{"url": "https://apk.tieudao.info/weather-xl-pro.html", "date": "2023-09-27T04:54:53Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00802.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8695560097694397, "token_count": 125, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__323461889", "lang": "en", "text": "Weather XL Pro\nWeather XL Pro v22.214.171.124: Weather forecast with flexible widget settings, accurate weather alerts, beautiful design, and comprehensive information dashboard.\nIt not only provides temperature but also UV index, wind speed, probability and amount of rainfall, humidity, dew point, minimum/maximum temperature for the day, air quality, sunrise and sunset, moon phase. At the very least, it’s decent, but overall, it’s excellent.\nModifications: Premium unlocked, no ads, disabled analytics, disabled multiple unnecessary services and permissions, as well as other improvements.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://greenbusinesshub.eco/green-business-community/48", "date": "2022-06-26T10:21:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00035.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8933290243148804, "token_count": 256, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__282090947", "lang": "en", "text": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Sixth Assessment Report. August 2021\nStarted by Martin White\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. The IPCC was created to provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments on climate change, its implications and potential future risks, as well as to put forward adaptation and mitigation options.\nThe IPCC does not conduct its own research. IPCC reports are neutral, policy-relevant but not policy-prescriptive. The assessment reports are a key input into the international negotiations to tackle climate change. Created by the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988, the IPCC has 195 Member countries.\nThe Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report addresses the most up-to-date physical understanding of the climate system and climate change, bringing together the latest advances in climate science, and combining multiple lines of evidence from paleoclimate, observations, process understanding, and global and regional climate simulations.\nRead the Summary for Policy Makers", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://lumoscribe.com/market-sectors/air-quality-measurements/", "date": "2024-04-24T06:57:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819067.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424045636-20240424075636-00759.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8903468251228333, "token_count": 417, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__167816957", "lang": "en", "text": "Optical fiber sensors are highly effective for air quality measurement applications, providing accurate and reliable monitoring of various parameters in the atmosphere. Their unique characteristics make them well-suited for assessing air quality and environmental monitoring.\nOne key application is the measurement of gas concentrations in the air. Optical fiber sensors can detect and quantify gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). By deploying fiber sensors in air quality monitoring systems, continuous and real-time measurements of these gases can be obtained, aiding in the identification of air pollution sources and the assessment of air quality levels.\nOptical fiber sensors can also be utilized for particulate matter (PM) monitoring. They can measure parameters such as PM2.5 and PM10, which refer to fine particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, respectively. By integrating fiber sensors into monitoring devices, accurate measurements of particulate matter concentrations can be obtained, helping to assess air pollution levels and potential health risks.\nFurthermore, optical fiber sensors can contribute to the detection of specific air pollutants or hazardous substances. They can detect the presence and concentration of pollutants such as heavy metals, volatile chemicals, or industrial emissions. This capability is crucial for environmental monitoring, industrial hygiene, and ensuring compliance with air quality regulations.\nAdditionally, optical fiber sensors can be used for monitoring meteorological parameters that impact air quality, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction. By integrating these sensors into air quality monitoring systems, a comprehensive understanding of the atmospheric conditions can be obtained, aiding in the interpretation and analysis of air quality data.\nOverall, optical fiber sensors offer valuable capabilities for air quality measurement applications by enabling real-time monitoring of gas concentrations, particulate matter, and meteorological parameters. Their integration into air quality monitoring systems enhances data collection, improves the accuracy of air quality assessments, and supports informed decision-making for environmental protection, public health, and the management of air pollution sources.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.jannikmartens.com/home", "date": "2024-04-16T12:14:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817081.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416093441-20240416123441-00403.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9284353256225586, "token_count": 312, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__3617219", "lang": "en", "text": "Welcome to my professional website!\nI am a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Earth and Environmental Science at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, with an interest in climate change and carbon cycling in polar regions. My research focuses on biogeochemical feedback processes across terrestrial and marine systems resulting from amplified Arctic warming. My work is guided by the uncertainties surrounding the future of the Arctic environment and its potential impact on the global climate system.\nTo this end, I investigate processes such as the release of carbon and greenhouse gases from thawing permafrost, the melting of Arctic ice sheets, and the rapid acidification of the Arctic Ocean due to rising atmospheric CO2 levels and declining sea ice. A central aspect of my research involves using past warming periods as “natural experiments”. For instance, I study environmental change during warming events like the post-glacial climate transition 17,500 to 10,000 years ago and much warmer interglacial periods in the more distant past, such as 120,000 and 400,000 years ago. These periods serve as references for understanding climate transformations, and provide context to ongoing and future climate states.\nIn my work, I employ molecular analysis of organic matter in terrestrial and marine sediments, as well as stable and radioactive isotopes, to elucidate carbon cycling and climate variability.\nOn March 14, I was invited to discuss the effects of climate change in the Arctic region at a public panel organized by the University of Cologne NYC Office as part of their Transatlantic Tandem Talk series.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://sathiyam.tv/english/districts/thiruvallur/schools-and-colleges-declared-holiday-today-due-to-rain", "date": "2014-04-20T13:18:16Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538787.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00416-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9797908663749695, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__181119756", "lang": "en", "text": "The Schools and Colleges in three districts including Chennai, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur are declared holiday due to rain.\nRain continues in the last three days in the northern districts of Tamilnadu. There is a widespread rain in Chennai. Water got stagnated in various places due to rain and people were greatly affected. Trees fell in many places disrupting the traffic. Meanwhile, Meteorological department said that the rain would last for another two days in the northern districts. Hence, Chief Minister Jayalalitha had announced a holiday today in all the three districts Chennai, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur. It is announced that the quarterly exam that is to be conducted will be conducted after the last exam.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2019/09/02/hurricane-dorian-the-strongest-ever-to-hit-bahamas/", "date": "2019-10-24T05:08:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987841291.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024040131-20191024063631-00122.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9411755800247192, "token_count": 269, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__9144363", "lang": "en", "text": "By Doug Mattushek - 02 September 2019Views : 728\nHurricane Dorian became the biggest storm to hit the Bahamas when it made landfall on Sunday night.\nThe category five hurricane brought winds of 295kph with gusts of over 350kph, torrential rain and a storm surge of seven metres to the Carribean island.\nThe BBC reports that there was precious little news from the island after power cuts affected internet access. That said, director general of the ministry of tourism and aviation, Joy Jibrilu, confirmed that while there had been heavy damage, no deaths had been reported.\n\"It's devastating,\" Jibrilu told the BBC.\n\"There has been huge damage to property and infrastructure. Luckily, no loss of life reported.\"\nDorian is now moving toward the US coast at a steady 9kph and is expected to skirt the south east while moving north for most of the week.\n\"The hurricane will move dangerously close to the Florida east coast late Monday through Tuesday night,\" confirmed the US National Hurricane Centre on Reuters.\nIn preparation, President Trump issued a state of emergency in Florida and 2000 National Guard troops have been deployed, with another 2000 on standby. Additionally, South Carolina issued a mandatory evacuation of the coast, affecting over 830 000 people.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://enrsi.rtvs.sk/articles/news/316623/coldest-nights-of-this-winter", "date": "2023-03-30T17:47:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949355.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330163823-20230330193823-00518.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.957596480846405, "token_count": 149, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__30666776", "lang": "en", "text": "The night from Monday to Tuesday (February 7) was probably the coldest night of this winter. The Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute reported this on their social media channel. According to the meteorologists, the conditions for a significant cooling will be even more pronounced on Wednesday night. It will clear up and the wind will weaken in most of the territory, except for the south-east, where a moderate north wind will still blow. \"There's a high probability that at night we'll see more locations with temperatures below minus 20 degrees Celsius and mostly even lower minimums, while it may also be the coldest night of this winter,\" added the meteorologists.\nZuzana Botiková, Photo: TASR", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://dailytrend.com.ng/2020/06/12/maersk-line-deploys-300-vessels-to-assist-the-world-on-climate-change/", "date": "2024-03-05T10:55:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948234904.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305092259-20240305122259-00591.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9345733523368835, "token_count": 787, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__101829794", "lang": "en", "text": "Danish container shipping line; Maersk Line has committed 300 of its vessels to participate in the global Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program on climate change.\nWhile Maersk already has many vessels contributing to the VOS, the newly expanded commitment will see its entire fleet participating by the end of 2020.\nAs explained, the recorded data helps meteorologists create more accurate weather and storm forecasts – and will also be used in the creation of atmosphereocean models that will help scientists better understand climate change.\n“As a global container logistics company, our vessels form a vital role in keeping supply chains moving safely and timely. Helping weather forecasting and climate science advance makes great sense to us, since both of these areas affect our operations in various ways,” Aslak Ross, Maersk’s Head of Marine Standards, commented.\nWhile scientists have been collecting and sharing weather and ocean condition observations for over 150 years around the world, technological advances have significantly increased the amount of information that can be shared.\nA typical VOS records and transmits observations manually, with a vessel crewmember reading data from instruments onboard the ship, or in some cases through automated weather stations (AWS). The data is then sent to the various national meteorological services for use in weather prediction models and to monitor actual conditions at sea.\nTo obtain more data with higher precision, the first five Maersk vessels participating in the VOS program are equipped with a more advanced type of AWS, called the European Common Automatic Weather Station (EUCAWS).\nThe EUCAWS system automatically collects data on atmospheric pressure, air temperature and relative humidity and transmits them hourly to designated research stations.\nBy the end of 2020, a total of 50 such stations are planned to be operational on Maersk vessels, providing the largest fleet of AWS from a single company.\n“If we can help create even marginal improvements to the quality of weather routing services, these will be important levers in our constant efforts to improve the safety of our crews and assets and ensure reliable arrival times for our customers’ supply chains,” Ross said.\nWhile over 3,000 ships are involved in the VOS program, overall participation has declined in recent years due to the reduction in the global commercial fleet’s financial and crew resources.\nNew technologies such as AWS and electronic logbooks, however, have led to an increase in the quantity and quality of observations from each vessel.\nAs the world’s largest container ship fleet operator, Maersk is expected to make a significant contribution to improving the amount and quality of data available to the study.\n“Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the global community, impacting our business as well as the societies and customers we serve and partner with in enabling trade. We have an ambitious strategy to decarbonize our fleet of vessels by 2050 and as we execute this plan, we are proud to have our vessels and crews help researchers in gaining a better understanding of this key global challenge,” Ross added.\nIn the United States, Maersk has worked actively with the VOS partner organization and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on a variety of environmental programs. These have included testing air quality and vessel stack emissions and whale protection programs on both coasts.\n“We are pleased to be able to expand our long-term work with NOAA to help gather high quality data to improve understanding of global weather and climate conditions. This complements our work here in the US with NOAA on air quality, vessel emissions and protecting endangered whales,” Lee Kindberg, Maersk North America’s Director of Environment and Sustainability, noted.\nAs an integrated container and logistics company, Maersk operates in 130 countries and employs 70,000 people.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://arthurspointfarm.com/wheres-winter-climate-zones-are-shifting/", "date": "2024-04-13T15:55:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816820.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413144933-20240413174933-00202.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9293736815452576, "token_count": 766, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__100782069", "lang": "en", "text": "Climate change is shifting ecological plant hardiness zones. The USDA has updated its Plant Hardiness Zone Map for the first time since 2012. Most of New York’s Hudson Valley has shifted from Zone 5b to Zone 6a (see map below). This means the lowest winter temperature recorded over the past 30 years (1991 to 2020) is on average 5°F warmer compared with the period between 1976 to 2005. The data underlying these changes corroborate our experience of warmer and less snowy winters. Just this week, the Northeast U.S. experienced a massive storm with over 2″ of rain in many areas and temperatures in the mid-50s all the way up to northern Maine. Unseasonable and intense weather whiplashes farms and forests with new pest and disease pressures, unleashes alternating periods of flooding and drought, and fundamentally changes habitat for native flora and fauna.\nNortheast Winters Warming Faster\nYet greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and the trend compounds the changes. Within the next thirty years plant hardiness in our area is expected to shift another 5-10°F warmer. If we fail to become carbon neutral over the next few decades, we can expect plant hardiness to shift another 5-10°F by the end of the century. There are seasonal and regional differences to the pace of warming. Winter is warming faster than other seasons, and the Northeast and Upper Midwest are facing more rapid warming than other parts of the country. The following map depicts winter temperature data over the past 50 years.\nFarms and Forests Stressed by Extreme Heat\nIn addition to warmer winters, we’re also experiencing more extreme hot days per year (measured by days above 86°F). When it’s this hot, both people and plants become less productive (or worse). Between 1980-2009 the Northeast had an average of two and a half weeks per year of extreme heat. At the current pace of global warming, we can expect about 6-10 weeks per year above 86°F by midcentury, and a whopping four months per year by the end of the century. If we transition to a carbon neutral economy by midcentury, the number of extremely hot days should stabilize at around six weeks per year by midcentury, which is still something to which we’ll need to adapt.\nThe climate throughout much of the Northeast is rapidly becoming similar to weather typical of the Mid-Atlantic. By the latter part of this century, the Northeast is on course to become similar to that of the Carolinas. Unlike other similar changes over eons past, which occurred over hundreds of thousands or millions of years, these changes are happening within a few generations. Rapidly changing climate zones stress native plants and animals, and create ecological mayhem. These changes threaten agricultural productivity, ecosystem services like clean water and air, and the overall ecological health and resilience of the Earth.\nHealthy Forests Help Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change\nTrees help us to both mitigate and adapt to climate change. They’re one of nature’s most effective carbon capture and storage systems, sequestering nearly 60 gigatons of carbon in U.S. forests (above and below ground). This represents about a decade of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. at current levels. Without this carbon sink, global greenhouse gas levels would be climbing even faster. Forests also provide an array of other climatological and ecological benefits: clean water and air, wildlife habitat, moderation of temperature and precipitation extremes, and a sustainable source of food, fuel, and fiber.\nLet’s protect and restore forestlands in the coming decades by planting climate-resilient trees in our yards, on our farms, and at local parks.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ifsolutions.com/different-types-of-carbon-sequestration/", "date": "2023-10-01T18:51:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510924.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001173415-20231001203415-00105.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9474218487739563, "token_count": 920, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__89882913", "lang": "en", "text": "What Are the Different Types of Carbon Sequestration?\nJanuary 31, 2023 Welcome\nCarbon sequestration is an essential strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change. There are various carbon sequestration methods, each with its own distinct characteristics and benefits. This article will look at the multiple types of carbon sequestration, including their technical details and practical applications.\nCarbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the earth’s atmosphere and stored in liquid or solid form. Typically, about 45% of the CO2 emitted by humans remains in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Carbon sequestration helps to reduce human carbon footprints, which contribute to global warming.\n4 Types of Carbon Sequestration\nWhat are the different types of carbon sequestration? Continue reading to learn about them, as well as their distinguishing features, benefits, and drawbacks.\nBiological Carbon Sequestration\nBiological carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and stored as biomass in plants and soil. Biological carbon sequestration can be accomplished in any of the following ways:\n- Planting new trees and forests, which absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and store it as biomass in the trees and soil\n- Integrating trees into agricultural landscapes to enhance carbon sequestration in the soil and biomass\n- Enhancing the ability of soils to store carbon through practices such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and the use of organic matter\nHowever, biological carbon sequestration has limitations, such as land-use conflicts and the possibility of carbon loss due to fires, pest attacks, and disease.\nGeological Carbon Sequestration\nGeological carbon sequestration is a method of carbon sequestration that involves storing carbon in underground rock formations. When industrial sources such as steel mills and power plants emit carbon dioxide, it is injected and stored in porous rock formations such as sandstone or limestone. CO2 can also be injected into depleted oil and gas reservoirs to improve the recovery of remaining oil and gas. Geological carbon sequestration is thought to be very effective because it can store large volumes of CO2 in a small area. However, it requires long-term maintenance, and there is a risk of CO2 leakage.\nRead more about carbon capture in oil and gas industry.\nTechnological Carbon Sequestration\nTechnological carbon sequestration is a relatively new method for capturing and storing carbon dioxide that scientists are still exploring. It involves using technology to capture and store CO2 or make it into a resource. Some ways in which technology is used for carbon sequestration include:\n- Graphene production: Technology can be used to produce graphene out of CO2. Graphene is a technological material that manufacturers use to create screens for smartphones and other devices.\n- Direct air capture: Carbon dioxide can also be captured directly from the air using advanced technology plants. Direct air capture is effective but very expensive to implement.\n- Engineered molecules: Scientists are creating engineered molecules that can single out and capture CO2 from the air. The engineered molecules serve as filters to attract and capture only the element they are engineered to trap.\nIndustrial Carbon Sequestration\nIndustrial carbon sequestration is the least common method of sequestration. It involves capturing carbon dioxide released from industrial processes through pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxyfuel.\n- Pre-combustion capture: During pre-combustion carbon capture, carbon is captured before fuel combustion. You can do this in coal by reacting with oxygen to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen and separating them.\n- Post-combustion capture: during, post-combustion carbon capture, CO2 is captured from flue gasses after combustion, typically using solvents or membranes. It involves capturing waste gasses to extract their CO2 before they exit smokestacks.\n- Oxyfuel combustion: Instead of using air to burn the fuel, you can use oxygen, resulting in a flue gas primarily composed of CO2, which is easily captured and stored.\nExplore the Possibilities of Carbon Sequestration with IFS\nDXP/IFS is committed to helping those who are interested in helping the environment. We are constantly looking for solutions related to CCUS technology and especially those related to liquified CO2 handling and sequestration. Contact us to learn more about how we can help with your carbon sequestration project.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.thetrucker.com/trucking-news/the-nation/hurricane-lee-to-strike-weather-worn-new-england", "date": "2024-04-13T19:31:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816832.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240413180040-20240413210040-00294.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9621965885162354, "token_count": 1165, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__129544615", "lang": "en", "text": "PORTLAND, Maine — After a deluge of rain, flooding, sinkholes and tornadoes this week, New England is about to face Hurricane Lee.\nAs the Category 1 system impacted Bermuda, Maine was under its first hurricane watch in 15 years and a state of emergency declared Thursday, Sept. 14, by Gov. Janet Mills. The water-logged region prepared for 20-foot waves offshore and wind gusts up to 80 mph, along with more rain.\nThe hurricane watch applied to eastern Maine, while the rest of the state and an area extending south through Massachusetts was under a tropical storm warning. Powerful winds and coastal flooding were expected to arrive Friday afternoon in southern New England and spread north.\nAlthough Lee did not contribute to the flooding that hit New England earlier in the week, it threatened to exacerbate conditions in a region that is already waterlogged.\nThe Coast Guard and emergency management agencies warned New England residents to be prepared, and utility companies brought in reinforcements to deal with any power outages. At Boothbay Harbor Marina in Maine, the community came together to remove boats from the water to keep them out of harm’s way.\n“It’s a batten-down-the-hatches kind of day,” owner Kim Gillies said Thursday.\nSimilar scenes played out elsewhere, including at Kennebunkport Marina, where crews planned to take 100 boats out of the water, said Cathy Norton, marina manager.\nCommercial lobster fisherman Steve Train said fishermen have been sinking gear in deeper water to protect against storm damage. Fishing boats were also headed to the safety of harbors.\nIn Canada, residents of western Nova Scotia and southern New Brunswick were warned about the risk of power outages and flooding this weekend. A year ago, the remnants of Hurricane Fiona washed houses into the ocean, knocked out power to most of two provinces and swept a woman into the sea.\nNew Brunswick Minister of Public Safety Kris Austin urged residents to assemble a 72-hour safety kit that included batteries, water, food, medication and a radio.\nIn her emergency declaration, the Maine governor urged people to take the storm seriously and to make preparations. Mills, a Democrat, also asked President Joe Biden to issue a preemptive presidential disaster declaration to give the state access to federal resources.\nEarlier in the week, the region saw 10 inches of rain over six hours. Tornado warnings were issued Wednesday in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and more heavy rain created sinkholes and brought devastating flooding to several areas.\nThe National Weather Service in Boston confirmed Thursday that damage to trees and power lines in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut the day before was caused by four tornadoes.\nDozens of trees snapped or were uprooted by a twister in the town of Glocester, Rhode Island, and a structure used as a bus shelter was blown away, the weather service said. The three tornadoes in Connecticut and Rhode Island were categorized as EF-1, while the one in North Attleboro, Massachusetts, was an EF-0.\nThursday night, Lee was spinning 185 miles west of Bermuda, with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph, according to the National Hurricane Center. It was traveling north on a path that could lead to landfall in Nova Scotia, possibly as a tropical storm, forecasters said.\nThe system could bring a mix of threats. The storm surge and waves could lash the coast, damaging structures and causing erosion; powerful wind gusts could knock down trees weakened by a wet summer; and rain could cause flash flooding in a region where the soil is already saturated, said Louise Fode, a National Weather Service meteorologist in Maine.\nThe state’s eastern coast — known as the Down East region — and the coast of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were expected to bear the brunt of the storm, though the track could shift before the system arrives, Fode said.\nOne thing working in the region’s favor: The storm surge will not be accompanied by an astronomical high tide, helping to lower the risk, she said.\nNew England has experienced its share of flooding this summer, including a storm that dumped up to two months of rain in two days in Vermont in July, resulting in two deaths. Scientists are finding that storms around the world are forming in a warmer atmosphere, making extreme rainfall more frequent.\nMassachusetts Gov. Maura Healey issued a state of emergency Tuesday following “catastrophic flash flooding and property damage” in two counties and other communities. The torrential downpour in a six-hour period was a “200-year event,” said Matthew Belk, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Boston.\nThe rain created sinkholes in Leominster, Massachusetts, including one at a car dealership that swallowed several vehicles. In Providence, Rhode Island, firefighters used inflatable boats to rescue more than two dozen people stranded in cars in a flooded parking lot.\nIn Maine, the last time a hurricane watch was declared was in 2008, for Hurricane Kyle, but residents are accustomed to rough weather. Lee’s projected wind, rain and surf are akin to a powerful Nor’easter, and Mainers are familiar with those.\nThe Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Founded in 1846, AP today remains the most trusted source of fast, accurate, unbiased news in all formats and the essential provider of the technology and services vital to the news business. The Trucker Media Group is subscriber of The Associated Press has been granted the license to use this content on TheTrucker.com and The Trucker newspaper in accordance with its Content License Agreement with The Associated Press.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/policylobbying/environment/climatechange/heathairquality.htm", "date": "2015-04-01T05:47:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303502.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00194-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9505261778831482, "token_count": 2773, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-14__0__140010743", "lang": "en", "text": "Poor air quality is a serious issue for Londoners’ health, leading to thousands of premature deaths each year. The UK is also now at risk of fines from the European Union for failure to comply with European limit values for pollutants. Initiatives to tackle the problem are underway, but more can be done. Local authorities are particularly well placed to ensure that new development and transport plans in their areas take air quality considerations into account and reduce levels of pollution.\nLondon has some of the worst air pollution of any UK or European city, and air quality is a very significant issue for Londoners’ health. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) estimates that current PM2.5 (Particulate Matter)(1) emission levels reduce average life expectancy of people in the UK by six months and cost the economy £15 billion each year; equivalent to the cost of obesity in urban areas.(2) The situation is particularly bad in London where 4,300 deaths each year are thought to be attributable to air pollution (the individuals dying, on average, 11 years prematurely).\nAir quality is heavily influenced by weather patterns, and is usually worst when weather is warm and there is little wind to disperse pollution. These hot, still days are expected to become more frequent over the coming years as the impacts of climate change are felt.\nBoroughs across London are involved in initiatives to reduce air pollution, but it is a challenging issue. Evidence demonstrates that though the public accept that tackling air pollution is everybody’s responsibility, people are often unwilling to change their own habits, particularly when it comes to travel. More can be done by all levels of government including the Mayor and boroughs, and of course, by the public. Local authorities have a key role in promoting air quality issues in their own areas through their air quality management plans and their planning powers. They are ideally positioned to ensure that work done to reduce the threat of future climate change can achieve a ‘double-win’ by also reducing air pollution.\nPoor air quality in London is not just a recent problem, indeed concerns over pollution led to temporary bans on coal fires in London as early as the 14th century. The famous ‘pea-souper’ smogs of the 1950s caused thousands of deaths and were eventually tackled by the Clean Air Act of 1956, banning as it did the use of the most polluting domestic heating fuels.\nThe two types of air pollution that are of greatest concern to human health at present are:\nParticulate Matter (PM): The majority comes from motor vehicle exhausts and from wear to brakes and tyres. Construction sites with high levels of dust and machinery emissions can also contribute. Some PM occurs naturally, from forest fires, particles blown in from the Saharan desert and from sea salt which is carried to London by air currents.(3)\nNitrogen dioxide (NO2): Road transport and heating systems are the most significant sources of nitrous oxides (NOx) in London, of which Nitrogen dioxide has the greatest impact on human health.\nThe problems that London now faces come largely from the use of motor vehicles, rather than domestic use of coal, and it is these same types of emissions that also contribute to the process of climate change. Interaction of different types of emissions in the atmosphere is complicated and can often make both problems worse. Fortunately, in many cases efforts to reduce the threat of climate change or air pollution can be mutually beneficial.\nMost of the legislation governing air quality is based on guidelines provided by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and derived from research into the effects of air pollution on human health. These guidelines have led to the limit values set out in European legislation (Directive 2008/50/EC) which outlines a concentration value for each pollutant and a date by which the limit values should be achieved. In some cases these also allow a certain number of times in a year that a pollutant can exceed the limit value.\nThis European legislation has been translated into English law by the Air Quality Standards Regulations 2010, which set out the government’s objectives for key pollutants and how different sectors, such as transport and industry, can help meet them.