There is also the Hardware Design Checklist for the Blackfin® Processors.
The following sections address design issues not associated with memory interfaces or specific peripherals.
Double-check the polarity of the Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) signal for the processor being used. On several Blackfin processors (the ADSP-BF531/BF532/BF533/BF535 and the ADSP-BF561), the NMI signal is active high. On all the other Blackfin processors, the NMI signal is active low in order to better connect to standard Supervisory parts. Remember that if the NMI signal is not used, it should be tied to its inactive state.
Do not let the NMI signal float, and do not tie it to its active state.
Applying five volts to signals that are not rated for this potential can damage the device and cause malfunction. Blackfin processor outputs should not be connected to the inputs of five-volt devices. Most Blackfin processor signals cannot tolerate five volts. There are a few exceptions, such as some of the Two-Wire Interface (TWI) signals. Level shifters are required on all other processor signals to keep the signal voltage at or below absolute maximum ratings as defined in the specific Blackfin processor data sheet. Level shifters are commonly required for CAN transceivers and the ATAPI interface. Current-limiting resistors do not provide sufficient protection against high voltage.
Check the end of the signal list description section of the data sheet to see what to do with unused signals. In general, the need to terminate unused signals has been eliminated, but the signals that require termination can be found in the data sheet. Failure to connect unused signals such as /NMI, NMI or /BR may cause symptoms that appear to be power sequence or reset problems. Applications requiring high EMC susceptibility / immunity may terminate all unused signals, if desired.
Rapid rise-time and fall-time of signals is a primary cause of signal integrity issues such as intermittent communication failure. The edge rates on the Blackfin processor differ from signal to signal. Likewise, some signals have greater sensitivity to noise and reflections than other signals. Use simple signal integrity methods to prevent transmission-line reflections that may cause extraneous clock and sync signals. Short trace length and series termination are critical for the following signals:
In cases where signals have multiple sources, it will be difficult to keep the traces short, and simulation may be appropriate. IBIS models that can assist with signal simulation are available from the Analog Devices web site.
Some new and future Blackfin processor family members will support additional signal integrity features such as programmable input hysteresis or programmable output drive strength. Consult the appropriate hardware reference manual for details.
The debug process can be aided by adding test points on signals such as CLKOUT or SCLK, bank selects, PPI_CLK, and /RESET. If selection inputs such as Boot Mode (BMODE) are connected directly to power or ground, they will be inaccessible under a BGA-package chip. For debugging, it is helpful to use pull-up and pull-down resistors instead of tying inputs directly to power or ground.
Appropriate bypass capacitors on the internal power supply become critical at higher operating speeds. Unwanted parasitic inductance in capacitors and traces reduces the effectiveness at high frequency. Two things are needed when processors operate above 100 MHz. First, capacitors should be physically small and their leads should be short to reduce inductance.
Surface mounted capacitors of size 0402 will yield better results than larger sizes. Second, lower values of capacitance will raise the resonant frequency of the LC circuit. Although several 0.1 uF capacitors work well below 50 MHz, a mix of 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 uF and even 100 pF is preferred in the 500 MHz range for VDDINT.
The inputs of most Blackfin processors have no hysteresis, thus, they require a monotonic rise and fall. Therefore, even the /RESET signal should not be connected directly to an R/C time delay because such a circuit would be noise sensitive. Instead, /RESET should be provided through a reset supervisory chip.
Some communication standards such as CAN and TWI have special requirements when unpowered. For example, an unpowered pull-up resistor may cause excessive leakage, thereby disrupting communication between other units on the bus. This unpowered situation is a common consideration in ‘hot swap’ applications.
The Blackfin processor JTAG reset pin, /TRST, should be pulled down in normal operation. An application note is dedicated entirely to considerations for JTAG connections. Refer to Analog Devices JTAG Emulation Technical Reference (EE-68) for details.
At power-on reset, all general purpose signals are inputs. During the boot process, some of these signals may change to outputs, depending on the selected boot mode. For parts with HWAIT, this signal is an output for all boot modes. Output signals should not be used as inputs when driven by an external device. HWAIT should not be used as an output if the value is critical during the booting phase of operation.
GPIO signals used as outputs should have pull-up or pull-down resistors to determine their state after reset. Outputs to be considered here include device enables (such as NAND flash) and communication handshake signals. Some examples are HWAIT, UARTxTX, UARTxRTS, CANxTX, SPI slave-select inputs and outputs, serial TWI, and all chip select signals.
Some general-purpose outputs that can be used at 5 V like SDA and SCL are open-drain in all modes. These are listed in the datasheet and require pull-ups to function as a general-purpose output. Signal capacitance may limit the output speed of these signals.
The EZ-KIT Lite evaluation system schematics are a good starting reference. Because the EZ-KIT Lite board is for evaluation and development, extra circuitry is provided in some cases. Read the EZ-KIT Lite board schematic carefully because sometimes a component is not populated and sometimes extra components have been added to make it easier to modify or measure.
The Bus Request signal (/BR) requires a pull-up resistor in all designs. Erroneous bus requests will prevent bus operation if this signal is not pulled up or driven by an external device.
Asynchronous bus signals may be multiplexed with GPIO functions on some Blackfin processors. This may require the bus request GPIO to be programmed as bus request and require that GPIO be connected to a pull-up, as described above.
As shown in the signal description, some processors allow some unused bus signals to be used as general-purpose input/output signals. However, if the asynchronous bus is used for booting, all address signals will be driven. Also, on some processors, /BG and /BGH will be driven during the boot process and /BR is used as an input. This occurs when BMODE is set to parallel memory or, for processors featuring One-Time Programmable (OTP) memory, when the asynchronous bus is enabled by OTP programming.
Other processors share other asynchronous bus signals with GPIO. Consult the booting section of the hardware reference manual for details.
Remember to use the proper addresses to connect to 8-bit memory on the ASYNC memory banks. Because there is no true byte addressing to external memory, 8-bit memory is addressed the same as 16-bit memory. Use A1 (not /ABE0 or /ABE1) as the LSB of the address. 16-bit memory with byte enable signals can be accessed 8 bits at a time. Otherwise, 16-bit memories are word wide only. Blackfin devices with a 32-bit EBIU can be programmed to connect with 16-bit memory, using /ABE3 as the least significant address of the external device. Refer to the processor's hardware reference manual for more information.
If not used, ARDY can be terminated. In addition, ARDY can also be programmed to be ignored via software. If ARDY is used, consult the hardware reference manual. Some Blackfin devices require the ARDY input to be synchronous to SCLK (CLKOUT).
The datasheet may indicate that all external signals are tristate during hibernate. This includes bus strobes. Pull-up resistors are required on peripheral chip selects such as /AMSx.
Although not required, pull-up resistors should be considered for all active low bus control signals to guarantee their state during power up and power down. Future Blackfin family members may have many device control signals multiplexed with GPIO and other functions. These may require pull-up resistors to prevent data corruption and bus contention during reset and prior to configuration.
Use SA10 to directly connect to A10 of the SDRAM device. SA10 replaces the Blackfin processor’s ADDRx, based on whether a 16- or 32- bit (for 32-bit-wide external memory interface derivatives) device is connected to the SDRAM interface. As an example, for an ADSP-BF561 Blackfin processor, SA10 replaces ADDR11 when a 16-bit SDRAM device is used, and SA10 replaces ADDR12 when a 32-bit device is used. On the ADSP-BF533 Blackfin processor, SA10 replaces ADDR11. Note that the replaced ADDRx signal is not used. Therefore, the next higher processor address is connected to A11 of the memory. Refer to the “SDRAM Address Mapping” section of the hardware reference manual for details.
A pull-up resistor is recommended on /SMS.
Proper PCB layout is a requirement of any DDR memory design. Review the AC timing and specifications listed in the processor datasheet. Signal timing is a combination of device timing and the characteristics of the printed circuit board. Trace length difference, cross-talk, and voltage change may account for 300 to 500 ps of timing error. Follow the layout recommendations given by the memory manufacturer. Of critical importance is the reduction of DQS0 to DQ0-7 skew and DQS1 to DQ8-15 skew. The amount of allowed skew can be improved with the use of fast speed grade memory. Use careful trace length matching and increased spacing to reduce crosstalk. Serpentine traces should have a spacing of four times the trace width to provide sufficient delay. The trace length for the DCLK0- 1, DQS0-1, DQM0-1 and DQ0-15 signals should be less than 3.5 inches. DDR_VSSR should be connected directly to ground at the processor. DDR_VREF should be a low-impedance 30 mil wide connection.
Use series termination on all data, address and control signals for up to four memory devices.
Pull-up resistors are recommended on the /DDRCS chip selects.
Some Blackfin family members can attach directly to burst mode and page access mode flash devices. Care must be taken if the device functions as a boot source. If the Blackfin processor resets itself by a software reset command or watchdog timer event, the processor and memory may then operate in incompatible access modes. Use the OTP_RESETOUT_HWAIT feature to instruct the processor to configure the flash device before reboot. Consult the hardware reference manual and datasheet for booting, timing and connectivity information.
Pull-ups are required on peripheral chip selects such as /AMSx.
SPI Master Boot mode requires a pull-up resistor on the GPIO signal used as the chip-select for the SPI memory device. The name of the chip-select changes from one Blackfin processor to another. Check the SPI booting section of the Blackfin processor's data sheet to find the SPI /CS connection for booting. Most current processors require a pull-up resistor on MISO. In all SPI systems, SPI_SCK is best used with a pull-down resistor to define the initial state and to reduce noise. Also, refer to the “SPI Master Booting” section of the application note ADSP-BF533 Blackfin Booting Process (EE-240).
The SPI interface requires that all MOSI signals are tied together and all MISO signals are tied together. To prevent contention and possible damage to the device, double-check that these signals have not been interchanged. Connect MISO to MISO and MOSI to MOSI. If the peripheral signal names are DIN or DOUT, connect them according to their master or slave function. Proper schematic signal names will reduce confusion.
The Two-Wire Interface is an I2C-compatible peripheral. Because SCL and SDA are open drain outputs, both TWI signals need pull-up resistors just like the I2C standard requires them.
The Secure Digital (SDIO) interface is designed such that it requires no external pull-ups or pull-downs in most applications. SD/MMC cards may require a weak pull-up on SD_CMD. Other resistor functions are provided internal to the processor. However, impedance-matching series termination resistors should be added on all signals. Consult the SD specification and the timing numbers in the datasheet to determine the maximum frequency for supporting both standard and high-speed SD devices. Also consider the time of flight if the SD connector is located remotely.
SPORTs in multi-channel mode that master the clocks and frame syncs should not connect TFS to RFS. In this mode, the TFS frames the active transmit channel data in the role of a Transmit Data Valid (TDV) signal.
The clock input to the Blackfin processor should start toggling after power-up and be continuous while power is applied.
When using an oscillator output instead of a crystal, the XTAL output signal should not have a capacitor to ground. It is shown this way on some EZ-KIT Lite board schematics. Note that it is not populated on the board, and it should not be populated in an end design.
In addition to the clock source for the processor core CCLK and the peripheral clock SCLK, some Blackfin processors have additional clock domains. Examples are Real-Time Clock, Ethernet, USB and MXVR. Like CLKIN and XTAL, these clock domains can use a crystal or an external clock can drive the input signal. The external clock may be square wave or sinusoidal. If using a sine wave, the voltage levels must be kept within the minimum and maximum limits found in the datasheet. Some peripheral XTAL pins may also be driven by the CLKBUF output of some processors. If using an external clock instead of a crystal, the corresponding XTAL output signal must be left floating. If using a crystal, check the datasheet and crystal specifications for recommended series or parallel resistors. It is important not to overdrive small crystals. If a clock domain is not used by your application, pull the input clock high or low to prevent oscillation.
A software controlled internal regulator circuit using an external FET, diode and inductor is offered on some Blackfin family processors. The core voltage (VDDINT) can also be powered with standard external regulation. The internal voltage regulator may be an attractive option for some designs using power management that controls both clock speed and core voltage.
Be aware that the internal voltage regulator is a switching regulator circuit (not a linear regulation circuit). Ensure that the diode shown in the data sheet is present. Keep the VROUT signal trace short, as this signal can be a source of radiated noise! Refer to the application note Switching Regulator Design Considerations for ADSP-BF533 Blackfin Processors (EE-228) for further details on component selection.
New power control functions have been added to some Blackfin Processors. A VRSEL input selects internal regulator or external regulator mode. An EXT_WAKE output may be provided to turn off an external regulator when using hibernate state. It is a high true power-up signal that can be connected directly to the low true shut down input of many regulators.
A PG or SS/PG signal is a feature on some processors. In internal mode, SS/PG can be used to give a Soft Start at power up and at the end of hibernate. In external mode, it can be used as a low true Power-Good signal to safely start core processing after wake from hibernate mode.
Does your design require a battery for continuous time information? If not, connect the RTC power to VDDEXT even if the RTC is not used. All power and ground signals must be connected at levels described in the datasheet. This is true if you do not use the associated peripheral and is even true if the peripheral does not exist on the processor being used in the design. Failure to drive all voltage connections may result in JTAG failures and improper initialization and operation.
Several members of the Blackfin family of processors allow a direct physical USB interface. This is also called the Universal Transceiver Macro Interface in the hardware reference manuals.
An external crystal or crystal oscillator is required to generate the internal USB2 high-speed clock. The frequency should be chosen to operate the internal clock at 960 MHz. External frequency and programmed multiplication values can be any combination that gives a half speed clock of 480 MHz. The circuit shown in the corresponding datasheet for CLKIN connections can also be used as an example for this clock.
USB_ID is unique to USB OTG. It allows the OTG cable to determine host (A-Device) or peripheral (B-Device) initial status of the interface. If not using OTG but using the USB interface as a host (A-Device), this pin should be grounded. If not using OTG but using the interface as a USB peripheral (B-Device), USB_ID can be left floating or connected to a weak pull-up.
The Blackfin USB_DP and USB_DM signals should be routed as an impedance-controlled differential pair directly to the D+ and D- of the USB connector. Traces should have no extraneous side traces, sometimes called stubs. Further care should be taken to isolate this differential pair from high-speed signals or other noise sources like VROUT. The Blackfin processor provides termination resistance needed for OTG compliance.
USB_VBUS is an input to the processor, except when programmed to output Session Request pulses. When using host or OTG (A-Device) mode, an external 5 V source of more than 8 mA is required to drive USB_VBUS on the cable. This supply needs to be fully disabled when in OTG (B-Device) mode. A GPIO signal should be used for enable/disable. USB_VBUS should be connected directly to the USB connector.
Check the datasheet for 5 V tolerance of USB_VBUS. Some processors are not 5 V-tolerant if VDDUSB external power is zero volts. A few applications may expect their products to experience very long exposure to 5 V on USB_VBUS when the processor has no local power. These applications may wish to provide power to VDDUSB by using the 5 V power from USB_VBUS. An example of such a protection circuit can be found in the ADSP-BF548 EZ-Kit lite schematics.
USB ESD Protection Additional ESD protection is recommended on cable signals USB_DP, USB_DM, USB_ID, and USB_VBUS. Protection devices should be placed near the connector.


