B.Tech - Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE)
The department offers undergraduate program in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The Department has highly talented, qualified and competent faculty members in the areas of Digital Signal Processing, Active Circuits, Data Communications & Networking, Mobile and Wireless communications, High Speed Networks, Optical Networks and VLSI & Micro-electronics.
Aim of this department is to make students proficient in the areas of :
- Signal and system analysis and characterization
- Communication, control, instrumentation, introduction to signals and systems
- Formalizing signals: energy and power signals, signal properties: periodicity, absolute inerrability, determinism and stochastic character
- Continuous time and discrete time Linear shift-invariant (LSI) systems
- The z-Transform for discrete time signals and systems
- Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) and the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Laboratories in ECE Department:
- Digital Electronics Laboratory
- Integrated Circuit Laboratory
- Control Systems Laboratory
- Communication Laboratory
- Microprocessors Laboratory
- Network Analysis & Synthesis Laboratory
- CAD of Electronics Laboratory
- Electronics Circuit design Laboratory
- Microwave & Fiber Optic Laboratory
- Measurement Laboratory
- DSP Laboratory
- Telemetry Laboratory
- Electronic Workshop & PCB Design Laboratory
- Knowledge to develop, installs, test and maintain communication systems.
- Knowledge to work on large computer networks.
- Knowledge to develop electronic devices for computer systems and others.
- Knowledge to architect device controlling programs.
- Knowledge to develop software interface for electronic devices.
- Knowledge to manufacture computer chips.
- Telecommunication Engineer in public as well as in private sectors.
- Software Engineer in IT sectors.
- Electronics Circuit Designer
- Optical Transmission Engineer
- Technical Consultant
- Engineers in Signal Processing, Wireless Communication, Robotics, Nanotechnology, VLSI etc.
- System Engineer in Embedded Systems.
- Technical Engineer/ Army Officer in Defense.
As per AICTE & University Guidelines.
For 2nd year (Lateral entry) Diploma in Engineering with 60% and above marks OR B.Sc Degree with Mathematics.
Intake : 60 Seats
Duration : 4 Years


Where Does 5G Fit in the Connectivity Ecosystem?
A great percentage of American households are expected to have 4K- and 8K-capable televisions as it becomes more readily available and cost effective. Wired broadband can support 4K/8K video streaming in homes, but it can’t support data-thirsty apps on the go.
For that, much of the world is banking on Fifth Generation (5G) networks. In 5G cellular networks, the peak data rates are 10 gigabits per second (Gbps), which means downloading a 1.2 gigabyte (GB) ultra-high-definition (UHD) movie would require less than a second. Compared to its 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP™) predecessors (2G and 3G/4G LTE), 5G’s expanded capacity is a big step forward in mobile connectivity.
Much like Moore’s law for computers, Nielson’s law of internet bandwidth predicts that bandwidth usage will increase by 50 percent every year. To help keep up with this exponential rise in bandwidth requirements, 5G wireless will need to deliver.
As device manufacturers and application developers prepare for 5G-capable products and services, it is important to assess the applicability of 5G in their respective use cases. The enormous promise of 5G as an ultra-low-latency broadband wireless technology must be gauged in relation to other technologies in the connectivity ecosystem. For example, several product categories exist for which 5G networks may not be a realistic choice. Price over performance is a crucial consideration when determining whether to adopt 5G over other connectivity options.
This article helps systems engineers evaluate the viability of 5G in the existing connectivity ecosystem.
What Distinguishes 5G Connectivity?
We have moved into an era dominated by cloud-based, connected applications. Every vertical industry is transitioning to service models in which the essential functions are dispensed from the cloud. This shift forces us to think differently about connectivity.
That’s where 5G fits in. The 5G standards provide a totally new framework for connectivity. In that sense, 5G paves a disruptive evolutionary path for existing connectivity concepts.
In addition to using spectrum in the existing Long-Term Evolution (LTE) range, 5G uses unlicensed spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. According to an article in IEEE Spectrum entitled “5G Bytes: Millimeter Waves Explained,” mmWaves, broadcast in the 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz) frequency range, provide much higher bandwidths than the spectrums of former generations along with the added benefit of lower latencies. However, the mmWaves (1 to 10mm in length) cannot travel easily through buildings and other obstacles and are easily absorbed by rain, foliage, etc. One way to counter the mmWave propagation issues is with the use of 5G small cells. Compared to traditional cell sites, small cells are much smaller in size, more power efficient, and are becoming more affordable. Due to their inherent spectrum efficiency, small cells also increase wireless capacity to connect more “things” and data traffic.
A few other factors distinguish 5G networks in the digital landscape (Figure 1).
The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) is already ramping up across all industry verticals. The IoT currently connects physical devices such as sensors, actuators, pumps, and cars. Billions of such devices will need network connectivity in the coming years to be able to communicate reliably with cloud-based services. Increased capacity from 5G small cells technology can support IoT devices and machine-to-machine (M2M) connectivity at a massive scale. Compared with 4G LTE, 5G offers 1,000 times more bandwidth per unit area, 10,000 times more traffic, and 100 times more connected devices per unit area.
As the IoT hits industrial scale, connectivity must support applications such as remote control of machines, drones and robotics applications, time-sensitive industrial control loops, driverless car navigation, remote surgery, and more. For these mission-critical applications, high bit rates are not enough. To achieve real-time performance, latencies must also be very low. 5G standards extend broadband wireless services beyond mobile internet capacity to IoT applications that require ultra-reliable, fast, and mission-critical communications.
Whereas 4G is primarily a mobility solution, 5G (in addition to enhancing mobility) caters to fixed wireless and industrial IoT applications where devices operate in rugged environments, have a limited power supply, and run for decades. That’s why 5G is designed for up to a 90 percent reduction in power usage compared with 4G and up to 10 years of battery life for IoT devices.
Security and Reliability
Relatively speaking, communication over wireless connectivity is easier to intercept and more susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. In IoT use cases, low-power wireless connectivity is prone to bit rate errors and connection drops. The robust design of 5G is expected to offer 99.999 percent availability and include mutual authentication, local secure elements, Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption, and over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates for 5G electronics. Much like virtual machines on virtualized hardware platforms, 5G network resources can be segmented into “network slices.” 5G network slicing enables service providers to build virtual, application-specific, end-to-end networks that offer additional security.
Mapping 5G Networks in the Connectivity Landscape
Excitement about the 5G rollout does not necessarily translate to deprecating (or sunsetting) existing technologies. In fact, ongoing innovations in time-sensitive networks (next-generation of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 802.1 Ethernet); low-power, wide-area networks (LPWANs); Wi-Fi; and long range (LoRa®) technologies are gaining traction as well.
Even after 5G standards are rolled out at mass scale, 5G technology will coexist with other technologies for the foreseeable future. In many scenarios, 5G technology will complement those technologies.
Fiber Optics and Fixed Broadband
The study “Communications Infrastructure Upgrade: The Need for Deep Fiber,” published in 2017 by Deloitte, shows that only 11 percent of internet traffic is carried over wireless connections, while 90 percent of the traffic traverses wired networks. Fiber optic networks offer high throughput and bandwidth with low latencies over long distances. In terms of bandwidth and speed, 5G wireless and fiber optics are comparable technologies. However, as connectivity solutions, these technologies are less competing and more complementary. In fact, the quality and reliability of 5G networks would depend on fiber-based wireline networks for backhaul transport of traffic between the small cells.
In smart homes and offices, 5G small cell access points can enhance indoor-coverage fiber and coaxial cable-based broadband internet solutions. The speed and flexibility of 5G wireless may replace legacy wireline networks in industrial and city infrastructures. In data center infrastructures and cloud computing servers, however, where the robustness and maturity of wireline technologies are critical, fiber optic and fixed Ethernet technologies will continue to dominate.
The desired capabilities of LPWAN technologies for IoT applications are:
- Device chipsets with low-processing and transmission power as well as a battery life exceeding 10 years to support long-term usage.
- Extended coverage (more than 10km suburban; more than 5km urban) with good penetration in buildings and basements.
- Device abilities to send small bursts of data intermittently, so the supported data rates are low (0.3 bits per second [bps] to 50 kilobits per second [Kbps] — typically, approximately 10 kilobytes per day [KBpd]).
- Secure data transmissions with low total costs of ownership.
LPWAN technologies are already prevalent in IoT edge deployments, where many low-cost IoT devices (such as sensors and meters) are spread over extended areas in operational environments. LPWAN adoption is expected to grow across global IoT markets over the coming years, even when 5G wireless is ready for commercial use. LPWAN technologies cater to use cases where 5G’s high data rates and low latencies are less compelling.
These generic requirements have been implemented in several LPWAN technologies. Here’s a quick roundup of common LPWAN technologies in the context of 5G connectivity:
Narrowband (NB)-IoT transmissions are designed using a more limited bandwidth, and hence are more energy efficient. NB-IoT user devices are designed for ultra-low complexity and cost less. NB-IoT has a significant spectrum efficiency. It can connect up to 50,000 devices per cell. NB-IoT can penetrate buildings and underground areas (offering 20dB or more coverage indoors) and are suitable for smart city applications with static assets.
Sigfox is a proprietary technology that has already penetrated European markets and is supported by many electronics vendors. Sigfox uses a slow modulation rate for extended coverage. It is suitable for applications such as smart parking sensors, smart garbage cans, and utility meters, where the low-cost devices need to upload small, infrequent bursts of data to IoT gateways.
LTE for Machines
LTE for Machines (LTE-M) is a relatively recent innovation, and its power efficiency is still under evaluation. It can piggyback over existing 4G-LTE connectivity (and can evolve to be 5G compatible) to support roaming for mobile IoT assets like vehicles and drones. LTE-M electronics are among the most expensive options because they can offer data rates higher than other LPWAN options. Data-rich applications in the IoT edge can benefit from LTE-M.
LoRa is a long range, low power, low data rate connectivity standard from the Lora Alliance™. LoRa is designed to enable large network operators to offer subscription-based LPWAN services. LoRa uses the unlicensed spectrum (sub-GHz radio frequency; e.g., 915MHz in North America) but relies on an additional layer of security because LoRa devices do not use subscriber identification modules (SIMs) or machine identification modules (MIMs) for device authentications or encryptions.
5G networks and LPWAN can be expected to complement each other in various end-to-end IoT deployments. For example, in the case of a remote surgery, the time-sensitive nature of communication requires real-time data transmissions. Scenarios like this are where low-latency 5G cellular networks fit. However, a remote surgery also involves sensor networks at the edge such as on the hospital premises to collect and process critical information locally. For these sensor networks at the edge, LPWAN connectivity is a more viable option.
Personal Area Network (PAN) and Local Area Network (LAN)
For local connectivity in homes and enterprises, Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® technologies (based on IEEE 802.11 standards) and Bluetooth Low Energy are common options. 802.15.4-based technologies (including Zigbee®, ISA100.11a, 6LoWPAN, WirelessHART®, and Z-Wave®) support enterprise IoT applications such as asset and resource tracking.
Just like cable and fiber optic broadband solutions, 5G fixed broadband and cellular networks should complement Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. 3GPP’s Release 16 will include the 5G New Radio (NR)–Unlicensed standard, which supports existing 5 and 6GHz (“greenfield”) unlicensed frequency bands. One of the promising use cases of the 5G unlicensed spectrum will be “Wi-Fi-like” private networks in enterprises, large stadiums, and malls.
In the connectivity ecosystem, while satellite technologies offer high bandwidth and reliability, they are expensive. As such, satellite serves only niche use cases. Onboard connectivity in aircraft, on freights, and on fleets using Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking across oceans, remote locations, underserved areas, and disaster zones, where mobile networks can fail, are some of the scenarios in which satellites are useful.
Satellite connectivity can augment 5G wireless to offer ubiquitous connectivity, by extending the coverage of 5G networks in areas where cellular connectivity is not feasible because of economic and other locational constraints.
4G-LTE started rolling out in 2009, and in pre-5G days, it is the most advanced cellular technology available, with a peak rate of up to 1Gbps and latencies of 30 to 70 milliseconds (ms). With its 10Gbps data rates and less than a 1ms latency, 5G wireless is poised to evolve cellular networks into super-fast, responsive, power-efficient sources of connectivity.
Deployment of 4G networks is still in progress around the globe. It will take some time before 5G networks reach ubiquity and for 5G chipsets and devices to reach the market on a commercial scale. Use cases that do not require an ultra-high throughput and ultra-low latencies can continue to use 4G even after 5G has been rolled out. The 5G NR standard is designed to overlap and coexist with the 4G core network. So, at least from a technical design standpoint, compatibility has been built into 4G and 5G wireless-based cellular services.
2020 is the year of 5G connectivity. Mobile carriers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are gearing up to roll out 5G networks commercially within a year. Nonetheless, the reality is that certain 5G standards are still in development, and testing is still in progress to certify 5G capabilities.
With its bold promises, 5G also introduces unprecedented challenges to achieving its ambitious performance goals in real-world scenarios. To adopt and create 5G-capable applications and electronics in the future, it is important to stay current with the ongoing 5G tests and developments. The 5G community also needs to think in innovative ways to overcome technical challenges and assess the applicability of 5G wireless networks in a quickly evolving connectivity ecosystem.