(4) In London, the Mayor also has a responsibility to prepare an air quality strategy, which includes policies and proposals to ensure that the city meets national objectives.(5) London’s boroughs are required to review and assess the air quality in their areas. Where the level of a particular pollutant is too high in any area, the local authority must produce and implement an air quality management plan aimed at reducing the level of the pollutant. All local authorities in London have air quality management plans.\nProgress towards meeting PM10 values has been gradual and now only a small number of roads in central London breach the EU limit values. In June 2011 the European Commission granted the UK government a time extension to meet these limit values. However, in the case of NO2, progress has not been as successful. The UK has consistently failed to meet the EU limit values for NO2, and in London, levels have been exceeded by some distance. As a result of this non-compliance the UK could potentially be at risk of European fines of up to £300 million for breaching air quality standards.(6)\nThe Localism Bill currently progressing through Parliament includes clauses that would allow the UK government to pass EU fines on to regional and local authorities. It is proposed that the proportion to be passed on would be relative to the degree to which each authority has power to tackle the problem. Both London Councils and the Greater London Authority (GLA) are working to ensure there is a transparent framework for passing on these types of fines and that London is not unfairly burdened by these fines if they are imposed.\nAs a result of the threat of EU fines for failing to meet PM limit values, Transport for London (TfL) has been awarded £5 million by the Department for Transport (DfT), which must be spent this financial year on initiatives to improve London’s air quality.\nThree locations in particular have been identified as areas where meeting limit values could be challenging: the Marylebone Road, Victoria Embankment through to Tower Hill and Marble Arch to Hyde Park Corner. The majority of the funding will be spent on measures in these areas, and other locations where monitoring data shows air quality is a particular problem due to local circumstances.\nTfL are working with borough officers to develop and implement Clean Air Fund measures such as:\nBerlin: In 2008, Berlin introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) in its inner city districts. Vehicles were given either no sticker or a red, yellow or green sticker to indicate the level of pollution they emit. Signs were erected at the entrance to the zone to indicate which colour sticker vehicles could enter. These standards were strengthened in 2010 and now only green stickered vehicles can drive into the LEZ. Any unauthorised drivers in the zone risk a €40 fine.\nBeijing: Notorious for poor air quality, Beijing implemented over 200 programmes to improve pollution levels before and during the last Olympic Games. These focussed on energy consumption and efficiency (particularly in terms of coal usage), emissions from industry, construction sites and transport. New vehicle emission standards were introduced, public transport improved and only restricted access to the city allowed for private vehicles during the Games themselves.\nCareforAir: This is a partnership between four local authorities in South Yorkshire, funded by the South Yorkshire Local Transport Plan. It aims to raise awareness of air quality issues with local businesses, schools, organisations and individuals to encourage everyone to do their bit.\nECO Stars: ECO Stars (Efficient and Cleaner Operations) Fleet Recognition Scheme is a free, voluntary scheme designed to provide recognition, guidance and advice to operators of goods vehicles, buses and coaches across South Yorkshire.\nBeAirAware: This is a partnership between the six local authorities in Tyne and Wear, Defra and Nexus (a passenger transport provider), which aims to raise awareness of air quality issues.\nHealthy Air Campaign: Environmental Protection UK has launched a campaign to raise the profile of the health effects of poor air quality and to work with communities to develop plans to promote cleaner air.\nBiking boroughs: 13 outer London boroughs are working with TfL to encourage greater uptake of cycling. Funding has been made available to improve cycling infrastructure and parking, and on measures to improve cyclists’ safety.\nLegible London: This is a TfL initiative involving boroughs, business improvement districts and other landowners to develop and implement a consistent and easy to understand system of maps and way-finding information to encourage more people to walk in London.\nSource London: TfL and boroughs have been working in close partnership over the past year to develop the charging point infrastructure needed to support the uptake of electric vehicles in the capital.\nCityAir: The City of London Corporation is working in partnership with the business community to generate support for reducing emissions associated with their activities in central London.\nLow Emission Zone: London’s Low Emission Zone (LEZ) was introduced by the GLA in 2008. At present it does not apply to motorbikes or cars. Higher standards for other types of vehicles will be introduced from January 2012.\n2012 Olympic Games: The Games are aiming to be the ‘greenest’ ever. All ticket recipients will be sent free TfL travelcards for the day of the event they have tickets for and limited on-site parking will only be provided for disabled spectators.\nAirText: The system sends free air pollution alerts by text message, email or by recorded message to the home phones of people with cardiac or respiratory disease when air pollution levels are forecast to be moderate, high or very high. The messages provide information on the steps participants can take to minimise exposure to the pollution episode and better manage their symptoms, improving quality of life and hopefully reducing the need for visits to the doctor or hospital.\nDespite the significant health problems and shocking mortality rates it causes, the intangible nature of air pollution makes it a very difficult problem to tackle. The single most effective measure that could be implemented, a policy to reduce the number of vehicle journeys made in the city, would be unpopular with many residents and politically very challenging to implement.\nThe Mayor’s air quality strategy, published in 2010, outlined a range of measures the Mayor will take to improve air quality, such as boosting the emission standards of bus and taxi fleets and by introducing a new oxides of nitrogen (NOx) standard for the London-wide LEZ. However the strategy is not as comprehensive as some boroughs had argued it should be. The delay to the implementation of the third phase of the LEZ (from autumn 2010 to January 2012) and the removal of the western extension to the congestion zone are both steps that delay efforts to improve the situation.(7)\nThough London’s local authorities are actively taking part in many initiatives beneficial to improving air quality, they are to some extent limited in their ability to tackle air pollution. Many of the available measures, such as setting emission standards for new vehicles or influencing which vehicles can drive into London, sit within the remit of the EU, central government or the Mayor, and councils lack some of the tools they need.\nFor example, boroughs have raised concerns about some modern wood biomass boilers (used for heating homes and businesses). These have lower overall carbon emissions than conventional gas boilers, but some emit significantly higher levels of PM10 and NO2. The Clean Air Act (updated 1993) allows local authorities to declare a ‘smoke control area’ and prevent unauthorised fuels from being burnt. However this legislation is now out-ofdate and can only be used to target appliances that emit smoke and sulphur dioxide, not the more modern problem of nitrogen dioxide and PM10 emissions. Updating the Clean Air Act to allow local authorities to target NOx and PM10 emissions would be a helpful step to support local authorities improve their own local air quality.\nRaising awareness of air quality issues needs to be a joint priority for all levels of government in London, and the health implications of poor air quality should be highlighted more strongly. Boroughs, the GLA and TfL are jointly working on a number of programmes to boost levels of cycling and walking and to support the uptake of electric vehicles, all of which have positive implications for air quality.\nHowever, the wider health benefits of these types of initiatives need to be articulated more clearly and health impacts should also be more explicitly accounted for in future cost/benefit assessments of proposed investments and mitigation measures to improve air quality.\n1 PM refers to airborne particles and is categorised according to size in micrometers.\n2 Air Pollution: Action in a Changing Climate, Defra (2010)\n3 Particulate Matter is often described in terms of the size of particles emitted, for example PM2.5 refers to particles 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Particles of less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) are a problem for human health because they can be inhaled and accumulate in the respiratory system.\n4 Equivalent legislation exists in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.\n6 Defra published its draft air quality action plan in June 2011 for consultation. London Councils’ response is available\n7 The congestion zone is a policy specifically focussed on tackling congestion rather than air pollution, but any reduction in private vehicle usage also helps to reduce harmful emissions", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.hydrolynx.com/_products/packaged_systems/model/M5081.htm", "date": "2019-02-16T17:08:36Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00299.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8378686904907227, "token_count": 286, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__13088739", "lang": "en", "text": "MODEL 5081 : Self-Reporting Weather Station\nThe Model 5081 Self-Reporting Weather Station automatically reports weather data\nto a central site. Data transmitted from Model 5081 sites is being used for quantitative\ndeterminations of oncoming storms, marine weather forecasting, determining effects\nof wind on tidal areas, and establishing data bases for irrigation and agricultural programs.\nThe Weather Station Package is totally self-contained. Sensors are supplied complete\nwith cables and connectors. The main housing acts as the sensor support, antenna\ntower and weather proof housing for the transmitter.\nThe standard Model 5081 Weather Station consists of wind, temperature, humidity,\nbarometric pressure and precipitation sensors, a Model 5096-81 transmitter, a solar\npanel, interconnection cables and omni antenna. Weather stations can be supplied\nwith up to 7 analog and 4 digital sensors.\nThe Model 5096-81 Data Transmitter sends data on both event and timed modes as defined\nby the \"Plug and Play\" default parameter set. Wind data is sent on an event basis\nonly (i.e. one wind report per three kilometers of wind run). The \"Plug and Play\"\nparameter set allows the use of the Model 5096-81 without additional programming\nvia a laptop computer. However, the parameter set is still programmable and may be\nchanged by the user to meet site specific needs.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://wildrealitysafari.com/tanzania-weather-and-climate/", "date": "2023-12-01T19:43:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00714.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9649129509925842, "token_count": 518, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__146794679", "lang": "en", "text": "Weather & Climate – Tanzania\nTanzania enjoys a pleasant tropical climate, however there are significant regional climatic variations due to a variety of factors, including altitude. The seashore is the hottest and most humid section of the country. The western and southern parks, for example, are hot but not as humid. The rest of the interior is much cooler at night and is much warmer. Tanzania has two different seasons: dry and wet.\nArusha’s climate compared to Tanzania’s parks\nArusha has a warm temperature and is the town closest to the most prominent northern parks. In most parks, the peak quantity of rainfall at April is far less than in Arusha. Because of its great altitude (about 2,300m/7,545ft), the Ngorongoro Crater rim receives a lot of rain and is very cold in the afternoons and mornings. Manyara, Nyerere, Mikumi, Ruaha, Gombe, Mahale Mountains, and Katavi are lower lying parks that are slightly warmer than Arusha.\nDry season–June to October\nDuring this time, there is very little rain and the humidity is very low. It gets cooler at night, so bring some warm clothes for morning game drives in open vehicles, especially in the northern parks.\nJune, July, August, September, and October — Afternoon temperatures range from 20°C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F), depending on height and location. The sky is usually clear and sunny on most days.\nWet season–November to May\nDuring the Wet season, midday temperatures are typically warm (a few degrees above or below 30°C/86°F), but it is cooler above 1,300m/4,265ft. Because of the high altitude, most northern parks have chilly mornings.\nNovember and December – ‘Short rains’ – A month-long period of light precipitation that occurs between November and December. It can happen at any time, and it can even happen in October in Northern Tanzania. Rain will only seldom disrupt your safari.\nThe rainy season tends to finish in January and February in the northern parks and coastal areas. The other parks are not affected by the drought.\n‘Long rains’ – March, April, and May are the wettest months. It rains strongly virtually every day, but not always for the entire day. Humidity is high throughout the parks, particularly in the hotter southern and western areas.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://sailingillusion.com/tag/storms/", "date": "2023-12-11T18:25:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00578.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9775779247283936, "token_count": 158, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__81753864", "lang": "en", "text": "We left Auckland on May 30th, sailing east towards Rapa in the Iles Australis. It was surreal to watch the city lights disappear on the horizon – hard to believe that the time had finally come to begin our journey. The weather forecast showed two low pressure systems building, so we sailed southeast to avoid them. The first few days were slow going due to light winds, but it picked up by day four, so that we were able to average about 150 nautical miles per day. We headed northeast, hoping to catch the coat tails of the storm and ride them east (low pressure systems rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere). The winds and seas got progressively bigger and we found ourselves in the middle of a 420 mile wide gale. No skirting this one unfortunately.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.talkingflightmonitor.com/2023/01/29/introducing-weather-center/", "date": "2024-02-29T19:23:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00767.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9028657078742981, "token_count": 795, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__45265473", "lang": "en", "text": "Introducing weather center\nTalking flight monitor would like to introduce its new state of the art feature called weather center. Weather center allows pilots to check the weather at their aircraft’s current location. It will track temperatures, wind, and clouds. It also features a customizable wind command, allowing pilots the ability to choose which wind conditions to include in the wind command’s output. Other customizable features will come in future preview releases as time permits. Each of the sections of weather center are covered below.\nWind layers are those atmospheric layers that have different wind conditions. Pilots can explore each layer of wind conditions in the weather center by pressing right bracket, CONTROL+W to start weather center, then navigating to the wind section. When pressing TAB, each pilot will be presented with a list containing the wind layers. Using up and down arrows will navigate between the layers. Each layer has seven different elements that represent the wind conditions. They include upper altitude, direction, speed, gusts, turbulence, visibility, and wind shear.\nTemperature layers are those atmospheric levels representing the temperature at a given altitude range. Pilots can open the weather center and navigate to temperatures to explore each atmospheric layer of temperature. When focused on the list of layers, using up and down arrows will navigate between each temperature layer. Each layer has different elements associated with it. These elements include base altitude (lower altitude of the layer, day temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius, and the nighttime variant.\nPilots can explore cloud conditions after opening weather center by navigating to the clouds section. When focused on the cloud layers list, pilots can explore each cloud layer by using the up and down arrows. As with the other layer types, the cloud layers give different elements to the weather conditions at each cloud layer. Some of these include cloud type, icing conditions, turbulence lower and upper altitude, cloud coverage, and more. Altitudes. In future releases, pilots will be able to press a keyboard command to check the cloud conditions at their current location.\nWind command settings\nPreviously, pilots could press right bracket, I to get a wind report at their current position. It included a fixed set of elements. From now on, pilots can choose what elements are included in the output from the wind command. To do this, navigate toTFM’s settings area, then find the weather section in the tree. Expand the weather category and then navigate to wind command (output). When navigating through this window, check the boxes for the elements you want included in the wind command, and uncheck the ones you want excluded from the wind command. These settings will persist across TFM restarts.\nThe weather center also features an automatic refresh rate. To set this, navigate to TFM settings area, find the weather category and expand it. Navigate to auto refresh and set the refresh rate in number of minutes. For example, setting the refresh rate to 10 will set the refresh rate to 10 minutes.\nThe weather center will also feature automatic announcements of different weather conditions such as entering and exiting clouds, different icing conditions, turbulence changes, shear changes, and others as time permits. To turn these on or off, navigate to TFM settings area, expand the weather category and navigate to automatic announcements. Navigating this area will allow pilots to turn these on or off. Check the boxes for the elements you want TFM to automatically announce, and uncheck those boxes for the elements TFM should not automatically announce.\nFuture updates will continue after the first release of the weather center. Some of them include the ability to provide an airport ICAO code to check weather conditions at an airport, or even a GPS coordinate pair to check conditions elsewhere. Other updates and features will depend on community feedback. If you wish to contact us, do so at www.talkingflightmonitor.com, or by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://planetedeshumains.fr/en/physical-systems", "date": "2024-02-21T07:19:18Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473401.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221070402-20240221100402-00079.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9265735745429993, "token_count": 2574, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__14113086", "lang": "en", "text": "The Anthropocene as the age of human-induced climate change\nAt the level of physical systems and as for human systems, the history of the Anthropocene is often that of a lightning rise.\nThis is logical: human activity converts natural resources into goods and services that can be used by humans. This conversion is accompanied by the production of waste, which accumulates in the biosphere. The striking growth of human activity therefore goes hand by hand with an equally striking increase in the presence of certain compounds in the biosphere.\nThis increase is particularly impressive for the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\nAtmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by 50% in 200 years, from 280 ppm in 1800 to 417 ppm in 2022 .\nAt the same time, the atmospheric concentration of methane doubled, while that of nitrous oxide increased by 25% .\nAs the concentration of greenhouse gases increases, so does the temperature of the Earth's surface and the level of the oceans.\nFor its part, the level of the oceans has risen by more than 20 cm, with an accelerating rate of rise .\nThe uniqueness of the current climate change lies in its origin and its temporality: it results from human activity and it is extraordinary rapid. This is probably the first time in the billions of years of Earth and life's history that a single species influences the climate system to such an extent and with such suddenness.\nThe analysis of past climates is crucial to understand climate functionning. As we have direct records of climate variables only for a few decades, past climates must be reconstructed from indirect indicators. The latter, called proxies, are natural elements sensitive to climatic variations and whose a posteriori analysis can thus provide information on past climatic conditions. For example, tree rings (for the last thousand years), ice sheets (for the last 800,000 years) or marine sedimentary layers (for the last million years) are particularly analyzed to reconstruct past temperatures.\nChange is a climatic constant: illustration with 500 million years of Earth's climate history\nThe analysis of Antarctic ice, which are 800,000 years old, makes it possible to reconstruct the joint changes in CO2 concentration and temperature over the last 800,000 years. It thus reveals an alternation of cold periods, called glacial periods, and warmer periods, called interglacial periods. The last glacial period ended around 12,000 years ago, with a gradual rise in temperatures following the reaching of the last glacial maximum around 20,000 years ago. The relatively stable temperature known for just over 10,000 years would have largely contributed to the emergence and development of civilization as we know it today. The graph stops around 1900 and does not show the staggering recent increase in CO2 concentration and global temperature, which we will discuss below. Source of the graph: NASA (https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle/page4.php).\nThe alternation between glacial and interglacial periods is generally explained by the Milankovitch theory, which states that cyclical changes in Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, obliquity and precession) occur under the action of large planets and influence the amount of energy received by the Earth, to ultimately modify its climate .\nHowever, changes in Earth's orbit alone are not enough to explain the magnitude of temperature variations. For this, a second key factor then comes into play: GHGs and their concentration in the atmosphere. If its warming potential is not the most important, CO2 has been pointed out as a major driver of past climate changes. Thus, over the last 800,000 years, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has evolved in close relation with the global temperature.\nCO2 has therefore generally not been the trigger, but an amplifier of climatic variations, by intervening in positive feedback loops. Here is an example of a positive feedback loop: due to tiny changes in orbital parameters, the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth increases slightly, which contributes to raising the temperature. Since CO2 is less soluble in warm water than in cold water, oceans release more CO2. The atmospheric CO2 content increases, which accentuates the greenhouse effect and amplifies the warming of the Earth.\nUltimately, the analysis of the past shows that climate change is no exception to an iron law of the universe: change. It also highlights a fundamental property of the climate system: its sensitivity, which means that even a small variation in a climatic parameter can lead to considerable variations in the climate and in particular in global temperature.\nThese analyzes have shown that the global temperature has varied considerably in the past. Between 60 and 40 million years before our era, the global temperature was perhaps around ten degrees or more higher than the current temperature! Since then, the underlying trend has been towards a gradual cooling of the Earth's surface. This long-term evolution is interspersed with higher frequency oscillations, with alternating drops and rises in global temperature on scales of the order of a few thousand years. Three major factors have been identified for their involvement in these past changes: the amount of solar energy received, volcanic activity and the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Please note that the abscissa scale of the graph is not linear, which can be misleading, especially with regard to the relative climatic stability of the last millennia, the latter in fact constituting only a spark in the history of the Earth. Source of the graphic: Glen Fergus, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/All_palaeotemps.svg).\nToday, humans are triggering not a small but a gigantic variation in a climatic parameter: the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Thus, the evolution of the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere is one of the most spectacular manifestations of the Anthropocene.\nSince the industrial revolution, humans have released huge amounts of GHGs into the air, in particular CO2. Over the past ten years, human activity has emitted into the atmosphere between 35 and 40 billion tonnes of CO2 per year, and each year beats the record of the previous one.\nThis reckless release of GHGs has logically contributed to drastically increasing their concentration in the atmosphere, as evidenced by the staggering recent evolution of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. On the scale of geological time, the increase in atmospheric CO2 driven by humans appears instantaneous and of an incredible amplitude (top graph)!\nIn 2022, the atmospheric CO2 concentration thus reached 417 ppm (parts per million – the gas concentration in the atmosphere is expressed in parts per million, which amounts to milliliters per cubic meter). This represents an increase of almost 50% in 200 years, that is to say since the beginning of the industrial revolution when the CO2 concentration was around 280 ppm.\nThe atmospheric CO2 ceoncentration is known for the past 800,000 years, the period covered by the data from ice cores. During this period, the CO2 concentration never exceeded 300 ppm. And several clues suggest that the current concentration of CO2 has not been reached in the last three million years.\nSimilarly, the atmospheric concentration of methane has more than doubled since the beginning of the industrial era (middle graph), while the concentration of nitrous oxide has increased by nearly 25% (bottom graph).\nSource of data: Our World In Data .\nHumans are changing the composition of the atmosphere: greenhouse gases at an unprecedented level for thousands of years\nThis staggering increase in certain GHGs in the atmosphere has already gone hand in hand with a brutal global warming. Unlike past climate changes, in which GHGs have rather been amplifiers of temperature variations, current climate change is therefore triggered by GHGs.\nLooking at the evolution of the average global temperature since 1850 relative to the average global temperature for the period 1961-1990, we see that the temperature has increased very sharply in recent decades. It is now about 0.8°C higher than the 1961-1990 reference. Conversely, the temperature at the start of the industrial era was about 0.4°C lower than the 1961-1990 reference. The difference between the pre-industrial period and the current period is therefore approximately 1.2°C.\nA warming of the average global temperature of 1.2°C in less than two centuries is a warming of extraordinary suddenness! By comparison, over the past few million years, when the Earth emerged from glacial periods, the global temperature increased by 4 to 7°C over periods of the order of 5,000 years. The warming of about 1°C during the last century is therefore about 10 times faster than postglacial warming.\nFinally, current climate change has two singularities that distinguish it from past changes: it is triggered by GHGs emitted by humans and is taking place with extraordinary suddenness.\nHumans are changing Earth's climate: a sharp rise in global temperature in recent decades\nReading the information recorded by tree rings makes it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the global average temperature over the last 2 millennia. The graph above thus shows 2,000 years of temperature evolution relative to the average temperature of the period 1850-1900. Despite constant temperature variations in the past, such as the well-known Medieval Warm Period (10th to 14th century) and Little Ice Age (14th to 19th century), which were restricted to North Atlantic regions, no global change has occurred with the amplitude and in the time laps that characterize recent warming. In the last 2,000 years (and probably more), it has never been as warm as it is today on a global scale . This graph is referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\" because of the sudden rise in global temperature over the last century, which is a real break with the climate of the last millennia. Source of the chart: RCraig09, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.\nSource of data: Our World In Data .\nWho says temperature rise says less ice on the continents and therefore more water in the ocean. In addition, when its temperature increases, the water \"swells\" (thermal expansion phenomenon), which also contributes to sea level rise with global warming. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 20,000 years ago, sea level was 120 m lower than it is today . Sea level reconstructions indicate rapid rates of sea level rise, up to 5 cm per year at the end of the glacial periods, and 1-2 cm per year during the interglacial periods.\nLogically, since the end of the 19th century and the start of global warming, sea level has been rising continuously, whereas it had been relatively stable for the previous 3,000 years. Average sea level has risen by about 25 cm since 1880. Moreover, it is rising faster and faster: the rate of sea level rise was around 1 mm/year at the end of the 19th century; it was around 2 mm/year in the 20th century and would have reached 3.6 mm per year between 2006 and 2015 .\nSource of the chart: NOAA .\nHumans are changing sea level: the rate of sea level rise is accelerating\n H. Ritchie, M. Roser, et P. Rosado, « CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions », Our World in Data, 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions\n Skeptial Science, « What does past climate change tell us about global warming? », Skeptical Science, 2020. https://skepticalscience.com/climate-change-little-ice-age-medieval-warm-period-intermediate.htm\n NOAA, « Climate Change: Global Sea Level », NOAA, 2022. http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level\n A. Buis, « Milankovitch (Orbital) Cycles and Their Role in Earth’s Climate – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet », NASA, 2020. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.webcamcruise.com/webcam_links.php?var=15517", "date": "2018-08-19T00:32:13Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213903.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818232623-20180819012623-00101.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9095134139060974, "token_count": 259, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__142951429", "lang": "en", "text": "Area: 92,391 sq. km.; includes continental Portugal, the Azores (2,333 sq. km.) and Madeira Islands (828 sq. km.); slightly smaller than the State of Indiana; located in Europe's southwest corner bordered by Spain (North and East, 1,214 km.) and the Atlantic Ocean (West and South, 1,793 km.).\nMajor cities: Lisbon (capital, metropolitan area pop. 2.1 million); Porto (metropolitan area pop. 1.9 million).\nTerrain: Mountainous in the north; rolling plains in the central and southern regions.\nClimate: Maritime temperate (Atlantic-Mediterranean); average annual temperature is 61�F. Temperatures may drop into the low 30s (�F) at night during the coldest months, with daytime highs in the 50s and 60s. The remainder of the year is normally sunny with minimal rainfall. Days are pleasant, with temperatures seldom exceeding 95�F, except in the southern interior of the country; afternoons and evenings are breezy, with nighttime temperatures in the 60s and low 70s; May-October (dry and warm), November-April (cool with rain and wind in the north, mild in the south).", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://pimchina.org/en/ngo-partners/mf17/smart-air/", "date": "2019-08-19T04:43:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314641.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819032136-20190819054136-00396.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9342028498649597, "token_count": 496, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__128398451", "lang": "en", "text": "Smart Air is a social enterprise that promotes DIY air purifiers as a low-cost solution to indoor particulate air pollution in China. Smart Air provides open-source test data and hosts workshops across Asia to teach people how to make DIY air purifiers. Founded in China, Smart Air also ships low-cost purifiers to people in India, Mongolia and other countries across Asia.\nMore than nine out of 10 of the world’s population – 92% – live in places where air pollution exceeds safe limits, according to research from the World Health Organization (WHO). The majority of people affected by air pollution come from low- and middle- income countries.\nSmart Air’s mission is to provide affordable air purifiers to consumers across China and internationally, giving a greater number of the world’s population access to clean air and a healthier life, without having to pay a premium price.\nOnline shops: Smart Air is currently offering products like adorable air purifiers\non Taobao (淘宝) and through PayPal.\nRegular Salons: Smart Air holds regular salons so spread the message that it doesn’t cost thousands of RMB to get clean air. Smart Air will test purifying effects on the spot and participants can make and take home air purifiers themselves.\nSchool Programs: Smart Air runs a hands-on workshop in elementary and middle schools to help spread knowledge and awareness of air pollution.\nHow would the world be different because of Smart Air?