Binoculars can open your eyes to animals and scenery you may have never noticed otherwise. Unfortunately, the decision to buy a binocular can be very difficult when presented with the huge array of possible choices available. Our aim in answering these commonly asked questions is to give you the best possible advice, so you can choose binoculars that really do fit your needs.
What do the numbers in a binocular name mean?
The numbers describe the configuration of a binocular. Let’s take 8×42 binoculars as an example. The first number (8) refers to the magnification, or, how many times closer an object will appear when looking through the binocular compared to looking through eyes only. The second number (42) indicates the diameter of the objective lens (the light-gathering lens) of the binocular and is measured in millimeters.
Note: The diameter of the objective lens is directly related to the size of the binocular — the larger the objective lens, the larger (and often brighter) the binocular.
How much magnification do I need?
You will want a binocular with magnification appropriate to how you plan to use your binoculars. So, think about the demands of your hobby before you select a pair of binoculars. How much detail do you need to see? Will you use your binoculars to view things close up or far away? Will you be able to prop your arms on something for support while using your binoculars? Do I want a small binocular that I can take anywhere?
The most popular binoculars are those with lower magnifications (as with 8x binoculars). These binoculars have wider fields of view and are easier to hold steady than the binoculars with higher magnifications. A wider field of view is important when trying to follow fast-moving action like game on the move, warblers on the wing, or athletes at a fast-pace sporting event.
Higher magnifications (as with 10x binoculars) will give you more detail, but are more difficult to hold steady than binoculars with lower magnification. Binoculars with higher magnification also have narrower fields of view. While many people choose to use 10x binoculars, they are deciding that image size and detail is of greater importance to them.
Note: The diameter of the objective lens is directly related to the size of the binocular — the larger the objective lens, the larger (and relatively brighter) the binocular.
What are Porro prism binoculars and roof prism binoculars?
Roof prism, Porro prism (and reversed Porro prism) binoculars each use image-erecting prisms to provide correctly oriented images. You will recognize the Porro prism as a “traditional” binocular design with offset prisms while the roof prism binocular has parallel barrels and a more streamlined appearance. The size, design and quality of the prisms used in the binocular design affect what you see and how clearly an image appears across your viewing area. You may prefer one binocular over another because of the design.
Porro Prism Binoculars
Porro Prism models will deliver the best optics for the dollar, but lack the durability and compact styling of roof prism models.
Reversed Porro Prism Binoculars
This design allows for a compact binocular that easily fits in your hand.
Roof Prism Binoculars
Roof Prism models will deliver more durability but you will need to spend more money to get good optical quality in this design.
What size binocular do I really need?
Binoculars can be classified as either full-size or compact binoculars. The size of the objective lens affect how large or small a binocular is.
Full-size binoculars (like an 8×42 binocular) offer the greatest light gathering ability and over-all optical performance.
Compact binoculars (like an 8×25 binocular) are more portable than full-size models and work well during daylight hours, but not during twilight or in deep shadows.
What is the field of view in a binocular?
When you look through your binoculars, the widest dimension you can see is known as the field of view. Some binoculars will feature unique lenses to provide a “wide field” that is greater than normally seen through binoculars of the same magnification.
A wide-field binocular is desirable for observing at close quarters in deep woods or picking up anything that is moving quickly across your viewing area.
Note: The field of view decreases as magnification increases, so select a binocular with lower magnification if a wide field of view is important to you (or select a binocular with a wide field feature).
How much should I spend on a binocular?
Buy the best quality binoculars you can afford. This will allow you to spend the greatest possible time with your binoculars pressed to your eyes. You’ve probably heard the old statement about fishing that says “to catch fish, you need to have your line in the water”. Well, you won’t see more detail unless that binocular is at your eyes. Poor quality binoculars usually spend a lot of time just dangling from the neck.
Note: Poor quality binoculars also lead to eyestrain, headaches, and are not very fun to use for any length of time. In the long run, you’ll probably save money if you initially buy better quality binoculars and avoid trading up later. In the meantime, you’ll see so much more–so much better!
How does optical glass enhance binocular image quality?
The optical glass used in a binocular affects the image quality you see through your binocular. The objective lens of a binocular refracts or “bends” light, attempting to direct that light to a certain focal point at some distance behind the lens of the binocular. Each color or frequency within the visible light spectrum has its own characteristics. As the light passes through the lens, each color bends at a slightly different angle than any other color and, therefore, the various colors focus at different points. The result is a lack of image sharpness and poor color quality.
Certain binoculars incorporate special cost- and labor-intensive glass in the objective lens to correct for chromatic aberration and color fringing. You’ll hear about ED (extra low dispersion) and HD (high definition) glass. When used in binoculars, these glasses provide highly resolved images with enhanced brilliance and exact “true-to-life” color. Even the finest structures will show up well in high contrast and clarity.
Note: For the more serious observer, the enhanced image quality will be worth the extra cost.
What about light transmission and optical coatings?
Light transmission describes the percentage of available light that passes through your binoculars. The amount of light can be increased with the use of anti-reflective coatings on binocular lenses. When an anti-reflective coating is applied to the glass surface of a binocular it increases the amount of light that reaches your eye.
The more complete and complex the coating scheme is, the brighter and sharper the binocular image will be. Better coatings on a binocular allow more light to reach your eye, improving brightness and overall binocular performance.
What if I wear eyeglasses while using my binoculars?
Many models of binoculars will allow you to view in comfort while wearing eyeglasses or sunglasses. These binoculars have been designed to provide you with longer eye relief.
Eye relief refers to the distance images are projected from the ocular lens to their focal point and can vary from 5mm to 23mm. If you want to use your binoculars with eyeglasses or sunglasses, look for binoculars that offer at least 15mm of eye relief.
Note: Without proper eye relief, the eyeglass wearer will not see the full field of view.
When using your binoculars, be sure you understand the correct use of the eyecups. All binoculars will allow you to adjust the eyecups. There may be a rubber eyecup that can be folded down or a newer type that either twists or slides up and down on the eyepiece of the binocular.
If you’re an eyeglass wearer using binoculars, you always want to be sure you have the binocular eyecup rolled back (placed in the down position) while using your binoculars. This will allow you to see the widest possible field of view through your binoculars. Conversely, if you don’t wear glasses, you’ll enjoy your binoculars more if you leave these eyecups fully extended (placed in the up position). This will allow the binocular eyecups to just comfortably touch your face and help block out lateral light.
Do my binoculars need to be waterproof?
Binoculars are used outside in all kinds of weather. If you expect that you will be using your binoculars in rainy, wet weather (or if you use them around water), consider a pair of waterproof binoculars. You’ll pay a bit more for this feature, but you’ll also be able to use these binoculars without fear of repairing or replacing them just because they got wet.
Waterproof binoculars are literally submersible and any water damage would be handled under the manufacturer’s warranty for the binocular.
Note: If waterproofing isn’t necessary for your hobby, then you can find good quality binoculars at considerably lower prices.
What makes a binocular appear brighter?
Brightness in your binoculars can be affected by several things. Contrary to what many binocular users believe, big objective lenses are not the only factor to consider. The quality of glass used in binocular prism and lens construction along with the quality of the lens coatings on the binocular contribute more to brightness than do big objectives.
Lens coatings are thin layers of chemicals applied to the glass surfaces of the binoculars. These coatings improve light transmission through the binocular. Coating quality is affected by the number of coatings and whether all binocular lenses, inside and out, are coated with several layers of coatings.
Ideally, you should purchase binoculars that are fully multi-coated, which means both sides of every binocular lens are coated with at least several layers of the anti-reflective chemical. High quality lens coatings will appear as fairly light, subtle shades of blue, green or violet.
A word of caution, beware of a binocular using heavily colored lenses. These lenses will only cut down on light transmission through the binocular.
Note: If all other things are equal in two binoculars, a binocular with a larger objective lens will yield a brighter image, but at the cost of greater size and weight. Higher quality binoculars with a smaller lens may very well be brighter than less expensive binoculars with larger objective lenses.
How do I clean my binoculars?
Use common sense in the care and maintenance of your binoculars. Always attempt to blow off any visible dust or dirt from the binocular lenses before brushing or rubbing anything on the glass of your binocular. Next, use a lens cleaning tool like a Lens Pen or lens cleaning tissue to gently wipe off any remaining marks or spots from the lens of the binocular.
Remove stubborn things like dried water spots from the lens of a binocular by lightly fogging the binocular lens with your breath. If your waterproof binoculars are badly soiled, you can even clean them by placing them under lightly running water (to minimize any possible damage).
Note: Don’t use your shirt tail or pocket tissue to clean your binoculars. These fibers may contain material which will scratch the coatings on the binocular lenses.
Keep binocular eyecups and focus mechanisms free of dirt and oil. An occasional wipe with a vinyl or rubber preservative like ArmorAll will extend the life of rubber eyecups on the binocular. Check your neckstrap and its attachments for wear or slippage, too. You don’t want your bino to come flying off and hit the ground!
What about the light gathering ability of my binocular?
Your eye is uniquely designed to gather more or less light as conditions change, but your binoculars are not. Since the light gathering ability of a binocular is fixed, it is important to select a model that best meets your eye’s need for light as viewing conditions grow darker.
The exit pupil is the magnified image in the eyepiece as it leaves the binocular to enter your eye. It is an indicator of how well you will see an image through your binoculars on a bright day, at twilight or at night. Almost all binoculars gather more light than is needed by your eye for viewing in bright conditions. For the best viewing at twilight, you’ll want a binocular with a minimum exit pupil of 4mm.
Determining the Exit Pupil
To determine the exit pupil of a binocular, simply divide the objective lens by the magnification of the binocular. If we use an 8×42 binocular as an example, the 42mm objective lens divided by the magnification of 8x gives us an exit pupil of 5.25mm. This tells us that an 8×42 binocular is a good configuration for low-light viewing.
In contrast, if we look at an 8×25 binocular, we find that 25mm divided by 8x leaves us an exit pupil of only 3.12mm. This means that an 8×25 binocular will give sufficient brightness for daytime viewing, but the image will not be as bright as you would like at dawn and dusk.
How do I properly set the diopter on my binocular?
- All better quality binoculars will allow you to separately adjust the focus on one eye (usually the right eye) with a diopter adjuster. This is done to compensate for differences between your eyes so you see the clearest image possible through your binoculars.
To make the diopter adjustment, pick a distinctive object to focus on that is beyond the close focus distance of the binocular, but not too far out in the distance. Initially, come to a sharp focus on the object using the center focus of the binocular (with the diopter-corrected eyepiece side blocked off or that eye closed).
Once you’ve got the first eye focused as sharply as possible, close it and, then, open your other eye (the one on the diopter-corrected side). Carefully, without moving the center focus of the binocular, see if you can improve the image sharpness through this eye by slowly moving the diopter adjustment back and forth. Once you’ve found the setting which gives you the sharpest image, note it and leave it there — you’re done. From this point on, you simply use the center focus to adjust both eyes while viewing.
Note: You should properly set the diopter adjuster when you first use your binocular (make note of your setting). Check the diopter setting on your binocular every so often to be sure your eyes haven’t changed. Always check it whenever you share your binocular with someone else.


