Signal levels turn into colours and are represented on the time axis (see figure). The perfect tool for short signal interference or fading analysis, which observation would be difficult by only resorting to the spectrum.
The echo graphic display allows echo detection in DVB-T/T2 terrestrial signal reception, which could severely degrade BER measurement.
A single meter is capable of analysing and measuring analogue and digital signals, both on the terrestrial and the satellite bands (FM, IPTV, optical fibre, Wi-Fi, DVB-T/T2, DVB-C Annex A, B, and C, and DVB-S/S2/S2X). Furthermore, the DAB and DAB+ analysis can be included as an option.
Once the optical fibre input enabled, and thanks to the optical receiver (whether selective or not), optical attenuation measuring can proceed for three wavelengths (1310 nm, 1490 nm, and 1550nm) and their powers, as does RFoG installation analysis.
In addition, specific protocol measurements are also analysed, such as UDP Payload Bitrate, IP payload bitrate, and Packet arrival minimum.
In addition, they also make easier the detection of connectivity problems by scanning connected equipment (ARP scan) and mapping their ports, whether open or closed, to determine their accessibility (NMAP).
Ready for LTE700 (5G) and LTE790 (4G) scenarios.
Con la opción GPS, las medidas se podrán visualizar sobre un mapa en la posición exacta en la que fueron tomadas y así poder realizar un estudio de coberturas, o simplemente tener un inventario posicional de nuestras instalaciones. Para acceder con más detalle a cada una de ellas solo necesitamos hacer doble click en la imagen de su ubicación.
(*) Optional function. Ref. 596201
Reduce installation mistakes with the on-screen Pass/Fail indicators, a graphical tool that helps and speeds up the interpretation of measurement results. Different thresholds are available depending on the network area to be analysed: headend, multi-band amplifiers, bridging connection, connection records, user home, etc. Besides the pre-set values, you will be able to customize your own threshold values.
Showing the standard associated to the signal and the signal’s parameters to the meter is no longer required. With MOSAIQ6 it is all as easy as connecting the RF cable; the meter automatically detects the standard (DVB-T/T2, DVB-C, QAM-B, ISDB-T for the terrestrial band, and DVB-S/S2/S2X for the satellite band, IPTV, etc. ) and all the parameters associated to that specific standard.
By just connecting the RF cable to your MOSAIQ6 you will find out which satellite your antenna is pointing to. Without the need for previous checks or configurations.
In terms of DVB-T and DVB-T2 signal reception, controlling the absence of any echoes that could jeopardize reception is crucial. MOSAIQ6 displays the echoes of the received signal, allowing the installer to minimize them for optimal signal reception.
MOSAIQ6 allows you to save multiple profiles according to the type of installation you will be working with. Therefore, you will not need to select the parameters required each time you need to perform a measurement. You will just need to select the profile you wish to work with and all the parameters will be automatically configured in the meter.
For convenience, take the information with you without transporting the meter. Simply export the data to an external USB memory.
SW v1.38 or higher
HW v2019 onwards
(*) Optional function. Ref. 596204
(*) Optional function. Ref. 596203
(*) Optional feature. Ref. 596205
(*) Optional feature. Ref. 596202


If you’ve ever wanted to connect your Android device to your computer for debugging purposes but didn’t want to go through the hassle of connecting a physical cable, then you’re in luck. Android Debug Bridge (ADB) lets you connect your device to your computer over a wireless connection for screen mirroring and other debugging purposes. In this article, we’ll show you how to connect Android to Wireless ADB for wireless screen mirroring.
How to Connect Android to Wireless ADB for Wireless Screen Mirroring
What is Wireless ADB and why would you want to use it?
Wireless ADB is a feature that allows you to connect your Android device to your computer wirelessly, for the purpose of screen mirroring. This can be useful if you want to show your screen to someone else, or if you want to use your Android device as a second screen for your computer.
To use Wireless ADB, you will need to install the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) on your computer. This can be done by following the instructions here: https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb.html.
Once ADB is installed, you can enable Wireless ADB by running the following command:
adb tcpip 5555
This will enable Wireless ADB on your Android device. To connect to your Android device, run the following command:
You should now be able to use your Android device as a second screen for your computer.
How to set up Wireless ADB
Assuming that you have already set up ADB on your computer, you can now set up Wireless ADB by following these steps:
1) On your Android device, open the Settings app and go to the System section.
2) Tap on the About Phone option and find the Build Number field.
3) Tap on the Build Number field seven times to enable Developer Options.
4) Go back to the previous screen and tap on the Developer Options option.
5) Enable the USB Debugging option.
6) Plug your Android device to your computer using a USB cable.
7) On your computer, open a terminal and type the following command:
adb tcpip 5555
8) Wait for a few seconds and then unplug your Android device from your computer.
9) On your Android device, open the Settings app and go to the Wi-Fi section.
10) Tap on the Wi-Fi network that your computer is connected to.
11) Find the IP address of your computer and note it down.
12) On your computer, type the following command:
13) You should now see a message saying that you are connected to your Android device wirelessly.
How to use Wireless ADB
If you’re looking to connect your Android device to a computer for wireless screen mirroring, you’ll need to use a wireless ADB connection. This type of connection allows you to connect to your Android device over a Wi-Fi network, eliminating the need for a physical connection.
There are a few different ways to set up a wireless ADB connection, but we’ll walk you through the process using the most popular method: using the Android Debug Bridge (ADB).
ADB is a versatile tool that lets you communicate with your Android device using a variety of commands. In order to use ADB for a wireless connection, you’ll need to first set up ADB on your computer. You can find instructions for doing this on the Android Developer website.
Once ADB is set up on your computer, you’ll need to enable debugging on your Android device. This can be done by going to Settings -> Developer options -> Debugging -> ADB debugging.
Once ADB debugging is enabled, you can connect to your Android device over Wi-Fi by running the following command:
Wireless ADB is a great way to connect your Android device to a computer for screen mirroring or other purposes. By following the steps above, you should be able to easily set up a wireless ADB connection.
If you’re having trouble connecting your Android device to your computer via ADB, there are a few things you can try.
First, make sure that your Android device and computer are on the same Wi-Fi network. If they’re not, you won’t be able to connect wirelessly.
Second, try restarting both your computer and your Android device. Sometimes, a simple restart is all it takes to get things up and running again.
Third, check your Android device’s developer settings. If you don’t see the “Developer options” menu, you may need to enable it first. To do so, go to your Android device’s Settings menu, then scroll down to the “About phone” or “About tablet” section and tap on the “Build number” seven times. This will enable the developer settings.
Once you’ve enabled the developer settings, go back to the Settings menu and you should see the “Developer options” menu now. Tap on it and make sure that the “USB debugging” option is enabled.
If you’re still having trouble, there are a few other things you can try, such as installing the Android SDK on your computer or using a USB cable instead of Wi-Fi.


We are pleased to announce a new release of Automatiko - 0.12.0
Additional messaging provider has been added to Automatiko that allows to use HTTP endpoints as source and target to receive and publish messages. It works in the same way as any other messaging connector in Automatiko and opens up a simple integration with HTTP based services. It supports both incoming and outgoing messages. All required details can be found in Automatiko documentation.
Automatiko supported Serverless Workflow specification from the very beginning but it was rather basic support. It ended at 0.6 version of the specification. With 0.12.0 release it has been completely reworked to enable implementation of majority or all features of the specification. This means that now it supports 0.8 version of the spec and latest version of the SDK.
Serverless Workflow support in Automatiko covers following states
Please note that not all features of states are yet supported and more detailed documentation about support will be published soon.
At the same time, Automatiko comes with really simple way to get you started with Serverless Workflows by following 3 simple steps
docker run -v $(pwd):/app/src/main/resources/workflows -p 8080:8080 -it --rm automatiko/development-container:latest
Here is a short video showing this in action
Have a look at Getting started guide for more information about Serverless Workflow use in Automatiko.
Cloud Event specification becomes more and more popular as a format of the data being exchanged between systems and services. Automatiko comes with out of the box support for it - including specific bindings for various protocols:
quarkus.automatiko.messaging.as-cloudeventsmust be set to
true. It is set by default for Serverless Workflow based workflow definitions.
Working with messaging infrastucture sometimes requires systems and services to filter out or ignore certains messages.
To make it simple, Automatiko introduces a filtering mechanism based on expressions. This can be provided to the runtime
via custom attribute of the message event (
filterExpression) and it is expected to be a valid expression or function.
Such expression can reference following variables:
eventData- the payload of the message already converted to actual object
message- raw message object that is specific to messaging connector used e.g. Kafka, MQTT etc
truemeans the message will be processed and
falsemeans the message will be ignored (but acknowledged).
Photographs by Unsplash.