An advanced tunable sound reduction system for power utilities, major roads and rail corridors, the PowerShield Acoustic Absorption Wall System delivers a resonant frequency barrier under 150HZ, far lower than other traditional alternatives. In fact, performance has been achieved with an absorptive rating of 0.95 at 100Hz using Helmholtz resonance principles. Able to eliminate resonant noise at a close distance from the source, the system provides an opportunity to utilise adjacent land that would otherwise be considered unsuitable for development.
The PowerShield Acoustic Absorption Wall System is constructed with horizontal, steel reinforced tongue and groove AAC panels mounted to vertical steel columns in concrete foundations. A second skin of 75mm PowerPanel is connected to the PowerShield wall using steel top hats. These panels have a calculated horizontal and vertical air gap between them, acting as slats which face the noise source. The positioning of these panels can be adjusted to address specific resonant frequency of the project.
In addition to this system’s high acoustic attenuation performance and tuning capability, it also provides high level fire resistance when exposed to the Hydrocarbon Modified (HCM) curve for 2 hours and withstands heat up to 1300°C. When exposed to cellulosic fire, the system achieves a -/240/240 fire rating for AS 1530.4-2005.


If your network equipment is being upgraded, our technicians are experienced at auditing, organizing, labeling, re-terminating and/or re-cabling communications rooms. We can assist with rack layout to more easily manage ports, improve air flow and allow for easy equipment replacement, all while minimizing or eliminating downtime.
NETWORK CLOSET REFRESH PROJECTS
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(Suzhou, 18 Dec 2019) – Xpeng Motors will prioritize its end-to-end autonomous driving R&D, introducing Level 3 autonomy in production models in 2020, said Dr. Xinzhou Wu, Vice President of Xpeng’s Autonomous Driving at NVIDIA GTC China 2019 in Suzhou today. Dr. Wu provided details of the autonomous driving architecture of the upcoming P7 intelligent sedan – also on show at GTC China 2019 – which is the first production vehicle to feature the NVIDIA DRIVE AGX Xavier system-on-a-chip (SoC) autonomous driving platform.
“Xpeng Motors is the first and only Chinese auto maker to have end-to-end closed-loop R&D capability for autonomous driving, and the only Chinese company that has built its proprietary synergetic sensor capability,” said Dr. Wu.
The Xpeng P7 intelligent sedan on show at GTC China 2019
The P7’s Smart Electric Platform Architecture (SEPA) runs on a powerful twin-chip system, with the NVIDIA Xavier SoC supporting XPILOT, and Qualcomm’s top-line vehicle processor Snapdragon™ 820A for intelligent services, along with a suite of cameras (including in-cabin camera), radars, HD-map, and ultrasonic sensors.
“Xpeng’s SEPA hardware architecture, one of the strongest in the industry, has a multi-sensor-based structure, providing autonomous driving solutions that are superior to vision-only solutions. The P7 can process input beyond line-of-sight visible range and will be able to utilize V2X technologies to process real-time data in the future, better managing beyond line-of-sight perception input,” said Dr. Wu.
The P7 will be the first production vehicle to carry next-generation millimeter wave radar with enhanced field of view and increased bandwidth, along with increased detection distance and angular accuracy. The P7’s advanced auto-parking function is supported by four 360-degree cameras, enabling the highest auto-parking success rate among existing production vehicles. The P7’s positioning module has HD map resolution reaching decimeter level (relative positioning accuracy < 0.3%), also the highest among existing production vehicles.
XPILOT has already been through two generations of upgrades, and XPILOT 3.0’s implementation on the P7 will enable L3 functions, including autonomous driving on highways, full-proprietary synergetic sensor capability and AI-based intelligent cockpit, all in production vehicles in 2020. By 2021, XPILOT 3.5 will be able to perform full-scenario highway autonomous driving, upgradeable later to XPILOT 4.0 via OTA updates.
“We believe that having a central computing platform is key to autonomous driving solutions. The more scalable the system is, the more efficient for future data, mapping and upgrading via OTA updates,” added Dr. Wu.
On today’s introduction of NVIDIA DRIVE AGX Orin™, a highly advanced software-defined platform for autonomous vehicles and robots, Dr. Wu said: “it’s another major leap forward accelerating autonomous driving technology. Delivering autonomous capabilities for production vehicles means achieving energy efficiency without sacrificing safety. NVIDIA Orin accomplishes that critical balance.”
“Our approach to autonomous driving emphasizes one word: closed-loop R&D. That includes developing the vehicle’s perception, positioning, planning and decision-making capabilities. This is the only way to maintain long-term competitive advantage,” Dr. Wu concluded.