Signumat Sliding Caliper
Accuracy is everything!
High value timber is a valuable asset, where every centimetre counts. Therefore, we have developed our measuring tool exactly in line with your woodworking needs. The newly designed Signumat Sliding Caliper offers not only numerous user-friendly and well-thought-out details, but also includes adjusting screws, which enable easy adjustment of the measuring arms and allow you to control the resistance of the slide guide.
The advantages of the Premium Signumat Sliding Caliper at a glance:
• Adjusting screws for altering the resistance of the slide guide and measuring arms
• Shatterproof measuring arms and measuring arm casing
• Ergonomic details enable comfortable handling
• Recessed grip ensures secure handling of the upper part of the Signumat Sliding Caliper
• Protective plastic profile closures enable space saving, vertical storage
• High-quality manufacture allows sliding without bucking
• Extremely durable, even in high usage
• Abrasion-proof numeric scale, readable on both sides, even in bad light conditions
• Measuring stick out of resilient, light aluminium; hollow profile with bracing elements


Delta’s PQC Series APF is connected in parallel with non-linear loads, and uses one set of current transformers (CT) to detect the load current. It calculates each order harmonic current by FFT algorithms in its DSP microchips, and then generates a compensating current with the same amplitude but opposite phase angles to the detected harmonic current, which cancels out the original load harmonics.
The PQC series APF not only eliminates harmonic current from the load side, but it also mitigates harmonic voltage caused by harmonic currents. The APF system can also improve power factor (PF) and correct load imbalances in the power system.
- Multifunctional: Harmonic, reactive power and imbalance compensation
High harmonic filtering rate: Up to 98%
- Excellent reactive compensation: High speed, Precise (-0.99≤PF≤0.99), Step-less, Bi-directional (capacitive and inductance) compensation
- Excellent imbalance correction: Both negative and zero sequence, mitigates neutral current.
- Wide input voltage & frequency range, adapts to tough electrical environments.
- Low thermal loss (≤3% of rated APF kVA), efficiency ≥ 97%
- Flexible application: Modular design, embedded in standard or customized cabinet
- Easy installation and maintenance: Plug-in installation for APF module replacement and expansion.
- Wide capacity range: 50A~525A for a single cabinet, up 10 cabinets in parallel
Environmental adaptability: -10~50°C temperature, compatible with diesel generator.
- Complete protection: Grid Over/Under voltage, APF over current, over temperature, and more.
- All faults are recorded in the event log, which is convenient for failure analysis.


