Chairwoman Johnson, Ranking Member Lucas, and Members of the Committee, thank you for holding this hearing, and thank you for the invitation to testify today.
I am Jordan Gerth, an atmospheric scientist who holds an honorary fellowship at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC). My professional service includes chairing the American Meteorological Society Committee on Radio Frequency Allocations. Established in 1965, SSEC is an internationally respected organization for the research and development of remote sensing and environmental applications. Madison, Wisconsin, is the birthplace of satellite meteorology, in large part due to the work of the late Dr. Verner Suomi, a professor that developed the spin-scan cloud camera to provide the first animations of weather patterns in the 1960s.
In holding this hearing today, you implicitly recognize the importance of radio frequencies for Earth and space science applications. There are a growing number of important issues related to spectrum sharing with 5G wireless communications, both for the atmospheric and oceanic sciences and radio astronomy, and also related to the transmission and collection of weather information. My testimony today will focus particularly on the criticality of protecting the clarity of Earth-emitted radio frequencies to maintain the quality and public confidence in weather warnings and forecasts and the need for transparent processes to facilitate that objective.
Importance of sustaining passive microwave sensing for weather forecast accuracy
Basis for microwave sensing. While the accuracy of weather forecasts is popular fodder as a conversation starter among Americans, the reality is that weather forecasts have never been more accurate in history. Weather forecasts for the contiguous United States are particularly accurate. The seven-day forecast today is as accurate as the five-day forecast was 20 years ago. The most important aspect of making the right forecast is taking the right observations and using them effectively. That is where the nexus between radio frequencies and weather forecast lies.
While visible or infrared satellite imagery as shown on the evening television news weather report partially contributes to the quality of weather forecasts, the most valuable frequencies are microwaves, particularly those between 20 and 200 GHz. It likely comes as a surprise to many that the Earth’s atmosphere emits microwaves, but they are naturally occurring and not harmful to us.
Molecules such as oxygen and water vapor emit microwaves at unique frequencies, and those emissions help meteorologists identify and characterize weather systems and develop a vertical profile of temperature and humidity without releasing a weather balloon. Microwaves are additionally useful for weather analysis because they typically traverse through clouds without absorption and thus enabling meteorologists to examine the internal structure of storms in determining whether strengthening or weakening is likely.
Current instrument for microwave sensing. Given the benefits of microwaves, satellites have been designed to sense them for over 40 years. The most recent NOAA instrument to sense atmospheric microwaves is the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder, or ATMS. The ATMS is considered a passive sensor because it is “listening” to the atmosphere. This is unlike a radar which itself emits a pulse and then “listens” for the return.
As soon as next year, NOAA will launch its third satellite, the second in the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS), with an ATMS instrument. As each JPSS satellite orbits the poles every 100 minutes from 500 miles above the surface of Earth, ATMS collects 22 distinct observations of the atmosphere every 10 to 50 miles within a 1,370-mile swath. A single JPSS satellite observes every location on Earth at least twice daily. Of those 22 observations, ATMS is designed to sense at 23.8 GHz, among other frequencies, to collect information about water vapor. 23.8 GHz is sensitive to concentrations of water vapor near the ground and when used in combination with other frequencies can contribute to a vertical profile, or distribution, of humidity at various heights above the ground. This is useful information for precipitation forecasts.
Numerical weather prediction. The importance of JPSS and other weather satellites that NOAA, NASA, and other nations operate in providing observations for weather forecasts created with supercomputers cannot be understated. Approximately 99% of weather observations that supercomputers receive originate from satellites, and after quality control, approximately 90% of observations assimilated, or integrated, using complex algorithms into computer weather models are from satellites.
The collection of complex algorithms is known as a numerical weather prediction model because the model converts observations into a numerical representation of the atmosphere and then advances it forward in time. At its core, weather forecasting is an initial-value math problem. Thus, if observations do not provide a complete assessment of the atmosphere, then weather forecasts will be less reliable and less accurate over time.
Improvements in numerical weather prediction performance over the past 20 years can be attributed to satellite observations, especially microwave sensing of water vapor, such as at 23.8 GHz and other frequencies. Today, approximately 15 to 30% of the assimilated observations are from passive microwave sensing. A 2020 study from Europe found that microwave sensors led to forecasts that were “very significantly improved at short lead times, 12 to 24 hours,” and also beneficial but, to a lesser extent, out to four days in the Northern Hemisphere. These observations are approximately twice as valuable in reducing model errors out to six days as the three next most valuable observation types individually, including hyperspectral infrared radiances, radiosondes, and radio occultations.
Microwave sensing harm from 5G. Terrestrial radio systems that emit 5G signals too closely to defined bands for weather sensing are a formidable threat to weather forecast and warning services because they are much louder than the atmosphere that satellites are trying to observe. Harmful interference is likely because if the 5G signal is so loud that it is obvious, it will easily mask the atmospheric emission such that it is irrecoverable. Even if the 5G signal does not overpower the atmospheric emission completely, it will still be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to separate the contribution of the atmosphere from the 5G signal with current assets. Because the satellite sensors are only “listening”, there are no good options to mitigate this interference.
To state it clearly: If there is no observation of a portion of the atmosphere because of 5G signal interference there, it cannot be the basis for a weather analysis and global and local forecasts may suffer alike, leading to a loss of lead time for storms. Using a 5G-inflated observation could lead to a worse forecast unless numerical weather models are configured to use microwave observations with a decreased confidence in their quality, a mitigation that would have far-reaching complications for weather forecasts beyond where there is interference.
Policy options for protecting spectrum for science applications through improved processes
A growing challenge. Spectrum allocation issues have been a growing concern for the weather enterprise beyond the Federal Government. Previously, NOAA and NASA worked behind the scenes to resolve issues with limited if any contributions from academic and industry partners. However, as the appetite for more wireless spectrum has increased, more scrutiny of each proposal is necessary. At a minimum, NOAA and NASA should share their studies publicly and expediently, something that was missing for 24 GHz in 2019.
When the FCC issues a new notice of proposed rulemaking for 5G services, there are two separate questions that should be addressed:
1. Will this rulemaking proposal lead to interference with satellite sensors?
2. If it does, to what degree will that interference lead to a degradation in the accuracy of weather forecasts?
Collectively, the answers to these two questions can inform the best course of action for spectrum sharing, and tough decisions may need to be made. However, the answers to these questions are not straightforward, take substantial time to address, and the best way to answer them is with better coordination and cooperation between the FCC, NTIA, NOAA, and NASA and in a manner that is transparent. In particular, the second question is most challenging to answer because to depends substantially on the deployment strategy of the new 5G network.
Actively valuing spectrum for weather prediction. As part of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, NOAA is required to conduct an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) before buying or leasing a new weather satellite or new weather satellite data set that costs at least $500 million. This directive could be expanded, potentially using spectrum auction revenues. NOAA, NASA, and other agencies that operate satellites for environmental sensing should regularly audit the use of spectrum and recent, peer-reviewed studies from federal and federally supported scientists, such as those at NOAA Cooperative Institutes, should reflect the application and value of each radio frequency sensed, in terms of contribution to numerical weather prediction skill through a data denial experiment or otherwise.
This valuation should be conducted routinely because the speed of peer review is much slower than FCC proceedings. FCC proceedings have timelines of 60 to 90 days for comment while funding research for peer review related to a new proceeding is likely to take 18 to 24 months at a minimum. A new satellite currently takes 5 to 10 years to build and launch, and those program costs are in the billions per satellite. The estimated total cost of the JPSS program from 1995 through 2038 is $18.8 billion, so a loss of sensing capability that diminishes its intended mission has a real tangible cost for taxpayers even without considering the economic loss from the reduction in weather predictability.
Integrating science into transparent decision-making. In light of the GAO findings and recommendations, I am left wondering what recourse NOAA, NASA, or another government agency has if the FCC and/or the Department of State does not allay their raised concerns about shared spectrum rulemaking proposals. Chairwoman Johnson and Ranking Member Lucas were rightfully concerned about the potential of weather forecast degradation in calling for the GAO to investigate the governmental processes that have led us to this point. Yet, as a scientist, it is discomforting that the FCC can conduct rulemaking without studies that could have an impact on another agency to accomplish its Congressionally directed mission.
This Committee should consider whether oversight or involvement from the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), federal advisory committees, or other mechanisms that, at a minimum, conduct and make publicly available all relevant scientific studies prior to a rulemaking decision, may facilitate a process with more integrity for all stakeholders. While I understand that the FCC does not fall under this Committee’s jurisdiction, legislative remedies that require proactive and closer cooperation on the sharing of Earth exploration-satellite service-allocated spectrum between the FCC, NTIA, NOAA, and/or NASA specifically may also be necessary. Policy priorities for expanding 5G with sustaining the quality of weather forecasts must be balanced.
Working together. Despite the importance of maintaining the accuracy of weather forecasts, the weather enterprise is not a competitor of the telecommunications industry, and we should not characterize this issue as one of us versus them. The telecommunications industry is an essential partner is delivering urgent weather messages to cell phones and establishing communications immediately after a disaster to assist in the response. I truly believe that with a better understanding of how satellite sensors collect weather information and how those observations improve weather forecasts that industry partners can work with us to deploy equipment outside of pre-existing bands for Earth sensing.
The future of spectrum allocations and weather satellite observations
In our national conversations about 5G, we are forward-looking into how technology will evolve the economy, expand opportunities, connect Americans, and improve society. We should apply the same mindset to weather prediction and satellite observations. The accuracy of weather forecasts improves by one day every decade, and this is a trend that we can continue with sustained investments into NOAA and NASA satellite programs and exploring options to partner with the expanding space enterprise.
On the horizon, the capability of small satellites and cube ‘sats’ is increasingly promising to enhance the temporal frequency of passive microwave sensing, though they are not yet a proven replacement for flagship missions like JPSS. In the coming decades, there is the prospect of microwave sensing from the geostationary orbit, approximately 22,500 miles above the surface of Earth, to provide continuous monitoring of the internal dynamics of hurricanes over our adjacent oceans for the first time. Though not imminent solutions, both innovations would benefit from protected allocations for Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) at microwave frequencies and increase weather predictability.
Finally, the United States has been a leader in weather satellite observations that now extends back 60 years, a history that began in Wisconsin. We should continue our national leadership in demonstrating stewardship of our spectrum resources for science applications and particularly weather sensing. Pushing the frontiers of weather forecasting out to and beyond 10 days will depend not only on our domestic spectrum policy but also our current and future ability to conduct passive microwave sensing over the remainder of North America, our adjacent oceans, and other continents, particularly Asia and Oceania. The United States should advocate at future World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) accordingly.
While the contentious circumstances surrounding 24 GHz were far from desirable, and 23.8 GHz sensing contributes useful water vapor information for weather forecasting that we may partially lose, the longest heritage of microwave sensing is between 50 and 60 GHz, where there are 13 ATMS bands. We should be especially careful of sharing arrangements in and around 50 to 60 GHz or the consequences for weather prediction may be more dire.
Thank you for holding this hearing and allowing me to explain the science that underlies the importance of passive microwave sensing for weather forecasting and how processes that require scientific input can benefit from increased transparency. Despite its complexity, establishing a process that enhances decision-making for certain spectrum allocations with science applications will benefit all parties and the American public. I appreciate your support in increasing confidence in our nation’s weather warnings and forecasts and maximizing the value of the United States investment in weather sensing from space.
 Instrument: ATMS, https://space.oscar.wmo.int/instruments/view/atms (accessed on 17 July 2021)
 Fact sheet: ECMWF’s use of satellite observations, https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/focus/2020/fact-sheet-ecmwfs-use-satellite-observations (accessed on 17 July 2021)
 Geer, A. J., F. Baordo, N. Bormann, P. Chambon, S. J. English, M. Kazumori, H. Lawrence, P. Lean, K. Lonitz, and C. Lupu. “The Growing Impact of Satellite Observations Sensitive to Humidity, Cloud and Precipitation.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 143, no. 709 (October 2017): 3189–3206. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3172.
 Liu, Quanhua (Mark), Changyong Cao, Christopher Grassotti, and Yong-Keun Lee. “How Can Microwave Observations at 23.8 GHz Help in Acquiring Water Vapor in the Atmosphere over Land?” Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030489.
 Duncan, David, and Niels Bormann. “On the Addition of Microwave Sounders and NWP Skill, Including Assessment of FY-3D Sounders.” EUMETSAT/ECMWF Fellowship Programme Research Report, 2020. https://www.ecmwf.int/node/19760.
 Saunders, Roger. “The Use of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction.” Weather 76, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3913.
 H.R.353 – Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/353 (accessed on 17 July 2021)
 Joint Polar Satellite System FAQ, https://www.jpss.noaa.gov/faq.html (accessed on 17 July 2021)
 STAR JPSS – Instruments – Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/jpss/ATMS.php (accessed on 17 July 2021)


