Atoms make liaisons because they get more stability. A proof is that to break a liaison, we need to give energy to the molecule.
Atoms in a molecule are at a given distance, and oscillate slightly from this position depending on the energy they receive.
The atoms cannot oscillate at any frequency. There are authorized levels of energy at which the atom can be placed.
Even at n=0, the fundamental state, the atoms oscillates at a given frequency.
It is difficult to approach more the atoms from each other but it also requires energy to pull them away. The dissociation energy is the energy required to separate two atoms by an “infinite” distance.
To form a liaison, the clouds of electrons around the nuclei concentrate between the two nuclei to shield their charge and decrease the repulsion between them. The repartition of electrons differs depending on the type of liaison. New orbitals, molecular orbitals are formed from the atomic orbitals to bind two atoms.
Only the last layer of electrons, the electrons of valence, is taken in account for the molecular orbitals: the inner layers are too distant to interact.
4 types of liaisons exist: covalent, ionic, metallic and coordinative liaisons (or hydrogen bridges). We will develop the two first types of liaison here
Such a liaison is made between atoms of same electronegativity (or almost). Each atom put one electron in common to make a covalent liaison. The electrons in the liaison are shared equally along the liaison.
Such a liaison is made between atoms of different electronegativity. In an ionic liaison, the electrons are not shared equally. One atom is the donor of electrons and the other is the acceptor of electrons. The acceptor is more electronegative than the donor.
As the electrons are not equally shared, a gradient of charge exists along the liaison. We say that there is a dipolar moment.
H and F have different electronegativities (2.1 and 4 respectively). Most of the electrons of the liaison are thus closer to the atom of fluorine than to the atom of hydrogen.
The dipolar moment μ of this liaison can be defined as
By definition, the dipolar moment goes from the positive charge to the negative one. If the charges were completely separated, this moment should be
D stands for Debye and equals 3.336Cm.
The value obtained experimentally is 1.83D. It means that the hydrogen does not totally give its electron to the fluorine. The ionic character of a liaison is given by
And if this value is over 50%, we consider that the liaison is an ionic liaison.
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity but has not a polarity large enough to have an ionic bond with the hydrogen (only 41.6%). The reason is that both H and F have a very small radius and that the liaison’s length is thus small and the liaison is strong. It is the reason why HF is a weak acid while the other acids of halogen are strong acids: the negative charge is more stabilised on Cl–, Br– and I– than on F–.
Note that a molecule that has polar bonds is not automatically polar CH4 is nonpolar. The polyfluorocarbon (CF2)n is nonpolar as well.
Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents and nonpolar molecules are soluble in nonpolar solvents. In polar solvents, the acceptor and the donnor of electrons dissociate because the charges of the ions are stabilised by the solvent molecules (the solvation has been explained in the section on the nucleophile substitutions). For instance, when we put some NaCl into water, the salt dissociates into the ions Na+ and Cl–. If this salt is put in a nonpolar solvent, NaCl remains as one molecule.
On jackets, nonpolar molecules are grafted so that rain does not penetrate the jacket but can only roll on it. On a nonpolar surface, water does not spread but restricts its surface at the maximum, forming a sphere.
Rule of the octet and formal charge
Through bonding, atoms try to have 8 electrons of valence, the electronic configuration of noble gases. For example CaCl is not a correct molecule. Ca has 2 electrons of valence and Cl has 7. To bind, Ca gives one electron to Cl. Cl reaches the octet but Ca has still one electron of valence to lose. The correct formula is CaCl2: Ca gives one electron to two Cl to reach the electronic structure of the noble gas Argon.
In CO2, the liaisons are covalent and the electrons are shared between C and O. CO2 could possibly have two structures:
One can see that the oxygen’s of the molecule of the left are not equivalent. In a molecule, the electronic distribution has to be the most homogeneous possible. Each atom has a formal charge (FC)
Let’s check the FC of each atom:
In the molecule of the right, atoms don’t have formal charges and this molecule is thus more stable than the molecule of the left, where charges are separated. In fact, the first molecule is a resonance form (i.e. a structure with the same composition but a different electronic repartition), but less stable, of the second molecule:
The rule of the octet works very well for the three first lines of the Mendeleev table. After that, some empty nd orbitals can be used to bind atoms. For example S can bind 6 atoms of fluor (SF6).
Now, is that molecule really linear, as we draw it? To determine the spatial structure of a molecule, we have to consider the atomic orbitals of each atom and the fact that liaisons are repulsive between each other (they are densely negatively charged). CO2 is thus linear, having an angle of 180° between the two double liaisons to reduce the repulsion between them. CH4 is a regular tetrahedral, having an angle of 109° between each liaison:
The black triangle is a liaison going in the direction of the reader and the dashes represent a liaison goind in the opposite direction.
The lone pairs also take space in a molecule. In fact, they take more space than a normal liaison: the electrons are piled up near the atom. As a result, H2O is not linear but is a tetrahedral. Yet, it is not a regular tetrahedron as the angle between the lone pairs (>109°) is greater than the distance between the liaisons (<109°). NH3 is tetrahedral as well but has the specific particularity that it quickly oscillates between two equivalent forms:
We have seen earlier the forms of atomic orbitals (AO) and none of them was tetrahedral. The atomic orbitals mix together to form new molecular orbitals (MO) that are used to bind with other atoms. It is the hybridisation process.
One of the molecular orbitals is outlined in red for convenience. These hybrid orbitals are the result of the hybridisation of the atomic orbitals s and p. The orbitals ns and np have different energies and merge into molecular orbitals sp of equal energies. Only the last layer of orbitals (with exceptions) merge to form a new set of orbitals. The inner orbitals are not modified as shown for NH3 next:
N has 5 electrons of valence: 2 in 2s and 3 in 2p. They merge into 4 sp3 orbitals of equal energy. The exponent 3 on the p indicates that 3 orbitals p were merged with one (not indicated as an exponent) orbital s. As usual, the electrons are placed on all the orbitals before being paired. One orbital contains 2 paired electrons already: it is the lone pair. The three other sp3 orbitals contains 1 electron each. The hydrogen will bring one additional electron on those orbitals to bind and form NH3.
We can do the same for H2O:
The oxygen has one more electron than the nitrogen. It results in a second lone pair and only 2 hydrogen’s binding to O.
For SF6, two empty 3d orbitals are used.
Four of the six liaisons are in the same plane and the two others are on each side of this plane. SF6 has thus a octahedral structure.
Bonding and antibonding orbitals
When two atoms are approaching each other, their outermost atomic orbitals interact to form molecular orbitals. We have seen earlier bonding orbitals but it is not the only possible combination of orbitals that can take place. The combination can either be positive or negative.
Li2 combines the 2s orbitals of each atom. The positive and negative combinations of the wave functions give
If we put this to the square, we obtain the probability of presence of the electrons. In the case of the negative combination, one can see that between the atoms, there is a point where the probability of finding electrons in null. It leads to an antibonding orbital. In the case of the positive combination, the probability of finding electrons between the atoms is high everywhere. It leads to a bonding orbital. Bonding orbitals are stable and lead to a persistent liaison. Antibonding orbitals are unstable and liaisons are not made. We denote those orbitals with a *. The molecular orbitals resulting from ns orbitals are called sigma σ:
The same kind of bonding and antibonding orbitals exist for the np, nd and nf orbitals. The np orbitals in the direction of the liaison form a sigma orbital and the other np orbitals are responsible for the double and triple liaisons and are called liaisons pi.
The molecular orbitals have different energies and we will now explain how to determine which orbitals are used and which ones are not.
The atomic orbitals of the two atoms are placed on the left and on the right. On the middle, we place the molecular orbitals that result from the atomic orbitals.
Each orbital gives one bonding and one antibonding molecular orbital. The molecular orbitals are placed from bottom to top, going from the less energetic to the most energetic orbital. For Z<8, the MO π2p and σ2p are inverted: the MO σ*1s and σ2s are repulsing each other. To determine the energy of a molecular orbital, we use the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method. This method will not be explained right now, but probably in the second or third year lessons. Yet, as it is a linear combination, the average energy of the molecular orbital obtained from atomic orbitals equals the average energy of those atomic orbitals. For example, the energy of the molecular orbitals σ2s+ σ*2s equals the energy of the atomic orbitals 2s+2s. It is also the case when the atomic orbitals don’t have the same energy.
The second step is to distribute the electrons on the MO. The electrons are distributed from bottom to top and each molecular orbital accepts 2 paired electrons.
The effect of building those molecular orbitals is that the energy of the electrons has been decreased: only 2 electrons have a higher energy than the 2p orbitals but 6 have a smaller one (not counting the electrons from the 2s orbitals). The order of the liaison gives a good idea of the strength of the liaison and is given by:
The order tells us that the liaison between two oxygen’s is a double liaison. When the order of liaison is great, it means that the liaison is energetic and short.
Magnetism is the reaction of a particle to a magnetic field. As a reaction to a magnetic field, a particle orientates against the magnetic field or in its direction. This behaviour depends mainly on the electronic structure of the particle and on the temperature.
Diamagnetism is the opposition of any particle to a magnetic field. It appears in all materials but is very weak with regards to other magnetic behaviours. As a result, it is only observable in purely diamagnetic materials. To be so, a diamagnetic material has all its electrons paired. The opposite spins of paired electrons cancel the intrinsic electron magnetic moment: electrons are charged species revolving in one direction (spin) around the nucleus and can interact with an external magnetic field.
Unpaired electrons line up with a magnetic field and orientate particles in the same direction that the magnetic field. However, when the external field is removed, the particles do not retain the magnetic properties.
It is the strongest reaction to a magnetic field and is the property of magnets. As for paramagnetism, unpaired electrons line up with a magnetic field but an additional effect exists for ferromagnetic particles: the aligned, adjacent particles exhibit a magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. Under certain conditions, the orbitals of their unpaired electrons can overlap. As a result, a similar effect than the exclusion of Pauli applies: it reduces the electrostatic energy of the electrons when their spins are parallel and not anti-parallel. The difference of energy between the parallel state and the anti-parallel state is called the exchange energy and defines the strength of the ferromagnetism of a particle.
The colour of compounds comes directly from the difference of energy between the highest occupied molecular orbital (=HOMO) and the one above it (=LUMO, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital). The molecule absorbs light to excite one electron. To jump by one level, the photon must have the same energy that the difference of energy between the levels. It means that only the light of a given colour is absorbed. Because this colour is absorbed, we don’t see it but see the colours that are not absorbed by the molecule.
Fluorescence is the light emitted when an excited electron de-excites to an intermediate level instead of its fundamental level. The emitted colour is thus different than the one absorbed and the process is very slow.
In a metal, all the atoms are bound together. The molecular orbitals merge into a continuum band of conduction. As a result, the electrons are shared by all the atoms in the metal and electons can move along the metal. It is why metals conduct electricity.
Coordinative liaisons are liaisons made when an atom wearing one (or more) lone pair of electrons uses one pair to bind a cation.
The two electrons of a coordinative liaisons come both from one atom. The geometry of the molecule does not change when a coordinative liaison is made and the liaison has to be at the initial position of the lone pair.
In hydrogen bonds, the cation is a proton. These liaisons are weaker than a normal covalent liaison but can have an important role in the structure of a compound.
For example, the difference between ice and water is the proportion and the arrangement of the hydrogen bonds. Indeed, the hydrogen bonds are working in synergy to strengthen the structure. There is a restriction for the angle between the hydrogen bond and the other liaison of the hydrogen, which depends on the compound. The presence and absence of hydrogen bonds have a big responsability in the structure, and thus the effectiveness, of proteins.
The cation can also be a metal of transition. In this case, the bonding molecule is called a ligand. The ligand will target the empty nd orbitals of the metal. The geometry of the resulting compound is tetrahedral or octahedral depending on the generated molecular orbitals.
The atomic orbitals nd splits into two levels of different energy. The lower energy orbitals are dxy, dxz and dyz for the octahedral structure and the orbitals dx2-y2 and dz2 have a higher energy.
It is the opposite for the tetrahedral structures.
The chemistry of coordination is a complex domain of the chemistry and it will be discussed in details in the courses of second year.
1. What is the formal charge of the atoms with a *?
2. Which of those diatomic molecules are paramagnetic and what is their order of liaison? O2, N2, C2, F2, B2
3. What is the spatial structure of these molecules?
CO2, NO2, H20, CH3+, C2H6, BF3, C2H2, HCN
4. Explain why SiF4 is nonpolar while the liaison Si-F is polar.
5. Do these molecules have a dipolar moment? CCl4, HCl, F2, CO2, H2O, (C2ClH3)n
6. Why is the angle of liaison in SCl2 equal to 101°?
7. What is the hybridisation of the underlined atoms in these molecules? What is the spatial geometry around them?
H2O, XeF4, PCl5
Butyric acid: FCO*=6-4-4/2=0
Potassium permanganate: FCMn*=7-0-14/2=0
Chlorous acid: FCCl*=7-4-6/2=0
Thionyl chloride: FCS*=6-2-8/2=0
2. Let’s focus on O2 and then extend the reasoning to the other species. Each oxygen atom has 6 electrons of valence. To determine if a molecule is paramagnetic, we need to know if there are unpaired electrons. To do so, we apply the LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals).
There are 2 unpaired electrons in the π*2p orbital. O2 is thus paramagnetic. The order of the liaison is given by
For the other species, we can do the same thing. Nitrogen has one valence electron less than the oxygen. The π*2p orbitals are thus unoccupied and N2 is not paramagnetic. The order is (8-2)/2=3.
C2: paramagnetic, order: 2
B2: not paramagnetic, order: 1
F2: not paramagnetic, order: 1
3. CO2: linear
4. The dipolar moments of the liaisons cancel each other.
5. CCl4: No
6. The S atom has 6 valence electrons, as the oxygen does. It means that S has a sp3 configuration with 2 liaisons and 2 lone pairs. The normal angle between liaisons for the sp3 configuration is 109.5° and there is a smaller angle in SCl2 because lone pairs take more space than liaisons because electrons are packed nearby the atom.
7. H2O: sp3