EcoG – Pioneering the Megawatt Charging System and working with the truck and bus industry on interoperability
- EcoG offers the technology necessary to kickstart the development and market introduction of the Megawatt Charging System (MCS), which will be essential for charging electric trucks and buses.
Munich, June 9, 2023 – EcoG has an MCS starter kit and controllers available at EVS36 Sacramento 11th-14th June 2023 – Stand 10, Booth 509.
EcoG (ecog.io/) is a technology company allowing businesses to rapidly develop reliable and interoperable charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) globally. As an established market leader and innovator, EcoG is pioneering Megawatt Charging System (MCS) technology that will boost the sustainable commercial vehicle industry and open up electrification to larger, high-power vehicles.
The EV industry is pivotal to reducing carbon emissions and vehicular pollution over the next decade, as part of humankind’s last chance to prevent a 1.5C global temperature increase. MCS is the next significant infrastructure advancement in electric mobility, addressing the need for sustainable charging solutions for commercial vehicles. MCS extends the core technologies of Combined Charging System (CCS), which are used to charge all of today’s passenger and light-duty EVs, for an even faster charging solution for electric trucks and buses.
EcoG’s charge controllers and reference architectures allow EV charging station manufacturers to kickstart their charger development for heavy-duty electric vehicles, with a short lead time to market. EcoG also helps conduct early interoperability testing with manufacturers of electric trucks and buses.
EcoG is driving the development and rollout of an MCS standard capable of reaching up to 3MW charging speed. As a core member of CharIN, the leading industry association for developing charging technology standards and EV interoperability, EcoG is working alongside cross-industry stakeholders to build a standard charging connector for commercial vehicles. EcoG has been a driving force in defining the MCS standard that will act as the foundation of this technology. The European Union and US Department of Commerce have also publicly recognized and supported efforts to create an international MCS standard for electric heavy-duty vehicles.
EcoG is pleased to be one of the first companies in the industry to be testing MCS communications interoperability according to the new ISO 15118-20 standard. These tests include multiple projects with the leading charging station manufacturers as well as the premier commercial truck and bus manufacturers. EcoG has engaged with more than 60 component partners, including converter and charging connector manufacturers, to help charging station manufacturers kickstart their MCS charger series launches.
To optimize and improve the robustness of control interfaces, which EcoG has been a market leader in developing, EcoG has collaborated with REMA EV Connections during MCS development and standardization. “We are pleased to have partnered with EcoG on this development work and are excited that the REMA MCS Charging Coupler is integrated into the EcoG MCS reference architecture and the EcoG starter kit” comments Tim Rose, Managing Director of REMA EV Connections.
EcoG simplifies the development of MCS chargers by integrating all necessary components into a tested and interoperable MCS charger interface reference architecture. This allows the truck and bus manufacturers to quickly test their vehicles against the new standard and facilitates the entry of new players into the market. “The collaboration between i-charging and EcoG achieved the remarkable feat of setting up and providing MCS charging solutions interface within just two months.” states Pedro da Silva, CEO of i-charging, and emphasized the significance of this accomplishment, stating, “Lead time to market and adaptability is crucial for us, and the vehicle interoperability is key in the booming market with MCS solutions, for which we are developing a groundbreaking solution targeting MW level charging.”
The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) is incentivising consumers and businesses to adopt EVs en masse, including through tax benefits, as the US looks to mitigate its largest polluter: transportation. According to The White House, there are three million EVs in the US serviced by only 130k charging stations. Accessible infrastructure including high-powered charging stations will be essential to scaling EVs for commercial and personal use in the US and beyond.
Joerg Heuer, Founder and CEO of EcoG, comments, “The demand for EV charging stations is only increasing as consumers and businesses look to make more environmentally-conscious transport decisions. With the Inflation Reduction Act, the US is looking to lead the way in developing commercial EVs. As the market leader in EV charging reference designs, EcoG is supporting businesses to rapidly step into the market, and build charging stations at scale that will meet the increasing demand for Megawatt Charging Systems necessary for electrified trucks. In the next five years, we’ll see MCS facilitate the electrification of commercial transportation, including city logistics, long haul transport and even maritime applications.”
EVS36 Sacramento Sunday 11th to Wednesday 14th June
The EcoG team will have a starter kit available at Stand 10, Booth 509 at EVS36 Sacramento.EcoG CEO Joerg Heuer will be speaking on the EVS Exhibitor’s Stage at 11:30-45am PT on Monday 12th and Tuesday 13th June.
Internationally operating tech company EcoG is working on the rapid and efficient expansion of DC charging stations for electric vehicles. With its reference designs and charge controllers, EcoG specializes in enabling large manufacturers to get products to market quickly and easily. With its charging technology, EcoG is already the market leader in Europe with more than 15% market share, growing four times faster than the market last year. It has also been supporting the Indian market for two years. Its clients include industry giant Siemens and one of the world’s largest service station equipment suppliers. It secured a €6 million investment recently to further accelerate the expansion in the U.S.
Veronika Dickert, Head of Marketing
+49 151 5759 4751


SUITCEYES is among the 24 innovations from 200 submissions that has made it to the short list of the Innovation Radar Prize 2021. The next step towards winning the Innovation Radar Prize will be to participate in a public voting. This voting takes place on Dealflow.eu, where all 24 selected innovations will be introduced to the public.
The voting will start on the 23rd of September and end on the 29th.
The result of the voting will be considered by the jury during their selection of the 12 finalists who will present their innovation on the e-pitching event on the 21st of October, from 3:00 to 5:30 pm (CET time).
If SUITCEYES becomes a finalist, this will not be positive just for the project, it will also highlight deafblindness at a totally different level.Nasrine Olson, SUITCEYES Project Coordinator
The aim of the SUITCEYES project is to fundamentally improve the living situation of people with deafblindness by expanding their communication options via an intelligent piece of clothing. Equipped with a mini-computer, camera, echo sounder and vibration motors, the developed waistcoat picks up information from the environment and transmits it to the wearer via vibrations as “haptic communication”. Connected to a Tactile Board, which is based on a tablet with a special fabric cover, text messages and voice commands can also be translated into haptic messages. This promotes inclusion and accessibility and enables those affected to participate more in society.
The Innovation Radar is a European Commission initiative to identify high potential innovations and innovators in EU-funded research and innovation projects. Using intelligence gathered with the Innovation Radar method, the European Commission has, since 2015, been awarding the annual Innovation Radar Prize to the best EU-funded innovators.


June 30, 2014 - The Quantum™ system is a highly-configurable, user-friendly package designed to integrate with CNC machines and other automated equipment using discrete inputs or serial communication. The serial communication allows Quantum™ users to easily program controlled amounts of lubricant for their automated machining processes. The system features one to twelve outputs that can be independently configured as either MQL or air blow-off outputs. The air control for the MQL outputs can be controlled manually or automatically, and the air blow-off outputs assist in removing chips from the machining area. The Quantum is built around Unist’s proven positive-displacement pumps, which provide accurate and consistent lubricant output. The pumps are available with flow sensors to monitor fluid delivery in critical applications.
Unist will unveil its new Quantum™ MQL system at the IMTS 2014 tradeshow September 8-13, 2014. The system can be viewed at booth N-7088.


Sat4Ever sp. z o.o. was established in 2013 by engineers with long-standing experience in design and installation of satellite systems for commercial, government and military customers.
Our goal is to offer satellite services and products tailored specifically to the customer requirements. Based on our knowledge acquired during many years of work in the satellite industry, we can propose solutions that are optimum in terms of quality and price.
The main area of the company’s activities is lease of capacity of the main satellite operators, such as: SES, Intelsat, RSCC, or Amos Spacecom. The satellite capacity is available in the following bands: C, X, Ku and Ka.
Currently, Sat4Ever delivers services to TV and radio companies using satellite capacity for audio/video distribution and occasional transmissions from sports and cultural events.
Our offer is addressed to all customers looking for reliable satellite transmission (long-term and occasional) in the territory of Poland and all over the world. The company can deliver turnkey solutions for deployment of data/audio/video transmission systems both to commercial (media, telecoms) and governmental customers.
The company is registered as a telecommunication operator with the appropriate Polish government office (UKE).


Тhe PBX interface has the following technical requirements:
- The PBX and/or its server should be in the same network as Clock PMS+ stations
- Clock PMS+ can receive data from the PBX via one of the following types of communication:
- TCP / IP - we need to know the IP address and the port (as well as user and password in case required).
- RS232 - we need to know on which COM port we should listen and the full parameters of the COM port and PBX speed.
- File - the PBX can generate a Call Date Record (CDR) as a file. It could be a text file or an XML one. Then we use it to import the records from it.
- The data string need to be constant at all time - the data must be always provided on a specific position of the string. For example - the dialed number will always be on positions 10 to 25.
- The Clock PMS+'s PBX interface requires a computer in the same network and Windows Operating System.
- The SMDR format is not supported.
- The PBX interface supports call accounting only.


RouterBOARD 911G-5HPacD is our low-cost small form factor CPE board with 802.11ac support. It's perfect for building low-cost 802.11ac CPE devices, due to its low cost. Yet, the device is very powerful- it's equipped with 720MHz CPU, 128MB RAM, Gigabit Ethernet port, power jack and 1300mW 802.11ac 5GHz Dual Chain wireless onboard. Comes with RouterOS L3 license.
No customer comments for the moment.


With its single-cable design, compact 37 cm (14.5 inch) antenna, and device-friendly user interface, the award-winning TracVision® TV3 satellite TV system is a snap to install, set up, and use. In no time, you’ll be enjoying your favorite television programming, right from your boat. Plus, the DVB-S2 compatible TracVision TV3 is the perfect solution for single- or multiple-receiver installations. Features include:
- Compatibility with high-powered Ku-band satellite TV services around the globe so you get the entertainment you enjoy
- High-performance tracking with advanced algorithms for a crystal-clear television picture in heavy seas
- Single coaxial cable for power, data, and video enables easy installations and retrofits*
- See TracVision Special Offers
Enjoy Easy Autoswitching
KVH’s IP AutoSwitch for multiple receiver installations delivers simple auto-switching on Dish Pro and DiSEqC-compatible services so you can easily access the channels and programs you want to watch—even when they are not on the same satellite.
Complementary SATCOM Systems
Complement your KVH TracVision satellite TV system with a KVH Tracphone V3-HTS, V7-HTS, or V11-HTS satellite communications system for fast, reliable satellite Internet and VoIP services. Operating on KVH’s global mini-VSAT Broadband HTS network, the world’s no. 1 maritime VSAT service, the TracPhone HTS-series family delivers data speeds as fast as 20 Mbps, worldwide connectivity, and dome sizes that are a perfect match for TracVision satellite TV systems.