Baluchistan Zahedan: Iranian authorities arrested five people in the capital city of Baluchistan, Zahedan on October 2 for smuggling Starlink satellite internet equipment for an undisclosed group, semi-official media claimed.
“Several days prior to September 30, a particular service sent communication equipment and Starlink devices to a specific group in the capital city of Baluchistan, Zahedan,” Tasnim news agency, which has close ties with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), reported on October 2.
The report cited an unnamed source as saying that the operation was orchestrated by an “espionage organization” in collaboration with the exile opposition People’s Mujahedin Organization.
It did not provide any evidence to support the claims.
The satellite Internet service Starlink helps Iranians circumvent the government’s restrictions on accessing the Internet.
In December, as Iranian authorities imposed increasingly severe restrictions to access the internet in an effort to limit information about protests that had broken out nationwide, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk said that his company was close to having 100 Starlink satellites active in Iran.
بلوچستان زاهدان: رسانه های نیمه رسمی مدعی شدند که مقامات ایرانی در روز دوم اکتبر در شهر زاهدان، پایتخت بلوچستان، پنج نفر را به اتهام قاچاق تجهیزات اینترنتی ماهواره ای استارلینک برای یک گروه ناشناس دستگیر کردند.


Digital Fax Service (XM Faxing)
XM Faxing is a digital fax service that allows you to send and receive fax documents electronically. All fax numbers on campus are set up for this service. If your department is one that handles personally identifiable information (PII), then faxing is set up in Secure Apps. Otherwise, faxing is set up in the Remote Application Server.
How to Access:
XM Faxing in Secure Apps (for faxes that may contain PII)
XM Faxing in the Remote Application Server (for faxes that do not contain PII)
How to Request:
Department fax numbers are set up by default. If you find that you do not have access to the XM Fax service using the instructions above, then email firstname.lastname@example.org with your request to have your fax set up and include your fax number.
To view a training video of how to send and receive faxes using XM Fax click here.
- When your department receives a fax, an email notication is sent from XMedius Cloud.


The most commonly asked question involved the PTT antennae located on the eagles’ backs. Could they be removed or shortened? How do the transmitters work and why are they the length they are? This blog attempts to answer those questions. Warning: it requires a fair amount of reading and has a long resource list at the end!
Can you get rid of the antenna?
We cannot. An antenna is needed to transmit data from the PTTs worn by our eagles. The PTT and GPS units from Geo-Trak Inc. collect and encode data about location, heading, speed, time, activity, and transmitter and battery performance. The encoded data is supplied as energy to the antenna, which radiates it as UHF radio waves to the Argos satellite network orbiting 528 miles (850 kilometers) over our heads. From there, ground stations receive real time data from the satellites and retransmit it to regional processing centers where we can access it. No antenna = no data.
Why can’t the antenna be smaller? Couldn’t it be part of their leg bands?
Let’s start with a quick primer. When we talk about radio waves, we are really talking about a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum - the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region that we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
International Telecommunication Union coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, which includes assigning radio frequency allocations for space communication. 399.9 - 403 MHz is the band that ITU has allocated for navigation, positioning, time and frequency standard, mobile communication, and meteorological satellites. Geo-Trak’s satellite tracking products use the Argos satellite network, which transmits and receives data at 401.650 MHz (± 30 kHz). Argos is using the highest frequency available to them.
So why does frequency impact antenna size? The wavelength of a frequency is the distance an electromagnetic wave travels to complete one cycle. As the image at right shows, a 401.664 MegaHertz signal (a signal that oscillates, or moves through a complete cycle 401.664 million times in one second) has a full wave length of 29.38 inches, a half wave length of 14.69 inches, and a quarter wave of 7.34 inches.
For the antenna to radiate properly, it needs to match either the full wave or one of its major harmonics. Therefore, 7.34 inches – a quarter wave - is as short as the antenna can be and still function. Perhaps improvements in materials, circuitry, and/or manufacturing will someday allow smaller antennae to be used in satellite tracking, but for now, a whip antenna is our only choice for robust ground to space communication.
I found the distance traveled to be quite fascinating. If you do the math, 29.38 inches (the distance it takes for our signal to complete one cycle) multiplied by 401,664,000 cycles per second equals roughly 186,000 miles per second. It takes a lot less than a second for messages to travel from the Dynamic Duo (D24 and D25) to the Argos satellite system 528 miles overhead.
Will electromagnetic radiation of an antenna hurt the eagles?
No. Terms like electromagnetic radiation are frightening, but not all electromagnetic radiation is harmful. Innately dangerous electromagnetic radiation is found in the high-frequency end of the spectrum, since high frequency waves are a lot more energetic than low frequency waves. Think of it this way: gamma rays have frequencies of 1 x 1021 Hertz, which means that the wavelength crests, or hits its highest potential energy point, 1 sextillion times or cycles per second. That packs a punch! By contrast, visible light has a frequency of around 5 x 1014 (500 trillion cycles per second), microwaves have a frequency of 1 x 1010 Hertz (ten billion cycles per second), and our radio waves have a frequency of 4 x 106 (400 million cycles per second).
Power is also a factor. I have a 1500-watt microwave oven that can damage living tissue. However, it is literally almost 7000 times more powerful than the 225mW solar units that power the transmitter. Even cellphones produce radio waves that are more powerful and energetic than ours.
What about insect studies? Those antennae are really small!
A lot of really cool work is being done with insects. While some of the technologies involve active transmitters, which require batteries, others use passive devices like RFID tags and geolocators. Passive devices don’t require much power and can be made extremely small. A couple of links:
- How microtransmitters help solve nature’s riddles: http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a5005/4342060/
- Scientists put backbacks on dragonflies to track their brains in flight: http://www.wired.com/2013/06/dragonfly-backpack-neuron/
The tiny little transmitters used in tracking insects are very cool – check out that tiny backpack! – but they have short battery lives (7-21 days) and a limited tracking range on the ground only (100-500m). As neat as they are, they aren’t suitable for tracking juvenile and sub-adult eagles either.
We can’t get rid of the antenna, which is as short as it can be given the frequency of our ground to space transmission. Argos did a great job designing a package that is light, safe, reliable, and trackable almost anywhere on earth, especially given the physical requirements of the transmission system. The transmitters do not harm bald eagles or impact their social or reproductive interactions with eagles that aren’t wearing transmitters. Passive devices aren’t a good option since juvenile and sub-adult eagles range unpredictably and often widely before settling down to nest, while tiny active devices have short battery lives and a limited ground-only tracking range – something that won’t work for animals that can fly hundreds of miles and live relatively long lives.
However, research into insects and small birds is driving tracking devices to become even smaller. If at some point appropriate tracking hardware becomes available with a smaller antenna, we will use it.
Did you know?
The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves are closely related. If you have a frequency, you can get the wavelength, and if you have a wavelength, you can get a frequency. With the wavelength, you can determine the length of the antenna you need to transmit or receive radio waves at a given frequency. The formula looks like this: Wavelength = Wave speed/Frequency.
Let's say that I have a frequency of 401.664 MHz, or 401,664,000 cycles per second. The wave speed is the speed of light, which can be expressed as 3x108 m/s or 300,000,000. If I divide 300,000,000 by 401,664,000, I get .7468 meters. Since I was raised in the English system, I immediately convert it to inches or feet, which gives me an antenna length of 29.38 inches. This was very helpful when trying to determine why the antennae on our PPT systems are the length they were. This web calculator provides lengths for half and quarter wave antennas if you want to play around with making them: http://www.csgnetwork.com/antennagenericfreqlencalc.html
What could you do with an antenna? There is a community of people that listen to the earth via homemade VLF radios. This website provides an introduction to the concept and some online streams: http://abelian.org/vlf/
Resources that helped me learn and write about this:
- Argos: http://www.argos-system.org/?nocache=0.5821460292957814
- Northstar Telemetry: https://www.northstarst.com/
- GeoTrak Inc: http://geotrakinc.com/
- Radio frequencies for space communication: http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/spacelink/radiospace.htm
- NASA’s outreach directive website, especially http://go.nasa.gov/2blS3RQ and http://go.nasa.gov/2bocjWm and http://go.nasa.gov/1Augpvq
- Understanding antenna specifications and operations: http://bit.ly/1Ool1vK
- Whip antenna length and frequency calculator:
- Figure D-5 from the US Army Field Manual: http://bit.ly/2aQzllX
- Challenges and prospects in the telemetry of insects:
- Federation of American Scientists – wave propagation: http://bit.ly/2b30MXh
- The relationship between frequency and wavelength:
- English names of the powers of ten (this is kind of fun!):
- Electromagnetic notation:
- Bone Fone – a wearable radio! I wore one of these for a ridiculous part of high school without suffering anything more than fashion damage. Because it was basically a low-power receiver (radio waves to ac power) that I wore around my neck for hours at a time, I wanted to use it as an example of safe, low-power, wearable active radio technology. But I figured cellphones made more sense. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/09/bone-fone-the-terror/279474/.
Since you made it to the bottom, I hope you enjoy this bonus image. XKCD explains the spectrum as only they can!