fit-PC Slim is a Windows/Linux computer squeezed into a 330cc enclosure - 40% smaller than the 560cc fit-PC 1.0
Miniaturization does not mean compromising on features - fit-PC Slim adds memory, WiFi, a third USB port, a power button, LED's and a redesigned hard disk mounting for easy upgrade. The stylish design of fit-PC Slim is an advantage where the industrial look of fit-PC 1.0 would appear out-of-place.
Double the memory
The most requested enhancement - higher memory capacity - is now a reality! fit-PC Slim has 512MB RAM, while remaining faithful to the soldered, on-board approach that ensures low power consumption and high reliability.
Upgradeable hard disk
Another much requested feature - enabling hard disk upgrade - in fit-PC Slim is a matter of opening two screws, sliding out the existing hard disk and sliding in a new one. Unlike the fit-PC 1.0's deeply buried hard disk, fit-PC Slim can be easily fitted with a high capacity hard disk or SSD. You can also order fit-PC Slim without a hard disk and install your own.
fit-PC Slim has built in 802.11b/g WiFi enabling use anywhere, at home or in the office, without the hassle of cables.
Additionally, the WiFi in fit-PC Slim supports access point mode so the fit-PC can be used as an intelligent wireless router.
fit-PC Slim has 3 USB ports, two of them in front, through which a keyboard and mouse, thumb drive, camera external hard disk or CD-ROM can be easily connected without the need of a hub.
Power button and Indicator LEDs
fit-PC Slim has a functional PC front-panel with a tactile power button and LED's indicating power and hard disk activity.
12V power supply
The power supply in fit-PC Slim is 12V and tolerates between 9V and 15V. This allows for easy connection to a car battery or solar panels and increases reliability by having extra regulation within fit-PC Slim. fit-PC Slim uses a standard 3.5 power plug to simplify connection to an alternative power source. The new power adapter is smaller and has a standard "kettle lead" IEC-C13 AC inlet.
fit-PC Slim Linux is shipped with preloaded Ubuntu 8.10 and Gentoo 2008.0 in dual boot mode.
fit-PC Slim XP is priced at $335 with Windows XP Home SP3 pre-installed, versus $395 for fit-PC 1.0 with Windows XP.http://www.fit-pc.com/fit-pc1/whats-new.html


Dual Bandpass / Notch Filters
The 5091T provides Notch Filtering of 1030 and 1090 Mhz for IPF protection and in a parallel path provides dual 1030 and 1090 Mhz Bandpass outputs for IPF monitoring and processing.
NOTCH CHARACTERISTICS BANDPASS CHARACTERISTICS
|1030+/-7||15 dBc||1.8:1||1030+/-7||10 dB||-70 dBc @
Fo+/- 20 MHz
Insertion loss in the passbands (962-1099, 1052.5-1065, and 1112-1220 Mhz) is 2.0 dB Max (0.7 dB Typ).
VSWR is 1.8:1 Max. Group delay is 20 Nanosec Max.
The 50941T is 5.6 x 3.3 x 0.63” in size excluding connectors. It is designed for 250 Watt operation to 70,000 Ft. (21,340M) and temperatures of -30ºC to +65ºC.


CaptureGRID 4 is a digital photography work flow application for tethered shooting, remote capture and advanced camera control.
Multi-Camera Control allows you to fully control and synchronise all your cameras simultaneously, including camera settings, triggering, live view, photo download and filename management.
Networked Operation across multiple computers allows you to scale up the number of cameras and orchestrate large multi-camera capture rigs.
CaptureGRID supports all recent DSLR cameras from Canon and Nikon, as well as some cameras from the Sony Alpha range. We regularly update the app, so support for new cameras is added as they come on to the market.
The software uses wired USB connection for direct communication with the cameras, using our custom built PTP engine. This delivers reliable camera control and fast photo downloads.
CaptureGRID runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
The software also supports a wide range of hardware, and can adapt to make optimal use of the hardware resources available. This means it can even run on single board computers such as the Raspberry Pi, but also scale up and make use of high-performance multi-core workstation PCs and Macs.
CaptureGRID allows you to connect and control a large number of cameras, by splitting the USB connections across multiple computers. This means the number of cameras is not limited by the USB hardware capabilities of a single computer, but instead can be scaled up by adding more computers.
When all computers are connected and synchronised, the user can operate the app from just one of the computers, to get a unified view of all cameras and photos, and be able to take actions on all cameras at the same time.
CaptureGRID gives you precise control over what happens to your photos. After capture, photos can be either saved to memory card, automatically downloaded to the computer, or both.
If your cameras are split across multiple computers, the software has options to transfer photos across the network and gather them in a single location, ready for the next step of your workflow.
The app will manage the filenames given to each photo, taking into account which camera it came from, and can automatically organise them into subfolders.
This mechanism can be easily configured to match the filenaming scheme you need for your processing workflow.
The app can trigger multiple cameras itself, but for improved accuracy of trigger timing it can also be used together with an external trigger system.
For example, dedicated TriggerBox and lighting hardware from ESPER can be combined with CaptureGRID for a complete 3D capture system. In this scenario the Esper components take care of precise triggering and lighting, and CaptureGRID handles sychronisation of camera settings, automatic photo download, and filename management.
CaptureGRID can be integrated with an external system by using the External API feature. This provides two key channels of communication that you can hook into, to listen to a stream of event information coming from the app, and to send requests to the app to control the cameras.
The app itself has scripting support for automating the control of the cameras. There are some built-in scripts provided with app, for tasks such as bracketting, HDR, and timelapse, and you can write your own using Python.
For instructions on how to install and operate the software, and more detailed information on the various features, please refer to the Documentation.
If you have general or technical questions, want to report a bug or request a new features, or just share information with other users, please visit our Forums.