Steps is a simple 4 step voltage/gate sequencer. An external clock patched to the CLK input moves the sequencer along. An unquantized analog voltage is sent to the dual identical CV outputs. The amplitude of the CV signal is set with the corresponding knob.
Outputs G1 – G4 make up a simultaneous gate sequencer. These spit out a 5V gate during the corresponding step regardless of the CV knob position.
With the RST (reset) input, the sequencer can be forced to return to step 1 at anytime. This is activated via a small push-button switch, or with a CV signal. Ordinarily, the sequencer loops at 4 steps, but by patching a gate output into RST even smaller 2-3 step operation is possible.
The specific uses for this utility module are nearly unlimited, but some effective patches involve using this sequencer in combination with another sequencer to get longer musical phrases. Or for programmed pitch variations with drum modules, filters, etc…
- Eurorack 8hp
- current draw 10 mA @ +12V
- current draw 3 mA @ -12V
- CV output range 0 – 5V
- Inputs accept anything >2V as HIGH


Michelin launches geo-locating emergency tyre service app for commercial vehicle drivers
Michelin has upgraded its ONCall breakdown assistance service with the launch of a geolocation app and a new pay-as-you-go facility. Michelin ONCall began as a pilot in the UK and North America, and on the back of its success, is being extended to a further 34 European countries.
The app can be used across the UK and Ireland and is designed to help commercial vehicle drivers access roadside assistance without the potential inaccuracy of trying to pinpoint their location.
It is believed to be the first smartphone tool of its kind to use geolocation technology to link truck, bus and coach drivers with an emergency tyre replacement service. Upon opening the app, users are required to enter their details before the app automatically transmits their location to a UK-based call centre. When users then phone the ONCall team, staff already know their precise location and can swiftly arrange for the closest Michelin Service Pro to attend in the quickest time possible.
App users can access the service with either their ONCall membership details, or by providing their credit card details and requesting a call-out on a pay-as-you-go basis. Crucially, the app has been designed to operate wherever a smartphone has a phone signal – regardless of whether the connection speed is super-fast 4G, or traditional GPRS.
Andrew Evans, Michelin’s Emergency Roadside Services Manager, says: “The ONCall app can be used by fleets and businesses of all sizes, with its pay-as-you-go facility meaning operators don’t need to have a pre-existing facility in place to request emergency roadside assistance.
“Traditional breakdown services also rely upon a driver relaying their location to a call centre, which then passes the job to a tyre dealer. With the app now pinpointing the location for us, we can get help to exactly where it’s needed fast.”
Michelin ONCall can provide competitively priced emergency roadside assistance 24/7/365, with call-outs routed to the closest Michelin Service Pro centre with the correct tyre in stock. The service can initially be used by truck, bus and coach operators and the app is free to download.
For further information on the Michelin commercial vehicle tyre range visit http://trucks.michelin.co.uk/
Michelin, the leading tyre company, is dedicated to sustainably improving the mobility of goods and people by manufacturing, distributing and marketing tyres for every type of vehicle. It also offers innovative business support services, digital mobility services and publishes travel guides, hotel and restaurant guides, maps and road atlases. Headquartered in Clermont-Ferrand, France, Michelin is present in 170 countries, has 112,300 employees and operates 68 production plants in 17 countries. The Group also has a Technology Centre, responsible for research and development, with operations in Europe, North America and Asia. (www.michelin.com)


ASPire's platform was designed for the Internet - not adapted to it. Built using the most advanced technologies, the platform weaves the best attributes of industry technology into the fabric of its system, creating a new generation retirement plan platform that blends reliability, simplicity, and integrity.
We apply the highest industry standards in protecting the confidentiality of your clients' information. For site security, the system utilizes SSL with 128-bit encryption for all data transmitted through a CISCO 515E firewall with software programs that monitor network traffic. Our servers are located within a secure, caged environment at a premier hosting facility. This facility maintains state of the art 24-hour defense, power and communication systems to prevent unauthorized access (physically and electronically). All data records and files are backed up on a daily basis and archived for historic retrieval.


How it works
Ubi plugs into a wall outlet and accesses the Internet through a wifi connection. It has a microphone and speakers and listens for commands. Saying "Ubi" wakes up the Ubi for receiving verbal commands. You can then instruct the Ubi to do your bidding. Ubi will receive plain language commands. Ubi communicates back to you through speech or by using lights.
Onboard the Ubi are sensors to monitor your environment:
- Air pressure
- Ambient light
This data can be stored online or used to trigger alerts to your mobile device or email.
The Ubi runs Android with a powerful processor to perform voice recognition and also has the ability to connect to other devices. You can plug in speakers, USB drives, or connect through Bluetooth directly to your iPhone or Android device. For developers, you can also communicate with potentially thousands of devices (through wifi or Bluetooth) and we're making the device open so peripherals and other applications can be used with it.
What can it do?
Ubi can be used for potentially hundreds of applications. The applications we plan to ship with the Ubi are:
- Voice-enabled Internet search
- Indicator light (light changing based on events, e.g. weather, stock, email)
- Home speaker system with sound piping
- Virtual assistant (audio calendar, feed reader, podcast etc)
- Voice memos
- Alarm clock
- Intercom system
- Baby monitor
- Noise pollution monitor
- Controlling the climate of your home perfectly (through web enabled thermostats like Nest)
A Helping Hand
We see a huge potential for Ubi to assist those who have visual, hearing, or mobility impairments. With its indicator lights and talk-to-activate functionality, Ubi is super simple to setup and use. We want the Ubi to make it easier for our parents and loved ones to stay connected with us and the world.


Look RS232 is a tool for debugging computer connection with peripheral devices using COM port, such as modem, mini-ATS, projector etc. Its easy to use interface guarantees an easy work with Com-port. Look RS232 can send data through COM port, receive data from an outer device through COM port, it...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $49.00 USD||Size: 1.59 MB||Download (417): Look RS232 Download|
We, advanced computer users, spend all day in front of our monitors doing repetitive tasks again and again. Our fingers remember many key combinations to use in various Windows applications. Our brains work in an almost automatic mode and sometimes we feel just like another part of our PC. We...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $39.50 USD||Size: 11.77 MB||Download (176): xStarter Download|
OmniForex Signals Reviews - The OmniForex Signals is webbased forex signal provider that provides forex buy/sell signals on forex currency pairs at very specific times, and this depends on which strategy the user chooses. Trading forex just like the professionals do without any experience.
Platforms: Windows, Other
|License: Freeware||Size: 5.08 MB||Download (176): Omniforex Signals Review Download|
We offer a currency trading system and our 4x made easy transactions with forex signals. Our currency trading system and investments forecast advisor service includes foreign exchange alert Recommendations in eur/usd, usd/chf, gbp/usd, usd/cad, investing and earn pips - previsioni valute, forex...
Platforms: Windows, Other
|License: Shareware||Cost: $999.00 USD||Size: 5.88 KB||Download (145): Forex Signals Download|
SimpleTerm Gold is an advanced RS232 data analyser / visual scripter. View and send (all 256) ASCII/Binary data in an easy to read colour coded sequence. Features include:
- Colour coded hexadecimal view of RAW data.
- Supports COM1 to COM256.
- Standard baud rates from 110 to 230400.
Platforms: Windows, Windows Vista
|License: Shareware||Cost: $51.00 USD||Size: 1.34 MB||Download (29): SimpleTerm Gold - RS232 / Serial Monitor Download|
Docklight is a testing, analysis and simulation tool for serial communication protocols (RS232, RS485/422 and others). It allows you to monitor the communication between two serial devices or to test the serial communication of a single device. Docklight is easy to use and runs on almost any...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $72.00 USD||Size: 2.93 MB||Download (33): Docklight RS232 Terminal - RS232 Monitor Download|
Software RS232/RS485/RS422/TTL Serial Port Monitor / Terminal / Protocol Analyzer / Debugger - control, monitor, debug, log, spy, sniff, capture, view, analyze, and test serial ports activity. It allows communication logging (c/w timestamps in millisecond) between serial devices using serial...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $69.95 USD||Size: 5.33 MB||Download (39): 232Analyzer Download|
This is a signals implementation for python. It is similar to the pydispatch module. This implementation enables you to create Signals as members of classes, as globals, or as locals. You may connect any number of functions or class methods to any signal. Connections manage themselves with the...
Platforms: Windows, Mac, *nix, Python, BSD Solaris
|License: Freeware||Download (29): Maintenance-free Signals implementation Download|
Companion Software for the Signals & Systems: Continuous and Discrete, 4e book by Rodger E. Ziemer & William H. Tranter
|License: Freeware||Size: 30.72 KB||Download (20): Signals & Systems: Continuous and Discrete, 4e Companion Software Download|
This program add and multiplies two signals. It also displaces, amplifies and changes the frequency of the signal.For more information, visit: http://www.matpic.com
|License: Freeware||Size: 10 KB||Download (18): OPERATIONS OVER SIGNALS Download|
Usage: I=mi(A,B), where A and B are equally sized images/signals.Function hist2 (included) is used to determine the joint histogram of the images/signals. All histograms use 256 bins.Assumptions: 1) 0*log(0)=0, 2) mutual information is obtained on the intersection between the supports of partial...
|License: Freeware||Size: 10 KB||Download (20): Mutual information of two images or signals Download|
This example using Matlab commands to access Simulink Signal properties to easily create a batch file that can log almost any Simulink signals. This is very useful for batch testing when the parameters in the Simulink model are set in a m-file. It helps to reduce the use of Save-To-Workspace blocks.
|License: Freeware||Size: 10 KB||Download (20): Log/Access Simulink Signals from the ML command line. Useful for batch testing! Download|
Finds all testpointed (& logged) signals in the current system. The optional input allows the user to turn the data logging on or off for all testpointed signals.
|License: Shareware||Cost: $0.00 USD||Size: 10 KB||Download (18): Find Logged Signals Download|
Sys::Signals::Block is a Perl module that provides an easy way to block the delivery of certain signals. This is essentially just a wrapper around POSIX::sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, ...) and POSIX::sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, ...), but with a much simpler API. The set of signals that should be blocked...
|License: Freeware||Size: 10.24 KB||Download (16): Sys::Signals::Block Download|
Solid Signals gives you signals during trading hours to buy/sell scrips or commodities with stop loss and target levels. With very good accuracy it helps you to take a call on the market. Technical Analysis based signals. It also has charting facility which helps to study the scrips properly with...
Platforms: Windows, Windows 7
|License: Freeware||Size: 441 KB||Download (19): Solid Signals Download|
Software serial port monitor Rs232 sniffer with protocol analyzer and packet data logger. This monitoring utility can spy, capture, view, log, analyze, test com ports activity performing com port connection and traffic analysis with data acquisition and control. You can use this system as device...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $74.99 USD||Size: 1.36 MB||Download (361): Serial Monitor Download|
SimpleTerm (Gold Edition) is an advanced COM/RS232 serial port data viewer/analyser. It will allow you to view and send (all 256) ASCII/non-printable data in an easy to read colour coded sequence.
- Colour coded Hexadecimal/ASCII mixed mode data view.
- Baud 110 to...
|License: Demo||Cost: $29.95 USD||Size: 1.17 MB||Download (346): SimpleTerm Gold Download|
Many powerful electronic devices can be connected to a PC through an RS232
interface. However, most are virtually useless without good accompanying
software. ByteWedge by Fogsoft supports a wide range of devices, from lab
equipment to office telephone systems. It can collect data from devices...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $99.00 USD||Size: 1.2 MB||Download (302): ByteWedge Download|
Serial Port AX Control is a powerful ActiveX component that can be used to simplify communication with external devices on rs232 connection. This includes modems, bar code readers, PBX or any other devices that have a serial interface.
Serial Port AX Control 2.0 introduces an impressive...
|License: Shareware||Cost: $199.95 USD||Size: 3.62 MB||Download (359): Serial Port ActiveX Control Download|
Free software serial port monitor, Com Rs232 sniffer with communication packet data analyzer. This monitoring utility can spy, capture, view, analyze, test com ports activity performing com port connection and traffic analysis with data acquisition and control. You can use this system as device...
|License: Freeware||Size: 2.82 MB||Download (2410): Free Serial Port Monitor Download|