The HEAD® Wireless Speaker brings your music alive! It is ideal for any situation— just charge it up and go. Use the speaker on the beach, in the car, camping, on your back deck—almost anywhere. It's easy to connect your favorite audio device or even your smartphone to the speaker by using either the wireless connection or the line-in mode. The speaker's compact size makes it simple to pack and take it along with you wherever you're headed. The battery lasts for an extra-long 24-hours of continuous playback time on a single charge!
A powerful bass and crisp treble provides an amazing experience—sounds like a live performance. Use the hands-free functions for incoming phone calls too. The HEAD® wireless speaker also comes with NFC (near field communication). When placed hear another NFC device, the two devices will link automatically. Link two HEAD® Wireless Speakers for even greater stereo sound!
Comes packed in an original HEAD® tennis ball tube—makes a great gift for the tennis enthusiast!
- Up to 24-hours of continuous playback
- Pairs easily and quickly to devices
- Water-resistant (IPX4)
- True wireless stereo sound
- Model: HSP-60 PRO
- Color: Black
- Size: 7.07″ x 2.56″ x 2.36″ (180 x 65 x 60 mm)
- Weight: .80 lbs/365 gm
- Power source: Rechargeable Li-ion battery
- Battery Output power: 5W*2 (RMS)
- Audio Input: Wireless + AUX in
- Working distance: 5-10M
- Working time: Up to 24 hours
- Speaker unit: 40mm
- Impedance: 4 ohm
CONTENTS: Speaker | USB to micro USB charging cable | 3.55mm audio cable | 2 x silicone straps | 2 x silicone wristbands | User manual


Need to keep in touch with loved ones while on your travels in Spain? There are a number of options open to you for making international calls here. Matters are made much easier if you have a cellphone that is compatible with Spain's network (some older American phones won't be compatible).
First things first: find out of you have a compatible phone. Your phone needs to be unlocked and GSM compatible.
More on Telephones in Spain
- Area Codes in Spain
- Spain Country Code
- Make International Calls in Spain if you don't have a compatible telephone.
Get Multiple International Phone Numbers on a Single Phone
By far the best solution now for making international calls in Spain is the new Toggle Mobile service, which gives you nine international phone numbers on a single SIM.
Check out my Toggle Mobile review.
The Most Convenient Phone and Data Solution When You're in Spain
If you don't have time to book order a special SIM for traveling, the Tuenti SIM from Telefonica is easily available and includes the following:
- 1Gb of Data for internet and email on your smartphone
- First 30 minutes of every phone call within Spain is free
- Free to receive calls from any country.
- Calls to the EU cost 36c per minute (with a 60.5c connection charge).
- Calls to other countries cost 1.03€ per minute (with a 96.8c connection charge)
You can get a Tueni SIM at the Telefonica building on Gran Via in Madrid and, I believe, any Movistar store.
Read more about Tuenti international tariffs
Happy Movil SIM card
Happy Móvil charges 5.8c per minute for calls to landlines in Western Europe, the US & Canada and Australia. Cell phone calls cost 20c per minute (5.8c to the US and Canada). Taxes are not included in the above cost and there's also a 30c connection charge . Receiving calls is free, no matter where the call comes from.
Advantages of Happy Móvil
- Very easy to use Buy the card, put it in your phone and voila you have a Spanish SIM card. Just dial the numbers as normal.
- Low initial cost For 10€ you have a card with 5€ of credit that you can start using straight away. According to the Happy Movil website, this 5€ will get you 71.5 minutes of call time to calls charged at 5.8c/min. Note this is for one continuous call - because of the 30c connection charge, if you make more calls you will not get the full 71.5 minutes.
- Not the cheapest calls When you add the 30c connection charge and the taxes, the price becomes less competitive.
Calls within Spain are also cheap: calls cost 15c/minute any time of day (10c/minute to other Happy Móvil users), plus tax.


We are an independent business telecommunications provider delivering fixed line, mobile, telephony and data connectivity solutions.
If you are a start-up or an established business looking for a single supplier to support your business, we would like to talk to you.
For almost 30 years, we have successfully provided simple, reliable, end-to-end telecoms solutions and services to a broad range of clients throughout the UK. We take pride in delivering the right solution and the best customer service... this is what we do.
Businesses today demand more from their telephone system. Ridgeway Telecom’s Samsung accredited specialists work with you to provide tailored solutions to meet your operational needs and budget.
We are accredited suppliers of the Samsung OfficeServ 7000 series comprising of the 7030, 7100, 7200s, 7200 and 7400. With over 500 features, the Samsung suite of products is a highly flexible and scalable solution to meet your ever-increasing demands for basic or advanced converged communications.
- Feature rich integral voicemail solution comprising auto attendant and call recording.
- Wide choice of handsets (Analogue, IP, digital and SIP endpoints)
- Plug & Play remote IP working
- SIP/PSTN/ISDN Connectivity
- Mobile and softphone clients
- Voicemail to email
Hosted Telephony (VoIP & SIP) Lines & Calls
Horizon (VoIP) is a completely hosted communications service that provides businesses with fixed and mobile telephony via an easy-to-use web portal.
VoIP is an alternative to using traditional lines providing cost savings and non-geographic) significant flexibility with disaster recovery functionality.
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a lower cost alternative to ISDN. regardless of geographic location
On both cases, instead of making calls over traditional fixed lines, calls are made over your internet connection.
Lines & Calls
- Flexible contracts
- Competitive tariffs
- Virtual numbering (Geographic and non-geographic)
- Retain existing telephone numbers regardless of geographic location
- Dedicated account management from our knowledgeable, friendly, UK-based support team
Call management and dedicated call recording
- Identifying call patterns and peak times
- Looking for specific numbers and dialling frequency
- Allocating cost centres
- Highlighting lost or abandoned calls
- Monitoring sales calls and productivity
- Budget forecasting
- FSA & GDPR compliant
Broadband (ADSL), FTTC
We supply a wide range of competitively priced business grade broadband (ADSL) and Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTC) products to meet your company’s bandwidth and data usage requirements.
EFM, GEA, Fibre (Ethernet)
Do you demand fast, secure and reliable internet connectivity?
We provide dedicated, high quality, managed
and scalable solutions to suit your bandwidth
requirements. Including direct Internet access,
MPLS VPNs and point to point connectivity all
supported by our UK-based technical team.
- Mobile Device Management (MDM)
- Fax to Email
- Disaster Recovery
- Inbound Services
- Voiceover services
- Client training (skills & etiquette/user/technical)
An Independent business-to-business mobile specialist, we work with you and your business to produce a mobile proposition that suits your organisation. We fully understand that it’s not just about the latest devices, it’s about getting your communications working cost effectively and supporting the smooth running of your business.
Benefits of our mobile service:
- Choice of Networks - Vodafone, O2 & EE
- Flexible Tariffs
- Handset and device procurement
- Dedicated Account Management
- Usage & cost alerts to help avoid bill shock
- Online billing system
- Experienced knowledgeable staff (since 1989!)
We’re different, our clients
trust us to supply and manage
their telecoms services, so
from the outset we work with
you and invest as much time
and resource as is necessary to
understand your business, your
requirements and future plans.
We produce a detailed summary of the existing telecoms provision and a strategic plan detailing recommendation for improvements, time-lines, costs and savings. Clients have discovered that getting their telecoms from just one provider saves money and hassle and offers a great range of benefits:
• Dedicated UK-based account managers and support teams
• Bespoke packages
• Flexible contracts
• Fully transparent billing from a single source
• One point of contact for support with experienced and knowledgeable staff
• Self-service online billing and data reporting
But for most of our clients we are the only telecoms company they need.


What is a Voltmeter?
The voltmeter is a measurement device used to measure voltage in electrical circuits or electronic devices. It is commonly employed to measure the voltage across a circuit or component, typically expressed in volts. Voltage represents the electrical potential difference or the rate of transfer of electrical energy from one point to another.
Voltmeters come in various types and measurement ranges, often operating in either digital or analog modes. Analog voltmeters display voltage using a needle or scale on their indicators, while digital voltmeters show the voltage value on a numerical screen. These devices are widely used by electrical engineers, technicians, and electricians to monitor circuit performance, troubleshoot issues, and verify voltage levels.
Voltmeters can measure both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages. Additionally, there are different sizes and models of voltmeters, ranging from portable handheld devices to desktop laboratory voltmeters.
How Does a Voltmeter Work?
Voltmeters function as devices for measuring electrical voltage. The basic operational principles are as follows:
Internal Resistance: Voltmeters have high internal resistance, allowing only a minimal current to pass through when the measurement probe or tip is connected to the circuit. This ensures that the meter does not significantly affect the circuit during measurement.
Voltage Divider: When connected to the point where voltage is to be measured, voltmeters use a voltage divider to reduce the voltage. The voltage divider lowers the voltage at the measurement point, making it suitable for measurement by the voltmeter.
Display: Voltmeters indicate the measured voltage on a display, either through an analog needle or a digital screen. Users read the measured voltage through this display.
Measurement Range: Voltmeters operate within specific voltage ranges. Users must select the appropriate range before taking measurements. Different voltmeters may have different operating ranges.
In summary, voltmeters are devices with high internal resistance that measure voltage without significantly affecting the circuit. They use internal resistances and voltage dividers to provide accurate measurements. The measured voltage is then displayed to the user through an indicator or digital screen.
Types of Voltmeters
Voltmeters come in various types tailored to different applications and requirements. While internal structures and applications may vary, they can generally be categorized into two types based on their usage:
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters display the measured voltage using a needle or indicator. The relationship between the measurement scale and the needle position is used to read the voltage value. Analog voltmeters may exhibit rapid fluctuations in measurement results and have limited sensitivity.
Digital Voltmeter (DVM or DMM): Digital voltmeters display the measured voltage on a numerical screen. They provide more precise and stable measurement results and make it easier to read the measurement value. Additionally, many DVMs offer multiple measurement ranges and can measure various electrical characteristics.
These types of voltmeters include desktop, portable, or electrostatic products, depending on the application and need. Regardless of the specific product, the primary requirement is to measure and display the desired voltage (in volts).
Applications of Voltmeters
Voltmeters find applications in various scenarios for measuring and monitoring voltage in electrical circuits. Some common applications include:
Home Electronics: Voltmeters can be used to check the voltage levels of electrical appliances and outlets in homes. This is crucial for detecting overvoltage or undervoltage issues and protecting home electronics.
Electrical Panels and Distribution Boxes: Voltmeters are used to check the voltage of electrical panels in industrial facilities, buildings, and homes. Ensuring accurate voltage levels in electrical panels allows for the safe and efficient operation of electrical systems.
Electric Motors: Voltmeters monitor the voltage levels in electric motors, ensuring proper operation and preventing potential damage due to overvoltage or undervoltage.
Solar Energy Systems: Voltmeters are employed to monitor the efficiency and power production of solar panels. These devices help optimize the performance of solar energy systems.
Automotive: In the automotive sector, voltmeters are used to monitor the status of the vehicle's battery and check the operation of the electrical system.
Electrical Troubleshooting: Electrical engineers and technicians use voltmeters for troubleshooting and diagnosing electrical issues. By monitoring voltage levels, they can identify faulty components.
Laboratory Studies: Voltmeters are widely used in laboratories to make electrical measurements during experiments. They are essential tools in scientific research and testing.
Electrical Design: Electrical engineers use voltmeters during the design of electrical circuits to determine voltage values and ensure the proper functioning of the circuits.
In addition to these applications, voltmeters are generally used to monitor the safety and performance of electrical circuits. Various types of voltmeters are available to meet different application requirements, making them indispensable tools for electrical measurements.
Difference Between Analog and Digital Voltmeters
Analog and digital voltmeters are two different types of voltmeters used to measure voltage, and they exhibit some fundamental differences:
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters display the measured voltage using a needle or scale. The position of the needle indicates the measured voltage value.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters display the measured voltage on a numerical screen. The voltage value is expressed using digits and is directly visible on the digital display.
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters generally have lower sensitivity compared to digital voltmeters. They are less suitable for making precise measurements.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters have high sensitivity and are ideal for making accurate and precise measurements. The numerical display allows for fine readings, even for small changes in voltage.
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters are slower in tracking rapid changes in measured voltage compared to digital voltmeters.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters can quickly respond to rapid changes in voltage and provide faster readings.
Ease of Reading:
Analog Voltmeter: Reading analog voltmeters requires interpreting the position of the needle or indicator, making it more challenging for some users.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters provide a direct numerical display, making it easier to read the voltage value, and reducing the likelihood of errors.
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters consume less energy and do not require batteries. They are energy-efficient and do not impact battery life.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters operate on batteries or external power sources and generally consume more energy. Battery life needs to be considered when using digital voltmeters.
Analog Voltmeter: Analog voltmeters are typically more affordable, offering a budget-friendly option.
Digital Voltmeter: Digital voltmeters are often more expensive due to their higher sensitivity and functionality.
Both types of voltmeters have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on user needs and the specific application. Digital voltmeters are preferred for precise measurements and quick response, while analog voltmeters may be suitable for applications where a visual interpretation of the reading is acceptable and cost is a consideration.
Please contact us for more information.