\nA major part of Smart Air’s mission is to educate people on the causes of air pollution, its health effects, and to give people the power to make their own educated decisions on how to best protect themselves. Smart Air is currently providing workshops for schools, businesses, and individuals. These are used to answer common misconceptions on air pollution, and to make complex technical questions such as the “mechanics of air purifiers” and “the cardiovascular and neurological health effects of PM2.5” easier to understand. With Smart Air reaching to more schools and communities across China, it has created a snowball effect of pollution awareness in the country. Smart Air has contributed to helping spread the word on how people can protect their health and improve their quality of life, and also encourage their customers to look into ways to live a carbon-neutral lifestyle (i.e. by driving the car less, or by flying less).", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.eco-ventures.in/world_ozone.html", "date": "2020-09-21T19:25:12Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202007.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921175057-20200921205057-00074.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9135459661483765, "token_count": 739, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__97762364", "lang": "en", "text": "16TH September each year is identified as international day for preservation of ozone layer. The ozone layer, a fragile shield of gas, protects the Earth from the harmful portion of the rays of the sun, thus helping preserve life on the planet. Aim of this day is to create awareness to phase-out ozone depleting substances which damage ozone layer too. This year theme for ozone day is \"32 years and healing\" celebrates completion of three decades with ratified Montreal protocol.\nWhy Ozone day?\nOn December 19, 1994, the UN General Assembly proclaimed September 16 to be the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date when the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987. The day was first celebrated on September 16, 1995.\nWhen was the ozone hole discovered?\nThe discovery of the annual depletion of ozone above the Antarctic was first announced in a paper by Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner and Jonathan Shanklin which appeared in Nature in May 1985. Later, NASA scientists re-analyzed their satellite data and found that the whole of the Antarctic was affected.\nThe scientific confirmation of the depletion of the ozone layer prompted the international community to establish a mechanism for cooperation to take action to protect the ozone layer.\nOn 22nd March 1985, treaty was signed and adopted by 28 countries protect against ozone depletion. Drafting on Montreal Protocol on September 1987.\nThe principal aim of the Montreal Protocol is to protect the ozone layer by taking measures to control total global production and consumption of substances that deplete it, with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge and technological information. Attention focus on higher- causing ozone depleting substance and then on lower ozone- depletion potential.\nThe Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer reached agreement at their 28th Meeting of the Parties on 15 October 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda to phase-down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).\nWhat can we do?\nAwareness is the first step to begin protecting our damaged ozone layer. There are many simple ways to save our ozone layer.\n• Avoid the purchase and use of aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).\n• Avoid the use of fire extinguishers with halogenated hydrocarbon, a substance being very aggressive to the ozone layer.\n• Avoid buying insulating material made from CFC. Instead, you can use the dark chipboard cork that do not pollute the environment for the same purpose.\n• Keep clean the air conditioning because if a malfunction occurs it emit CFCs in the atmosphere.\n• Check the freezer and the car air-conditioning. If they malfunction, need repairing soon, because it may emit CFCs.\n• Buy a refrigerator or air conditioner which is CFC-free.\n• Buy energy saving gadgets and bulbs. You will reduce levels of pollution and money.\nOzone layer depletion is deep crisis which leads to increased UV-B radiation reaching the surface of the Earth affecting humans and all the living organisms. Anthropogenic activities are the main cause for ozone layer depletion leading to global climatic changes. This leads to a number of health problems like heat-related issues, skin cancer, and various other ecological disturbances that affect biotic life. Hence every individual should be well aware of the harmful effects of all the causing agents of ozone layer depletion like CFC, plastics, fossil fuel etc and should reduce and avoid using them. We all should pledge to make this world sustainable for everyone to live.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.bigsky.ab.ca/radar.html", "date": "2024-02-27T14:26:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00612.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.94146728515625, "token_count": 108, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__110886883", "lang": "en", "text": "The current images from the weather radar station located near the Town of Strathmore appear below. These images are provided by Environment Canada. The Big Sky Observatory is located about 92 kilometres south of Strathmore, which makes Strathmore the site of the closest weather radar station. For this reason, we use the Strathmore XSM weather radar station to see if any precipitation is occurring in the vicinity of the Big Sky Observatory.\nPlease note that it sometimes takes about a minute for these radar images to load. Please be patient!", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.efiglobal.com/news/were-ready-to-respond-to-ophelia-across-the-uk/", "date": "2023-05-27T22:53:57Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00240.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9397309422492981, "token_count": 356, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__110338908", "lang": "en", "text": "We’re ready to respond to Ophelia across the UK\n16 th Oct 2017\nExpert in this field\nAn amber weather warning has been issued by the Met Office, as ex-hurricane Ophelia is expected to bring strong winds to the UK from midday today. With gusts of up to 80 mph, it’s predicted to peak across Northern Ireland and north and west Wales this afternoon. Following a northward track, the strong winds are then expected to hit southwest Scotland this evening.\nThe amber warning for wind applies to Northern Ireland, western Wales and southwest Scotland, with a yellow warning extending to many other western and northern areas of the UK – this runs into much of Tuesday.\nTransport, power and communication services could be affected and some damage to buildings is highly possible.\n24-Hour Emergency HelpLine\nWe’re increasing the resources for our 24-hour emergency HelpLine today, overnight and into tomorrow morning. We’re ready to provide any immediate and urgent support and assistance that your customers might require.\nReady to respond across the UK\nInvisio – our Building Claims Inspectors have been briefed and we’re ready to relocate additional resources into those areas that are worst affected. We’re in a good position to respond to any increase in property damage claims right across the UK.\nLoss Adjusting Services – we’ve also put our national network of loss adjusters and support teams on standby – including surveyors and structural engineers from Sergon.\nWe’re ready to respond at every level, should the current strong winds build into a significant claims event.\nPlease complete this simple form and our expert will be in touch very soon.All fields are mandatory", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.montereycountyclinicservices.org/staying_healthy/soberanes-wildfire-air-quality-advisory-monterey-bay-air-resources-center/", "date": "2019-06-25T10:43:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999817.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625092324-20190625114324-00237.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9243642091751099, "token_count": 150, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__8715527", "lang": "en", "text": "SOBERANES WILDFIRE AIR QUALITY ADVISORY – Monterey Bay Air Resources Center\nThe Soberanes Fire is burning in Monterey County south of Carmel.\nThe smoke concentration in the Carmel Valley, measured as fine particulate matter or PM 2.5, is currently in the “Unhealthy” category of the Air Quality Index (AQI). Residents should avoid exercise or physical exertion and remain sheltered indoors with windows and doors closed. Anyone who feels physically challenged by the elevated concentrations of smoke may consider moving out of the area temporarily until smoke levels have decreased. Residents with chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD, or heart disease may consider contacting their doctors for medical advice.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://thewolfpacket.org/10028/news/snow-cal-is-no-miracle/", "date": "2024-04-23T16:29:43Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818732.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423162023-20240423192023-00346.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9576867818832397, "token_count": 532, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__123185455", "lang": "en", "text": "On Saturday, February 25th, the citizens of Claremont woke up to something unprecedented: snow blanketing the roofs, backyards, and trees of Claremont. Bewildered and delighted, citizens enjoyed the rare sight. As enjoyable as the sight of snow was, however, this was no winter miracle. Instead, it is an ominous warning of the effects of climate change.\nThe reason that snow unexpectedly fell upon Claremont in a way that it has not in decades is due to atmospheric rivers, which are “long, narrow highways of moisture”, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These atmospheric rivers lie around 10,000 to 15,000 feet above the surface of the Earth, traveling thousands of miles across the planet while being responsible for 30-50% of the wet season precipitation along the West Coast of the U.S., according to NOAA. A strong atmospheric river can transport an amount of water vapor that is “roughly equivalent to 7.5–15 times the average flow of liquid water at the mouth of the Mississippi River,” NOAA has found.\nHowever, this winter, California has been hit with multiple atmospheric river events. According to analyses, the atmospheric rivers carrying warmer water have shifted to cross over more of California than usual. In fact, in the past three months alone California has experienced twelve atmospheric rivers. This has caused winter storms to deposit over 100 inches in the Sierra Nevada mountains, causing a trickle-down effect in which over a foot of rain has hit areas of California, an unprecedented amount. Historically, the path of the atmospheric rivers merely skims California, diverting most moisture away from the state. This is why California’s climate has always been dry, and why the sudden influx of water has been shocking to its citizens and scientists.\nThe reason for these atmospheric rivers shifting is because of climate change. As temperatures increase across the globe, so do moisture levels in the atmosphere. In turn, atmospheric rivers can hold more moisture, causing an even greater increase in rainfall across the state. Although this has helped ease the state’s record drought, it has also caused catastrophic flooding, displacing hundreds of people and destroying thousands of dollars in property.\nAlthough the rare snowfall Claremont has experienced over the past few weeks has seemed to be a blessing, it is truly a warning in disguise, a warning that must be heeded. As the past month has shown, climate change is not a faraway, distant threat. It affects the people of Claremont even today, and its effects can be seen as close as their backyards.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://avondhupress.ie/status-orange-wind-weather-warning-issued/", "date": "2019-09-16T01:20:37Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572439.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915235555-20190916021555-00260.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9436209797859192, "token_count": 236, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__23022975", "lang": "en", "text": "A Met Eireann Status Orange Wind warning has been issued for a weather system tracking towards Ireland.\nSevere winds associated with Storm Diana are expected on Wednesday 28th, south to southwest winds of 65 to 80km/h will gust 110 to 130km/h. High seas are expected also, with a risk of coastal flooding, valid from 06:00 until 12:00 on 28th November.\nCork County Council’s Severe Weather Assessment Team convened in relation to possible coastal flooding as a result of the recent heavy rainfall, tidal surge and expected high winds.\nTidal surges of 0.6m-0.75m are expected on Wednesday 28th, which could give rise to coastal flooding in some locations, depending on the wind direction and the exact timing of peak wind conditions.\nRoad users are asked to exercise extreme caution, particularly tomorrow morning, due to surface water on roads and debris due to forecasted adverse weather conditions.\nOverall, the outlook is for disturbed conditions over the next five days bringing high rainfall across the country with highest rainfall expected in the west and southwest.\nCork County Council will continue to monitor this situation.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://celebnobs.com/tropical-cyclone-jasper-heads-towards-queensland-coast-as-emergency-preparations-take-shape/", "date": "2024-02-25T01:29:01Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00333.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9645715355873108, "token_count": 877, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__155318865", "lang": "en", "text": "Residents of far north Queensland are bracing for possible power outages, internet and water supply disruptions with the arrival of Tropical Cyclone Jasper.\nAs of about 11am Monday, Jasper had weakened again to a category 1 system and was about 505km east of Cairns and 420km east northeast of Townsville.\nWATCH THE VIDEO ABOVE: Far north Queensland communities brace for Tropical Cyclone Jasper.\nWatch the latest news and stream for free on 7plus >>\nThe Bureau of Meteorology issued its first cyclone warning on Monday morning for winds and heavy rainfall.\nWarnings are issued when impacts are expected within 24 hours and will be updated every three hours.\n“Jasper is forecast to re-intensify during Tuesday as it approaches the coast,” the bureau said.\nMeanwhile, people living between Cooktown and Ingham are being warned to expect damaging 90km/h winds to develop from Tuesday.\nThe winds could extend as far north as Cape Melville, on the eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula, and as far south as Townsville, the Bureau of Meteorology warned.\nHeavy rainfall was also expected to develop along the coast from late Tuesday ahead of Jasper likely making landfall on Wednesday between Cape Flattery and Cardwell, potentially as a category 2 system.\nFlooding was possible for the north tropical coast, parts of the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf Country from Wednesday, the bureau warned.\nCurrent image of cyclone Jasper tracking towards the Queensland coast as of Monday morning. Credit: Windy.com\nPenny Priest, CEO of the Fitzroy Island Resort situated about 24km off the coast of Cairns, confirmed they had activated their “cyclone management plan” to protect guests and the island’s turtle rehabilitation centre.\n“Our team at the resort have activated our cyclone management plan and are currently working through the steps involved,” Priest told 7NEWS.com.au.\n“The safety of our guests and staff is our number one priority, we have developed a comprehensive management plan to assist us with these adverse weather events.\n“We are working with Jeannie Gilbert, co-ordinator of the Turtle Rehabilitation Centre, to assist where possible to protect the turtles and the centre,” Priest said.\nA severe weather warning for damaging winds was also in place for Monday in parts of the Herbert, lower Burdekin, central coast and Whitsundays districts, with the bureau predicting gusts of up to 90km/h in some areas.\nQueensland Fire and Emergency Services on Sunday warned residents between Cape Melville and Townsville strong winds could fell trees and powerlines, blow roofs off houses as well as anything not tied down.\nJasper could also cause phone and internet outages, along with water supplies, the services warned.\nCommunities could also be isolated.\nState Disaster co-ordinator Shane Chelepy said on Friday it was time for those in Queensland living north of Mackay to “start preparing emergency kits”.\n“Keep your car topped up with petrol, have enough food in your house to last 72 hours, get some extra bottled water and a power bank for your phone and be aware of what you may need to do,” he said.\nThe Bureau of Meteorology confirmed with 7NEWS.com.au four of its staff had been “safely evacuated” from Willis Island on Saturday.\nThe forecasters, who were carrying out important front-line tropical cyclone monitoring, were evacuated after the cyclone they were tracking began heading straight for them.\nThe 7.7ha island is home to four bureau staff and is one of Queensland’s major frontline defences when it comes to keeping the state’s residents informed about cyclones, according to the Queensland Government.\nPremier Annastacia Palaszczuk — before announcing her shock retirement from politics on Sunday — said she had been briefed on the cyclone.\n“I can say that all preparations are well and truly in place,” she told reporters in Brisbane.\n“It is expected to make land on Wednesday and can I just remind Queenslanders and especially north Queensland to take care.”", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://knowledgeiskey.co.uk/blogs/articles/what-causes-a-hurricane", "date": "2023-12-06T08:19:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206063543-20231206093543-00301.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9334316253662109, "token_count": 1522, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__276397294", "lang": "en", "text": "What is a hurricane?\nA hurricane is a massive swirling storm that is created in the oceans of warmer climates. Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones are all types of tropical storms, named after where they occur, with no difference other than location. Hurricanes form in the Atlantic of the west coast of Africa, while typhoons most frequently form off the east coast of Asia. However, the generic scientific term for these storms is a tropical cyclone.\nYou don't have to be a meteorologist to know that hurricanes can cause a lot of damage, but what causes hurricanes? You can say hurricanes are actually like giant engines that get their energy from moist air in oceans in tropical climates.\nHow do hurricanes form?\nTo understand entirely how hurricanes form we need to take it step by step; from what allows the hurricane to develop, to what keeps them going, and the classifications of hurricanes.\nWe would also recommend taking a look at how wind is formed to improve your understanding.\n- For a hurricane to form, it needs to meet a set of conditions, e.g., specific latitudes - 5–20 degrees north or south of the equator. It also requires a lot of heat, and ocean surface temperatures of at least 26°C.\n- If the above conditions are met, the ocean water begins to evaporate and condense, creating towering clouds and heavy rainfall.\n- An area of low pressure is formed due to the rising warm air, leaving less air near the surface of the water. This area of low pressure then 'sucks' the air in, in an attempt to replace the missing air.\n- Air from the surrounding area that has higher pressure, floods into the area of low pressure, replacing the missing air with 'new' air, which also becomes warm and moist, causing it to rise and create a continuous up-flow of vapour that rises, cools and condenses into clouds. This is also what causes the hurricane to spin. However, all storms that form north of the equator spin counter clockwise, and storms that form south of the equator spin clockwise. This is due to the Coriolis effect.\n- The above steps repeat as the storm grows, rotating faster and faster, creating the eye in the centre of the storm. The eye is the calm, clear, low-pressure centre of the storm and 'pulls' high-pressure air in through the top of the storm - further 'feeding' the storm.\n- Tropical storms, although they can cause damage, can't travel far inland. This is because once the storm begins to move away from the water, its energy source starts to dwindle.\n- Tropical depression - Winds of 20-34 knots (38 mph or less); accompanied by an area of low pressure and thunderstorms that produce a circular wind flow.\n- Tropical storm - Winds of 35-64 knots (39-73 mph); tropical depressions upgrade into a tropical storm when the cyclonic circulation becomes more organised. This is where the naming of storms begins to take place.\n- Tropical cyclone - Winds of 64-82 knots (74-95 mph); this is where a tropical storm upgrades into, in this instance, a hurricane, with the eye around 5 to 30 miles wide. This is where they are given categories - category 1 being less intense and category 5 being very severe.\n- Category 1 - Wind speeds of 64-82 knots (74-95mph); produces dangerous winds, but with minimal damage to occur at landfall.\n- Category 2 - Wind speeds of 83-95 knots (96-110 mph); produces hazardous winds and causes moderate damage to occur at landfall.\n- Category 3 - Winds speeds of 96-113 knots (111-129 mph); produces extensive damage to occur at landfall.\n- Category 4 - Wind speeds of 114-135 knots (130-156 mph); produces extreme damage to occur at landfall.\n- Category 5 - Wind speeds above 135 knots (157 mph); produces catastrophic damage to occur at landfall.\nWhere and when do tropical cyclones occur?\nThe distinction between different kinds of tropical cyclones depends entirely on where they are formed. What's interesting, it is possible for more than one cyclone to occur in the same region at the same time.\nHurricanes are formed over waters where temperatures exceed 26°C. They occur over the Atlantic and North-East Pacific Oceans, and the areas that are most exposed to them are the southern parts of the United States and the African coast. Particularly extreme hurricanes are most common along the east coast of the United States, in the Caribbean, less frequently along the west coasts of the United States and Mexico. Cyclones that occur in the Atlantic region and affect the United States regions constitute around 15% of total global tropical cyclone activity.\nTyphoons are tropical cyclones that occur in eastern and south-eastern Asia; they are formed over the Western Pacific between 180 and 100 meridians. The word typhoon derives from Chinese and its literal meaning is \"wind from Taiwan\". Typhoons occur mostly in summer and autumn. The winds of a typhoon can reach very high speeds, bringing extremely heavy rainfall. Typhoons often cause a significant damage due to their great power. Occurring in in the southern hemisphere, winds in a typhoon move clockwise.\nLocations of tropical cyclones\n- Hurricanes - Atlantic and North-East Pacific Oceans - Occur between June and November\n- Typhoon/Super typhoon - North-West Pacific Ocean - Occur all year round, but has a primary season between July and November\n- Severe tropical cyclone - South-West Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean - Occur late October/early November to May\n- Severe cyclonic storm - North Indian Ocean - Occur between April and December\n- Tropical cyclone - South-West Indian Ocean - Occur between Late October/early November to May\nDue to the climate change, tropical cyclones have also started occurring in regions that have been generally considered out of the range of such disasters up until recent times, e.g., Hurricane Vince in 2005, which struck southwestern Spain; and Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020 - northern Portugal.\n- Tropical cyclones – metoffice.gov.uk https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/facts\n- Hurricane center – baynews9.com http://www.baynews9.com/content/news/baynews9/weather/hurricane-center/wind-speeds.html\n- Hurricanes – nasa.gov https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/en/\n- Hurricanes – bbc.co.uk http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/hurricanes_rev1.shtml\n- Hurricanes – nasa.gov https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-are-hurricanes-k4.html\n- Hurricanes – scikinks.gov https://scijinks.gov/hurricane/\n- Weather – accuweather.com https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/whats-the-difference-between-a/34388", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://saexplorer.co.za/south-africa/climate/vredenburg_climate.asp", "date": "2020-02-18T00:15:09Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143455.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217235417-20200218025417-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.949316680431366, "token_count": 153, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__24097451", "lang": "en", "text": "Vredenburg normally receives about 239mm of rain per year and because it receives most of its rainfall during winter it has a Mediterranean climate. The chart below (lower left) shows the average rainfall values for Vredenburg per month. It receives the lowest rainfall (1mm) in February and the highest (45mm) in June. The monthly distribution of average daily maximum temperatures (centre chart below) shows that the average midday temperatures for Vredenburg range from 16.5°C in July to 25.6°C in February. The region is the coldest during July when the mercury drops to 8°C on average during the night. Consult the chart below (lower right) for an indication of the monthly variation of average minimum daily temperatures.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://domohelp.domo.com/hc/en-us/articles/360042930894-NOAA-Weather-Connector", "date": "2022-07-01T22:54:04Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00167.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7636520266532898, "token_count": 348, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__142263067", "lang": "en", "text": "You can use Domo's NOAA Weather connector to retrieve a weather forecast or current observations for a specified latitude and longitude from the public National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data.\nYou create an NOAA Weather DataSet in the Data Center.\nThe NOAA Weather connector is a \"Cloud App\" connector, meaning it retrieves data stored in the cloud. In the Data Center, you can access the connector page for this and other Cloud App connectors by clicking Cloud App in the toolbar at the top of the window.\nThis topic discusses the fields and menus that are specific to the NOAA Weather connector user interface. General information for adding DataSets, setting update schedules, and editing DataSet information is discussed in Adding a DataSet Using a Data Connector.\nCreating an NOAA Weather DataSet\nThere are two types of reports to choose from:\nThe Forecast report returns future forecast weather data at either a daily or hourly period.\nThe Current Observations report returns 1 row of the last recorded values for a specific weather station.\nLatitude and Longitude\nProvide the latitude and longitude for the coordinates you would like to return data for.\nYou must select a weather station when choosing the current observations report. The weather station drop-down list is populated with the closest stations to the latitude and longitude provided.\nThen, schedule updates for your new DataSet in the Scheduling pane. For information about the remaining sections of the connector interface, including how to configure scheduling, retry, and update options, see Adding a DataSet Using a Data Connector.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/en/institute-museen/einrichtungen/iap/", "date": "2018-01-22T15:55:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00324.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9357960820198059, "token_count": 398, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__173379612", "lang": "en", "text": "The IAP was founded in January 1992. The headquarters is located in Kühlungsborn and a branch in Juliusruh on the island of Rügen. The research topics concentrate on the terrestrial atmosphere, in particular on the dynamical coupling between various layers from the troposphere up to the lower thermosphere (approx. 100 km).\nThe IAP consists of three departments: Optical soundings, Radar soundings and sounding rockets, and Theory and Modeling. Ground-based remote optical sounding is performed by various laser instruments (‘lidars’ = light detecting and ranging) with wavelengths from infrared to ultraviolet. Atmospheric parameters such as densities and temperatures are deduced from the backscattered laser light. Special emphasis is placed on the investigation of ice particles in the summer mesopause region, known as \"noctilucent clouds\". The global distribution of ice layers is also investigated by modelling. Instruments on sounding rockets are applied to investigate small-scale structures (turbulence), plasma, and dust particles. Radars with frequencies in the MF and VHF range are used to measure winds and turbulence in the troposphere and mesosphere. Furthermore, physical processes leading to very strong summer and winter echoes in the mesosphere are investigated. Long-term trends of these parameters and in the background atmosphere are also studied. Theoretical methods and numerical models are applied to study physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. The investigations concentrate on dynamical coupling between various height ranges, and on the generation, propagation, and breaking of atmospheric waves on various scales.\nThe research topics at the IAP focus on the mesosphere (50-90 km) at middle and polar latitudes. The IAP therefore operates several lidars and radars as part of the ALOMAR observatory in Northern Norway (69°N). The scientific investigations concern processes leading to the thermal and dynamical structure of the atmosphere, including long-term changes.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.villastefania.com/en/weather.html", "date": "2023-02-02T20:52:06Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00237.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9353434443473816, "token_count": 131, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__72563174", "lang": "en", "text": "Weather in the mountains\nStrong northerly currents over the Alps.\nCloudy conditions and increasing snowfall during the day on the main Alpine ridge, with the heaviest snowfall in the Zilltertal Alps. On the southern mountain groups mostly dry with strong to stormy northwesterly winds.\nMountain weather tomorrow\nThe northerly high-altitude current over the Alps is easing and there is a temporary improvement in the weather.\nResidual snow showers on the north-eastern mountains in the morning, then dry and partly sunny. New snowfall in the north in the evening. Strong winds, milder.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://greenfrogsystems.com/cyclone-damien-no-match-for-gfs-200/", "date": "2024-04-20T12:38:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817650.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420122043-20240420152043-00524.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9575994610786438, "token_count": 410, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__13538070", "lang": "en", "text": "Cyclone Damien brought wind speeds of 194km/hr but didn’t leave Karratha completely in the dark with 288 GFS-200’s safely illuminating the streets and pathways when mains lighting supplied by the power grid had failed.\nFull story here >\nTropical Cyclone Damien struck the WA cast earlier this month as a category 3 severe tropical cyclone at around 3:30pm on Saturday the 8th of February bringing with it severe, destructive winds, torrential rainfall and storm surges. The recorded rainfall for the region was 235.2mm received by 9:00am Sunday with about 10,000 residents affected by power outages and intermittent phone reception and over 100 calls for assistance.\nThe Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) said Karratha and Dampier residents were hit with the brunt of the storm with Karratha residents surviving the hardest impact as the eye wall crossed directly over them. Tropical Cyclone Damien was the third tropical cyclone for the season but the first to be classified as severe.\nWeather conditions in the Pilbara region can be some of the harshest in Australia. The City of Karratha had trialed other solar lighting products in the past but few could endure the punishing conditions.\nGreen Frog Systems have established a name in this space, designing high performance solar lighting to withstand extreme environments such as these and agreed to supply the City with GFS-200 Solar Street Lights. These units carry a cyclone rated structural design (Region D – Severe Cyclonic ) and will reliably continue to operate through extreme temperatures, storms and flooding.\nSince 2017 Green Frog Systems have worked with the City of Karratha, deploying almost 300 solar street lights with another shipment set for delivery. The City has been so impressed with the GFS-200 solar street lights that they have identified Green Frog Systems as their preferred supplier for all solar powered lighting.\nFrom nearly 300 installed only three (3) solar street lights were damaged during Cyclone Damien from flying debris.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://csumb.edu/fernandezlab/partnerships/", "date": "2022-12-02T00:17:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00346.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9339209794998169, "token_count": 227, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__26296411", "lang": "en", "text": "Department of Applied Environmental Science\nDr. Fernandez is currently working with researchers from NASA Ames who are looking to use the data from the collectors to ground truth satellite images from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors, which have the ability to extract information on the presence or absence of fog. The NASA researchers are hoping to establish long time series of fog to look at its effects on regional ecosystems and to evaluate whether the patterns of fog presence are shifting as a result of climate change.\nUC Santa Cruz\nDr. Fernandez is also working with research groups at UC Santa Cruz. One group is looking at fog as an indicator of lizard extinctions throughout the world. That is, some lizards are dependent upon the moisture and cooler temperatures that the fog brings. As these fog regimes shift their spatial and temporal extent, various lizard species are shown to go extinct. Another group at UC Santa Cruz is looking at some of the chemicals present in fog and has identified monomethyl mercury, a biologically “fixed” compound of mercury,as having a concentration several times greater in fog than in rain.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://toko10.com/climate-change-is-real-and-its-happening-now/", "date": "2023-12-10T00:50:02Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100989.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209233632-20231210023632-00124.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9501155018806458, "token_count": 1095, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__65552827", "lang": "en", "text": "Climate Change Is Real and It’s Happening Now\nClimate change is a topic that has been making headlines for decades, and for good reason. It is a global issue that affects every living being on this planet. Despite the overwhelming evidence and scientific consensus, there are still some who deny the reality of climate change. However, the facts speak for themselves – climate change is real and it’s happening now.