Field Directed Sputter Sharpening (FDSS)
A proprietary process developed by Tiptek co-founders, FDSS sharpens the probe tip to atomic dimensions in a self-limiting fashion that does not require skilled operator intervention. The resulting probe tips give high resolution over long periods of use.
An animation of the FDSS process. An electrical bias on the probe creates a field (shown in blue) at the tip apex. Energetic ions directed towards the tip are deflected by the field, which grows stronger as the tip gets sharper. This ion milling process results in an atomically sharp tip.
Today this innovation has led to in-house, U.S.-based manufacturing operations delivering solutions for four areas:
- Scanning probe microscopy
- Transfer of lamella formed by focused ion beams (FIB)
- Scanning electron microscope-based nano-probers used in semiconductor failure analysis, and
- Leading edge research in atomically precise manufacturing (APM)
Atomically Precise Manufacturing
Tiptek is at the forefront of APM research and looks to the future where atomic scale features will be manufactured deterministically. Namely, each atom will be placed in a predetermined position creating atomic structures without flaws. These methods will be applicable to making any nanoscale device or object, such as microelectronics or devices for quantum computing.


N-Bond UV Ink Jet primer
> Adhesion promotion with nanotechnology - N-Bond from Nanovations.
Nanovations has developed a new adhesion promotion technology for ink-jet UV printing on glass and ceramics. The use of N-Bond for the adhesion promotion of organic inks to glass and ceramic is a real improvement for the flatbed inkjet printing of UV cured inks.
Nanovations N-Bond adhesion promotion technology is significant thinner than traditional primer systems. The result is a fast curing, invisible and extremely cost effective adhesion promotion technology. N-Bond is very fast curing and can be printed on within 10 minutes after the application.


|10.8 × 6.2 × 2.3 cm
NeuroTrac TENS Machine
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive comfort measure for use during labour (best used from early labour and increasing intensity as labour advances). It has no side effects for the labouring parent or their baby.
The TENS unit is a compact, lightweight, battery-powered device with two pairs of self-adhesive electrode pads that are placed on the skin close to the spine. The TENS device is simple and easy to use with large buttons, a clear bright backlight LCD that allows the display to be read more easily in low light or dark conditions, and a remote booster switch.
The stimulation intensity is adjusted until a mild tingling sensation is felt. The NeuroTrac™ Obstetric TENS unit has a hand-held push button control to change the stimulation mode from LOW frequency burst to HIGH frequency stimulation. The low frequency is used during rest periods (between contractions). As soon as labour contraction is felt strongly the mode is changed to high frequency stimulation, once the contractions have subsided the mode is reverted back to low frequency burst mode stimulation.
Rental fee includes R100 refundable breakages deposit.
Rental duration: 4 weeks.
Shipping calculated during checkout is inclusive of return courier fees. Shakti Births will book the return courier within 3 days of your baby’s birth.
- Neurotrac Obstetric TENS Unit
- Pack of 4 electrodes (yours to keep)
- Remote boost switch
- 2 x leads
- User manual
- Carry bag
Out of stock


Lucas Wiring Colours
Lucas Cable Colours, Sizes and Identification
In the 1950`s the widely used Lucas electrical system layout of wiring cables were standardised for all British made home and export vehicles, this included both cars and commercial vehicles. We hope the information given below will prove useful to the vehicle restorer, (or indeed someone simply trying to trace a fault) to simplify the identification and selection of cables on British manufactured vehicles.
All cables used are of the multiple strand type, this provides flexibility and a much reduced risk of breakage. Each cable is given an identifying symbol which shows the number of individual wires or strands, and the total number of these strands. Therefore a cable conductor comprising 28 strands of copper wire, each a thickness of ·012 inch diameter, or 30 S.W.G is denoted by 28/·012.
The safe current carrying capacities of the 44/·012, 28/·012 and 14/·012 cables are, respectively, 22, 14 and 7 amperes. Note: For long cables giving a definite voltage drop owing to the increased electrical resistance, it is often necessary to use a size larger cable than given above.
The principal of the Lucas colour cable system is that of the feed cable, switch cable and return (earth). Feed cables have outer braiding of one colour only, but all switch cables have the main colour of the feed cable together with a tracer (coloured) woven spirally into the braiding, while return or earth cables are black. When components are switched or controlled on the earthed side, that is, with the switch wire on the return side instead of the feed side, this is indicated by the use of a black tracer.
There are seven main colours, Brown, Yellow, White, Green, Blue, Red and Black, the following are the circuits in which these colours are used:
Brown Cables - For the Battery Circuit. From the battery or starter motor switch to the ammeter or control box, also to a radio set if fitted, from the control (regulator) box terminal A1. Also from the starter motor switch to the electric clock, inspection sockets and battery auxiliary fuse. This usually feeds the electric horn, cigarette lighter, interior lights etc.
Yellow Cables - For the Generator (Dynamo) circuit. From the dynamo terminal D to the corresponding control box terminal and the ignition warning lamp.
White Cables - These are used for the ignition circuit.and other circuits used only whilst the ignition is switched on, but do not require to have fuses, for example, the electric petrol pump, starter motor, solenoid switch etc.
Green Cables - All Auxiliary Circuits which are fed through the ignition system switch but are protected by the ignition auxiliaries fuse, for example, the brake stop lamps, fuel guage, direction indicators, windscreen wipers etc.
Blue Cables - Headlamp Circuits. These are fed from the terminal S2 (or H) on the lighting control switch.
Red Cables - The Side and Tail Lamp Circuits. These are fed from the terminal S1 (or T) on the lighting control switch. Other lamps which are included in this circuit are panel lamps, fog lights and other lamps which are required only when the side (parking) lamps are in use.
Black Cables - Used for the Earth Circuits. Should an electrical component not be earthed internally to the chassis frame a black cable is taken to a good earthing point on the chassis.
© Dugdalevms 2011