Quickly detects compressed air, natural gas, propane tank, vacuum, steam, refrigerant and other pressurised leaks.
- 5-LED signal intensity indicator and audible alarm easily pinpoints the exact problem source
- Finds gear and bearing wear in internal components and electric motors
- Internal Noise Control (INC) ensures that the tool is unaffected by ambient noise, making it ideal for use in extremely noisy environments
- Self-adjusting Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuitry enhances sensitivity and simplifies operation
- Unique ultrasonic emitter helps locate faulty seals, gaskets and weather stripping in doors, windows, ductwork and other non-pressurised enclosures
- Precision-engineered hollow air probe helps isolate leak sources in cramped areas
- Adjustable touch-control sensitivity pad and power switch


In August 2011 Oregon Health & Science University, Casey Eye Institute received a 3.9 million dollar NIH grant entitled “Guiding the treatment of anterior eye disease with optical coherence tomography.” Dr. David Huang, the principal investigator, and other investigators at the Center for Ophthalmic Optics & Lasers (www.coollab.net) will coordinate the multi-center technology development and clinical study efforts. There are four sub-awards in this project: 1) James Fujimoto, PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (engineering site), 2) Douglas Koch, MD, Baylor School of Medicine Cullens Eye Institute, 3) Mark Terry, MD, Legacy Emmanuel Health Center, Devers Eye Institute and 4) Bibiana Jin Reiser, MD, Children's Hospital Los Angeles. This is the second 5 year award for this multiyear project which started in 2007 and ends in 2016. Below is an overview of the project.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a cross-sectional and 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging technology with very fine spatial resolution (5 microns). This project develops the methods and software needed for high-precision OCT measurements of the eye to guide implant, laser and transplant surgeries in the front part of the eye. This NIH grant aims to accurately calculate intraocular lens power and improve outcomes of cataract surgery in eyes with previous laser vision correction and to improve the precision, safety and effectiveness in laser correction of cloudy or irregular corneas and laser-assisted corneal transplantation.
The project aims to develop and utilize a new generation of very high speed OCT (about 10 times faster than previous models, taking an image in as little as 2/1000 of a second). The extended range will enable new types of measurements to be done accurately.
The Specific Aims of the grant are as follows:
(1) To develop ultrahigh-speed OCT hardware and software for measuring optical surfaces of the anterior eye. Intrinsic eye movements effectively limit measurement of corneal shape by commercial OCT. This will be overcome by several approaches, including ultrahigh-speed OCT at 500 kHz, dual-beam OCT to simultaneously capture the shape of both the cornea and the lens, simultaneous capture of Placido-ring videokeratography and motion correction software. The goal is to provide reliable measurements on front and back surfaces of both the cornea and crystalline lens.
(2) To develop an OCT-based intraocular lens power formula. Currently, surgeons lack an accurate way to calculate the precise intraocular lens (IOL) power for cataract patients who have previously had laser vision correction. These patients may be left near- or far-sighted after cataract surgery. An OCT-based IOL formula, using measurements of both anterior and posterior corneal powers, can give surgeons more precise information that will significantly improve visual outcomes. The OCT-based IOL formula will be tested in a clinical trial.
(3) To develop OCT-guided excimer laser surface ablation. The excimer laser can remove cloudy layers from the front of the cornea and correct distorted shape due to keratoconus or transplant surgery. The group has developed 3-D OCT-based planning to optimally remove cloudiness due to corneal scars and stromal dystrophies. This method will be tested in a larger clinical trial. The method will be improved by adding 3-D OCT measurement of corneal shape (topography) to plan the correction of any shape distortion.
(4) To develop OCT-guided laser-assisted anterior and posterior lamellar keratoplasty. Most corneal diseases involve only the inner or outer layer of the cornea. Thus a partial thickness transplant can treat these diseases while avoiding the complications of full-thickness transplantations (rejection, irregular wound shape, etc). However, manual dissection of corneal layers is technically difficult and vision after surgery is limited by the rough interfaces. Therefore, OCT methods have been developed to guide the shaping and smoothing of donor and host corneas with a combination of an excimer laser to create smooth interfaces and a femtosecond laser to create tongue-in-groove edge fits. Pilot clinical trials of these techniques are proposed. The end goal is to develop surgeries that reliably improve the vision in patients with keratoconus, corneal dystrophies and deep scars.
OHSU investigators will work with collaborators at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Optovue, Inc. to develop the advanced OCT imaging technology. The clinical studies will be performed at Casey Eye Institute, Cullens Eye Institute, Devers Eye Institute, and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. The ultimate goal is to improve the precision, visual outcome, and safety of anterior eye surgeries.


LOCATION: Kansas City, Missouri
OWNER: City of Kansas City, Missouri, Water Services Department
CONTRACTOR: VSI Meter Services
SCOPE: The City of Kansas City, Missouri Water Services Department installed “The WAVE” in residences and places of business beginning in the spring of 2007 through the spring of 2010, eliminating the need for meter readers to manually gather utility meter readings. “The WAVE” is an automated meter reading program that uses wireless radio transmitters to remotely read customer meters. LMG was hired by VSI Meter Services, project manager, under a 3-year contract to remove the outdated water meters and install the new meter reading devices. This project included meter installation, utility water main repair, curb and gutter cuts and repairs, and utility shut-offs/hook-ups.