\nWhat is Climate Change?\nClimate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. These changes are primarily caused by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These activities release large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing the Earth’s temperature to rise.\nThe Evidence of Climate Change\nThe evidence of climate change is overwhelming and cannot be ignored. Here are some key pieces of evidence that prove climate change is real and happening now:\n- Rising Temperatures: According to NASA, the Earth’s average temperature has risen by about 1.1 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century. This may seem like a small increase, but it has significant consequences for our planet.\n- Extreme Weather Events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, and wildfires, have increased in recent years. These events are a direct result of climate change and have devastating impacts on communities and ecosystems.\n- Shrinking Ice Sheets: The Arctic sea ice is melting at an alarming rate, and the Greenland ice sheet is losing an average of 286 billion tons of ice per year. This not only contributes to rising sea levels but also has a ripple effect on the Earth’s climate and ecosystems.\n- Changing Seasons: Climate change is causing shifts in the timing and duration of seasons. Spring is arriving earlier, and fall is arriving later, disrupting the delicate balance of ecosystems and affecting plant and animal life cycles.\nThe Impact of Climate Change\nThe effects of climate change are far-reaching and have serious consequences for both humans and the environment. Here are some of the impacts of climate change that we are already experiencing:\n- Rising Sea Levels: As the Earth’s temperature rises, so do sea levels. This is due to the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as the expansion of seawater as it warms. Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities and low-lying areas, putting millions of people at risk of flooding and displacement.\n- Loss of Biodiversity: Climate change is causing the extinction of many plant and animal species. As their habitats change and become uninhabitable, many species are unable to adapt and survive. This loss of biodiversity has a ripple effect on the entire ecosystem and can have devastating consequences for food systems and human health.\n- Food and Water Insecurity: Climate change is affecting food production and water availability. Extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, are becoming more frequent, making it difficult for farmers to grow crops and for communities to access clean water. This can lead to food and water shortages, which disproportionately affect vulnerable populations.\n- Health Impacts: Climate change is also having a significant impact on human health. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events can lead to heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and the spread of diseases. Vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions, are particularly at risk.\nWhat Can We Do About It?\nWhile the effects of climate change may seem overwhelming, there are actions we can take to mitigate its impacts and prevent further damage. Here are some steps we can take to address climate change:\n- Reduce Our Carbon Footprint: One of the most effective ways to combat climate change is to reduce our carbon footprint. This can be done by using renewable energy sources, driving less, and consuming less meat and dairy products.\n- Support Climate Action: We can also support policies and initiatives that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices. This can include voting for leaders who prioritize climate action and supporting organizations that work towards a greener future.\n- Adapt to a Changing Climate: As the effects of climate change are already being felt, it is important to adapt to a changing climate. This can include building resilient infrastructure, implementing disaster preparedness plans, and protecting vulnerable communities.\nQuestion: Is it Too Late to Stop Climate Change?\nNo, it is not too late to stop climate change. While the Earth’s climate has already changed, we still have the power to prevent further damage and create a more sustainable future. However, it is crucial that we act now and take meaningful steps towards reducing our carbon footprint and mitigating the impacts of climate change.\nClimate change is real, and it’s happening now. The evidence is clear, and the impacts are already being felt around the world. It is up to each and every one of us to take action and make a positive impact on our planet. By reducing our carbon footprint, supporting climate action, and adapting to a changing climate, we can create a more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.\nRemember, the Earth is our only home, and it is our responsibility to protect it. Let’s take action now before it’s too late.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://easttexasnews.com/polk-county-news-2/324-polk-county-receives-freeze-warning", "date": "2024-04-14T05:14:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816864.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414033458-20240414063458-00021.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9536316394805908, "token_count": 170, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__74309085", "lang": "en", "text": "By Jason Chlapek\nPolk County experienced freezing temperatures Monday night and Tuesday morning.\nFor the first time in the fall season, temperatures in parts of Polk County were at 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below. The low for Polk County was 27 degrees in between Dallardsville and Livingston in the eastern portion of the county.\n“This was our first freeze warning for the fall season,” Polk County Emergency Management Director Courtney Comstock said.\nAccording to Comstock, a freeze warning is put in place when expectations of a freezing temperatures are projected. Much of the region was projected to have freezing temperatures Monday night and Tuesday morning, according to the Houston/Galveston Weather Forecast Office.\nLivingston was projected to have a low of 29 Monday night, while Lufkin was projected for a low of 26.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.governor.nd.gov/media-center/proclamation/severe-summer-weather-awareness-week-0", "date": "2014-08-27T14:52:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500829421.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021349-00397-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9030413627624512, "token_count": 277, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-35__0__122130994", "lang": "en", "text": "Severe Summer Weather Awareness Week\nWHEREAS, severe summer storms can cause damaging winds, hail, tornadoes, wildfires, flash flooding, hazardous materials releases and power outages, and have the potential to cause serious property damage, injury and death; and\nWHEREAS, experience has demonstrated that a well informed and prepared public can better cope with and survive life threatening severe summer storms; and\nWHEREAS, individuals, families, schools and businesses in North Dakota are encouraged to develop a disaster plan identifying protective actions to follow when severe weather strikes; and\nWHEREAS, the National Weather Service and the North Dakota Department of Emergency Services are collaborating with local emergency managers, state, local and tribal officials, volunteer agencies and businesses to inform and educate the public on preparation for potential severe weather hazards and disasters this summer may bring; and\nWHEREAS, North Dakotans are encouraged to become informed of available community programs and warning systems, including outdoor siren warnings, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all-hazard radios, the emergency alert system, and other radio and television warning broadcasts, along with Community Emergency Response Team training and Storm Ready recognition for their communities.\nNOW, THEREFORE, as Governor of the State of North Dakota, I do hereby proclaim April 30 - May 4, 2012, SEVERE SUMMER WEATHER AWARENESS WEEK in the state of North Dakota.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.sustainabilitystore.com/directory/2016/7/6/greenfleet-planting-trees-for-carbon-offset", "date": "2019-05-20T01:41:20Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255251.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520001706-20190520023706-00433.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9359391927719116, "token_count": 124, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__166285943", "lang": "en", "text": "Greenfleet - Planting Trees for Carbon Offset\nGreenfleet is a non-profit organization that has planted more than 8.7 million native trees in Australia to restore forests and offset carbon emissions. As their forests grow, the native trees capture carbon pollution from the atmosphere, provide vital habitat for native wildlife, and conserve biodiversity. Forests capture carbon dioxide that has already been released into the atmosphere, reducing the overall atmospheric concentrations. Greenfleet carbon offsets provide an opportunity for you to compensate for the emissions created by your own activities. Through Greenfleet's carbon offsets, you're directly funding native reforestation projects around Australia.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://somanyaircraft.wordpress.com/2019/05/", "date": "2022-07-02T05:35:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00561.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9239721298217773, "token_count": 208, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__26531728", "lang": "en", "text": "Two hurricane-hunting aircraft visited the Quonset State Airport (KOQU; North Kingstown, RI) yesterday:\n- Lockheed WP-3D Orion (N42RC; c/n 285A-5622) of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and\n- Lockheed WC-130J Hercules (97-5304, c/n 382-5474) of 53rd WRS, 403rd Wing, AF Reserve.\nThe aircraft were part of NOAA’s “Hurricane Awareness Tour” aiming to “raise awareness of the impacts from tropical cyclones threats and the danger of being caught without a personal hurricane plan.” The Orion is one of two such aircraft operated by NOAA, based in Lakeland, Florida and equipped to do data collection to supplant data from ground-based radars as well as from satellites. Similarly, the Hercules collects weather data from storms and other adverse weather phenomena; this aircraft is based in Keesler AFB, Mississippi.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://educom.net/program/ad/climate-change-the-science-9735,1179", "date": "2023-10-01T01:18:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510734.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001005750-20231001035750-00780.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9119094610214233, "token_count": 153, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__86203394", "lang": "en", "text": "Learn what climate change is, and how it affects the planet\nClimate Change poses an increasing threat to the stability of Earth’s systems. If we want to protect our planet from dangerous and unprecedented change, first we must understand the science behind climate change.\nOn this course you will explore this science, looking back across 4 billion years of Earth’s history to help you learn the difference between ‘natural’ from ‘human’ induced change; looking to the present to see how the impacts of climate change are already being felt; and finally looking to the future to see what it might hold for our planet.\nYou don’t need any prior knowledge of climate change, just an interest in science, nature and the environment.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.goinfo.ga/blog/2022/01/08/hurricane-rick-2021/", "date": "2022-09-24T17:03:22Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030331677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924151538-20220924181538-00129.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9749059081077576, "token_count": 828, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__262466751", "lang": "en", "text": "Hurricane Rick was the fifth named storm and fourth hurricane to make landfall along the Pacific coast of Mexico in 2021. The seventeenth named system and the eighth hurricane of the 2021 Pacific hurricane season, Rick formed as a low pressure system and was quickly upgraded to a tropical depression on October 21. Late on October 22, the storm was designated as a tropical storm and was given the name Rick. A few hours later, on October 23, the storm was upgraded to a hurricane. Rick continued to intensify and reached peak intensity early on October 25, making landfall as a Category 2 hurricane at 10:00 UTC that morning.\nRick caused one confirmed fatality in Mexico, and caused over $10 million (2021 USD) in damages.\nOn October 18, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) started highlighting the chances of development of a low pressure area offshore the Pacific coast of Mexico. An area of disturbed weather became identifiable south of the coast of Guatemala and El Salvador on the next day. Shower and thunderstorm activity was initially scattered, and only gradual development was expected, although the NHC noted that the system would likely become a tropical depression by October 24. On the afternoon of October 21, a broad area of low pressure developed just south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Shower activity gradually became better organized, although an advanced scatterometer pass early on October 22 revealed that the system had not developed a closed wind circulation. However, a rapid increase in organization soon occurred, and following a Dvorak classification of T2.0/35 mph (55 km/h), the NHC upgraded the low pressure system into a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC on October 21.\nAt the time of genesis, the depression was moving briskly to the west under the influence of a ridge to its north. Situated within an environment of little vertical wind shear, high moisture, and of warm sea surface temperatures near 86 °F (30 °C), the depression was upgraded into a tropical storm that evening after an increase in curved band features and upper-level outflow in all directions. A central dense overcast subsequently developed, and microwave imagery indicated the development of an ring of deep convection, which is often a precursor to an eye, which prompted the NHC to re-assess the intensity of Rick at 70 mph (110 km/h) and forecast rapid deepening at 09:00 UTC on October 23. That afternoon, Rick attained hurricane status as the cyclone began to curve north-northwestward in response to a weakness in the ridge. An eye briefly became apparent in visible satellite imagery and following measurements from a Hurricane Hunter aircraft, the NHC set the intensity of the storm at 85 mph (140 km/h). During the next 18 to 24 hours, the hurricane exhibited little change in organization as it tracked north; the cause of this arrested development phase was 15 to 25 mph (30 to 35 km/h) of wind shear and an environment of less than 50% relative humidity. However, microwave imagery showed a 25 mi (35 km) wide closed eyewall had re-developed by the evening of October 23, a sign that Rick had resumed intensification. Based on wind measurements from a Hurricane Hunter aircraft, Rick was upgraded into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale at 06:00 UTC on October 25. The storm also attained its peak intensity of 105 mph (165 km/h) at the same time along with a minimum barometric pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg). At 10:00 UTC, Rick made landfall between Lázaro Cárdenas and Zihuatanejo while at its peak intensity. The system then rapidly weakened while it moved further inland, towards the mountainous terrain of Mexico. Early on October 26, Rick dissipated.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://cienciasclimaticas.blogspot.com/2016/02/record-ozone-hole-may-open-over-arctic.html", "date": "2018-07-17T10:00:32Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589634.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717090227-20180717110227-00401.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8550819158554077, "token_count": 183, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__60017159", "lang": "en", "text": "sexta-feira, 12 de fevereiro de 2016\nRecord ozone hole may open over Arctic in the spring\nBy Eric Hand\nAntarctica isn't the only place with an ozone hole. Lingering atmospheric pollutants and frigid air have carved an unusually deep hole in Earth's protective ozone layer over the Arctic, and it threatens to get deeper this spring. Atmospheric scientists are analyzing data from weather balloons and satellites for clues to how the ozone will fare when sunlight—a third factor in ozone loss—returns to the Arctic. But they are already worrying about how extra ultraviolet light might affect humans and ecosystems below and wondering whether climate change will make such Arctic holes more common or severe. By next week, 25% of the Arctic ozone will be destroyed, scientists warn. But if the winds of the polar vortex persist in keeping the stratosphere cold for another month, ozone losses will become severe.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://vid.app.com.pk/vid/2017/05/light-rain-with-gusty-winds-at-some-parts-of-country-during-next-24-hours/", "date": "2018-04-24T16:02:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946807.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424154911-20180424174911-00239.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8988761901855469, "token_count": 198, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__194751110", "lang": "en", "text": "ISLAMABAD, May 19 (APP): Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) here Friday predicted light rain-thunderstorm with gusty winds is expected at a few places in Malakand, Hazara, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, D I khan, D.G khan, Multan, Bahawalpur, Sahiwal, Lahore, Gujranwala divisions FATA, Kashmir and its adjoining hilly areas during next 24 hours.\nMainly hot and dry weather is expected in most parts of the country, the Met office said.\nDuring last 24 hours, weather remained hot and dry in most parts of the country. The highest maximum temperature was recorded at Dadu, Sh. Benazirabad, Larkana 47°C, Jacobabad, Sukkur 46°C, R.Y.Khan, Rohri, Moenjodaro and Turbat 45°C.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.nycweathernow.com/final-nice-nyc-day-precedes-increasing-clouds/", "date": "2024-02-22T05:16:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473690.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222030017-20240222060017-00229.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9371020197868347, "token_count": 771, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__111655423", "lang": "en", "text": "FINAL NICE NYC DAY PRECEDES INCREASING CLOUDS\nFINAL NICE NYC DAY PRECEDES INCREASING CLOUDS – Good morning everyone! We have on our hands one last pleasant day before clouds start rolling in tomorrow. We’ll have highs 60-65 again today, with light northerly winds, but switching to the east mid to late afternoon. The wind shift is the beginning process of a storm system that will be approaching the area starting tomorrow.\nClouds will be on the increase and we may see a shower or two late afternoon/evening tomorrow, highs in the upper 50’s to low 60’s. After that, a low pressure system will reach the coast and gather strength, giving us Nor’easter-like conditions Saturday through early Sunday morning. We could see 1-3″ of rain, especially in areas that see the heaviest of rain, a stiff ENE wind, and wind gusts to near 40 mph. I also wouldn’t rule out some minor coastal flooding at times of high tide since the timing is in close proximity to our full moon. Temps on Saturday will have a hard time getting near 60, and Sunday we might reach the low 60’s if the steady rain departs early and we see a few breaks of sun in between scattered showers.\nIn the long range, this system may have ruined the holiday weekend, but it will be the driving mechanism in getting things moving again. This will allow milder air to eventually work it’s way in over the course of a three day process. As of now, Monday is looking fair and breezy, with highs in the mid to upper 60’s. The sun breaks out for Tuesday, with highs near 70. Then on Wednesday, warm air really starts to make its way in, with sunny skies and highs 70-75. We will continue to keep a close eye on everything as we have to wait and see which days the maritime influence fights back, and what days the warm air wins out. Either way, it looks like warm air finally wins out in a big way for the last week of May, with highs potentially in the 70’s and 80’s.\nDon’t be without Meteorologist Joe Cioffi’s weather app. It is really a meteorologist app because you get my forecasts and my analysis and not some automated computer generated forecast based on the GFS model. This is why your app forecast changes every 6 hours. It is model driven with no human input at all. It gives you an icon, a temperature and no insight whatsoever.\nIt is a complete weather app to suit your forecast needs. All the weather information you need is right on your phone. Android or I-phone, use it to keep track of all the latest weather information and forecasts. This weather app is also free of advertising so you don’t have to worry about security issues with your device. An accurate forecast and no worries that your device is being compromised.\nUse it in conjunction with my website and my facebook and twitter and you have complete weather coverage of all the latest weather and the long range outlook. The website has been redone and upgraded. Its easy to use and everything is archived so you can see how well Joe does or doesn’t do when it comes to forecasts and outlooks.\nJust click on the google play button or the apple store button on the sidebar for my app which is on My Weather Concierge. Download the app for free. Subscribe to my forecasts on an ad free environment for just 99 cents a month.\nGet my forecasts in the palm of your hand for less than the cost of a cup of Joe!", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://bespacific.com/climate-trace-2/", "date": "2024-02-26T21:15:23Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474663.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226194006-20240226224006-00535.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9128817915916443, "token_count": 201, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__201604722", "lang": "en", "text": "“Climate TRACE is a global non-profit coalition created to make meaningful climate action faster and easier by independently tracking greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with unprecedented detail and speed. We harness satellite imagery and other forms of remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and collective data science expertise to track human-caused GHG emissions with unprecedented detail and speed. Climate TRACE’s emissions inventory is the world’s first comprehensive accounting of GHG emissions based primarily on direct, independent observation. Our innovative, open, and accessible approach relies on advances in technology to fill critical knowledge gaps for all decision makers that rely on the patchwork system of self-reporting that serves as the basis for most existing emissions inventories.\nClimate TRACE emissions data is free and publicly available for download below. Each download package includes annual country-level emissions by sector and by greenhouse gas from 2015-2021, the applicable inventory of facility-level emissions, and facility-level ownership data where available.”", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://uwmcmahonlab.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/the-volta-experiment/", "date": "2018-06-23T23:18:59Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865438.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623225824-20180624005824-00264.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9732934236526489, "token_count": 161, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__121727255", "lang": "en", "text": "Bogs produce a potent greenhouse gas called methane. This gas is produced in the sediments of a bog by microbes called archaea. Some bacteria use methane as an energy source, but do not consume all of it before it reaches the surface. You may recognize methane as the major component of natural gas, which is of course flammable.\nAlessandro Volta performed an experiment in 1776 where he showed that gas from disturbed decaying plant matter could start on fire. Much later, it was discovered that this methane was produced by microbes. Today scientists perform the Volta Experiment with a large funnel. Below is a demonstration video from Rutgers – just remember, don’t try this at home! (But if you think this looks like fun, maybe you should consider a career in science!)", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://iclp2018.org/openconf/modules/request.php?module=oc_program&action=summary.php&id=172", "date": "2019-03-25T05:16:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203755.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325051359-20190325073359-00034.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9414860010147095, "token_count": 275, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__134879742", "lang": "en", "text": "Full Program »\nAnalysis on the Lightning Flash Activities Over Beijing Area Based on Beijing Lightning Network\nThe temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lightning activity in Beijing area were statistically analyzed by using the flash lightning data obtained by Beijing Lightning Location Network (BLNET) during 146 thunderstorms in 2015-17. The results showed that most of the 588,520 lightning flashes observed were cloud flashes (IC), which accounted for about 93.8% of the total lightning. Ground-flashes (CG) accounted for only a small fraction, accounting for only 16.2% of the total flashes. 11.7% of these CG flashes are positive flashes. The daily change in lightning activity is clearly a double-peak structure. The two peak periods are 14:00-22:00 (Beijing time, BST) and 23:00-the next day at 03:00. Through the analysis of the total lightning activity density, it is found that the lightning activity has inter-annual differences, but from the average of three years, there are several obvious high-value centers in the lightning activities in Beijing, mainly located in the northeast of Shunyi District, Beijing urban areas and the junction of Shunyi-Tongzhou-Beijing urban areas, the high value area of lightning density is closely related to dense population, heavy traffic and aerosol density.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.g-suntester.com/sale-8006255-gm816-wind-speed-meter-air-flow-velocity-thermometer-measuring-anemometer-for-windsurfing-sailing-fi.html", "date": "2023-03-28T14:47:45Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00628.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7233864068984985, "token_count": 492, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__57548589", "lang": "en", "text": "Payment & Shipping Terms:\n|Air Velocity:||0~30m/s||Air Temperature:||-10~45℃|\nThis Wind Speed Temperature Gauge Anemometer with LCD digital display is ideal for weather enthusiast or professional to measure air velocity and air temperature accurately.\nThis handy palm sized anemometer with strap for convenient carrying.\nAir velocity and temperature measurement.\nIdeal tool for windsurfing, sailing, fishing, kite flying and mountaineering.\nAlso use it for industrial and home purpose such as measuring wind speed.\nTemperature of CPU computer fans, air blower.\nLED back light design for operation under poor illumination.\nWind chill indication and Beaufort scale.\nCurrent / max / average wind speed reading.\nFive Units of Air Velocity: m/s, Km/h, ft/min, Knots, mph.\nPowered by a built-in 3V CR2032 battery.\nSmall size, lightweight and portable!!\nAir Velocity Specification:\nRange:0 - 30 m/s, 0 - 90 km/h, 0 - 5860 ft/min, 0 - 65 mph, 0 - 55 Knots.\nResolution:0.1 m/s, 0.3 km/h, 19 ft/min, 0.2 mph, 0.2 Knots.\nThreshold:0.1m/s, 0.3 km/h, 39 ft/min, 0.2 mph, 0.1 Knots.\nAir Temperature Specification:\nRange:Between -10°C and 45°C (between 14°F and 113°F)\nStorage Temperature:Between -40°C and +60°C, between -40°F and 140°F.\nCurrent Consumption:About 3mA\nOperating Humidity:Less than or equal to 90% RH.\nItem Size: 105 * 60 * 20mm", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://corymccartan.com/2020/02/weather/", "date": "2023-12-09T18:33:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100942.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209170619-20231209200619-00583.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9483802914619446, "token_count": 1207, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__138731060", "lang": "en", "text": "On September 5, 1997, Los Angeles set a city record for the most consecutive days without any rain: 198. Just last month, Seattle set a city record for having had rain every single day in January, except New Year’s Day.\nThese streaks highlight an important part of how we experience a place’s weather: it matters not just how hot it gets, or how much it rains, but also how long these kinds of weather stick around. Thus Mark Twain’s famous quote: “If you don’t like the weather in New England now, just wait a few minutes.”\nMathematically, one way to understand these patterns is through Markov chains, which are a fancy way of talking about the picture below. Suppose we live in Pleasantville, USA, and it’s sunny today. Tomorrow, there’s a 70% chance it will still be sunny, and a 30% chance it will rain. If it does rain tomorrow, then there’s a 40% chance it will rain again the day after that, and a 60% chance it will go back to being sunny. You can imagine your finger tracing out the weather pattern along the arrows.\nThinking of weather as a Markov chain gives us a lot of tools to understand its behavior. For example, we can calculate how often it will be sunny or rainy, and we can estimate how likely we are to have 198 days of sun in a row. Now—news flash!—the weather changes throughout the year, so we have to think about the probabilities in the diagram above as changing from day to day. Sunny streaks are more likely during the summer.\nBut if we allow for these changes, and we look at not just sun and rain but also clouds and snow, we can start to get an interesting picture of the weather in a place. The next section shows what happens when we use a statistical model to do this for the largest fifteen or so cities in the U.S. Try picking different cities in the drop-down menu and explore how their weather patterns differ.\n[Jump to the second half] [Jump to the methodology section]\nOne way in which cities differ is in how much their weather changes throughout the year—how “squiggly” the weather mix diagram from above is, to be precise. The figure below tries to measure this. Most East Coast cities have a broadly similar mix of sun and rain throughout the year. In contrast, cities like Miami, San Francisco, and Seattle have more clearly defined sunny and rainy seasons. (This is somewhat related to this excellent article about the predictability of weather across the U.S.)\nOther patterns are rather predictable. Ranking cities by the average length of their sunny streaks yields, predictably, cities in the South and West. Slightly less predictable is that Seattle’s sunny streaks are about as long as those of most cities in the Northeast and Midwest.\nThe patterns for rain are even less surprising: except for Seattle, San Francisco, and Miami, it rains for around 1.7 days at a time in most cities. Phoenix has the shortest average rainy streak, at just over 1.5 days.\nAnd on the subject of rain, it’s informative to look at how the amount of rain a city gets corresponds to the number of rainy days it gets. While for most cities these go hand in hand, in Seattle, rainfall is spread out over a much larger number of days. While the city receives less rain than D.C., New York, and Houston, it has more rainy days—over 140, on average—than any other major city in the U.S. Does this fairly qualify it for the title of “Rainiest City”? You decide.\nFitting the Markov chains\nGiven the weather on a day, the Markovianness of the process means that the weather on the next day is drawn from a categorical distribution, with probabilities given by the corresponding column in the transition matrix. The Markov chains used here are time-inhomogeneous: the transition matrix changes from day to day. The transition matrix probabilities were assumed to vary in time along Gaussian radial-basis splines (taking into account the modular nature of dates around year boundaries), with six knots spaced evenly throughout the year.\nThe transition probabilities at each knot were given a Dirichlet(1) prior; this, combined with the categorical likelihood, allowed for a slight computational shortcut. Each year was broken up into 53 weeks (with the last week shorter than 7 days), and the number of transitions from each kind of weather to the other, across all the years of data, was counted. Then these counts were modelled from a multinomial distribution, with transition probabilities coming from the above splines.\nOnce the model was fit to each city’s data (using Stan), a transition matrix could be drawn for every week (or day, if desired) of the year, and this transition matrix could be solved for its steady-state distribution using its eigendecomposition. This yielded the weather mixture charts.\nThe diagonal of the estimated transition matrices represent the probability of staying in the same weather state from one day to the next. Averaging these probabilities across the four weather types (a weighted average, with weights proportional to the steady-state probabilities) yielded a composite probability of maintaining the current weather. Markovianness then implies that the number of days at a certain state follows a geometric distribution; the average streak length is then easily calculated as the reciprocal of the probability of a change in the weather.\nWeather data came from NOAA’s database. A day was classified as cloudy if the sun shone for less than 30% of the day. Most cities’ weather stations had around 35 years where precipitation, snowfall, and cloud cover were measured every day.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.josephandersen.org/2008/08/04/wallace-and-hobbs-2-6-water-vapor-in-the-air/", "date": "2017-03-25T00:00:46Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188717.