The healthcare industry is bound by both patient trust and government regulation to uphold the highest standards of data security and patient privacy. Grind Analytics knows the requirements and builds custom solutions that meet and surpass industry standards, including ISO 27001, 27019, CSA Gold, HIPAA, and HITRUST, as well as international privacy standards like the GDPR. With Grind Analytics, you can be sure that your data is safe, secure, and available when and where you need it.
Cloud-based solutions provide for increased efficiency and patient care. With doctors and other medical personnel constantly on the move from patient to patient, decentralizing data input and analysis so that providers can access all the systems in any location and on any device will improve efficiency and streamline operations. By centralizing your data systems on a cloud-based platform, then decentralizing access to that data across both desktop and mobile devices, your organization will benefit from improved management of patient care, which benefits both your patients and your bottom line.
In the healthcare industry especially, achieving interoperability of data between multiple sources is vital. This includes connecting data across multiple platforms and software packages, as well as devices. The healthcare industry is increasingly utilizing mobile devices to improve patient care and efficiency, and a custom cloud-based solution built by Grind Analytics ensures that your data is available and interoperable across multiple locations and devices, with the highest levels of uptime
and data security.
By increasing interoperability and data analysis, your healthcare team can access and learn from your data, which will empower them to take intelligent action to drive clinical and operational efficiency. With enhanced data analytics powered by artificial intelligence and machine learning, your team will be equipped to provide breakthrough healthcare.


Makita XMU04Z 18V LXT® Lithium‑Ion Cordless Grass Shear, Tool Only
The 18V LXT® Lithium-Ion Cordless Grass Shear (model XMU04Z, tool only, batteries and charger sold separately) is a compact and cordless solution for grass trimming and cutting. The XMU04Z has dual blade action and a wide 6-5/16” cutting width, and delivers faster blade speed (2,500 strokes per minute/SPM) than the previous model. When using a fast-charging 18V LXT® 5.0Ah battery (sold separately), users will get up to 200 minutes of run time on a single charge. It has 3-stage adjustment so the cutting height can be matched to the application. Additional features include a rubberized soft grip handle, “tool-less” blade changing, non-electrolyzed nickel plated blades to resist staining and rusting, and a compact size at only 4.1 lbs. (with battery, sold separately).
It’s part of Makita’s expanding 18V Lithium-Ion system, the world’s largest cordless tool system powered by 18V Lithium-Ion slide-style batteries. Makita 18V Lithium-Ion batteries have the fastest charge times in their categories, so they spend more time working and less time sitting on the charger.
For improved tool performance and extended battery life, Makita created Star Protection Computer Controls™. Star Protection is communication technology that allows the Star Protection-equipped tool and battery to exchange data in real time and monitor conditions during use to protect against overloading, over-discharging and overheating. For increased versatility, the tool can also be powered by Makita 18V LXT® and Compact Lithium-Ion batteries with the star symbol on the battery indicating Star Protection inside.
- Makita-built motor delivers 2,500 SPM for efficient cutting
- Over 3 hours of run time with 5.0Ah battery BL1850B (battery not included)
- 6-5/16″ cutting width for optimum performance
- Dual blade action cuts with a shearing effect for improved results
- Easy to operate 3 stage cutting height adjustment (9/16″, 3/4″, 1″)
- “Tool-less” blade changing system for increased convenience
- Battery capacity warning system turns on indicator light and automatically stops motor to notify user when it is time to recharge the battery
- Non-electrolyzed nickel plated blades engineered to resist staining and rusting
- Left and right lock-off button for user convenience
- Ergonomic rubberized soft grip engineered to absorb vibration for more comfortable operation
- Compact and ergonomic design at 13-7/8” long
- Weighs only 4.1 lbs. with battery for reduced user fatigue (battery not included)
- Optional 8″ Hedge Trimmer Assembly (198408-1) converts Grass Shear to a Hedge Trimmer
- Equipped with Star Protection Computer Controls™ to protect against overloading, over-discharging and over-heating
- Rapid Optimum Charger communicates with the battery’s built-in chip throughout the charging process to optimize battery life by actively controlling current, voltage and temperature (battery and charger sold separately)
- Rapid Optimum Charger has a built-in fan to cool the battery for faster, more efficient charging (battery and charger sold separately)
- Makita technology delivers category-leading charge time so the battery spends more time working and less time sitting on the charger (battery and charger sold separately)
- Compatible with Makita 18V Lithium-Ion batteries with a Star symbol (battery sold separately)
- 3-year limited warranty
- Only use genuine Makita batteries and chargers
- (1) Grass Receiver Attachment (457426-1)
- (1) Blade Guard
- Cutting Capacity (width) : 6-5/16″
- Depth Adjustment Range : 9/32″, 25/32″, 1″
- Strokes Per Minute : 2,500 SPM
- Battery : 18V LXT® Lithium-Ion
- Overall Length : 13-7/8″
- Net Weight (with battery) : 4.1 lbs.
- Power Type : Cordless
- Shipping Weight : 3.6 lbs.


Motorola Mobile and Portable Radios
We offer mobile and portable Motorola radios in both the Motorola APX series as well as the MOTOTRBO Digital series. An overview of both product lines is provided below.
Motorola APX P25 Radios
The Motorola APX series of radios is designed to meet the mission critical radio communication needs of large enterprises and government customers including police, fire, EMS, and other first responders. Every feature and function on an APX two-way radio is designed with its users in mind – from the rugged, easy to operate design, to the loudest, clearest audio. The result is improved safety and productivity for mission critical users.
The APX series is designed for interoperability with all models featuring P25 compliance and select models featuring dual-band capability. With one APX radio you can utilize your organization’s P25 infrastructure while also keeping in contact with other organizations through their legacy VHF, UHF, or 700/800 MHz systems.
Motorola pagers and private paging systems provide quick and easy communication with your on-the-go personnel.
Our private paging systems and pagers offer convenient and cost-effective communication and emergency notification solutions. Whether it’s to dispatch emergency personnel or for employee notification, Motorola pagers are the ideal solution for your organization’s safety and business personnel.
MOTOTRBO Digital Radio System from Motorola
The next-generation professional two-way radio communications solution is here. MOTOTRBO is the first digital two-way radio system from Motorola specifically designed to meet the requirements of professional organizations that need a customizable business critical communication solution using licensed spectrum. MOTOTRBO combines the best in two-way radio functionality with digital technology to deliver increased capacity and spectral efficiency, integrated data applications and enhanced voice communications.
MOTOTRBO is a comprehensive solution. Dual analog and digital mode repeaters, mobile and portable units, GPS location reporting, text messaging, data applications, accessories and services make it easy and affordable to adapt MOTOTRBO for the unique needs of your operation, and migrate to a digital two-way radio platform at your own pace.
MOTOTRBO is scalable to fit the needs of any organization through several operating modes:
- Connect Plus: The ultimate Mototrbo system. Connect plus provides the most efficient use of your channels with full trunking capabilities for multiple users and services at multiple sites.
- Linked Capacity Plus: Communicate with co-workers at multiple sites with the channel capacity for multiple groups and services.
- Capacity Plus: Add channel capacity for multiple groups and services to simultaneously utilize your system.
- IP Site Connect: Link multiple repeater sites for a larger coverage area.
- Dynamic Mixed Mode: Transition to digital while still utilizing your existing analog radios through the same Mototrbo repeater.
- Stand-alone Digital System: Utilize next-generation digital features such as private and group calls, text messaging, and GPS location reporting.
- Stand-alone Digital Capable Analog System: Have a strategy to comply with future FCC mandates and changes in technology by upgrading your existing repeater infrastructure to a digital capable Mototrbo system while still utilizing your analog radios.


KP9 4G Wireless Alarm
Effectively monitor your home, business, or commercial property using our comprehensive KP9 GSM Alarm system. The KP9 has a plethora of sensors to meet your requirements (PIR's, Door Contacts, Vibration Sensors, External Sirens, Pressure matts etc.)
The KP9 GSM Panel receives the wireless signal from your chosen activated sensor. Upon activation, the KP9 panel will issue a local alert (siren, chime), and the GSM panel will transmit the intrusion alert via call and/or SMS to up to 9 contacts.
99 channel KP9 3G or GSM Wireless Alarm Kit G Pro supplied with 2 x Wireless Magnetic Contacts, 6 x Wireless Vibration Sensors, 2 x Remote Controls & a Large Wireless Siren, ideal for applications with Pets present. Can be used via an APP.
Pet Friendly 99 zone KP9 or GSM Wireless Alarm D Kit 'Pro' supplied with a Large Wireless Siren, 2 x Magnetic Door Contacts, 2 x Pet Friendly PIR's & 2 x Remote Controls, designed for applications with small animals. Can be used via an APP.