The history of the doctoral and master’s programs in physics at the University of Tsukuba dates back to its predecessor, the Tokyo University of Education, where Dr. Shinichiro Tomonaga developed renormalization theory in quantum electrodynamics and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. Since then we have continued to produce significant research results, which have been recognized by the prizes and awards such as the Nishina Memorial Prize, the Japan IBM Science Prize, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Prize, the Japan Academy Prize. More recent accomplishments include the discoveries of the top quark and the Higgs particle. We conduct research in advanced areas of physics, and will continue to produce world-class results.
The degree programs in physics offer education and research in the following fields.
- Particle physics
- Theoretical particle physics, Experimental particle physics
- Theoretical Astrophysics, Observational Astrophysics
- Nuclear physics
- Theoretical Nuclear physics, Experimental Nuclear physics (Low energy nuclear experiments, High energy nuclear experiments, Atomic cluster experiments)
- Condensed matter physics
- Theoretical condensed matter physics (Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, Quantum theory of condensed matter, Nano-quantum materials science physics, Soft matter theory, Semiconductor nano-materials science physics, Nano-structure materials science physics), Computational biophysics, Experimental condensed-matter physics (Magnetic materials physics, Semiconductor physics, Strongly-correlated materials physics, Surface physics, Low temperature physics)
- Plasma experiment, plasma simulation, Analysis of plasmas in large-scale fusion devices
The curriculum of the degree programs in physics is systematically organized by taking advantage of its two-term structure. In the master’s program, students learn the broad basics of physics in fundamental subjects, acquire advanced knowledge in each field in specialized subjects, and then carry out creative research under close supervision by advisors. The program is aimed at fostering researchers and highly-skilled professionals who possess a deep understanding of physics, have creativity in research in their specialized fields, and have flexibility to apply their skills to other sciences and technologies. In addition, the program offers an English Course for English-speaking students, enabling them to gain a master’s degree solely by attending classes given in English.
The doctoral program is designed to help students acquire a broad perspective through research, and become independent researchers by developing basic skills, application skills, and the determination and endurance. In particular, a doctoral dissertation needs to be written in English, and in many cases be reviewed by committee members consisting of leading extramural researchers in the field.
In the fields of particle physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics, we offer a special educational system: the Unified Educational Program for the History of the Universe. Graduate students enrolled in this program can conduct their research in a relatively long term at overseas research hubs, and thus obtain international research expertise. Also, the Educational Program for the High Energy Accelerator Science is offered in cooperation with the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) on education and research. In addition, we offer the Dual-Degree Program, which enables the students to obtain both a doctoral degree and a master’s degree in different fields of academics, for example, a doctoral degree in theoretical nuclear physics and a master’s degree in computer science. For researchers having achieved adequate research results in industry or other institutions, we offer the Early-Ending Program, which enables completion of a doctoral program in one year at the shortest.


Virtual Reality is currently one of the most exciting, new technologies with many people claiming the technology has finally caught up with our Sci-Fi dreams. VR is generating a huge amount of interested in the media with all the major technology and software companies making new announcements about VR on almost a daily basis. For the general public VR is an extremely interesting technology with the potential to influence everything from entertainment to education, business to healthcare. Yet for many people they still haven’t experienced wearing a VR headset and viewing VR content in full HD – the VR Station gives the public a chance experience state of the art VR technology, potentially for the first time.
VR is a new media that is more immersive and engaging than anything we have experienced before. The technology allows us to feel as if we are actually there, able to look where we would like. With VR people aren’t just watching a film or video they become part of an experience. For brands, sporting teams and businesses it is the chance to engage viewers like never before, it is the chance to completely engage someone in your story, make them fell part of the experience and explore the content in their own way – this is why VR is so powerful. The VR Station enables content producers to increase the reach of their VR content and ensure that people experience the best possible VR experience.


I was starting to panic, as I am running the Liverpool half-marathon tomorrow and the chest strap monitor that came with my Garmin Forerunner 305 suddenly stopped working yesterday. Previously there had never been any problem with the Ant+ device - the HRM1G - so I was a bit concerned.
After replacing the battery twice, I was no further forward. I even tried resetting the Forerunner unit itself.
A couple of Google searches later I came across this thread suggesting reversing the battery. I tried it, and the HRM1G registered straight away with my Forerunner unit. How very relieved I am.
Although the Garmin forum thread suggests that the polarity has been reversed, in effect the upturned battery is just short circuiting the two contacts due to the shape of the battery.
A useful hint to know.


|NITAAI-Veda.nyf > Soul Science God Philosophy > Science and Spiritual Quest > Section 2 Machine, Mind and Consciousness > CONSCIOUSNESS AND BIOELECTRIC NEURAL CIRCUITRY > 1. Introduction|
Researchers are developing novel neuroelectric devices for communicating with neurons in the brain. These devices can stimulate neurons and detect their signals with transducers . Nexuses between a human brain and a robot/machine are of plausible interest to avant-garde neuroscientists. Current applied research in this field includes:
• Bionics - the replacement of damaged or amputated body parts with prosthetic limbs connected to and controlled by the human neural network (see Figure 1).
• Bioimplantronics - the technology of implanting electronic devices in biological organs.
• Neuroelectronics - implanting electrodes in different parts of the brain for electrotherapy, electroencephalography, and neuroprosthetics.
The field of bionics has marked a course of rapid advancement aimed at aiding amputees and the handicapped with artificial limbs just as real in their functions as the original (see Figure 2). Amputees will soon be able to control robotic limbs by just thinking through the motions .
Circuitry implanted in the body is not science fiction, but an everyday fact of life. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved the implantation of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags in human subjects. The tags have been used as "e-passports" in the past and more recently are being employed as "e-keys," patient identification records, and identity tracking chips . These biological chip implants might in the future integrate directly with the central nervous system so that a soldier with the implant could transmit visual, auditory, or tactile information about the enemy or imminent danger to a main station with just a thought.Could the quest for immortality be satisfied simply by uploading our memory and mind to a terabyte-size data storage mechanism? Does our consciousness permeate brain machine interfaces that allow amputees or locked-in patients to regain limb functionality? Or is our consciousness just a byproduct of neural firings in the bioelectric circuitry of the brain? Before envisioning the challenges and prospects of neuroelectronics, let us first revisit its past, which defined the modern scientific theories of the brain.


Answers to frequently asked questions
How do I setup my computer for the NU network?
To set up your computer on the NU network, you need to make sure that it is set to accept an IP address from our DHCP server. To do this, follow the steps below:
- Go to the Start Menu and select the Settings menu. Click on Control Panel and then Network Connections.
- Right-click on Local Area Network and select Properties.
- Click on Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click the Properties button.
- Under the General tab, choose Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically.
- Click OK.
Your computer is now set up for access on the Northwest University network.
Thank you for your feedback!


The Lutron RA2 Select Main Repeater Hub is the device that allows you to control all of the other RA2 Select devices in your home and/or garage via the Lutron App. It will communicate to the RA2 Select switches, PowPaks, Picos, etc, to dim lights, turn on or off switches, enable scenes, and more.
The Main Repeater needs to be connected to your home network via an ethernet connection, so keep that in mind when setting your Lutron system up. Once the Main Repeater is in place, it will wirelessly connect to the other devices in the home/garage. You will likely need to use the Wireless Repeater Extender to make sure your entire space has the coverage it needs. This hub allows you to connect up to 100 items in total.
The RA2 Select system is extremely reliable and is super simple to set up. RA2 Select is our choice for most situations, and in order to use it, you'll need this.
This item is shipped from our warehouse at OGHQ in Lady Lake, FL. Shipping costs calculated at checkout.


Artificial Intelligence and machine learning have made it possible for organizations around the world to improve processes and optimize efficiency. However, it has growing limitations with its ability to differentiate correlation and causation.
That means we think we’re being data-driven, but we’re actually jumping to the wrong conclusions.
The impact of this can be comical like the graph below. It shows that the trend line of revenue generated by arcades maps closely to computer science doctorates awarded in the US. So if we want more computer scientists, we just need to get more people to spend money at arcades. Right?
To make human-level data-driven decisions, we need an innovative approach to analytics that separates correlation from causation. Luckily, it’s not only already here and picking up speed…it’s trending.
All Aboard the Causal AI Hype Train, It’s a Bright Future Ahead
Gartner released their 2022 Gartner Hype Cycle of emerging technology and Causal Artificial Intelligence (Causal AI) was featured as a key innovation that will transform the world within the next ten years.
Dealtale is in good company driving this train alongside companies like McKinsey and Microsoft. Across industries, we’re breaking open the black box that predictive analytics lives in to make data insights actually actionable.
As Gartner defines it:
“Causal artificial intelligence (AI) identifies and utilizes cause-and-effect relationships to go beyond correlation-based predictive models and toward AI systems that can prescribe actions more effectively and act more autonomously.”
While a machine learning algorithm can provide insights with predicted outcomes, it can’t tell you how different decisions will change the results.
A common example Forbes outlined in a recent article on Causal AI is geared towards retail marketers who need to run an offer, but can only select one cohort to run the promotion for. A predictive model might tell them that the highest likelihood to buy would be loyal shoppers. So the marketer might send the promotion to them, see the big return on sales, and think “Data-driven success!”
But wait. Wouldn’t those loyal customers buy already without incentive?
To truly measure the increased gross margins, you would want to do an A/B test or leverage a causal algorithm.
Causal AI Turns Predictive Insights Into Prescriptive Actions
Causal AI algorithms move beyond predicting who would be the most likely to buy, they guide on the most effective way to make it happen. When marketers are looking at a campaign and considering how they should promote through ads, email, or mail, they want more than just a spreadsheet—they want prescriptive suggestions they can trust.
*An excerpt from KDD poster “ML Prescriptive Canvas for Optimizing Business Outcomes” by Gerben Oostra.
According to Forbes, it’s the trust that Causal AI can generate that is driving the industry toward it at full speed; decisions are more transparent, results can be reproduced, and bias is eliminated. It brings the human ability to understand the larger context of casual and effect into the equation and delivers better business results.
Join Gartner Aboard the Casual AI Hype Train Today
Introducing Causal AI into your business will help make predictions more accurate so you can make faster, smarter decisions with predictable results. The good news is that you don’t have to wait.
Get ahead of the curve. Dealtale’s Causal AI is ready and waiting for you. It is out-of-the-box, no code, and is easy to implement. Check out our free two-week trial.