Midland Radio Corporation introduces new two-way radio providing clear reception, transmission, and sound quality for anglers on the water.
CALLING ALL ADVENTURERS:
CHECK OUT THE NEW MIDLAND® X-TALKER T61VP3 TWO-WAY RADIO
Designed and Built from the Inside Out, Radio Offers Incredibly Clear Transmission, Reception and Sound Quality
The Great Outdoors is well — great — and this often means for those who like to spend their free time adventuring and traveling, cell phone reception is not always reliable or even available. Keep in touch on your next journey with the brand new X-TALKER T61VP3 two-way radio by Midland Radio Corporation, which integrates the latest in technological advancements with the world-class value the company has become known for. From Midland’s legendary weather alert radio feature and impressive long range to its hands-free operation and multiple charging options, this lightweight, yellow and black radio delivers clear transmission, reception and sound quality and will have the additional features you need for adventure travel.
Up to 32 miles, the X-TALKER T61VP3 offers a more reliable range of communication as well as 36 clear and crisp communication channels, plus simple operation and easy button access. Midland’s cutting-edge radio technology uses less power to achieve the same signal (vs. previous models). This translates into stronger, clearer performance giving you the ability to have great reception and at even greater distances. It can even save battery life while using low power channels. In addition, the radio has 121 privacy codes which gives you up to 2,662 channel options to help you block out other conversations and is built to be less sensitive to interference which makes for a better receiver, with impressive sound quality.
Backed by an industry-leading three-year warranty, the X-TALKER T61VP3 is water-resistant and built tough to handle the wear and tear of everything from an extreme expedition to family camping trips. The radio functions as a weather alert radio employing the company’s advanced weather technology which works to automatically lock on to your local weather channel and will alert you to severe weather – an important feature when traveling in the outdoors with potential severe weather which can spring up within minutes.
The design team implemented a variety of power options making the X-TALKER T61VP3 an extremely flexible device and able to be used in a number of outdoor settings. The radio is powered by two 700mAh rechargeable battery backs (included) or by three traditional AAA batteries (not included) – perfect for backup situations. The radios slip easily into a convenient drop-in charger or can also connect power directly to the radio using a micro USB charging cable. With the new Rapid-Recharge feature, you can power up the rechargeable battery packs without waiting overnight to use the radios like standard two-way radios. The radio also has Hi/Lo power settings in order to adjust your transmission power and conserve battery life.
Finally, these superior radios have been designed with smart features you will use whether you’re trekking a 10-mile trail or traveling in a caravan. These include the radio’s monitor mode, which routinely checks for any activity within your channel, as well as eVox hands-free operation that activates with easy voice recognition. And, all the other bells and whistles which make for a high-quality Midland radio are also built in including 5 call alerts, auto squelch, roger beep, a backlit (LCD) display, keypad lock, silent operation, a low battery indicator, keystroke tones, a battery meter and a headphone jack.
The X-TALKER T61VP3 measures a mere 6.1” x 2.2” x 1.3” and has an MSRP of $69.99.
The T61VP3 radio is part of the 2015 X-TALKER Series which includes 8 new models from $29.99 to $89.99 with a comprehensive set of features to meet any outdoor communication needs.
From the brand’s inception in 1959, Midland Radio Corporation has been a pioneer in two-way radio technology —the first brand of CB radios in the United States and the first to introduce a 14-channel FRS radio to the market. Today, the company is the leading supplier of consumer two-way radios as well as weather alert radios, and is also an innovator in emergency radios, action cameras, Bluetooth intercoms and its legendary CB Radios. Headquartered in Kansas City, the heart of the country, the Midland brand represents quality, value and reliability —everything America prides itself on. With its products sold in leading consumer electronics, sporting goods and many other retailers nationwide, the company is the U.S. affiliate of an international group of companies spanning North America, Europe and Asia. For more information, visit midlandusa.com.


Come and see us to find out more about EMF compliance software at the 2014 Wireless Infrastructure Show, May 19 – 22 at the Rosen Shingle Creek in Orlando, Florida. We will be in booth 614
The Wireless Infrastructure Show is the industry’s premier event focusing on mobile infrastructure for 4G and beyond. The three-day conference and trade show brings together technology and Telecom executives, policy-makers, financial analysts and national media for a world-class speakers, a dynamic exhibit hall, technical seminars, unparalleled networking, special events and much more.
Join representatives from across the wireless ecosystem for learning, networking and more at the Rosen Shingle Creek in Orlando, Florida on May 19 – 22, 2014.
Register at www.wirelessinfrastructureshow.com


Keeping connected: passengers’ experience of internet connectivity on Great Britain’s railways
24 July 2020
This report covers research exploring passengers’ experience of internet connectivity via any on-train Wi-Fi or passenger’s mobile connection when travelling by rail in Great Britain.
The research aimed to:
• measure the availability and quality of internet and voice connections available to passengers travelling on GB railways;
• explore passenger perceptions and experience of connectivity when travelling by train; and
• to attempt to establish a connection between the quality of the connection which is available and the passenger experience.


SE800D PoC/PMR Multi-mode Radio
SE800D multi-mode radio integrates PoC(press-to-talk over cellular LTE/WCDMA/GSM), DMR and analog to provide public network, private network and mixed networks utilizing broad band and narrow bandwidth convergence technologies.
The PoC network is based on GSM 2G, WCDMA 3G, and LTE 4G network standards, which realize cluster communication in a wide area without distance limitation and ensure instant communication. It has multiple call modes such as group call, single call and good friends call, which can easily cope with various communication scenarios. The powerful functional trunking system adopts an exclusive management platform, which is safe and reliable, ensuring communication safety. In addition, the cluster dispatching station has a visual dispatch function, through activating GPS function, the administrator can track the location details and movement trajectories of terminal users on the APP, making cluster dispatching more accurate. Through the signal network of local sim card network carrier from local market, the radio device could cover the whole country even worldwide.
The analog part is compatible with existing conventional analogue radios. The DMR part is compatible with most of the brands such as Motorola, HYT etc. by using same vocoder AMBE++. Through the Repeater/gateway mode of this terminal, the existing digital DMR radios/conventional analogue radios could work with PoC network radios. Through two terminals working as gateway bridge, analogue UHF could work with analog VHF, DMR UHF could work with DMR VHF, analogue UHF/VHF could work with DMR UHF/VHF.
(Height*Width*Depth) excluding antenna 120mm*54mm*35mm
1.8-inch color screen, different backlight modes optional
Multi-mode radio supports LTE 4G/WCDMA 3G/GSM 2G network and digital/analogue UHF400-480MHz/VHF136-174MHz etc.
Dual PTT buttons, dual antenna, dual mode and dual Standby
DMR/Analog mode with powerful output 5W
4 working modes: dual work mode, PoC network mode, DMR/Analog mode, repeater/gateway mode
2G/3G/4G network can be manually/automatically switched for PoC network mode
GPS positioning function for PoC mode
Supports emergency alarm(SOS) for PoC mode
REAL-PTT platform for PoC mode
Support group call, individual call
Displaying the user name and group name for PoC mode, channel name and frequencies for analog mode
Voice Code 4K/8K optional
Signal strength Indicator
Current battery life indicator
Time and date calibration
Key lock/unlock function
Li-ion battery capacity 2600mAh/3500mAh optional
Analog 5% SINAD: 0.20uV
Digital 5% BER: 0.20uV
Adjacent Channel Selectivity
Spurious Response Rejection
Hum and Noise
Conducted Spurious Emissions
Adjacent Channel Power
FM Hum and Noise
4FSK Digital Modulation
ETSI TS 102 361-1,-2,-3
-20°C - 60°C
-30°C - 80°C
Construction, airport, seaports, railway station, security guard, property management, shopping mall, hotel, warehouse, logistics, education, retail, manufacturing, institution, surveying and mapping, hospitality, restaurant, school, outdoor activities, taxi and vehicle fleet etc.