The operating system runs the computer hardware, and it provides a stable means for applications to use the hardware. The operating system is normally split into two main ingredients: the kernel as well as the file system.
The kernel performs many functions, which include networking, procedure supervision, and managing system resources. The file system is in charge of storing data, as well as communicating when using the lower level IO subsystem. It offers an API for app programmers to access files.
The operating system works with a variety of approaches to protect info and control hardware. Some of these features contain hardware control, encryption, and isolation.
The OS must provide a user interface, such as a command word line interface. These extrémité are used by simply users to interact with the operating system straight.
The OPERATING SYSTEM provides a number of different statistics, that really help analyze the performance belonging to the hardware. These kinds of statistics may be used to identify virtually any potential bottlenecks or difficulties with the components.
One of the most significant operating system stats is CPU utilization. This statistic may be analyzed for the whole system or perhaps for individual try this out CPUs in a multiprocessing environment. It can help detect single-threading issues and scalability concerns.
Operating systems should also provide specific statistics about drive performance. These kinds of statistics will tell you how quickly the disks happen to be responding, as well as the length of hard drive queues and current response time.
One more set of stats is historic performance data. This information is crucial to foreseeable future capacity organizing and progress management.


Hashgraph is a distributed consensus algorithm and data structure designed to achieve high levels of scalability, security, and fairness in decentralized networks. It was developed by Leemon Baird and introduced in 2016. Hashgraph aims to address some of the limitations and challenges faced by traditional blockchain systems.
At its core, Hashgraph is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) data structure that records and orders transactions. Unlike traditional blockchains that rely on a linear chain of blocks, Hashgraph organizes transactions in a graph structure, which allows for parallel processing and faster transaction confirmation times.
The key principle behind Hashgraph is a consensus algorithm called “gossip about gossip” or “gossip protocol.” In this algorithm, nodes in the network communicate with each other by gossiping information about the transactions they have seen. This information includes both the transaction data and the history of communication between nodes.
By exchanging gossip, nodes gradually build a graph that represents the order and dependencies of transactions. Through a series of rounds and virtual voting, consensus is achieved on the order and validity of transactions. This consensus process is asynchronous, meaning that nodes can participate in the consensus algorithm at any time without relying on a fixed time slot.
Hashgraph also incorporates a Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism, which ensures that the system can tolerate malicious nodes or attacks without compromising the security and correctness of the network.
Benefits of Hashgraph include high transaction throughput, low latency, fairness in transaction ordering, resistance to DDoS attacks, and strong security guarantees. However, it’s important to note that Hashgraph is a patented technology, and its implementation is subject to specific licensing terms.
Overall, Hashgraph presents an alternative approach to achieving distributed consensus and has gained attention for its potential applications in areas such as cryptocurrency, supply chain management, decentralized finance (DeFi), and more.
Here’s a simplified explanation of how Hashgraph works:
Gossip Protocol: Nodes in the network communicate with each other by gossiping information. Each node sends a message to a few randomly selected nodes, sharing the information it has about transactions and the history of communication.
Event Creation: Each node collects incoming messages and creates events. An event represents a specific action, such as a transaction or the receipt of a gossip message. Events are timestamped with the node’s local time and assigned a unique hash.
Event Ordering: Nodes use a consensus algorithm called “virtual voting” to determine the order of events. In each round, nodes exchange virtual votes that contain their preferences for the order of events. The voting process is asynchronous, allowing nodes to participate at any time.
Gossip about Gossip: In addition to gossiping about transaction information, nodes also gossip about the voting information they have received. This process is known as “gossip about gossip.” It allows nodes to build a directed acyclic graph (DAG) that represents the order and dependencies of events.
Hashgraph Data Structure: The directed acyclic graph (DAG) created through the gossip about gossip process is known as the Hashgraph. It contains the complete history of events and the voting information associated with each event.
Consensus and Finality: As nodes continue to exchange gossip, they gradually reach consensus on the order of events. Once consensus is achieved, the order of events becomes finalized, and nodes can determine the state of the network at any given point in time.
Byzantine Fault Tolerance: Hashgraph incorporates a Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism. This means that the algorithm can tolerate a certain number of malicious or faulty nodes without compromising the security and correctness of the network.
By utilizing the gossip protocol, virtual voting, and the Hashgraph data structure, Hashgraph achieves high transaction throughput, low latency, and fairness in transaction ordering. It offers strong security guarantees and can resist various types of attacks.


The SPRI Golf Sports Medicine Program includes the use of leading-edge biomotion technology, golf coaching and physical assessments. Below, learn more about the technology used for this innovative program:
SPRI’s Biomotion Laboratory is equipped with some of the world’s most advanced technology, including a 20-camera, 12-megapixel 1100 frames-per-second video motion analysis system, Bertec force-sensing platforms (embedded in the floor) and wireless electromyographic sensors for analyzing muscle function. This equipment provides detailed measurement of the kinematics (motion) and kinetics (forces) that generate movement. Combined with our advanced analysis software, the lab can comprehensively assess an individual’s biomechanical profile for nearly any activity or sport.
In addition to general assessments of movement quality, the lab software can provide detailed, sport-specific analyses. A specialized Qualisys module specifically assesses the biomechanics of the golf swing. This software provides an in-depth view into how an individual’s movement may impact their golf swing, providing detailed metrics on swing components such as the kinematic chain, ground reaction force, center of pressure and club motion. Applications for these technologies go well beyond simply helping the average golfer improve his or her game. Our unique, multidisciplinary team (combining orthopaedic biomechanics experts in the Biomotion lab, the leading orthopaedic surgeons and athletic trainers of The Steadman Clinic, the rehabilitation specialists from Howard Head Sports Medicine and a PGA Master Professional) can use this comprehensive data to guide those recovering from injury or with an underlying orthopaedic condition to improve their physical function and optimize their performance.
The Biomotion technology is complemented by a cutting-edge golf simulator from Foresight Sports. This simulator includes the most advanced and precise launch monitor (the GC Quad), which utilizes infrared object tracking and high-speed, high-resolution camera-based technology to precisely measure every aspect of club head and ball launch performance. By capturing thousands of images per second, building a virtual 3D model and then analyzing a multitude of data components, the technology creates the most accurate and complete picture of ball and club head performance, delivered in nearly real time.
The biomotion measurements can be performed within the golf simulator, providing a unique linkage between the whole-body motion assessment and the resulting ball trajectory. The golf pro and client can immediately see the real-world results of changes in swing biomechanics, in terms of both distance and accuracy. This unique combination of technologies ensures that individuals get the full picture of their golf performance, from inside out.
Add the unparalleled graphic technology and simulation experience to the most advanced biomechanical assessments available, and participants of the SPRI Golf Sports Medicine Program will enjoy a one-of-a-kind experience, supported by state-of-the-art technology backed by a legacy of research.
The Titleist Performance Institute-certified (TPI-C) physical therapists and golf specialists at Howard Head Sports Medicine (HHSM) conduct a full physical screen that includes top-of-the-line Keiser pneumatic machines to identify strengths and limitations. This helps determine how participants’ bodies affect their golf performance.
HHSM TPI-C therapists are musculoskeletal experts who are dedicated to understanding and solving for body limitations, dysfunction and prior injuries. The goal of the physical assessment at HHSM is to give participants actionable ways to improve speed, strength, balance and movement patterns while preventing injury.


Complete network access systems, cable pits and access covers for telecommunications operators worldwide.
Cubis is a world leading manufacturer and supplier of complete network access systems, that meet government and industry standards for the construction of telecommunications, communications and electrical networks.
We are a Telstra approved supplier, a commitment spanning over 30 years, and a selected supplier to the NBN and other broadband networks. Our in-house team of engineering and design specialists further Cubis' industry leadership capabilities by providing the expertise required for any custom access protection project across large and complex networks. Our collaborative approach from early design through to engineering expertise and integrated delivery, ensures our customers’ success in all telecommunications projects, both new and existing. Our team of engineering and design specialists furthers Cubis' industry leadership capabilities by delivering the expertise required for customised access protection projects for large and complex networks.
As a long-standing supplier of network access and cable protection systems for Telstra (Australia) and Openreach (UK), Cubis is at the forefront of key telecommunications sectors worldwide. We manufacture complete network access systems for all leading telecommunication providers across Australia, Europe, North America and the Middle East.
The Cubis product range offers a wide range of solutions for fixed and mobile networks, fibre optic and broadband, CATV and telecommunication cabinet earthing applications.


The intelligent and integrated control board
INTELLIGENCE THROUGH SOFTWARE
At Fisher & Paykel Technologies, we are constantly developing market-leading features that can be integrated into our customers’ products. This provides them with competitive advantages and innovative products.
Our HVAC solutions are equipped with a patented motor-control solution using Sensorless Sinusoidal Control. This control commutation ensures the smoothest torque delivery and accurate speed control, reducing motor noise level.
The motor controller uses a smart micro-controller that allows smart features such as Blocked Filter Detection and Self-Cleaning Fan Mode. This programmability can iteratively update the control software and tune the motor performance.
This motor platform continuously lets us develop new functionality and smart features, delivering tailored and optimized drive solutions for every HVAC application.
We engineered a drive solution with customization in mind to deliver tailored performance for every application.
- We can optimize the winding configuration, winding material and rotor design to meet each specific application’s noise, efficiency and performance requirements.
- We offer a range of control options to meet our customer’s noise, price and efficiency needs. We can flexibly change motor controller without making any physical changes to the motor.
- To make our motors integrate in your applications we can adjust the mounting configuration, shaft geometry and water sealing.
This revolutionary interchangeability allows us to find the best fit for your needs. Our manufacturing line is constructed to rapidly switch between different configurations to provide our customers with fast service and delivery.
The stator allows design flexibility
Rotor with unique magnetic design
During our extensive market and consumer research we found that noise is one of the key buying factors when people buy HVAC products. Using our thirty years of experience in magnetic design we developed a motor that is quieter than its competitors.
We have pioneered a unique magnetization method in the HVAC motor market and have invested many hours designing and testing the magnetization method for optimized performance of our internal rotor motors. The patented magnetization method ensures smoother flux transition and less torque ripple to reduce vibration – resulting in an extremely quiet motor.