Hitachi Energy hands over North Sea Link, the first interconnector between Norway and the UK
Hitachi Energy has announced it has handed over the North Sea Link power interconnector to Statnett, the national power grid operator in Norway, and National Grid, which owns and manages gas and electricity infrastructure in the UK and northeastern United States.
The link, which is the world’s longest subsea power interconnector, is enabled by HVDC Light®, Hitachi Energy’s high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology, interconnects Norway’s and the UK’s power grids, which are separated by the North Sea.
North Sea Link has the capacity to transmit 1,400 megawatts (MW) of renewable power through a 720-kilometer HVDC underwater cable, which is enough electricity to supply 1.4 million UK homes.*1 It allows Norway to import wind power from the UK and the UK to import hydropower from Norway. This efficient power exchange will help increase grid resilience in both countries, reduce fossil-fuel power generation in the UK and avoid 23 million tons of carbon emissions by 2030.*1
“North Sea Link is a cornerstone of Europe’s carbon-neutral energy future, interconnecting national power grids and enabling the flow of electricity across borders and seas,” said Niklas Persson, Managing Director of Hitachi Energy’s Grid Integration business. “The link increases power supply reliability and security in both countries, accelerates progress toward their sustainability targets, and facilitates power trading and economic growth.”
“This is an exciting day for National Grid and an important step as we look to diversify and decarbonize the UK’s electricity supply. North Sea Link is a truly remarkable feat of engineering,” said Nicola Medalova, Managing Director for National Grid Interconnectors. “North Sea Link is a great example of two countries working together to maximize their renewable energy resources for mutual benefit.”
Hitachi Energy designed, engineered, supplied and commissioned the enabling technology for the interconnector – two HVDC Light® converter stations, one at Blyth in northeast England and the other at Kvilldal, Norway. The stations convert the alternating current power from the grid into direct current for efficient transmission in the subsea cable, then reconvert it back to alternating current for use in the receiving grid.


Operational Technology Security
Industrial Control Systems (ICS), the utility grid, and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) constitute a wide range of devices and services, including many that are in the class of critical infrastructure. The growing number of operational technology endpoints connected to the Internet increases the cyber-attack surface exponentially, introducing new vulnerabilities and attack vectors.
Unique and Scalable Solution
Invisinet Transport Access Control (TAC) is well suited to protect distributed operational technology devices and supporting cloud services. TAC operates end-to-end across network and cloud boundaries, regardless of network topology. Invisinet segments and isolates SCADA and IIoT devices blocking scanning, discovery, and access from all unidentified and unauthorized devices and systems. It closes attack vectors by allowing only authorized and authenticated inbound and outbound network sessions. Invisinet TAC operates prior to a session or connection being made, effectively rendering critical infrastructure networks and IIoT devices invisible to attackers. Low host compute requirements support integration with many different types of operational devices. Invisinet can be deployed on a device or in a network segment architecture to communicate identity on behalf of individual IoT sensors or SCADA devices. This supports both new and legacy environments, providing scalability supporting millions of devices.
Delivering strategic value to operational environments:
- Stops cyber-attacks and unauthorized visibility: Invisinet provides a new and fundamental solution to protect against advanced persistent threats and attacks by dropping unnecessary and unwanted traffic
- Regulatory compliance: Utilities and critical infrastructure operators are faced with increasing regulatory compliance requirements. NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC CIP) is a set of requirements designed to secure the assets required for operating North America’s bulk electric system. Invisinet protects those critical assets by enabling identity based access to those systems and supporting networks
- Privacy: The connection of utility systems and IoT devices significantly increases the level of information shared across various organizations. Access to sensitive information must be tightly controlled. Invisinet proactively discards unauthorized traffic from entering or leaving a network – only authenticated connections are allowed to be established


Dan Rubenstein is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University. He received a B.S. degree in mathematics from M.I.T., an M.A. in math from UCLA, and a PhD in computer science from University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His research interests are in network technologies, applications, and performance analysis. He was an editor for IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, was general chair of IFIP Performance 2017, program chair of IFIP Networking 2010 and ACM Sigmetrics 2011, and has received an NSF CAREER Award, IBM Faculty Award, the Best Student Paper award from the ACM SIGMETRICS 2000 conference, and Paper awards from the IEEE ICNP 2003 Conference, ACM CoNext 2008 Conference, and IEEE Communications 2011. He spent 2011 at Google, and in 2012 was the original Chief Scientist at Infinio, a company founded on his research at Columbia. Rubenstein is a Fellow of the IEEE.
Biography current as of June 10, 2019


At Premier Imaging, our radiologists use state-of-the-art technology to make accurate, efficient diagnoses. Our ultrasounds, X-Ray machines, and other technologies are tools we rely on daily.
In the past few decades, diagnostic technology has come a long way to helping healthcare teams and their patients detect health conditions earlier, better understand existing medical issues, and improve treatment planning and prognoses.
At Premier Imaging, we use advanced diagnostic technologies to provide our referring physicians and their patients accurate, decisive, and consistent interpretations complemented with high-resolution images on a prompt and timely basis.
With these technologies, we can look inside of your body to diagnose and monitor many different types of diseases and medical conditions, from internal injuries to tumours. The type of diagnostic test we run depends on your doctor's orders, which are based on your symptoms and the part of your body that needs to be examined.
Many imaging tests are painless, non-invasive and easy, while others are more complex and take a few minutes longer.
By leveraging state-of-the-art tools to take ultrasounds, mammography, X-Rays, and bone mineral density tests, we can share information efficiently with healthcare teams and offer precise, potentially life-saving diagnoses.
This non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique uses sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. At our Ottawa clinic, we use this technology for general, musculoskeletal, obstetrical, vascular, and 3D ultrasounds.
A specially designed X-Ray machine uses low-energy radiation to capture multiple images using a high-resolution camera. During a mammogram, the breasts are positioned between two plastic imaging plates.
With X-Ray technology, we use electromagnetic energy to see through tissue to examine fractured bones and soft tissue. X-Rays (radiographs) can help us diagnose infections, heart problems, blocked blood vessels, arthritis, and other conditions.
During a bone mineral density test, we use an enhanced form of X-Ray technology to measure bone loss. DXA (dual-energy absorptiometry) machines feature special software to convert data and display measurements of bone density on a computer monitor.
We'll collaborate with your healthcare team to create a streamlined imaging and diagnostics process. Find out how we can help.


The Elegant Monkeys
Area of Expertise: translating human emotions to binary, and rendering mental states into observable information.
Each passing day, the digital and physical are becoming intertwined. As such, we are focused on building one of the core missing elements in the frontier of technology: the bridge of emotions. Our team is looking to lead the next singularity point of the digital age by translating human emotions to binary, and rendering mental states into observable information.
Striving to connect that which is uniquely human with ingenious hi-tech, each TEM product is meant to improve the quality of life through innovative technology aimed at our emotional, mental and human needs. We use the virtual world as basis for improving the quality of life for us, the inhabitants of the real world.


Power up with robots Standroid and Dandroid in this playful board book! When two robots make one giant mess, will they figure out how to clean it up?
Standroid’s battery is full and Dandroid’s charging is complete. The two robots are fueled up and ready to play! How do robots play? They crash! crash! crash! And they squish! squish! squish! And they end up making a very big mess! Error! Will the two robots figure out how to clean it all up?
Michael Slack is an artist, illustrator, and character designer. His humorous, character-driven art has been recognized by Society of Illustrators Los Angeles, Applied Arts, Pictoplasma, Computer Arts, and SBS Digital Design. Michael’s illustrations have appeared in books, magazines, and on TV. His paintings and drawings have been exhibited in the US and Europe.


In the latest episode of AI Equation, embark on a captivating journey as Alex engages in a dynamic conversation with Bill Wong, a distinguished Principal Research Director at Info-Tech Research Group, spearheading AI and data analytics research. This riveting discussion delves into the profound impact of AI in the tech industry, unraveling key trends, potential benefits, and the challenges that companies face in the implementation of AI initiatives.
Exploring the AI Landscape: Trends and Transformative Technologies
Bill Wong, an influential thought leader in AI and analytics, brings his wealth of experience to the forefront as he and Alex explore the ever-evolving landscape of artificial intelligence. From machine learning advancements to the integration of AI in data analytics, the conversation unveils the transformative technologies shaping the future of the tech industry.
Key Trends in AI: Bill and Alex dissect the current trends in AI, providing listeners with valuable insights into the innovations driving change. From natural language processing to the rise of autonomous systems, the discussion navigates through the cutting-edge developments that are reshaping how businesses operate.
Challenges in Implementation: Implementing AI initiatives is not without its hurdles. The episode candidly addresses the challenges companies encounter, from data privacy concerns to the need for upskilling teams. Bill Wong shares practical advice on overcoming these obstacles and fostering a culture of innovation.
Securing Buy-In: Navigating the Executive Landscape
One of the highlights of the episode is the exploration of strategies to secure buy-in from top-level executives. Bill Wong draws from his extensive experience to provide actionable insights for AI enthusiasts and professionals seeking to garner support for their initiatives.
Communicating Value: Effectively communicating the value proposition of AI initiatives is crucial. Bill shares strategies for articulating the impact of AI on business outcomes, making a compelling case for executives to embrace transformative technologies.
Navigating the Dynamic Landscape: Insights for Success
As the conversation unfolds, listeners gain valuable insights into navigating the dynamic landscape of transformative technologies. From staying abreast of industry shifts to fostering a culture of continuous learning, Bill and Alex provide a roadmap for success in the fast-paced world of AI.
Continuous Learning Culture: The tech industry is synonymous with rapid evolution, and AI Equation explores the importance of fostering a continuous learning culture. Bill Wong shares strategies for individuals and organizations to stay ahead of the curve and leverage the latest advancements in AI.
Don’t Miss this Episode!
AI Equation brings you an episode of unparalleled insights and expertise. Join Alex and Bill Wong in a conversation that transcends the ordinary, offering a deep dive into the impact of AI in the tech industry. Whether you’re an AI enthusiast, a tech professional, or a business leader, this episode provides a roadmap for navigating the dynamic world of transformative technologies. Don’t miss the chance to glean insights from one of the top influential thought leaders and speakers in AI and analytics. Tune in now and unlock the secrets to success in the AI equation!