Our low voltage (Max 60v) flat twin cable is available in both Standard Wall and Thin Wall construction, with Thin Wall being the prefered option as it is more environmental friendly in it's construction. Thin Wall cable can also handle higher amps E.G. 1.0mm2 Standard Wall 8.75 Amps compared with 1.0mm2 Thin Wall which is rated at 16.5 amps.
Where applicable the cable is manufactured to BS6862 Part 1 1971with plain copper strands sheathed with PVC Insulation.
UK manufactured 0.5mm sq 2 x 16/0.20mm copper flat twin 12v 24v DC auto cable: Sizes 3.5mm x 5.5mm,20 AWG rated at 11 amps
UK manufactured 0.75mm sq 24/0.20mm copper flat twin vehicle cable, O.D. 3.5mm x 5.5mm,18 AWG rated at 14 amps
UK manufactured 1mm sq 32/0.20mm copper flat twin 12v auto cable, O.D. 3.0mm x 5.0mm, 17 AWG rated at 16.5 amps
UK manufactured 1.5mm sq 21/0.30mm copper flat twin 12v auto cable, O.D. 3.4mm x 5.7mm, 16 AWG rated at 21 amps
UK manufactured 2mm sq 28/0.30mm copper flat twin 12v auto cable, O.D. 3.5mm x 5.5mm, 15 AWG rated at 25 amps
UK manufactured 3mm sq 44/0.30mm copper flat twin 12v auto cable, O.D. 3.5mm x 5.5mm, 13 AWG rated at 33 amps
UK manufactured 4.5mm sq 65/0.30mm copper flat twin 12v auto cable, O.D. 5.7mm x 9.5mm, 11 AWG rated at 42 amps


Unlike the iPhone 3G, which touted a revolutionary design when it was announced just a month later in 2008, the BlackBerry Bold wasn’t super flashy. But it had one thing the iPhone 3G didn’t: BlackBerry Messenger. It became a defining characteristic on BlackBerry devices and forever changed how business and casual conversations were held by phone users. Today, after years of dwindling usage and financial woes from BlackBerry developer RIM, BlackBerry Messenger is going away for good.
BlackBerry Messenger (better known as BBM) was one of the first instant messaging (IM) platforms that arrived on mobile devices in 2005.


Phone: (802) 860-2710
The purpose of this policy is to define the standards for connecting computers, servers, mobile or other devices to the Champlain College network. These standards are designed to protect the campus network and the ability of members of the Champlain College community to use it. They serve to advance the educational mission of the College while also minimizing damage that could result from networked devices that are not configured or maintained properly and to ensure that devices on the network are not taking actions that could adversely affect network performance or the reputation of the College.
This policy applies to all users of computing networks owned or managed by Champlain College. Computing resources include use of the college network via a physical or wireless connection, regardless of the ownership of the computer or device connected to the network.Specific users bound by this policy include:
This policy has been developed as an extension of the College's Acceptable Use policy. The Acceptable Use policy can be found here: www.champlain.edu/is-policies
All devices accessing the Champlain College network must meet the following standards in order to access the network. Champlain College maintains these standards for College-owned devices. Owners of personal devices being used on the Champlain network shall ensure their devices meet the standards.
Champlain College has implemented a robust, campus-wide Wifi network designed to meet the needs of the entire community. Wireless networking is a shared access technology meaning that all wireless devices in a coverage area are sharing the available bandwidth. While wireless technology is not always perfect due to physical or environmental factors, we aspire to have a network that meets the needs of the entire community.
Champlain College students may install a wireless access point (AP) in their dorm room for their own personal use provided it does not interfere with the Champlain College network. Adding too many personal access points can degrade Wifi service for everyone, so prior to doing so, we ask that you first report problems using the campus Wifi network to Champ Support.
Faculty members who want to design special academic wifi networks in pursuit of their educational or research mission, must request approval and collaborate with the Information Systems team to ensure that doing so does not interfere with other campus wireless systems.
Under no circumstances shall a personal AP be configured to "spoof" a Champlain College wifi network by using the same or similar network names as official College networks. The list of official networks is as follows: "facstaff", "champstudent", "champlabs", and "student". This list is subject to change.
Devices found to be interfering with the Champlain Wifi network will be disconnected without warning.
All remote access to Champlain College's internal network must be done through College approved systems designed for remote access. As of the writing of this document the primary remote access tool is the Champlain Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) which can be accessed via https://viewportal.champlain.edu. All faculty and staff are granted access to Champlain VDI. Students are granted access as required by classes in which they have enrolled. Others may request access by sending a request to Champ Support.
Faculty and Staff members with special needs not met by using VDI, may request access to Champlain College's Faculty-Staff Virtual Private Network (VPN) system. The Faculty-Staff VPN may only be used on College-owned computers. Accessing Champlain's Faculty-Staff VPN from a personally-owned computer or mobile device is prohibited.
Remote desktop and/or terminal sessions to systems on the Champlain network must use VPN.
Other methods of remotely accessing the College internal network are prohibited, unless approved by the Chief Information Officer (CIO).
Any contractor, vendor, or consultant that needs to access Champlain College's network must abide by the Acceptable Use policy published here: www.champlain.edu/is-policies
All contractors, vendors, or consultants must abide by and sign a copy of the Third Party Access Agreement contained in Appendix I of this document.
Contractors, vendors, and consultants will be granted access to Champlain College's network for 6 months. Those needing access after that time may request a 6-month extension.
Guests of Champlain College, including campus visitors, Events Center guests, and other visitors are permitted to use Champlain's wired and wireless networks.
Guests may only use those network resources designated and approved for their use.
Faculty, staff, and students are strictly prohibited from sharing network credentials with any guest in order to give them access.
Areas containing network technology resources such as data centers, network switch closets, and other rooms containing electrical or HVAC equipment supporting network infrastructure will be locked with access limited to only those individuals needing access and approved by the Chief Information Officer.
Tampering with network infrastructure components, including but not limited to switches, wireless access points, network switches, network cabling, and wall jacks is prohibited.
If you encounter a network port or access point that is not functioning properly, please send a detailed request to Champ Support including as much information as you can about the labeling and location of the defective resource.
The College reserves the right to limit bandwidth in order to guarantee bandwidth for mission-critical services, change the available bandwidth per user based on usage, and reduce or deny Internet service to users who violate these policies. The College also reserves the right to disconnect without warning any device found to be imposing an exceptional load on campus service or exhibiting a pattern of malicious or disruptive traffic.
Members of the Champlain College community have reasonable expectations of privacy in their use of information resources. In accordance with Section 6 of the Acceptable Use Policy, systems operators, supervisors, and other College officials may access information resources to locate business information, maintain the system and network, comply with legal requirements, or administer this or other College policies and procedures.
Any individual found to be in violation of this policy shall be subject to the relevant Champlain College disciplinary procedure. Individuals are also subject to federal, state and local laws governing many interactions that occur on the Internet. These policies and laws are subject to change as state and federal laws develop and change.
This policy is subject to change. You will be notified of any changes to the policy. You agree to abide by the policy as updated from time to time.


ITS RFID Wallet Sleeve
The ITS RFID Wallet Sleeve is a radio frequency and electromagnetic interference device that disrupts the operation of any electronic device contained inside. It was designed to fit inside of our ITS Hypalon Concealment Wallet, but can be used in any wallet the 3.75” x 2.75” pouch fits inside.
This small, lightweight and flexible pouch is made to attenuate and reflect signals from entering or leaving electronic devices. It was designed to hold a few of your credit cards or ID cards that utilize RFID (radio frequency identification) to transfer data. Newer issued US Passport cards also feature these RFID tags.
RFID technology is essentially a microchip fitted with an antenna. By utilizing an RFID reader, a signal can be radioed to an RFID tag, returning the data it contains. This data is typically an identification number, credit card number, etc. As you can imagine, the signal can easily be skimmed by an RFID reader for nefarious purposes.
RFID Sleeve Specs
- 3.75” x 2.75” RFID Blocking Card Sleeve
- Single Layer of Conductive Silver/Copper/Nickel RoHS Compliant Material
- Shielding Effectiveness of -70dB in the range of 30 MHz to 18 GHz
- Interior Conductive Hook and Loop Closure
- 99.99% Average Signal Attenuation Achieved
- Made in the USA
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Progress in quantum network
Chinese scientists have created the world's first integrated space-to-ground quantum network that can provide reliable, ultrasecure communication between more than 150 users over a total distance of 4,600 kilometers across the country, according to a study published in the journal Nature on Jan 7.
Led by Pan Jianwei from the University of Science and Technology of China, the research was conducted by a group of scientists over the past few years.
Reviewers of the study hailed the achievement as "impressive" and "futuristic", as it is the largest of its kind in the world. It also represents a major step toward building a practical, large-scale quantum internet, they added.
In the quantum network, several services such as video call, audio call, fax, text transmission and file transmission have been realized for technological verification and real-world demonstrations, the paper noted, adding commercial use is expected in the near future.