Our latest Made for iPhone hearing aids and our easy-to-use TruLink Hearing Control app are engineered to work specifically with your iPhone, iPad,® iPod touch® and Apple Watch.® Together, Halo 2 and TruLink deliver the most personalized hearing experience ever, and are designed to:
- Deliver pristine audio and exceptional listening clarity
- Help you better understand conversations and hear comfortably in any noisy environment
- Stream phone calls, music and more, directly from your iPhone to your hearing aids
- Eliminate buzzing and whistling.
Halo 2 intuitively connects to your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch via Bluetooth® technology and Starkey’s easy-to-use TruLink app. You can adjust volume and change memories right from your iPhone. TruLink offers additional features designed to enhance hearing anywhere you go so you can easily enjoy everything you do. Answer your calls with the touch of a finger and hear an entire conversation streaming directly to your Halo 2 hearing aids via Bluetooth technology. SoundSpace enables you to easily adjust sound to your specific setting. By simply moving your finger on the screen, you can adjust sound to your liking. Save your preferences in different situations as a TruLink Memory so that you’re comfortable in any listening environment.
You can create up to 20 TruLink Memories using the SoundSpace tool on the TruLink app. You can even geotag memories using the built-in GPS on your iPhone. A geotagged memory will recognize where you are, and automatically adjust your Halo 2 hearing aids when you enter that space. For instance, a geotagged “coffee shop” memory will automatically activate when you walk into your favorite coffee shop. Halo 2 hearing aids provide direct streaming of phone calls, music and media from your iPhone so you can enjoy clear communication and pristine audio streaming any time, anywhere, for impressive, immersive sound. Use the TruLink app for Apple Watch to control volume, change memories and mute your hearing aids right from your wrist.
The app also includes the ability to use the microphone in your phone to stream conversations directly to your hearing aids. Simply set your iPhone nearby, turn on the microphone feature and stream conversations directly to your Halo 2 hearing aids. You may also record, play back and email audio as it happens or save recordings to listen later. You can have Siri® read texts and emails directly to your Halo 2 hearing aids. Easily locate lost hearing aids using the Find My Hearing Aids feature, with both a location and a timestamp.


“Why isn’t my cellular data working on my iPhone 7? My iPhone keeps displaying no service ever since I updated to iOS 11. I tried everything I can but still doesn’t work. How to fix cellular data doesn’t work?”
iOS 11 brings many amazing features to improve the users experience but also carries some problems. Many iPhone users complained that they could not activate cellular data network on iOS 11. The reason for this issue is usually related to some software conflicts and you can get it fixed easily with the following methods.
Some people encountered cellular data not available for voice call or not working for some apps on iOS 11, the easiest fix is to turn it off and then turn on again. To do this, go to Settings -> Cellular ->Cellular Data. Tap the switch to turn it off. Then tap the switch again to turn it on.
The network carrier releases new update from time to time to improve the network compatibility with your iPhone. You can go to Settings -> General -> About to check if there’s a new update.
Go to Settings and turn on Airplane Mode and then disable it. Then the device will start searching for network signals.
If the above tips failed to fix no internet connection after iOS 11 update, try to restart your iOS device. Hold down the on/wake button and Home button until the Apple logo appears. For iPhone 7 and later, hold the volume down button and the Power button at the same time.
Open Settings, tap General -> Reset. Choose “Reset Network Settings” and confirm the operation. Enter the passcode if it prompts. Then go back to the Home Screen, press the power button for seconds to turn off your device. Wait for about 10 seconds, turn it on.
Well, if there’s still no service or searching on your iPhone/iPad, try to reinstall iOS 11 with a tool named Tenorshare ReiBoot. This professional iOS system recovery software is able to fix a lot of system issues by installing the latest iOS 11 firmware again on your device.
This article tells you how to fix iPhone cellular data network not working after iOS 11 update. If you’ve encountered other similar problems after updating to iOS 11, such iPhone cellular data settings missing, Wi-Fi stop working etc. check Top 15 iOS 11 Update Problems and Fixes.


Hey there! Welcome to another informative post on geekstocode! Today we will be looking into Digital Communication Viva Questions. This will help you with your interviews and even Lab viva exams. Thus, going through this will boost your knowledge about the topic.
This post will cover questions on Digital Communications. Thus, it contains all the important concepts that you need to prepare for your interview or Lab viva.
Therefore, let us not waste time anymore and get started!
Digital Communication Viva Questions.
1. What do you mean by Digital System?
Digital systems are the systems who store, process, and communicate information in digital form. Hence, we find them in a wide range of applications.
For example, the digital computer, more commonly called the computer. In other words, digital systems are the systems that process a discrete or digital signal.
2. How do you define a bit?
We define bits as the binary digits that is 0 and 1.
3. What is the best Example of Digital system?
Digital Computer or a computer is the best example of a digital system.
4. What are the types of number systems?
We have total of four types of number systems. They are:
- Decimal Number System.
- Binary Number System.
- Octal Number System.
- Hexadecimal Number System.
5. What is a Logic gate?
Logic gates are the basic gates that make up the digital system. Also, the electronic circuit is a circuit that can operate on many binary inputs to perform a particular logic function.
6. What are the basic Logic gates?
The three basic logic gates are :-
- AND gate.
- OR gate.
- NOT gate.
7. What is the difference between Latch And Flip-flop?
Latches are level triggered whereas flip flops are edge triggered. In latches, level triggered means that the output of the latches changes as we change the input and edge triggered means that the control signal only changes its state when it goes from low to high or high to low.
Latches are fast as compared to flip flops.
8. What is the binary number system?
The system which has a base 2 is known as the binary system and it consists of only two digits 0 and 1.
For Example: Let us take decimal number 125
125 = 100 + 20 + 5
1×100 + 2×10 + 5
1 ×102 + 2×101 + 5×100
Here, 125 consists of three bits, we start writing the numbers from the rightmost bit power as 0 then the second bit as power 1 and the last as power 2. So, we can represent a decimal number as
∑digit × 10corresponding position or bit
Here 10 is the total number of digits from 0 to 9.
9. Write down the different analog pulse modulation techniques?
We have three different analog pulse modulation techniques:
(a) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
(b) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and
(c) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
10. Define PAM, PWM and PPM?
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) : Here, the amplitude of the carrier (pulse height) is proportional to the amplitude of the message signal.
The Pulse width modulation (PWM) : Here, pulse width of the carrier signal is proportional to the message signal’s amplitude.
Lastly, the Pulse position modulation(PPM) : Here, the pulse position of the carrier signal is proportional to the message signal’s amplitude.
11. Compare PAM, PWM and PPM?
We can compare PAM, PWM and PPM by the following parameters:
12. How do you calculate the bandwidth of a BPSK signal?
We calculate the bandwidth of BPSK by the following formula : B= 2Fc, Fc is the carrier frequency of a BPSK signal.
13. What do you understand about Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)?
Amplitude Shift Keying is a type of amplitude modulation when the variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave represents the digital data. Also, we use the binary symbol d-amplitude carrier wave and fixed frequency for a bit length of T seconds in an ASK method.
14. What do you know about Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)?
As per the changes of the digital signal, if the frequency of the carrier signal varies, then that type of frequency modulation is said to be as FSK. Thus, if the message frequency is greater than the carrier frequency, then it is represented by ‘1’ and represents ‘0’ if the message frequency is less than the carrier frequency.
15. What do you understand about Phase Shift Keying (PSK)?
PSK is when at a particular time by varying the sine and cosine inputs, the system changes the phase of the carrier signal. Also, the ‘1800‘ phase shift carrier wave represents ‘0’ and ‘0’ phase shift carrier wave represents ‘1’.
16. Explain about Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)?
The system changes the phase of the carrier signal to 0 or 180 degrees for each binary data which is 0 or 1.
17. What you understand about the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 9QPSK)?
By the phase shift keying 9QPSK we understand that the system has changed phase of the carrier wave to four different shifts (45, 135, -45 and -135) for each two bits of binary datas (00, 01, 10 and 11).
18. Compare B-W, Power, Probability of error and S/N of ASK, FSK and PSK.
The comparison of the above parameters are :
Bandwidth: FSK > PSK > ASK
Power: PSK = FSK > ASK
Probability of error: FSK< PSK < ASK
Lastly, Signal to Noise Ratio: FSK > PSK > ASK
19. Which modulation technique is known as ON-OFF keying? Justify your answer.
The Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation is referred as ON-OFF keying.
In the ASK modulation scheme, if the input is 0, then the output is also 0. But if the input is ‘1’ , the output is the carrier signal. Thus, ASK is also termed as ON-OFF keying.
20. Give some differences between bit rate and baud rate?
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted per unit time. Whereas, the baud rate is the number of signal units transmitted per unit time.
21. Explain the aliasing effect of sampling?
Aliasing effect is a phenomenon when the sampling frequency becomes less than the Nyquist rate. Then the system cannot recover the original signal from its samples. Therefore, if aliasing occurs , then we cannot retrieve the original message signal from its samples.
Today we have covered Digital Communication Viva Questions. Make sure to go through all these important questions. Therefore, in this way you can cover all the important topics in the subject. Hence, you have now successfully prepared for your Viva on Digital Communications by reading these questions thoroughly.
Also, we would love to hear your views for the posts. Hope you check out other articles like these which will help you learn important concepts and questions.
See you in our next post!