Circuit breakers are automatically operated electrical switches with on and off buttons. They are intended to safeguard an electrical circuit against damage caused by excessive electrical currents.
You must understand electricity to understand how a circuit breaker works. Electricity has three main qualities: resistance, voltage, and current.
Voltage works like pressure on the conductor to transfer the electric charge. The rate of flow is described as current. And resistance occurs when an electric current interacts with a conductor — various types of conductors give varying degrees of resistance, which is why certain materials conduct electricity better than others.
The wiring in your home should be made up of three different types of wires: a hot wire that generates heat, a neutral wire, and a ground wire. Normally, the hot and neutral wires never come into contact, and the current flows through an appliance that adds a high degree of resistance to the current in order to maintain the voltage at safe levels.
If the hot and neutral wires come into contact for some reason, the current will immediately experience significantly reduced resistance, causing voltage and current levels to rise to levels dangerously close to those of fire. When the current and voltage levels on a circuit get too high, the circuit breaker trips, cutting off power to the circuit.
Three Reasons Why Circuit Breaker Keep Tripping
1. Circuit Overloads
Circuit overload is one of the most common causes of circuit breakers tripping on a regular basis. This happens when you expect a specific circuit to have more power than it actually has. This will cause the circuit to overheat, putting all of the electrical equipment connected to the circuit at risk.
For example, if your television is connected to a circuit that requires 15 amps but is now using 20 amps, the television system’s circuit will be fried and destroyed. To avoid this from occurring, the circuit breaker trips, possibly preventing a major fire.
You can solve this problem by redistributing the electrical equipment and taking them off the same circuits. To – the electrical load on the circuit breaker, you can also switch off certain devices.
2. Short Circuits
A short circuit, which is more dangerous than an overloaded circuit, is another common cause for circuit breakers to trip. A short circuit occurs when a “hot” wire in one of your electrical outlets comes into contact with a “neutral wire.” When this occurs, a huge amount of current flows through the circuit, producing more heat than the circuit can handle. As this occurs, the breaker trips, shutting down the circuit and preventing potentially harmful incidents such as a fire.
Short circuits may occur for a variety of reasons, including defective wiring or a loose link. A short circuit can be identified by a burning odor that is normally left around the breaker. You may also spot a brown or black discoloration around it.
3. Ground Fault Surges
Surges caused by ground faults are similar to short circuits. They happen when a hot wire comes into contact with a bare copper ground wire or the side of a metal outlet box that is attached to the ground wire. This will allow more energy to flow through it, which the circuit will be unable to manage. The circuit breaker trips to protect the circuit and equipment from overheating or possible fires.
If ground fault surges occur, you may notice discoloration around your outlet. If you avoid or neglect either of these issues, you are jeopardizing the protection of your home and loved ones. If your circuit breakers are regularly tripping, it is time to call in professionals to investigate the issue. Do not attempt to solve this problem on your own.
How to Reset a Tripped Circuit Breaker
1. Locate the Circuit Breaker Box
Circuit breakers are typically found in a gray metal main service box in a utility area such as a basement, laundry room, garage, or utility closet. The main breaker box may be housed in a wall cabinet if it is located in a finished space. If your home does not have a main circuit breaker box, your electrical service is most likely older, and the circuits could be operated and secured by fuses. Fuse boxes work in the same way as breakers, but they need a different procedure to repair the circuit if a fuse “blows.”
If you’ve found the main circuit breaker box, open the metal door and aim for a bank of rows of switches. The circuit breakers in the box might be of various forms, but they all work in the same way. And they are all reset in the same way.
2. Identify the Tripped Breaker
Look for the breaker whose switch lever has been moved away from the ON position. It would most likely be the only one with a trigger that does not point in the same direction as the other breakers. Most circuit breakers have an orange or red marker window that indicates when it has tripped. If there is no indicator, look for a switch that has been fully turned off.
3. Turn Off Lights and Appliances on the Circuit
Most experts suggest that no electrical load be applied to the circuit at the time the tripped circuit is reset. This is not needed, but it is a highly recommended safety precaution. Switch off all light fixtures and appliances that are connected to the circuit.
4. Flip the Circuit Breaker Switch
To reconnect your circuit and restore control, turn the switch to the ON position. For certain circuit breaker models, this reset action can entail completely extending the breaker lever to the OFF position and then returning it to the ON position. As the breaker clicks to the ON position, you can feel resistance in the trigger, accompanied by a distinct clicking sound or sensation.
5. Test the Circuit
Switch on the circuit’s lights and appliances. If the circuit breaker trips again, it’s time to call an electrician because it means a more severe issue with the circuit.
Avoiding Tripped Breakers
A circuit breaker that trips repeatedly, or that trips immediately after being reset, indicates that something more serious is present. Circuit breakers usually trip when a circuit draws too much current for the amperage rating of the circuit breaker and the wires it feeds.
The best way to avoid this form of tripping is to reduce the electrical load on the circuit by switching appliances to outlets fed by different circuits. This is most common with appliances that have motors or heating elements, as these appliances put a relatively high electrical load on circuits.
If this is not feasible, you will need to hire an electrician to perform an electrical upgrade, which will allow you to add more circuits to your system. Large appliances, such as dishwashers, microwave ovens, and garbage disposals, should be on their own “dedicated” circuits, but in older households, two or more appliances are often fed by a single circuit.
Such circuits are more susceptible to overloading and tripped breakers, so you may want to update the system to avoid this.


The S-Series is a compact, handheld instrument that allows the user to view applications in restricted spaces. It comes in a sturdy carrying case and consists of a display unit along with its accessories. The display unit, with a 3.5” wide angle TFT LCD screen, has the capacity for viewing, storing, and reviewing photos and video images. Images can also be displayed directly onto a TV screen or stored and transferred to a PC for later reviewing. The display unit is powered by rechargeable Li-Polymer batteries; a multi-voltage charger is included.
The S-series Monitor Kit is supplied with the following items:
- S-Series Monitor P-Viewer(S): 3.5" TFT LCD screen monitor, compatible with all 5 pins GopherScope® Borescope Cables.
- USB Cable P-Cable(USB): enables connection to PC for convenient file transfer and maintenance.
- Video Cable P-Cable(TV) : connects display unit to TV
- Power Adapter P-Cable(Charger/US): enables the display unit internal batteries to be recharged.
- 2 GB SD Card 2GSD: for storage of photos and videos.
- Storage Box P-Cable(BOX): Transparent plastic box for storing USB, TV and Charger cables.
- Cleaning Kit P-Cleaning(Kit): for cleaning the monitor unit.
- Carry Case P-Case(S): Study plastic carrying case that provides protection and mobility.
- User Manual P-Manual(S): User Manual for S-Series Monitor Kit.


Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven’t been effective.This treatment for depression involves delivering repetitive magnetic pulses, so it’s called repetitive TMS or rTMS.During an rTMS session, an electromagnetic coil is placed against your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet painlessly delivers a magnetic pulse that stimulates nerve cells in the region of your brain involved in mood control and depression. It’s thought to activate regions of the brain that have decreased activity in depression.
Please make an appointment with our specialists to discuss this treatment/review.
To learn more, please click on https://www.southernhealth.nhs.uk/our-services/a-z-list-of-services/repetitive-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-rtms


At it’s most basic, Gemini is a way of transmitting up to 6 pieces of discrete information to the performer without the participant(s) knowing that they have done so. These pieces of information can be revealed on their own as an outstanding revelation, or as part of a broader performance.
Each Gemini kit contains five (5) tiny sensors and one (1) receiver that the performer has on their person, usually in a pocket. Each of the five sensors has an assigned number (1-5) and, if activated, will signal the performer which one was activated through the receiver using the same number of short vibrations. In this way the performer knows exactly what sensor was triggered at exactly the moment it is triggered.
We chose the name Gemini because the sensors can work in two different ways: either as a magnetic sensor or as a tilt activated sensor, and can be changed between these two modes with a simple switch. This way your Gemini unit provides maximum versatility, allowing you to perform very different routines with one convenient device. For a more through explanation of how these two modes work and the types of routines possible with Gemini, watch the short videos below.
- A set of 5 transmitters (5cm x 1.5cm x 0.8cm); each one is switchable between tilt-activated and magnet-activated modes
- A set of magnets
- All the necessary batteries (plus extras)
- Stand-by battery life of 24 hours
- “Quick-start” instruction booklet to get y going right away
- Access to a secret page on this website that includes:
Hours of video instruction
55 page PDF with routines and handling tips from performers all over the world including, Marc Spelman, Andrew Gerard, Matt Johnson, Colin McLeod, Wayne Rogers, Mozique, Patrick Redford, Derek Kootte and Christopher Taylor
- One year warranty for the original owner
- Matchbox-sized receiver with a range of 10 to 15 meters. Note: The Gemini receiver is compatible with Machina, OHM2, Apogee, and Eclipse