In September 2016, rivals Google, Facebook, Amazon, IBM and Microsoft joined forces to create the Partnership on AI to Benefit People and Society (Partnership on AI). In January 2017, even Apple pushed past its famous secrecy to join this new cause along with six nonprofits: the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI); the ACLU; Open AI; UC Berkeley; MacArthur Foundation; and the Peterson Institute of International Economics (PIIE). The Partnership on AI seeks to establish and share best practices for artificial intelligence (AI) systems.
The Partnership on AI just announced on its blog that 22 new organizations joined the consortium. They are committing themselves to several new initiatives such as working groups, “a challenge series to inspire people to use AI to address social issues,” an “AI, People, and Society” Best-Paper Award, and a civil society fellowship program.
The eight new companies are eBay, Intel, McKinsey & Company, Salesforce, SAP, Sony, Zalando, and a startup called Cogitai. The 14 new nonprofit partners are the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, AI Forum of New Zealand, Center for Democracy & Technology, Centre for Internet and Society – India, Data & Society Research Institute, Digital Asia Hub, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Future of Humanity Institute, Future of Privacy Forum, Human Rights Watch, Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, UNICEF, Upturn, and the XPRIZE Foundation.
Humanity is at an inflection point in the evolution of artificial intelligence. Due to the relatively recent convergence of ever-increasing computer power, big data, and algorithmic advances, AI today offers both benefits and threats. The Partnership on AI addresses issues such as transparency, security and privacy, values, and ethics, and provides an open and inclusive platform for discussion and engagement.
According to Bill Gates, when it comes to artificial intelligence, “we are summoning the demon.” The subtext is that a dystopian future awaits humanity if machine learning begins “breaking bad” and goes unchecked—or that we may be engineering our own extinction. Though it is not presently one of its objectives, the Partnership on AI may eventually contribute to governments having regulatory oversight of AI advancements at national and international levels.
In the near term, there are other worries and opportunities. AI may present challenges such as fairness and potential biases in algorithms, which is something the ACLU in particular may be watching. UNICEF is already applying machine learning, data science, and AI to societal problems, in line with one of the Partnership on AI’s thematic pillars. UNICEF developed the Magic Box platform, which allows collaborators like IBM, Google, Amadeus, and Telefonica to pool data and develop models for real-time decision-making in emergencies.
These challenges require deep interdisciplinary and cross-sector collaboration. The Partnership on AI demonstrates laudable responsibility and leadership from these otherwise fiercely competitive companies and individuals working together and with leading nonprofit organizations to safeguard the future. With the advent of self-driving cars, with artificially intelligent pacemakers, trading systems, power grids, and so much else, there are reasons for concern. Preventing an arms race in lethal autonomous weapons is an effort Human Rights Watch and other NGOs joined in 2012. The UN is placing “killer robots” on its agenda this year.
Ultimately, the future of AI depends on who controls it—and whether it can even eventually be controlled. AI is like nuclear energy, capable of both great good and terrible harm. Right now, the Partnership on AI is looking for its own leadership in its search for its first executive director. Interested candidates should be in touch with the search firm, Isaacson & Miller.—James Schaffer


For decades, engineers have envisioned wearable displays for pilots, surgeons, and mechanics. But so far, a compact wearable display that's easy to interact with has proved elusive.
Researchers at Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems (IPMS) have now developed a screen technology that could help make wearable displays more compact and simpler to use. By interlacing photodetector cells--similar to those used to capture light in a camera--with display pixels, the researchers have built a system that can display a moving image while also detecting movement directly in front of it. Tracking a person's eye movements while she looks at the screen could allow for eye-tracking control: instead of using hand controls or another form of input, a user could flip through menu options on a screen by looking at the right part of the screen. The researchers envisage eventually integrating the screen with an augmented-reality system. [...]
Eye-tracking technology is nothing new, of course. Over the years, researchers have developed a number of systems that follow a person's gaze to allow him or her to interface with a computer. Often, the applications are for physically impaired people, but they can also be designed for a general computer user. [...]
The researchers built the system by first designing a light-sensing chip, which features a pattern of evenly spaced photodetectors. This was then fabricated at a commercial semiconductor manufacturing facility. A wafer containing multiple chips was then placed in a deposition chamber, where layers of organic material were deposited in between the photodetectors. These layers make up the organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs, that create the display. The mosaic of photodetectors and OLEDs is then encapsulated in a thin polymer film to protect it. [...]
The camera in the researchers' current prototype is still fairly rudimentary. It has a resolution of only 12 pixels, which means that it can't yet track a user's eye movements. However, Scholles says that the team has developed a 160-by-120-resolution version of the camera chip that has been tested in the lab, but not yet integrated with a display. The researchers expect to have an advanced version of the system, complete with higher-resolution camera and full eye-tracking capability, by early 2011."


REFLEX ACTIVE Series 5 Nude Smart Watch
Series 05 from Reflex Active has a sleek design offering a wealth of premium features including heart rate monitor & music control, all displayed on a generous 1.3" display.
Our sleek Series 05 smart watches include premium features to track your fitness with our easy to use app. Key features include colour touch screen, activity goals, step counter, remote camera, sleep tracking, calories, weather, find my phone, alarm, call alert, message alert and display. There are additional features including heart rate monitor and music control. Soft silicone band.
Fully rechargeable battery - Charger included.
Generous 1.3" Screen
One Touch Screen
Typical Usage Time of up to 4 days
Standby time up to 15 days
2 Hour charge
One Year Guarantee
Receive Call Notifications
Remote Selfie Camera


Web designers currently face the increased proliferation and diversity of new touch devices which pose major challenges to the design task. We developed W3Touch–an interface instrumentation toolkit for web designers to collect user performance data for different device characteristics in order to help them identify potential design problems for touch interaction. Web designers can visualise the data aggregated by W3Touch and use simple metrics to automate the adaptation process for many different viewing and interaction contexts.
The figure below illustrates the adaptation process based on W3Touch for an example page. The adaptation using W3Touch consists of three steps. First, the user interaction is monitored and relevant data collected for each metric. Second, W3Touch implements visualisation techniques for inspection of the raw data and segmentation of the interface into critical components based on thresholds defined for each metric. Based on these visualisations, designers may adjust the thresholds and experiment with different adaptations. Finally, they can deploy an adaptation catalogue fixing the design problems identified for different contexts. In the example, the links in the sidebar navigation are displayed larger and with more spacing, enabling precise selection without the need for zooming.
W3Touch: Metrics-based Web Page Adaptation for Touch
Michael Nebeling, Maximilian Speicher and Moira C. Norrie
Proceedings of 31st ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2013), Paris, France, April 2013
Video Preview (10.5 MB, MP4)
Should you have any questions or comments, please feel free to contact Michael Nebeling.


Southern California, CA Electronics Restoration
As a forerunner in the restoration industry, Paul Davis Restoration of Southern California is incomparable for electronics recovery. Smoke, moisture and other pollutants can be pulled into electronic equipment through cooling fans and vents, covering boards and surfaces critical to proper function. These toxins frequently have elements that can rust circuit boards. To function regularly, surfaces inside of electronics need to be well-maintained to dissipate heat and enable the equipment to cool off. Foreign substances like water undermine the heat distribution and cause equipment failure. Qualified restoration from Paul Davis Restoration of Southern California is necessary to clean the affected spots.
Whether it’s fire, smoke or water damage, we can handle any emergency that interrupts the standard operation of your electronic devices. We work hard to ensure that your electronics are functioning as effectively as possible.
Call Us for Electronics Restoration
Our electronic devices protect memories, delight us, help us keep in touch and create productivity in our homes and businesses. As part of the Complete Contents Solution, electronics harmed by water, soot and smoke and other contaminants are returned to pre-loss state. Specialized at Paul Davis of Southern California, CA are able to rebuild over 80 percent of electronic devices that are involved in insurance claims and other losses. Our professionals’ expertise can save otherwise lost information and recover laptops and other devices in 24 hours or less. Contact Paul Davis Restoration of Southern California today for assistance.
Paul Davis of Southern California, CA can restore the following items:
- MP3 players
- Game stations
- Power tools
- Network & data support
- Computers & servers
- Copiers & fax machines
- Phone systems
- Inventory recovery
- Small equipment & tool