SUNNYVALE, CA. and YOKNEAM, ISRAEL – April 26, 2011 – Mellanox® Technologies, Ltd. (NASDAQ: MLNX; TASE: MLNX), a leading supplier of high-performance, end-to-end connectivity solutions for data center servers and storage systems, today announced the company’s upcoming investor event participation schedule for the second quarter of 2011. Events include:
- JMP Securities Research Conference
May 10, 2011, San Francisco, CA
- Jefferies Global Technology, Internet, Media & Telecom Conference
May 12, 2011, New York, NY
- Mellanox Technologies Investor Day
June 3, 2011, New York. NY
Members of Mellanox's management team will present at these events. The schedule is subject to change. The company’s presentations will be webcast live via Mellanox’s website at http://ir.mellanox.com.
Mellanox Technologies is a leading supplier of end-to-end connectivity solutions for servers and storage that optimize data center performance. Mellanox products deliver market-leading bandwidth, performance, scalability, power conservation and cost-effectiveness while converging multiple legacy network technologies into one future-proof solution. For the best in performance and scalability, Mellanox is the choice for Fortune 500 data centers and the world’s most powerful supercomputers. Founded in 1999, Mellanox Technologies is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and Yokneam, Israel. For more information, visit Mellanox at www.mellanox.com.
Mellanox, BridgeX, ConnectX, InfiniBlast, InfiniBridge, InfiniHost, InfiniRISC, InfiniScale, InfiniPCI, PhyX, Virtual Protocol Interconnect, and Voltaire are registered trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. CORE-Direct, FabricIT and SwitchX are trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.


DELTA CABLE LADDER
Metallic Delta Cable ladders are manufactured for the smooth and easy pulling of cable from one point to another. We have designed the best cable ladders, by taking care of cable loads and practical site problems. The rungs are heavy duty strut channels which provides a heavy support to the cables even in wider ladders. Delta Cable ladders is having maximum cable loading depth by fixing rungs at the lowest point of side rails. Spacings of rungs are done in such a way that it enables the dropping of any large diameter cables.


SkySweeper Professional is an application that has a rather simple interface but quite a lot of functions when it comes to audio encoding and decoding. The utility is intended for professional use, although anyone can read the Help file in order to learn how to properly work with all of the features. The tool is designed to be able to provide the most advanced decoding features and it can work with various file formats available on the market.
The utility can be used with different audio devices and various hardware elements that might have a professional use, too. There is the possibility to decode all sorts of transmissions and the app can work with live streams, too. The functionality of this application, overall, is only limited by the capabilities of the user that works with it.


An American 2 pin NEMA1-15P plug to an IEC 60320 C7 connector on 2 metre 18AWG (0.824mm²) 2 core black mains cable
This American/Canadian figure of 8 cable is often used to connect audio, video, power supplies and TV’s to name a few.
The NEMA1-15 2 pin connector is approved to UL817 and CSA 22.2 standards meaning use within the USA, Canada and Mexico to name a few.
The IEC 60320 C7 connector, also known as a figure of 8, is an Un-Polarized IEC connector which fits into the IEC C8 inlet.
This is rated at 2.5amps. The IEC C7 socket is also known as a figure of 8 connector. This product features Un-Polarized live and neutral pins as standard.


10 Channel Verifier is a hand held wireless portable notification unit that notifies you when a sensor connected to your OB-4 Security System has been activated or triggered.
The Verifier illuminates the corresponding LED light of the activated sensor letting you know which sensor has been triggered. Up to 10 sensors can be monitored with the Verifier.
The 10 Channel Verifier is portable, battery operated, and can be easily carried in your pocket when on the go.
- LED light
- Reset Button
- Continuous Beep or Single Beep
- Add up to 10 Outback OB-4 Security Sensors


LightSync is LightAct's technology for frame-accurate syncing of all Secondary machines in a LightNet cluster to the Primary.
In order for LightSync to work, a LightNet Cluster needs to be set up. Make sure that all the Secondary machines in the LightNet Cluster have already been connected to the Primary. LightAct will let you sync all real-time changes of the Primary with the Secondary machines.
To start working with LightSync, a few steps need to be carried out:
- 1.Enable LightNet on all machines
- 2.Set up a LightNet cluster
- 3.Make sure all desired Secondary machines have an active connection with the Primary and
- 4.Begin sync session
We can now begin with the process.


Impedance Meter- Hand Held
$417.47 Exc. GST
Comes with rechargeable battery and charger.
This impedance meter calculates and displays speaker loads in watts making it user friendly.
Most impedance meters on the market display the impedance in ohms, leaving the installer to calculate the system wattage. Power is supplied from a 9V battery which can be recharged via the builtin charging socket.
This is suitable for connection to a plug pack or car accessory socket.
- Measures and calculates loads for 70V and 100V line systems
- System Test Tone Mode (10 minute run time or permanently on when using a suitable plug pack power supply)
- Calculates load in ohms and watts
- 9V battery powered with recharging port
- Includes test leads


Networks International Corporation (NIC) is a leading manufacturer of custom RF & Microwave Filters and Assemblies. Our mission is to develop strategic partnerships with our customers to transfer value and innovation through engineering, design, production, and continuous support.
For over 30 years, we have been a trusted partner for military, commercial, and space solutions. We specialize in Lumped Component Filters, Cavity Filters, Ceramic Filters, Crystal Filters, Diplexers, Multiplexers, Integrated Microwave Assemblies, Phase Shifters, and VCTCXOs & TCXOs.
NIC’s LC filters are designed for optimal performance over frequencies ranging from 10MHz-8GHz in applications where size and weight are critical. Innovative filter layouts offer reduced package sizes and customized housings provide superior shielding for better electrical performance. These filters can be designed to be suitable in the Military, Commercial, and Space markets.
NIC’s ceramic resonator filter products operate over frequencies ranging from 400MHz-6.5GHz. These products offer a middle ground between cavity and lumped component when considering size and performance. Ceramic filters provide a cost effective solution where high ‘Q’ requirements are needed. These filters can be designed to be suitable in the Military, Commercial, and Space markets.
NIC’s cavity filters are available over frequencies ranging from 400MHz-26.5GHz. These products offer users very low insertion loss and higher power handling ability. NIC offers custom designs in a variety of surface mount or connectorized packages that are suitable for Military, Commercial, and Space applications.
NIC’s crystal filters are designed for performance over frequencies ranging from DC-250MHz. These products provide very sharp shape factors of up to 1.03: 1. NIC manufacturers the crystals used in these products to allow for the finest precision and reliable performance. Designs can be customized to be suitable Military, Commercial, and Space applications.
Integrated products are available for a wide variety of applications. NIC’s custom microwave assemblies range from switch filter banks to phase shifters to filter-amplifiers and so on. These products are generally in the frequency range below 10GHz and can be customized for use in Military, Commercial, or Space Applications.
Using a wide variety of State of the Art simulation tools and proven circuit design techniques, NIC’s talented engineers find innovative solutions to your problems. Click below to learn more.