Below is a listing of commonly asked questions and answers for the Prodigy® P2 Proportional Brake Controller for Trailers with 1-4 Axles, Gray. If you can't find the
information you need here, please submit your question to us using the form in our contact page.
Select a question to view the answer.
The display shows one dot or the display shows two dots.
The left dot is the power indicator. Meaning that the P2 is powered up and ready. The right dot is the Boost indicator. This tells you that there is a level of boost set.
Display only goes up to 0.0 to 4.2 when applying brakes.
With Proportional Type digital controls the vehicle must be in motion for the control to have output. If the vehicle is sitting still with the vehicle's brake depressed or stopping very slowly the voltage displayed will be very low on the control. The is normal operation.
The P2 display shows PL.
The P2 detected a power loss on the Black wire.
- Applied brake pedal or manual lever while connecting P2 to power.
- Poor connection on Black wire, Fuse or Circuit Breaker.
- Faulty circuit breaker or Fuse.
The display shows og or OG.
The P2 detects an open ground.
- Poor or no connection to ground on the White wire of the P2
The display is blank.
The P2 will go into a Sleep Mode after approximately 15 minutes of no movement or input.
- P2 went into sleep mode.
- No power on black wire of P2.
- Bad ground on White wire of P2.
No "C" displayed with trailer connected or shows "nc" with trailer connected.
The P2 has to have a complete circuit on the Blue wire to the trailer brakes and then to ground.
- Open on brake circuit (Blue wire).
- Power back feed on brake wire (Blue wire).
- Trailer has electric over hydraulic brakes and control set for electric brakes.
- Brake circuit has incorrect resistance on electric brakes.
- Open on ground of brake circuit.
The display shows "SH".
- Short to ground on brake wire (Blue wire).
The display shows "OL".
The P2 detects excessive current on the brake wire (Blue wire).
- Short to ground on brake wire.
- Trailer has electric over hydraulic brakes and control is set to electric brake mode.
- No power on battery charge circuit (for electric over hydraulic brakes only).


A student had recently installed Autodesk Inventor Professional 2014 SP1 on his Dell Inspiron 7520, running Windows 8.1. Inventor refused to run and crashed with a more or less useless crash report.
It turns out that Dell or possibly someone else hadn’t properly installed the driver for the AMD Radeon HD graphics card. Catalyst Control Center was surely missing.
A trip to support.dell.com to download the current driver for the AMD Radeon HD graphics card was required. I ensured that Inventor always run using the high performance graphics card and that power savings are disabled regardless of the charger being used or not.
Inventor Professional 2014 SP1 now runs happy on said student’s Dell Inspiron 7520.


(Beijing) On July 15, BMW (China) Auto Trading Co., Ltd. announced that it has reached a cooperation with Beijing NavInfo Technology Co., Ltd. NavInfo will provide BMW China with high-precision map services for autonomous driving. This marks another big step forward for BMW China in the development of autonomous driving.
Mr. Gao Le, President and CEO of BMW Group Greater China, said: “High-precision maps are one of the core technologies of autonomous driving. They are irreplaceable in terms of prediction, driving strategy and safety. NavInfo is China’s A leading location service provider and a long-term business partner of BMW China. This cooperation will greatly promote the progress of BMW China in the field of autonomous driving.”
Cheng Peng, CEO of NavInfo, said: “The BMW brand with a century-old history is not only a witness to the development of the world’s automobile industry, but also a promoter of automobile industry revolutions. Now standing on the eve of the autonomous driving revolution, BMW has once again Choosing NavInfo as a peer, we have the responsibility to empower BMW with excellent and reliable products and services, and to be the pioneers leading the times together.”
BMW is one of the first automakers to develop autonomous driving technology, and has an almost paranoid pursuit of the safety and reliability of autonomous driving products. As an important part of the three major elements of autonomous driving, perception, decision-making, and execution, high-precision maps have always been BMW’s focus in the field of autonomous driving.
Compared with traditional navigation maps that are accurate to the “road level”, high-precision maps can achieve information recognition at the “lane level” and “high-precision positioning level”, and even reach centimeter-level accuracy. The location of edges and road signs can also display various obstacles such as non-motorized lanes, sidewalks, curbs, and green belts. Its function is like a nautical chart, accurately marking various information such as coastlines, ports, islands, hidden reefs, and dangerous shoals.
This large amount of accurate environmental information can help BMW self-driving cars accurately locate and understand the surrounding environment, and make optimal driving decisions at any time. In practical applications, high-precision maps can be upgraded online through OTA technology like mobile phone software, and timely update changes in road conditions, including road construction, obstacles, etc., to help cars avoid congestion and risks.
Since 2006, the BMW Group has been striving to realize safe, reliable, convenient and efficient autonomous driving technology. In the autonomous driving market in China, which has the most potential but also has an extremely complex road environment, BMW is also at the forefront. In 2016, BMW demonstrated L3 autonomous driving technology for the first time on the Chengdu Expressway. In 2018, BMW became the first international vehicle manufacturer to obtain an autonomous driving road test license in China.
There is no doubt that the cooperation with NavInfo has added another important weight to BMW’s autonomous driving research and development in the Chinese market. In 2021, the BMW iNEXT mass-produced model will be officially launched, equipped with L3 automatic driving function for the first time. In addition, the BMWiNEXT autonomous driving test fleet will begin testing L4 autonomous driving functions in pilot cities around the world in 2021. At that time, BMW’s autonomous driving products based on cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, high-precision maps, and big data analysis will shine.


What is SIP?
Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) is a communication protocol used to initiate, modify and terminate interactive user sessions. It supports multimedia communications, including voice, video, and messaging. It is widely used in VoIP implementations. It is not necessary for all VoIP implementations but is required to support some advanced features such as device mobility.
To be a little technical, SIP is an application-layer protocol that defines how the devices involved in a conversation exchange information with each other to set up and control a session.
Overall, SIP is a powerful and flexible protocol that enables a wide range of communication services and applications, including voice and video conferencing, instant messaging, and multimedia collaboration tools.
SIP is made up of two main sub-protocols, SIP Calling and SIP Trunking. They are often confused but support different SIP concepts.
SIP Calling is a specialised SIP protocol that enables communications between two or more participants. It establishes an Internet link between devices, initiates the call, including any encryption requirements, and terminates the communications session. It supports voice, data, and messaging.
To make a SIP call, users need a device that supports SIP, such as a SIP-enabled phone, softphone app, or PBX system. They also need to have a SIP account from a SIP service provider, which can provide them with a phone number, calling plan, and other features. The SIP account information is usually provided by the corporate VoIP system, or by the SIP module in a SIP-enabled PBX system.
Once the user has a SIP account and device, they can initiate a call by entering the destination phone number or SIP address. The SIP device sends a request to the SIP server to establish a connection with the destination device. If the connection is successful, the two devices can exchange voice or video data packets to complete the call.
SIP calling offers many benefits, including cost savings, greater flexibility, and advanced calling features. It also enables users to make and receive calls from anywhere with an Internet connection, which is especially useful for remote workers, travellers, or people who need to communicate across different locations.
Implementations of the SIP Calling Protocol on smart devices make the smart device a VoIP-capable device. Users connected to a corporate WiFi network can use their smart device as a VoIP handset. In large sites, such as a campus, users can be contacted on their internal extension number, and make calls wherever they are.
SIP Trunking, like SIP Calling, is used to manage Internet-based communications using the SIP protocols. The difference is that it acts as an interface between an existing internal PBX and the Internet. Organisations can use their existing phone system to make and receive calls without changing their infrastructure, but over the Internet rather than existing PSTN lines. That can be a major cost saving for organisations, particularly those that make long-distance and International calls.
To set up SIP trunking, businesses need a SIP-enabled PBX system and a SIP service provider. The provider will assign a range of phone numbers, which can be used by employees to make and receive calls over the Internet. The provider will also handle the routing of calls between the PBX system and the public switched telephone network (PSTN), which allows for calls to be made to non-SIP devices, such as traditional landline phones.
In summary, in normal operation the SIP service provider acts as a virtual phone line, allowing businesses to make and receive calls using their existing PBX system. This eliminates the need for the maintenance of the expensive hardware and infrastructure associated with traditional phone systems and can significantly reduce communication costs.
SIP trunking also offers greater flexibility and scalability than traditional phone systems, allowing businesses to easily add or remove phone lines as needed. It also provides advanced features such as call routing, caller ID, and call recording.
Overall, SIP trunking is a cost-effective and flexible solution for businesses that want to modernize their communication systems and take advantage of the benefits of VoIP technology.
SIP is a viable option for businesses seeking to reduce their communications costs, while at the same time improving service levels, and internal operational efficiencies. Whether they opt for a full-blown VoIP system incorporating SIP trunking, or a simpler VoIP-based SIP Calling implementation, depends on their individual corporate development plans.