GPS/GNSS Antennas by
This practical resource provides a current and comprehensive treatment of GPS/GNSS antennas, taking into account modernized systems and new and developing applications. The book presents a number of key applications, describing corresponding receiver architectures and antenna details. You find important discussions on antenna characteristics, including theory of operation, gain, bandwidth, polarization, phase center, mutual coupling effects, and integration with active components.Moreover, you get expert guidance on the design of adaptive arrays and signal processing techniques used to mitigate interference such as jamming. Addressing critical GNSS antenna high precision requirements, this in-depth book explains the relationships between antenna gain, satellite visibility, geometric dilution of precision, and the carrier-to-noise density ratio. The book delineates requirements for both dual-band and tri-band antennas.You get detailed coverage of a wide range of antenna designs, including microstrip patch, quadrafilar helix, axial mode helix, spiral, inverted L, and planar inverted F antennas. Moreover, you find a discussion on new magnetic OC metamaterialOCO substrates and other dielectric substrate materials. Further, this comprehensive book presents designs for very compact GNSS antennas for personal handheld devices and automobiles.
Call Number: Hodges Library Stacks TK7871.6 .R3 2013
Publication Date: 2012-01-01


As a complement to our design and panel fabrication services, we provide systems integration services to ensure that all of your mechanical, electrical, and automation systems operate seamlessly and efficiently. Our services include:
Develop detailed design and assembly drawings
Work with the end users, owners, maintenance staff, operators, etc. to develop a system tailored to their requirements and level of expertise
Fabricate and deliver all controls, data acquisition equipment, etc. to the site
Utilize a local contractor to provide any installation work
Provide systems programming, start-up, and commissioning.
Comprehensively train the end users, owners, maintenance staff, operators, etc. regarding the user-interface and the automation components.
Provide continued maintenance and diagnostics through on-site and remote access services (via the internet and/or telephone)
Systems integration is the application, assembly, programming, and commissioning of computer-based components from different vendors to make a complete system for a specific application. As an automation systems integrator, ICDS can provide facility instrumentation and control systems that are custom tailored to meet the specific needs of the end users, owners, maintenance staff, operators, etc.
From paper design to operator's easy-to-use graphic interface!
Innovative Construction & Design Solutions, LLC
10 White Wood Lane
North Branford, CT 06471
Phone: (203) 453-8596
© Copyright 2022, ICDS, LLC. All rights reserved.


ABOUT THE CLIENT
Mars Antennas is a world-class designer, manufacturer, and RF solutions provider, offering B2B audiences cost-effective, high performance solutions since 1994. With an extensive global client base, the company’s expertise includes the development and manufacturing of antennas based on printed circuit antennas, flat panel arrays, small size dish antennas, and beam forming antennas, amongst others. For over 25 years, MARS Antennas has been committed to innovation, quality and excellence, integrating superior design, top quality materials and carefully controlled production processes.
Re-branding, logo design, marketing materials
Our work was focused on defining an updated visual identity that would express the company’s leadership position, while referencing their industry and expertise. The sophisticated yet vibrant design language expresses the wide-scale presence of the company’s products and solutions, without being overly visible. The logo’s symbol is inspired by the visual representation of radio frequency transmissions, establishing a bold and distinct graphic element. The new color palette incorporates green and blue shades to give the brand a fresh and technology-forward feel, combined with a sense of confidence that depicts the brand’s established nature. The overall visual identity presents a fresh and contemporary approach to the typically conservative and lackluster world of B2B solutions.


Can't get internet service at home? Need to stay connected on your next road trip? Check out a Wi-Fi Hot Spot at the Library!
Library cardholders can request a Hotspot at any of our two branches.
Up to 10 devices can connect to the hotspot at one time. Note that connecting many devices may slow down connection speed.
The hotspots are on unlimited data plans managed by the Library. You can use as much data as you desire without deactivation or throttled speeds.
The hotspots gain internet access through Verizon cell towers. If the hotspot has no signal from Verizon, it will not be able to give you internet access.
Check the upper corner of the hotspot and look for signal bars. If no bars are found, the device has no signal. Turn the device off and back on to try to gain internet access. If signal bars do not appear, you may be out of Verizon’s network coverage.
If there are signal bars, the internet may be slow due to the type of signal the hotspot has gained.
The hot spot does not have the ability to forget or disconnect devices from itself. You must manually go into the Wi-Fi settings on your device and "forget" the hotspot in order to disconnect.
Patrons must pay for replacement of any lost or damaged items.
This is due to cell signal irregularities. A normal in-house Wi-Fi router has a direct constant connection to the internet. The hotspots have spikes and drops in signal changing the reliability of internet connection.


Panasonic KX-TGA740B DECT 6.0 Cordless Handset
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The KX-TGA740B is an optional add-on handset for Panasonic KX-TG6400 and KX-TG7400 Series DECT 6.0 Multi-Handset Cordless Phone Systems and will only work with one of these systems.
The Panasonic KX-TGA740B DECT 6.0 cordless handset offers the benefits of DECT 6.0 technology that allows for minimized electrical interference with other home electronics. Hallmarks of the KX-TGA740B include sleek and ergonomic design, easy-to-read display and handset speakerphones to enhance portability for today's busy families. Call Waiting Caller ID displays the Caller ID information of a second caller, even if the user is currently on another call (subscription to phone provider Caller ID services required). Talking Caller ID uses true Text-to-Speech software to phonetically speak the names received by the Caller ID feature, as well as display the caller's name and number on the phone's LCD display.
Panasonic KX-TGA740B Key Features
- DECT 6.0 (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) Technology
- DECT 6.0, Panasonic's latest Digital Enhanced Cordless Communications technology, lets you move freely around your home with long range and amazingly clear sound. It also assures greater protection against eavesdropping for all your calls. Operating in the 1.9GHz frequency range, your phone will not conflict with other wireless devices such as computer routers, wireless keyboards, microwave ovens and other common household devices.
- Wireless Network Friendly
- DECT 6.0 Technology will not interfere with wireless computer networks using 900MHz or 2.4GHz technology.
- Plug-and-Play Installation
- Give your home or home office the features of a sophisticated telephone system without the high price tag. Panasonic DECT 6.0 multi-handset cordless phones operate via cordless transmissions, so no expensive (and messy) wiring or installation is required.
- Call Waiting Caller ID*
- Displays the name and number of incoming callers* on the handset's LCD, even if you're on another call.
- Talking Caller ID*
- Now you don't have to be holding the phone to see who's calling; the caller ID information is announced in between rings! Panasonic's cordless models are the only telephones to use true Text-to-Speech software to phonetically speak the names received by the Caller ID feature, as well as display the caller's name and number on the phone's LCD display.
- Talking Alarm Clock and Talking Battery Alert on Handset
- The phone also boasts an alarm clock that speaks to you, as in "It's time for lunch." And the phone politely tells you when your battery is low with a "Please charge phone" reminder. The alarm can also be programmed to use a tone or melody, if desired.
- 50-Station Caller ID* Memory and Dialer
- This caller ID feature also stores up to 50 names with direct callback capability.
- 2.1-inch Full Dot Monochrome Backlit LCD on Handset
- 2.1-inch, crystal clear white backlit LCD shows Call Status, Programming Options, Directory Items, and if you subscribe, up to 3 lines of Caller ID information, so there's no need for scrolling. Backlighting greatly aids visibility especially in low light areas.
- Large Text Display Mode (Multi Items / Single Item)
- Available when browsing the function menu, the phonebook, the caller list, the redial list, the message list (TAM model) and the call block list.
- Silent Mode
- Now you can program each handset to ring or not at your discretion. For example, before you go to sleep, set the bedside handset to Silent Mode so that it won't ring for the duration of your slumber. In the meantime, the handset in another room is unaffected, and rings as usual.
- Digital Handset Speakerphone
- A speakerphone is located on the back of each handset, offering convenient, hands-free operation even away from the base.
- Headset Jack and Belt Clip Included
- Connect an optional headset to the standard 2.5mm jack for hands-free conversations. You can even hang the handset on your belt or pocket using the included belt clip.
- 50-Station Phone Directory and Dialer
- Store up to 100 frequently called numbers (16 char/ 32 digits each) in an alphabetical directory.
- Phone Directory Sharing
- Share the names and phone numbers programmed with any handset in the system.
- Four-Way Conferencing
- You can conference in up to three handsets with the outside line to have a four-way conversation.
- Two-Way Intercom/Handset Locator
- You can call any other extension in the system from any handset. A handset locator button is also included on the base unit.
- Voice Scramble (Digital Security)
- Selectable Handset Ringtones (3 Tones, 4 Melodies)
- Talk, Speakerphone and Ringer Volume Control on Handset
- Talk Volume: 3-Step
Speakerphone Volume: 6-Step
Ringer Volume (3-Step + Off)
- Hold/Soft Key/Mute/Flash Buttons on Handset
- 5-Station Redial Memory on Handset
- Navigator Key
- Provides easy access to the Caller ID memory and phone directory/dialer. You can control handset volume, ringer loudness and more.
- 60 Channels
- Rechargeable Ni-MH Batteries (AAA x 2)
- Any Key Answer
- Phone Company Voice Mail Compatible (FSK and Stutter Dial Tone Compatible)
- With compatible base unit.
- Lighted Handset Keypad
- Barge In
- Low Battery Indicator
- Out of Range Indicator
- Phone Lines
- Battery Life
- Talk: 5 hours
Standby: 11 days
- Charge Time
- 7 hours
- Dimensions (H x W x D)
- Handset: 6.3 x 1.9 x 1.3 inches
Charger: 2.0 x 3.0 x 3.4 inches
- Handset: 4.6 oz. with batteries
Charger: 2.1 oz.