Sudbury police are getting an upgrade and it's expected to make police service better outside of the city's core.
Greater Sudbury Police say a new and improved radio system will replace equipment bought in the 90s that offers better reception and better communication between the police and other emergency services.
Police Chief Frank Elsner said the rocky landscape of northern Ontario can make choosing a new radio system more complicated — and Sudbury itself is a unique challenge.
"Radio signals transmit in a straight line, so if there's a large rock formation, some of the mountain hill areas we have in the community, the communication system we have can't penetrate that," he said.
"So we have to find technology and ways to get around that system and be able to communicate."
Sudbury police’s old system was about four years past its expiry date.
"The consultants that we brought in to look at it said that we were ready for a catastrophic failure of our system at anytime," Elsner said.
"So we're just kind of holding this thing together with a little bit of barn-wire until we get this new thing up and running."
Elsner said the new $14 million radio system should be completely rolled out by the end of September, and noted the expense will be paid off over the expected 15-year life span of the equipment.
It will be a welcome change for staff sergeant Craig Moxam, who oversees the communications centre for the police and fire departments.
"The new system will provide us 95 per cent coverage of the municipality, 95 per cent of the time," he said.
"In other words, everywhere we expect a firefighter or a police officer to attend, they should be able to have coverage from their handheld portable or their mobile device in the vehicle."
‘Far better system’
Moxam said the new system will also allow for improved communication between emergency services, particularly in the case of firefighters.
"When they're in the field, all of their communications will be heard through the dispatch," he said.
$14 million price tag brings:
Brand new gear for the fire department
Upgrades to the existing infrastructure on tower sites
Cables, antennas, new portable radios in the vehicle fleet for police, fire and transit cars
Fire paging equipment for volunteer fire fighters
"Previously, they weren't. All of that information that's broadcast for both police and fires is recorded on a central logging device. So from a safety perspective, that allows us to be able to provide that level of safety for the officers and for the firefighters."
The new system also has the ability for every frontline fire fighter to have a network radio assigned to them, Moxam added.
"Only their fire captains and their fire vehicles were equipped with radios before," he said.
Moxam said the price tag for the new radio system will be split among the fire and police services, as well as the city's transit department.
"Because it's a city system now, there's the potential and capacity within that radio system to expand in future years for other users to join," he said.
Elsner said the new radios will not just improve safety for emergency workers, but they will increase public safety, too.
"If the officers can get out to a scene and call for assistance, call for ambulances, call for fire, that makes the difference," he said.
As it stands right now, officers sometimes have to use their own cell phones to call in back up when they're in parts of the city that don't get radio coverage.
While the communications centre at police headquarters is being re-built with the new technology, Moxam said the current dispatch staff will be temporarily moving to the Lionel E. Lalonde Centre in Azilda.
"It's the most ideal transition plan we could have imagined," Moxam said. "Once the system is tested and operational here, we'll move our staff back. But the old radio system will stay at the Lionel E. Lalonde Centre, so we'll always have the ability to have a fully operating back-up system elsewhere in the city.
As it stands right now, if there's an emergency, police communications has to move to the provincially-operated ambulance communications centre on Highway 69 South.
Moxam said the new temporary location will also serve as a training centre in the future for future communications staff.


Workcube is an open-source platform developed with industry standards. It has a responsive interface developed by W3C standards with HTML, CSS, and JS variants. It is based on J2EE architecture that combines the ease of CFML with the power of Java. Natively, it runs on Tomcat J2EE server. It is possible to develop add-ons with PHP, .Net and Python on the Workcube Catalyst Platform.
Enables Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) with web services support
Workcube integrates with 100% browser-based voice and video communication servers and is compatible with email, SMS, and fax servers.


A domain name represents a physical point on the Internet — an IP address. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) governs coordination of the links between IP addresses and domain names across the Internet. With this standardized coordination, you can find websites on the Internet by entering domain names instead of IP addresses into your Web browser.
In layman’s terms, you can type 184.108.40.206 (IP address of the host) into your browser to search the Internet or you can type in Google.com. Google.com is a domain name that points to the physical location or point on the Internet. In this case, 220.127.116.11.


Ustream Customer Service Help
Ustream is an interactive broadcast platform that enables anyone with an Internet connection and a camera to engage viewers. Ustream users can broadcast video to an audience of unlimited size.
USTREAM USA Corporate Office Headquarters HQ Address
475 Brannan Street, Suite 410
San Francisco, CA 94107
Corporate Phone Number: 1-650-864-9588
Email Address: email@example.com
|No comments have been left for Ustream Customer Service.|


The best internet speeds for all your family
We are working to expand our infrastructure to be able to serve more areas and offer faster plans, so some plans have a limited service area. Check out our coverage to see what plans are available in your area.
Improve your coverage with a WiFi Mesh Kit
Reliable and Secure Wi-Fi throughout your home
Enjoy strong Wi-Fi signal in every corner of your home easily
Starting at $14.99per month
A WiFi mesh or WiFi system for the whole home consists of a main router that connects directly to your modem and several satellite modules (or nodes), spread throughout your house to achieve complete WiFi coverage. Unlike traditional WiFi routers, they are all part of a single wireless network and share the same SSID and password. With advanced Mesh technology, units work together to form a unified network with a single network name. Devices automatically switch between the closest router as you move through your home for the fastest speeds possible.


B.S., Mathematics & Applied Mathematics, China Agricultural University, 2008
M.S., Computer Science & Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2011
Ph.D., Computer Science, George Washington University, 2016
Secure and privacy-aware computing, secure and truthful auctions in dynamic spectrum access, game theory, algorithm design and analysis, resource management in cognitive radio networks and WiFi-based wireless access networks
Dr. Wei Li joined the Department of Computer Science at Georgia State University in August, 2016. She received a Ph.D. in computer science from The George Washington University in 2016, an M.S. in computer science & technology from the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2011, and a B.S. in mathematics & applied mathematics from China Agricultural University in 2008.
Dr. Li’s current research mainly spans the areas of secure and privacy-aware computing, secure and truthful auction in spectrum access, game theory, algorithm design and analysis, and resource management in cognitive radio networks and WiFi-based wireless access networks. Dr. Li has authored or coauthored more than 20 papers; most have been published or accepted for publication in premier journals and conferences, including IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, IEEE JSAC, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ACM MobiHoc, and IEEE INFOCOM. Dr. Li has received three best paper awards at international conferences.
Wei Li, Maya Larson, Chunqiang Hu, Ruinian Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, and Rongfang Bie, Secure multi-unit sealed first-price auction mechanisms, to appear in Security and Communication Networks (special issue on cyber security, crime, and forensics of wireless networks and applications).
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, Yong Cui, Xiuzhen Cheng, Ran Xin, Mznah A. Al-Rodhaan, and Abdullah Al-Dhelaan, AP association for proportional fairness in multi-rate WLANs, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 22, no. 1, February 2014, pp. 191–202.
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, Xiuzhen Cheng, and Rongfang Bie, Truthful multi-attribute auction with discriminatory pricing in cognitive radio networks, ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 18, no. 1, January 2014, pp. 3–13.
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Tao Jing, Yong Cui, Kai Xing, and Wendong Wang, Spectrum assignment and sharing for delay minimization in multi-hop multi-flow CRNs, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 11, November 2013, pp. 2483–2493.
Wei Li, Yong Cui, Xiuzhen Cheng, Mznah A. Al-Rodhaan, and Abdullah Al-Dhelaan, Achieving proportional fairness via AP power control in multi-rate WLANs, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 10, no. 11, November 2011, pp. 3784–3792.
Chunqiang Hu, Ruinian Li, Wei Li, Jiguo Yu, and Xiuzhen Cheng, Efficient privacy-preserving dot-product computation in mobile computing, Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Privacy-Aware Mobile Computing (PAMCO 2016), July 2016, pp. 51–59. (Best Paper Award)
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Rongfang Bie, and Feng Zhao, An extensible and flexible truthful auction framework for heterogeneous spectrum markets, Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2014), August 2014, pp. 175–184.
Wei Li, Shengling Wang, and Xiuzhen Cheng, Truthful multi-attribute auction with discriminatory pricing in cognitive radio networks, Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Cognitive Radio Architectures for Broadband (CRAB), October 2013, pp. 21–30. (Best Paper Award)
Wei Li, Xiuzhen Cheng, Tao Jing, and Xiaoshuang Xing, Cooperative multi-hop relaying via network formation games in cognitive radio networks, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, April 2013, pp. 995–1003.


