reliable, always-on internet connectivity. *Requires compatible USB dongle
Ultrafast Wi-Fi with NitroQAM
Whether you're streaming a live event in 4K UHD, lag and buffering are simply not an option. NitroQAM™ (1024-QAM) technology delivers the ultimate 5GHz speeds of up to 1625Mbps, giving DSL-AC68VG combined total speed of 2250Mbps. So everyone on your network can enjoy smooth streaming and low-latency online gaming!
Multiple Capacity WiFi with Revolutionary MU-MIMO Technology
MU-MIMO gives every compatible device its own dedicated full-speed Wi-Fi connection, so that multiple devices can connect at the same time without slowing down the network. DSL-AC68VG is able to connect to up to 3 MU-MIMO-compatible clients at each device's maximum speed simultaneously, unlike standard single-user MIMO where individual devices have to wait for sequential transmissions.
Complete VoIP System
DSL-AC68VG has advanced VoIP capabilities that allow it to be used as a complete home internet telephony system. Users can register DSL-AC68VG with up to 10 SIP-compatible VoIP accounts, and connect standard analog telephones or fax machines to the two standard RJ-11 telephony ports. Up to five cordless DECT phones can also be connected to the built-in DECT base station. Any GAP-compatible DECT phone can be connected, and DSL –AC68VG also supports the Eco-DECT energy-saving standard. DSL-AC68VG has the capacity to handle up to 5 simultaneous voice calls , and there is also an integrated solid-state answering machine.
AiProtection - Your Digital Playground is Protected
DSL-AC68VG incorporates ASUS AiProtection, a commercial-grade network security system powered by Trend Micro Smart Home Network. With AiProtection, all connected devices are protected, even if they have no antivirus capability of their own — such as IoT devices. AiProtection blocks common internet-based attacks before they reach the network, and if an infected device is detected on the network, AiProtection instantly blocks it to prevent it sending any personal information to malicious servers.
Sync. Share. Stream. Your World on Demand
ASUS AiCloud keeps you connected to your data wherever and whenever you have an internet connection. It links your home network and online Web storage service* and lets you access it through the AiCloud mobile app on your iOS or Android smartphone or through a personalized URL in a Web browser. Even better, the new Router-to-Router Sync function allows you to synchronize your stuff with storage devices connected to other compatible ASUS routers— it's as simple as choosing a sync folder. Sharing with friends and family is now easier than ever!
3-Step Easy Setup Through Your Pad, Smartphone, or PC
In only 3 easy steps, effortlessly set up your ASUS router through the simple user interface to start surfing the Internet in record time. With the DSL-AC68VG, setup is a breeze. Simply power and connect the router and open a browser on a WiFi-enabled device like a notebook or pad. You will then be taken to a setup page with a prompt to enter the ID/password from your internet provider, and that's it! Setting up your network is easier than ever.
|Manufacturer / Product:
||ASUS / DSL-AC68VG
||3 x 10/100/1000 Mbps RJ45 Ethernet Port
1 x 10/100/1000 Mbps RJ45 WAN Port
1 x VDSL/ADSL RJ45 WAN
1 x USB 3.0
2 x RJ-11 Telephone
||2.4 GHz: 600 Mbps
5 GHz: 1625 Mbps
||ADSL2 / 2+ / VDSL2 / Vplus
||DHCP server, Firewall/NAT, DynDNS, AiProtection, QoS, Parental control, DECT Base Station, VoIP
||DoS, SPI Firewall
||OpenVPN, PPTP, L2TP
||IPSec, PPTP, L2TP
||Print / Storage / 4G Stick
||64-bit WEP, WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, 128-bit WEP
||4 x external Antenna
||28.9 x 16.7 x 4.7 cm
||0°C - 40°C
|1 x ASUS DSL-AC68VG Router
|1 x Power supply
|1 x Ethernet cable
|1 x Quick Installation Guide


The Malvankar lab investigates the structures, functions, and electron transfer mechanisms of protein nanowires to understand how bacteria breathe in anoxic environments. Their studies address how bacteria employ electrical charges to carry out several key processes such as respiration, cell-to-cell communication and attachment to host surfaces to cause infections. The Malvankar group has found that soil bacteria Geobacter use hair-like appendages called pili as “microbial nanowires” to export electrons outside their cell body for extracellular respiration (Nature Nano 2011) and to share nutrients and energy (Science 2010). They have also developed a new charge imaging technique to visualize electron exchange among bacteria (Nature Nano 2014).
Dr. Malvankar’s research employs a broad range of imaging and measurement methods (e.g. scanning probe microscopy, nanofabrication, electron microscopy, low-level electrical signal measurements) to identify biophysical principles underlying key microbial processes. Current projects include quantitative imaging of electron transfer among bacterial proteins during respiration and cell-to-cell communication as well as measurements of forces involved in bacterial adhesion to the host surfaces during infection.
Please also view Dr. Malvankar’s publications, reflecting the valuable contributions of current and former lab members.


Tuesday, 28 May 2013 – 21:30 CEST: Luca Parmitano’s launch
ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano and his crewmates NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg and Soyuz commander Fyodor Yurchikhin are scheduled for launch to the International Space Station on 28 May at 22:31 CEST (20:31 GMT). They will be part of the Expedition 36/37 crew and will spend five months on the Space Station. Luca’s mission, called Volare is Europe’s fifth long-duration flight to the orbital outpost, and the first for ESA astronaut’s new generation of astronauts selected in 2009. Luca’s Volare mission is provided through an agreement with Italy’s ASI space agency. Live transmission of the launch from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan will start at 19:30 GMT (21:30 CEST) with lift-off at 20:31 GMT (22:31 CEST). ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli will provide running commentary. Luca’s will be taking the fast route to the International Space Station, his voyage will take only six hours after liftoff. Live coverage of the docking will start at 02:00 GMT on 29 May showing images from cameras on the spacecraft and the International Space Station as well as from mission control in Russia. Tune in at 03:35 GMT to watch the hatch open and the crew on the International Space Station, cosmonauts Pavel Vinogradov, Alexander Misurkin and NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy welcome the new arrivals.


Information and communication technologies are the state of the art way to control a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, store and manage information.
At Armstrong our ICT systems will control a wide range of diverse systems in your office, factory, apartment block, hotel, retail outlets and much more.
ICT will control:
- Automated access control
- Multiple user access
- Integrated intruder detection
- Scheduled arming
- IP monitoring
- Emergency egress
Armstrong technicians are the ICT experts and will ensure that your installation is fit for purpose to keep your building, contents and occupants safe and ensure you are protected against burglars, petty thieves and vandals as well as helping to meet Health and Safety options.
After installation Armstrong provide a maintenance service to ensure the smooth running of your ICT system.
Call the ICT experts on 0800 506 111.
Armstrong is a trusted installer of Integrated Commercial ICT Systems.