I’m not winter’s biggest fan. Days are stingy-short and cold in the Pacific Northwest, making it challenging to get a saline fix. Fortunately, boat-show season provides an opportunity to go somewhere sunny and check out the latest marine electronics offerings, which can be integrated into a yacht’s navigation systems during the offseason. Here’s a look at some exciting new options.
Digital Yacht: Autohelm created the SeaTalk network in the early 1990s to let autopilots access networked navigation information, and SeaTalk served as Autohelm and Raymarine’s proprietary network until its 2012 retirement. This absence created headaches for owners of legacy Raymarine equipment that couldn’t easily be networked with newer NMEA 0183 equipment or personal computers. Now Digital Yacht’s SeaTalk1 to NMEA gateways ($199) delivers bidirectional data conversions between a SeaTalk network and an NMEA 0183 device or network. The company’s ST-NMEA data converter (USB) can be networked to a personal computer, and the ST-NMEA data converter (ISO) connects with Digital Yacht’s wireless NMEA server ($199) to deliver networked data to wireless devices.
Digital Yacht also recently unveiled its AIT5000 Class B automatic information system (AIS) transceiver, broadcasting at 5 watts using the Class B SO scheme, which means it increases its reporting rate as the vessel’s speed increases. The AIT5000 ($1,199) has dual NMEA 0183 and single NMEA 2000 and USB interfaces, Wi-Fi and an optional AIS MOB/SART alarm.
Furuno: For those seeking an integrated communications hub, Furuno’s FM-4800 fixed-mount VHF radio transmits at 25 watts and has built-in Class D digital selective calling (DSC), a 72-channel GPS receiver, an AIS receiver, a 15-watt loudhailer, listen-back functionality and intercom capabilities. The FM-4800 ($750) integrates with Furuno’s NavNet TZtouch or NavNet TZtouch2 multifunction displays, or users can network the FM-4800 to the yacht’s NMEA 0183 or NMEA 2000 backbone to share the radio’s AIS, DSC and GPS data with other instrumentation. The radio comes with an IP67 environmental rating, has 10 embedded weather channels and — key for anyone transiting the Intracoastal Waterway — has an automatic terminal information service mode. Users can add a Furuno HS-4800 ($280) to unlock the radio’s dual-station capabilities.
Garmin: Garmin has long been a player in the multifunction display and cartography markets, and has extended its flagship GPSMap 8600 series displays with the GPSMap 8610xsv ($2,699), GPSMap 8612xsv ($3,999) and GPSMap 8616xsv ($5,999). Each has edge-to-edge glass monitors with in-plane switching and optically bonded, high-resolution screens; built-in, 1-kilowatt chirp and traditional sonars; and the ability to stream four IP cameras concurrently. These HTML5-friendly displays also have pinch-to-zoom touchscreen interfaces, NMEA 0183 and NMEA 2000 compatibility, and IPX7 weatherproof protection.
Garmin purchased Navionics in 2017 but kept Garmin’s BlueChart separate from Navionics’ cartography. This relationship changed with the introduction of BlueChart g3 cartography, which blends Garmin and Navionics bathymetry data and features, and is compatible with contemporary Garmin multifunction displays. BlueChart g3 cartography will serve as the base maps for all new GPSMap displays (existing customers will be offered an upgrade), and all BlueChart g3 cartography comes with Garmin’s Auto Guidance capabilities.
Last, Garmin has released its wireless Autopilot Remote. Users point and shoot the Autopilot Remote ($249), and compatible Garmin autopilots will steer toward the corresponding azimuth numbers.
Raymarine: ClearCruise AR, Raymarine’s augmented-reality system, is spinning heads with its promise of increased situational awareness. This three-component system requires a Raymarine Axiom series chart plotter ($849 to $12,299) that’s running Raymarine’s Lighthouse 3.7 (or newer) operating system, a Raymarine AR200 Augmented Reality Sensor Module ($499), and a Raymarine CAM210IP ($699) or CAM220IP ($499) video camera.
The camera delivers live video to the Axiom plotter(s) and then enhances that video with graphical tags that, for example, denote the name of nearby vessels (via networked AIS data), or graphically enhance aids to navigation or user-created waypoints. All information is updated in real time as marine traffic moves, and the system’s video imagery can be stabilized with the AR200’s built-in nine-axis attitude heading reference system.
Simrad: Simrad’s parent company, Navico, has introduced a Halo24 radar for aftermarket consumers. This radome-enclosed radar employs solid-state, pulse-compression technology to harness Simrad’s VelocityTrack (Doppler) processing, graphically differentiating threatening and nonthreatening targets. The Halo24 ($2,699) has Dual Range performance up to 48 nautical miles, and it spins at 60 rpm — rather than its standard 48 rpm — at ranges up to 2 nautical miles to generate near-real-time imagery up close. Finally, the Halo24 can track as many as 10 MARPA targets (per range) and offers modes including harbor, offshore, weather and bird.
Underwater, Simrad’s Active Imaging Sonar technology for GO series chart plotters is available in two models: The three-in-one transducer ($299) combines scanning sonar with traditional medium-frequency and high-frequency chirp sonars, while the stand-alone transducer ($229) has Simrad’s scanning technology and is designed to be used with a separate chirp sounder.
Finally, Simrad has unveiled its RS40 fixed-mount VHF radio, with a dual-channel AIS receiver, an integrated GPS receiver, a dot matrix LCD screen.
Standard Horizon: Powerful things come in small packages, like Standard Horizon’s 8.1-ounce HX40 handheld VHF radio, roughly the size of a deck of cards. The HX40 ($119) has a 1,850-milliamp lithium-polymer battery that delivers 6 watts of transmitting power. Additional features include an FM receiver, a backlit dot matrix display and an intuitive menu. The radio has a preset key that gives fast access to 10 channels.
Stepping up in size and capability, Standard Horizon’s 6-watt HX890 handheld VHF radio has Class H DSC functionality, a built-in 66-channel WAAS GPS receiver, positive buoyancy and a 1,800-milliamp lithium-ion battery. The HX890 ($269) is built to military and IPX8 weatherproof standards, and offers waypoint and route navigation, an FM radio, and a water-activated strobe.
Solid-State Sentry: Blue Guard Innovations has modernized the bilge pump with its Solid-State Bilge Pump Switches, available with or without high-water alarms. These 12- and 24-volt DC switches work with any bilge pump (drawing more than 20 amps) and have no moving parts, a design that should prevent clogging. Users can monitor and control bilge-pump activity via a smartphone and Blue Guard’s BG-Link wireless monitoring system ($695 to $895).


Emergency service is one of the basics of the Amateur Radio Service and there is sometimes confusion about ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Services), the ARRL arm of emergency services and RACES (Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service), the government arm of amateur emergency services. Schuylkill County relies on a group of dedicated and skilled individuals who comprise our ARES/RACES team and provide the backbone of our Auxiliary Communications Network.
If you are interested in participating, or finding out more about the vital link that amateur radio provides in an emergency, please contact Robert McClintock, the ARES/RACES contact for Schuylkill County. He can be reached at: firstname.lastname@example.org.
Below is information about local amateur groups organized in Schuylkill County and the Amateur Radio Relay League.
The Schuylkill Amateur Repeater Association (SARA) website can be accessed by clicking here.
The Tamaqua Wireless Association (W3TWA) website can be accessed by clicking here.
The ARRL Eastern Pennsylvania Section (EPA) can be accessed by clicking here.


Beställ 40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi på nätet redan idag. Här har vi samlat mer information om produkten 40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi inom kategorin Raspberry Pi.
40-pin-GPIO-kabel för Raspberry Pi. Används bl.a.
för att ansluta egenbyggda projekt. Kompatibel med samtliga modeller som har 40-pin-GPIO-kontakt.
Raspberry Pi TV-uHATThe Raspberry Pi TV-uHAT is an add-on board for the Raspberry Pi. It enables you to expand the functionality of your Raspberry Pi board by receiving digital terrestrial TV broadcast systems which includes DVB-T and DVB-T2. The TV-uHAT is a compact module which comes in a newer form to previous models. It takes up minimal space and can be integrated into your design easily, without the need for lots of extra space. Looking for inspiration?The Raspberry Pi TV-uHAT enables you to receive and watch TV via a Raspberry Pi board. You could also use it to create a TV server from which you stream over a network from other devices. Raspberry Pi is a flexible platform which enables you to design and prototype your ideas. If you need some inspiration there is a whole community around Raspberry Pi which is there to help you with blogs and forums: https://www.raspberrypi.org/Which Pi does it work with?The TV-uHAT can be used on all Raspberry Pi boards when running as a server for other devices on the network. The performance when receiving and viewing TV on a Pi can vary between models. It is recommended that you use a Raspberry Pi 2, 3 or 3+ with the TV-uHAT for optimal TV streaming. What is DVB?DVB stands for Digital Video Broadcasting and is a standard for transmitting broadcast Television. DVB standard is widely adopted across the world and you can check if your country has adopted this standard on the DVB website: https://www.dvb.orgWhat’s on board?Sony CXD2880 TV tuner40-way headerAerial adaptorMechanical spacersOther Features:Supported TV standards: DVB-T2, DVB-TReception frequency: VHF III, UHF IV, UHF VChannel bandwidth:DVB-T2: 1.7MHz, 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHzDVB-T: 5MHz, 6MHz, 7MHz, 8MHzWhat is a Raspberry Pi HAT?HAT stands for “Hardware Attached on Top”. They are add-on boards, or extension boards, which mount directly onto your Raspberry Pi. There are a range of HATs available which are designed to add different functionalities to your Raspberry Pi computer. Adding a HAT to your Pi opens up opportunities for new innovations.
Mer information finns på produktens sida.


TelePacket has come up with high quality VoIP Optimization software solution to cater to the needs of the IP Communications industry. VoIP termination service providers often face issues in their business because of high bandwidth cost and VoIP blockage. To deal with these kinds of issues, Telepacket offers its flagship product, TP optimizer which helps the IP termination service providers to save on bandwidth costs thereby improving the margins in their business. It works as a VoIP bandwidth saver for the service providers in increasing their business revenue.
Our expertise of working in the IP industry enables us to provide innovative VoIP Optimization and VoIP anti blocking solutions to VoIP termination service providers in those geographies, where SIP blockage exist and international bandwidth costs have a large impact on their business. We have set up an advanced research and development team, with deep expertise in IP technology to develop high end software required for telecom industry.Read More Download Brochure
TP Optimizer reduces bandwidth consumption by 5 times, compressing the media streams without affecting the voice quality. Read More
TP Optimizer does not require any static IP because it can easily work with public internet such as Wi-Max, DSL, Wi-Fi, 4G, 3G etc.
Equipped with VoIP anti blocking solution feature, TP Optimizer can pass VoIP calls even in SIP blocked countries.


Content - Data Communication
2.4GHz Satellite Switch
Customer: Hirschmann Electronics GmbH & Co. KG
Eight satellite channels and one terrestrial broadcast channel are routed individually to four users with automatic channel selection via either analogue signals or digital DiSEq Protocol. Initial prototypes were developed on a thin film substrate with a ceramic base and integrated passive components, during the 4th Framework EC-Project «LAP».
This first system was designed with an additional laminate carrier and four controller ICs for the digital switching protocol with subsequent commercialisation of the system being realised using a Sequential Build Up (SBU) laminate.
- increased functionality and efficiency
- reduced complexity of the motherboard
- reduced of manufacturing costs (obviating need for ASIC design)
«ASAP» Asset Surveillance & Protection
Customer: European Commission, 5th Framework Project (FP5)
The objective of the «ASAP» project was to introduce a new concept for an affordable, accurate and user-friendly asset surveillance and protection system in Europe. The scientific and technical challenge was to research, develop and evaluate a designated wireless, info-mobility system that includes end units, system infrastructure and inter-connection databases.
«ASAP» provides a comprehensive smart tracking and protection system by integrating data with existing information databases of the transport operators; enabling the user to track, locate and monitor in real time, all types of freight, including hazardous materials, as they are transported across Europe. Capable of monitoring the state of the freight online, the «ASAP» end unit includes sensors for various applications, such as temperature for freezer containers, gas sensors for bromide transporters and sensors for the surveillance of container doors.
«ASAP» sensors provide valuable add-on information on freight status and can communicate critical situations quickly and efficiently to emergency forces, helping to reduce risk and subsequently insurance premiums, e.g. in case of a leak from a hazardous material, or other problems the «ASAP» system will notify the transportation company, operating company and if required, the relevant environmental authorities.
Omnipresent and seamless access can be made available to customers, transportation operators, insurance companies and other involved parties, with location and status information accessible to both the mobile user and via the Internet.
- unobtrusive installable IP65-proof housing
- sensors & their interface to the communication unit
Customer: ETH Zurich [TIK]
Based on a Bluetooth radio and a micro controller, the BTnode is an autonomous wireless communication and computing platform which serves as a demonstration platform for research in mobile and ad-hoc connected networks (MANETs) and distributed sensor networks.
The BTnode was jointly developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Science and Technology (ETH, Zurich) by the Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK) and the Research Group for Distributed Systems. The BTnode is currently being used in two major research projects, i.e. NCCR MICS and Smart-Its.
Art of Technology was responsible for the industrialisation of the ETH prototype design and subsequent production of small to medium volumes.
Measuring Permafrost in the Swiss Alps
Customer: ETH Zurich [TIK]
Permafrost is a thermal subsurface phenomenon; made-up of rock, ground and debris which is frozen throughout the year within the steep alpine bedrock. Not visible at the surface, Permafrost thaws during the summer months and can seriously affect slope stability leading to dangerous natural hazards which may hinder the safe operation of man-made infrastructure in the surrounding area.
PermaSense devices are installed and operated at high altitude in mountain regions with a permafrost environment. As such, the system and all of its component parts must run reliably at low temperatures and be able to withstand large, daily temperature changes (in excess of 40°C) depending on sun irradiation, wind and snow. Due to the fact that the PermaSense devices are only accessible by helicopter during summer, making a 2 - 3 year maintenance-free operation absolutely mandatory, the design of the system also had to take into consideration the following, in order to ensure long-term, reliable operation:
- extreme daily weather variations
- danger from lightning, avalanches, rockfall, frost / ice and snow
- limited power available from the battery
- restricted space for electronics and battery
- low production volumes & time frame
Data is collected via a flexible, distributed wireless sensor network (WSN) which has been specially adapted to the geophysical sensors, thereby enabling reliable and high-quality measurements in the extreme environmental conditions. The system developed featured, in addition to the in-mast integration of the GPS receiver and antenna, a 2-axis inclinometer, all electronics and cables and a 12V photovoltaic system, the following:
- wireless system with low latency data transmission
- temperature measurements with sensor bars and thermistor chains
- sensor nodes with "crack meter"
- 2-dimensional measurement of gap movement
Our Contribution: miniaturised wireless sensors
- design and industrialisation based on functional (hardware) model
- development of Wireless-GPS system (hardware)
- specialised sensors and electronics in a robust package
- low sampling rates (1-60 min)
- battery operated (3 years lifespan)
- devices networked together with wireless data transfer
- production of small batches of all product variants
- 6 months from concept to first production batch


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The HF bands are full of activity - there is always something interesting on one band or another. There is a good variety of HF transceivers for these bands and they represent excellent value.
From the mobile/basestation budget transceivers, through the mid range ones to the really top end ones, there is something that everyone can buy.
* Can't see what you want - just enter a different description in the search box.
When selecting an HF transceiver to buy there are many different points to consider. Some points to consider are included below.
- Base station / mobile or portable: Whilst many will want to use a mobile / base station HF rig for mobile applications because of their size, etc, many will want to use them because they offer a relatively low cost way of getting a high performance transceiver for the HF bands. As one would expect, the usability of the mobile/ portable rigs because of their size is not always as easy, and also the performance is not as good, although more than adequate for many stations. Connoisseurs with large antennas and who are chasing DX would obviously notice the difference, but those with more modest stations would find them quite adequate.
- Power output: Typically most HF transceivers give an output power of around 100 watts. Some of the really top range ones give around 200 watts. For those wanting to run the full legal limit, there is always the option of using an additional linear amplifier.
- Modes: For HF operation single sideband, SSB, and CW are essential and also the capability to run the variety of data modes is essential. AM is often provided, but this is normally of little use as very few people use it. Reception of AM is quite useful if reception of the AM broadcast bands is envisaged. FM is also often a necessity for 10 metre and 6 metre (50MHz) operation as there are significant levels of FM activity on these bands.
- Sensitivity : Most receivers are very sensitive these days and the sensitivity of the amateur radio transceiver is often more than good enough for most bands. The reason for this is that the received noise is normally much greater than that generated within he receiver. The exceptions to this may be the higher frequency bands like ten metres (28 MHz) and six metres (50 MHz) where the received noise might be much less. Typical signal to noise ratios may be of the order of 0.5µV for a 10dB signal to noise ratio. The performance may degrade for the lower frequencies.
- Frequency coverage: In terms of the frequency coverage of an amateur radio HF transceiver, there are two main issues to assess.
- Transmitter coverage / amateur bands: The first and foremost consideration for the frequency coverage of the amateur radio transceiver, is whether it covers the required amateur radio bands. Most current amateur radio HF transceivers cover the bands between 10metres and 10 metres. Often they have the ability for 5 MHz, but this is worth checking. Many also cover 50 MHz and some over 70 MHz, but it is worth checking that all the required bands are covered. Some very old second had rigs may not cover the WARC79 bands of 10 MHz, 18 MHz and 24 MHz.
- Receiver coverage: Often the receiver within the HF transceiver will cover a relatively wide band. Some cover from around 150 kHz up to 60 MHz or more, but this is dependent upon the actual rig. Check the performance is what you need.
- CTCSS: FM repeater operation on the 10 or 6 metre bands is envisaged using the ham radio HF transceiver then a CTCSS capability is needed as many of these repeaters require a CTCSS tone. Fortunately most modern transceivers have this capability as standard, but check.
- Selectivity: Most modern transceivers offer very good levels of selectivity for modes like AM, FM, SSB, and CW, etc Typically good crystal filters will be used.
- Strong signal handling: One of the major differences between the lower cost amateur radio HF transceivers and the really high end ones is in the strong signal handling capability.
Any HF transceiver will represent a relatively large investment, so it is always worth checking out the reviews on the various ham radio websites as well as within other publications, etc.
Generally the HF rigs on offer to buy from the popular manufacturers represent really excellent value, but the different rigs are set to appeal to different budgets, and also the small differences between the manufacturers may mean that one appeals to one individual more than another - it is a matter of personal preference.


global connectivity solutions
Keepgo develops global connectivity solutions for IoT (Internet of Things) and broadband devices.
The Company solutions utilize physical SIM cards as well as several remote SIM card specifications such as GSMA eSIM, EzFi vSIM, Open Source Blockchain-based spec and others.
Keepgo is an official partner of AT&T, Telefonica, T-mobile and Vodafone.
Keepgo has connected hundreds of thousands of devices to 500 cellular networks in 150 countries. The Company products are used in travel, home broadband, smartwatch, GPS tracker, smart bag, smart wearables, automotive and other markets.
Founded in 2009, Keepgo has branches in the USA, the Netherlands and Israel.


CCK Automations, Inc. is a premier manufacturer of IPC-A-610 certified printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs). Equipped with over 20 years of electronic product manufacturing experience, more than 100 highly skilled employees, and a broad selection of high-tech production machines, we have the knowledge, skills, and tools needed to produce PCB assemblies for nearly any customer, industry, or specialized need.
What Is a PCB Assembly?
The terms “PCB” and PCBA” are often incorrectly used interchangeably. PCBs—i.e., printed circuit boards—refer to the bare rigid, rigid-flex, or flexible component on which electrical or electronic components are mounted and connected by engraved conductive pathways. They have the circuit pattern printed on them, but the electrical and electronic components are not yet attached. The process of attaching and soldering the necessary components to the printed circuit board is known as PCB assembly. The fully assembled circuit board is then referred to as a printed circuit board assembly.
How Are PCB Assemblies Created?
PCB manufacturers rely on three methods to turn PCBs into PCB assemblies:
- Plated Through-Hole (PTH) Assembly: PTH assembly is used for electronic components that contain leads. These leads are inserted into plated holes in the PCB, then soldered into place.
- Surface Mount Assembly: Surface-mount components come with metal tabs that are soldered directly onto the surface of the PCB. The primary benefit is a quicker installation process, but surface mounting also allows for higher circuit densities. With PTH components, each component takes up space on both sides of the PCB, whereas a surface-mount component only occupies a region on one side.
- Electromechanical Assembly: Electromechanical assembly—also referred to as box-build assembly—involves all of the assembly work involved in manufacturing electromechanical assemblies other than making the PCB component. Manufacturers use various elements, such as wire harnesses, cable assemblies, and molded plastics, to attach the electronic components to the PCB.
All of these PCB assembly processes require significant attention to detail as any lack of accuracy or precision can affect the performance of the electronic device in which the finished PCBA is installed.
What Materials Make Up a PCB Assembly?
PCBs consist of several layers—the substrate, the conductive pathways, the solder mask, and the silkscreen—each of which is made from different materials.
- Substrate: The substrate is the base layer of the PCB. It can be made from rigid, rigid-flex, or flexible materials, depending on the intended application.
- Conductive Pathways: The conductive pathways are made by adding a thin layer of conductive foil to the functional side(s) of the substrate. The material is added to one side in single-sided PCBs and both sides in double-sided PCBs.
- Solder Mask: The solder mask is applied on top of the copper layer. It gives PCBs their characteristic green color, insulates the copper layer from accidental contact with other conductive materials, and prevents solder from adhering to the wrong places on the PCB.
- Silkscreen: The silkscreen is the final layer added to a PCB. It adds alphanumeric and symbolic labels—typically in white—that indicate the function of each component added to the board. These labels help clarify the intended design for technicians during initial assembly and repair work.
Types of PCB Assemblies
Printed circuit board assemblies are available in several designs and configurations to suit different applications. These variations can be categorized into a number of broad classifications depending on the critical design element.
- Single-Sided PCB Assemblies: As the name suggests, single-sided PCB assemblies have a single conductive substrate surface. As a result, electrical and electronic components can only be added to one side. They are relatively inexpensive to produce in large quantities, which makes them suitable for mass-produced electronics. However, they are generally not used for industrial applications.
- Double-Sided PCB Assemblies: Double-sided PCB assemblies have two conductive layers, meaning that there are two surfaces on which to mount components. Components mounted on opposing sides can be connected vita through-holes.
- Multilayer PCB Assemblies: Multilayer PCB assemblies contain three or more conductive layers. As a result, they are suitable for electronics that require greater PCB density and complexity. The additional layers provide greater power to the circuitry and protection against electromagnetic interference.
Single-sided, double-sided, and multilayer PCB assemblies are available with substrates of various rigidities and flexibilities:
- Rigid PCB Assemblies: When most customers think about PCBs, they imagine rigid ones—thin but inflexible boards with printed circuitry. This rigidity comes from the solid and rigid substrate employed (e.g., fiberglass). Typical applications for rigid PCB assemblies include computer towers, laptops, consumer electronics, and industrial control mechanisms.
- Flexible PCB Assemblies: Flexible PCB assemblies utilize flexible substrates that allow them to bend to fit into small and tight spaces without damaging the circuitry. While they are more expensive than rigid PCB assemblies, they offer a number of advantages, such as accommodation of smaller space and weight limits. This quality makes them well-suited for use in aerospace, military, and other similar applications.
- Rigid-Flex PCB Assemblies: Rigid-flex PCB assemblies combine segments of rigid board and segments of flexible substrate. They help reduce and/or eliminate the need for connectors and improve labor, yield, transmission, and reliability problems. These PCBAs are highly versatile, finding application in a variety of industries, including aerospace, consumer goods, medical, and military. The main disadvantage is their comparatively high price point.
Both flex and rigid-flex PCB assemblies can be designed for either static-flex or dynamic-flex applications. Static-flex PCB assemblies are intended to bend only for installation, typically as a means of fitting them into a small or tight space. Dynamic-flex PCB assemblies are used in products that experience repeated bending.
Quality Printed Circuit Board Assemblies (PCBAs) at CCK Automations
At CCK Automations, Inc., we design and manufacture IPC-A-610-certified printed circuit board assemblies for customer-specific, industry-specific, and specialized applications. Our manufacturing facility houses all of the tools we need to develop and deliver quality PCB assemblies, including three high-speed surface mount lines, prototype lines, auto insertion equipment, spade insertion equipment, vapor reflow technology, automated optical inspection machines, and X-ray machines. This equipment allows us to provide a broad selection of PCBA capabilities to meet the various PCBA needs of our customers, including:
- 3D Automated Optical Inspection
- BGA and Micro BGA
- Tin Lead Wave
- Lead-Free Wave
- Tin Lead Selective Solder
- Lead-Free Selective Solder
- Conformal Coating
- Dip Coating
- Selective Coating
- Robotic Potting
- Robotic Staking
- Robotic Gasketing
- Wire and Cable Assemblies
- Hand Assemblies
- Complete Testing
- High-Volume Testing
- Customer-Specific Labeling
- Foam-in-Place Packaging
- Full ESD Control Measures
- Custom Packaging
- Customer-Specific Packaging
- Low-Medium-High Volume Assemblies
- 0201 and Up Package Types
- Surface Mount Line Placement to 70 Micron Accuracy
In addition to our PCB design, manufacturing, and assembly capabilities, we also offer a full range of in-house injection molding services. As a result, our customers experience the benefits of partnering with a PCBA supplier that completes all design and manufacturing processes under a single roof, such as greater control over product quality, lower freight costs, and faster turnaround time.
For printed circuit board assemblies tailored to your needs, you can count on the expert at CCK Automations. Contact us today to learn more about our PCBA capabilities or request a quote.


YAMAHA RX-A3050 AV RECEIVER
- AVENTAGE AV Receivers: Designed to Deliver the Highest Levels of Audio Performance
- CINEMA DSP HD3 expands the sound field vertically for more thrilling and realistic surround sound
- Ultra-high performance DACs for superior sound quality
- Aluminium Front Panel Offers Visual and Aural Benefits
- Anti Resonance Technology (A.R.T.) Wedge helps to ensure that vibrations do not affect sound quality
- H-shape cross member frame and rigid bottom frame / double bottom construction
- 9-channel powerful surround sound and full discrete amp configuration
- --- 230 W per channel (4 ohms, 1 kHz, 0.9 % THD, 1 ch driven [European Model])
- --- 150 W per channel (8 ohms, 20 Hz-20 kHz, 0.06 % THD, 2 ch driven)
- --- 230 W per channel (8 ohms, 1 kHz, 10 % THD, 1 ch driven, JEITA)
- MHL supports full HD video and audio from mobile phones and portable devices
- Network functions such as AirPlay, Napster®* music streaming service (*Music service availability varies by region.)
- AV Controller app for operating various functions from a smartphone or tablet
- FLAC or WAV 192kHz / 24-bit audio playback
- High-resolution Music Enhancer further heightens musicality from the original content
- Advanced HDMI Zone Switching allows unprecedented AV switching to multiple zones
- HDMI (8 in [1 on front] ) / 2 out) with 3D and Audio Return Channel
- 4K Ultra HD Pass-through and Upscaling
- YPAO R.S.C. (Reflected Sound Control) sound optimisation with multi-point / speaker angle measurement
- Yamaha video processing optimises video content
- Full LED Backlight Learning and Preset Remote Unit
- Versatile Zone control such as Zone 2 / 3 / 4 on / off, Zone GUI, Zone 2 / 3 video assign and Party mode
- ECO mode operation for about 20% less power consumption
The AVENTAGE line of high-performance AV receivers is based on the audio design concept of providing a massive, full-bodied sound for movie sound effects and the accurate reproduction of music sources. By expertly harmonising traditional and advanced technologies, every factor that affects sound quality, from materials and parts to construction, layout, vibration damping (unique foot) and “fine-tuning” the sound, is handled with no other thought than to achieve the best possible audio quality. As a result, every AVENTAGE model has the ability to reproduce the most subtle details of high-definition sound, so that listeners can enjoy a truly high-class sound studio experience at home.
The Anti Resonance Technology (A.R.T.) Wedge is a fifth foot in the centre of the unit. It dampens vibrations from the power transformer, power transistors and heat sinks, as well as vibrations that might be caused by the sound from the speakers.
All of the AVENTAGE components feature the same sleek, clean design, with an elegant aluminium front panel and silky touch volume / selector knobs. The aluminium front panel is used to effectively shield sensitive circuitry from external noise and electronic radiation generated by dimmer switches, fluorescent lighting, video monitors and so on. This ensures optimum sonic performance in the widest range of installation environments.
The interior of the receiver is reinforced with cross members in an H shape to provide an extremely rigid and stable frame. This reduces chassis vibration to virtually zero even during high volume output (seemingly minor vibrations can affect the sound), maintaining the highest audio quality.
This is just one of the many design details that all combine to create a superior receiver. The interior of the unit has been precisely planned, circuit-routed and built so that the left and right channels are physically and electrically isolated. This naturally maximises channel separation, but also greatly improves signal to noise ratio and also helps to achieve a wide, open sound stage.
The Total Purity Concept, which Yamaha has been cultivating for many years, encompasses high drive amp technology, high purity pre-amplification, anti-vibration technology and independent pure power supplies. All models have a fully discrete power amplifier that helps to minimize distortion. They also adopt independent pure power supplies, allowing dedicated power supplies for the analogue and digital circuitry to prevent digital noise from affecting analogue circuitry. The anti-vibration heatsinks are designed to suppress vibration from transistors and sound pressure. Independent power supplies for the DACs are designed to further eliminate noise on certain models. Down to every detail, these AV receivers are designed with full emphasis on the highest possible sound quality.
Every single part in an AV receiver affects the sound quality. For AVENTAGE models, extra time is taken to find (or develop) the exact parts needed to achieve the highest performance possible. Sound technicians go through a testing process to, in effect, “tune” the receiver’s sound.
An ultra-high performance ESS Technology 192 kHz/32 bit ES9016 DAC produces an unsurpassed sound stage with up to 124 dB dynamic range, super low distortion and noise level. High-quality ESS ES9006 DACs power the presence channels. This AV receiver’s sound reproduction is for the most discriminating of listeners.
This AV receiver is compatible with many audio formats such as Dolby True HD and DTS-HD Master Audio. They are also compatible with FLAC / WAV 192kHz playback. You will enjoy excellent sound quality from Blu-ray Discs and other types of high resolution sources.
Hi-bit high-sampling extension up to 96 kHz / 24-bit can be applied to lossless 44.1 / 48 kHz content such as from a CD (2-channel PCM) or a FLAC file for further heightening of the musicality in the original content.
This AV receiver's HDMI input / output supports 4K video image pass-through. It also can perform 4K upscaling to boost a lower resolution image to super high-def resolution. This ensures compatibility with the latest super high resolution video formats.
Yamaha’s high-end video projector engineering expertise has produced various advanced processing techniques that are applied to this AV receiver. These include edge adaptive deinterlacing to smooth out jaggy noise, motion adaptive deinterlacing to detect moving or still images for precise pixel-by-pixel processing and multi-cadence detection including 3-2 pull-down. Proper processing makes viewing enjoyment complete no matter what video source or content.
3D means the receiver can handle 3D signal data. The Audio Return Channel function enables data to be sent and received via the same HDMI cable, so you can hear the sound from the TV via a single HDMI cable, with no need for an extra optical cable.
This AV receiver provides a variety of network functions that enable you to access more sources and also enhance operation. You can connect the receiver to a PC to enjoy Internet Radio, Napster®*, and operate your system via Web Browser Control. The AV Controller app (from iTunes App Store or Google play) lets you control various functions from your iPod, iPhone, iPad or Android phones / tablets.
*Music service availability varies by region.
This AV receiver lets you use the Yamaha AV Controller app that is downloadable from the iTunes App Store or Google Play to control power on / off and volume, select input and DSP modes and operate other functions from an iPhone or Android devices. You can also use in as many as 23* different languages and customise the interface by hiding unused icons and renaming functions. A tablet version is also available.
*As of spring 2013
This AV receiver supports AirPlay, which means they can accept wireless music streaming from iPod touch, iPhone or iPad, as well as from iTunes on Macs or PCs. This makes it easy to enjoy music from your mobile devices or computer on your home theatre system. You can use view metadata such as song title, artist name as well as album art* via AV receiver's on-screen display.
*Some models don't support album art display.
MHL provides easy, direct connection of compatible mobile phones and this AV receiver. Playback of up to 1080p video and multi-channel audio from the phones is supported. The receiver also charges the connected phone. Play, Stop and other basic operations can be controlled from the remote control.
A USB port on the front panel allows convenient connection of an iPod / iPhone / iPad, which also charges when connected. Because the digital signal from the iPod / iPhone / iPad is transmitted directly to the AV receiver, there is no signal loss or interference, so you enjoy the best possible sound quality. In addition, you can use the receiver’s remote control unit to operate the iPod / iPhone / iPad music playback functions.
YPAO analyses room acoustics and performs speaker angle measurements, then calibrates audio parameters to achieve optimum sound at any of several listening positions. It employs Reflected Sound Control to correct early reflections for studio-quality sound. It also provides DSP Effect Normalisation, which varies the CINEMA DSP parameters according to the reflected sounds.
The SCENE PLUS function simplifies operation by providing one touch power-on along with selection of the desired source and the appropriate DSP programmes. SCENE PLUS offers a choice of 12 SCENE selections, four of which can be assigned to the second zone in a multi-zone system. SCENE PLUS can be selected from the front panel, remote control, GUI and even from the AV Controller app.
Another benefit of HDMI is the availability of CEC functionality. When the unit is connected to a CEC compatible TV, it will turn on and off together with the TV, and you can use the TV remote to control the volume. CEC also provides advanced functionality with other components. For example, you can use the receiver’s remote unit to control player functions like Skip and Stop.
＊All connected devices must be HDMI CEC compatible. Some CEC compatible TVs / players may not work.
In addition to the large number of HDMI inputs on the rear panel, there is also one on the front panel. This gives you a convenient way to quickly plug in a digital camera or camcorder for highest quality pictures.
When the AV receiver is in HDMI Standby Through mode, the input source (Blu-ray™ Disc player, game console, etc.) for viewing on the monitor can be changed via the remote control. There’s no need to turn on the AV receiver in order to switch sources.
Yamaha’s latest Graphical User Interface has a high resolution display with clear, easy-to-use menus and also includes a selectable Status Bar that shows input source, volume level, DSP mode and audio format. The GUI provides a choice of seven languages: English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, Italian and Chinese, and can be displayed over both normal and 3D pictures.
Intelligent Amp Assign automatically assigns amplifier channels to certain speakers, depending on what functions are selected. For example, in a 9.1-channel system, when Zone 2 is off, all 9.1 channels will be used in the Main Zone. However, when Zone 2 is on, power to the two Surround Back channels will be directed to the two speakers in Zone 2, and the Main Zone will receive 7.1 channels of power. Similarly, when CINEMA DSP HD3 is on, the two Rear Presence speakers will be powered and not the two Surround Back speakers. When CINEMA DSP HD3 is off, this situation is reversed. Thanks to Intelligent Amp Assign, there’s no need to switch the speaker cables on the rear of the receiver—one more way Yamaha makes your life a little easier.
This AV receiver provide a DC-out connection for the YWA-10 WiFi Adapter (optional accessory). This lets you stream music wirelessly via a router from network components such as a PC or NAS.
This AV receiver provide a DC-out connection for the YBA-11 Bluetooth Wireless Adapter (optional accessory). You'll be able to stream music wirelessly from a Bluetooth-capable smartphone, tablet or PC, without a WiFi environment.
CINEMA DSP HD3 literally takes the surround sound experience to new heights. By using four CINEMA DSP engines with advanced 3D processing and two front presence channels in a 9.2-channel configuration, it gives the sound field an enhanced vertical dimension for more realistic and exciting movie sound.
The Subwoofer Trim control enhances the low frequencies by avoiding overlap with the front speaker output. This will result in a cleaner, more focused sound stage while providing a seamless frequency response. When subwoofer frequency overlap occurs in conventional systems, the overall sound is “pushed” toward the subwoofer. Subwoofer Trim takes care of this by separating the low subwoofer frequencies cleanly, thus stabilizing the front stage while providing a well-balanced enhanced bass sound.
Dialogue Lift raises the sound of dialogue from the centre speaker to a position in the centre of the screen. Newly developed virtual dialogue lift achieves dialogue lift function even without the need for presence speakers. Dialogue Level Adjustment lets you control the volume of the vocal sound, so you hear movie dialogue and music vocals at the ideal level for clear, comfortable listening.
New Virtual CINEMA DSP provides virtual 7.1-channel surround sound from only front speakers (2.1-channel), with no need for rear speakers. Using new 24kHz HRTF (Head-Related Transfer Function) technology, it creates a rear sound field that is extremely spacious, natural and powerful.
When music is encoded into a digitally compressed format like MP3, the frequency response suffers. Yamaha’s Compressed Music Enhancer employs sophisticated digital signal processing using exclusive algorithms to restore what was lost, so the music always sounds the way it should.
Adaptive DRC automatically adjusts the dynamic range of the sound according to the volume level. This ensures that you hear clear dialog and vocals, and all sound effects at comfortable levels. There is no need to adjust the volume level as you listen; everything from whispers to big explosions will be heard clearly and comfortably at the same volume setting. It also tones down loud TV commercials, and is ideal for low-volume, late-night listening, when you do not want to disturb others.
While standard HDMI zone switching can only send HD video programmes to the main and second zones, Yamaha’s Advanced HDMI Zone Switching adds the capability to choose from all audio and video sources for playback in either zone. An on-screen graphical user interface makes it easy to browse and select content to enjoy from the second zone no matter what is being played in the main zone.
Yamaha’s new ECO mode reduces power consumption by about 20%. It can be set from the top of the GUI menu.
* Compared to power consumption when ECO mode is off (Yamaha measurement).
Auto Power Down lets you save energy by selecting to turn off the power after 2, 4, 8 or 12 hours.
Yamaha makes its receivers eco-friendly with a low standby power consumption of 0.35W in IR Standby mode (5.0W in HDMI Standby Through mode, 2.2W in Network Standby mode).
• 9-channel powerful surround sound
230 W per channel (4 ohms, 1 kHz, 0.9% THD, 1 ch driven [European Model])
150 W per channel (8 ohms, 20 Hz-20 kHz, 0.06% THD, 2 ch driven)
230 W per channel (8 ohms, 1 kHz, 10% THD, 1 ch driven, JEITA)
• DAC on Pure Ground circuitry
• High speed thermal feedback power amplifier
• Ultra Low Jitter PLL circuitry helps optimise sound imaging
• Intelligent assignable amplifiers for Surround Back - Rear Presence or Zone2 / 3
• Phono input for vinyl playback
Other Notable Video Features
• HDMI: 8 inputs (1 on front) and 2 outputs (assignable for zone 2 / 4)
• Analogue to analogue video upconversion
Other Notable Advanced Features
• DLNA 1.5 certified
• Charging of iPod, iPhone and iPad via USB when AV Receiver is off
• Ability to store and choose between two speaker setting patterns
• Audio Delay for adjusting Lip-Sync (0-500 ms)
• Macro, Learning and preset capable remote unit
• Background Video feature (for tuner and Net)
Other Notable Surround Realism
• HD Audio decoding with CINEMA DSP HD3 (23 DSP programmes)
• Virtual dialogue lift even without use of presence speakers
• Channel expandability with external amplifier (11-channel expandability, bi-amping)
• Adaptive DSP Level
Other Notable Advanced Zone Control Features
• Zone 2 / 3 / 4 on / off and control on front panel
• Zone GUI (song / station select, album cover art display, Zone tone controls / Zone balance, short message)
• Zone 2 / 3 video assign (Component, S-Video, Composite)
• System Backup / Recovery function
• Zone mono, Zone volume, tone controls and balance, etc.
• Party mode


Defeating HTTP Strict Transport Security
This tutorial covers attacks on HTTP Strict Transport Security, sometimes known as STS or HSTS. Yes that's right, we have so many acronyms we're now nesting them. Macronyms to the intellectual elite.
A history lesson
To understand what HSTS is you need to understand the history of MITM (Man In The Middle) attacks on digital communications. In the beginning there was HTTP, The browser (Alice) could communicate with the web server (Bob).
Alice <------> Bob
However an adversary Eve could perform a MITM attack on connection by telling Alice that she is Bob, and telling Bob she is Alice, both Bob and Alice send their communications to Eve who logs the information, potentially modifies it and then lets it pass on to the real destination, both Bob and Alice are non the wiser.
Alice <------> Eve <------> Bob
To secure communications HTTPS was invented, a secure version of HTTP which simply layered HTTP inside an SSL connection, this did 3 things, it provided Secrecy, Integrity and Authenticity.
SSL works using public key cryptography, Alice and Bob both have a public and private key, the public keys are shared first, messages from Alice are signed and encrypted with Bobs public key and only Bobs private key can decrypt them, and vice versa. Now Eve cannot read the communications, she can see the exchange of public keys across the wire however she cannot decrypt the message without somehow discovering the private keys first.
This worked well for some time, until Moxie Marlinspike did us all a favour, he educated us.
SSL strip is an attack on HTTPS connections written by Moxie, his thesis is that most HTTPS connections on the internet are not initiated by the user typing "HTTPS" into the address bar, but rather encountered by a HTTPS link provided in an existing HTTP context or by the web server redirecting HTTP requests to HTTPS ones.
SSL Strip simply monitors the plain text HTTP connections, any responses from the web server back to the client that includes HTTPS hyper-links are re-written to be HTTP, and any redirect responses the server sends are also re-written from HTTPS to HTTP, internally SSL Strip keeps track of what it has modified. The client is forced to communicate with SSL Strip in HTTP but SSL Strip faithfully presents a HTTPS connection to the web server using its own public/private key pair.
Alice <---HTTP---> Eve <---HTTPS---> Bob
HSTS was created as a solution to attacks like SSL Strip. It introduces a new header inside HTTP communications called Strict-Transport-Security, the server includes this header which tells the browser to only use SSL connections on the specified domain in future and for how long, if the browser supports HSTS headers correctly it will create a new policy to always use SSL until the expiry date elapses.
This creates only 2 points of attack for adversaries.
1) The host name and underlying DNS system to verify it, if secure DNS isn't used then domains can spoofed and pointed to attackers servers.
2) The expiry time of the policy, after the expiry time has been reached the browser reverts to normal behaviour which is to connect over regular HTTP unless specified otherwise.
Both of these vectors have been exploited recently.
SSL Strip 2
Leonardo Nve presented a talk at Blackhat Asia 2014 where he introduced an improved version of Moxies original tool SSL Strip. SSL Strip 2 performs MITM attacks on DNS requests forcing requests from the browser to be sent directly to the attacker.
NTP and time shifting with Delorean
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a widely used protocol for synchronizing time across a network, most major Operating Systems implement some form of NTP to keep the system time as accurate as possible, there are several revisions of NTP including ones which implement secure time updates with cryptographically signed messages (v4 onwards) however no major operating systems currently support this out of the box making almost everyone vulnerable to MITM attacks on time updates.
Each operating system behaves differently with regards to when time updates occur and with what frequency, as well as a maximum delta change from the current time/date that is allowed in a single update. Step in Jose Selvi with new MITM tool called Delorean which focuses on MITM attacks on NTP, you can find his whitepaper here.
Using Delorean and time shifting the Operating Systems internal clock, any software that relies on the internal clock such as the browsers checking for expired policies can now be fooled by adversaries. Forcing the internal clock to the expiration date of the policy and then modifying all future HTTP request to remove the HSTS value from the header will prevent the browser from forcing SSL usage and all existing SSL downgrade attacks will work as normal.


Digitization – the Killer Enabler
by John de Ridder
In the never ending quest for the “killer apps” that drive the uptake of broadband, one that we seem to have overlooked is digitization – which I’d call the ‘killer enabler’ of applications that undermines traditional carrier and regulatory models.
The following are some key insights on how digitization has changed the rules of the telecommunications industry. The impact the roll-out of broadband networks has had on key stakeholders is detailed in my update of the regulatory tool-kit for infoDev and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) .
Networks used to be built vertically around specific applications (e.g. voice or PayTV) but digitization ‘de-layers’ networks so that content or applications are no longer network specific. Next Generation Networks can support all applications over a single all-IP data network.
As data protocols are application agnostic, they create a problem for traditional operator business models which use applications and content services (e.g. calls) to subsidise carriage (i.e. the line rental or mobile handset). Digitization separates carriage and content services allowing ‘over-the-top’ (OTT) content and application services (e.g. Skype and Netflix).
As policy makers and regulators focus on getting more broadband, there has been a shift in access policy. Traditionally, the focus has been on opening legacy copper networks to competition from new entrants. Unsurprisingly, incumbents complained that cost-based access-pricing was too low. They claimed this made them reluctant to invest in fibre access networks to improve broadband services. That made it a policy issue.
There is no clear best practice yet. It is too early to say which approaches work best and how country-specific circumstances might affect outcomes. Some countries have allowed ‘regulatory holidays’ so that the terms of access are determined commercially (e.g. USA). Many countries are determined to see ‘open access’ carried forward from copper to fibre networks; especially when they are supported by public investment.
Open access on fibre does not allow the same unbundling options that are available on copper networks (e.g. full or partial line-sharing). With the few exceptions where point-to-point fibre is deployed, the most common form of access will be bitstream.
Broadband networks displace switched interconnection with IP interconnection which makes the regulator’s task lighter because the access bottle-neck is removed.
Access pricing for fibre based fixed access networks poses a dilemma for regulators. If they apply traditional cost based approaches to the large investments made in pushing fibre deeper into access networks, regulated prices will hinder the migration of customers from existing copper-based networks, which are largely written-down. Again, there is no clear best-practice on how to adapt existing costing methods and manage the transition.
Of course, with digitization service providers can go ‘over the top’ to deliver content and services to end customers. IP interconnection will be sufficient .
IP interconnection has existed in the internet system for many years with no regulation of ‘peering and transit’ arrangements. Many of these are similar to the ‘bill and keep’ (also known as ‘sender-keeps-all’) arrangements that apply to Receiving Party Network Pays mobile regimes; so for RPNP the transition is simple. For the more common situation in mobile and fixed networks, the transition is helped where termination rates are low. Again, the regulator’s task should become easier; once transitional issues are resolved.
The switched PSTN model is dying and there is divergence in regulatory approaches to the emerging world of next generation networks. Many regulators (rightly) hesitate to act too swiftly as whatever they do will shape the market. Operators of broadband networks will have to move swiftly to shift their business models towards charging for traffic.
 Digitization is a key theme in the update of Module 2 (Competition and Pricing) of the infoDev/ITU tool kit for regulators at http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.1140.html