As the digital landscape continues to evolve at a rapid pace, businesses require a partner who not only understands the present but also envisions the future. Target Mind, known for its innovative approach to software and web development, is that visionary partner. This article explores how Target Mind is crafting the future of digital solutions.
Target Mind’s Innovative Approach:
Target Mind distinguishes itself with a forward-thinking approach, constantly exploring new technologies and methodologies. Their commitment to innovation is not just about employing the latest tools but about rethinking how technology can transform businesses.
Why Innovation Matters in Software and Web Development:
In a world where technology is ubiquitous, innovation in software and web development is crucial. It allows businesses to:
Stay Ahead of Competition: By leveraging innovative solutions, businesses can gain a competitive edge.
Meet Evolving Customer Expectations: Innovative web and software solutions can better meet the dynamic needs of customers.
Optimize Operational Efficiency: Cutting-edge technology can streamline operations and increase productivity.
Target Mind's Diverse Technological Services:
Futuristic Web Development: Target Mind crafts websites that are not only visually striking but also incorporate the latest web technologies, setting new trends in web development.
Advanced Software Solutions: Whether it's integrating AI and machine learning or developing cloud-based solutions, Target Mind’s software development is at the forefront of technological innovation.
Custom E-Commerce Platforms: Understanding the need for advanced, yet user-friendly e-commerce solutions, Target Mind develops platforms that cater to both businesses and their customers.
Revolutionary Mobile Apps: With an emphasis on user experience and functionality, Target Mind’s mobile applications redefine how users interact with technology.
Impactful Success Stories:
Demonstrating Target Mind’s impact, success stories can be shared. For example, a real estate company that leveraged a custom CRM system to enhance customer engagement, or a retail business that saw growth with an innovative e-commerce website.
Why Businesses Choose Target Mind for Innovation:
Businesses turn to Target Mind for several reasons:
Expertise in Emerging Technologies: A team that is always at the cutting edge of technology.
Customized and Innovative Solutions: Tailored solutions that are not only innovative but also align with each business’s unique needs.
Focus on Quality and Future-Readiness: A commitment to delivering high-quality solutions that are built to last.
With Target Mind, businesses are not just adapting to the digital world; they are leading it. Their innovative approach to software and web development is not only about meeting current needs but about crafting the future of digital technology.


Viking as a Stand-Alone Energy Solution
The Viking wind turbines are compatible with stand-alone systems (also called off-grid systems), where the turbines deliver the energy production directly to an independent unit and are thereby not connected to the electrical grid.
A stand-alone energy solution means that the wind turbines can be placed in areas, where there is no access to an established electrical grid or at places, where the coupling to an electricity supply meter and any added subscription is economically unsustainable.
Instead of connecting to the electrical grid, the production from the wind turbines is stored directly in battery banks or the turbine runs parallel with a diesel generator. From here the electricity will be converted so the energy can be used for various electrical devices.
Furthermore, the Viking VS wind turbine can do without a battery bank and a diesel generator by adding a UPS (uninterrupted power supply) for the wind turbine. Hereby you can use the electricity directly from the wind turbine while it is being produced. The UPS is used for starting up the wind turbines after a period without any wind.
Wind turbines are hereby very valuable in sparsely populated areas and/or remote areas without electricity supply. This could e.g. be isolated settlements or refugee camps as this solution permits lighting, heating, communication with the outside world, and a lot of other necessities, which are essential to a community in the 21st century.


In any real-life project, getting the code written, compiled, and successfully linked is only the first step. The system still needs to be tested, validated, and tuned for best performance and resource consumption. A single-step debugger is frequently not helpful because it stops the system and exactly hinders seeing live interactions within the application. Clogging up high-performance code with
printf statements is usually too intrusive and simply unworkable in most embedded systems, which typically don't have adequate screens to print to. So the questions are: How can you monitor the behavior of a running real-time system without degrading the system itself? How can you discover and document elusive, intermittent bugs that are caused by subtle interactions among concurrent components? How do you design and execute repeatable unit and integration tests of your system? How do you ensure that a system runs reliably for long periods of time and achieves optimal performance?
Techniques based on software tracing can answer many of these questions. Software tracing is a method for obtaining diagnostic information in a live environment without the need to stop the application to get the system feedback. Software tracing always involves some form of a target system instrumentation to log interesting discrete events for subsequent retrieval from the system and analysis.
In a nutshell, software tracing is similar to peppering the code with
printf statements for logging and debugging, except that software tracing is much less intrusive and more selective than the primitive
printf. This quick overview introduces the basic concepts and describes some features you can expect from a commercial-grade software tracing system.
The picture above shows a typical setup for software tracing. The embedded Target system is executing instrumented code, which logs the trace data into a RAM buffer inside the Target. From that buffer the trace data is sent over a data link to a Host computer, which stores, displays, and analyzes the information. This configuration means that a software tracing always requires two components: a Target-resident component for collecting and sending the trace data, and a Host-resident component to receive, decompress, visualize, and analyze the data.
A good tracing solution is minimally intrusive, which means that it can provide visibility into the running code with minimal impact on the target system behavior. Properly implemented and used, it will let you diagnose a live system without interrupting or significantly altering the behavior of the system under investigation.
Of course, it's always possible that the overhead of software tracing, no matter how small, will have some effect on the target system behavior, which is known as the probe effect (a.k.a. the "Heisenberg effect"). To help you determine whether that is occurring, you must be able to configure the instrumentation in and out both at compile-time as well as at run-time.
To minimize the "probe effect", a good trace system performs efficient, selective logging of trace records using as little processing and memory resources of the target as possible. Selective logging means that the tracing system provides user-definable, fine granularity filters so that the target-resident component only collects events of interest—you can filter as many or as few instrumented events as you need. That way you can make the tracing as noninvasive as necessary.
To minimize the RAM usage, the target-resident trace component typically uses a circular trace buffer that is continuously updated, and new data overwrites the old when the buffer "wraps around" due to limited size or transmission rate to the host. This reflects the typically applied last-is-best policy in collecting the trace data. In order to focus on certain periods of time, software trace provides configurable software triggers that can start and stop trace collection before the new data overwrites the old data of interest in the circular buffer.
To further maximize the amount of data collected in the trace buffer, the Target-resident component typically applies some form of data compression to squeeze more trace information into the buffer and to minimize the bandwidth required to uplink the data to the Host.
However, perhaps the most important characteristic of a flexible software tracing system is the separation of trace logging (what is being traced) from the data transmission mechanism (how and when exactly the data is sent to the Host). This separation of concerns allows the transmissions to occur in the least time-critical paths of the code, such as the idle loop. Also, clients should be able to employ any data transmission mechanism available on the Target, meaning both the physical transport layer (e.g., serial port, SPI, USB, Ethernet, etc.) as well as implementation strategy (polling, interrupt, DMA, etc.). The tracing facility should tolerate and be able to detect any RAM buffer overruns due to bursts of tracing data production rate or insufficient transmission rate to the host.
Finally, the tracing facility must allow consolidating data from all parts of the system, including concurrently executing threads and interrupts. This means that the instrumentation facilities must be reentrant (i.e., both thread-safe and interrupt-safe). Also, to be able to correlate all this data, most tracing systems provide precise time-stamping of the trace records.
As mentioned in the introduction, software tracing is especially effective and powerful in combination with the event-driven active object frameworks, such as QP/C or QP/C++. A running application built of active objects is a highly structured affair where all important system interactions funnel through the active object framework and the state-machine engine. This offers a unique opportunity to instrument these relatively small parts of the overall code to gain unprecedented insight into the entire system. For example, the Q-SPY trace data is thorough enough to produce complete sequence diagrams and detailed state machine activity for all state machines in the system. You can selectively monitor all event exchanges, event queues, event pools, and time events because all these elements are controlled by the framework. Additionally, if you use one of the kernels built into QP (the cooperative QV kernel or the preemptive QK kernel), you can obtain all the data available to a traditional RTOS as well, such as context switches and mutex activity.
Q-Spy is a software tracing system that enables a live monitoring of event-driven QP applications with minimal target system resources and without stopping or significantly slowing down the code. The Quantum Spy system consists of the target-resident component, called QS, and the host-resident component running on a host workstation, called QSPY.
The target-resident component of the Q-Spy tracing system is called QS. The QS target component consists of the QS ring buffer, the QS filters, as well as the instrumentation added to QEP, QF, QK/QV, and the application, as shown in figure below. Additionally, starting from QP 5.5.0, the QS target component contains the receive-channel (QS-RX), which can receive data from the QSPY host component.
The main difference between the Q-SPY tracing system and peppering the code with
printf statements is where the data formatting and sending is done. When you use
printfs, the data formatting and sending occur in the time-critical paths through the Target code. In contrast, the QS Target-resident component inserts unformatted binary data into the QS ring buffer, so all the time-consuming formatting is removed from the Target system and is done after the fact in the Host. Additionally, in QS, data logging and sending to the Host are separated so that the target system can typically perform the transmission outside of the time-critical path, for example in the idle processing of the target CPU.
A nice byproduct of removing the data formatting from the Target is a natural data compression. For example, formatted output of a single byte takes two hexadecimal digits(and 3 decimal digits), so avoiding the formatting gives at least a factor of two in data density. On top of this natural compression, QS uses such techniques as data dictionaries, and compressed format information, which in practice result in compression factor of 4-5 compared to the expanded human-readable format.
Most QS trace records produced by the Target are time-stamped with high-resolution. QS provides an efficient API for obtaining platform-specific timestamp information. Given the right timer-counter resource in you Target system, you can provide QS with as precise timestamp information as required. The size of the timestamp is configurable to be 1, 2, or 4 bytes.
Obviously, QS cannot eliminate completely the overhead of software tracing. But with the fine-granularity filters available in QS, you can make this impact as small as necessary. For greatest flexibility, QS uses two complementary levels of filters: Global Filters and Local Filters described below. Combination of such two complementary filtering criteria results in very selective tracing capabilities.
The Global Filters are based on trace record type. This filter allows you to disable or enable each individual trace record type, such as entry to a state, exit from a state, state transition, event posting, event publishing, time event expiration, and over 60 other standard and application-specific event types (see QSpyRecords). This level works globally for all state machines and event publications in the entire system.
The Local Filters are component-specific. You can setup a filter to trace only a specific state machine object, only a specific active object, only a specific time event, etc. The following table summarizes the specific objects you can filter on:
|Example||Applies to QS Records|
One of the greatest strengths of the Q-SPY tracing system is the data transmission protocol. The Q-SPY protocol is very lightweight, but has many the elements of the High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol defined by the International Standards Organization (ISO). The protocol has provisions for detecting transmission errors and allows for instantaneous re-synchronization after any error, such as data dropouts due to RAM buffer overruns.
The Q-SPY protocol has been specifically designed to simplify the data management overhead in the target, yet to allow detection of any data dropouts due to the trace buffer overruns. The protocol has not only provisions for detecting gaps in the data and other errors, but allows for instantaneous re-synchronization after any error to minimize data loss.
The QS protocol transmits each trace record in an HDLC-like frame. The upper part of the figure above shows the serial data stream transmitted from the target containing frames of different lengths. The bottom part of the figure above shows the details of a single frame:
01111110binary string (
0x7Ehexadecimal). Please note that the Q-SPY protocol uses only one HDLC Flag at the end of each frame an no HDLC Flag at the beginning of a frame. In other words, only one Flag is inserted between frames.
The QS target component performs the HDLC-like framing described above at the time the bytes are inserted into the circular trace buffer. This means that the data in the buffer is already cleanly divided into frames and can be transmitted in any chunks, typically not aligned with the frame boundaries.
One of the most important characteristics of HDLC-type protocols is establishing very easily identifiable frames in the serial data stream. Any receiver of such a protocol can instantaneously synchronize to the frame boundary by simply finding the Flag byte. This is because the special Flag byte can never occur within the content of a frame. To avoid confusing unintentional Flag bytes that can naturally occur in the data stream with an intentionally sent Flag, HDLC uses a technique known as transparency (a.k.a. byte-stuffing or escaping) to make the Flag bytes transparent during the transmission. Whenever the transmitter encounters a Flag byte in the data, it inserts a two-byte escape sequence to the output stream. The first byte is the Escape byte, defined as binary
0x7D). The second byte is the original byte XOR-ed with
Of course, now the Escape byte itself must also be transparent to avoid interpreting an unintentional Escape byte as the two-byte escape sequence. The procedure of escaping the Escape byte is identical to that of escaping the Flag byte.
The transparency of the Flag and Escape bytes complicates slightly the computation of the Checksum. The transmitter computes the Checksum over the Fame Sequence Number, the Record ID, and all Data bytes before performing any “byte-stuffing”. The receiver must apply the exact reversed procedure of performing the “byte-un-stuffing” before computing the Checksum.
An example may make this clearer. Suppose that the following trace record needs to be inserted to the trace buffer (the transparent bytes are shown in bold):
Record ID = 0x7D, Record Data = 0x7D 0x08 0x01
Assuming that the current Fame Sequence Number is, say
0x7E, the Checksum will be computed over the following bytes:
Checksum == (uint8_t)(~(0x7E + 0x7D + 0x7D + 0x08 + 0x01)) == 0x7E
and the actual frame inserted into the QS trace buffer will be as follows:
0x7D 0x5E 0x7D 0x5D 0x7D 0x5D 0x08 0x01 0x7D 0x5E 0x7E
Obviously, this is a degenerated example, where the Frame Sequence Number, the Record ID, a Data byte, and the Checksum itself turned out to be the transparent bytes. Typical overhead of transparency with real trace data is one escape sequence per several trace records.
In addition to the HDLC-like framing, the QS transmission protocol specifies the endianness of the data to be little-endian. All multi-byte data elements, such as 16-, 32-, or 64-bit integers, pointers, and floating point numbers are inserted into the QS trace buffer in the little-endian byte order (least-significant byte first). The QS data inserting macros place the data in the trace buffer in a platform-neutral manner, meaning that the data is inserted into the buffer in the little-endian order regardless of the endianness of the CPU. Also, the data-inserting macros copy the data to the buffer one byte at a time, thus avoiding any potential data misalignment problems. Many embedded CPUs, such as ARM, require certain alignment of 16-, 32-, or 64-bit quantities.
The QS Trace Buffers (transmit QS buffer and receive QS-RX buffer) store only complete HDLC frames, which is the pivotal point in the design of the QS target component and has two important consequences.
First, the use of HDLC frames in the buffers enables the last is best tracing policy. The QS transmission protocol maintains both the Frame Sequence Number and the Checksum over each trace record, which means that any data corruption caused by overrunning the old data with the new data can be always reliably detected. Therefore, the new trace data is simply inserted into the circular trace buffers, regardless if it perhaps overwrites the old data that hasn't been sent out yet, or is in the process of being sent. The burden of detection any data corruption is placed on the QSPY host component. When you start missing the frames (which the host component easily detects by discontinuities in the Frame Sequence Number), you have several options. Your can apply some additional filtering, increase the size of the buffer, or improve the data transfer throughput.
Second, the use of HDLC-formatted data in the trace buffers allows decoupling the data insertion into the trace buffers from the data removal out of the trace buffers. You can simply remove the data in whichever chunks you like, without any consideration for frame boundaries. You can employ just about any available physical data link available on the target for transferring the trace data from the target to the host.
Next: QSPY Host Application