Introduction to TCP Windows and Window Shifting/Scaling
Some years ago when I was at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, some colleagues and I worked on a DARPA-funded project in which we had two supercomputers a couple of thousand miles apart running a distributed application communicating using TCP/IP stream sockets. The physical layer was a 155 megabit per second (OC-3) SONET link via a geosynchronous satellite. The link was capable of 622 megabit per second (OC-12) speeds, but the microwave power required would have cooked any birds flying in front of the satellite dish. We had to use TCP window shifting and nine megabyte socket buffers to make effective use of the TCP/IP pipeline. That was my introduction to the need for windowing protocols.
More recently I had reason to revisit what I had learned regarding TCP windows and window shifting. These notes are the result.
TCP sockets are bidirectional byte streams connecting two end points. Bytes may flow in either direction. Bytes are packaged for transmission into TCP segments, which are in turn packaged into IP packets. (I tend to use the terms segment and packet interchangeably, but they are different things. Things get even more complicated as packets may be combined or even split up into frames for final transmission on the physical layer.)
When sockets are established, there is an originating side and a terminating side. On systems based on the BSD IP protocol stack (which is most of them), the originating side calls the connect() function to begin the establishment of a socket connection to the terminating side. The terminating side has called the listen() function to indicate its willingness to accept incoming socket connections, and calls the accept() function to accept an incoming connection when it arrives.
Once a socket connection is established, either or both sides may function in the role of either sender or receiver or both. The sender transmits data to the receiver. Whether you send or receive data over a socket has nothing to do with whether you originated or terminated the connection.
TCP is a reliable byte stream protocol. The protocol is reliable because all bytes sent must be acknowledged by the receiver. After a timeout period, unacknowledged bytes are resent until they are acknowledged. Byte order is preserved.
TCP is a sliding window protocol. The window size in sliding window protocols specifies the amount of data that can be sent before the sender has to pause and wait for the receiver to acknowledge them. This limit accomplishes several things. First, it is a form of flow control, preventing the sending side from overrunning the receive buffer on the receiving side. Second, it is a form of speed matching, allowing the sending side to keep sending at its own pace without having to stall and wait for the receiving side to acknowledge the sent bytes. The window size specifies how far the sender can get ahead of the receiver. (Students of producer-consumer queuing systems will recognize this immediately.) Finally, as we will see below, it is a performance mechanism to take best advantage of the characteristics of the underlying network.
(Another example of a sliding window protocol is the Link Access Protocol for the D channel. LAP-D is an ITU standard protocol used in ISDN signaling for digital telephony.)
The number of bytes that may be sent at any time before the sender must pause and wait for acknowledgement is limited by two factors: the size of the receiver’s buffer, and the size of the sender’s buffer. The size of the receiver’s buffer matters because the sender cannot send more bytes than the receiver has room to buffer; otherwise data is lost. The size of the sender’s buffer matters because the sender cannot recycle its own buffer space until the receiver has acknowledged the bytes in the send buffer, in case the network loses the data and the bytes must be resent.
The sender knows the receiver’s remaining buffer size because the receiver advertises this value as the TCP window size in each acknowledgement replied to the sender. The sender always knows its own send buffer size. But the effective window size used by the sender is actually the minimum of the TCP window size advertised by the receiver, based on the unused space in its receive buffer, and the sender’s own send buffer size. To change the effective window size for best performance, both buffer sizes, one at either end of the connection, must be tuned.
The TCP window size specifies the number of unacknowledged bytes that may be outstanding from the sender to the receiver. The window size field in the TCP header is an unsigned sixteen-bit value. This provides for a maximum TCP window size of 0xffff or 65535 bytes, although as will be explained below, this can be circumvented. A socket will have two window sizes, one in each direction. They can be different sizes.
The receiver advertises its window size in each acknowledgement replied to the sender. Acknowledgements may be standalone segments, called pure acknowledgements, or they may be piggy backed on data segments being sent in the other direction. The advertised window size is the space remaining in the receiver’s buffer. This is the flow control aspect of the sliding window. The window size is also the largest number of bytes that may be sent before the sender has to wait for the receiver to reply with an acknowledgement. Sent bytes must be buffered by the sender until they are acknowledged by the receiver, in case the sender must resend them. This is the reliability aspect of TCP. The sender can run at its own rate until the receiver advertises a window size of zero. This is the speed matching aspect of TCP.
The initial TCP window size advertised by the receiver is based on the receive buffer size. It has a default size which can be different for different systems, for example Linux versus VxWorks. The default size typically isn’t optimal for any particular network (more on that later). On systems based on the BSD IP protocol stack (which includes both Linux and VxWorks), the receive buffer size may be set on a per socket basis using the setsockopt() function and the socket option SO_RCVBUF. The buffer size is specified in units of bytes.
The effective window size also depends on the send buffer size. The send buffer size may be set on a per socket basis using the same setsockopt() function and the socket option SO_SNDBUF. As before, the buffer size is in units of bytes.
In Linux and other UNIXen based on the BSD IP protocol stack, the window size computation uses the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF of the listen socket on the terminating end at the time when it calls accept(), and of the socket on the originating end at the time when it calls connect(). The SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF socket options can be set on a per socket basis using the setsockopt() call. Not only can the terminating-side socket inherit the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF options from the listen socket from which it is accepted, it must. The setsockopt() call must be done on the listen socket on the terminating side before the accept() call is made. Likewise, the setsockopt() on the originating side must be done before the connect() call is made. Otherwise it has no effect because the window size establishment has already been completed.
Bandwidth * Delay Product
On a perfectly reliable network, the optimal effective window size for maximum throughput is ideally the result of the bandwidth * delay product. The bandwidth is the speed of the physical layer over which the connection runs. The delay is the round trip time or RTT of a typical data segment on that network. Long RTT can be due to either propagation delays or latency introduced by network devices. Over LAN connections round trip times are on the order of microseconds or milliseconds. Over geosynchronous satellite connections, it is more than a half a second. Over telemetry links to cometary probes to the Kuiper Belt, it is much longer.
For example, given a 100 megabit per second Ethernet and a round trip time of 2 milliseconds, the bandwidth * delay product is 25,000 bytes: (100 * 1000000 / 8) * (2 / 1000).
The Linux at al. ping(8) command displays the RTT for each sent ICMP packet it receives back. It does this by embedding a timestamp in each sent packet and comparing it to its time when the reflected packet is received. The Linux et al. traceroute(8) command works similarly.
> ping 192.168.1.110
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=1 ttl=127 time=0.184 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=2 ttl=127 time=0.202 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=3 ttl=127 time=0.207 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.110: icmp_seq=4 ttl=127 time=1.94 ms
spent a month in the People’s Republic of
The distributed supercomputer project had a bandwidth of 155 megabits per second and an RTT of half a second. The bandwidth * delay product was (155 * 1000000 / 8) * 0.5; that works out to more than nine million bytes. That may not sound like much, but that was nine megabytes of non-virtual high-speed SRAM.
Bandwidth versus Latency
Large window sizes may be necessary for networks which have high bandwidth and large latencies (due to either network or propagation delays) in order to keep the connection “pipe” full. Failure to keep the pipe full results in the end points being able to make use of only a fraction of the available bandwidth. The sending end must pause once the window size is reached, wait for the receiver to send an acknowledgement, and receive and process it. A significant percentage of the pipe remains empty, and the sender and receiver are both idle or stalled much of the time. On high latency links, this can result in a significant loss in performance.
For any link, the speed of light places a hard limit on how short the end-to-end propagation latency can be. Even on an “infinite bandwidth” link, if such a thing existed, end-to-end propagation will never be zero.
Think of it this way: given a geosynchronous satellite link with an RTT of half a second and a window size of one byte, it takes at least one second to send every byte, regardless of the bandwidth of the link. You send a byte, it takes half a second to reach the receiver, and the acknowledgement takes another half a second to reach the sender, before another byte is sent. This reduces the network bandwidth to no better than one byte per second, regardless of the bandwidth of the link, unless a larger window size is used.
This is similar to the need to use larger block sizes to increase performance on I/O devices like disk drives. It reduces the per-byte overhead by amortizing the latency over a larger number of bytes.
RFC1323 window shifting, called window scaling by the BSD stack, allows window sizes larger than the 65535 byte maximum. Recall that the TCP window size is the most bytes the sender can have un-acknowledged by the receiver before the sender stalls. Window shifting is used automatically (a vast improvement over when I first used it) when the SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF values result in a window size exceeding the unsigned sixteen-bit maximum. Window shifting increases the window size by successive powers of two, allowing both end points to scale the window size value by shifting it left or right. Using this RFC1323 feature causes effective increases in window size to be of very coarse granularity; it allows you to double it, or half it, but no values in between.
The ability to keep the pipe full is affected directly by the size of the send buffer; the sender must be able to buffer the bandwidth * delay product number of bytes pending acknowledgement by the receiver. The ability to recover from lost packets is affected by both the size of the send buffer and of the receive buffer; the sender must be able to resend unacknowledged bytes, and the receiver must buffer received bytes until an ordered TCP byte sequence can be reconstructed and delivered to the application.
Setting SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF to honkin’ big values, whether window scaling is used or not, is not the no-brainer it might seem, even if memory is not a constraint. The larger the TCP window size, the more bytes must be retransmitted in the event of the loss of a single TCP data segment. This consumes bandwidth and time resending bytes that would have been received and acknowledged successfully had a smaller window size been used. New bytes to be sent must wait behind the bytes being resent, adding a lot of latency for both the resent and new bytes. This can lead to jitter in constant rate byte streams, to processes on both the sending and receiving sides being blocked, to missed real-time responses; all sorts of wackiness may ensue. Tuning the socket buffer sizes for sensitive applications may be a non-trivial matter.
The Linux TCP minimum, default, and maximum SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF values are displayed by the sysctl command.
> sysctl –a
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 174760
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 131072
So in this example, unless setsockopt() is used, SO_RCVBUF will be 87380 bytes and SO_SNDBUF will be 16384 bytes. The ip-sysctl.txt documentation states that the default value of 87380 bytes for SO_RCVBUF “results in window of 65535 with default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0”, indicating that the use of window scaling (which appears to be what Linux calls the window shifting described in RFC1323) will not be needed if SO_RCVBUF is 87380 or smaller.
The VxWorks Reference Manual 5.4 (setsockopt(), pp. 2.736-737) indicates that the default SO_SNDBUF and SO_RCVBUF are both 8192 bytes for TCP sockets unless set otherwise by setsocketopt().
documentation suggests that this value is not enough to induce RFC1323 window
shifting because of overhead subtracted from the receive buffer space. Since
the IP stacks in both Linux and VxWorks are based on the
BSD stack, I’d guess the VxWorks stack works
similarly. Technical documentation on the
Linux 2.4, socket(7)
Linux 2.4, tcp(7)
Linux 2.4, sysctl(8)
Linux 2.4, linux/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
Linux 2.4, linux/include/net/tcp.h and other source files
Wind River Systems, http://secure.windriver.com/windsurf
V. Jacobson et al., “TCP Extensions for High Performance”, RFC1323, 1992
V. Welch, “A User’s Guide to TCP Windows”, NCSA, 1996
J. Mahdavi, “Enabling High Performance Data Transfers on Hosts”, PSC, 1996
W. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1: The Protocols, Addison-Wesley, 1994
G. Wright et al., TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 2: The Implementation, Addison-Wesley, 1995
J. L. Sloan firstname.lastname@example.org 2005-04-29
© 2005 by the Digital Aggregates Corporation. All rights reserved.


When you’re working at your PC it can be a chore to plug it in to transfer photos form it, or to find it and pick it up to read and respond to text messages. Windows now comes with an app called Your Phone which you can search for in the Start Menu that will allow you to drag and drop photos from your phone to your PC and to read, respond to, and send SMS text messages.
It’s helpful if both the phone and the PC are connected to the same Wi-Fi network, though Your Phone can also connect to your phone over its cellular network.. Through the Your Phone app you can perform the following tasks.
Read and Respond to SMS Text Messages – You can type text messages and replies from your PC keyboard. You can even insert emojis, GIFs, photos and more into messages.
Choose which SIM card to use – If your phone supports more than one SIM card, you can choose which to use for call and messages in the Your Phone app.
View and Copy your Photos – Any photos you have taken on your phone will be viewable in the Your Phone app. You can then simply drag and drop them from the app onto your PC, say to File Explorer, to copy them directly.
View and Receive Notifications – With your Phone connected to the Your Phone app, you can choose to receive any notifications on the device, such as calls and received SMS Text Messages, as pop-up notifications on your PC’s desktop. You can also view outstanding notifications on the phone from within the Your Phone app.
Make and Receive Phone Calls – This feature is rolloing out, and not every handset supports it yet. Once complete you will be able to make and receive phone calls directly from your PC, without needing to find and use your phone itself.
The app works with both Android and iOS smartphones and the setup process talks you through how to get started with the app when you first run it. Keep an eye on this app too, as its functionality will be expanded over time to include being able to run apps from your phone in windows on your PC’s desktop.


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Hospitals and healthcare facilities can now provide critical medical services without the added stress of noise pollution. Data centers, which are the backbone of the digital age, can ensure seamless operations while preserving the integrity of their environments. Additionally, these silent generators empower remote communities and disaster-stricken areas with a dependable power supply, enhancing their resilience and quality of life. In conclusion, silent generators have emerged as the silent guardians of a peaceful power supply. Their noiseless operation, coupled with eco-friendly technology, allows for harmonious coexistence with the communities they serve. As the world embraces sustainable practices, these silent powerhouses stand as a shining example of technological progress that benefits both mankind and the planet.
Embracing these silent guardians paves the way for a future where power generation is synonymous with tranquility, sustainability, and uninterrupted peace.Wired for Connection: The Fusion of Electrical and Communications Work In the rapidly evolving world of technology, the fusion of electrical and communications work has emerged as a groundbreaking trend, driving innovation and connectivity to unprecedented heights. This dynamic integration has paved the way for a seamless exchange of information and revolutionized the way we interact with our devices, homes, and the world at large. Traditionally, electrical and communications work were considered separate disciplines, with electricians focusing on power systems, wiring, and electrical infrastructure, while communications experts dealt with data transmission, network setups, and telecommunications. However, the click for more information advent of the digital age has blurred these boundaries, compelling professionals in both fields to collaborate and adapt their expertise to meet the demands of the interconnected world. One of the most profound impacts of this fusion can be witnessed in the smart home revolution. Modern homes are now equipped with a plethora of interconnected devices, ranging from smart thermostats and lighting systems to voice-activated assistants and security cameras. These devices require seamless integration of electrical wiring and communication protocols to function harmoniously.
Electricians, in collaboration with communications specialists, are tasked with designing and implementing the complex infrastructure needed to support these interconnected devices, transforming ordinary houses into intelligent living spaces. The industrial sector has also been greatly influenced by this fusion. Smart factories, enabled by the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), leverage real-time data exchange and automation to optimize production processes. The collaborative efforts of electrical and communications experts are crucial in designing networks that can handle massive data streams, allowing machines to communicate, coordinate, and operate with minimal human intervention. Moreover, the convergence of electrical and communications work has played a significant role in the advancement of telecommunications. From 5G networks to fiber-optic connectivity, these professionals work together to ensure seamless data transmission, improved network reliability, and faster communication speeds. This has transformed the way we communicate, enabling instant connections and paving the way for innovations like augmented reality, virtual conferences, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.


Visible light communications (VLC) is an emerging field within the communications sector that focuses on providing a medium in which data can be transmitted using a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
Numerous work in optical communications has already been created. However, all of them focus on the transmission of light using fiber and free-space, which already pose large issues in infrastructure development.
With the use of the visible spectrum and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), VLC forgoes the usual problems with data connectivity and is able to provide even higher rates for the transmission of data.
VLC Technology Basics:
Visible light communications (VLC) is a method of communication that uses light for the transmission of data. As opposed to other forms of communication that use light, VLC uses the visible light spectrum, which is in the 430 to 770 THz frequency range and is modulated in order to transmit data.
VLC technology takes advantage of LED lighting and puts it to use as a transmitter. It is now seen as a potential replacement for Radio Frequency (RF) technology and generally has the upper hand as it is able to transmit data at ultra-high speeds and at high bandwidths.
Below are several characteristics of VLC that provide insight as to why it is seen as a good alternative over existing communication technologies.
Spectrum Availability: VLC is more than capable of filling the gap between user demand and network capacity due to its broad spectrum of use, which provides a wide range of available frequencies for use. It uses the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum (430 to 770 THz frequency range), which is over 1,000 times broader than the existing RF technology, which in turn operates at 3 Hz to 300 GHz frequencies.
Safety: As VLC makes use of LED lighting for the transmission of data, it is seen as a safer medium for communication, as opposed to RF. It carries no hazard to human health and safety and does not interfere with various pieces of critical equipment.
Efficiency: VLC technology is capable of providing high outputs while using minimal energy due to its use of efficient light sources as a medium of transfer.
Security: The signals emitted by VLC are closely-confined within an area as visible light is unable to pass through opaque objects. Any data transmitted within a VLC system is secure as light signals are easily managed and controlled.
Licensing: RF technology often suffers from licensing issues due to its use over a broad area. Various frequencies are subject to availability as well as regulations. In contrast, light used by VLC is free as it only makes use of relatively unsophisticated equipment to operate and visible light, which is free.
Data Rates: High volumes of data can be transferred over a VLC system at generally low costs.
A VLC system generally consists of two integral parts: the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter (LED bulb) is responsible for the transmission of data by emitting and modulating visible light. These light signals are received by a receiver that is attached to a device. It is primarily responsible for receiving light signals and interpreting these signals into readable data.
Both parts can be subdivided into three common layers, which are the physical layer, MAC layer, and the application layer.
According to IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards, the medium access control (MAC) layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of data packets within a wireless network. For VLC system, however, this layer is responsible for a variety of other tasks, which include:
- Providing support in terms of mobility, dimming, visibility, security, color function, and visible-light personal area network (VPAN) association and disassociation
- Providing schemes for mitigation of flickering
- Generation of network beacons for coordinating devices
- Providing a reliable link between peer MAC entities
The physical layer provides the physical specification of the device and provides the relationship between the device and the medium. It deals with the connectivity of both the signaling mechanism and the actual hardware. It also defines the physical aspects of the receiver and transmitter in terms of hardware equipment, cabling, wiring, frequencies, and the physical manifestation of the binary signals.
The application layer lies at the core of the transmitter and receiver. It defines the actual commands, responses, data types, and status reporting that is supported by the protocol. It contains the actual application that is responsible for interacting with the user. It is responsible for the conversion of user requests into demands on the system as well as convert signals received from the transmitter into actual readable data by the user.
Within a VLC system, the transmitter is responsible for the transmission of data signals in the form of modulated light. There are various modulation techniques used in data transmission, which could also have an effect on the speed in which the data is transmitted.
On-Off Keying (OOK): As the name suggests, OOK modulation entails two voltage levels, which are delivered by turning the LED on and off – 1 is represented by the light turned on and 0 represented by the light turned off. This method is able to provide a constant stream of data but is not optimal as it wastes energy due to control being based on the width of the pulse.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Information is delivered according to the duration of pulses of light. Each pulse is able to convey more than one bit of data but may entail longer pulses than OOK. Data can also be transmitted in an analog format, which is relatively simple to implement.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): Data is encoded using the position of the pulse within a frame. Duration of the frame will have to be longer in order to transmit more than one bit of information at a given time. It is able to deliver variations in data while using the same amount of optical energy within a given frame.
Variable Pulse Position Modulation (VPPM): VPPM is quite similar to PPM, with the addition of allowing the pulse width to be controlled for light dimming support. VPPM is quite essential in VLC as it simultaneously allows illumination, dimming control, and communication. Within each pulse, it can carry vast amounts of data, but is generally more complex, and is also more susceptible to outside noise.
Color-Shift Keying (CSK): Illumination systems that make use of RGB-type LEDs can benefit from CSK. The data transmitted using CSK modulation depends on the variations in the colors of light as opposed to variable intensities, which means light intensity can be maintained.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM): OFDM has been widely used for digital signals for TV, radio, and even WiFi, but can also be modified for use in optical systems. It uses a set of sub-carriers, each at different, but harmonically-related, frequencies.
Spatial Modulation (SM): Several techniques exist that could allow the determination of the source of an optical signal. Spatial determination allows the use of multiple sources of information at a given time to convey multiple streams of independent data, or to strengthen the transmission of data using similar signals. These multiples could be in the form of multiple LEDs within a single fixture.
Demand Factors for VLC Technology:
There exists a wide potential for the applications of VLC technology with the still increasing adoption of mobile electronic devices, as evidenced by the vast growth in mobile ownership over the past five years.
Contrary to the name, however, a great majority of all mobile traffic, 70% to be exact, occurs indoors and at fixed locations. This creates a big opportunity to offload traffic to localized access in smaller cells through the placement of fixed access points in areas with heavy mobile traffic.
By combining overhead illumination with data communication, VLC is able to offer an optimal method of data transmission capable of transferring high amounts of data within a short amount of time while providing light to indoor spaces where humans exist.
The Future of VLC:
Current research into 5G connectivity, the next generation of mobile network architecture capable of delivering higher speeds with lower latency, suggest that cell sizes are becoming smaller, which will be around 50 m. This poses severe challenges on existing technologies as smaller cells in greater quantities need to be deployed in more locations to bring signals closer to users. Various problems posed by smaller cells include:
- Location – more cells require more land
- Backhaul – newer cells will need to connect with the rest of the network
- Power – smaller cells will require their own power supply including backup
- Spectrum – different cells will need to use certain frequencies within the spectrum
VLC is being considered as a viable alternative to the current prevailing RF technology. It has the potential to augment cellular communications by providing a means to decrease the cell sizes without incurring much cost in terms of infrastructure and energy consumption by riding on existing lighting infrastructure. Because of the benefits of visible light communications and LiFi, companies around the world are working hard on developing LiFi products and LiFi solutions.
And as the world pushes even further into greener technologies, the use of more efficient methods of lighting such as LED to transfer data without using more energy, is certainly a welcome development.


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THE AMATEUR CODE:
Members of the Hamilton Amateur Radio Club (Inc.)
strongly support the Amateur Code.
1. The Amateur is
Considerate ... never knowingly using the air in such a
as to lessen the pleasure of others.
2. The Amateur is Loyal
... offering loyalty, encouragement and support to fellow
local clubs and to the New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters,
through which Amateur Radio is represented in New Zealand.
3. The Amateur is
Progressive ... keeping his or her station abreast of
science. It is well-built and efficient. His or her operating practice
is above reproach.
4. The Amateur is
Friendly ... slow and patient sending when requested,
friendly advice and counsel to the beginner, kindly assistance,
co-operation and consideration of the interests of others; these are
the marks of the amateur spirit.
5. The Amateur is
Balanced ... radio is a hobby. It is never allowed to
interfere with any of the duties owing to home, job, school, or
6. The Amateur is
Patriotic ... with knowledge and station always ready for
the service of country and community.
PAUL M. SEGAL
Source: NZART Callbook 2006/2007 Page 2
Used with permission


The sensors are mounted on conventional tripods, always with photocells on one side of the track and reflectors on the opposite side. The photocells are available in wireless versions for a beam range of 1.5 m, 6 m or 10 m, which determines the maximum possible width of the measured path.
Simple 1.5 m and 6 m photocells work in the infrared spectrum, 10 m photocells are laser with a red beam (this is a safe design – the transmitter has lower power than a laser pointer), which makes it easier to adjust the reflector, just find the position of the reflector so that the red dot emitted by the photocell is visible.
The wireless photocell units are battery powered, the operating time per charge is more than 8 hours with a standard battery. The wired photocells are powered from the device control unit.
The timer control unit receives signals from the photocells, controls the start and stop of the measurement and records the data for display and transfer to the computer. The unit’s display also indicates fault conditions (e.g. low battery, uncontrolled reflector, photocell unit off or out of range on wireless versions).
The control unit can be connected to a computer via a standard USB interface and the measured data can be downloaded to the computer. The control unit is connected to a starting siren, (optionally) a starting gun, an antenna for communication with wireless photocells and a power supply.
On the control unit there is a button for manual start of the measurement and a keyboard for setting the start parameters, player number and possible viewing of saved records.
The time measurement is controlled by a thermally compensated crystal oscillator with a deviation of up to 1.3 ppm and is performed with a resolution of 1 ms, the accumulated measurement deviation for a 10 s section is less than 0.023 %, for a 100 s section is less than 0.004 %.


In addition to custom ear plugs, Ear To Ear Hearing Solutions can help patients acquire and use assistive listening devices. This includes solutions for:
- Amplified telephones
- Portable amplifiers for telephones
- Captioned telephones
- Amplified telephone ringers
- Hands-free amplified neckloop (designed to allow hearing aid wearers to use their cell phones, home/office phones, laptops, iPods, personal/TV listening equipment and other audio devices)
- Personal amplifiers
- Infrared and radio frequency devised to amplify television
- Amplified fire alarms and carbon monoxide detectors
- Amplified alarm clocks.
If you're interested in more information about Assistive Listening Devices, please call our office at (630) 305-0537 or click here to send us an email and we'll send you a free, descriptive brochure.


In the 1960s Donald Davies in London and Paul Baran in Santa Monica independently invented packet-switching, converting data into packets which contained the address of sender and recipient. By
1969 such a network connected four computers. This was ARPANET, funded by the US Dept of Defence. Two years later, 23 computers were on the network, communicating by e-mail. Another network, Usenet, also came on-line, allowing users to communicate with newsgroups, and by 1985 other networks included CompuServe and America Online. But these networks could not communicate with each other.
Techies began to look at this problem, working out ways of inter-networking. Soon people simply spoke of the internet. Working out rules for such interplay, they came up with the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP. Different networks began to work with each other, the internet becoming a network of networks.
By 1988 there were 50,000 computers on the internet, growing to a million three years later. By the 1990s, commercial Internet Service Providers offered cheap access, following on from the invention of a method of organizing information by British-born CERN researcher, Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He called his system the World Wide Web, with information disembodied on computers around the world, leading to an almost mythical concept of cyberspace.
In 1995, Microsoft made advances with the Internet Explorer browser, the providers changing in kind. Seeing advantages in the system, during the mid-1990s, the dotcom entrepreneurs came to the internet, offering all forms of service, from information, to ordering, to auctioneering. By 2000, a fully integrated internet served more than 70 million users and today, billions.
Click link, below, to return


The service revenue is at 191.5 million euros and continues to be stable on quarterly evolution for Vodafone Romania for the quarter ended December 31st, 2021, as reported today by Vodafone Group Plc.
Vodafone Romania’s customer base reached 11.2 million on December 31st, 2021, and it includes clients of mobile and fixed services, as well as IoT solutions.
"In 2021, we focused on one hand, to minimize the current context's impact on the business, while at the same time expanding and strengthening our network to make sure people from both urban and remote areas remain connected with reliable access to quality fixed and mobile services. Looking forward, the keyword is change. At the industry and the company level, we foresee a change in pace. You will see a much more dynamic Vodafone in 2022 and years to come”, stated Achilleas Kanaris, CEO of Vodafone Romania.
During Q3 2021 (October 1st – December 31st), Vodafone developed a series of projects for its customers, individuals and corporations, as well as initiatives aimed at protecting the planet and helping the ones in need. In early October, the company extended the support offered to small and medium businesses through V-Hub platform, which now enables the free testing of new technologies and digital solutions. Black Friday brought the “5€ Shop” offering Vodafone’s clients smartphones, gadgets, accessories and mobile and fixed services at super discounts and super offer packs available for installments of only 5 euro/month.
Early October, the company launched Eco-SIM cards made from recycled plastic as part of the company’s commitment to reduce its impact on the environment. And as a technology partner for Salvamont Romania, the only mountain rescue service in the country, Vodafone sponsored the association with the necessary funds to purchase equipment for locating people caught in an avalanche (Recco system), a national premiere.
Above all, in Q3 2021, Vodafone Supernet Fiber received certification for the best-fixed internet user experience in Romania from the independent German auditor umlaut, which took into account over five million internet traffic samples. This is the first certification offered by the German auditor umlaut to a fixed internet network operator in Romania.
Vodafone operates mobile and fixed networks in 21 countries and partners with mobile networks in 52 more. As of 31 December 2021, the company had over 300m mobile customers, more than 28m fixed broadband customers and over 22m TV customers.
Vodafone is a world leader in the Internet of Things (IoT), connecting more than 142m devices and platforms through innovation that aligns with the aspirations of society for cleaner and safer cities, better transport and improved agriculture. Vodafone’s digital leadership is also changing how governments deliver healthcare and education, and how businesses, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), serve customers.
The company has revolutionized fintech in Africa through M-Pesa, which celebrates its 15th anniversary in 2022. It is the region’s largest fintech platform, providing access to financial services for more than 51m people in a secure, affordable, and convenient way.