Undetected water leaks can wreak havoc on any infrastructure, from residential buildings to commercial spaces and industrial facilities. Over time, they may lead to severe structural damage, mold growth, and equipment malfunction. One of the most effective solutions to this problem is the use of water leak detection cables. This article aims to explore their applications, technical principles, advantages, and real-world success stories, providing insights into the installation process and best practices for optimizing performance. Visit the https://prosinogroup.com/ to learn more.
Applications of Water Leak Detection Cables
Water leak detection cables have a wide array of applications due to their versatility. In residential buildings, they are commonly installed near water heaters, dishwashers, washing machines, and in bathrooms, where they can quickly detect any unexpected water presence. For commercial spaces, especially those housing sensitive equipment like server rooms and data centers, these cables provide an invaluable line of defense against potential water damage. In industrial facilities, they find their use in areas such as process lines, storage tanks, and cooling systems, alerting the personnel of any leaks that could otherwise go unnoticed and cause significant damage.
Technical Principles Behind Water Leak Detection Cables
These detection systems are more than just cables. They are an amalgamation of advanced technology and materials science, designed to react promptly to the presence of water. The primary mechanism involves the use of conductive materials. When water comes into contact with the cable, it completes an electrical circuit that triggers an alarm. This reaction is almost instantaneous, allowing for prompt detection and action.
Different types of cables may use various sensing mechanisms. Some use point detection, where water presence is signaled at specific intervals along the cable, while others offer zone detection, providing a general area where water has been detected. The latest models use distributed sensing technology, capable of accurately locating leaks anywhere along the cable's length.
Advantages in Different Scenarios
Water leak detection cables provide numerous advantages, particularly in areas difficult to monitor manually. For example, underfloor leaks often go undetected until they've caused significant damage. These cables, when installed under floors, can promptly detect any moisture, allowing for immediate rectification.
Similarly, for ceiling leaks, the detection cables can be fitted above suspended ceilings to keep a check on any possible water seepage from pipes or HVAC units. Besides, they're invaluable in basements or underground facilities, where water ingress could be disastrous.
Real-World Applications and Success Stories
Water leak detection cables have saved countless properties from severe water damage. A notable example is a data center in California, where these cables detected a minor leak in the HVAC system. The immediate alert allowed the center to fix the issue promptly, preventing an estimated several hundred thousand dollars worth of potential damage to their servers.
Another success story involves a chemical plant in Texas. The facility had leak detection cables installed around its storage tanks. When a small leak occurred in one of the tanks, the system alerted the plant operators, preventing a potentially catastrophic chemical spill.
Installation Process and Best Practices
Installing water leak detection cables requires careful planning and execution. The cables should be strategically placed in areas prone to leaks. Regular inspections and maintenance are crucial to ensure the system's optimal performance.
Special attention should be given to connector quality and cable routing. Poor-quality connectors or improper routing can lead to false alarms or missed detections. Using professional installation services is often recommended to ensure the system's accuracy and reliability.
Water leak detection cables are a versatile, effective solution for preventing water damage across a range of environments. They provide fast, accurate leak detection, allowing for immediate action and potentially saving thousands, if not millions, in damage repair and replacement costs. They are not merely a purchase but an investment in the long-term safety and maintenance of a property. The value they offer in terms of damage prevention and peace of mind is truly immeasurable.


On Wednesday, the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that the Schiaparelli spacecraft had been lost due to complications on landing.
The craft entered the atmosphere on October 19th, 14:42 GMT. A parachute release and 9 thrusters should have allowed for a controlled landing on the Red Planet; a first for the ESA and Roscosmos collaboration. Though the analysis of data from the descent isn’t complete, the agency suspects that the ejection of the parachute occurred earlier than planned causing the thrusters to cut out too soon; resulting in too high of a velocity for landing.
Recently, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter may have taken images of the site where the rover crashed. The black spot represents the site where the craft should have originally landed and it appears that the probe’s rocket fuel pod exploded on impact. The loss of the rover is a disappointing development for the mission as it was aimed to be the first of a line of probes sent to eventually search for life below the planet’s surface; ExoMars 2020.
The sister ship, Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), is still safely orbiting Mars collecting data from the descended rover. David Parker, ESA’s Director of Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration said “From the engineering standpoint, it’s what we want from a test, and we have extremely valuable data to work with. We will have an enquiry board to dig deeper into the data and we cannot speculate further at this time.” The probe was designed to test a new module for the entry, descent and landing on Mars and though it didn’t go as planned, scientists are still enthusiastic about what the continual analysis of the data will unveil.


How do optics work with LEDs? Many think it is simply the plastic lens on the top of the bulb covering the diodes that disperses the light. However when you dig deeper into the components, there is more to it.
In taking a closer look at the LED diodes themselves, they have an outer casing. This is one part a protective measure but these also act as the primary optic. Even still, this primary optic is not focused enough and lacks strength over a distance. This is where the lenses, reflectors, and so on come into play as they take all the light within a given bulb or fixture and magnify the intensity based on how the optics are designed.
As LEDs were born, lenses and reflectors had to be entirely re-designed. They could not be re-used from previous light sources as LEDs emit light in a different manner. Older bulbs like incandescents have a 360° spread. The directional nature of LED results 180° illumination and with the substrate underneath the diode, it cannot be any wider than that.
Manufacturers continue to find new ways to manipulate LED optics to become smarter to suit more applications. Reflectors and TIR optics have become two of the most common ways. In terms of cost and ease of creating, reflectors are hard to beat. They come in varying sizes and how they collect and disperse the light will depend on their shape. With chip-on board LEDs, the light area is so large that a reflector is the only effective option. The downside to reflectors? The vast majority of light rays coming from the center emitter pass through the LED light source without even hitting the reflector. This means a good portion of the light will stray wide off it’s intended target and/or will create glare.
This is where Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Optics come in. Particularly with high lumen-density light sources, enveloping them with a TIR lens will ensure more control of where the light will be emitting. TIR lenses are mostly injection molded from polymers and utilize a refractive lens inside a reflector. They are far more efficient in controlling LED light spread. The lens directs light from the center of the source to the reflector, which then sends out a controlled beam in whichever direction is specified. On top of this, additional surface treatments (frosted, rippled, etc) can be applied to shape the light distribution.
TIR optics work fantastically with LEDs as these optics fit perfectly surrounding the top of the LED. This allows for total control direct from the light source. TIR optics initially were used primarily with outdoor applications but have made progress with indoor lighting. They are still best used with tight, narrow beams and don’t work quite as well when the goal is wide, diffused light.
As with any decision when it comes to lighting, make sure you take into account what purpose the light fixture is supposed to provide and then choose the optics that best suits your need.