Tungsten light sources
The first electric headlamp light source was the tungsten filament, operating in a vacuum or inert-gas atmosphere inside the headlamp bulb or sealed beam. Compared to newer-technology light sources, tungsten filaments give off small amounts of light relative to the power they consume. Also, during normal operation of such lamps, tungsten boils off the surface of the filament and condenses on the bulb glass, blackening it. This reduces the light output of the filament and blocks some of the light that would pass through an unblackened bulb glass, though blackening was less of a problem in sealed beam units; their large interior surface area minimised the thickness of the tungsten accumulation. For these reasons, plain tungsten filaments are all but obsolete in automotive headlamp service.
Tungsten-halogen light sources
Halogen technology (also “quartz-halogen”, “quartz-iodine”, “iodine”, “iode”) makes tungsten filaments more efficacious producers of light — more lumens out per watt in — and Europeans chose to use this extra efficacy to provide drivers with more light than was available from nonhalogen filaments at the same power consumption. Unlike the European approach which emphasised increased light output, most U.S. low beam halogens were low current versions of their nonhalogen counterparts, producing the same amount of light with less power. A slight theoretical fuel economy benefit and reduced vehicle construction cost through reduced wire and switch ratings were the claimed benefits. There was an improvement in seeing distance with U.S. halogen high beams, which were permitted for the first time to produce 150,000 candelas (cd) per vehicle, double the nonhalogen limit of 75,000 cd but still well shy of the international European limit of 225,000 cd. After replaceable halogen bulbs were permitted in U.S. headlamps in 1983, development of U.S. bulbs continued to favour long bulb life and low power consumption, while European designs continued to prioritise optical precision and maximum output.
The first halogen bulb for vehicle use, the H1, was introduced in 1962 by a consortium of European bulb and headlamp makers. This bulb has a single axial filament that consumes 55 watts at 12.0 volts, and produces 1550 lumens ±15% when operated at 13.2 V. H2 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1820 lm @ 13.2 V) followed in 1964, and the transverse-filament H3 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1450 lm ±15%) in 1966. H1 still sees wide use in low beams, high beams and auxiliary foglamp and driving lamps, as does H3. The H2 does not see wide use any more because it requires an intricate bulb holder interface to the lamp, has a short life and is difficult to handle. For those reasons, H2 was withdrawn from ECE Regulation 37 for use in new lamp designs (though H2 bulbs are still manufactured for replacement purposes in existing lamps). The use of H1 and H3 bulbs was legalised in the United States in 1997. More recent single filament bulb designs include the H7 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1500 lm ±10% @ 13.2 V), H8 (35 W @ 12.0 V, 800 lm ±15% @ 13.2 V), H9 (65 W @ 12.0 V, 2100 lm ±10% @ 13.2 V), and H11 (55 W @ 12.0 V, 1350 lm ±10% @ 13.2 V). 24-volt versions of many bulb types are available for use in trucks, buses, and other commercial and military vehicles.
The first dual-filament halogen bulb (to produce a low and a high beam with only one bulb), the H4, was released in 1971. The U.S. prohibited halogen headlamps until 1978, when halogen sealed beams were released. To this day, the H4 is still not legal for automotive use in the United States. Instead, the Americans created their own very similar standard (HB2/9003). The primary differences are that the HB2 sets more strict requirements on filament positioning, and that the HB2 are required to meet the lower maximum output standards set forth by the United States government.
The first U.S. halogen headlamp bulb, introduced in 1983, was the 9004/HB1. It is a 12.8-volt, transverse dual-filament design that produces 700 lumens on low beam and 1200 lumens on high beam. The 9004 is rated for 65 watts (high beam) and 45 watts (low beam) at 12.8 volts. Other U.S. approved halogen bulbs include the 9005/HB3 (65 W, 12.8 V), 9006/HB4 (55 W, 12.8 V), and 9007/HB5 (65/55 watts, 12.8 V).
Halogen infrared reflective light sources (HIR)
A further development of the tungsten-halogen bulb has a dichroic coating that passes visible light and reflects infrared radiation. The glass in such a bulb is spherical, rather than tubular. The reflected infrared radiation strikes the filament located at the centre of the sphere, heating the filament to a degree greater than occurs by passing an electric current through the filament. The filament thus superheated emits more light, without an increase in power consumption or a decrease in lifespan.
HID (xenon) light sources
Xenon projector low beam headlamp illuminated on a Lincoln MKS.
HID stands for high-intensity discharge, a technical term for the electric arc that produces the light. The high intensity of the arc comes from metallic salts that are vapourised within the arc chamber. These lamps are formally known as gas-discharge burners, and produce more light for a given level of power consumption than ordinary tungsten and tungsten-halogen bulbs. Because of the increased amounts of light available from HID burners relative to halogen bulbs, HID headlamps producing a given beam pattern can be made smaller than halogen headlamps producing a comparable beam pattern. Alternatively, the larger size can be retained, in which case the xenon headlamp can produce a more robust beam pattern.
Automotive HID lamps are commonly called ‘xenon headlamps’, though they are actually metal halide lamps that contain xenon gas. The xenon gas allows the lamps to produce minimally adequate light immediately upon powerup, and accelerates the lamps’ run-up time. If argon were used instead, as is commonly done in street lights and other stationary metal halide lamp applications, it would take several minutes for the lamps to reach their full output. The light from HID headlamps has a distinct bluish tint when compared with tungsten-filament headlamps.
Xenon headlamps were introduced in 1991 as an option on the BMW 7-series. This first system used an unshielded, non-replaceable burner designated D1 — a designation that would be recycled years later for a wholly different type of burner. The AC ballast was about the size of a building brick. The first American-made effort at HID headlamps was on the 1996-98 Lincoln Mark VIII, which used reflector headlamps with an unmasked, integral-ignitor burner made by Sylvania and designated Type 9500. This was the only system to operate on DC; reliability proved inferior to the AC systems. The Type 9500 system was not used on any other models, and was discontinued after Osram’s takeover of Sylvania. All HID headlamps worldwide presently use the standardised AC-operated bulbs and ballasts.
Burner and ballast operation
HID headlamp bulbs do not run on low-voltage DC current, so they require a ballast with either an internal or external ignitor. The ignitor is integrated into the bulb in D1 and D3 systems, and is either a separate unit or integral with the electronic ballast in D2 and D4 systems. The ballast controls the current to the bulb. The ignition and ballast operation proceeds in three stages:
- Ignition: a high voltage pulse is used to produce a spark — in a manner similar to a spark plug – which ionises the Xenon gas, creating a conducting tunnel between the tungsten electrodes. In this tunnel, the electrical resistance is reduced and current flows between the electrodes.
- Initial phase: the bulb is driven with controlled overload. Because the arc is operated at high power, the temperature in the capsule rises quickly. The metallic salts vapourise, and the arc is intensified and made spectrally more complete. The resistance between the electrodes also falls; the electronic ballast control gear registers this and automatically switches to continuous operation.
- Continuous operation: all metal salts are in the vapour phase, the arc has attained its stable shape, and the luminous efficacy has attained its nominal value. The ballast now supplies stable electrical power so the arc will not flicker.
Stable operating voltage is 85 volts AC in D1 and D2 systems, 42 volts AC in D3 and D4 systems. The frequency of the square-wave alternating current is typically 400 hertz or higher.
HID headlamp burners produce between 2,800 and 3,500 lumens from between 35 and 38 watts of electrical power, while halogen filament headlamp bulbs produce between 700 and 2,100 lumens from between 40 and 72 watts at 12.8 V.
Current-production burner categories are D1S, D1R, D2S, D2R, D3S, D3R, D4S, and D4R. The D stands for discharge, and the number is the type designator. The final letter describes the outer shield. The arc within an HID headlamp bulb generates considerable short-wave ultraviolet (UV) light, but none of it escapes the bulb, for a UV-absorbing hard glass shield is incorporated around the bulb’s arc tube. This is important to prevent degradation of UV-sensitive components and materials in headlamps, such as polycarbonate lenses and reflector hardcoats. “S” burners — D1S, D2S, D3S, and D4S — have a plain glass shield and are primarily used in projector-type optics. “R” burners — D1R, D2R, D3R, and D4R — are designed for use in reflector-type headlamp optics. They have an opaque mask covering specific portions of the shield, which facilitates the optical creation of the light/dark boundary (cutoff) near the top of a low-beam light distribution. Automotive HID burners do emit considerable near-UV light, despite the shield.
The correlated colour temperature of HID headlamp bulbs, at between 4100K and 4400K, is often described in marketing literature as being closer to the 6500K of sunlight compared with tungsten-halogen bulbs at 3000K to 3550K. Nevertheless, HID headlamps’ light output is not similar to daylight. The spectral power distribution (SPD) of an automotive HID headlamp is discontinuous, while the SPD of a filament lamp, like that of the sun, is a continuous curve. Moreover, the colour rendering index (CRI) of tungsten-halogen headlamps (≥0.98) is much closer than that of HID headlamps (~0.75) to standardised sunlight (1.00). Studies have shown no significant safety effect of this degree of CRI variation in headlighting.
The HID headlamp light sources (bulbs) offer substantially greater luminance and luminous flux than halogen bulbs — about 3000 lumens and 90 mcd/m2 versus 1400 lumens and 30 mcd/m2. If the higher-output HID light source is used in a well-engineered headlamp optic, the driver gets more usable light. Studies have demonstrated drivers react faster and more accurately to roadway obstacles with good HID headlamps rather than halogen ones. Hence, good HID headlamps contribute to driving safety. The contrary argument is that HID headlamps can negatively impact the vision of oncoming traffic due to their high intensity and “flashing” effect due to the rapid transition between low and high illumination in the field of illumination, thus increasing the risk of a head-on collision between the HID-enabled vehicle and a blinded oncoming driver.
Efficacy and output
HID burners give higher efficacy (produce more light from less power) than halogen bulbs. The highest-intensity halogen headlamp bulbs, H9 and HIR1, produce 2100 to 2530 lumens from approximately 70 watts at 13.2 volts. A D2S HID burner produces 3200 lumens from approximately 42 watts during stable operation. The reduced power consumption means less fuel consumption, with resultant less CO2 emission per vehicle fitted with HID lighting (1.3 g/km assuming that 30% of engine running time is with the lights on).
The average service life of an HID lamp is 2000 hours, compared to between 450 and 1000 hours for a halogen lamp.
Blind oncoming traffic
Due to their high intensity and unsual colour temperature, they can blind or enrage oncoming drivers, thus decreasing road safety and increasing the risk of head-on collisions.
Vehicles equipped with HID headlamps are required by ECE regulation 48 also to be equipped with headlamp lens cleaning systems and automatic beam levelling control. Both of these measures are intended to reduce the tendency for high-output headlamps to cause high levels of glare to other road users. In North America, ECE R48 does not apply and while lens cleaners and beam levellers are permitted, they are not required; HID headlamps are markedly less prevalent in the US, where they have produced significant glare complaints. Scientific study of headlamp glare has shown that for any given intensity level, the light from HID headlamps is 40% more glaring than the light from tungsten-halogen headlamps.
HID headlamp bulb types D1R, D1S, D2R, D2S and 9500 contain the toxic heavy metal mercury. The disposal of mercury-containing vehicle parts is increasingly regulated throughout the world, for example under US EPA regulations. Newer HID bulb designs D3R, D3S, D4R, and D4S which are in production since 2004 contain no mercury, but are not electrically or physically compatible with headlamps designed for previous bulb types.
Lack of backward-compatibility
The arc light source in an HID headlamp is fundamentally different in size, shape, orientation, and luminosity distribution compared to the filament light source used in tungsten-halogen headlamps. For that reason, HID-specific optics are used to collect and distribute the light. HID burners cannot effectively or safely be installed in optics designed to take filament bulbs; doing so results in improperly-focused beam patterns and excessive glare, and is therefore illegal in almost all countries.
HID headlamps are significantly more costly to produce, install, purchase, and repair. The extra cost of the HID lights may exceed the fuel cost savings through their reduced power consumption, though some of this cost disadvantage is offset by the longer lifespan of the HID burner relative to halogen bulbs.
LED light sources
The first series-production LED headlamps on the Lexus LS 600h
Automotive headlamp applications using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been undergoing very active development since 2004. The first series-production LED headlamps were factory-installed on the Lexus LS 600h / LS 600h L starting with the 2008 models. Low beam, front position light and sidemarker functions are performed by LEDs; high beam and turn signal functions use filament bulbs. The headlamp is supplied by Koito. Full-LED headlamps supplied by AL-Automotive Lighting were fitted on the 2008 V10 Audi R8 sports car except in North America. The Hella headlamps on the 2009 Cadillac Escalade Platinum became the first U.S. market all-LED headlamps. Present designs give performance between halogen and HID headlamps, with system power consumption slightly lower than other headlamps, longer lifespans and more flexible design possibilities. As LED technology continues to evolve, the performance of LED headlamps is predicted to improve to approach, meet, and perhaps one day surpass that of HID headlamps.
The limiting factors with LED headlamps presently include high system expense, regulatory delays and uncertainty, and logistical issues created by LED operating characteristics. LEDs are commonly considered to be low-heat devices due to the public’s familiarity with small, low-output LEDs used for electronic control panels and other applications requiring only modest amounts of light. However, LEDs actually produce a significant amount of heat per unit of light output. Rather than being emitted together with the light as is the case with conventional light sources, an LED’s heat is produced at the rear of the emitters. The cumulative heat of numerous high-output LEDs operating for prolonged periods poses thermal-management challenges for plastic headlamp housings.
Prolonged operation above the maximum junction temperature will permanently degrade the LEDs and ultimately shorten the device’s life. The need to keep LED junction temperatures low at high power levels always requires additional thermal management measures such as heatsinks and exhaust fans which are typically quite expensive.
Additional facets of the thermal issues with LED headlamps reveal themselves in cold ambient temperatures. Not only must heat be removed from the rear of the headlamp so that the housing does not deform or melt, but heat must in addition be effectively applied to thaw snow and ice from the front lenses, which are not heated by the comparatively small amount of infrared radiation emitted forward with the light from LEDs.
LEDs are increasingly being adopted for signal functions such as parking lamps, brake lamps and turn signals as well as daytime running lamps, as in those applications they offer significant advantages over filament bulbs with fewer engineering challenges than headlamps pose.
Headlamp. (2010, January 9). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:23, January 9, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Headlamp&oldid=336759396