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00062-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8798794150352478, "token_count": 1394, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__257070173", "lang": "en", "text": "2.6 Water Vapor in the Airbr /br /2.6.1 Moisture Parametersbr /br /Mixing ratio: w = m_v/m_d – typically g_H2O/kg_airbr /br /Example 2.7: What is the partial pressure of water vapor, with mixing ratio 5.5g/kg with total pressure 1026.8mb?br /br /e = (m_v/M_w)*p/(m_d/M_d + m_v/M_w) = w/(w+eps) *p = 9mbbr /br /Example 2.8: Calculate the virtual temperature at T=30^oC with w=20g/kgbr /br /T_v = T(eps+w)/(eps+w*eps) = T(1+ 0.61w) = 33.69^oCbr /br /Saturation vapor pressure – equilibrium state between evaporation and condensation if there is enough moisture. The partial pressure of the moisture in this situation is the saturation vapor pressure – depends only on temperature – increases rapidly with increasing tempbr / br /Saturation mixing ratio – the associated mixing ratio:br /br /w_s = rho_vs/rho_d = e_s/(R_vT)/[(p-e_s)/(R_dT)] = 0.622 e_s/(p-e_s) ~0.622 e_s/pbr /br /Dew point – the temperature that a sample of air must be cooled to at constant pressure to arrive at saturation.br /br /Example 2.9br /For air at 1000mb, 18^oC and w = 6g/kg, what is the relative humidity and dew point? Using Pseudo-adiabatic charts – can locate saturation mixing ratio for this point – w_s = 12.9g/kg – so RH = 46.5%. The dew point can be located by finding the temperature at this pressure for which 6g/kg is the saturation value – 6.4^oCbr /br /Lifting condensation level – the level to which a parcel must be lifted adiabatically so that the pressure and temperature drop to the point where the vapor in the parcel is at saturation.br /br /2.6.2 Saturated- and Pseudo-adiabatic processesbr /When lifted, a parcel’s temperature decreases at the dry lapse rate until condensation occurs – at the LCL. Further lifting results in condensation, releasing latent heat and reducing the rate of cooling. If all the condensates are carried by the parcel, the process is still adiabatic and reversible: saturated adiabatic. If the condensates fall out immediately, then the process is irreversible and pseudo-adiabatic. The amount fo heat carried by the condensates is usually small and the pseudo-adiabatic and saturated adiabatic lapse rates are essentially the same.br /br /2.6.3 The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate = consider a lifted parcel undergoing condensation in a saturated-adiabatic manner:br /br /dq = cpdT + gdzbr /br /the heat released by condensation is dq = -Ldw_sbr /br /thus, br /br /dT/dz = -(L/c_p) dw_s/dz – g/c_p = -(L/c_p)(dw_s/dT)(dT/dz) – g/c_pbr /br /so, br /br /Gamma_s == -dT/dz = Gamma_d/[1+(L/c_p)(dw_s/dT)]br /br /This depends upon temperature and pressure and is always less than Gamma_d as the second term in the denominator is always positive.br /br /Example 2.10br /A parcel is intially @ 15^oC, 1000mb and T_dew = 2^oC. What is it’s LCL, and the temperature at that level? If it is lifted a further 200mb, what is its final temperature and how much moisture is condensed out?br /br /Again, this is solved using a pseudo-adiabatic chart. The initial point is located, and the amount of moisture is located from the dew point ~4.4g/kg The intersection of the saturation line from the dew point and the dry adiabat from the actual point determines the LCL at 830mb As we lift further, we follow a saturated adiabat to 630mb, where the temperature of the parcel is -0.5^oC and the saturation mixing ratio is 1.8g/kg – thus 2.6 g/kg of moisture must have condensed during the ascent.br /br /2.6.4 Equivalent potential temperaturebr /br /theta_e = theta exp(Lw_s/c_pT)br /br /the potential temperature of the parcel if all the vapour within is condensed and all the latent heat released go to thermal energy of the dry air. This quantity is conserved in both dry- and saturated- adiabatic motions. br /br /2.6.5 Normand’s rulebr /On a pseudo-adiabatic chart, the LCL of an air parcel is found at the intersection of the potential temperature line which passes through the locus of the parcel and the the pseudo-adiabat that passes through the wet-bulb temperature of the parcel at the same pressure. br /br /2.6.6 Effects of irreversible condensation processesbr /If any of the products of condensation are allowed to fall out as precipitation, the latent heat gained by the parcel will remain when the now drier parcel returns to its original level. The Net effect is increase in T and theta, reduction in w but no change in theta_ebr /br /Example 2.11 – a parcel at 950mb has a temperature of 14^oC and a mixing ratio of 8g/kg. What is the wet-bulb temperature? The air parcel is lifted to 700mb and 70% of the condensate is lost before it returns to 950mb. what is the new temperature, potential temp, wet bulb temp, mixing ratio.br /br /Again, this is solved using the chart.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://myplacehelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360020915952-What-is-a-Temperature-Humidity-Sensor-", "date": "2020-01-21T11:12:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00168.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7993611097335815, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__105998118", "lang": "en", "text": "A Temperature & Humidity Sensor measures relative humidity and ambient air temperature. It captures readings about once every 15 minutes.\nThe sensor can:\n- Detect conditions for mold and mildew (generally above 60% humidity)\n- Detect freezing conditions which may lead to frozen pipes and water leaks\n- Report temperatures from 32 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit (0 to 50 degrees Celsius)\n- Keep your expensive wine collection in check\n- Protect cigar humidors and pianos\nYou can use the sensor to detect conditions in your refrigerator or freezer, depending on the location and associated signal strength.\nUse the sensor indoors, away from rain.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.naijaupgrade.com/typhoon-mangkhut-14-killed-as-storm-batters-philippines/", "date": "2018-09-25T05:03:55Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161098.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925044032-20180925064432-00170.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.97580885887146, "token_count": 1133, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__207147462", "lang": "en", "text": "Some 14 people have been killed in a massive storm which brought destruction to the northern Philippines, a presidential adviser says.\nTyphoon Mangkhut ripped through the Philippines’ main island of Luzon, and is now moving west towards China.\nAlmost all buildings in the city of Tuguegarao sustained some damage, a government official said, and communications were down in places.\nThe storm packed winds of 185km/h (115mph).\nFour million people were in its path, and thousands were evacuated amid warnings of 6m (20ft) storm surges.\nFrancis Tolentio, a political adviser to President Rodrigo Duterte, said up to 14 people were killed as a result of the storm.\nTwo rescuers were killed trying to help people trapped in a landslide. Unverified reports say the body of a young girl was found in the Marikina river, which flows through Manila.\nThe evacuation centre in the coastal town of Aparri is also said to have been destroyed and phone networks are down.\nThe typhoon recalls memories of the deadliest storm on record in the Philippines – Super Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 – which killed more than 7,000. However, preparation and evacuation procedures have been improved since then.\n- In pictures: Philippines braces for super typhoon\n- How to survive a monster storm\n- Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones: What’s the difference?\nWhat is the latest?\nThe typhoon made landfall at Baggao, in the north-east of the Philippines, at about 01:40 local time on Saturday (17:40 GMT on Friday).\nAfter losing some of its wind speed over land, it was downgraded from a super typhoon and is now travelling with wind speeds equivalent to a category four hurricane.\nThe storm – known locally as Ompong – has a cloud diameter of about 900km and is heading west at about 30km/h.\nThe World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) billed the storm as the strongest tropical cyclone the world has faced so far this year.\nThe Philippine Red Cross shared footage of rising flood waters and winds ripping through towns on Saturday morning.\nThe typhoon is forecast to pass near Hong Kong on Sunday afternoon.\nAuthorities there have urged residents to stay indoors when the storm approaches. Weather experts say it may be the strongest tropical storm to hit the territory in decades.\nIn nearby Macau, shops have been boarded up and residents have been sticking tape on their windows.\nThe typhoon is expected to weaken into a tropical depression by Tuesday.\nHow prepared was the Philippines?\nAuthorities in the Philippines have said they were better prepared for the storm than in previous years.\nWarnings were issued in dozens of provinces. Travel by sea and air was restricted.\nFlights were cancelled, schools shut and the army was on standby.\nThe heavy rains triggered 42 landslides, officials said.\n- A guide to the world’s deadliest storms\n- How windy is a hurricane?\n- Reality Check: Are hurricanes getting worse?\n“We are really frightened,” Delaila Pasion, who had fled her home, told AFP news agency. “They say it is so strong, we were too scared to remain.”\n“During previous monsoon rains, half of our house was destroyed so I wanted to take my grandchildren to safety,” she told journalists.\nThe Philippines is routinely hit during the typhoon season.\nIn China, where the storm is predicted to hit late on Sunday or early on Monday, the authorities have raised storm alerts to “yellow”, which is the second level on the four-tier warning system.\nHigh-speed rail services have been cancelled in parts of the south, local media report.\nIs Hong Kong in danger?\nMangkhut may be classed as a super typhoon, again, by the time it passes, or hits, Hong Kong on Sunday.\nAt its current rate, forecasters say it could be the strongest typhoon they have seen since they started making records in the 1940s.\nResidents have been preparing. Tape has been stuck to the windows, creating ominous X-shapes on the front of homes and offices, and some bamboo scaffolding also appears to have been taken down or secured as a precaution.\nThis is a place used to preparing for approaching storms but they know this one is big, says the BBC’s Robin Brant.\nHowever, officials are taking no chances. They have asked people to stay indoors.\nAntoine Li, a government official at an emergency centre in the village of Tai O on the western coast of Hong Kong’s Lantau island, said residents must not underestimate the storm.\n“This typhoon will be very dangerous as it will arrive when everyone is sleeping and there is no way to leave. So we have called on residents to leave the village before it gets dark,” he told Reuters news agency.\nA shop owner in the village said: “Everyone is scared of the typhoon this time, very scared”, and they are more worried about the elderly living in stilt houses, who insisted on staying.\nShare this chatbot.\nHow have you been affected by the typhoon? Email firstname.lastname@example.org.\nPlease include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also contact us in the following ways:", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://automatedtechnews.com/mom-daughter-dead-after-mobile-home-flips-off-foundation-in-louisiana-cbs-news/", "date": "2019-01-20T06:32:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700734.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120062400-20190120084400-00444.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.969027578830719, "token_count": 911, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__156849763", "lang": "en", "text": "BREAUX BRIDGE, La. — Strong winds flipped a mobile home off its foundation Sunday in Louisiana, killing a mother and her 3-year-old daughter as a storm system with hurricane-force winds crawled across the Deep South, damaging homes and businesses.\nLouisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards put the entire state on “high alert” and warned residents to stay off the roads. He urged people to keep their cellphones charged and close by so that they could get severe weather alerts throughout Sunday night and Monday morning.\n“It is an extremely dangerous weather event,” he said.\nParts of Arkansas and Mississippi were also under a threat of tornadoes, but the bullseye was on Louisiana. The system brought unconfirmed tornadoes to the state as well as heavy thunderstorms, large hail and flash flooding.\nIn the rural community of Breaux Bridge, about 50 miles west of Baton Rouge, St. Martin Parish Sheriff’s Office spokeswoman Maj. Ginny Higgins told The Associated Press that a suspected tornado touched down soon after a warning was issued.\n“Seconds later it hit,” Higgins said. “It hit the trailer, flipped it and tore its side off. There was a mother and daughter inside and both were killed.”\nHiggins said 38-year-old Francine Gotch and 3-year-old Neville Alexander were pronounced dead at the scene. Witnesses told KLFY-TV that the father was out at the time and returned home to find the bodies amid the splintered debris.\nThe governor said powerful straight-line winds destroyed the mobile home. Typically after such damage, the National Weather Service will investigate and determine if the damage was caused by a tornado or straight-line winds.\nEdwards held an afternoon press conference, carried live by CBS affiliate WAFB-TV.\n“This is a severe weather event and it deserves all of our attention,” Edwards said.\n“This is a state-wide weather event and it pertains to everyone in Louisiana and could be an all-night event until Monday mid-morning,” he said.\nHe urged everyone to stay on guard as the storm passes through the state. National Weather Service warned that it was a “particularly dangerous situation.”\nThe Storm Prediction Center has placed portions of the state in the “high risk” category for tornadoes which is rare for Louisiana, the governor’s office said in a statement. That area extends from western-central Louisiana to north Louisiana, and it means that there is a threat of EF-2 — or greater — tornadoes.\nDamaging winds stronger than 75 mph, and large hail, are possible, the statement said. Significant tornado potential will spread across the lower Mississippi Valley into Sunday evening.\nMuch of the rest of the state is in the “moderate risk” to “enhanced risk” category, said the governor’s office. Excessive rainfall is also expected, with 3-6 inches or more falling in many areas by Monday morning.\n“The threat doesn’t end today,” said National Weather Service meteorologist John Hart in Oklahoma. “There’s also a significant risk for tomorrow in Mississippi into southern Alabama and so on as the system keeps moving.”\nFire officials in the Texas village of Point Venture said several people witnessed an apparent funnel cloud there Sunday morning. Travis County Emergency Services District 1 Fire Chief Donnie Norman said there were several structures with severe damage.\n“There was one home with pretty heavy damage. The roof was completely removed. There was one resident there at the time, but she received no major injuries,” Norman said.\nA Texas state trooper reported seeing a suspected tornado touch down early Sunday morning near Center Point, Texas, about 55 miles northwest of San Antonio, Texas. National Weather Service meteorologist Yvette Benavides said there were no reports of major or structural damage.\nThe National Weather Service’s Storm Prediction Center said the storms are likely to cause significant wind damage near the Interstate 20 corridor in east Texas and Louisiana throughout the day and into Sunday night. The center said there is a risk of baseball-sized hail and tornadoes, including strong ones, in those areas.\nIn Dallas, about 40,000 basketball fans had to make new plans after incoming storms forced officials to cancel outdoor activities on Sunday.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ogbeniwalor.wordpress.com/2013/10/18/nigeria-to-experience-2-eclipses-at-11pm-today-and-sunday/", "date": "2018-06-20T07:18:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863489.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620065936-20180620085936-00163.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.904106616973877, "token_count": 239, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__85463771", "lang": "en", "text": "Nigerians will experience a partial or rather penumbra lunar eclipse around midnight today, and a total solar eclipse on Sunday.\nAccording to The Guardian, the 2013 penumbral lunar eclipse will be visible as well throughout the Caribbean, Europe, Africa and Asia. A report from Discovery.com says: “For observers in Africa, Europe and western Asia, the eclipse will occur in the middle of the night when the moon is high overhead. The partial shading will be visible as the slight reddish dimming of the normally bright full moon”.\nThe partial eclipse would be visible in most parts of Nigeria between 10.53 p.m. today and 2.48 a.m. October 19, 2013. During the lunar eclipse today, part of the moon will skirt through only the outer edge of the earth’s shadow in what scientists call a penumbra lunar eclipse.\nWhile on Sunday, most parts of northern Nigeria, including Kaduna, are expected to experience total solar eclipse unlike other parts of the country like Lagos, which will experience only partial solar eclipse.\nThe last time Nigeria experienced a total solar eclipse was on March 29, 2006.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://news-en.com/how-to-view-the-orionid-meteor-shower-this-weekend/?noamp=mobile", "date": "2023-12-10T08:20:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101282.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210060949-20231210090949-00235.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8999471664428711, "token_count": 2570, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__231235320", "lang": "en", "text": "To view the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, find a dark location away from city lights. This weekend, skywatchers will have the opportunity to witness the Orionid Meteor Shower, a dazzling display of shooting stars that originates from the debris left by Halley’s Comet.\nTo make the most of this celestial event, enthusiasts should locate a dark area far from the glare of city lights, ideally on higher ground for a better vantage point. The shower is expected to peak during the predawn hours on October 20th and 21st, with an estimated rate of 20 meteors per hour.\nThe shower gets its name from the constellation Orion, as the meteors appear to radiate from this direction in the sky. Arm yourself with patience and look up to the stars for a captivating experience this weekend.\nAstronomy Basics For Stargazers\nUnderstanding the Orionid Meteor Shower phenomenon is essential for astronomy enthusiasts who want to maximize their viewing experience this weekend. Meteor showers are celestial events that occur when the Earth passes through a trail of debris left behind by a comet or asteroid. The Orionids, specifically, are associated with Halley’s Comet, a periodic comet that orbits the sun every 76 years.\nDuring the Orionid Meteor Shower, Earth’s atmosphere collides with the debris, causing the particles to burn up and create beautiful streaks of light across the sky. The best time to view the meteor shower is in the pre-dawn hours, as the radiant point (the spot where the meteors appear to originate from) lies in the constellation Orion.\nTo fully appreciate this phenomenon, find a location with minimal light pollution and give your eyes time to adjust to the darkness. Patience is key, as it may take around 20 minutes for your eyes to adapt and for you to start spotting meteors. Remember to dress warmly, bring a comfortable chair or blanket, and enjoy the awe-inspiring spectacle of nature.\nFinding The Ideal Spot For Meteor Watching\nWhen viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, it is crucial to find the perfect spot for optimal meteor gazing. One important factor to consider is the level of light pollution in your area. Evaluating the light pollution levels will help identify ideal locations for meteor viewing. Areas with minimal light pollution provide darker skies, enhancing visibility of the meteors. You can use online resources or mobile apps to access light pollution maps and determine areas with lower light pollution levels. Once you have identified potential locations, find spots with unobstructed views of the night sky to maximize your meteor watching experience. Look for open spaces away from city lights, tall buildings, and trees that may block your view. Remember to check the weather forecast and plan your outing accordingly, as clear skies contribute to better meteor visibility. So, prepare yourself for an incredible experience under the star-studded night sky.\nPreparing For Meteor Observation\nGearing up for the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend? Here’s a quick guide on how to prepare for the best meteor observation experience:\n|Gather essential supplies and equipment|\n|Meteor observation requires minimal equipment, but there are a few essentials you’ll want to have on hand:|\nLearn how to make yourself comfortable during the viewing by dressing appropriately for the weather conditions. Layer your clothing so you can adjust as needed. Bring pillows, cushions, or additional blankets to create a cozy setup. Avoid using bright lights and consider using a red flashlight or cover your flashlight with red cellophane to minimize light pollution and preserve your night vision.\nWeather Forecast And Moon Phase\nThe Orionid Meteor Shower is set to peak this weekend, offering a spectacular display of shooting stars. However, to fully enjoy this celestial event, it’s important to consider the weather conditions and the moon phase.\n|Check the weather forecast in your location to ensure clear skies. Cloud cover can hinder visibility, so it’s crucial to choose a night with minimal or no clouds. Websites and weather apps can provide accurate updates on cloud cover and atmospheric conditions.|\nAnother factor to consider is the moon phase. The brightness of the moon can affect the visibility of meteors. A full moon can create excessive light pollution, making it harder to spot the fainter meteor streaks. Ideally, aim to view the meteor shower during a moon phase with less moonlight interference, such as a crescent or quarter moon.\nBy checking the weather conditions and moon phase, you can maximize your chances of experiencing the Orionid Meteor Shower at its finest. Don’t forget to find a dark and open location away from city lights for optimal viewing. Happy stargazing!\nTiming Your Meteor Experience\nTo view the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, it is essential to determine the peak nights. The shower typically takes place from mid-October to early November, with the peak occurring around October 21-22. During these nights, the number of meteors visible per hour can reach up to 20 or more under favorable conditions. To enhance your viewing experience, find a location away from city lights with a clear view of the sky.\nFor optimal viewing, aim to find a spot with an unobstructed view to the southeast. This direction is where the meteors will appear to radiate from, near the constellation Orion. The best time to observe the shower is after midnight until dawn, as the Earth rotates towards the direction of the shower during this time.\nRemember to be patient while viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower, as it can take between 20-30 minutes for your eyes to adjust to the darkness. Avoid looking at any bright lights, including phone screens, as this can hinder your ability to see the faint meteors streaking across the sky.\nMaximizing Meteor Spotting Techniques\nWhen viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, it is important to understand the radiant point and its significance. The radiant point is the area in the sky from which the meteors appear to originate. In the case of the Orionid Meteor Shower, the radiant point is the constellation Orion. Knowing the radiant point allows the observer to focus their attention in the right direction and increase the chances of spotting meteors.\nThere are several techniques that can enhance the experience of observing meteors and meteor showers:\n- Choose a dark location away from city lights: Light pollution can hinder meteor spotting, so find an area with minimal light disturbance.\n- Watch during the peak hours: The best time to view the Orionid Meteor Shower is during the late night and early morning hours.\n- Use a comfortable chair or blanket: Observing meteors can require prolonged periods of looking up, so ensure you are comfortable during the viewing session.\n- Be patient: Meteors can appear sporadically, so it may take some time to spot them. Relax and give your eyes time to adjust to the darkness.\nBy applying these techniques, observers can maximize their chances of viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower and make the most of this celestial event.\nCapturing The Cosmic Event\nIf you’re planning to view the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend and capture the cosmic event through astrophotography, there are a few tips that can help you make the most of your experience. Firstly, make sure you have the right camera settings and equipment. To capture the fast-moving meteors, set your camera to manual mode and use a wide-angle lens with a low aperture to capture as much of the night sky as possible. Use a sturdy tripod to keep your camera steady during long exposures.\nNext, adjust your camera’s ISO settings to a high value, around 1600-3200, to capture the faint light of the meteors. You should also set a long exposure time, between 15-30 seconds, to capture multiple meteors in a single shot. Experiment with different exposure times to find the right balance for your specific shooting conditions.\nIn terms of equipment, consider using a remote shutter release or the camera’s built-in timer to minimize camera shake. Additionally, bring warm clothing and a comfortable chair to ensure a pleasant viewing experience as you wait for meteors to appear.\nSharing The Experience\nAre you ready to witness the magical Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend? Share the experience with your friends and loved ones by organizing a meteor shower watch party. Invite fellow stargazers and astronomy enthusiasts to join you in awe-inspiring night sky observation. Create a memorable event by setting up telescopes, providing comfortable seating arrangements, and even arranging some delicious snacks. Encourage everyone to bring their own blankets and chairs for a cozy viewing experience. Before the shower starts, share interesting facts about the meteor shower and the Orionid constellation. Guide your guests on how to spot the meteors and explain the science behind this celestial phenomenon. Engage in conversations, swap stories, and marvel at the beauty of nature’s light show. Capturing photographs of the meteors can make the night even more memorable, so don’t forget to bring your camera along.\nSafety Precautions During Meteor Watching\nWhen viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, it is essential to take certain safety precautions to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Protecting yourself from cold weather conditions is crucial during night-time observation. Wear several layers of warm clothing to keep yourself insulated, including a hat, gloves, and thick socks. Consider using hand and foot warmers to provide additional heat. It is also essential to have proper footwear to prevent slipping on wet surfaces or uneven terrain. Keep yourself hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids before and during the viewing. Additionally, use a flashlight with a red filter to preserve your night vision and minimize the risk of tripping or stumbling in the dark. By following these safety measures, you can fully immerse yourself in the beauty of the Orionid Meteor Shower without compromising your well-being.\nBonus Tip: Meteor Shower Etiquette\nIf you’re eager to witness the breathtaking Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend, it’s essential to adhere to proper meteor shower etiquette to ensure a respectful and enjoyable experience. Bear in mind the following guidelines:\n- Avoid using disruptive lights, like flashlights or cell phone screens, as they can hinder everyone’s ability to appreciate the celestial display.\n- Find a comfortable spot away from highly illuminated areas and light pollution to maximize your chances of spotting meteors.\n- Consider bringing a reclining chair or blanket to lie back and comfortably observe the night sky without straining your neck or back.\n- Be mindful of others by refraining from talking loudly or playing loud music. Silence and serenity contribute to a more immersive experience for everyone.\n- Remember to dress warmly and bring bug spray if needed, as meteor viewing often takes place during the late hours when temperatures can drop and insects might be present.\nFrequently Asked Questions Of How To View The Orionid Meteor Shower This Weekend\nWhere And When Can I See The Orionid Meteor Shower This Weekend?\nThe Orionid Meteor Shower can be seen all over the world, especially in areas with low light pollution. The best time to view it is after midnight until dawn on the 21st and 22nd of October.\nHow Many Meteors Can I Expect To See During The Orionid Meteor Shower?\nOn average, you can expect to see about 10 to 20 meteors per hour during the peak of the Orionid Meteor Shower. However, this number can vary depending on factors such as weather conditions and the presence of the moon.\nHow Should I Prepare For Viewing The Orionid Meteor Shower?\nTo prepare for viewing the Orionid Meteor Shower, find a location away from city lights with a clear view of the sky. Dress warmly, bring a blanket or chair for comfort, and give your eyes at least 30 minutes to adjust to the darkness.\nDon’t forget to bring snacks and drinks for a more enjoyable experience.\nWitnessing the magnificent Orionid Meteor Shower this weekend is an opportunity that shouldn’t be missed. By following simple tips for optimal viewing, such as finding a dark location away from city lights and being patient while scanning the sky, you can fully immerse yourself in this celestial spectacle.\nGrab a blanket, gather your loved ones, and get ready to experience the awe-inspiring beauty of shooting stars painting the night sky. Don’t miss your chance to make unforgettable memories under the heavens.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://tromsosafari.no/frequently-asked-questions-summer/", "date": "2018-08-18T05:12:29Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213286.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818040558-20180818060558-00593.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.954157292842865, "token_count": 253, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__62646242", "lang": "en", "text": "Frequently Asked Questions – Summer\n- What is the average temperature in Tromsø during the summer?\nThe average temperature in June, July and August is around 12 degrees Celsius. We may get temperatures of over 20 degrees Celcius, but then the next day it may be 8 degrees Celsius. The weather changes very rapidly.\n- What kind of clothes do you need in summer/autumn in Tromsø?\nWe recommend good outdoor shoes and clothes for outdoor activities. Always bring extra (rain) clothes if you go up into the mountains or out to sea. Remember that the weather can change from good to bad within the hour. Check the weather forecast (Yr.no) before you go out, but still always be prepared for bad weather.\n- What does: ‘midnight sun period’ mean?\nDuring the period from 18th of May until 25th of July the upper edge of the sun stays above the horizon at sea level at midnight. This is known as the midnight sun. In some places with mountains close by to the north, the sun may set behind these, so in order to see the midnight sun you should make sure you have a relatively free line of sight towards the west and north.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://nwarwx.com/wxspc1.php", "date": "2021-04-19T22:50:28Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038917413.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419204416-20210419234416-00231.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.909480631351471, "token_count": 678, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__173171198", "lang": "en", "text": "ACUS01 KWNS 191944\nSPC AC 191943\nDay 1 Convective Outlook\nNWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK\n0243 PM CDT Mon Apr 19 2021\nValid 192000Z - 201200Z\n...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF\nTHE CENTRAL FLORIDA PENINSULA...\nIsolated severe thunderstorms remain possible through early tomorrow\nmorning across parts of the central and southern Florida Peninsula.\nMinor changes have been made to the Day 1 Outlook. The northeast\nextent of the Marginal across the central FL Peninsula was trimmed,\nand severe probabilities across the Mid Atlantic were removed given\nconvective overturning of earlier storms. Thunder probabilities were\nalso removed from the Hudson Valley into New England as relatively\nshallower convection, driven by boundary-layer mixing, has struggled\nto support lightning flashes during peak heating. Otherwise, the\nrest of the forecast remains on track, with a gradual increase in\nthunderstorms and corresponding risk of severe hail, a damaging\ngust, or brief tornado expected across the west-central FL peninsula\n.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 1133 AM CDT Mon Apr 19 2021/\n...Central/southern Florida Peninsula...\nA corridor of convection continues to focus along a convectively\nreinforced boundary across the south-central Peninsula/Lake\nOkeechobee vicinity at midday. Destabilization through the afternoon\nwill likely be maximized to the south of the lingering midday\nconvection (where low/mid-level winds trend weaker), although some\nmeasure of air mass recovery could occur a bit north into more of\nthe central Peninsula in closer proximity to the synoptic front.\nAdditional cloud breaks/heating may allow for some renewed\ndevelopment/reinvigoration of storms this afternoon with a couple of\ndownbursts and/or marginally severe hail a possibility.\nA lull in deep convection is expected this evening into the\novernight as low-level winds become quite weak and convergence\nwanes. However, in response to the upstream shortwave trough\napproaching the northwest Gulf of Mexico, extensive convection is\nanticipated to form late tonight across the eastern Gulf. Some of\nthis convection may reach the west-central/southwest Florida\nPeninsula early Tuesday with some increase in severe risk.\n...Eastern North Carolina/far southeast Virginia...\nAhead of a low-amplitude shortwave trough crossing the Appalachians,\na modestly moist (around 60F surface dewpoints) and weakly unstable\nwarm sector resides across the region at midday in advance of a weak\nfront/surface trough. Thunderstorms will continue to develop across\nthe region through early afternoon before the warm sector shifts\noffshore by late afternoon (likely by 21Z/5pm EDT). As low-level\nlapse rates further steepen early this afternoon, instability may be\nsufficient in the presence of long/semi-straight hodographs (atop a\nnear-surface easterly component) to allow for some strong/locally\nsevere thunderstorms capable of hail and/or wind gusts.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://spinthecat.blogspot.com/2017/05/nyes-quadrant.html", "date": "2018-06-22T02:05:26Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864337.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622010629-20180622030629-00202.