Bulk SMS Software is a Desktop Application which allows you to send mass Text Messages (SMS) from your Computer to a large group of people using a USB Modem. The Bulk SMS Software allows you to create a text message and send it to a list of Mobile Numbers. For Testing purpose, you can also send the SMS Message to a single Mobile Number.
Hardware and Software Required to Send Bulk SMS
This Bulk SMS Software sends SMS Messages with the help of USB Modem and a SIM Card. Given below are the Software and Hardware Components required in order to run your SMS Marketing or other Campaign. Basic knowledge of Windows Computer is required as well, however you can avail Free Customer Support to start your first Bulk SMS Campaign.
A Windows Computer running Windows 7 or later is required in order to use this Bulk SMS Software.
USB Modem from a Mobile Service Provider like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Reliance, etc. The Software has been tested with USB GSM Modem, however CDMA Modems should work equally fine.
Pre-Paid or Post Paid SIM Card having Sufficient Balance. Many Mobile Service Providers offer SMS Pack with pre-paid SIM Card to reduce the cost of sending Mass SMS.
Bulk SMS Software application can be used to send Alerts, Reminders, General Awareness Message, Notifications, Product Launches or Offers. SMS is a a powerful and a cost effective tool to communicate information to people. Using the Bulk SMS Software you can now make your product or any offers known to a large number of people easily and quickly.
Sending SMS Messages with this Bulk SMS Software is as good as sending SMS Message from your Mobile Number. In order to send large number of SMS Messages, you can utilize the SMS Packs offered by your Mobile Service Provider. In India, Mobile Companies like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea and other Companies offer cheap SMS Packs. When testing this Bulk SMS Software, a SMS Pack of 350 Messages was bought for Rs 33 only.
How to Use Bulk SMS Software
This Free Bulk SMS Software provides a Standard Windows Setup which is available as a Free Download. You need to have Windows 7 or later Windows Operating System in order to use this Bulk SMS Software. Given below steps outline how you can start using this Software to send SMS Messages with a USB Modem and a SIM Card.
Bulk SMS Software's User Interface is very simple as most of the options available in the Right Click Menu. The Bulk SMS software is free of cost and supports Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8 and Windows 7 versions of Microsoft Windows Operating Systems. Do watch the Video Tutorial which displays the various functionality provided by Bulk SMS Software by selecting it from the 'Help Menu'.
Connect your USB Modem with SIM Card in it. In case your SIM Card has a Pin, do remember to remove the Pin.
Depending on your Service Provider, an Associated Software Application (which is used to Start / Close Internet Connection, Read SMS Messages, etc) might run automatically. You can Close the Associated Application as you would not need it for sending SMS with this help of this Bulk SMS Software.
Download this Free Bulk SMS Software, Install it and Launch it from Desktop Shortcut or from Programs Menu.
Carefully see the Status Bar of the Bulk SMS Software which automatically Detects the USB Modem and displays your Mobile Service Provider name and other SMS Details.
Right Click on the Software, Use the Add Mobile Number Menu Option to Add Single or Multiple Mobile Numbers to the List.
Right Click Again on the Bulk SMS Software and choose the menu option to configure SMS Message to be sent to the list of Mobile Numbers.
Now with Mobile Number(s) and SMS Text, you can Send SMS Messages, Right Click again on the Software and select the menu option to Send Configured SMS Text to All Numbers.
You can also Download Video Tutorial which displays the above steps to Send SMS Messages. Yes there is a Video Tutorial in the Help Menu of the Bulk SMS Software as well.
Features of Bulk SMS Software
In case you do have a USB Modem bought from Mobile Service Provider and a Windows Computer, you can simply download and try this SMS Software on your Computer itself. You can alternatively read on further to know what all features are supported by this SMS Application.
Send text message of at Maximum 160 characters in English or 70 characters in any other Language like Hindi, Chinese, etc.
For Indian Mobile Numbers, the SMS Message sent by the Software is delievered to Mobile Suscribers with or without DND Registration.
This Bulk SMS Software detects the USB Modem automatically and no configurations are required.
Supprts Import of Mobile Numbers from a Unicode text File. Once the Mobile Numbers are Imported, you can remove Duplicate Numbers or even Delete specific Mobile Numbers.
Each Data File of Bulk SMS Software can store list of Mobile Numbers along with Status of SMS. This can be really useful when you have seperate list of Mobile Numbers for different SMS Campaigns.
You can easily keep an eye on the Number of Mesages sent by the Bulk SMS Software. Yes you can even Control the Number of SMS Messages sent by this Mass Messaging Software.
In a Multi Lingual country like India, many times the campaigns are localized and specified to a particular region. Due to this there is a need to run the Bulk SMS Marketing campaign in a local language for better response. One of the most powerful feature of this software is its support to send text message in non english languages as well.
Send SMS Message in English with Maximum 160 Characters or Send Non English SMS Messages with maximum length of 70 Characters.
Configurable Time Delay in Sending Consuecutive SMS Messages is configurable from the Settings of the Software.
Removal of Duplicate Numbers in a list of Mobile Numbers can be done from the Right Click menu of the Software.
Status Update of each SMS Message sent is displayed on the Main Screen of the Software. You can even remove Mobile Numbers from the List to whom the SMS Message has been sent.
Benefits of Using Bulk SMS Software
There are lots of benefits in using a Desktop Application to send SMS Message. Few of the benefits of using a Desktop Application to send Bulk SMS are outlined below.
The First and foremost benefit of using this Bulk SMS Software to send SMS Messages is that you are in Total Control of your Mobile Numbers List and SMS Message to be Sent.
You do not need to share your Mobile Number list with any other Company.
Your SMS Message can be delievered at your choice of Date and Time.
There is no SMS Gateway involved apart from your own Mobile Service Provider. No Need to learn or understand SMS API or other technical details of sending SMS Messages.
Sending Bulk SMS with your USB Modem is the cheapest method of sending Bulk SMS. The SMS Messages are sent from your own Mobile Number helping your Recipients to easily identify and contact you.


The Benefits and Applications of smart grid integration in STP Plant
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are critical infrastructures that process and treat wastewater, ensuring the protection of public health and the environment. However, operating STPs requires a substantial amount of energy, contributing to the overall carbon footprint. To address this challenge, smart grid integration has emerged as a solution to optimize energy consumption in sewage treatment plants. By leveraging advanced technologies and data-driven strategies, the integration of STPs with smart grids can lead to significant energy savings and promote a more sustainable future.
This blog explores the potential benefits and applications of smart grid integration in sewage treatment plants.
Understanding Smart Grid Integration
A smart grid is an intelligent electrical grid that integrates digital technologies, communication networks, and advanced control systems to optimize the generation, distribution, and consumption of electricity. Smart grid integration in sewage treatment plants involves connecting the energy management systems of the plant to the smart grid infrastructure, enabling real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of energy usage.
Benefits of Smart Grid Integration
- Energy Efficiency: Smart grid integration enables STPs to optimize energy consumption based on real-time data and demand response mechanisms. By analyzing energy usage patterns and adjusting operations accordingly, STPs can reduce energy waste and improve overall energy efficiency. This leads to cost savings and a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
- Demand Response: With smart grid integration, STPs can participate in demand response programs. These programs allow STPs to adjust their energy consumption during peak load periods or when electricity prices are high. By temporarily reducing energy demand or shifting it to off-peak hours, STPs can support grid stability and reduce strain on the electrical infrastructure.
- Renewable Energy Integration: Smart grid integration facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind turbines, into STPs. By leveraging renewable energy generation on-site or through grid connections, STPs can reduce their reliance on traditional fossil fuel-based electricity and promote a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix.
- Predictive Maintenance: Smart grid integration enables continuous monitoring of energy consumption and equipment performance in STPs. By analyzing data patterns and utilizing predictive maintenance algorithms, potential equipment failures or inefficiencies can be detected early. This proactive approach helps minimize downtime, optimize maintenance schedules, and improve overall operational reliability.
Best Practices for Smart Grid Integration in STPs
- Real-Time Monitoring and Control: Implementing robust monitoring and control systems that enable real-time data collection and analysis is essential for effective smart grid integration. This allows STPs to track energy consumption, identify areas for optimization, and make data-driven decisions to reduce energy usage.
- Advanced Energy Management Systems: Integrating advanced energy management systems into STPs enables automation, optimization, and control of energy-consuming processes. These systems can analyze data, predict energy demand, and adjust operations to minimize energy waste and maximize efficiency.
- Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence: Utilizing data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms can provide insights into energy usage patterns and optimize energy consumption in STPs. AI algorithms can identify energy-saving opportunities, optimize operational parameters, and suggest energy-efficient alternatives.
- Collaboration with Utilities and Grid Operators: Collaborating with utilities and grid operators is crucial for seamless smart grid integration. This collaboration ensures a smooth exchange of data, enables participation in demand response programs, and facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources.
Smart grid integration offers tremendous potential for optimizing energy consumption in sewage treatment plants. By leveraging advanced technologies, real-time monitoring, and data-driven strategies, STPs can significantly reduce energy waste, promote energy efficiency, and contribute to a more sustainable future. The benefits of smart grid integration include improved energy efficiency, demand response capabilities, renewable energy integration, and enhanced predictive maintenance. By implementing best practices and collaborating with utilities and grid operators, sewage treatment plants can play a vital role in building smarter and more sustainable communities. Through smart grid integration, STPs become energy-efficient, resilient, and environmentally responsible components of the modern infrastructure.


Vessel digital infrastructure and telecoms
Setel is a leading reseller of voice and data services for Shipping and related services, such as Oil & Gas. Setel services are used in the main ship broking houses in London and their mobile and satellite solutions have been deployed all over the world.
Setel work with the best of breed suppliers and partners around the world so that clients can be assured of the same quality they would expect from brands such as British Telecom, Vodafone, Deutsche Telecom, Inmarsat and AT&T yet with a central localised and dedicated account management team that handle all aspects of the relationship.
Setel services include: Land and maritime satellite (including: fleet broadband, VSAT, iSAT phone pro 2, Iridium Extreme), business calls, line rental, data, hosted telephony and business mobile.
Industrial Grade Powerline Solution
With an ever increasing requirement to deliver Wi-Fi/Internet connectivity, CCTV security footage and anti-piracy solutions to the maritime sector, Setel PowerLine’s INDUSTRIAL GRADE version of Power Line Communication (PLC) technology emerges as the most flexible and cost effective medium on which to deliver them.
Setel PowerLine networks are designed to overcome the typical problems encountered when trying to deploy traditional structured cabling. The PowerLine solution is a technology which makes use of the existing electrical infrastructure to act as a “data highway” to deliver a digital network without the need to lay new data cables.
Setel help maritime customers and partners realise the true potential of IP connectivity, removing the usual cost and associated downtime associated with cabled marine installations by bypassing the need for any major work to on board structures requiring watertight/fireproof integrity.