On 29 August 2016 , sixteen KYS students participated in the Arduino Workshop organized by UTeM. The workshop was taught by 4 engineering students from UTeM. The workshop started at 3pm with an opening speech. Students paired up and were given a set of Arduino components worth RM400+. There were a total of 6 projects guided by the students of UTeM. Arduino only works when it receives the code from the computer or laptop and the Arduino board connecting to the LED using sensors. The students from UTeM taught us a lot about both the software and the hardware components. The main purpose of this workshop is to encourage students to participate in the state level competition in October 2016 and to help students improve their critical thinking skills. This workshop was held from 3pm to 6pm and ended with a group photo with the engineering students from UTeM.
Powered by themekiller.com


Durable, versatile, and easy to use, Streamlight’s Bandit Headlamp emits a bright, diffused white light that provides effective illumination for up-close tasks.
The lightweight, low-profile Bandit Headlamp features a Chip on Board (COB) LED, which produces bright, even, diffused light that’s ideal for illuminating up-close tasks in your personal or work area. The multifunction push-button switch allows you to easily and efficiently sequence through the headlamp’s three lighting modes: high, low, and emergency flash.
The Bandit’s polycarbonate body is IPX4 water resistant and impact resistant up to 2 meters. The adjustable elastic headband securely and comfortably fits on your forehead, while the snap-in visor clip enables you to attach the headlamp to the brim of a baseball cap. The headlamp runs on one 450 mAh lithium polymer cell, which can be fully recharged in approximately 2.5 hours using the USB cord.
Streamlight’s Bandit Headlamp is ideal for use in hardware/tool, industrial, automotive, sporting goods, law enforcement, fire and rescue, and other consumer applications.
- White, White & Green or White & Red Chip on Board (COB) LED produces bright, even, diffused light that has less shadows than spot beams, making it ideal for use in up-close tasks
- Multifunction push-button switch allows you to easily and efficiently sequence through the headlamp’s three lighting modes
- Polycarbonate body is IPX4 water resistant and impact resistant up to 2 meters
- Adjustable elastic headband securely and comfortably fits on your forehead
- Snap-in visor clip enables you to attach the lamp to the brim of a baseball cap or to add additional downward adjustability when wearing the adjustable elastic headband
- Headlamp runs on one 450 mAh lithium polymer cell
- 5” | 12.7 cm USB cord can fully charge the light in approximately 2.5 hours when plugged into a power source
- Bandit headlamp works well for hardware/tool, industrial, automotive, sporting goods, law enforcement, fire and rescue, and other consumer applications
- Case Material: Impact resistant polycarbonate body
- Dimensions: 2.7 in x 0.75” x 1.13” | 6.85 cm x 1.9 cm x 2.87 cm
- 1.3 oz. | 36.8 g with headband attached
- 1.4 oz. | 39.7 g with hat clip adaptor attached
- Lens: Impact resistant polycarbonate lens
- Light Source: Chip on Board (COB) LED, impervious to shock with a 50,000 hour lifetime
- Light Source:
- WHITE: High = 180 Lumens, Low = 35 Lumens
- GREEN: High = 135 Lumens, Low = 25 Lumens
- RED: High = 45 Lumens, Low = 10 Lumens
- ON/OFF: Press the on/off button, for constant on operation. (Low, High, and Off.)
- Switching modes: Pushing the button within 1.5 seconds of the last button push will change the light mode. You may sequence through both light levels, and then to off.
- Access Flash mode (white COB only models) – Press and hold the button for 3 seconds. The light will change to flash mode. To go back to low/high mode, repeat 3 second button push.
- Access Red or Green color mode on models with dual color COB - Press and hold the button for 3 seconds. Release the button once the color changes. To go back to White COB, repeat 3 second button push.
- Run Time:
- White COB - High 2 hrs. Low 9.5 hrs.
- Green COB – High 3 hrs. Low 13.5 hrs.
- Red COB – High 2.5 hrs. Low 10 hrs.
- Battery: Non-replaceable 450 mAh Lithium Polymer cell; sealed inside unit for service free operation.
- Charging: Charge time is approximately 2.5 hours depending on USB charge source. The Red LED lights in the on/off button to show the battery is charging. A Green LED indicates the battery is charged.
- COB LED technology for extreme brightness
- IPX4 Weather resistant
- 2 meter impact resistance tested
- Meets applicable European Community Directives.
- CEC Compliant