DX-AC6PA AVIATION INTERCOM
AVCOMM DX-AC6PA AVIATION INTERCOM
• 2~6 place panel mount intercom
• Quick Install Kit included
• Compact size fits virtually anywhere
• “Stuck mic” indicator / power transmit LED
• 12~28 volt compatible
• Pilot priority PTT
• Fail-safe feature
• Full three-year factory warranty
Avcomm’s DX-AC6PA panel mount intercom is designed to provide the highest level of audio performance. The Quick Install Kit makes it a snap for almost anyone to install the DX-AC6PA without the tedious time consuming task of soldering individual connectors. It is designed with a compact aluminum case that fits virtually anywhere on the panel.
FEATURES AND BENEFITS:
The pilot and co-pilot jacks are prewired with reinforced tensile copper wiring with spiral shielding and a polyurethane cover. The harness and intercom plug in easily with a simple DB25 connector. Preparation of the instrument panel is simplified with a transparent template included in the kit. Color coded wiring diagram and simple straightforward instructions make it possible to be flying in two hours or less. Rugged construction is built to withstand extreme conditions common in open or closed cockpit aircraft and features a solid extruded aluminum framework which has the added benefit of dramatically reducing radio frequency interference (RFI). Thermoplastic Elastomer gaskets seal out moisture and dust for trouble free performance. Inside, a streamlined circuit board features ceramic hybrid IC chips for high reliability. The DX-AC6PA is compatible with either 12 or 28 volt electrical systems and is designed for use with up to six headsets so you can start with the pilot and co-pilot positions and add passenger positions as they are needed.
Communication features include a two stage LED that displays a green light when the power is on and yellow during radio transmission making a “stuck mic” easy to spot. The voice-activated squelch circuit (VOX) adjusts to a broad range of noise environments or can be set for a continuous open-mic condition. Pilot isolate (ISO) provides exclusive pilot communications with the ATC, pilot priority PTT allows the pilot to override co-pilot transmissions, and the “fail-safe” feature supplies a direct connection to the aircraft radio in case the power supply to the intercom is disrupted. With the optional audio panel, a music-in jack provides in-flight entertainment, automatically muting during intercom or radio activity. Add an audio recorder and with the record out feature, you can record ATC transmissions or cockpit conversations. Full three-year factory warranty.


The successful launch of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)-D5, powered by an indigenous cryogenic engine, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, on Sunday has put India in the elite group of nations that can launch heavy satellites. The success comes after two back-to-back failures and one aborted mission involving the GSLV.
Only a few countries like the US, Russia, France Japan and China have mastered the cryogenic engine technology. India had been denied this technology for many years and had to depend on Russian technology for the previous GSLV launches. The launch vehicle, which has the capability of placing 2,000–2,500kg satellites into geosynchronous transfer orbit, will reduce if not completely stop India’s dependence on foreign launch vehicles.
At present, Indian satellites of this category are launched by foreign space agencies like Arianespace. The space agency spends around Rs500 crore for the launch of heavyweight satellites by a foreign space agency. However, the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) could launch these satellites onboard its own launch vehicle like the GSLV at nearly half the cost.
A satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit matches earth’s rotation.
S Ramakrishnan, director of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, where the launch vehicle was designed and developed, said: “At Isro, we used to call GSLV a naughty boy. But today the naughty boy is a very obedient boy.” Isro chairperson K Radhakrishnan said: “It is an important day for Indian science and space technology.”
“This achievement could have been possible 10 years ago if the Kerala police had not filed a baseless case against me... We can now look forward to higher capabilities in our space programme,” former Isro project director Nambi Narayan said.
Some of Isro’s other ambitious missions like Chandrayaan-2 and Human Space Flight Programme bank heavily on the GSLV. Prior to launching Chandrayaan-2, Isro will have to complete at least two successful launches using the GSLV.
49 metres is the height of the three-stage GSLV
415 tonnes (as much as 80 elephants), lift-off capacity
6573 kilonewton lift-off thrust of vehicle
1982 kg is the weight of the communication satellite GSAT-14 put into orbit
Rs 350 crore the cost of the mission by Isro
6 Isro becomes sixth space agency in world after US, Russia, Japan, China & France to taste success with indigenous cryogenic engine.


The OS keeps track of the Primary Memory; as in it keeps track of the memory which is in use and by whom, and the memory which isn't. Thus, it allocates the unused memory as and when a process or program requests it.
The Operating System allocates the Processor to a program and deallocates it when it is no longer required, ensuring that each program and application receives enough of the processor's time to function properly.
The I/O Controller of the OS keeps a track of all your devices and decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time. It uses another API to request data from the device driver.


In this fast-paced technological era, electronic devices have become indispensable parts of our daily lives, including smartphones, computers, tablets, and smart home appliances. To ensure these devices continue to operate at their best, regular software updates play a pivotal role. This blog post delves into the reasons why consistent software updates are crucial for device performance.
First and foremost, prioritizing software updates is vital for improving device security as cybercriminals constantly evolve their tactics. They continuously search for vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to devices and personal data. However, software developers are equally proactive, working tirelessly to patch these security loopholes. By applying regular updates, you can rest assured that your device is equipped with the latest security protocols, thus protecting you from potential threats.
No software is perfect, and even well-designed applications may have bugs or performance issues. Consequently, software updates address these flaws, providing essential bug fixes and performance enhancements that significantly improve the overall stability and speed of your device. By keeping your device's software up to date, you can enjoy a smoother and more reliable user experience.
As technology advances, developers introduce innovative features that enhance the functionality and user experience of your devices. However, it is important to note that these new features may require the latest software version to run efficiently. By staying current with software updates, you can take full advantage of these new functionalities and experience the latest improvements offered by your device.
Another compelling reason to prioritize regular software updates is their potential to prolong the lifespan of your device. As software evolves, developers optimize it for improved resource management and efficiency. This optimization significantly reduces unnecessary strain on your device's hardware components. Consequently, the longevity of your device is extended, saving you from the need to replace it prematurely.
Furthermore, as operating systems and software continue to evolve, older versions may become incompatible with the latest applications and services. Consequently, regular updates ensure that your device remains compatible with new apps and services, enabling you to access the latest developments in the digital world. Staying up to date also enables you to receive better customer support and assistance from developers in case you encounter issues.
Maintaining the optimal performance of your devices requires regular software updates. From ensuring robust security measures to improving overall functionality and compatibility, updating your device's software is a vital aspect of responsible device ownership. Neglecting software updates can leave your device vulnerable to security breaches, reduce its performance, and limit access to new features and services.
Make it a habit to check for software updates regularly or enable automatic updates if possible. By doing so, you not only protect your device and data but also maximize its potential, ultimately enhancing your overall digital experience. Embrace the power of regular software updates and witness the positive impact they have on your device's performance and longevity.