In modern software development, one of the most important considerations is the exchange of data between different systems. In distributed systems, data exchange often occurs through remote procedure calls (RPCs). While traditional RPC methods like XML and JSON are widely used, they can be inefficient and slow. This is where protocol buffers and gRPC come in.
Protocol Buffers is a language-agnostic, binary serialization format developed by Google. Protocol buffers are designed to be fast, small, and simple. They are typically used to exchange structured data between systems or for long-term data storage.
Protocol buffers use a language called the Protocol Buffer Language to define the structure of the data being exchanged. The Protocol Buffer Language is similar to IDL (Interface Description Language) and allows for the definition of message types, which are then used to serialize and deserialize data.
The protocol buffer format is highly optimized for performance and compactness. It is up to 10 times smaller than XML and up to 3 times smaller than JSON, making it a more efficient way to send data over the network.
How Protocol Buffers Work
- A Protocol Buffer file is created that defines the structure of the data to be exchanged.
- The Protocol Buffer file is compiled using the Protocol Buffer compiler, generating code in a variety of programming languages.
- Data is structured according to the generated code and serialized into a binary format using the Protocol Buffer serialization format.
- The serialized data is sent over the network.
- On the receiving end, the data is deserialized using the Protocol Buffer serialization format and converted into a data structure according to the generated code.
- The application processes the received data.
gRPC is a high-performance, open-source RPC framework developed by Google. gRPC uses protocol buffers as its serialization format, making it highly efficient and fast.
gRPC allows developers to define a service in a protocol buffer file and generate client and server code using the gRPC compiler. gRPC supports multiple programming languages, including C++, Java, Python, and Go.
One of the key advantages of gRPC is its support for bi-directional streaming. This means that both the client and the server can send and receive data at the same time, enabling real-time communication between systems. gRPC also supports load balancing and flow control, making it a great choice for large-scale distributed systems.
Protocol Buffers and gRPC are powerful tools for efficient and fast data exchange in distributed systems. While they can be more complex to implement than traditional methods, the performance gains and flexibility make them a valuable addition to any modern software stack. As distributed systems continue to grow in complexity, we can expect to see even more adoption of these technologies in the future.
- Google Protocol Buffers Documentation - This is the official documentation for Protocol Buffers by Google. It provides an overview of the format, the language used to define message types, and instructions on how to use it in various programming languages.
- gRPC Documentation - This is the official documentation for gRPC. It provides information on how to use gRPC for building high-performance RPC services, including how to define a service using protocol buffers, generate code, and use gRPC APIs.
- A Short Introduction to gRPC - This is a blog post on the gRPC website that provides an overview of gRPC, including its features, performance benefits, and how it compares to traditional RPC methods. It also includes code examples for building a simple gRPC service.


Overcome the limitations of out-dated hardware-based PBX systems with a 3CX full-feature phone communication system.
3CX is a communication system used worldwide and suitable for any business size or industry. The 3CX IP phone system is based on the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) standard. It basically works with a range of phone hardware and also features web browser-based extensions and mobile apps. Its software can be hosted on a remote server, on-premises (local server) or both for extra resilience.
With 3CX IP Telephony, you and your team will be able to manage call efficiently, save on PBX monthly fees, work remotely with apps, forwarding calls to mobile devices, convert voice messages to email and much more.
Contact us today for a quote!


|7F 51th Building 3th Industrial Zone Bantian Street Longgang District Shenzhen City China email@example.com|
|Place of Origin:||SHENZHEN,CHINA|
|Minimum Order Quantity:||500PCS|
|Payment Terms:||L/C, T/T, Western Union, MoneyGram, D/A, D/P|
|Supply Ability:||20000 Piece/Pieces per Month|
|Model:||N Wireless Router||Transmit Rate:||300M|
|Type:||Wireless||Ports:||4 RJ45 Lan+1 Wan Port|
|Antenna:||2* 5dBi Antennas||Warranty:||1 Year|
Easy Setup WIFI Router 300Mbps 1WAN 4LAN Port 192.168.0.1 WiFi Wireless Router
HT-WR958N integrates 4-port switch, firewall, NAT-router and Wireless AP. This product is specifically designed for Middling and Small Corporation needs. It will allow you to connect your network wirelessly better than ever, sharing Internet Access, files and fun, easily and securely. It is easy to configure and operate for even non-technical users. Instructions for installing and configuring this product can be found in this manual. Before you install and use this product, please read this manual carefully for full exploiting the functions of this product.
Complies with 2.4GHz IEEE802.11n Draft v2.0 and backward compatible with IEEE 802.11b/g standards
Supports NAT/NAPT IP sharing
WAN Protocols: PPPoE/Static IP/PPTP/DHCP/L2TP
Supports advanced 2T2R MIMO technology to enhance the throughput and coverage range significantly ,High speed data rate - up to 300Mbps.
Supports Virtual Server and DMZ
Supports Wi-Fi Protected Setup ( WPS ) with reset button
Supports 64/128-bit WEP encryption and WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK security
Supports WMM function to meet the multimedia transmission requirement
Supports WDS mode
Supports Special Applications (Port Triggers)
Supports DDNS (DynDNS, TZO), and QoS
Supports DHCP server and Anti-Dos firewall
Web user interface (remote configuration)
System status and security log
|Standards||IEEE 802.11n(Draft 2.0), IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11b|
802.11n: 14dBm for 11n mode
802.11g: 16dBm for OFDM mode
802.11b: 20dBm fro CCK mode
South Korea, Japan, ETSI, FCC communication channel is optional
|Wireless Transmit Power||20dBm (MAX)|
|Modulation Technology||OFDM = BPSK,QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DSSS = DBPSK, DQPSK, CCK|
11n : -70dBm@10% PER
11g : -72dBm@10% PER
11b : -90dBm@8% PER
4 10/100M Auto-Sensing RJ45 Port(Auto MDI/MDIX)
1 10/100M Auto-Sensing RJ45 Port(Auto MDI/MDIX)
|Memory||64Mb DDR1 RAM|
|Flash||8Mb SPI Flash|
|Antenna||5dBi x 2 Omni Directional Antenna|
|Power adapter||DC 9V----0.66A|
|Operating temperature||0°C~40°C (32℉~104℉)|
|Storage temperature||-40°C~70°C (-40℉~158℉)|
|Relative humidity||10% ~ 90%, Non Condensation|
|Storage Humidity||5%~95% Non-Condensing|
|Dimensions||180mm X130mm X 30mm|
Q1. How to play an order?
A1: Contact with online service, or sent an email to us, we will confirm you with product price, specs, packing etc soon, thank you.
Q2. Can I have my logo printed on the products and packing?
A2: Totally acceptable, OEM service grown up for more than 15 years, thank you.
Q3.What is your payment terms?
A3: For sample: Paypal, west union;For production: T/T, L/C, D/A or negotiable terms, thank you.
Q4.What would the delivery time be?
A4: Regularly 30 days after sample confirmed, ahead to 15-20 days if urgent, thank you.
Q5.In an unlikely event that there is a faulty earphone from my order, what should I do?
A5: We have full healthy after-sales service system, if anything happened not match to the contract, we shall recheck and give a better service for customers, penalty or free replacement if necessary, thank you.


Optima’s team has a broad range of Systems experience across the Space sector, from commercial and scientific missions to defence & security.
Our team understand the unique requirements that apply to space-based systems. We combine this sector expertise with extensive use of advanced Systems Engineering tools and processes including requirements management, engineering planning and trade-offs.
Our consultants have worked for the major national Space Agencies and industry clients on projects including:
- Earth remote sensing instruments and missions operating in LEO, MEO and GEO.
- Orbit, mission, system and sub-system analysis of a range of space based missions and sensors including ROSETTA, METOP, MORO, C-SAR, MASTER, GERB.
- We’ve also developed Advanced Systems Engineering training courses for the European Space Agency’s engineering and scientific staff.
We participate in all stages in the project lifecycle from initial feasibility assessment, through concept development to delivery and commissioning of satellite systems.


Want to surf the web faster? Want to find ways to make your Linksys WiFi extender’s signals stronger? Want to learn how to make your WiFi reach further? Continue reading if you answered “yes” to any of them. Here are some tips and tricks that will help you boost the WiFi signals of your Linksys range extender so you can stream videos, play online games, and surf the web without any trouble. Let’s delve in!
Enhance Your Linksys Extender’s Performance
Switch out your device’s antennas
If your Linksys has antennas inside, adding external antennas would help a lot because external antennas tend to send a stronger signal. Many companies sell antennas for WiFi devices separately, so if your Linksys didn’t come with one, you can add one yourself.
You can also choose omnidirectional antennas, which help send WiFi signals to all parts of your home. If there is a spot in your home with no signal and you want to boost the signal there, installing a directional antenna would be a good idea since these antennas only pick up signals coming from one direction.
Install a Mesh WiFi system
Users’ needs aren’t always met by a simple router or extender. This could be because you have a big house or your house has a lot of dead zones. In this case, you should get a mesh WiFi system and put it in your home. We think that setting up a Mesh system can help you turn your home’s dead zones into fun zones.
Mesh systems look like WiFi routers or extenders, but they do something different. For optimum results, set up Mesh WiFi correctly.
Update your extender’s firmware
Perhaps your Linksys extender needs new firmware. Manufacturers of Linksys make changes to the firmware of their devices from time to time so that users can enjoy better performance. If you want to get the most out of your Linksys, you might need to update the firmware of your device by accessing the http://extender.linksys.com web address. But the availability of firmware may differ from one model to the next. So, check the model of your Linksys before initiating the firmware update process.
Check where your Linksys is placed
In one house, not all rooms are the same. Even if one area has strong signals, it does not always follow that the other room will as well. If you want to surf the web from anywhere in your house, you might want to put your extender in the middle of your house and within the range of your router. Also, consider placing the Linksys extender at a place where no interference-causing devices are placed nearby. For instance, you can keep your Linksys at a distance from things like microwave ovens, Bluetooth speakers, baby monitors, etc.
Check the Settings
This is another tip you should follow if you want to speed up your Linksys WiFi. Take a look at your device’s administrator interface and make sure it is set up so that it works on both the 2.4GHz band and the 5GHz band, you should switch to the 5GHz band for the best results.
If you switch to 5GHz, not only will your WiFi speed be faster, but you may also have less trouble with other WiFi devices and networks.
Reset and Reconfigure
If nothing has worked for you so far and you are unable to surf the web the way you fancy, consider doing a Linksys extender reset to take your device back to default settings. Once done, configure the device from scratch and see if you can get the desired performance or not.
We hope that if you use the tips above, you will be able to speed up your Linksys WiFi. Stay tuned for more tips and tricks!