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9711132645606995, "token_count": 107, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__205589917", "lang": "en", "text": "\"Any reasonable read of Mr. Stephen’s first piece identifies some very important arguments that the climate activists have failed to address. The unrealistic confidence the climate activists have placed in their models even though those models are barely able to hindcast, let alone forecast. The growing divide between what climate scientists are saying about climate change and what the climate activists claim they are saying. Most importantly the growing disconnect between what the scientists are saying about the risks of climate change and public sentiment about the topic. The Climatariat was not pleased.\"", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://yaessayxkpc.cyclingjersey.us/air-pollution-research-papers.html", "date": "2018-08-15T00:01:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221209650.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180814225028-20180815005028-00408.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9195967316627502, "token_count": 784, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-34__0__211204871", "lang": "en", "text": "Planned air pollution research fiscal year 2009-2010 september 2009 i the statements and conclusions in this paper are not necessarily those of the california air resources board the mention of commercial products, their source. Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and infant mortality in india from across harvard university engaged in research, teaching the air pollution data cover about 140 cities. Indoor air pollution research paper write a report that can cover the indoor air pollution, under the development of the epa's new voluntary guidance document, healthy indoor environment protocols for home energy upgrades. Research paper: water pollution this is a long research paper about water pollution it isn't about my project, it is just related to it you don't have to read all of it.\nEnvironment term papers (paper 2101) on air pollution: in 1948, the industrial town of donora, pennsylvania suffered 28 deaths because of the thick smog air pollution is an ecological problem having to do term paper 2101. Pollution research is one of the leading enviromental journals in world and is widely subscribed in india and abroad by institutions and individuals in industry, research and govt departments. Free college essay air pollution air pollution air pollution is a general term for a variety of substances and gases in our air that pose. Phd thesis on genomes air pollution research paper homework help hotline phone number how to write essay my village. Science essays online air pollution research paper custom homework on books dissertation proposal defense meeting. Discussion papers are research materials circulated by their exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of of disease and mortality.\nAirports are some of the largest sources of air pollution in the united states we demonstrate that daily airport runway congestion contributes significantly to local pollution levels and contemporaneous health of residents living nearby and downwind from airports our research design exploits the. Sacramento - governor edmund g brown jr announced july 21st that steve cliff, associate professional researcher iii at the air quality research center and the institute of transportation studies at uc davis since 2011, has been appointed assistant director of sustainability at the california. Atmospheric pollution research (apr) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution papers should present. Air pollution and health discussion paper by the energy and resources institute karnika palwa (research associate, teri) reviewer meena sehgal (fellow, teri) sumit sharma (fellow recommends policy measures to reduce the health impact from air pollution the focus of the paper is 2.\nAtmospheric pollution research (apr) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales.\nDisclaimer: free essays on environment posted on this site were donated by anonymous users and are provided for informational use only the free environment research paper (air pollution essay) presented on this page should not be viewed as a sample of our on-line writing service. Air pollution research papers - entrust your projects to the most talented writers proofreading and proofediting aid from best specialists all sorts of writing services & research papers. View air pollution research papers on academiaedu for free. Management research and practice volume 4, issue 3 / september 2012 issn impacts so the paper deals with the study of air pollution caused by the automobiles in the city of bangalore a study on air pollution by automobiles in bangalore city. Bj homework helper air pollution research paper chih yao chang dissertation homework help forums. Here are a few argumentative essay topics on air pollution that are going to prove helpful in a long term perspective one freelance limited - custom writing service that provides online custom written papers, such as term papers, research papers, thesis papers.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://vjews.com/en/news/9202/more-stormy-weather-on-the-way-today-vvv", "date": "2017-03-26T22:45:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189313.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00580-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9189381003379822, "token_count": 270, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__214810171", "lang": "en", "text": "Wednesday is expected to see rain and thunderstorms in the center of the country, the weekend is expected to be dry and hot.\nIsrael can look forward to its first dry weekend in over three weeks.\nWednesday's forecast however will see heavy rains during the day in the center and south of the country. The morning will be cloudy with light showers beginning towards mid day that by nightfall will turn to heavy rain with a chance of thunderstorms and hail.\nDue to the rains there is the possibility of flooding in the central region and flash-flooding in the south.\nThursday's forecast calls for a light rain in the north and along the coastal area. Later on in the day the weather will stabilize and the rain is expected to cease.\nWarm weather will be coming for the weekend, bringing a rise in temperature and dryness.\nExpected temperatures for Israel on Wednesday are 15° C in the Golan, in the northern mountains 12° C, in Nazareth 15° C, Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) 18° C, Haifa 17° C, Tel Aviv and coastal plain 17° C, Ariel 12° C, Jerusalem 11° C, Be'er Sheva 16° C, southern mountains 12° C, Dead Sea area 20° C, Eilat 21° C.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://lightpaths.net/2022/07/18/clouds-vicky-dennison/", "date": "2023-10-01T16:34:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00484.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9302330017089844, "token_count": 307, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__279421448", "lang": "en", "text": "I have been frequently photographing clouds on the southern coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula during the winter of 2022 influenced by the gallery of cloud photos of The Cloud Appreciation Society. So it was great to come across another photographer with an interest in clouds. Vicky Dennison has a more sophisticated, conceptual and systematic approach to clouds than my casual, off the cuff snapshots.\nThere is a gallery of her series of cloud photos on Light Paths.\nThere is much food for thought in this series of clouds as a radically, dynamic object caught in a process of perpetual transfiguration. A cloud can be understood as being in a perpetual drift away from itself.\nDennison’s cloud photography is more sophisticated and systematic than the snapshot approach because it ranges far and wide across the state and explores the different cloud formations in the different seasons and territories. An Australian reference point is Greg Wayn’s black and white Clouds published in 2014.\nBroader and more historical reference points in the art world are Constable’s Cloud Studies, John Ruskin’s writings on clouds in which he highlighted the effects of human industrial activity on the atmosphere over the cities and natural landscapes, Alfred Stieglitz’s Equivalents, and Gerhard Lang’s Cloud Walks. These reference points provide a rich history of artistic approaches to clouds that is worthwhile exploring as indicated by this article that connects Ruskin’s storm clouds, the new climate and Victorian aesthetics with the present.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.airgaia.fr/en/demetair-freecooling-2/", "date": "2023-12-05T06:07:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100545.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205041842-20231205071842-00619.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8627955317497253, "token_count": 247, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__98084636", "lang": "en", "text": "Dehumidification system with freecooling function\nThermodynamic dehumidifier with freecooling function\nDEMET’AIR FREECOOLING is a thermodynamic dehumidification system designed to meet the temperature and humidity requirements for greenhouse cultivation.\nDEMET’AIR FREECOOLING uses thermodynamic technology to dehumidify the air in the greenhouse. This technology extracts humidity from the air and condenses it, creating a more favourable environment for plant growth.\nDEMET’AIR FREECOOLING has a freecooling function that allows the greenhouse to be cooled on hot days by using outside air. Often greenhouses are much warmer than the outside, reaching a difference of 5, 10 or even 15°C. The temperature remains too high for the crop even with ventilation via vents. To solve this problem, the freecooling function is used to draw in fresh air from outside and blow it into the greenhouse via the dehumidifier fan. The parameters for activating this function are defined in the controller, such as the maximum temperature in the greenhouse, the minimum temperature outside and the outdoor humidity. Compared to adiabatic cooling, this system is simpler and more economical.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.cleanairpartnership.org/why-half-a-degree-matters-so-much/", "date": "2023-06-02T06:34:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00329.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9449809193611145, "token_count": 857, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__43957204", "lang": "en", "text": "In 2021, North America witnessed severe heatwaves and searing wildfires in British Columbia, California, and other parts of the west. Lytton, BC recorded a Canadian record high temperature of 49.6˚C on June 30th, before being completely destroyed by wildfire on June 31st. In Ontario, a record-breaking 120 mm of rainfall fell within 48 hours in London in September 2021, causing intense flooding. Collectively, all these events present local evidence of a planet in the grip of weather extremes fueled by rising carbon emissions.\nThe Canadian Institute for Climate Choices in their Tip of the Iceberg report (2020) found that the combined losses per weather-related disaster soared in just four decades by 1250% – from an average of $8.3 million per event in the 1970s to an average of $112 million between 2010–2019.\nAs part of the Paris Agreement on climate change, countries committed to keeping global warming well below 2˚C above pre-industrial levels while trying to limit the temperature increase to 1.5˚C. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) examined the difference in impacts between a 1.5˚C and 2˚C temperature increase. Their findings suggest that the world will face severe climate impacts even with 1.5˚C of warming, and the impacts will worsen significantly with a 2˚C rise.\nThe IPCC Special Report found that at 2˚C warming, countries like Canada will see an increase in heavy rainfall events compared to 1.5˚C warming. More Canadian municipalities will get impacted by flooding and increased runoff. Recent costs of extreme precipitation and related events for Ontario’s municipalities include – in July 2021, severe thunderstorms and a resultant tornado destroyed 150 homes leading to $75 million in insured damages in Barrie, Ontario. A May 2018 wind and rainstorm in Hamilton & the GTA resulted in losses of over $500m. These events are likely going to multiply if the temperature rises by 2˚C.\nAt Earth’s mid-latitudes, the hottest days will be up to 3˚C hotter at 1.5˚C global warming and up to 4˚C warmer at 2˚C warming. Eastern North America will face some of the warmest extreme temperatures. The soaring temperatures seen in British Columbia in the summer of 2021 indicate that huge temperature spikes can occur where they are least expected. This single event led to more than 560 deaths. At warming above 1.5˚C, residents of twice as many cities are likely to become heat stressed, potentially leading to extreme heat exhaustion and death.\nA 2°C increase could also lead to expansion and shifts in the geographic range of vector-borne diseases. The number of people infected with vector-borne diseases is projected to increase. For example, rising temperatures in Canada have led to a range expansion of ticks carrying Lyme disease. In Ontario, 1003 cases of Lyme disease were reported in 2017, which is three times higher than the annual average of 313 cases from 2012 to 2016.\nBesides these, there are numerous impacts associated with the rising temperatures that are difficult to quantify including a rise in concentrations of ground-level ozone impacting the health of people, mental health impacts on people due to weather-related disasters, changing precipitation conditions making homes uninhabitable, threatening drinking water supplies and increasing food insecurity to name a few.\nMunicipalities have influence over roughly 50% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada. Despite constrained resources, now, more than ever, municipalities are working towards stronger climate actions. To limit their greenhouse gas emissions, the City of Edmonton was the first in Canada to create a 135 Mt carbon budget and more municipalities are following the lead. Across Canada, municipalities are adopting Green Development Standards to create cleaner, more cost-effective, and energy-efficient communities in the future. Climate change inclusion needs to occur within various municipal plans for well-rounded decision-making. Sharing successes and lessons learnt with their peers will help municipalities take collaborative and strong climate action.\nBy, Devanshi Kukadia, Research and Communications Manager", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://hi.julfans.com/info-detail/can-large-industrial-ceiling-fans-reduce-air-humidity", "date": "2024-04-24T13:18:39Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819273.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424112049-20240424142049-00106.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9105718731880188, "token_count": 326, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__33302519", "lang": "en", "text": "Large industrial ceiling fans can effectively reduce the temperature of the factory warehouse, but can they reduce air humidity?\nAir humidity is a concept that expresses the water vapor content and degree of humidity in the air. In some warehouse workshops such as food, tobacco, textiles, medicinal materials, chemical products, steel hardware, etc., there are certain requirements for the humidity in the air. If the humidity is too high, it may cause dampness, mildew, corrosion, and deterioration of the stored items. The indoor air standard released by the state indicates that the comfortable humidity of the human body is 40%-80% relative humidity in summer and 30%-60% in winter. Therefore, if the relative humidity in the air is too high, it will also affect the working conditions of factories and warehouses. Physical comfort affects work efficiency. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of cargo storage or personnel operation, the workshop warehouse needs to control the air humidity.\nThe airflow formed by the huge blades of a large industrial ceiling fan is pushed from top to bottom to the ground in a conical shape and flows horizontally to the ground. After encountering side barriers or horizontal airflow from adjacent fans, it is pushed upward to the roof. Quickly exchange with outdoor fresh air through doors, windows, or roof fans, which reduces the retention of indoor moisture, can effectively reduce indoor air humidity, and can relatively adjust the indoor air humidity by adjusting the speed of industrial large ceiling fans, regardless of whether the workshop or warehouse is right There are humidity requirements for cargo storage or personnel operations, and large industrial ceiling fans can meet the function of reducing humidity.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.buenos-aires.climatemps.com/august.php", "date": "2018-06-19T08:28:25Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861981.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619080121-20180619100121-00515.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7588218450546265, "token_count": 632, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__93300451", "lang": "en", "text": "| < August >\n|Normal Max/ High Temperature\n|Min/ Low Temperature\n|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)\n|Average Sunlight per day\n|Average Daylight per day\n|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours\n|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.\n- The average temperature in Buenos Aires in August is quite mild at 12.3 °C (54.14 °F).\n- Afternoons can be very mild with average high temperatures reaching 17.1 °C (62.8 °F).\n- Overnight temperatures are generally a little cool with an average low of 8.3 °C (46.9 °F).\n- In August the average daily temperature range/ variation is 8.8 °C (15.8 °F).\n- The weather in August is marginally dry with intermittent rain. Only 69.8mm (2.7in) of fluid falls during an average of 8 days.\n- The heavens above Buenos Aires are reasonably fine having on average a moderate 6:00 of dazzling sunlight per day.\n- The shortest day is 10:24 long and the longest day is 11:22 long with an average length of 10:52.\n- There are approximately 4:43 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.\n- It is sunny approximately 55.9% of daylight hours and cloudy 44.1% of daylight hours.\nCheck the distance to and compare the Buenos Aires August averages with somewhere beginning with:\nA | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All\nWeather Trend Graph for August in Buenos Aires, Argentina\nNavigate to August Weather in Locations Surrounding Buenos Aires:\n- Paso De Los Toros, Uruguay - 268.5 kms (166.8 miles) NE\n- Mercedes, Uruguay - 153.1 kms (95.2 miles) NNE\n- Colonia, Uruguay - 67.3 kms (41.8 miles) ENE\n- Aeroparque B. Aires, Argentina - 6.4 kms (4 miles) ENE\n- Carrasco, Uruguay - 227.6 kms (141.5 miles) E\n- Montevideo, Uruguay - 210.8 kms (131 miles) E\n- Prado, Uruguay - 210.4 kms (130.7 miles) E\n- La Plata, Argentina - 68.2 kms (42.4 miles) SE\n- Punta Del Este, Uruguay - 321.4 kms (199.7 miles) E\n- Punta Indio, Argentina - 139.8 kms (86.9 miles) SE\n- Dolores, Argentina - 207.9 kms (129.2 miles) SSE", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.visitcarterville.com/uncategorized/snow-ice-and-falling-temperatures/", "date": "2024-04-15T19:34:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817014.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415174104-20240415204104-00300.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9264412522315979, "token_count": 249, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__78838288", "lang": "en", "text": "Freezing precipitation and snow is expected on Thursday and extremely low temperatures and wind chills are forecasted through the weekend. The City of Carterville has been taking steps this week to prepare for the incoming weather, including insulating vulnerable water valves and meters and strategically pre-treating intersections on snow routes. Because of the rain expected before the snow, full pre-treatment of all streets will cause a loss of road salt from rain water washing the salt down the storm drains.\nWe ask that residents avoid unnecessary travel during the precipitation and over the next three days. In the event of an issue with water/sewer or roads outside of City Hall’s normal hours of operation, please call the Carterville Fire Department’s non-emergency line at 618-985-8060. If there is an emergency, please call 911.\nAlthough our Street Department plans to keep all roads clear, the possibility of black ice before the snow and single digit temperatures will create many challenges. The City will be focused on making designated snow routes passable first, then working outward into neighborhoods. Attached below is a link to the map of Carterville Snow Routes. Please be safe during the coming days and Happy Holidays!", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.lubbocks969thebull.com/weather/cool-day-with-light-precipitation-expected-starting-overnight/article_3c97e431-7682-532c-9e93-7de537050873.html", "date": "2021-01-21T15:04:44Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524858.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121132407-20210121162407-00578.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9345090985298157, "token_count": 261, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-04__0__188229040", "lang": "en", "text": "The front has pushed well south of our area leading to good rainfall this morning across the Hill Country and the Houston area. We are left with much cooler temperatures with around a twenty degree drop in highs from yesterday, high near 53. Partly sunny with a breezy northeast wind 15-20mph.\nTONIGHT: A upper level low will push east across New Mexico bringing good lift across our area. We don't have a lot of moisture, but enough to get some light precipitation. With freezing/ near freezing morning temperatures, light snow with little to no accumulation expected. Also, some light showers when temperatures aren't freezing into Saturday morning.\nWEEKEND: It stays cloudy and cold Saturday with the high only warming to the low 40s. The chance for any precipitation will begin clearing from west to east. Rain amounts staying light with some locations a tenth of an inch. Clouds begin to clear early Sunday, then sunny but cool again. Northerly wind increases 15-25mph for another breezy day.\nNEXT WEEK: Temperatures will climb and drop through the week with the warmest day Tuesday. Morning temperatures below freezing and frigid Monday morning. Wind speeds increase again with the next front to drop us back to the 40s Wednesday.\n-Meteorologist Bobby Johnston", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://fifephotosandart.wordpress.com/2015/08/03/cloudscapes-on-the-lomond-hills-in-early-july/", "date": "2023-05-31T03:03:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00691.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9696371555328369, "token_count": 327, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__192485625", "lang": "en", "text": "At the beginning of July, whilst we still had a summer, I took a trip up to Craigmeade on the Lomond Hills, in Fife. For the map of this location, click here.\nIt seems crazy it was only a month ago, Autumn seems to have arrived very early this year just a few days after I took these photos.\nThe beginning of the morning was completely cloudless, but by 10 am wisps of clouds had started to develop on the tops of the Lomond Hills.\nBy mid morning, I was able to watch the clouds developing over the top of Falkland Hill, one of the high points on the Lomond Hills.\nBy late morning the clouds had begun to develop in earnest, as the warmer air pushed the moist air higher over the hills.\nBetween the thicker cloud there was some wonderful high level cirrus clouds. these clouds consist almost totally of small ice crystals due to the altitude at which they form. The lower fluffier clouds (nimbostratus) consist of small droplets of water, and generate rain, something we have seen plenty of this summer.\nOn my walk back up the valley, heading towards the Craigmeade car park, I noticed how you could now make out the line of the North fife Hills, from the band of nimbostratus cloud in the distance.\nComing up soon, the flowers and insects that I saw on this brief walk.\nIf you have any questions or would like to comment on this or any other post, please feel free to use the comment section below.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.veltha.eu/blog/a-breath-of-fresh-air-examining-air-pollution-in-the-european-union/", "date": "2023-06-09T14:15:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00523.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.942047119140625, "token_count": 1298, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__272410740", "lang": "en", "text": "A Breath of Fresh Air: Examining Air Pollution in the European Union\nThe amount of air pollution in the EU has not yet reached desirable levels, but is still contributing to worsened air conditions and causing serious diseases. The EU has created several targeted actions to actively reduce pollution, including aligning EU standards with recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and set common standards across the EU: The Ambient Air Quality Directives (Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC).\nAir quality in Europe has been a major concern for the European Union (EU) in recent years. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 90% of the world’s population breathes polluted air, and this has serious consequences for human health. In Europe, poor air quality is responsible for over 400,000 premature deaths each year, making it a leading cause of preventable death in the region.\nTo address this issue, the EU has implemented a number of measures in recent years to improve air quality. One of the key initiatives has been the adoption of the National Emissions Ceiling Directive, which sets limits on the levels of certain pollutants that can be emitted in each member state. The directive aims to reduce levels of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air, as these pollutants have been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature death.\nIn addition to this, the EU has also established a number of other initiatives to improve air quality. For example, the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) program initiated in 2001, aims to reduce air pollution by promoting the use of cleaner technologies and fuels, and by encouraging the development of sustainable transport systems. The EU also supports the development of green infrastructure, such as green roofs, green walls, and urban green spaces, which can help to reduce air pollution by absorbing and filtering pollutants from the air.\nDespite these efforts, there are still significant challenges to improving air quality in Europe. One major obstacle is the continued use of fossil fuels, which are a major source of air pollution. The EU is working to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, but this transition will take time and will require significant investment in cleaner technologies and infrastructure.\nAnother challenge is the growing trend of urbanization in Europe, which is leading to increased traffic and congestion in cities. This can result in higher levels of air pollution, particularly from vehicles, which are a major source of NOx and PM. To address this, the EU is promoting the development of low-emission transport systems, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, as well as encouraging the use of public transport and active modes of travel, such as walking and cycling.\nIn conclusion, air quality in Europe is a major concern, with poor air quality responsible for over 400,000 premature deaths each year. The EU has implemented a number of measures in recent years to improve air quality, including the National Emissions Ceiling Directive and the Clean Air for Europe program. However, there are still significant challenges to improving air quality, including the continued use of fossil fuels and the growth of urbanization. To address these challenges, the EU will need to continue to invest in cleaner technologies and infrastructure and promote sustainable transport solutions.\nWhere does Circular Economy fit in this equation?\nFirstly, a Circular Economy aims to reduce waste and maximize the use of resources by design, which can help to reduce the environmental impact of production and consumption. This can include the use of renewable resources and the implementation of closed-loop systems, where waste is recycled or reused instead of being discarded. By reducing the demand for raw materials and the amount of waste generated, a circular economy can help to reduce the pollution associated with resource extraction and disposal.\nSecond, a Circular Economy can also promote the use of cleaner technologies and processes. For example, the reuse of materials can reduce the need for energy-intensive production processes, which can result in lower greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality. In addition, a circular economy can encourage the adoption of more efficient and cleaner technologies, such as renewable energy sources, which can further reduce pollution and improve air quality.\nThird, a Circular Economy can also help to reduce the environmental impacts of transportation, which is a major source of air pollution in Europe. For example, a circular economy can promote the use of sustainable transport systems, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, which emit fewer pollutants than traditional internal combustion engines. In addition, a circular economy can also encourage the use of public transport and active modes of travel, such as walking and cycling, which can help to reduce congestion and improve air quality in urban areas.\nOverall, a transition to a Circular Economy can have a number of positive effects on air quality, including the reduction of waste and resource use, the adoption of cleaner technologies and processes, and the promotion of sustainable transport solutions.\nIn conclusion, the European Union (EU) has implemented a number of measures to address the major concern of poor air quality in the region, which is responsible for over 400,000 premature deaths each year. These measures include the National Emissions Ceiling Directive and the Clean Air for Europe program, as well as efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels and promote sustainable transport solutions. The adoption of a Circular Economy approach can also play a role in improving air quality by reducing waste and resource consumption, promoting the use of cleaner technologies and processes, and encouraging the development of green infrastructure. However, significant challenges remain in addressing the issue of air quality in Europe, including the continued reliance on fossil fuels and the impact of urbanization. It will be important for the EU to continue to prioritize and invest in initiatives that address these challenges and work towards improving the air quality in the region.\nLeave a Reply", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.wsntimes.com/news/india/Monsoon-Update:-Delayed-Arrival-Predicted,-Kerala-to-Witness-Rainfall-by-June-5th", "date": "2023-12-05T16:27:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205140836-20231205170836-00594.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9508088827133179, "token_count": 771, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__233809976", "lang": "en", "text": "Monsoon Update: Delayed Arrival Predicted, Kerala to Witness Rainfall by June 5th\nThe much-awaited southwest monsoon is predicted to arrive in Kerala later than usual this year, bringing unfavorable news for farmers across the country. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that the start of the southwest monsoon in the southern state will be postponed by four days. Typically, the monsoon makes its first appearance in Kerala around June 1st, marking the official commencement of the rainy season in India. Last year, in 2022, the monsoon reached Kerala on May 29th, while in 2021, it arrived on June 1st.\nDespite the delay, meteorological experts suggest that the monsoon is likely to remain within normal parameters this year. The IMD's earlier announcement indicated that the Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall is expected to be around 96%. When rainfall falls between 90% and 95% of the LPA, it is considered below normal. If\nthe rainfall ranges from 96% to 104% of the LPA, it is deemed normal. Rainfall between 104% and 110% of the LPA is classified as above normal, while above 110% is considered excess rainfall, and below 90% is categorized as deficient rainfall.\nThe timely arrival and adequate distribution of monsoon rainfall are crucial for India's agriculture sector, as approximately 70% of the country's rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon season. The availability of water from monsoon rains is a lifeline for 70% to 80% of farmers who depend on irrigation for their crops. Consequently, their crop yields are significantly influenced by the performance of the monsoon, be it good or bad. A poor monsoon can exacerbate inflationary pressures, further burdening the farmers.\nIn addition to its impact on agriculture, the monsoon also plays a vital role in overall food grain production.\n“ Stay ahead of the news with WSN TIMES. We delivers the latest, most accurate and relevant information on politics, business, sports, entertainment and more. Get informed, always. ”\nIf the rainfall remains normal, the country can expect to maintain a healthy food grain production level. This forecast brings hope for relief from rising prices and potential stability in food supplies. The sowing of summer crops usually begins around June 1st, coinciding with the arrival of the monsoon in India. The sowing process continues until August. Hence, the timely and adequate monsoon rainfall is vital for a successful agricultural season.\nIt is essential to note that the official declaration of monsoon onset is made based on specific criteria. The announcement is made when at least 8 out of 14 designated stations in Kerala, Lakshadweep, and Karnataka report a minimum of 2.5 millimeters of rainfall for two consecutive days. This criterion ensures a comprehensive assessment of the monsoon's progress and widespread impact in the region.\nStay informed and prepared for the\ndelayed monsoon this year. Keep track of the latest weather updates from the IMD and local meteorological authorities. By staying updated, farmers can plan their agricultural activities accordingly, making the best use of available resources and minimizing potential risks.\nIn conclusion, while the southwest monsoon is anticipated to arrive later than usual in Kerala, the overall outlook suggests a normal monsoon with expected rainfall within the Long Period Average range. This news brings optimism for farmers and the general public, as it signals the possibility of adequate food grain production and potential relief from inflationary pressures. By closely monitoring the monsoon's progress and adjusting farming practices accordingly, farmers can optimize their yields and contribute to the nation's agricultural stability.\nRemember to stay connected to reliable sources for accurate and up-to-date information on the monsoon's progress and its impact on various regions.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ameripics.wordpress.com/2013/08/27/black-sunday-april-14-1935/", "date": "2018-06-22T01:18:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864337.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622010629-20180622030629-00199.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9672490954399109, "token_count": 1000, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__80256427", "lang": "en", "text": "I was born in 1946, several years after the drought on the Great Plains of the US broke. Rain started falling again in 1939, putting the end of the “Dust Bowl” in sight. I had heard of the Great Depression era Dust Bowl that started in 1930 all my life. But I just connected the “dust” with how DRY the land was, where folks couldn’t grow crops. I knew that wind often blew the dust around, but I pictured in my mind’s eye just some swirls of dust.\nIt was only a few years ago that, for the first time, I saw a pic with one of these monster “rolling” dust clouds, as shown above, enveloping buildings and whole towns and cities. They could be more than a mile high, and up to 200 miles wide! It would be just like a mountain range rolling toward you! I was dumbfounded. To realize that they ravaged much of the country, sometimes all the way from just east of the Rockies to the East Coast, is mind-boggling. To realize that the conditions that ultimately led to them were in large measure “man-caused” is even more mind-boggling. I had always thought that the whole “Dust Bowl era” was just a “freak of nature.”\nFrom Wiki article, Dust Bowl:\nThe Dust Bowl, or the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought combined with a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion.\nExtensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains in the preceding decade had displaced the natural deep-rooted grasses that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. Rapid mechanization of farm implements, especially small gasoline tractors and widespread use of the combine harvester, were significant in the decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.\nDuring the drought of the 1930s, without natural anchors to keep the soil in place, it dried, turned to dust, and blew away with the prevailing winds. At times, the clouds blackened the sky, reaching all the way to East Coast cities such as New York City and Washington, D.C.. These immense dust storms – given names such as “black blizzards” and “black rollers” – often reduced visibility to a few feet (a meter) or less.\n… beginning on May 9, 1934, a strong, two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl. The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago, where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust. Two days later, the same storm reached cities in the east, such as Buffalo, Boston, Cleveland, New York City, and Washington, D.C. That winter (1934–1935), red snow fell on New England.\nFromWiki article, Black Sunday:\nBlack Sunday refers to a particularly severe dust storm that took place on April 14, 1935, as part of the Dust Bowl. It was one of the worst dust storms in American history and it caused immense economic and agricultural damage.\n…Musicians and songwriters began to reflect the Dust Bowl and the events of the 1930s in their music. Woody Guthrie, a singer/songwriter from Oklahoma, wrote a variety of songs documenting his experiences living during the era of dust storms. One of his songs, “Great Dust Storm”, describes the events of Black Sunday. An excerpt of the lyrics follows:\nOn the 14th day of April of 1935,\nThere struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky.\nYou could see that dust storm comin’, the cloud looked deathlike black,\nAnd through our mighty nation, it left a dreadful track.\nFrom Oklahoma City to the Arizona line,\nDakota and Nebraska to the lazy Rio Grande,\nIt fell across our city like a curtain of black rolled down,\nWe thought it was our judgement, we thought it was our doom.\nKen Burns did a major series on the Dust Bowl that first aired on PBS in 2012. It is now available for viewing on Youtube. Check out the five minute trailer for the series below, that has a number of film clips of what it was like during one of these storms, and some short interviews with survivors. If you find it of interest and would like to see the whole series, just type “Ken Burns dust bowl” in the search engine on Youtube.com", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://allbanglanewspaper.medium.com/amphan-likely-to-cross-bangladesh-coast-between-tuesday-and-wednesday-a6ee02d03e13?source=post_internal_links---------6----------------------------", "date": "2022-06-27T16:56:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103337962.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627164834-20220627194834-00624.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9581183791160583, "token_count": 442, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__145979432", "lang": "en", "text": "‘Amphan’ likely to cross Bangladesh coast between Tuesday and Wednesday\nThe severe cyclonic storm ‘Amphan’ may cross Bangladesh coast, between Khulna-Chattogram, between Tuesday late night and Wednesday evening.\nThe storm moved northwards and now lies over the west central Bay and adjoining south Bay, according to the latest special weather bulletin of Bangladesh Meteorological Department.\nIt was centred, at 6:00am today, about 1,150km south-southwest of Chattogram Port, 1,090km south-southwest of Cox’s Bazar Port, 1070km south-southwest of Mongla Port and 1,050km south-southwest of Payra port, the bulletin said.\nIt is likely to intensify further and move in a north-northwesterly direction and then re-curve north-northeast wards, it said.\nMaximum sustained wind speed within 74km of the storm centre is about 110kph rising to 130kph in gusts/squalls.\nSea will remain very high near the cyclone centre, the bulletin said.\nMaritime ports of Chattogram, Cox’s Bazar, Mongla and Payra have been advised to keep hoisted local warning signal no. four (r) four.\nAll fishing boats and trawlers over north Bay and deep sea have been advised to remain close to the coast and proceed with caution till further notice, so that they can take shelter within a short notice.\nThey are also advised not to venture into the deep sea.\nMeanwhile, India Meteorological Department said cyclone Amphan has intensified into an extremely severe storm overnight and is likely to strengthen further to become a super cyclone.\nThe storm is likely to “further intensify” over the next six hours, it said, adding that the cyclone is “very likely to move north-northeastwards and move fast across northwest Bay and cross West Bengal — Bangladesh coasts between Digha (West Bengal) and Hatiya Islands (Bangladesh) during the afternoon or evening of May 20 (Wednesday).”", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.nibio.no/en/topics/forest-and-climate", "date": "2017-09-21T21:17:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687906.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921205832-20170921225832-00377.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9280825853347778, "token_count": 196, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__234042542", "lang": "en", "text": "The department does research related to forests and climate. More specifically, the department develops competence on the role of forests in the climate system and the effect of climate changes on forests. Further, we focus on the role of forest management, both in climate change mitigation and adaptation contexts. The department has a responsibility to communicate this knowledge to private and public forest management, and to the general public as a foundation for the low emission society.\nDepartment of Forest and Climate has a special responsibility to develop methods to quantify the effect of forestry and other land use on the climate system, working together with the Norwegian Environment Agency on the Norwegian national greenhouse gas inventory under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The Climate Centrer has the responsibility for the inventory of the LULUCF-sector (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry), including developing and improving methods and models used to estimate emissions of greenhouse gases from forestry and other land-use.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://triponmag.com/25-surreal-natural-wonders-on-earth/6/", "date": "2023-03-21T08:01:49Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00327.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8533045649528503, "token_count": 115, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__148192531", "lang": "en", "text": "20. Aurora Borealis and Australis – North and South Hemispheres\nThe closer you get to the north or south poles, the more likely you may be lucky enough to see the beautiful ethereal glows of an aurora lit sky. The phenomenon is the aurora borealis or Northern Lights in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. How does it happen? Particles electrically charged by the sun enter the atmosphere. The result is a multi-colored magical night sky!", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.cellinoandbarnes.com/melting-point-makes-for-icy-and-dangerous-commute/", "date": "2018-09-26T05:18:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163326.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926041849-20180926062249-00300.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9384539127349854, "token_count": 257, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__178814366", "lang": "en", "text": "Rochester NBC affiliate, WHEC reports chunks of ice fell from the Powers Building and others downtown and Rochester Police responded to several accidents Wednesday morning due to slick road conditions.\n“You might look down because you’re worried about slipping on the ice but when you look up, you may wonder when an icicle is going to fall. This time of year is dangerous for anyone outside on the roads and sidewalks in northern cities like Rochester,” car accident lawyer Ross Cellino said.\nJust 32 miles outside Rochester, Route 63 was shut down due tractor-trailer crashes in the Genesee County town of Bethany.\nThe National Weather Service reported a wintry mix of drizzling rain and snow flurries in Western New York at the time of these accidents, making roads extremely icy.\n“We get many calls this time of year because of the melting snow and refreezing ice,” Cellino said. “Studies have shown the best thing to do is stay inside.”\nForecasters expect the temperatures to drop into the teens and low twenties heading into the weekend but by Monday, temperatures could hit 40 degrees. With over 90 inches of snow for the season, Rochester has a long melt down ahead.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.abilene-rc.com/users/login/?referer_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abilene-rc.com%2Fnews%2Ffourth-of-july-fun%2Farticle_8889b71c-9f26-11e9-8b6d-0316fc31ab9f.html", "date": "2019-08-24T15:50:54Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321160.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824152236-20190824174236-00293.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8638135194778442, "token_count": 78, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__189765780", "lang": "en", "text": "Partly cloudy with a slight chance of thunderstorms. High 76F. Winds ESE at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%. Locally heavy rainfall possible..\nThunderstorms likely. Storms may contain strong gusty winds. Low 66F. Winds SE at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 90%.\nUpdated: August 24, 2019 @ 10:35 am", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ariellebria.wordpress.com/2017/02/04/weather-a-class-1-cyclone-warning-in-effect-in-mauritius/", "date": "2019-01-19T20:38:11Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583681597.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119201117-20190119223117-00483.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9470654726028442, "token_count": 325, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__179595943", "lang": "en", "text": "A class 1 cyclone warning is in force in Mauritius.\nThe weather station of Vacoas has issued a first cyclone bulletin at 4:15 pm this Saturday, February 4, 2017.”The tropical depression that was evolving in the northern neighborhood of Mauritius intensified into a moderate tropical storm this afternoon and was named Carlos by the Mauritius Meteorological Service,” said the weather station.At 4 pm, moderate tropical storm Carlos was centered in latitude 16.5 degrees South and longitude 56.6 degrees East, at a distance of 410 kilometers almost north of Mauritius.Carlos moves in a south-southeast direction at about 10 km / h. On this trajectory, the moderate tropical storm is approaching Mauritius and represents a potential threat to the island, explains the Vacoas station in a statement.The station of Vacoas asks the public to take all the preliminary precautions.”The weather will remain cloudy overcast with scattered showers. The showers will be moderate to severe at times accompanied by thunderstorms especially in the north and on the central plateau. There will be accumulations of water and floods in rivers and other rivers. The public is advised not to venture into these high-risk areas. Pockets of fog will be present reducing visibility. The road users are asked to be very careful, “warns the station of Vacoas.Gusts of the order of 60 km / h are expected. The sea will become large with northern waves. Sea excursions are strongly discouraged. The next cyclone bulletin will be issued at 10 pm on Saturday.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.mcknights.com/news/clinical-news/thunderstorms-linked-to-spike-in-respiratory-emergencies-for-medicare-beneficiaries/", "date": "2023-09-28T07:18:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510368.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928063033-20230928093033-00709.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9396815299987793, "token_count": 283, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__244893615", "lang": "en", "text": "Emergency respiratory care visits increase among older Medicare beneficiaries in the days surrounding a thunderstorm, according to a new study from Harvard Medical School.\nInvestigators collected county-level atmospheric and lightning data for the contiguous United States from 1999 through 2012. The data were analyzed alongside insurance claims and comorbidity data from Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries older than age 65.\nTheir analysis showed that visits to an emergency department for respiratory problems were highest among older adults when storm-related temperature and particulate matter concentrations rose. In a population of about 38 million older Americans, this accounted for 52,000 additional respiratory emergency department visits during the 14-year study period — all in the three or more days surrounding major storms, they estimated.\nThe link between storms and respiratory distress was particularly notable among people with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In fact, previous studies have shown an association between common chronic respiratory conditions and rising temperatures and particulate matter concentrations in the Medicare population, reported Anupam B. Jena, M.D., Ph.D., of Harvard, and colleagues from the University of Oregon and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.\n“[This] may contribute to strain on the healthcare system as storm activity increases with rising global temperatures,” the researchers concluded.\nThe study results were published online Monday in a JAMA Internal Medicine research letter.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.laqbuena.com/post/new-outlook-predicts-iowa-winter-snowfall-amounts", "date": "2023-12-04T10:33:10Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00810.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9442365169525146, "token_count": 560, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__228726692", "lang": "en", "text": "The Climate Prediction Center’s official winter forecast has been released, and it splits the country in two: hot and dry down south, and a mystery up north. Let’s take a look at what that means for Iowa and the rest of the nation.\nThe 90-day-outlook was published Thursday morning by the Climate Prediction Center, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Weather Service. It gives people a rough idea of what November, December and January will look like across the country.\nThe last two winters in Iowa have been influenced by La Niña. If you liked the winter last year, that means this one is setting up similarly.\nLast year’s La Niña led to average snowfall for the state. That means around 40 inches of snow for most of the state in between December and March. When La Niña is strong, Iowa tends to get less snow. When La Niña is weaker, the state gets more snow than average.\nThe temperatures tend to lean colder when the state is experiencing a La Niña-influenced winter.\nThe nationwide forecast is heavily influenced by the presence of La Niña, which forecasters recently said was 75% likely to stick around through the winter months.\nLa Niña tends to split the country in half, bringing a dry winter to the southern half and a wetter winter to the northern half.\nYou can see that pattern in the forecast map released Thursday (below): A band of dry conditions is expected from coast-to-coast, impacting the entire southern half of the U.S.\nWhile La Niña looks like it will bring bad news to the already drought-plagued southwest this winter, it’s a different story in the Pacific Northwest. La Niña winters tend to bring more precipitation, not less, to the region.\nThe rest of the country is a bit of a mystery. Every state shown in white on the map above has equal chances of having above-average precipitation and below-average precipitation.\nWhen it comes to temperature, it’s looking like it will be a warm winter this year for many states, according to the new NOAA outlook. The West, South and Northeast all have a good chance of above-average warmth between November and January.\nThe hottest conditions are expected in the southwest (Arizona, New Mexico and Texas).\nIf forecasters’ predictions hold true, and La Niña sticks around through January, it’ll be the third La Niña winter in a row – a rare phenomenon we’ve only seen twice since 1950. However, new research suggests recurring La Niña year are growing more common due to climate change.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://mattepainting.org/vb/showthread.php?t=7654&goto=nextnewest", "date": "2017-04-29T13:31:24Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123491.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00620-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.7693041563034058, "token_count": 120, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__291833693", "lang": "en", "text": "We use the cloud naming system invented in 1802 by Englishman Luke Howard. To describe clouds he used Latin names: the first part of the name describes height, and the second part describes shape.\nPrefixes for height\ncirro = high clouds - above 6 km\nalto = midlevel clouds - between 2 and 6 km\nno prefix = low level clouds\nNames for shapes\ncirrus = curly or fibrous\nstratus = layered\ncumulus = lumpy or piled\nTo indicate that a cloud can produce precipitation, you should add nimbus.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://schwantesheating.com/what-is-an-indoor-air-quality-test-and-when-is-it-needed/", "date": "2023-09-26T12:11:58Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00568.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9072188138961792, "token_count": 736, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__163660005", "lang": "en", "text": "Pollution of the environment is a serious problem, but did you know that the air inside your home could have up to five times more pollutants?\nPoor air quality can make you feel fatigued, congested, or ill. For Americans, who spend the vast majority of the day indoors, the negative effects of poor air quality can be dramatic.\nHow can you make sure you and your family are breathing clean air when you’re relaxing at home? Start with an air quality test.\nLearn more about indoor air quality tests and how to tell when you need one.\nWhat is an Indoor Air Quality Test?\nAn indoor air quality test (IAQ) collects particle samples from your home’s air. These particles can include pollen, smoke, mold spores, pet dander, and more.\nIndoor air quality testing determines the number of pollutants and allergens in your air. Some irritating particles come from outside sources, including smoke, pollen, soil, dust, and even radon. Your home can also become polluted from indoor allergens.\nDo you often burn candles or use insecticides? The volatile compounds in these products don’t just disappear after use. Harmful chemicals, carbon monoxide, and carcinogens can linger in the air we breathe.\nWhen to Perform a Test\nIf you or your housemates are suffering from chronic ailments like sore throat, runny nose, or headaches, it may be time to test your air quality. Ideally, you should test the air quality in your home or office at least once per year. Perform an air quality test if you see any signs of mold or mildew or when renovating bathrooms and old buildings.\nAir quality tests are an important aspect of caring for chronic illnesses. People with chronic illnesses generally spend more time indoors and at home than the rest of the population. Poor air quality can exacerbate symptoms of asthma, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.\nAir quality tests should be part of the routine maintenance of your office, school, or church building. When you consider that our brains need oxygen to thrive, it’s easy to see how clean indoor air can actually improve employee focus and productivity.\nAfter the Air Quality Test\nSo you’ve conducted the air quality test; what’s next? Improving air quality isn’t as simple as “airing out” your home. As mentioned earlier, outdoor pollutants are a major contributing factor to poor air quality.\nThe first step is to check your office or home’s HVAC system. Poor ventilation and filtration can lead to an increase in indoor allergens. Old or damaged HVAC systems can emit foul odors and pump mold and mildew back into the building.\nAfter repairing or updating your HVAC system, there are a few more essential tips you can follow to maintain good air quality:\n- Regularly clean carpets, bedding, and drapes\n- Change air filters monthly\n- Invest in air purifiers or dehumidifiers\n- Keep indoor plants to a minimum\n- Use gentle cleaning products\n- Ventilate bathrooms and basements\nSay goodbye to grogginess, sniffles, and sneezes. Conducting an air quality test is a huge step toward making your home or office more relaxing and productive.\nSchwantes Heating and Air Conditioning is here to help you achieve healthy air. We’ve delivered exceptional air to the greater St. Paul area since 1947. Contact us today for your professional air quality test!", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://australianpolitics.com/2002/08/17/improving-climate-prediction-in-pacific.html", "date": "2023-12-03T09:51:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100499.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203094028-20231203124028-00091.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9132765531539917, "token_count": 294, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__229670997", "lang": "en", "text": "The Australian government is to provide $2.2 million over three years to strengthen the capacity of Pacific Island countries in climate prediction.\nThe Prime Minister, John Howard, made the announcement today.\nText of statement released by the Prime Minister, John Howard.\nI am pleased to announce an initiative by the Australian Government to assist Pacific island countries to cope with the impact of weather extremes and to better understand the threat of climate change.\nAustralia will fund a $2.2 million project over three years, expected to begin late 2002 or early 2003, to strengthen the capacity of Pacific island countries in climate prediction. The project aims to upgrade the National Meteorological Services (NMS) of participating island countries to enable them to provide better climate prediction support to industry, government and the people of the Pacific island region.\nBetter meteorological services will enable Pacific communities to deal more effectively with extreme weather events such as El Niño and droughts, and to anticipate the impact of climate change, climate variability, cyclones and storm surges.\nThis project responds to recent research by the South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP) and is funded by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).\nIt complements a suite of Australian funded climate-related activities in the Pacific including the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project Phase III, the Vulnerability and Adaptation Initiative and support for the Disaster Management Unit at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://searchnetmedia.wordpress.com/2010/06/26/tucson-sunset-last-night/", "date": "2020-09-27T23:44:47Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401582033.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927215009-20200928005009-00754.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.905725359916687, "token_count": 181, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__34028052", "lang": "en", "text": "Tucson Sunset last night\nMonsoons are not here in Tucson yet, but the clouds are starting to become interesting.\nFollow the Tucson Dew Point Tracker at NOAA. We need three days in a row of dew points at 55 deg or above. That used to be the Official Monsoon Season (dew points), but has since changed to June 15th.\nPosted on June 26, 2010, in arizona, nature, phoenix, scottsdale, sedona, tempe, tucson, weather and tagged arizona, arizona monsoon, arizona weather, dew point, flagstaff, Green Valley, monsoon, monsoon season, phoenix, santa cruz valley, scottsdale, sedona, southern arizona, tucson, weather. Bookmark the permalink. 2 Comments.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.cushmanwakefield.com/en/greater-china/insights/asia-pacific-sustainability-climate-positive-report-2022", "date": "2023-10-01T15:35:17Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510903.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001141548-20231001171548-00023.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9138062596321106, "token_count": 429, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__237909577", "lang": "en", "text": "Climate positive activities are aimed at not only achieving but surpassing net zero emission goals through eradicating additional carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or greenhouse gases (GHG) from the atmosphere. In short, it’s about saving more GHG emissions than your actions produce, in order to create an environmental benefit.\nWhen developing a climate positive strategy, the first stage is to apply a carbon accounting framework. For instance, if a building product manufacturer wants to develop a climate neutral or positive product, they must determine the total carbon footprint of that product. The carbon footprint covers everything — from the energy needed to source the original material/s as well as to produce, supply, use and dispose of the product — to the emissions related to product original material/s sourcing as well as product production, usage and disposal.\nOnce the total carbon footprint is calculated, as well as what needs to be counteracted to become carbon neutral, then an additional measurement number, such as an extra 10% for example, can then be tagged on to estimate what is needed to go climate positive.\nHow enterprises actually achieve climate positivity can differ. Usually, however, they meet the requirements via a mixture of reducing carbon emissions, shifting to renewable energy, producing locally, investing into offsetting, and purchasing carbon credits.\nTransforming Your Real Estate\nBuildings can realize climate-positive results in a number of ways, and simply put, the steps to climate positive are the steps to net zero plus that extra mile, whatever takes the building to remove more greenhouse gas (GHG) than it is producing. The building’s strategy should include a mixture of the following steps:\nCHOOSE: the optimal building location, design, energy modelling, eco-friendly materials, renewable energy and intelligent energy management systems\nMAXIMISE: the structural efficiency, insulation and greenhouse gas reduction systems\nMINIMISE: the material and operational wastage and water usage\nMAINTAIN: the hardware and software\nRE-USE: upon current-use obsolescence", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://gnoinc.org/explore-the-region/quality-of-life/climate/", "date": "2018-06-23T00:18:35Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864848.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623000334-20180623020334-00552.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9225905537605286, "token_count": 287, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-26__0__65257002", "lang": "en", "text": "The climate of the Greater New Orleans region can best be described as humid and subtropical. Though rainfall can occur throughout the year, the area is largely shielded from extreme weather conditions by surrounding waterways.\nJanuary through March of each year is characterized by mild winter conditions that gradually warm into comfortable spring temperatures. Snowfall is extremely rare (last occurring in December 2008), though nighttime freezing can be normal in the beginning of each year.\nIt’s no coincidence that springtime in Greater New Orleans tends to be filled with the most outdoor activities and events each year. The pleasant temperatures each day, followed by very comfortable evenings, provide an ideal atmosphere for long hours enjoying the cultural riches of the region.\nThe summer months bring the most rainfall each year, averaging over 6 inches each month (bringing precipitation on more than 10 days per month), and highs in the low- to mid-90s. Most notably, hurricane season begins June 1, ending November 30.\nHistorically, October is the driest month, yielding an average of only 4 inches annually. Through the remainder of each year, average temperatures begin to drop to cool, sometimes cold, levels. Due to these comfortable temperatures, residents enjoy many annual festivals, sporting events, and other outdoor activities in the late months of the year.\n|Average High||Average Low||Rainfall (Inches)||% Sunshine|\nSource: Weaver Official Publications, 2003", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://climateportal.sr.unh.edu/CLIMATE/Query", "date": "2015-11-26T03:12:50Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00253-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.898551881313324, "token_count": 128, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__45228345", "lang": "en", "text": "Download Tutorial (.pdf)\nNew England Climate Query\nWelcome to the New England Climate Portal. The portal allows users to ask questions about recent and historical climate within the 6 New England states. Users specify the type of information they would like to see by choosing options from drop down menus. The Portal converts these selections to an SQL query and retrieves the subset of data from the database. Data is from the NOAA National Climatic Data Center.\nTo view a list of stations, click here. Each station has information about location, time period of record and which of the 5 primary measurements (see step one) are present at that station.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ehs.ua.edu/operations/environmental-programs/clean-air-permits-boilers-title-v/", "date": "2021-10-24T16:27:33Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323586043.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024142824-20211024172824-00700.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9343818426132202, "token_count": 458, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__211484213", "lang": "en", "text": "The EPA passed Title V of the Clean Air Act in 1990. The emphasis of Title V was to standardize the permitting process for major sources of air emissions. Regulated emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide compounds (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and particulates (PM). The result was to force businesses, industries and institutions away from coal burning boilers and toward cleaner sources of energy.\nIn the 1990’s The University obtained Synthetic Minor Operating Permits from ADEM. These allowed UA to operate stationary boilers under certain provisions. The conditions are as follows:\n- All individual sources greater than 10 MMBTU/HR require permitting.\n- Permitted boilers at UA shall burn no more than 2472527 gallons of fuel oil in any 12 month period.\n- Permitted boilers at UA shall burn no more than 1260 MMSCF of natural gas in any 12 month period.\nThese permits require that detailed records of natural gas usage are required for permitted boilers. Currently the University exclusively burns natural gas in permitted boilers. There are seven boilers on campus; which is permitted and for which natural gas usage records are maintained.\nIn order to permit these boilers exacting calculations are done based upon natural gas usage for BTU/HR output and hours of operation. By using these factors amounts of CO, NOx, SO₂ and particulates in tons per year are determined. These figures are provided to ADEM as part of the permit application process.\nIn addition greenhouse gas emissions are also calculated for each boiler and provided to ADEM. Greenhouse gasses include particulates, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and VOC’s. These are calculated and reported as metric tons per year. The overall CO₂ equivalent is also provided.\nEHS is responsible for obtaining Title V permits, recording fuel usage and managing the Clean Air Title V Program. As the campus grows and expands we are getting closer to the permit fuel limits. It is very important to plan for the future installation of large boilers.\nIf you need any additional information or have any questions, contact EHS at 205-348-5905.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://peoplepill.com/people/maura-hagan", "date": "2021-02-25T19:19:14Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351454.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225182552-20210225212552-00226.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9521027207374573, "token_count": 783, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__59766577", "lang": "en", "text": "Maura E. Hagan is a Professor of Physics and Dean of the College of Science at Utah State University. She is a Fellow of both the American Meteorological Society and the American Geophysical Union, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2019.\nEarly life and education\nHagan studied physics at Emmanuel College, Massachusetts. She earned a bachelor's degree in 1975, before joining Boston College as a graduate student. She earned a master's degree in 1980 and a doctorate in 1986. Hagan worked on exospheric temperature with William L. Oliver, using measurements made at Millstone Hill between 1970 and 1980. Hagan joined the Haystack Observatory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a staff member in 1986.\nResearch and career\nIn 1992 Hagan was made a Senior Scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) High Altitude Observatory. She held various roles at NCAR, including acting as Director of the Advanced Study Program, Deputy Director and Interim Director. She developed the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM), which describes the Rossby waves and solar tides within the Earth's atmosphere. Her model incorporated a gravity wave stress parametrisation and adaptions to the atmospheric background using Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) climatologies. She studies several layers of the atmosphere, including the mesosphere, Ionosphere and thermosphere. She is interested in how these atmospheric layers couple together, as well as how they influence tides and Rossby waves. She also studies the downward effect of space weather.\nIn 2006 she was part of the team who identified the first global connection between space weather and weather on Earth. The collaboration used the IMAGE spacecraft to study plasma bands in the upper atmosphere, finding ultra bright areas that were located above thunderstorms in tropical rainforests. Atmospheric tides are global-scale waves that are excited by the heating of the lower and middle atmosphere due to the absorption of solar radiation and the latent heating of evaporation when raindrops form in tropical clouds. Hagan used her GSWM to simulate the atmospheric tides produced by thunderstorms in tropical rainforests, finding that some of these tides would deposit their energy in the Kennelly–Heaviside layer. This results in a disruption of the Kennelly–Heaviside layer plasma currents and creates bright, dense zones. Hagan was also a member of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite team, studying the dynamic chemical signatures of the middle atmosphere.\nHagan joined the Utah State University in September 2015. In 2019, her atmospheric waves experiment was selected as a NASA space weather experiment.\nIn 1993 Hagan was made Associate Editor of Geophysical Research Letters. She is a member of the Aspen Global Change Institute. She was appointed to the Committee on Solar Terrestrial Research in 1996. She has also served on the CEDAR Science Steering Committee. Since 2008 Hagan has worked as a Guest Lecturer at the University of Colorado Boulder. She was appointed to the National Academy of Sciences Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate in 2014. She is Co-Chair of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Solar and Space Physics. Hagan was elected Dean of the College of Science at Utah State University in 2016.\nAwards and honors\n- 2006 NASA Group Achievement Award\n- 2008 MIT Michael J. Buonsanto Memorial Lecturer\n- 2008 NASA Group Achievement Award\n- 2011Fellow of the American Meteorological Society\n- 2011 Fellow of the American Geophysical Union\n- 2012 University of Wyoming Robert A. Jenkins Memorial Lecturer\n- 2013 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Outstanding Accomplishment Award for Mentoring\n- 2014 Space Physics and Aeronomy Marcel Nicolet Lecturer\n- 2016 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Science Advancement Winner\n- 2018 Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://readchemistry.com/2019/04/09/pressure-of-a-gas/", "date": "2023-09-29T03:48:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510481.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929022639-20230929052639-00086.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9257691502571106, "token_count": 1721, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__173188798", "lang": "en", "text": "❒ Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact, because gas molecules are constantly in motion. We humans have adapted so well physiologically to the pressure of the air around us that we are usually unaware of it, perhaps as fish are not conscious of the water’s pressure on them.\n❒ It is easy to demonstrate atmospheric pressure. One everyday example is the ability to drink a liquid through a straw. Sucking air out of the straw reduces the pressure inside the straw. The greater atmospheric pressure on the liquid pushes it up into the straw to replace the air that has been sucked out.\nSI Units of Pressure\n❒ Pressure is one of the most readily measurable properties of a gas. In order to understand how we measure the pressure of a gas, it is helpful to know how the units of measurement are derived. We begin with velocity and acceleration.\n❒ Velocity is defined as the change in distance with elapsed time; that is,\n❒ The SI unit for velocity is m/s, although we also use cm/s.\n❒ Acceleration is the change in velocity with time, or\nAcceleration is measured in m/s2(or cm/s2 ).\n❒ The second law of motion, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton † in the late seventeenth century, defines another term, from which the units of pressure are derived, namely, force. According to this law,\nforce = mass × acceleration\nIn this context, the SI unit of force is the newton (N), where:\n1 N = 1 kg m/s2\nFinally, we define pressure as force applied per unit area:\n❒ The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), defined as one newton per square meter:\n1 Pa = 1 N/m2\n❒ The following table shows the different units of pressure:\n❒ The atoms and molecules of the gases in the atmosphere, like those of all other matter, are subject to Earth’s gravitational pull. As a consequence, the atmosphere is much denser near the surface of Earth than at high altitudes. (The air outside the pressurized cabin of an airplane at 9 km is too thin to breathe.)\n❒ In fact, the density of air decreases very rapidly with increasing distance from Earth. Measurements show that about 50 percent of the atmosphere lies within 6.4 km of Earth’s surface, 90 percent within 16 km, and 99 percent within 32 km. Not surprisingly, the denser the air is, the greater the pressure it exerts.\n❒ The force experienced by any area exposed to Earth’s atmosphere is equal to the weight of the column of air above it. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by Earth’s atmosphere ( Figure 1). The actual value of atmospheric pressure depends on location, temperature, and weather conditions.\nDoes atmospheric pressure act only downward, as you might infer from its definition?\n❒ Imagine what would happen, then, if you were to hold a piece of paper tight (with both hands) above your head. You might expect the paper to bend due to the pressure of air acting on it, but this does not happen. The reason is that air, like water, is a fluid. The pressure exerted on an object in a fluid comes from all directions—downward and upward, as well as from the left and from the right.\n❒ At the molecular level, air pressure results from collisions between the air molecules and any surface with which they come in contact.\n❒ The magnitude of pressure depends on how often and how strongly the molecules impact the surface. It turns out that there are just as many molecules hitting the paper from the top as there are from underneath, so the paper stays flat.\nHow is Atmospheric pressure measured?\n❒The barometer is probably the most familiar instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.\n❒ A simple barometer consists of a long glass tube, closed at one end and filled with mercury. If the tube is carefully inverted in a dish of mercury so that no air enters the tube, some mercury will flow out of the tube into the dish, creating a vacuum at the top ( Figure 2 ). The weight of the mercury remaining in the tube is supported by atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of the mercury in the dish.\n❒ Standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm) is equal to the pressure that supports a column of mercury exactly 760 mm (or 76 cm) high at 0°C at sea level.\n❒ In other words, the standard atmosphere equals a pressure of 760 mmHg, where mmHg represents the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1 mm high. The mmHg unit is also called the torr, after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the barometer. Thus,\n1 torr = 1 mmHg\n1 atm = 760 mmHg\n❒ The relation between atmospheres and pascals (see Appendix 2) is:\n1 atm = 101,325 Pa\n1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa\nand because 1000 Pa = 1 kPa (kilopascal)\n1 atm = 1.01325 × 102 kPa\nWhy 1 atm = 101,325 Pa ?\nBy definition, the standard atmosphere is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury\nexactly 76 cm high of density 13.5951 g/cm3, in a place where acceleration due to gravity is\n980.665 cm/s2. However, to express pressure in N/m2 it is necessary to write:\nThe standard atmosphere is given by:\n❒ A manometer is a device used to measure the pressure of gases other than the atmosphere.\n❒ The principle of operation of a manometer is similar to that of a barometer.\n❒ There are two types of manometers, shown in Figure (3) . The closed-tube manometer is normally used to measure pressures below atmospheric pressure [ Figure 3 (a)], whereas the open-tube manometer is better suited for measuring pressures equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure [ Figure 3 (b)].\n❒ Nearly all barometers and many manometers use mercury as the working fluid, despite the fact that it is a toxic substance with a harmful vapor. The reason is that mercury has a very high density (13.6 g/mL) compared with most other liquids. Because the height of the liquid in a column is inversely proportional to the liquid’s density, this property enables the construction of manageably small barometers and manometers.\n❒ The figure (3) shows Two types of manometers used to measure gas pressures.\n(a) Gas pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.\n(b) Gas pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.\n❒Pressure is defined as force per unit area.\n❒Fluids (gases and liquids) exert a pressure at any point within them in all directions.\n❒ We can measure a gas pressure by the vertical height of mercury it can hold up.\n❒ The most important units of pressure in this course are the atmosphere (atm) and the torr (1 atm = 760 torr)\nExample (1): The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high altitude falls considerably below standard atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air inside the cabin must be pressurized to protect the passengers. What is the pressure in atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer reading is 688 mmHg?\nBecause 1 atm = 760 mmHg, the following conversion factor is needed to obtain the pressure in atmospheres\nThe pressure in the cabin is given by\nExample (2): The atmospheric pressure in San Francisco on a certain day was 732 mmHg. What was the pressure in kPa?\nHere we are asked to convert mmHg to kPa. Because:\n1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 760 mmHg\nthe conversion factor we need is:\nThe pressure in kPa is:\nReference: Chemistry / Raymond Chang ,Williams College /(10th edition).", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/16566", "date": "2023-12-01T20:57:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00213.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9198057651519775, "token_count": 302, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__14574973", "lang": "en", "text": "Internet of Things (IoT) based air quality index measurement system for Dhaka city\nMetadataShow full item record\nAir pollution is a burning question for the environment nowadays, requiring paramount interest. Air pollution can be controlled by monitoring the level of pollutant gases (NO2, SO2, CO2, CO, O2, PM 2.5, PM 10, etc.) in a periodic manner. Sensing air quality is a major concern for environmental monitoring. In this study, the air quality has been measured for 5 points of Dhaka city by using air quality sensors using IoT platform. The sensed data is then sent to the Thinkspeak cloud platform. The collected data is first processed and then analyzed for obtaining the value of the air quality index (AQI). The generated results are then visualized by the graphical representation. On the basis of this, an individual can take precautionary measures for a healthy life. Finally, the overall scenario for a monthly analysis has been depicted in a location-based mapping. The studied areas are Mirpur 6, Uttara Sector 6, Mohakhali Wireless, Nikunjo 2, and Uttara 12. All the setups are located in the residential areas. The result shows that the Mohakhali has the highest AQI value which is unhealthy for the inhabitants according to the standard index. The real-time data can be observed remotely by using the IoT platform. The output of the study can be further utilized for public health monitoring purposes.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://tamildiplomat.com/mexico-spared-major-damage-hurricane-newton/", "date": "2021-05-16T00:03:27Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991488.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515223209-20210516013209-00245.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.955524742603302, "token_count": 141, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__18026515", "lang": "en", "text": "Hurricane Newton has felled trees and damaged power lines in western Mexico after making landfall near the popular resort of Cabo San Lucas on Tuesday. But it has caused only “minor damage in infrastructure,” President Enrique Pena Nieto tweeted.\nThere were no injuries despite the heavy rains and strong winds, he added. The hurricane had registered maximum sustained winds of 150km/h (90mph) as it approached the state of Baja California Sur.\n“It would appear that we won’t have major damage except for what we have already reported,” National Civil Protection Co-ordinator Luis Felipe Puente told Milenio television.(BBC,2016)", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.refersms.com/imd-issues-orange-alert-for-these-states-prepare-for-heavy-rainfall-august-8-2023/", "date": "2023-12-06T03:44:38Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00360.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9403968453407288, "token_count": 271, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__20539749", "lang": "en", "text": "The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a weather alert, signaling an orange alert for the states of Assam and Meghalaya. According to the alert, heavy to very heavy rainfall is expected in these regions on the 8th, 11th, and 12th of August. Residents and authorities are urged to take necessary precautions to ensure safety and preparedness in light of the forecasted adverse weather conditions.\nThe IMD’s announcement serves as a vital reminder for residents of Assam and Meghalaya to stay vigilant and proactive. An orange alert signifies a significant potential for heavy rainfall, which could lead to localized flooding, landslides, and other weather-related hazards.\nThe susceptibility of Assam and Meghalaya to heavy rainfall highlights the importance of staying proactive and taking safety seriously. The IMD’s orange alert acts as a pivotal advisory, empowering residents to prioritize their well-being and the safety of those around them.\nBy heeding the IMD’s warning and adhering to recommended safety guidelines, residents can navigate through the forecasted heavy rainfall with resilience and preparedness. As Assam and Meghalaya brace for these weather events, the emphasis on safety remains paramount, ensuring that individuals are well-equipped to face the challenges posed by inclement weather conditions.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://solarstudent.home.blog/2019/03/13/the-atmosphere-of-venus/", "date": "2023-03-31T16:43:31Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00289.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9461377859115601, "token_count": 350, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__265480432", "lang": "en", "text": "Venus’s atmosphere is very, very dense. It is composed of about 96% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and trace amounts of other gases, including sulfur dioxide. Although Earth’s atmosphere is composed of over 75% nitrogen, Venus’s atmosphere is so dense that the 3.5% of its atmosphere that is composed of nitrogen has around 4 times the mass of the nitrogen found in Earth’s atmosphere. The density of the atmosphere on Venus also means that there is about 90 times the atmospheric pressure on Venus’s surface than on Earth’s, which is pressure similar to what would be experienced if you dove about 1000 meters under the surface of one of Earth’s oceans.\nThe composition of Venus’s atmosphere is also largely responsible for its surface/planetary heat. In the past, the increasing brightness of the early sun, as well as the composition of Venus’s atmosphere (carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which warms the planet), contributed to a runaway greenhouse effect. This effect is essentially a positive feedback loop that caused the planet’s ocean(s) to evaporate and the surface temperature to rise higher and higher. Because of this, Venus’s surface is even hotter than Mercury’s, despite the fact that Mercury is closer to the Sun. The carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and trace amounts of water vapor in Venus’s atmosphere also react with each other to form clouds made up of sulfuric acid, a corrosive compound that can result in severe burns and skin tissue damage; however, acid rain never reaches the surface of Venus since the intense heat evaporates it all before it can reach the surface.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.pocd.org/airquality", "date": "2021-12-01T00:31:05Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00103.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8823480606079102, "token_count": 224, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__78013518", "lang": "en", "text": "Air Quality Monitoring\nCurrent air quality data for Pend Oreille County locations are based on modeling from a stations located in the Spokane, WA area. To provide a more local air quality monitoring option, the Pend Oreille Conservation District has purchased and installed a Purple Air Quality monitoring unit in downtown Newport, WA. Readings from this unit are produced live and available to the public on the purple air map - linked HERE.\nIn addition to providing the Newport, WA area with a local reading, we hope to expand on this network of air quality monitoring units county-wide by partnering with private, non-profit, tribal and government entities to install more monitoring units, in more places throughout our landscape. To learn more or even host a unit, review this program page and reach out to our natural resource staff.\nCurrent Sponsored Monitoring Stations List\nNewport, WA - Pend Oreille Conservation District\nCusick, WA - Kalispel Tribe Natural Resource Dept.\nMetaline, WA - Town of Metaline", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://sustainabilityconsult.com/news/54-sustainabilty-consult-organises-successful-copernicus-climate-change-service-workshop", "date": "2021-10-20T13:51:15Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585321.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020121220-20211020151220-00208.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9092832207679749, "token_count": 264, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__143683522", "lang": "en", "text": "Sustainability Consult Organises Successful Copernicus Climate Change Service Workshop\n- Friday, 19 June 2015\nOn behalf of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Sustainability Consult organised a workshop for the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) in Brussels on 16-17 June 2015.\nC3S is the European Union's flagship programme on monitoring the Earth's environment using satellite and in-situ observations. The main users of Copernicus services are policymakers who need information to develop environmental legislation.\nThe first day of the workshop saw speakers from diverse fields present on the opportunities and challenges of communicating on climate change. Topics discussed included how to communicate uncertainty, which visuals and channels are best for communicating climate change and whether to frame climate change positively or negatively.\nOn Day Two, a roundtable discussion on the cost of climate change was followed by group discussions, as participants devised climate change communications campaigns for different audiences such as industry, policymakers, youth and media.\nThroughout the workshop, participants were encouraged to outline what tools were missing for effectively communicating on climate change. This will help Copernicus produce a consistent, comprehensive and credible description of the past, current and future climate, providing its users with reliable and up-to-date information.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://ftjfv.com/air-quality-revamp-transforming-your-indoor-environment/", "date": "2024-04-16T14:41:30Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817095.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20240416124708-20240416154708-00216.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9180507063865662, "token_count": 899, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-18", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__177478172", "lang": "en", "text": "The importance of tidy air in maintaining a healthy lifestyle can not be overemphasized. While lots of people are aware of the requirement for clean outdoor air, the top quality of indoor air is usually neglected. However, taking into consideration that individuals invest most of their time inside your home, whether in the house, work, or in various other interior atmospheres, making sure good interior air top quality is necessary for general well-being.\nIndoor air quality refers to the condition of the air within buildings and frameworks, especially as it connects to the health and wellness and convenience of residents. Poor indoor air quality can have considerable adverse effects on health, varying from minor irritabilities to extra significant respiratory system concerns and lasting illness. Usual interior air toxins include allergens, particle issue, unpredictable natural substances (VOCs), and various gases.\nAmong the primary action in improving indoor air top quality Example link text is recognizing the sources of interior air contamination. These sources can differ depending on the environment however might include cigarette smoke, house cleaning products, developing materials, furniture, and even outdoor pollution that seeps inside your home. By determining these sources, people can take targeted actions to reduce or remove them, consequently decreasing interior air pollution levels.\nCorrect air flow is vital for maintaining great interior air quality. Adequate air flow aids dilute indoor air contaminants and eliminate them from the structure. Opening up doors and windows when climate permits, using exhaust fans in bathroom and kitchens, and ensuring appropriate air flow in encased rooms such as attics Whole House Air Filtration Systems and creep rooms are effective methods for boosting air circulation and decreasing interior air contamination.\nAir cleansers are one more beneficial tool for enhancing interior air top quality. These gadgets function by removing air-borne toxins and contaminants, capturing them within the cleanser’s filters. High-efficiency particle air (HEPA) filters are especially efficient at eliminating small bits such as dirt, plant pollen, and animal dander from the air. Some air cleansers likewise incorporate activated carbon filters to adsorb smells and VOCs, better improving air top quality.\nAlong with lowering indoor air contamination, preserving a clean and healthy and balanced interior setting is important for advertising great air quality. Routine cleansing and dusting assistance remove accumulated dust and irritants from Indoor Air Quality Testing Service surfaces, stopping them from ending up being air-borne and circulating throughout the interior room. Vacuuming with a high-efficiency hoover geared up with a HEPA filter can likewise aid record dirt and dust more effectively.\nManaging humidity degrees is another essential facet of maintaining good indoor air high quality. High humidity can advertise the growth of mold and mildew and mildew, which can release spores and irritants into the air. Utilizing dehumidifiers in moist locations such as basements and bathrooms can help reduce humidity levels and inhibit mold development. Alternatively, in dry climates or during the winter months when indoor air tends to be drier, making use of humidifiers can include dampness to the air and avoid dry skin and discomfort.\nIndoor air top quality surveillance can supply valuable understandings right into the efficiency of indoor air quality renovation efforts. By determining crucial indications such as particulate issue degrees, VOC concentrations, moisture degrees, and carbon dioxide levels, individuals can analyze the quality of their interior air and determine areas for renovation. There are different indoor air quality checks offered on the market, ranging from simple, mobile devices to more advanced systems that supply real-time surveillance and information analysis.\nAlong with private actions, policymakers and structure supervisors play an important duty in making sure great indoor air top quality in public and commercial buildings. Executing building codes and policies that need appropriate air flow systems, low-emission structure products, and normal upkeep can help reduce interior air pollution and safeguard passengers’ health. Education and recognition campaigns can likewise help raise public understanding regarding the relevance of interior air top quality and motivate people to take aggressive steps to improve it.\nUltimately, focusing on interior air top quality is necessary for promoting a healthy living atmosphere. By recognizing the resources of interior air pollution, applying effective air flow and filtering systems, keeping tidiness, controlling moisture levels, and checking air top quality, individuals can develop indoor rooms that sustain their wellness and wellness. Whether in your home, work, or in various other interior atmospheres, clean air is fundamental to a healthy way of life.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://gn.brentoxphone.kr/contents/board/eng_news_view.asp?opt_gubun=&opt_wrd=&opt_lang=1&seq=8690", "date": "2024-02-24T01:59:41Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474482.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224012912-20240224042912-00060.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9403107166290283, "token_count": 662, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__61081726", "lang": "en", "text": "Indian Cloud-seeding Project Aims to Produce Rain to Clear Pollution\nIndian scientists plan to add substances to clouds above the capital New Delhi in an effort to produce rain to reduce pollution.\nThe method to artificially produce rain is called cloud seeding. The process involves adding different chemicals to clouds to cause rain. When rain falls from the sky, water ｄroplets can attach to pollution particles and bring them down to the ground.\nNew Delhi has been rated the city with the most air pollution in the world. Reports say the problem has worsened across the city in recent weeks.\nAir quality decreases in the city ahead of winter each year. During this time, cold air can trap many pollutants, including gases from vehicles, industry, building projects and agricultural burning.\nScientists expect some clouds over the city around November 20. They hope the clouds will result in heavy rainfall – when sprayed with a salt mixture.\nThe project is being led by Manindra Agrawal, a scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology in the central city of Kanpur. He told Reuters news agency the salt mixture will include silver iodine to help produce rain. It is to be sprayed on clouds over a 100 square kilometer area. Agrawal said the project will cost about $120,000.\nThe local government in New Delhi, a city of 20 million people, has already closed schools, stopped building activities, and said it will place restrictions on vehicle use to control pollution.\nThe air quality index in the city was 506 on November 9. This level is considered \"hazardous\" by IQAir, a Swiss company that describes itself as an “air quality solutions” business.\nGufran Beig is head of the Indian government's air-quality measuring agency SAFAR. He told Reuters the city needs heavy and widespread rain to wash away the pollutants. Beig added that light rain could worsen the situation.\nThe SAFAR head said current airflow is carrying smoke from crop burning in the states of Punjab and Haryana to Delhi. This smoke adds to the city’s existing pollution sources. \"So, unless a huge pressure is established by intense rain, this chain of transport from Punjab to Delhi will not be broken,” Beig said.\nAbout 38 percent of pollution in the capital has been caused by stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, a recent government statement said. Farmers carry out stubble burning to clear material left behind from rice harvests so they can plant other crops. Indian officials directed leaders in both states to \"take effective actions\" to identify and limit stubble burning, the statement added.\nOfficials in New Delhi are seeking approval for the project from the Supreme Court, Reuters reported.\nSeveral countries have used cloud seeding in an effort to produce rain, improve air quality and water crops in times of extreme dryness. These include Mexico, the United States, China, Indonesia and Malaysia.\nWords in This Story\nartificial – adj. not natural, but made by people\nsalt –n. a word for one of many chemical combinations of two elements; sodium chloride\nstubble – n. small pieces of dried plant stems left behind in a field after it has been cut", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://future.studentsv3.uit.yorku.ca/program/earth-atmospheric-science", "date": "2023-09-30T09:51:42Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00782.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8825145959854126, "token_count": 324, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__249304680", "lang": "en", "text": "Earth & Atmospheric Science\nLassonde School of Engineering\nWant to address major global challenges and solve problems everywhere from Earth to outer space? If you’re curious about the world around you and interested in topics like climate change, satellites and weather forecasting, this is the perfect program to develop your passion. You’ll study the processes driving severe weather and global climate change and learn how to forecast weather. Enhance your degree with a Certificate in Meteorology. Through this program, you’ll gain the knowledge and skills needed to take on a wide variety of important and challenging careers in government and industry.\nWhat You’ll Learn\nAtmospheric Science explores meteorology from the turbulent micro scale to the large synoptic scale weather systems. In our program, you will learn how we use computer models to forecast the weather and will develop a deeper understanding of the processes that drive severe weather, climate and climate change. You can top off your degree with a Certificate in Meteorology.\nAfter second year, you can pursue co-op opportunities, gaining professional experience to get a head start towards becoming a licensed Professional Engineer.\nSome Courses You'll Take\nIntroduction to Dynamic Meteorology\nCloud Physics and Radar Meteorology\nNumerical Weather Prediction\nClimate and Climate Change\nRemote Sensing of the Atmosphere\nStorms and Weather Systems\nNote: Many students combine a degree in Earth & Atmospheric Science with a certificate in Meteorology (the only undergraduate Meteorology program in Ontario).\nYou May Also Be Interested In:", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "https://www.ortelium.com/news/ortelium-covered-in-expert-journal-on-air-quality-control", "date": "2020-09-29T09:26:07Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401641638.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200929091913-20200929121913-00794.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.8972636461257935, "token_count": 147, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__220504495", "lang": "en", "text": "We are proud to see Ortelium on the cover of the latest issue of the expert journal \"Gefahrstoffe - Reinhaltung der Luft - Air Quality Control\", which is published in close co-operation with the VDI/DIN-Commission on Air Pollution Prevention.\nTopics dealt with in the journal include:\n- origin, dispersion, capture and separation of hazardous substances,\n- sampling and measuring methods,\n- effects of air pollution,\n- safety technology,\n- risks due to dusts and gases at the workplace, including the discussion of limit values both from the technical and occupational medical viewpoint,\n- technical and personal protective measures,\n- occupational medical prevention.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.imationlatam.com/deadly-storm-slams-us-southeast/", "date": "2019-06-26T17:00:52Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000367.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626154459-20190626180459-00415.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9735133647918701, "token_count": 223, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__88734769", "lang": "en", "text": "A deadly winter storm gripped the southeastern United States, knocking out power and disrupting early commutes, forecasters said.\n‘Unusual’ ice storm\nAccording to local authorities, the weather was blamed for deaths in the region which included three people killed in northern Texas.\n“It’s unusual to have an ice storm that far east in the Deep South,” National Weather Service meteorologist Roger Edwards said in a statement.\nThe storm brought heavy snow, freezing rain, and potentially historic accumulations of ice.\nMore than 2,700 U.S. flights were cancelled and hundreds more were delayed, according to flight-tracking website FlightAware.com.\nState of emergencies\nGovernment officials declared state of emergencies and were quick to create plans to deal with the impact of the storm, which left more than 11,000 students in Alabama to spend the night in schools.\nAbout 59,000 Georgia Power customers were without power, with nearly 8 inches of snow expected.\nIn the path of the storm, some road accidents were reported, but there were no fatalities.", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}
{"url": "http://www.thaibiz.net/th/knowledge/21340/", "date": "2020-01-22T21:29:03Z", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00410.warc.gz", "language_score": 0.9662877917289734, "token_count": 216, "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "global_id": "webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__78997079", "lang": "en", "text": "The Eastern and Northeastern parts of Sri Lanka are highly vulnerable to cyclones that develop in the Bay of Bengal during the months of November and December. The North central and Northwestern partshave also been affected by the cyclones but to a lesser degree. The Department of Meteorology under the purview of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights, was mandated to issue warnings in the case of cyclones.\nMajor floods in Sri Lanka are associated with the two monsoons. During the Southwest monsoon season (May-September), the Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces have high risk of being affected by the floods. During the Northeast monsoon (December-February), the Eastern, Northern and North central Provinces are also prone to the floods. Rivers along the Western slopes of the hilly central areas also cause floods to the lower plains of Kalu Ganga and Kelani Ganga, particularly during these periods. For more information: http://www.meteo.gov.lk/index.php?lang=en", "domain": "atmospheric_science"}