Hello! after last month’s overview of some of our early graphical effects, I thought I would go into a bit more detail about one of them.
The Vector Field is a utility object that is very simple in theory – a grid is overlaid on the level and each point of this grid contains the current wind speed at that point (or whatever the appropriate thing is for the particular environment). Dynamic graphic objects like particles or soft bodies like hanging cloth can then sample the grid to find out how they should move.
The values in the vector field can be influenced by interactive objects moving past such as the player avatar, or created directly when scripts apply forces. They will then slowly revert to normal – the above image shows a simple debug rendering of the vector field values after a jump.
I originally got the idea from my friend Matricks who used it in Teeworlds. The grid scales quickly with size – especially in 3D environments – which means memory consumption, cache coherency and the processing needed to decay the grid cells become issues. Both Backworlds and Teeworlds are 2D games with reasonably small levels though, so it can be done on the CPU without much overhead – especially since every single cell does not need to be processed every frame. Other solutions could be to simply store the sources of power and their direction, to process everything on the GPU and/or heavily rely on dirty rectangles to figure out what needs to change but for our case the simplicity and flexibility of the vector field is hard to beat.
Above is a short animation showing a high-speed push through a particle stream and an object reacting to the vector field. This particular vector field has a relatively long decay time which means the particle stream actually changed direction for a short time, a shorter decay time would cause just a few particles to be offset before the stream resumed.


What would you do if you could sequence a human genome?
And what would you do if you could sequence a human genome in a matter of hours rather than weeks for only a fraction of today's sequencing cost?
The applications are countless, ranging from digital gene expression to diagnostic sequencing, but in more general terms it would mean a quantum leap forward to a more complete understanding of the information stored in our genetic material.
Quantapore is developing a novel, massively parallel sequencer, which will allow rapid, affordable and accurate sequencing of entire genomes. Our proprietary sequencing technology will eliminate the bottlenecks associated with today's sequencing methods, namely laborious sample preparation, short read length, high cost and limited throughput.
This capability will enable the sequencing of whole genomes within a day and thereby revolutionize the understanding, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of a wide variety of diseases. In addition, the benefits of deciphering entire genomic information will be available to nearly everyone as the cost per genome will be reduced dramatically.
Reading the human genome.


Dear KUSP 2019 participants,
We welcome you to an exciting summer school in South Korea at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS). KUSP, the Korea Undergraduate/graduate/high-school Science Program, is designed to attract young researchers from all over the world, bring them together to tackle interesting physics projects, learn and have fun. For the first two weeks the students will follow physics lectures, and in the afternoon they will have hands-on experience either in the lab or with computer simulations working with IBS researchers. The next two weeks will include more extensive lab work and the final week the students will be writing or finishing up their reports as well as their posters. This program is a lot of fun and very interesting, offering a very fulfilling research experience. Get immersed in it, get involved, get messy, investigate, learn, have fun and be safe.
The KUSP was initiated in the summer of 2015 by the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research of Institute for Basic Science (IBS/CAPP) and has continued for four summers very successfully with participants from many different countries. In particular, the two other IBS research centers, Center for Underground physics (IBS/CUP), and Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems (IBS/PCS) have decided to join the KUSP in the summer of 2019 to offer the research opportunity to a limited number of students in particle and material physics, and related natural science disciplines from all around the world. The Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe (IBS/CTPU) is also supporting KUSP 2019.
Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research
CAPP aims to launch a state of the art axion dark matter experiment. CAPP will also play a leading role in the proton electric dipole moment experiment and will participate in other axion, dark matter, EDM, muon g-2 experiments around the world.
The latest measurements indicate that dark matter constitutes about 27% of the energy in the universe. Among the leading dark matter candidates are particles such as axions, and weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), e.g., the lightest supersymmetric particle. (WIMP searches are the subject of several groups around the world including the IBS Center for Underground Physics in Korea.) Axions were postulated to solve an embarrassing problem in strong interactions: even though the theory of strong interactions predicts a large violation of certain symmetries (P-parity and T-time reversal), the limit on the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron is already too small, some ten orders of magnitude smaller than expected.
A massive axion is excluded by several experiments and astrophysical limits. A prominent Korean theorist prof. Jihn E. Kim suggested that a light-mass axion would also work as well. The light axions have to advantage that they could constitute the dark matter of our universe. It is currently believed that axion masses between 10-3 meV and 1 meV could be ideal dark matter candidates. Depending on their mass, there could be about 1014axions/cm3, to fill the dark matter density quota of about 0.3GeV/cm3.
CAPP will explore the axion. Our first aim is to use a method suggested by Prof. P. Sikivie, to convert the axions into microwave photons inside a large volume, high magnetic field, and a high quality microwave cavity. We are also exploring different geometries that can prove to be advantageous. The axion microwave experiment is going to be launched at the KAIST campus top of the line equipment and technology. The expected conversion rate is very small, of order 10-23W, making it the faintest signal possible in a realistic experiment.
In addition, the center is going to play a leading role in the storage ring proton EDM experiment to improve the sensitivity by several orders of magnitude down to 10-29e.cm, making it the best hadronic EDM experiment in the world. A successful proton EDM experiment could help explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry mystery of our universe.
Center for Underground Physics
We now know that neutrinos are massive but we have yet to determine their absolute masses and nature. Discovering these important unknowns can be related to leptogenesis theories that make attempts to explain particle-antiparticle asymmetry in the universe. Neutrinoless double beta decay experiment is the most practical approach for determining the absolute masses and understanding the nature of neutrinos. At the Center for Underground Physics (CUP) at the IBS, we will perform several phases of AMoRE (Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment) experiments that probe the neutrino mass down to 0.03 eV.
Advancing our knowledge of dark matter is necessary in order to understand the origin and structure of the universe, because the universe consists of 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. We are running experiments to search directly for WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), which offer the most plausible explanation as to the nature of dark matter. We will develop new detection techniques to search for dark matter, which would provide more sensitive results than currently running experiments.
We will install detectors with ultra-low noise at a depth of approximately 700 meters at our underground laboratory in Yangyang in Korea to reduce background cosmic rays to search for extremely rare events such as neutrinoless double beta decays, dark matter, etc. Since we expect to see only a handful of signal events per year, the success of the experiments highly relies on reducing background interference. We will achieve our goal by growing ultra-low background crystals and by developing low-temperature sensors that have excellent energy resolution and the power to distinguish the signals from huge background events.
Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems
Today the eyes looking for novel technologies and new generation devices focus on nano- structured materials with unprecedented electrical, mechanical, optical and other properties like graphene, nanotubes, quantum dot arrays, metamaterials, trapped atomic condensates, superconducting networks, plasmonic and nanophotonic structures. There is an increasingly strong demand for new theoretical concepts, approaches and computational tools for uncovering fundamental nonlinear and quantum many-body processes in such systems and designing efficient methods of their control.
Our center aims to take up the grand challenge and to create a world-class laboratory for the nonlinear classical and quantum dynamics of nano-structured systems, and to conduct cutting edge research on phenomena at the interfaces of applied and computational theoretical condensed matter physics and optics. We aim to cross-fertilize research on exciton-polariton condensates, superconducting networks, quantum dot networks, ultracold atomic gases, optical waveguide networks, topology, frustration, flatband physics, Fano resonant nanoscale devices, artificial gauge fields, quantum ratchets, many body localization, disorder against interactions, artificial quasicrystals, nonintegrability, deterministic chaos, Arnold diffusion, KAM, coherence and decoherence, quantum stochastic dynamics, finite systems, targeted energy transfer, transport in nano structures, nonlinear naophotonics, topological insulators, and more.
An efficient Visitors and Workshop Program will ensure finest research and training standards thus developing the center into a leading institution able to successfully compete within a quickly globalizing science network. By becoming a meeting hub for the global scientific community the center will offer to young scientists an excellent research environment and connections with the worldwide leaders in a broad variety of emerging research fields.
Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe
The IBS Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe carries out research on particle physics and cosmology, which aims to understand nature at the most fundamental level and answer the questions about the origin of the universe.
The Standard Model of particle physics and Einstein's General Relativity provide an accurate description of almost all known physical phenomena over the scales from the subnuclear to the cosmic. However there are many reasons to believe that the Standard Model and General Relativity are not the final story, but merely a kind of approximation to a more fundamental theory. Astonishingly the most compelling reason comes from cosmic observations: the existence of dark matter and matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, which can not be explained by the Standard Model. As another compelling reason, the naturalness argument for electroweak symmetry breaking in the Standard Model suggests a possibility of new physics at energy scales around TeV. The quest for unification and a theory of quantum gravity also lead us to speculate about more fundamental theoretical frameworks such as grand unification and string theory.
The prime theme of our research is new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, which can provide an answer to the following questions:
We are living in a very exciting era for particle physics and cosmology. What is the next fundamental theory that underlies the Standard Model of particle physics? We may be able to uncover it in the near future.
Professor Yannis K. Semertzidis
Director of the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (IBS/CAPP)
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Professor Yeongduk Kim
Director of the Center for Underground Physocs (IBS/CUP)
Professor Sergej Flach
Director of the Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems (IBS/PCS)
Professor Kiwoon Choi
Director of the Center for Theoretical Physics of the Universe (IBS/CTPU)
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology