Key parameters and options for choosing a capacitor charging power supply
Quasi- constant-power capacitor charging power supplies cas study
Written by: Isaac Zuker, CTO, Advice Electronics Ltd.
Estimated reading time: 9 minutes
Capacitor charging power supplies are used for pulsed-power applications such as IPL or pulsed lasers for aesthetic medicine and for driving pulsed lasers intended for diverse medical or industrial applications, among many other application fields.
Key parameters for choosing a capacitor charging power supply
The most important parameters which will determine which capacitor charging power supply you will choose and eventually integrate into your product are:
Among many, the main electrical parameters for choosing a capacitor charger are the following:
Output power: measured in Joules/Sec (or Watts). It determines how quickly the capacitor will be charged to the required operating voltage.
Repetition rate: indicates how many times per minute or per second the capacitor can be charged. The higher the rate, the higher the average power the capacitor charging power supply delivers.
Output voltage rating: Indicates the voltage to which the load capacitor will be charged.
Input leakage current: a safety parameter indicating the leakage current to Earth. For instance, for most medical applications the leakage current should usually be 0.5mA or less, depending on the device class and required certification.
User interface, which usually includes as a minimum: Enable/Disable signal for activating the charging power supply, a "Vset" analog control signal for setting the capacitor voltage at the end of charge, an "End-of-Charge" signal, indicating the capacitor is fully charged, and an alarm signal, indicating a malfunction.
Common capacitor charging power supplies technology
The technology used in the capacitor charging power supply has an impact on all the above parameters, especially on its physical size, its reliability and price.
In this paper we will discuss the standard, widely used constant current capacitor charging approach, and we will compare it to Advice Electronics Ltd.'s approach, which allows for smaller size, more reliable and cost-effective quasi-constant-power (QCP) capacitor charging power supplies.
Standard constant current capacitor charging approach
In the range of 1 or 2 KJoule/Sec. and above, most capacitor charging power supplies in the market are built using a constant current capacitor charging approach.
A bit of theory: the voltage (in Volts) across a capacitor is equal to the charge delivered to it (in Coulombs) divided by the capacitor's capacitance (in Farads). The charge delivered to the capacitor is equal to the integral of the current along the charging period. In this case, since the current is constant, we get a linear voltage charging profile of the capacitor.
Since the power delivered to the load at any moment, in this case a capacitor, is proportional to the output voltage multiplied by the output current, and since the output current is constant and the capacitor voltage increases linearly with time (starting from zero), we conclude that the output power the charging power supply delivers is initially zero, increasing linearly along the charging process.
For instance, let's suppose we are willing to deliver an energy of 3,000 Joules per second using a constant current charging power supply. At the beginning of the charging process the voltage across the capacitor is zero and accordingly, the power delivered by the charging power supply to the capacitor is zero, then it increases linearly until the charging process is complete (i.e. the desired voltage across the capacitor has been reached).
Since the capacitor voltage increases linearly along the charging period, so does the output power delivered by a constant current capacitor charging power supply (blue line), as shown in figure 1.
The energy in Joules delivered to the capacitor is equal to the area below the blue line in figure 1 below (vertical axis in Watts, horizontal axis in mSec.).
Since we require an average energy of 3,000 Joules per second (orange line), and the charging power delivered by the power supply starts from zero and increases linearly, the final, peak charging power the power supply delivers is 6,000 Joules per second, or 6,000W, as shown in figure 1 below.
This approach is simple, and the power supply construction is straightforward, comprising a constant current control loop. However, this approach offers a poor utilization of the power components of the power supply (such as power semiconductors, power transformers and power chokes), because those must be designed for withstanding at least twice the power required by the application – resulting either in a less reliable or in a larger and more costly device - and worse, often resulting in a combination of both.
Quasi-Constant-Power (QCP) Capacitor Charging Power Supplies
The main assumption behind this approach is that if we could deliver constant power to the capacitor, then, we could deliver an average energy of 3,000 Joules per second by delivering 3,000W along the charging process. Since this is half of the peak power required in a standard constant current charging power supply, we would get a smaller size, more reliable and cost-effective capacitor charging power supply.
In order to do so, let's calculate how the capacitor voltage and current should behave during the charging period.
Charger output power:
From (IX) we learn that if we could charge a capacitor while delivering constant power, the voltage across it would grow proportionally to the square root of the elapsed time.
This is shown in figure 2 below, depicting a simulation of the voltage across a 1,200uF capacitor being charged to 500V at a constant power of 3,000Joul/S (or 3,000W). The vertical (voltage) axis is in Volts and the horizontal (time) axis is in mSec. The charging time obtained in the simulation is 50mSec, which is in line with the following calculated charging time obtained by dividing the energy stored in the capacitor by the power delivered to it:
From (X) we learn that if we could charge a capacitor with constant power, the current at the beginning of the charging process (at t=0) would be infinite, decreasing with time.
Figure 3 below shows the results of a simulation of the current delivered to the capacitor (in Amps) while being charged at constant power (horizontal axis in mSec.). At the first moment (first millisecond not depicted) the current is infinite, and it decreases steadily until the capacitor is fully charged. Once the capacitor is charged the current drops to zero (after 50mSec) and its voltage remains constant.
The practical solution for optimal utilization of the power hardware of the charging power supply would be to start charging the capacitor at maximum constant current until reaching the capacitor charger maximum output power, then keep charging the capacitor at constant power till the desired voltage across the capacitor is reached.
This process is depicted in figure 4 below, which shows the simulation results of the voltage across the capacitor when charged by a quasi-constant power (QCP) capacitor charging power supply (vertical axis in Volts, horizontal axis in mSec.). The simulation parameters are:
Capacitor value: 1,200uF
Voltage at end of charge: 500V
Charger current limit: 22A
Constant power delivered: 3,250W
During the first 7mS the charging current is limited to 22A showing a linear voltage increase, and then the charging power delivered to the capacitor remains constant (at 3,250W) until full charge is achieved (at 500V).
Figure 5 below shows the charging current delivered by the QCP capacitor charging power supply to the capacitor during the charging period (vertical axis in Amps, horizontal axis in mSec.). During the first 7mS the charging current is limited to 22A, decreasing during the charging process.
Figure 6 below shows how the output power increases linearly (during the constant current charging period) from zero to full power during the first 7mS until full power (3,250W) is achieved, then the output power remains constant till the capacitor voltage reaches the desired voltage (500V) – and then it drops to zero after 50mS of charging (vertical axis in Watts, horizontal axis in mSec.).
Figure 7 below shows an oscillogram of the voltage across the capacitor recorded during the charging period, obtained with a real QCP capacitor charging power supply (Advice Electronics, Model LCH-3000-500). The oscillogram in figure 7 was recorded with an oscilloscope Agilent DSO7014B.
The measured result shown in figure 7 (capacitor charged from zero to 500V in 50mS) compares very well with the theoretical, simulated charging curve shown in figure 4: they are almost identical with a minor deviation during the period between 8mS and 22mS, as can be seen in figure 8 below, in which the measured capacitor voltage (in yellow, as previously shown in figure 7) is properly scaled and superimposed upon the simulated quasi constant power (QCP) charging curve (in blue, as previously shown in figure 4).
Comparing the two approaches on a practical basis
In order to charge a 1,200uF capacitor to 500V in 50mS, a constant current capacitor charging power supply needs to deliver a peak power of 6KW (as shown in figure 1), while a QCP capacitor charging power supply needs to supply a peak power of 3.25KW for achieving the same result.
Form the above discussion we learn that a QCP capacitor charging power supply must deliver a peak power equal to only 108% of the average required output power. A constant current capacitor charging power supply must deliver a peak power equal to 200% of the average required output power, roughly twice the peak power required from a QCP capacitor charging power supply.
This factor has a significant impact on the capacitor charging power supply design, size, reliability and cost.
We conclude that an effective quasi-constant-power (QCP) capacitor charging power supply approach requires from its power components considerably reduced stress and smaller size, resulting also in reduced cost and increased reliability, while operating at a significantly lower peak power than a constant current unit.
This results in a smaller size, more reliable and cost-effective capacitor charging power supply, like the LCH-XXX capacitor charging power supplies series from Advice Electronics Ltd. (Link To Capacitor Chargers Products)


Choosing Between an RPC-Style (remote procedure call) and a Message-Style (document-style) Web Service.
RPC-style Web services are interface driven, which means that the business methods of the underlying stateless session EJB determine how the Web service works. When clients invoke the Web service, they send parameter values to the Web service, which executes the corresponding methods and sends back the return values. The relationship is synchronous, which means that the client waits for a response from the Web service before it continues with the remainder of its application. Create an RPC-style Web service if your application has the following characteristics:
Examples of RPC-style Web services include providing the current weather conditions in a particular location; returning the current price for a given stock; or checking the credit rating of a potential trading partner prior to the completion of a business transaction. In each case the information is returned immediately, implying a synchronous relationship between the client and the Web service.
RPC is essentially a Remote Procedure Call in which the client sends a SOAP request to execute an operation on the Web Service. The SOAP request contains the name of method to be executed and the parameter it takes. The server running the Web Service converts this request to appropriate objects (java method call, EJB method call etc with parameters of defined type), executes the operation and sends the response as SOAP message to client. At the client side, this response is used to form appropriate objects and return the required information (output) to the client. RPC-style Web Services are tightly coupled because the sending parameters and return values are as described in WSDL (Web Service Description Language ) file and are wrapped in the SOAP body. Following is an example SOAP Body of RPC-style Web Service, which invokes GetStockQuote method with input parameter "ORCL":
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope...> <SOAP-ENV:Body> <m:GetStockQuote xmlns:m="http://hello"> <m:Symbol>ORCL</m:Symbol> </m:GetStockQuote> </SOAP-ENV:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope>RPC-style Web Services follow call/response semantics, and hence they are synchronous, which means that the client sends the request and waits for the response till the request is processed completely.
You should create a message-style (document-style) Web service if your application has the following characteristics:
Examples of message-style Web services include processing a purchase order; accepting a request for new DSL home service; or responding to a request for quote order from a customer. In each case, the client sends an entire document, such as purchase order, to the Web service and assumes that the Web service is processing it in some way, but the client does not require an answer right away or even at all. If your Web service will work in this asynchronous, document-driven manner, then you should consider designing it as a message-style Web service. NOTE: Document-Style web servives can use both one-way (non-blocking) calls and two-way (request-response) calls, but preferrable choice will be one-way calls.
Document-Style Web Service are loosely coupled and the request/response are in the form of XML documents. The client sends the parameter to the Web Service as XML document, instead of discrete set of parameter values. The Web Service processes the document, executes the operation and constructs & sends the response to the client as an XML document. There is no direct mapping between the server objects (parameters, method calls etc) and the values in XML documents. The application has to take care of mapping the XML data values. The SOAP Body of a Document-Style carries one or more XML documents, within its body. The protocol places no constraint on how that document needs to be structured, which is totally handled at the application level. Document-Style Web Service follows asynchronous processing. Following is an example SOAP body for Document-Style Web Service:
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope ...> <SOAP-ENV:Body> <StockQuoteRequest symbol="IBA-USA"/> </SOAP-ENV:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope>The parameters of the methods which are to be exposed by the document style Web Service should be of type XML element only. The return type of the method can be either an XML element or void.
The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) offers two messaging styles: RPC (Remote Procedure Call) and document style. One is for creating tightly coupled, inter-object style interfaces for Web services components; the other is for developing loosely coupled, application-to-application and system-to-system interfaces.
An RPC is a way for an application running in one execution thread on a system to call a procedure belonging to another application running in a different execution thread on the same or a different system. RPC interfaces are based on a request-response model where one program calls, or requests a service of, another across a tightly coupled interface. In Web services applications, one service acts as a client, requesting a service; the other as a server, responding to that request. RPC interfaces have two parts: the call-level interface seen by the two applications, and the underlying protocol for moving data from one application to the other. NOTE, it may be not only request-response (two-way) RPC call, but also one-way RPC call (but more often it is used with two-way calls).
The call-level interface to an RPC procedure looks just like any other method call in the programming language being used. It consists of a method name and a parameter list. The parameter list is made up of the variables passed to the called procedure and those returned as part of its response.
For Web services, SOAP defines the wiring between the calling and called procedures. At the SOAP level, the RPC interface appears as a series of highly structured XML messages moving between the client and the server where the Body of each SOAP message contains an XML representation of the call or return stack:
<env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <env:Body> <sm:someMethod xmlns:sm="http://www.xyz.com/sm"> <someParams> <item>100</item> <item>200</item> </someParams> </sm:someMethod> </env:Body> </env:Envelope>
The transformation from call-level interface to XML and back occurs through the magic of two processes: marshaling and serialization.
The server goes through the reverse process to extract the information it needs. A listener service on the server deserializes the transport stream and calls a proxy stub on the server that unmarshals the parameters, decodes and binds them to internal variables and data structures, and invokes the called procedure. The listener process may be, for example, a J2EE servlet, JSP (JavaServer Page), or Microsoft ASP (Active Server Page). The client and server reverse roles and the inverse process occurs to return the server's response to the client.
The difference between RPC-Style and Document-Style is primarily in the control you have over the marshaling process. With RPC-style messaging, standards govern that process. With document-style messaging, you make the decisions: you convert data from internal variables into XML; you place the XML into the Body element of the encapsulating SOAP document; you determine the schema(s), if any, for validating the document's structure; and you determine the encoding scheme, if any, for interpreting data item values. The SOAP document simply becomes a wrapper containing whatever content you decide. For example, the SOAP document shown in following example contains an XML namespace reference, http://www.xyz.com/genealogy, that presumably includes all the information a receiving program needs for validating the message's structure and content, and for correctly interpreting data values:
<env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <env:Body> <xyz:family xmlns:xyz="http://www.xyz.com/genealogy"> <parents> <father age="29">Mikalai</father> <mother age="29">Volha</mother> </parents> <children> ... </children> </xyz:family> </env:Body> </env:Envelope>
If you compare the steps involved in typical document-style message exchange process with those involved in processing an RPC-style message, you will notice they are essentially parallel processes:
The SOAP server reverses the process, potentially using a different XSLT, to validate, extract, and bind the information it needs from the XML document to its own internal variables. The roles reverse and the two follow inverse processes for returning and accessing any response values. The rules guiding the marshaling process are the primary difference between this process and that for RPC-style messages. With document-style, you as the SOAP client's author create those rules.
RPC-style messaging maps to the object-oriented, component-technology space. It is an alternative to other component technologies such as DCOM and CORBA where component models are built around programmable interfaces and languages such as Java and C#. RPC-style messaging's strength in this space lies in its platform independence. It offers a standards-based, platform-independent component technology, implemented over standard Internet protocols. One of the benefits of this style's XML layer is that clients and servers can use different programming languages, or technologies, to implement their respective side of the interface, which means one side can choose one set of technologies, such as J2EE's JAX-RPC, while the other chooses a completely different set, such as .NET's C#. RPC-style messaging's standards heritage can be an important consideration in hybrid environments (one using multiple technologies such as J2EE and .NET) and can provide a transition path between different technologies.
RPC-Style messaging's weaknesses
The coupling and synchronicity issues are common to RPC-based component technologies. So they are really not discriminators when making comparisons between these technologies. The marshaling and serialization overhead is greater for RPC-style messaging and places this messaging style at a relative disadvantage. However, with today's high-speed processors and networks, performance is generally not an issue.
Document-style messaging is clearly an option in any situation where an XML document is one of the interface parameters. It is ideal for passing complex business documents, such as invoices, receipts, customer orders, or shipping manifests. Document-style messaging uses an XML document and a stylesheet to specify the content and structure of the information exchanged across the interface, making it an obvious choice in situations where a document's workflow involves a series of services where each service processes a subset of the information within the document. Each service can use an XSLT to validate, extract, and transform only the elements it needs from the larger XML document; with the exception of those elements, the service is insensitive to changes in other parts of the document. The XSLT insulates the service from changes in the number, order, or type of data elements being exchanged. As long as the service creating the document maintains backwards compatibility, it can add or rearrange the elements it places into a document without affecting other services. Those services can simply ignore any additional data. Document-style messaging is also agnostic on the synchronicity of the interface; it works equally well for both synchronous and asynchronous interfaces.
Document-style messaging's weaknesses
There are two compelling reasons to use document-style messaging. One is to gain the independence it provides. Its strength lies in decoupling interfaces between services to the point that they can change completely independently of one another. The other is that document-style messaging puts the full power of XML for structuring and encoding information at your disposal. The latter is one reason many consider document-style superior to RPC-style messaging.
RPC-style messaging's strength is as a bridging component technology. It is a good option for creating new components and for creating interfaces between Web services and existing components - you simply wrap existing components with RPC-style Web services interfaces. RPC-style messaging is also an excellent component standard in situations where you are using multiple technologies, such as J2EE and .NET, and want to develop sharable components.
Document-style messaging's strengths are in situations where an XML document is part of the data being passed across the interface, where you want to leverage the full power of XML and XSL, and in instances where you want to minimize coupling between services forming an interface, such as in application-to-application and system-to-system interfaces.
WSDL Example for RPC-Style:
... <message name="myMethodRequest"> <part name="x" type="xsd:int"/> </message> <portType name="PT"> <operation name="myMethod"> <input message="myMethodRequest"/> </operation> </portType> ...NOTE: part element has attribute type.
RPC-Literal SOAP message for this request:
<soap:Envelope> <soap:Body> <myMethod> <x>5</x> </myMethod> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>
WSDL Example for Document-Style:
<types> <schema> <element name="xElement" type="xsd:int"/> </schema> </types> <message name="myMethodRequest"> <part name="x" element="xElement"/> </message> <portType name="PT"> <operation name="myMethod"> <input message="myMethodRequest"/> </operation> </portType>NOTE: part element has attribute element with value of globally declared element.
Document-Literal SOAP message:
<soap:Envelope> <soap:Body> <xElement>5</xElement> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>


Digital signage is a powerful and efficient tool for communicating real-time information and important messages to students, staff and guests by displaying dynamic content like way-finding, emergency messaging and advertising information. It provides a high-impact communications tool to inform viewers about facilities, courses, student groups, guest lecturers and much more.
Symon provides a flexible and fully scalable solution that is able to grow with the needs of your facility; from a single screen, to multiple screens across multiple sites, all managed from one central system. As a real-time solution, administrators are able to schedule content in advance or communicate information as events happen, allowing you to get information where it's needed when it's needed quickly and efficiently.
We provide an innovative range of endpoints including door displays, large format LCD displays and way-finding kiosks so that you have a suitable means of engaging and interacting with your staff and students at every touch-point. Symon provides an end-to-end solution including hardware, software, creative content, installation, professional services, training and support. Our team is fully equipped to ensure that you receive a digital signage solution that is perfectly suited to meet your needs both now and in the future.


Affordable & Reliable Connectivity
When you set up a temporary or micro branch network, you need to get it connected to your WAN as quickly as possible. Mach Networks offers SD-WAN connection solutions to small businesses and enterprise branch offices across the nation. With the help of our customizable and scalable 4G LTE solutions, your distributed enterprise can easily manage both wired and wireless connectivity to maintain a highly available network, all the way out to the edge.
When your branch location needs immediate connectivity to your network, we have the solution. Our plans start at $75 a month and include a 4G LTE router, ECM, and VZW 5GB pooled service plan with static IP. Please note that a minimum of 10 units is required.


Deputy Gorelkin announced a plan to speed up the Internet in Russia through new CDN servers
IN Russia intend to create national CDN servers (Content Delivery Network) to speed up the download of content on the Internet for residents of the country. This was stated by the deputy head of the committee State Duma for information policy, member “United Russia” Anton Gorelkinreports TASS.
CDN servers (Content Delivery Network) – a network of servers that services place in the networks of large Internet providers and at traffic exchange points in order to speed up the loading of website and application content.
“In connection with the sanctions, the processes of technical support for the server equipment of Western companies have stopped. Therefore, Russian companies have a favorable situation,” he said.
According to the deputy, the national CDN service “should not be another entity built for budget money.”
“Russian players in this market have enough capacity to compete with Google. We agreed that the model on the basis of which this interaction will be built will be formed by the Ministry of Digital Development,” Gorelkin added.


The 475 Field Communicator builds on the industry-leading technology of the 375 Field Communicator while adding innovative new capabilities including color display, Bluetooth communication, and advanced field diagnostics with applications like ValveLink ™ Mobile.
475 Field Communicator
The 475 Field Communicator is designed to simplify your work in the field. The intuitive full color user interface allows you to leverage the same practices for both HART and F oundation fieldbus devices. It includes a larger touch screen than PDAs or Pocket PCs, supports HART versions 5, 6, and 7 (including WirelessHART ™ ) devices, and allows you to upgrade your 475 Field Communicator onsite using the Internet.
1. Full-color graphical user interface
2. Powerful field diagnostics
3. Bluetooth ® communication
4. Long-lasting Lithium-Ion power module
5. Universal support for HART ® and F oundation ™


There are public phones available almost everywhere in Costa Rica.
They can be used to make calls anywhere in the world. These telephones function by using public telephone ICE cards. Buy them in 500, 1000, 5000 colones denominations at many authorized dealers – Universidad VERITAS book store, mini-markets, pharmacies, and liquor stores – that display the blue and yellow ICETEL sign.
Costa Rican phones operate similarly to those in the US. In all of Costa Rica, the area code (lada) is 506 and a number is usually written like this: 2246-4646. If you want to dial this number from the US, first dial “011” + 506 (area code) + number.
If you are bringing your smart phone from home, make sure to contact your phone company to confirm you will not have trouble putting a new SIM card into your phone. For example, iPhones will need to be "unlocked" prior to your arrival in Costa Rica. If you are bringing a non smart phone from home, make sure it is able to have the SIM card changed. If not, cell phones in Costa Rica are fairly inexpensive and can be purchased on campus or at the local malls.


Twelve Major Broadcast Groups to Form Joint Venture to Develop National Mobile Content Service
LAS VEGAS, NV – April 13, 2010 – Belo Corp., Cox Media Group, E.W. Scripps Co., Fox, Gannett Broadcasting, Hearst Television Inc., ION Television, Media General Inc., Meredith Corp., NBC, Post-Newsweek Stations Inc. and Raycom Media today announced plans to form a standalone joint venture to develop a new national mobile content service. Utilizing existing broadcast spectrum, the service will allow member companies to provide content to mobile devices, including live and on-demand video, local and national news from print and electronic sources, as well as sports and entertainment programming.
Broadcast spectrum to be utilized for the new mobile service will come from the three owned-and-operated station groups — Fox, NBC & Telemundo, and ION — and the nine local broadcast groups, which are Belo, Cox, E.W. Scripps, Gannett, Hearst, Media General, Meredith, Post Newsweek and Raycom. Separately, these nine local broadcast companies formed Pearl Mobile DTV Company LLC as a vehicle for their involvement in the venture.
By aggregating existing broadcast spectrum from its launch partners, the new venture will have the capacity to offer a breadth of mobile video and print content to nearly 150 million U.S. residents. In addition to broadcast spectrum, the partners will commit content, marketing resources and capital to the new venture. The service will employ ATSC-M/H, an open broadcast transmission system developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) specifically for mobile devices.
The venture is designed to complement the Federal Communication Commission’s (FCC) National Broadband Initiative by giving consumers mobile access to video content while reducing congestion of the nation’s wireless broadband infrastructure. In addition, the service’s mobile content network will have the capacity to deliver local and national time-sensitive emergency information to citizens across the U.S.
Regarding the announcement, Jack Abernethy, Chief Executive Officer of Fox Television Stations, stated: “We are excited about building a platform that makes mobile television universally available and economically viable. This venture is the first step in forging cross-industry and company partnerships to deliver content to consumers.”
“This initiative offers a path for the next generation of video consumption, and will help the FCC in its goal of ensuring efficient and reliable broadband service for US consumers,” said John Wallace, President, NBC Local Media.
“Local broadcasters are the backbone of the U.S. media industry,” said David J. Barrett, President and CEO of Hearst Television Inc. “This sharing of content, broadcast spectrum, marketing resources and capital is unprecedented, and underscores U.S. broadcasters’ commitment to bringing vital local news, weather, and emergency information to increasingly mobile U.S. consumers. This is a critically important initiative that holds great promise for our audiences and the television industry. This is truly the next generation of local television service.”
“This venture takes to the next level the work we embarked upon three years ago with the development of Mobile DTV technology, in anticipation of digital TV capabilities and consumer mobile demand,” said Brandon Burgess, CEO of ION Television.
“Mobile digital television places each of our companies at the center of a consumer transformation, putting us on cell phones, netbooks, DVD players and even in-vehicle entertainment systems,” said David Lougee, President, Gannett Broadcasting, Gannett Co. Inc. “And it’s the consumers who are the big winners. From news and entertainment to emergency information, virtually all U.S. consumers will soon be able to bring their most valuable content with them wherever they go.”
Information regarding a dedicated management team that will focus on securing additional content, spectrum and distribution partnerships for the venture will be made available at a later date.
Brainerd Communicators, Inc.
Michele Clarke – 203.912.0560
Nancy Zakhary – 212.986.6667
email@example.com / firstname.lastname@example.org


Remon Medical has developed a novel telemetry technology that enables a device implanted deep inside the body to communicate wirelessly with an external system, providing physicians with valuable tools to frequently monitor and treat several potentially life-threatening conditions in a non-invasive manner.
The Company’s core technology utilizes acoustic waves, which both energize and communicate with the implanted device. The advantage of this approach is that acoustic waves transmit effectively inside the body (through soft tissue, bones and fluids), and are not absorbed by the intervening tissue. Acoustic communication requires very little energy to achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio when accessing locations deep inside the body.
Remon’s proprietary technology is integrated into a minute implant, requiring no antenna, battery, or connecting leads. The system can either serve as a sensor, measuring parameters such as pressure, flow, temperature, and irradiation dosage, or as an activator for localized drug therapies and nerve or tissue stimulation. The implant contains an energy exchanger, a control chip, and a sensor or activator, all enclosed in a miniature casing, roughly the size of a grain of rice. The Remon solution also incorporates a specially developed external unit, capable of powering the implant and receiving information directly from the implanted sensor.
The main features of the Remon system include its:
Small size: The minute dimensions of the device are a key factor in enabling its implantation at locations deep inside the body, particularly if the implants are of a permanent nature. The small size may also allow the device to be seamlessly attached to other implants.
Wireless communication capability: The implants can be placed anywhere deep inside the body, without connecting leads or wires. Once the device has been implanted, the system’s wireless capabilities enable non-invasive monitoring and/or activation of therapeutic responses.
No need for battery, antenna: The implant is energized and activated on-demand via an external transducer. The implant converts the acoustic waves into electrical energy via its proprietary energy exchanger.
Omni-directional functionality: As the system’s internal transducer operates at a low resonance frequency, Remon’s implant is omni-directional, insensitive to the exact direction of the external transducer.
Safe and recognized technology: The system utilizes acoustic (ultrasound) communications, a proven and safe technology that healthcare professionals have been using for decades. As a result, the system can reach deep into the body without heating tissue.


As we move toward the end of our discussion of car audio electrical theory, we need to talk about capacitance and inductance and how the characteristics of those phenomena interact with AC and DC signals. There’s no doubt that these are advanced concepts, but even a basic understanding of how capacitors and inductors work is fundamental to a thorough understanding of mobile electronics systems.
What Is a Capacitor?
A capacitor is a two-terminal electronic component that stores energy. Capacitors are made of two metallic plates that are separated by an electrical insulator. When we apply a voltage to one terminal of the capacitor, the electrons on one plate will impose a force on the opposite plate to create an opposite charge. The result is that the plates have equal and opposite charges and thus, maintain an electric field. Because the plates in a capacitor are very close together, they can store a large amount of energy for their overall size.
Capacitors are quantified in units of farads. A farad is defined as one coulomb of charge on each plate, resulting in a voltage of one volt across the terminals.
Capacitors in DC Circuits
Capacitors are, at their most basic function, a device that stores a microscopic magnetic field between its plates. When we apply a DC voltage to a discharged capacitor, it appears as a short circuit for an instant as the magnetic and electric fields start to form between its plates. As the capacitor starts to store energy, it increases in effective resistance, and the amount of current flowing through the device is reduced. Once the capacitor has equalized with the supply voltage, almost no current passes through the device.
When we remove the supply voltage from a capacitor, it will attempt to maintain the voltage across the terminals. It is this characteristic that makes capacitors an ideal solution to reduce variations in voltage. Capacitors resist changes in voltage.
Inside the amplifiers in our car audio systems, capacitors are used to store large amounts of energy at the rail voltage. When there is a sudden demand for current that exceeds the capability of the power supply, the capacitors will release energy to maintain their initial voltage. This characteristic helps to stabilize the voltage of the amp during dynamic transients. This same concept applies to “stiffening capacitors” used on the 12V feed to your amplifier. When implemented using high-quality components, the addition of a large capacitor can help to provide transient current to the amp.
The Capacitor in AC circuits
In alternating current circuits, capacitors take on an interesting phenomenon of “virtual resistance.” As we know, capacitors don’t like to change voltage, yet an AC signal is one that is defined as ever-changing. Depending on the relationship between the capacitor value and the frequency of the AC signal, some amount of the current is allowed to pass through the cap.
If we attempt to measure the resistance of a capacitor with a conventional multimeter, we’ll find it shows an extremely high value. For AC signals, we use the formula Xc = 1 / (2 x 3.1416 x F x C) to calculate the effective resistance, where F is the frequency of the signal and the C is the value of the capacitor in farads. Because this resistance is not present in DC signals, we call it capacitive reactance.
If we wanted to create a simple filter circuit to limit the amount of low-frequency signal going to a speaker, we could wire a non-polarized capacitor in series with the speaker. To calculate the frequency at which the cap starts to reduce bass going to the speaker, we can rearrange the above equation to F = 1 / (2 x 3.1416 x R x C), where R is the same value as the speaker resistance. For a four-ohm speaker and a capacitor with a value of 200 uF (microfarads), we get a frequency of 198.9 Hz. At this frequency, the capacitor appears to have the same reactance as the speaker, and the signal that is going to the speaker is reduced by 50 percent. Because capacitance is inversely proportional to frequency, the impedance of the capacitor increases as frequency decreases. At 99 Hz, the reactance is 8 ohms, at 50 Hz, it’s 16 ohms, and so on. This phenomenon simultaneously reduces the current supplied by the amplifier and acts as a voltage divider between the cap and the speaker.
A capacitor in series with a speaker is known as a first-order high-pass filter. It reduces the output of the speaker at a rate of -6dB per octave as you move away from the crossover frequency as defined above. Capacitors are suitable as filters for midrange and high-frequency drivers in passive designs and as protection devices for tweeters in active designs.
What Is an Inductor?
In the simplest of terms, an inductor is a coil of wire that creates a magnetic field based on the amount of current flowing through it. Many inductors feature iron cores to increase the intensity of the magnetic field. Where a capacitor resists changes in voltage, an inductor resists changes in current flow. We know from our previous article on magnetism that current flowing through a conductor creates a magnetic field around that conductor. If we wrap the conductor in a loop, the proximity of the loops to one another intensifies the magnetic field.
Also from our previous article, we also know that a magnetic field can impose a voltage on a conductor. If the current in an inductor tries to change, the magnetic field attempts to create a voltage across the device to maintain the current flow.
A good analogy for an inductor is a flywheel on a motor. Once you have established a specific rotational speed, it takes a large amount of work to increase or decrease its speed. Inductors work the same way with current. They resist changes in current flow. Inductors are rated using the unit henry (H). A henry is defined as the opposition to electrical current flow through a device that results in one volt of electromotive force to appear across the terminals.
Inductors in Electrical Circuits
In most applications, we don’t want inductors in a 12V DC circuit because they resist changes in current flow. For a variable load such as an amplifier, a large amount of inductance in the supply wiring would result in an unstable supply voltage as the current requirements change.
There are some cases where inductors are used in combination with a capacitor to act as a noise filter.
In an AC circuit, inductors allow low-frequency signals to pass through the device with little to no effect. If we wire an inductor in series with a speaker, it acts as a high-pass filter. Unlike a capacitor, in a DC circuit, an inductor appears as a short circuit with very little resistance. To an AC signal, we can calculate the reactive inductance of a capacitor using the equation Xl = 1 x 3.1416 x F x L, where F is frequency and L is inductance in henries.
If we want to use an inductor as a high-pass filter, we can determine the effective crossover point by swapping the Xl for the resistance of the speaker. In this example, we’ll use an inductor with a value of 6 mH (millihenries) and a speaker with a nominal impedance of 4 ohms. There, the -3dB point of the filter circuit would be F = 4 / (2 x 3.1416 x 0.006), or 106.1 Hz. This value of inductor would make a good low-pass filter for a woofer. Just as with a capacitor in series with a speaker, an inductor acts as a first-order filter and reduces output at a rate of -12dB per octave as frequency increases from the crossover point.
Other Cases of Inductance and Capacitance
Anytime two conductors are parallel to each other and in close proximity, there will some level of capacitance. Many overly exuberant enthusiasts talk about capacitance in interconnect cables. While this is a factor, the microscopic changes (if indeed any are perceptible) can be compensated for during the tuning process of the system. When it comes to buying high-quality interconnects, noise rejection and overall design durability should be your top goals.
The voice coil winding in the speakers we use has a certain amount of inductance. This characteristic reduces high-frequency output by reducing current flow at high frequencies. Because speakers are dynamic, their parameters change as the speaker cone moves. In the same way that having an iron core in an inductor increases inductance as compared to an air-core design, the inductance of a speaker voice coil increases when the cone assembly moves rearward into the basket. The T-yoke in the center of the speaker increases the strength of the magnetic field created by the current in the voice coil. Likewise, as the speaker moves forward, the inductance decreases. These position-based inductance distortions can cause a high-frequency warbling effect that can be detrimental to the reproduction of your music. One solution is to implement an under-hung voice coil design where the gap is taller than the coil winding. The drawback to this design is that the voice coil is often small and lacks power handling. Another option is to include a copper pole piece cap to reduce the magnetic field and minimize distortion. A copper cap is an expensive option but offers excellent performance benefits.
Car Audio Electrical Theory
For now, this is the end of our series of articles on car audio electrical theory. We hope you’ve enjoyed learning about the physics behind how your car audio system works. Our goal is to educate enthusiasts so that they can make educated purchases and upgrades to their mobile sound system. If you have any questions, drop by your local mobile electronic specialist retailer. They can help you design an upgrade that will truly transform your commute into an enjoyable listening experience.
This article is written and produced by the team at www.BestCarAudio.com. Reproduction or use of any kind is prohibited without the express written permission of 1sixty8 media.


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No technology that is connected to internet is un-hackable. It's only a matter of time.
What is the OSI Model? The OSI, short for (the Open Systems Interconnection model) is a conceptual framework for understanding how network communication works. It was the first standard model adopted by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early 1980s.
The OSI Model (aka ISO-OSI, i.e., International Organization of Standardization – Open System Interconnection) divides the communication process between two devices into seven layers. It provides a standard reference model that allows different networking technologies and protocols to interoperate and communicate.
Imagine you have two servers that need to share information. The message doesn't just magically teleport from an application on the first machine to the application on the other. Instead, it transits down the layers and eventually reaches the transmission line. Once it jumps across the gap to the other device, it has to repeat the process in reverse by ascending layers until it reaches the receiving application.
For any starting number N representing a layer that transmits a message, the OSI model can be used to explain the transmission few key concepts:
Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are abstracted messages that include payloads, headers, and footers.
Service Data Units (SDUs) are equivalent to the payloads.
At each subsequent transition from some layer N to some layer N-1, a layer-N PDU becomes a new N-1 SDU. This payload gets wrapped up in a layer N-1 PDU with the relevant headers and footers. On the opposite end, the data passes up the chain, unwrapping at each relevant stage until it's just a payload that the corresponding layer-N device can consume.
The 7 Layers of OSI
We'll describe OSI layers "top-down" from the application layer that directly serves the end user to the physical layer.
7. The Application Layer
The application layer is the highest layer of the OSI Model and is responsible for providing the interface between the network and the end user's application.
Standard network services such as file transfer, email, and web browsing are provided at the application layer. Protocols such as HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) and, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) operate at this layer, allowing users to access and transfer files and other resources over the network.
The application layer also provides the interface for user authentication and authorization. Protocols such as LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) and Kerberos are used to verify the identity of users and grant them access to specific resources or services on the network.
6. The Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for formatting and encoding data in a standardized way independent of the application or system being used. It includes protocols like SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) that provide secure communication.
It deals with issues such as data compression and encryption.
An example of a presentation service would be converting an extended binary-coded decimal interchange code text computer file to an ASCII-coded file. The presentation layer could translate between multiple data formats using a standard format if necessary.
5. The Session Layer
The session layer establishes, maintains, and terminates connections between devices. Some standard protocols that operate at the session layer include Remote Procedure Call (RPC), NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System), and Windows Internet Name Service (WINS).
Some standard functions of the session layer include :
Setting up and tearing down communication sessions between devices.
Synchronizing the flow of data between devices.
Resuming communication after a temporary interruption or fault.
Negotiating the options and parameters for a communication session.
Managing access to shared resources during a communication session.
4. The Transport Layer
The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services and error recovery for the application layer. It includes protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and (UDP) User Datagram Protocol that provides error correction, flow control, and data segmentation and reassembly.
Every protocol uses a unique decimal number to ensure that the data is sent and received on the intended application as it passes through the network or Internet.
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that guarantees the delivery of the message, while UDP is a connectionless protocol that sends the data without error correction. Under the TCP and UDP are port numbers used to distinguish the specific type of application.
3. The Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for routing data between different networks. It includes protocols like (IP) Internet Protocol, (IPX) Internetwork Packet Exchange, and AppleTalk. These protocols provide the necessary functions for routing data across a network and ensuring it reaches its destination.
It is responsible for determining the best path for data as it travels from its source to its destination. The network layer also assigns logical addresses to devices on the network, which are used to identify the devices and route data to them.
The network layer is often considered the "heart" of the OSI model because it plays a central role in the operation of a network. It is a critical component of modern computer networks and is essential for allowing devices to communicate with each other and exchange information.
2. The Data Link Layer
The data link layer links two devices on the same physical network, such as a local area network (LAN). It ensures that data is transmitted correctly and without errors.
It includes protocols like (SDLC) Synchronous Data Link Protocol, (HDLC) High-Level Data Link Protocol, (SLIP)Serial Line Interface Protocol, (PPP)Point - to - Point Protocol, (LCP) Link Control Protocol, and (NCP) Network Control Protocol.
This layer comprises two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies network protocols, performs error checking, and synchronizes frames. Media Access Control (MAC) uses MAC addresses to connect devices and define permissions to transmit and receive data.
Overall, the data link layer is crucial in ensuring data's reliable and efficient transmission over a network.
1. The Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting raw data over a communication channel, including the hardware, cables, and other components that make up the network.
It defines the physical characteristics of the communication channel, including the signaling used, the frequency range, and the data rate.
The physical layer ensures that data is transmitted accurately and reliably from one device to another.
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IEEE LANMAN has an established tradition as a forum for presenting and discussing the latest technical advances in local and metropolitan area networking. Cutting-edge papers spanning both theory and experimentation are solicited in all areas of networking. In keeping with the heritage of the symposium, there will be a central theme, and in 2024 the theme is “Emerging Technologies for Future Networks.”
The Internet is lately experiencing an unprecedented growth in size and use. Now, more than ever there is a need for building networks that allow for low-latency and high throughput communications, in order to support emerging applications such as Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence, and autonomous driving, to name a few. This trend poses new challenges in the operations of networks. Here, recent advances in emerging wireless technologies, encompassing high and very high frequencies, combined with new technologies such as Reconfigurable Intelligent surfaces, Massive-MIMO, and Cell-free systems, provide new opportunities for designing innovative solutions that allow new applications with ever-increasing constraints in terms of end-to-end response time and available bandwidth to run smoothly.
The intimate single-track format of the symposium encourages stimulating exchanges between researchers. The event is expected to be a forum for discussion of new and interdisciplinary ideas on network access protocols, network management and control, services and applications.
Papers are solicited on any topic in networking, including, but not limited to:
- AI and machine learning for local and metropolitan area networking
- AI and machine learning for network measurement and traffic analysis
- Self-learning network architectures
- Networking designs for AI and machine learning
- Networking for online education and entertainment
- Networking protocols and architectures for the IoTs
- Machine-to-machine communication
- Cloud, edge and fog computing integration
- Co-existence and heterogeneity support at the edge (HetNets)
- Energy efficiency for local and metropolitan area networking
- 5G and 6G cellular data networking
- Information security for local and metropolitan area networking
- Intelligent routing, forwarding, and scheduling
- Network and transport mechanisms for latency reduction
- Network virtualization in local and metropolitan areas
- Performance and reliability of local and metropolitan area networks
- Software-defined networking in local and metropolitan areas
- Information-centric networking in local and metropolitan areas
IEEE LANMAN 2024 solicits paper submissions of papers up to 6 pages. Some regular paper submissions may be accepted as short papers (2 pages) by the TPC. The page limits include all figures, tables, and references. All papers must be electronically submitted in PDF according to the guidelines in the symposium website http://www.ieee-lanman.org. The proceedings will be published in IEEE Xplore and will include both short and regular papers presented at the symposium. A best paper award will be awarded.
In addition to the regular paper track, we will organize a demonstration session. The aim is to foster interactive discussions on work-in-progress, new problem statements, and ideas for future development related to LANMAN topics, and display innovative prototypes. Authors of accepted papers will be encouraged to submit demo proposals as a further chance to showcase their papers.
Submission link for regular papers:
Abstract Registration: March 24, 2024 (23:59 EDT)
Paper Submission: March 31, 2024 (23:59 EDT)
Acceptance Notification: May 16, 2024
Camera-ready Submission: May 30, 2024
Conference Dates: July 10-11, 2024


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Its unmatched partner ecosystem and close relationship with major studios, broadcasters and standards organizations enables Verimatrix to provide a unique advantage to video business issues beyond content security as operators introduce new services to leverage the proliferation of connected devices. Verimatrix is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company. For more information, please visit www.verimatrix.com, our Pay TV Views blog and follow us @verimatrixinc, Facebook and LinkedIn to join the conversation.


It is possible to replace a traditional switch previously connected to an external relay with iotty or, in general, to connect iotty to an external relay:
Wiring diagram in the case of a neutral wire interruption
Wiring diagram in the case of a phase wire interruption
After making the connection as shown in the attached diagrams, you will have to configure the type of gang connected to the external relay as "Button".
In this case, as the external relay is an external device, it will not be possible to display the on/off status of the switch connected to it.


In collaboration with Intel and Accenture, 3DP4ME is using 3D printing to bring assistive technology to people in developing countries. 3DP4ME, an Intel RISE Technology Initiative partner, is currently piloting its project in Jordan, taking scans of children’s ears and printing custom-fitted hearing aids for them. The application of 3D printing increases access to hearing aids because it is faster and less expensive than traditional manufacturing methods.
“Previous work to provide hearing aids to children included hand-making the custom ear molds. It was a craft that was labor-intensive, and you could only make four or five hearing aids a day,” says Jason Szolomayer, founder of 3DP4ME. “There were long wait times, even after the kids were tested. Using 3D printing allows us to scale up the service we provide to families and kids who need hearing aids.”


RagingWire's technologically advanced, patented electrical infrastructure offers 2N+2 redundancy -- twice the redundancy of a standard Tier 3 data center. As an additional safeguard, our custom-designed N-Matrix™ infrastructure management system monitors and controls the entire electrical distribution system. In addition, it is monitored 24x7 by on-site Operations Control Center engineers. For you, this means an unprecedented level of reliability and an industry leading 100% service level agreement – even during maintenance windows.
RagingWire's electrical infrastructure is concurrently maintainable and fault tolerant with a simultaneous utility outage. At our Virginia data center campus, power from the interconnected Beaumeade substation provides 21.5 megawatts of total power into the facility through hardened, underground electrical conduit. Our Sacramento data center campus has a feed from the local utility substation, as well as our own dedicated and owned 69 kV power substation which feeds directly to our campus. RagingWire offers an unprecendented level of multi-point reliability with a 2N+2 design throughout our power architecture – from industrial generators and uninterruptible power supplies to custom designed power distribution units.
RagingWire's two patents work together to make our power systems the most reliable critical infrastructure in the data center industry. RagingWire customers don't wonder whether or not we're doing the maintenance required to keep our systems in optimal condition - we engineered our infrastructure to account for maintenance and fault conditions without decreasing reliability. RagingWire's first patent encompasses the ability to conduct planned maintenance and correct fault conditions -- to take UPS systems offline for maintenance -- without any interruption in customer power or reliability. The ability to transfer live UPS load without impacting customer IT power allows RagingWire to give a 100% uptime SLA, even during maintenance.
Our second patent covers our massively scalable, phased-build power delivery infrastructure with 100% availability. With this patent, RagingWire improved upon the traditional data center pod-based power design by adding a unique cross-facility power switching fabric that allows live IT power load to be shared or moved across the entire facility, connecting any PDU with any UPS output. Our customers can grow their IT systems without worrying about scalability - we've engineered the current and future power flexibility required to meet their needs.


In today's increasingly digital world, law firms rely on a stable and high-speed internet connection to access resources, communicate with clients, and manage daily operations. Understanding how internet connection bandwidth works and its impact on the user experience is essential for law firms of all sizes. In this blog post, we will explain the concept of internet bandwidth, how increasing users and applications affect it, and methods to manage bandwidth effectively. We will also discuss the optimal bandwidth for different sizes of law firms and the up/down speed variances of cable and fiber connections.
What is Internet Connection Bandwidth?
Internet connection bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transferred over a network connection in a given period. It is typically measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps). A higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer rates, resulting in a smoother and more responsive online experience.
Impact of Increasing Users and Applications on Bandwidth
As the number of users and applications within a law firm increases, so does the demand for bandwidth. When multiple users access the internet simultaneously or when bandwidth-intensive applications are in use, the available bandwidth may become insufficient, resulting in slower connection speeds, buffering, and lag.
Some common applications used by law firms that can impact bandwidth include:
Cloud-based practice management software
Video conferencing tools like Zoom and Microsoft Teams
Voice over IP (VoIP) phone systems
Large file transfers and backups
Remote desktop solutions
Methods to Manage Bandwidth
To ensure a consistent and reliable internet connection, law firms should consider implementing the following strategies to manage bandwidth effectively:
Assess Bandwidth Needs
Regularly evaluate the firm's internet usage patterns and bandwidth requirements. This may involve monitoring network usage during peak hours, identifying high-bandwidth applications, and estimating the number of simultaneous users.
Upgrade the Internet Connection
If the current bandwidth is insufficient to meet the law firm's needs, consider upgrading to a higher-speed plan or switching to a fiber-optic connection, which offers faster speeds and greater reliability.
Implement Bandwidth Management Tools
Use Quality of Service (QoS) settings on the network router to prioritize critical applications and allocate a specific amount of bandwidth to each application. This can help ensure that essential services receive adequate bandwidth even during periods of high network usage.
Optimize Applications and Network Settings
Update software and applications regularly to ensure optimal performance. Additionally, configure network settings to minimize unnecessary data transfers and reduce bandwidth consumption.
Optimal Bandwidth for Different Sizes of Law Firms
The ideal bandwidth for a law firm depends on its size, the number of users, and the applications being used. As a general guideline:
Small law firms (1-10 users): A minimum of 50-100 Mbps should suffice for basic internet usage, email, and low-resolution video conferencing.
Medium-sized law firms (11-50 users): A bandwidth of 100-300 Mbps is recommended to accommodate moderate use of cloud-based applications, file transfers, and high-definition video conferencing.
Large law firms (50+ users): A bandwidth of 100 Mbps or higher is necessary for firms with extensive online activity, multiple simultaneous users, and a strong reliance on cloud-based services and applications. If you are adding VOIP services, it is recommended that you exceed 300+ Mbps.
Up/Down Speed Variances of Cable and Fiber
Cable and fiber internet connections differ in their upload and download speed capabilities:
Cable connections typically offer asymmetric speeds, meaning that download speeds are significantly faster than upload speeds. While this may be suitable for basic internet usage, it can be a drawback for applications that require high upload speeds, such as video conferencing and large file transfers. Cable internet speeds can range from 25 Mbps to 1 Gbps for downloads, while upload speeds are usually between 5 Mbps and 50 Mbps.
Fiber-optic connections, on the other hand, often provide symmetric speeds, offering equal upload and download capabilities. This makes fiber a more attractive option for law firms that rely heavily on cloud-based applications, video conferencing, and other bandwidth-intensive activities. Fiber connections can deliver gigabit speeds (1,000 Mbps or higher) for both uploads and downloads, ensuring a smoother and more consistent online experience.
In addition to the standard fiber-optic internet connections, there is another option available for organizations that require more robust connectivity: dedicated fiber. This service offers unique advantages that can greatly benefit law firms with high bandwidth needs and strict reliability requirements. In this section, we will discuss how dedicated fiber works and its benefits for law firms.
How Dedicated Fiber Works
Dedicated fiber, also known as a dedicated internet access (DIA) or dedicated fiber-optic line, is a type of internet connection that provides a private, dedicated fiber-optic link between the law firm and the internet service provider (ISP). Unlike shared connections, where multiple users or organizations share the same bandwidth, dedicated fiber ensures that the law firm has exclusive access to a specific amount of bandwidth, which is not affected by the usage patterns of other customers.
In essence, dedicated fiber offers a direct, high-speed connection between the law firm's network and the ISP's backbone network. This results in faster data transfer rates, lower latency, and a more stable and reliable connection.
Benefits of Dedicated Fiber for Law Firms
There are several benefits of using dedicated fiber for law firms, including:
With dedicated fiber, law firms receive a guaranteed amount of bandwidth that is exclusively available to them, ensuring consistent performance regardless of external factors or other users on the network. This can be particularly beneficial for firms that rely on high-bandwidth applications, such as video conferencing, large file transfers, and cloud-based services.
Improved Reliability and Stability
Dedicated fiber connections offer a higher level of reliability and stability compared to shared connections. Since the connection is not shared with other customers, there is less risk of congestion or network slowdowns. Additionally, dedicated fiber lines are less susceptible to signal degradation and interference, further enhancing the overall connection quality.
Symmetrical Upload and Download Speeds
As mentioned previously, fiber-optic connections often provide symmetrical upload and download speeds, which can be crucial for law firms that require high-speed data transfers in both directions. With dedicated fiber, law firms can experience consistent high-speed performance for both uploads and downloads, which is especially beneficial for applications like video conferencing and large file transfers.
Dedicated fiber connections are highly scalable, allowing law firms to easily upgrade their bandwidth as their needs grow. This flexibility enables firms to adapt to changing demands and accommodate new applications and services without the need for significant infrastructure changes.
Since dedicated fiber provides a direct connection between the law firm and the ISP, it offers an additional layer of security compared to shared connections. The dedicated line minimizes the potential for data breaches and unauthorized access, helping law firms maintain the privacy and confidentiality of their sensitive information.
For law firms with high bandwidth demands, strict reliability requirements, and a need for enhanced security, dedicated fiber can be an ideal solution. By providing a private, high-speed connection with guaranteed bandwidth, dedicated fiber ensures a consistent and reliable online experience, enabling law firms to operate efficiently and maintain client satisfaction. Although dedicated fiber may come with a higher cost compared to shared connections, the benefits it offers in terms of performance, reliability, and security can make it a worthwhile investment for law firms looking to optimize their internet infrastructure.
Overall, understanding how internet connection bandwidth works and its impact on law firm operations is essential for optimizing the online experience and ensuring that critical applications run smoothly. By assessing the firm's bandwidth needs, implementing management strategies, and selecting the appropriate connection type, law firms can ensure a reliable and efficient internet connection that supports their day-to-day operations and promotes long-term success. As law firms continue to adopt advanced applications and services, investing in a high-speed, reliable connection like fiber-optic internet will be increasingly important to maintain productivity and client satisfaction.


Kentucky State Police have a new mobile smartphone app that will change the way KSP interacts with the public.
The app is available in both the Apple and Google Play stores free of charge and allows citizens to report criminal activity, access forms and submit confidential tips in multiple formats. The application is titled KSPOLICE and is available for iPhone, iPad and Android phone users.
Some of the app features include a voice messaging tip line, the ability to send a photo tip, access to the sex offender registry and much more. One component of the app that Brewer is most excited about is the ability to geo-target specific locations within the state with emergency push notifications.
“We can now choose a specific city, county, region or even a particular building and geo-target that location with an emergency push notification message,” says Commissioner Rodney Brewer. “Think about how beneficial this can be to our citizens in regard to traffic issues, severe weather, missing persons or escaped prisoner notifications.”
“With the public’s eyes and ears, we receive crucial information that assists us in solving crimes,” adds Brewer. “This is community policing at its finest for a safer Kentucky. That was the driving force behind this app.”Brewer says the mobile app will enhance the partnership that KSP currently has with local communities by providing an easier, more practical way to send information.
Brewer encourages citizens to download the app and actively participate in crime prevention within their home communities. The app does not replace 911 for emergency situations.
“Keep in mind, when emergencies come up and life is at stake, we want people to utilize the 9-1-1 system. In no way is this mobile app a replacement for that service,” he explains.


ASIAA has always focused on developing forefront technology programs which will drive the next generation of instruments. In our first decade, ASIAA concentrated on establishing a strong research program in radio astronomy. The assembly of a strong team which can develope its expertise in millimeter and submillimeter wavelength technologies has been the driver for the Submillimeter Array (SMA), the Anisotropy Microwave Background Array (AMiBA), and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) programs. The technical group now has a broad range of capabilities, including superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) chips, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) devices, IF electronics, cryogenics, correlator, submillimeter wavelength antennas, carbon fiber reflectors, and control software.
In our second decade, ASIAA began to develop a technical group in optical/infrared (OIR) wavelengths. This assembled team has been the driver for the TAOS and CFHT/WIRCam programs. The success of WIRCam collaboration brought the experience of array testing and control electronics to the core expertise of the OIR laboratory. With such expertise, we continue to work on advanced instrumentation project in large telescopes, such as Spectropolarimètre Infra-Rouge (SPIROU) of CFHT and Hyper SuprimeCam (HSC) and Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) of Subaru telescope. Negotiation with Japanese space agency JAXA to join the next generation infrared satellite project Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) is ongoing. In addition, working on the future thirty-meter class telescope instruments is also planned.
The research of instrumentation in ASIAA includes receiver technology development, microwave device design and assembly, superconducting device development, and OIR detector array development. ASIAA will continue to expand on its technical development groups, with the goal of increasing capabilities in detection sensitivity in various domains.


The A Series offers various models with distinct features to cater to different temperature measurement needs:
- A250 and A450: These models provide single-color options for temperature measurement. The A250C and A450C variants are available, offering two-color temperature measurement modes. This flexibility allows users to switch between single- and two-color modes based on their requirements.
- A250 FO-PL & A450 FO-PL: These models are equipped with highly accurate digital Fibre Optic technology, making them ideal for non-contact temperature measurement in high ambient temperature applications without cooling. Moreover, these pyrometers excel in processes involving electromagnetic interferences.
- Laser or Through the Lens Viewfinder Sighting Options: Users can choose either the Laser pilot light (PL) or Through the Lens (TL) sighting option, providing greater convenience and precision in target alignment.
- Analog Output Options: The A Series pyrometers come with analog output options, including 0…20mA, 4…20mA, and 0…10V, offering versatile connectivity possibilities for integration into various industrial systems.
- A150: This specially designed model operates near the IR spectrum’s end, making it an excellent choice for measuring ferrous and non-ferrous metals above 75°C. The A150’s suitability for such measurements stems from the higher emissivity of un-oxidized metal surfaces at shorter wavelengths.
- Bluetooth V2.0 and RS-232/ RS-485 Serial Interface: The A Series pyrometers are equipped with Bluetooth V2.0 and RS-232/ RS-485 interfaces, enabling efficient and reliable communication for data transfer.
- User-Friendly Infrasoft PC Software: The A Series comes with user-friendly Infrasoft PC software that simplifies communication and enhances ease of use.
Standard Scope Of Supply
When you choose the A Series pyrometers, the following items are included in the standard scope of supply:
- Pyrometer with Laser pilot light (PL) or Through the Lens (TL) sighting (user selection during ordering)
- Analog output options: 4…20mA, 0…20mA, 0…10V
- Bluetooth/USB 2.0 output for seamless data transmission
- Digital Interface RS-232/ RS-485 for convenient connectivity (user selectable)
- 5-meter long connection cable with connector for extended reach
- 1.5-meter Communication Cable for effective communication setup
- Calibration certificate, Software & Operation manual to ensure accurate measurements and easy setup
Additionally, the A Series offers optional features that users can specify while ordering:
- Single Analog Input 4…20mA: This feature allows users to adjust emissivity or compensate for background ambient conditions, enhancing measurement accuracy. This option is applicable for the A Series pyrometers.
- Mechanical & Electrical Accessories: Users can opt for various mechanical and electrical accessories to tailor the pyrometers to their specific application needs.
- Extra Cable Lengths: For situations requiring extended cable lengths, users can request additional cable lengths to accommodate their setup requirements.
- The A Series pyrometers’ exceptional accuracy, compact design, and extensive features make them the perfect choice for non-contact temperature measurement in demanding industrial settings.
Models At Glance
|Model||Temperature Range||Spectral Range||Aiming||Download|
|1.6 μm||Laser Pilot Light / Through the Lens View Finder||Datasheet|
|A450||600°C….2500°C||1.0 μm||Laser Pilot Light / Through the Lens View Finder||Datasheet|
|1.5 μm/ 1.6 μm||Laser Pilot Light / Through the Lens View Finder||Datasheet|
|0.7 μm – 1.15 μm||Laser Pilot Light / Through the Lens View Finder||Datasheet|
|A150||75°C – 700°C|
100°C – 700°C
|2 – 2.6 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|A250 FO-PL||250°C – 1800°C 300°C – 2500°C||1.6 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|A450 FO-PL||600°C – 2500°C||1.0 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|A250C FO-PL||350°C – 1000°C|
450°C – 1350°C
|1.5 μm / 1.6 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|A450C FO-PL||600°C -1600°C|
800°C – 2500°C
1000°C – 3200°C
|0.7 μm – 1.15 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|AL30||0°C – 1000°C|
75°C – 1000°C
|8 – 14 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|AL390||300°C – 1400°C||3.9 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|AL514||300°C – 1400°C|
400°C – 2500°C
|5.14 μm||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|AL45||400°C – 1500°C||about 4.43 μm (absorption band for hot CO2)||Laser Pilot Light||Datasheet|
|IR CAST 2C||700°C – 1700 °C||0.7 – 1.15 μm||Through the lens view finder||Datasheet|


Wireshark is the world's foremost network protocol analyzer, and is the de facto standard across many industries and educational institutions.
- Deep inspection of hundreds of protocols, with more being added all the time
- Live capture and offline analysis
- Standard three-pane packet browser
- Multi-platform: Runs on Windows, Linux, OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and many others
- Captured network data can be browsed via a GUI, or via the TTY-mode TShark utility
- The most powerful display filters in the industry
- Rich VoIP analysis
- Read/write many different capture file formats
- Capture files compressed with gzip can be decompressed on the fly
- Live data can be read from Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, PPP/HDLC, ATM, Bluetooth, USB, Token Ring, Frame Relay, FDDI, and others (depending on your platfrom)
- Decryption support for many protocols, including IPsec, ISAKMP, Kerberos, SNMPv3, SSL/TLS, WEP, and WPA/WPA2
- Coloring rules can be applied to the packet list for quick, intuitive analysis
- Output can be exported to XML, PostScript®, CSV, or plain text
# The following bugs have been fixed:
- Customized OUI is not recognized correctly during dissection.
- Properly decode CAPWAP Data Keep-Alives.
- Build failure with GTK 3.10 - GTK developers have gone insane.
- SIGSEGV/SIGABRT during free of TvbRange using a chained dissector in lua.
- MPLS dissector no longer registers itself in "ppp.protocol" table.
- Tshark doesn’t display the longer data fields (mbtcp).
- DMX-CHAN disector does not clear strbuf between rows.
- Dissector bug, protocol SDP: proto.c:4214: failed assertion "length >= 0".
- False error: capture file appears to be damaged or corrupt.
- SMPP field source_telematics_id field length different from spec.
- Lua: bitop library is missing in Lua 5.2.
- GTPv1-C / MM Context / Authentication quintuplet / RAND is not correct.
- Lua: ProtoField.new() is buggy.
- Lua: ProtoField.bool() VALUESTRING argument is not optional but was supposed to be.
- Problem with CAPWAP Wireshark Dissector.
- nas-eps dissector: CS Service notification dissection stops after Paging identity IE.
# New and Updated Features
- IPv4 checksum verfification is now disabled by default.
# Updated Protocol Support
- AppleTalk, CAPWAP, DMX-CHAN, DSI, DVB-CI, ESS, GTPv1, IEEE 802a, M3UA, Modbus/TCP, NAS-EPS, NFS, OpenSafety, SDP, and SMPP
# New and Updated Capture File Support
- libpcap, MPEG, and pcap-ng


Approx. Rs 14,000 / PieceGet Latest PriceConnects to Wired as well as Wireless Sensors
GSM Dialer + SMS Dialer (Built-In)
The system dials through the SIM card in case of intrusion & sends SMS to the required Mobile numbers. The system dials up to 6 Telephone numbers and plays an alarming sound, during intrusion.
A programmable message can be played through an optional Voice card.
8 Wired Zones + 75 Wireless Sensors
It has 8 Wired zones & each Zone can connect to unlimited Wired Sensors provided the total loop resistance is less than 200 Ohms. Up to 75 Wireless Sensors can also be connected to it.
Voice Message of Exact Sensor / Zone Number during Intrusion
During intrusion, system plays the exact wireless sensor number or wired zone number from where the intrusion has taken place.
Battery Low SMS with exact Sensor / Zone Number (For Sensor as well as Main Unit)
When in-built Batteries of the Main Unit or any of the Wireless Sensor (compatible for this feature) goes low, the SYSTEM alerts the user. There is no need to keep checking the status of batteries. The display on the main unit gives exact sensor / zone number along with mild beeps.
User define-able Names of Wired Zones / Wireless Sensors
User can provide names (up to 15 characters) to 8 wired zones and 8 wireless sensors.
SIM Balance Enquiry through SMS or Panel
Registered cell numbers can send SMS to SIM in the system & get balance amount in SIM. Same can be checked through dialing pad of the main panel.
Programming through SMS
Complete programming of system can be done through SMS from any of the registered mobile numbers.
Alert for Door Left Open
When the system is being ARMED, if any door having Magnetic Sensor (Wired or Wireless) is open, the system will alert the user. The same is true for all wired sensors, as well.
One or all Wired Zone or Wireless Sensors can be configured for “Traitor Alert” feature. Whenever any of these Sensors is open in DISARM mode, the system will give mild beeps thereby alerting the user about doors (used by servants, Maids, etc.) being open. The mild beep doesn’t disturb the user, yet keeps him/her alert. The Sensor numbers that are open,are displayed on the main unit.
Silent Mode for Sensors whereby during intrusion the Siren will not sound but the dialling will take place.
Always Armed Zones
Selected sensors can be configured to work 24 Hours. Whether the system is ARMED or not, these sensors would initiate Siren hooting and Telephone dialing.
For example: A heat detector can be placed
near Generator so that whenever generator heats due to a fault, the siren would alert the user & also inform on his Cell.
Auto Arm/ Disarm - Day Wise
System can be programmed to ARM / DISARM
at 3 different sets of timings. These timings can be different for each day of the week.
ARMED at 9PM and DISARM at 8 AM. Up to 10 Holidays in a year can also be separately programmed
It has in-built Li batteries for backup lasting up to 24 hours. There is an option to connect additional batteries for longer backups.
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ACTIVEcharge will provide autonomous and self-powered wind turbine blade monitoring services as well as actionable near-real-time information to the turbine controller.
An integrated wireless node (power generator + sensor + wireless transmitter) installed inside a blade transmits the monitoring data wirelessly to the receiver in the turbine nacelle (or elsewhere in turbine housing where the internet is available). The receiver can collect data from multiple sensors. Once the data is collected, data is transmitted to a Cloud platform. We are working with industry partners to integrate our inputs into their control systems.


Alternative / Emergency Communications
When an emergency strikes, most often a natural disaster such as a flood or major snowstorm, some of the first things we do are seek news and information so we can be informed as to what is happening, contact friends and family to check on them and to reassure them that we’re okay, or alternatively, seek emergency assistance. There are many types of emergencies, some forcing people to shelter in place and others forcing people to evacuate, but loss of power make each of them more difficult to cope with. There are many options for keeping in contact. This document is intended to provide basic knowledge about several alternatives.
The most basic requirement is an emergency receiver, something that can be used in almost any circumstance to receive news, weather, and other information. There are quite a few emergency receivers on the market today. Most will receive AM, FM and the National Weather Service. It is essential that the radio have a crank handle so that the battery can be recharged without an external source of power. Most models today also include solar cells for recharging in the sun, and a built in flashlight. Something small and light will be a big advantage, if you are ever forced to travel on foot, with your essential supplies strapped to your back.
Most people today have cell phones, and tend to assume that their service will continue to work in an emergency. The reality is a bit different. When demand is high, cells can reach capacity, leaving many unable to get a dial tone or to receive calls. Typically, officials will request that people not use their cell phones except in dire circumstances, so that first responders can use their cell phones. If a power outage is widespread and lengthy though, the batteries that power the cell towers in those situations can run dry, bringing down the entire cell phone system. With those cautions in mind, it is nevertheless advisable to have a means to recharge your cell phone batteries. Many emergency radios now include a USB socket for just that purpose. It may take some effort to locate a cable to adapt your phone, but keeping that phone available to you is well worth it. There is a company that sells a broad range of charging solutions under the brand name iGo.
What to do then, if you want to prepare for the possible loss of cell phone service? Radio, is the one form of telecommunications that does not depend on someone else’s infrastructure.
Several radio services available to the average citizen, with different power limits:
CB - Citizen’s Band 5 Watts
FRS - Family Radio Service 500 mW (1/2 Watt)
GMRS - General Mobile Radio Service 5 Watts / 50 Watts
XRS - (not a formal FCC service) 1 Watt
ARS - Amateur Radio Service up to 1500 Watts
These services operate in different parts of the radio spectrum:
CB - 11 meters
FRS - 65 cm
GMRS - 65 cm
xRS - 33 cm (Cordless phone spectrum)
Ham - From 160 meters to 24 cm in 16 bands
Due to the nature or radio wave propagation, lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) will generally travel further than higher frequencies.
CB, FRS, and xRS are not licensed.
xRS radios are only available from a single manufacturer.
GMRS is licensed, but there is no test.
The FCC currently grants three classes of license for the Amateur Radio Service:
Each class of amateur license requires passing a technical exam that covers things such as electronics, radio wave propagation, radio design, antenna design, and the FCC rules. There is no longer a Morse Code requirement for any class of Amateur Radio license.
Some important points:
1) None of these services except xRS allow the transmission of encrypted signals. The FCC demands that it be able to monitor all transmissions.
2) Amateur radio may not be used for any commercial purpose.
3) Amateurs train for and have extensive emergency communication capabilities. The Allegheny County Emergency operations center for instance, includes a ham radio station that is manned in emergencies, to expedite the availability of information to first responders.
4) Amateurs for the most part police themselves, and they are serious about it.
5) Like any hobby, there's almost no limit to what one can spend. Basic 2 meter hand-held radios, (HTs, or Handi-Talkies) start at around $100.
Links for more information
Emergency Radios at Amazon.com
Eton Emergency radios at Radio Shack
Amazon.com FRS & GMRS radios
The Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL), the NRA of the radio world.
eham.net - tons of information, including equipment reviews, and free online practice tests for the exams.
Ham Radio Outlet (Online retailer)
Universal Radio (Online retailer)


Vzense, a leading provider of depth sensing technology, is revolutionizing the field of people counting systems with its advanced solution. By harnessing the power of their ToF (Time of Flight) cameras, Vzense enables accurate and reliable counting of individuals in various environments.
The Role of Depth Sensing Cameras in People Counting Systems
Depth sensing cameras, such as Vzense’s ToF cameras, capture detailed depth information, allowing for precise tracking and counting of people. This innovative technology offers significant advantages over traditional methods, enhancing the reliability and precision of foot traffic analysis. By accurately detecting and tracking individuals, businesses can make informed decisions based on real-time data and analytics, improving their operational efficiency and customer experience.
Features and Capabilities of Vzense’s Depth Sensing Solution
Vzense’s depth sensing solution boasts high-resolution depth capture, enabling detailed and precise tracking of individuals. The system collects data in real-time, providing businesses with actionable insights to optimize their operations. Moreover, Vzense’s solution seamlessly integrates with existing people counting systems, making it a versatile and cost-effective choice for businesses across various industries.
Applications Empowered by Vzense’s Depth Sensing Solution
Vzense’s gesture perception technology, powered by their advanced ToF cameras, opens up a wide range of applications that revolutionize industries and enhance user experiences.
One of the key applications is people counting, where Vzense’s technology accurately tracks and counts individuals passing through a designated area. By leveraging the capabilities of their ToF cameras and specialized software, businesses can effectively monitor foot traffic in various settings, including retail stores, museums, and public spaces. The accurate data collected enables businesses to optimize staffing, resource allocation, and flow management, leading to improved operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.
In conclusion, Vzense’s depth sensing technology, powered by their advanced ToF cameras, is revolutionizing the field of people counting systems. By offering precise tracking and accurate counting of individuals in diverse environments, Vzense enables businesses to make data-driven decisions and optimize their operations. With high-resolution depth capture, real-time data collection, and seamless integration, Vzense’s solution provides actionable insights for various industries. From retail stores to museums and public spaces, businesses can leverage this technology to enhance operational efficiency, resource allocation, and customer satisfaction. Vzense’s depth sensing solution represents a significant advancement in people counting systems, opening up new possibilities for businesses to improve their performance and deliver exceptional experiences to their customers.


Consulting Group is now available to support all your Installation, Hardware, Operating System, Network or Software support issues.
Technology changes rapidly and your data/voice infrastructure must take into consideration that ever changing environment. Consulting Group is an end to end Information Technology solutions provider; from designing and planning to implementing and monitoring. Through our network of vendors and partnerships, our expertise in cutting edge technology, and our commitment to our clients, Consulting Group provides the best possible solution at the best possible price. Partner with us to see the difference.
Consulting Group is an Information Technology Services company who specializes in the design, implementation and support of networks, network infrastructure, and the applications that run on them. Consulting Group offers a comprehensive and diverse list of services that address the technology needs of every size company. Consulting Group works closely with every client to provide technical consulting, implement network solutions and provide on-going support. Visit our Services section to see how we can help you today.


Products > GameCom Commander
Victory is yours with the tournament-ready Plantronics® GameCom Commander™ PC headset. With its closed-ear design and unmatched noise isolation, audio, and voice technology, the GameCom Commander shuts out distractions while immersing you in 7.1 Dolby® stereo surround sound. The noise-canceling, ruggedized microphone guarantees that your team hears every mission-critical word. Super-durable, lightweight components keep you comfortable for the long-haul. Need to switch from your PC to a smartphone or other mobile device? QuickDisconnect™ adapters let you switch without missing a beat. Custom features like a laser-etched, limited edition serial number and customizable headband identity patch make the GameCom Commander uniquely yours.


B&R introduces a new PLC family: X20 Embedded. The PLCs combine high performance and numerous integrated interfaces in a housing only 55 mm wide. That makes them only half the width of comparable devices.
With their powerful Intel Atom processors, the new PLCs are also suitable for demanding applications with short cycle times. The compact devices can even control a full-fledged robotics application. Machine builders save both costs and cabinet space.
They come standard with two USB ports, an integrated flash memory card and two Ethernet ports. An integrated switch supports daisy-chain cabling without any additional network infrastructure.
The devices feature hardware interfaces for POWERLINK and RS485. The RS485 interface can be used to connect a frequency inverter directly to the PLC without any additional hardware. The power supply is also integrated. Despite the high performance, the PLCs do not require any fans or batteries, making them fully maintenance free.
Optional variants with an interface slot allow the PLCs to support additional fieldbus protocols. All B&R interface cards can be combined with the X20 Embedded series, and all X20 I/O modules can be connected as usual.
B&R is an innovative automation company with headquarters in Austria and offices all around the world. On July 6, 2017, B&R became a business unit of the ABB Group. As a global leader in industrial automation, B&R combines state-of-the-art technology with advanced engineering to provide customers in virtually every industry with complete solutions for machine and factory automation, motion control, HMI and integrated safety technology. With Industrial IoT communication standards like OPC UA, POWERLINK and openSAFETY as well as the powerful Automation Studio software development environment, B&R is constantly redefining the future of automation engineering. The innovative spirit that keeps B&R at the forefront of industrial automation is driven by a commitment to simplifying processes and exceeding customer expectations.
For more information, visit www.br-automation.com.