Graco is a world leader in fluid handling solutions. Our products move, measure, control, dispense, and apply a wide range of fluids used in exploration, production, processing, transportation and storage of oil and gas.
The company’s success is built on its unwavering commitment to technical excellence, world-class manufacturing and unparalleled customer service.
For more than 85 years, Graco has provided customers with proven quality and leading technology. Ongoing investments will continue to provide future innovative solutions to diverse global markets: engineering tools and talent, research and development, manufacturing equipment and facilities help to create a product pipeline that meets our customers’ evolving needs.
- Automotive Manufacturing/Repair/Maintenance
- Food, Personal Care & Pharmaceutical
- Heavy Equipment
- Oil & Natural Gas
- Printing & Publishing
- Recreation & Sports
- Waste Management
- Wood/Wood Products
Graco’s chemical dosing pumps and controllers are specifically designed to monitor the use of chemicals being dispensed into key areas of the refining process. We know you often face challenges with extreme weather and remote conditions, and we have designed our chemical injection pumps with features that meet and exceed your needs. We offer solar powered pumps, as well as electric and pneumatic chemical pumps, all which reduce corrosion and plugging.
Graco’s complete line of chemical injection equipment is designed to meet the needs of the midstream sector of the oil and gas industry, specifically pipelines and compression. As the leader in fluid handling technology, our chemical injection equipment meets the most challenging requirements. The Graco brand represents proven quality and dependability.
Correct dosing of costly chemicals to keep wellheads and pipelines from freezing and plugging can now be made easier by the use of Graco’s chemical injection pumps and controllers. We know the oil and gas industry well and have built our pumps to withstand the harshest and most remote working conditions. Our state-of-the-art injection pumps and chemical dosing systems are cost effective and provide the best value with less downtime and lower costs of operation.
Graco’s chemical injection system can be used for upstream exploration, drilling and completions, both offshore and onshore. Our chemical injection system can be easily used in remote locations with pneumatically-operated, solar-operated, and electrically-operated drive motor platforms. Graco’s equipment is reliable, durable, and built for the rugged applications present in the oil and gas industry.


Cath lab renovation, new technology installation almost complete
No one enjoys undergoing surgery to treat a cardiac condition, but with advanced catheter-based procedures, patients have more effective, less invasive treatment options available to them these days. In our cath lab at Memorial Hospital, we’ve just upgraded to advanced imaging technology providing intuitive, procedure-specific tools that may help lower risks and shorten recovery times when treating our patients with cardiovascular disease.
“Quick and easy access to enhanced visualization and live navigation through soft tissue anatomy will ultimately help our cardiology specialists determine the optimal course of treatment with greater confidence,” said Lauri Omsberg, cath lab director. “The system, which is currently being installed, is an Allura imaging system with ClarityIQ technology. It enables physicians to deliver fast and confident diagnosis, simplified procedures and an efficient clinical workflow. The table is designed for advanced peripheral imaging and will allow us to offer electrophysiology studies, which is an important option for our patients in East Texas.”
“This new technology will offer quality imaging at a fraction of the radiation dose too, so as a result we’ll reduce staff exposure,” Lauri noted. “We’ll also be able to offer our patients less contrast media during certain procedures.”
Whether it’s a routine coronary issue or the most complex structural heart disease, in the next couple of weeks, these new solutions will allow our team of specialists to perform a wider range of minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac procedures in a more patient-focused environment and that’s good news for East Texas.


Ensuring the accuracy of cannabis microbiology testing is critical for cultivators’ bottom line as well as consumer safety. Microbial contaminates are small, hard to track and easy to pick up – they’re everywhere!
The first and most important step here, unfortunately often overlooked, is collecting the sample in its original environment and in a sterile fashion. Here at PureVita Labs, our founders are PhD chemists and medical doctors, one of whom is a surgeon (who knows a thing or two about sterile environments). Our sample collection SOPs (standard operating procedures) are designed with similar aseptic techniques used in hospital operating rooms. The cannabis samples are collected using these sterile aseptic techniques and placed in a pre-sealed sterile container, only opened once on site, and them immediately sealed again on site before leaving.
The sample is then placed in a locked cooler. Then the cooler is placed in a locked container, which is, you guessed it, locked to the frame of our transportation vehicle (very secure!). And then transported directly back our laboratory. No stops are allowed on the way back of course, and this is all tracked in real-time by a state-of-the art cloud-based GPS system monitored by our lab (and the state!)
Once arrived back in the lab the sample is checked into our internal lab tracking software system, making use of bar codes and scan guns, while the sample remains in its sealed sterile container. One of our microbiology analysts is notified and moves the sample, still in its sealed sterile container, to our microbiology lab room.
PureVita’s Microbiology Lab is state-of-the-art and hospital-grade, and in an individual room separated from all other testing equipment (as are all of our lab rooms). Anyone entering must enter through an airlock room, which is monitored 24/7 with a manometer, confirming that there is always positive pressure in the airlock. Our microbiology lab is a clean room with plaster ceilings and a fan-powered Hepa filer cleaning all the air that enters the room (but of course all the air that enters our building already passes through carbon air filters and Hepa filters – so the air entering our micro lab gets cleaned twice!).
Then, finally, our microbiologist gets to open the sample … but only after the sample is brought over to our specialized bio-safety cabinet. This piece of equipment has a glass shield drawn over the front of it, leaving space for the analyst to place their arms under the glass to handle the sample. It is also equipped with an “air curtain” – there is a curtain of air that constantly flows on the inside of the glass to keep all contaminants in the bio-safety cabinet (this air is then sent through filters before being reintroduced into the cabinet) … and a curtain of air on the outside of the glass to keep any outside contaminants from getting into the bio-safety cabinet, where the sterile sample is being handled, to prevent the introduction of any outside contamination. There is only one sample open at a time in the bio-safety cabinet to prevent cross-contamination between samples. All the sample prep work is performed under the bio-safety cabinet, and the sample is sealed again, and never opened until the test is complete. Further, the cabinet, the surfaces, and all the equipment is sprayed and wiped down with alcohol in between sample analysis sessions. Finally, the bio-safety cabinet is also equipped with a digital monitor that controls and measures the air curtain rate, filtration, and performance.
It’s an exhaustive process that requires specialized equipment, people, and processes. These are the standards we are setting and measures we take to ensure our customers get accurate results. PureVita Labs – advancing the science of cannabis.


Indoor Temperature Humidity Monitor
Indoor Temperature Humidity Monitor
Q: How accurate is the temperature and humidity readings?
A: The Indoor Temperature Humidity Monitor has a high stability and accuracy.
Q: Can the device display both indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity?
A: Yes, the device can display both indoor and outdoor temperature.
Q: Is the device easy to set up and use?
A: Yes, the device is easy to set up and use, just install the included AAA battery and follow the instructions to set the time, alarm, and other settings.
Q: Can the device be mounted on a wall or is it only meant to be placed on a desk?
A: The device can be placed on a desk or wall hung.
Q: Does the device have an alarm function?
A: Yes, the device has an alarm function that can be set to go off at a specific time.
Q: Does the device have a memory function to save the min and max temperature and humidity readings?
A: Yes, the device has a memory function that saves the min and max temperature and humidity readings.
Q: Can the device switch between 12 hour and 24 hour display?
A: Yes, the device can switch between 12 hour and 24 hour display.
Q: Does the device have a date and calendar function?
A: Yes, the device has a date and calendar function that displays the month and date.
Q: How long does the battery last?
A: The device has a low power consumption and can last for a long time with a single battery.
Q: Does the device have a low power consumption?
A: Yes, the device has a low power consumption.
Q: What is the range of temperature and humidity that the device can measure?
A: The device can measure indoor temperatures from -50 to 70 and humidity from 10% to 99% RH.
Q: How do I change the temperature units between Celsius and Fahrenheit?
A: The device has a switch button on the back of the stand to change the temperature units between Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Q: Can the device be used for both indoor and outdoor use?
A: Yes, the device is waterproof and suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
Q: Can the device be connected to a phone or computer for remote monitoring?
A: No, the device is not connected to a phone or computer for remote monitoring.
Q: Is the device easy to read in low light conditions?
A: Yes, the device has a large LCD display that is easy to read in low light conditions.
LIMITED TIME OFFER
Attention Customers, we are currently offering a limited time promotion that may end at any moment. We encourage you to take advantage of this opportunity and make your purchase before the offer expires. Please note that the offer is subject to availability and may end without prior notice. Thank you for considering this special promotion.
List the details of your shipping policy.
**Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, shipping times may be longer than usual. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause and appreciate your patience.**
At Epic Eagle, we offer free worldwide shipping (most of the time) on all of our products, with no additional charge for our customers. We have warehouses in China, Europe, and the United States, so depending on your location and the product you order, your package may be shipped from a different location.
We use USPS and Epacket as our primary shipping methods. Shipping times will vary based on your location and other factors such as weather and customs clearance. Please note that during holiday seasons, shipping may be slower due to the high volume of orders we receive.
As for estimation, for USA, Canada, Europe, it takes around 10-20 days and for other countries, it takes around 15-30 days. However, please note that these are estimated times and we cannot guarantee an exact delivery date.
We are not responsible for any custom fees that may apply.
Once your order is shipped, you will receive tracking information to the email provided within a few days of your order. This will allow you to track the progress of your package and know when to expect delivery.
We are committed to providing you with the best possible service and experience, and we appreciate your understanding during this time.


Harnessing the power of cutting-edge technology,
we offer a revolutionary solution that allows you to capture the essence of any site or asset with unparalleled
precision and detail.
Using state-of-the-art aerial drones equipped with high-resolution cameras, we navigate the airspace to capture a comprehensive series of images from various angles and altitudes.
Our highly skilled technicians employ advanced algorithms and computer vision techniques to stitch together these images, transforming them into a seamless, textured 3D model that faithfully represents the real-world site or asset.
Our solution empowers you to extract accurate measurements swiftly and effortlessly.
Need to determine distances between specific points on the model?
Looking to calculate volumes of a certain area?
We have you covered.
Try it for yourself in the embedded model below!
Why choose our drone photogrammetry survey services? Here are just a few reasons:
Our drones capture images with incredible detail, allowing for highly accurate measurements and assessments.
Time and Cost Efficiency:
Traditional surveying methods often involve complex logistics and significant resources. Our streamlined approach significantly reduces time and costs, without compromising on quality.
Our services are applicable to a wide range of industries and applications, including construction, land development, mining, agriculture, and more. No matter the sector, we have the expertise to meet your unique needs.
Our textured 3D models provide a wealth of information for in-depth analysis and informed decision-making. Gain a comprehensive understanding of your site or asset like never before.
Safety and Environmental Considerations:
By utilizing aerial drones, we eliminate the need for physical presence in potentially hazardous or environmentally sensitive areas, reducing risk and minimizing our ecological footprint.


The temperature control system in RG Series Upright Glass Door Refrigerators, like in many commercial refrigeration units, is crucial for maintaining the desired storage temperature and ensuring the quality and safety of the products inside. Here's how the temperature control system typically works:
Thermostat or Controller: The heart of the temperature control system is a thermostat or digital controller. This device is responsible for continuously monitoring the temperature inside the refrigerator.
Temperature Sensors: Within the refrigerator, there are temperature sensors (thermistors or thermocouples) strategically placed to provide real-time temperature readings. These sensors detect any temperature fluctuations.
Setpoint Temperature: Users can set a specific target temperature using the thermostat or digital controller. The setpoint temperature is the desired temperature at which the refrigerator should operate.
Compressor and Refrigeration System: The compressor is the main component that cools the air inside the refrigerator. When the temperature sensors detect that the actual temperature has risen above the setpoint, the thermostat sends a signal to the compressor to start. The compressor then circulates refrigerant through the evaporator coils.
Evaporator Coils: The evaporator coils are located within the refrigerator's interior and are responsible for absorbing heat from the air inside, causing the air to cool down. This process maintains the desired temperature.
Defrost Cycle: Some models may include a defrost cycle. During this cycle, the evaporator coils are heated to remove any accumulated frost or ice, which can affect the efficiency of the refrigeration system.
Fan: An evaporator fan is often used to circulate the cold air within the refrigerator, ensuring even temperature distribution.
Condenser Coils: Hot refrigerant gas generated by the compressor is condensed into a liquid form in the condenser coils, releasing heat outside the refrigerator.
Condenser Fan and Heat Dissipation: In some units, a condenser fan helps dissipate heat, making the cooling process more efficient. The condenser fan expels warm air generated by the refrigeration system.
Cycle Duration: The compressor runs in cycles. It turns on when the actual temperature exceeds the setpoint and turns off when the setpoint is reached. The duration of these cycles depends on factors such as the quality of insulation, door openings, and the external environment's temperature.
Temperature Alarm: Many RG Series refrigerators are equipped with temperature alarms. If the temperature inside the refrigerator goes beyond acceptable limits (due to a malfunction or power outage), the alarm system alerts users, helping to prevent product spoilage.
The temperature control system continuously monitors and adjusts the refrigeration cycle to maintain the setpoint temperature. It plays a critical role in ensuring that products remain at their ideal storage temperature, whether they require freezing, chilling, or simply refrigeration, to maintain quality, safety, and freshness. Businesses must regularly check and calibrate this system to ensure accurate and consistent temperature control.


NOMAD Dental x-ray systems are the most advanced intraoral dental x-ray machines on the market for dental professionals.
The dental x-ray handheld design improves dental radiography speed, convenience, and quality.
The NOMAD Pro uses rechargeable Lithium Polymer handsets, weighs 5.5 pounds, and features an enhanced user interface.
Advantages of Handheld Radiography for Dental Professionals
- Stay with patient during x-ray procedures
- Take radiographs twice as fast as with conventional x-ray systems
- Reduce number of retakes by up to 50 percent
- Move handheld x-ray devices from room to room, eliminating need for multiple units
- Carry anywhere – ideal for hospital, home-health, humanitarian, and out-of-office use
NOMAD Pro – Handheld Portability
The NOMAD® Pro joins the family of award-winning Aribex NOMAD handheld dental x-ray systems, the most advanced systems on the market today. The NOMAD Pro offers an enhanced user interface, preset and programmable exposure settings, and additional time-saving features. Its lighter weight and cordless design improves dental radiography speed, convenience, and efficiency. One NOMAD Pro does the work of multiple conventional x-ray systems, making it extremely economical. The leading technology of NOMAD Pro provides the highest level of safety, quality and patient care for your dental practice.
- Entire unit weighs just slightly more than 2.2 kg
- Handheld and portable design moves from room to room, eliminating need for multiple units
- Perfect for use with children and special needs patients
- Ideal for clinical, hospital, home-health, nursing home, and out-of-office use
- Includes one-year product warranty
NOMAD Pro – Modern Radiation Shielding
The external backscatter shield and internal radiation shielding are specially designed to protect the operator from radiation exposure. In fact, the exposure from using the NOMAD Pro is less than one percent of allowed occupational doses.
NOMAD Pro – Digital Sensors or Film
Whether you use the latest digital sensors, dental film, or phosphor plates, the NOMAD Pro will produce high-quality diagnostic images.
NOMAD Pro – Time Savings
The NOMAD Pro color LCD user interface, simple touch controls and handheld design save time for the operator and patient.
- Handheld design allows operator to stay with patient, thereby reducing time required for x-ray procedures
- Simple controls built-in for quick adjustment of exposure time
- Custom exposure settings may be saved for fast recall
- Icons quickly identify tooth, receptor and patient type
NOMAD Pro – Clear Images
The NOMAD Pro produces the highest quality images.
• No blur from hand movement
• 0.4 mm focal spot produces sharp, high resolution images
• High-frequency, 60kV DC x-ray generator produces clear images while reducing patient dose
NOMAD Pro – Long Battery Life
Hundreds of images can be obtained from one battery charge. The battery is incorporated into the handle, which is easily removed for charging. A battery icon on the LCD user interface displays current battery levels and indicates when it needs to be charged. The NOMAD Pro system comes with two battery handles and a charging cradle to always ensure a charged battery.


Crash Guard/Small Drum Shield Isolator
- Reduces sound of cymbals from spilling into drum mics
- Lightweight design fits most popular microphones
- Allows drum mic to be articulated for precise aiming
- Improves isolation for added control over each drum
Between snare and hi-hat
When used for snare drum the CrashGuard attenuates sound from the high-hat allowing for better isolation and EQ for the snare mic.
Between toms and cymbals
CrashGuard attenuates the sound from the crash and ride cymbals reducing bleed on the floor tom mics.
For percussion mics
Percussion instruments cut through the din on stage and bleed into other percussion mics. Crashguard allows for greater separation between mics.


A 77 turn, 10.0 cm diameter coil rotates at an angular velocity of 8.00 rad/s in a 1.18 T field, starting with the normal of the plane of the coil perpendicular to the field. Assume that the positive max emf is reached first.
a. What is the peak emf?
b. At what time is the peak emf first reached?
c. At what time is the emf first at its most negative?
d. What is the period of the AC voltage output?


With an 11% investment return for 2011 the Mei Moses Art Index shows the art market beating the S&P 500 for the second consecutive year, and the sixth overall since 2001 [AO Newslink]
Read article via Financial Times
Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for simultaneous estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine from tablets.(Research Paper)
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences January 1, 2006 | Singhvi, I.; Bhatia, Neela Byline: I. Singhvi, Neela. Bhatia Two simple, accurate, economical and reproducible UV spectrophotometric and one HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of two-component drug mixture of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine in combined tablet dosage form have been developed. The first developed method employs multiwavelength spectroscopy using seven mixed standards and 257.0 nm and 283.0 nm as two wavelengths for estimation. The second method involves first derivative spectroscopy using 308.6 nm and 263.0 nm as zero crossing points for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine respectively. For both spectrophotometric methods, 0.2 M hydrochloric acid was used as solvent. Linearity was observed in concentration range of 0-40 mg/ml of loratadine and 0-800 mg/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Developed HPLC method is reverse-phase chromatographic method using Inertsil C[sub] 18 column and methanol:ammonium acetate buffer in ratio of 80:20 pH 7.5 as mobile phase. Nimesulide was used as internal standard for HPLC method. For HPLC method, linearity was observed in concentration range of 0-200 mg/ml of loratadine and 100-2000 mg/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, chemically 2-methylamino-1-phenyl-1-propanol hydrochloride, has sympathomimetic activity and is official in the United States Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia and Indian Pharmacopoeia. All the three pharmacopoeia describe HPLC method for estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride from tablet formulation. Several chromatographic methods are reported for estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride,,,, from pharmaceutical formulation. Loratadine, chemically 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11-H-benzo-[5,6]cyclohept-al[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidene)-1-piperidine carboxylic acid ethyl ester, is an antihistaminic agent and is yet not official in any of the pharmacopoeia. Several methods are reported for estimation of loratadine,,,,,,, from pharmaceutical formulations; however, none of the method is reported for simultaneous estimation of two drugs.
Developed spectrophotometric and HPLC methods are simultaneous methods of analysis of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine from combined tablet dosage form. The developed methods were found to be simple, rapid, accurate, reproducible and economical. These methods can be used successfully for quality control testing of the drugs from combined tablet dosage form.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard bulk drug sample of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, loratadine and nimesulide were provided by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Dewas. Tablets of combined dosage form were procured from the local market. All other reagents used were of analytical grade for spectrophotometric methods and of HPLC grade for HPLC method.
Shimadzu UV/V is spectrophotometer (model-160 A) with 1 cm matched quartz cells was used for spectrophotometric methods. Spectra’s were recorded using specific program of apparatus, having specifications as follows: spectral bandwidth 3 nm, wavelength accuracy [+ or -]0.5 nm, wavelength readability 0.1 nm increments. For HPLC method, Shimadzu delivery module LC-10AD with UV SPD-10A detector and Chromatopac C-R7A integrator were used.
Method I-Multiwavelength spectroscopy: Using the overlain spectra of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine in 0.2 M HCl, the wavelength maxima of both drugs, i.e., 257.0 and 283.0 nm, were selected as two sampling wavelengths for this method. Seven mixed standards of two drugs in 0.2 M HCl were prepared so as to contain 0-600 mg/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 0-25 mg/ml of loratadine. All mixed standard solutions were scanned over the range of 400 nm to 220 nm in multicomponent mode of spectrophotometer using 257.0 nm and 283.0 nm as two sampling wavelengths. The spectral data from these scan were used to determine the concentration of two drugs in the sample solution. go to site loratadine side effects
Analysis of commercial formulation: Twenty tablets were accurately weighed and average weight per tablet determined. Tablets were grounded to fine powder, and weighed tablet powder equivalent to 120 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask. The powder was extracted four times with 20 ml portions of methanol. The extract was collected in 100 ml volumetric flask after filtration through Whatman filter paper no. 41. The filter paper was washed with 20 ml methanol, and the washing was added to the filtrate. The methanol was evaporated on water bath and the residue was dissolved in 75 ml of 0.2 M HCl and again filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 41. The filter paper was washed with 20 ml of 0.2 M HCl and the washing was added to the filtrate. The volume of filtrate was made to 100 ml mark with 0.2 M HCl. In 10 ml volumetric flask, 2.5 ml of filtrate was taken and diluted to the mark with 0.2 M HCl.
The sample solution was scanned over the range of 400 nm to 220 nm in multicomponent mode and concentration of each component was estimated by analysis of spectral data of sample solution with respect to that of mixed standards by the instrument. Results of analysis are reported in [Table 1].
Method II-First derivative spectroscopy: From first derivative spectra of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine in 0.2 M HCl zero crossing points, 308.6 nm and 263.0 nm were selected for simultaneous estimation of two drugs. Accurately weighed pure drug sample of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine were dissolved in 0.2 M HCl and were diluted with same so as to give several dilutions in the range of 0-800 mg/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 0-30 mg/ml of loratadine. The absorbance of these dilutions were recorded in first derivative mode at 308.6 nm for estimation of loratadine, and 263.0 nm for estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Respective calibration curves were prepared. Validity of proposed method was checked by preparing five mixed standards containing different concentrations of pure drug sample of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine. Absorbance was measured at respective selected zero crossing points, and concentration of two drugs, using respective calibration curve, was determined. Validation studies gave satisfactory results.
Analysis of commercial formulation: Tablet sample was prepared in similar manner as for Method I. Absorbance of final dilution of sample was recorded at 308.6 nm and 263.0 nm from first derivative spectra of sample and amount of two drugs calculated using respective calibration curve. Results of analysis are reported in [Table 1].
Method III-High-performance liquid chromato- graphic method: HPLC method was developed using Inertsil C[sub] 18 ODS 3V(5m) 250 x 4.6 mm column. Mobile phase selected for this method contained 20 parts of ammonium acetate buffer (3.85 g/l) and 80 parts of methanol adjusted to pH 7.5 with sodium hydroxide that was filtered through 0.2 micron membrane filter. Flow rate employed was 1.0 ml/min. Detection of eluent was carried out at 250 nm and AUFS was set at 0.032. Method was developed using nimesulide as internal standard.
Standard stock solution: Standard stock solutions of pure drugs were made separately in mobile phase containing 2000 mg/ml of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, 200 mg/ml of loratadine and 100 mg/ml of nimesulide and filtered through a 0.2 micron membrane filter.
Preparation of calibration curve: For preparation of the drug solutions for the calibration curves, in a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml of the pure drug standard stock solutions of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 ml of the pure drug standard stock solutions of loratadine were transferred. In each flask, 2.0 ml of stock pure drug solution of nimesulide was added and the volume was made up to the mark with the mobile phase. Each solution was injected and a chromatogram was recorded. Mean retention time for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was found to be 3.158 min, for loratadine 13.464 min, and for nimesulide 4.440 min.
The peak area ratios of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to nimesulide and loratadine to nimesulide were calculated and respective calibration curves were plotted against concentration of drug and peak area ratio of drug to internal standard.
Procedure for analysis of formulations:
Twenty tablets of the formulation were weighed and the average weight per tablet was calculated. Twenty tablets were crushed and ground to a fine powder. Powder equivalent to 240 mg of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride was weighed and transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask containing about 75 ml mobile phase. To this volumetric flask, accurately weighed 10 mg of pure standard nimesulide was added. The powder mixture was dissolved in the mobile phase with the aid of ultrasonication. The solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper no. 41 into another 100 ml volumetric flask. The filter paper was washed with mobile phase and washings were added to the filtrate. Volume of filtrate was made up to the mark with the mobile phase. To another 10 ml volumetric flask, 2.0 ml of this solution was transferred and the volume was made up to the mark with the mobile phase. This solution was filtered through a 0.2 m membrane filter.
After setting the chromatographic conditions and stabilizing the instrument to obtain a steady baseline, the tablet sample solution was loaded in the 20 ml fixed – sample loop of the injection port. The solution was injected and a chromatogram was recorded. The injections were repeated five times and the peak areas were recorded. A representative chromatogram has been given in [Figure 1] . The peak area ratios of each of the drugs to the internal standard were calculated and the amount of each drug present per tablet was estimated from the respective calibration curves. The results of analysis are presented in [Table 1].
Recovery studies: To study the accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the above methods, recovery studies were carried out by addition of standard drug solution to pre-analyzed sample at three different levels. Results of recovery studies were found to be satisfactory and are reported in [Table 2].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The proposed methods for simultaneous estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine in combined tablet dosage form were found to be simple, accurate, rapid and economical. The values of coefficient of variance were satisfactorily low and recovery was close to 100%, indicating reproducibility of the methods. this web site loratadine side effects
First method involving multiwavelength spectroscopy is specific to instrument having software for provision of such determination. Selection of proper sampling wavelengths and concentration of components in mixed standard is critical. Since calculations are done by the instrument itself, chances of manual error are nil; furthermore, the method is quite rapid.
Second method involving first derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy requires recording spectrophotometer with data processing mode. Proper selection of zero crossing point in derivative spectra completely eliminates the interference of unwanted component, and thus, concentration of two components can be easily calculated without prior separation of components from combined dosage form.
Third developed method for simultaneous estimation of two drugs from combined dosage form is reverse phase chromatographic method utilising C[sub] 18 column and methanol ammonium acetate as mobile phase. Detection of eluent was carried out using UV detector. The method was developed using nimesulide as internal standard. The run time per sample is just 15 min. The excipients in the formulation did not interfere in the accurate estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine.
Since none of the methods is reported for simultaneous estimation of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and loratadine from combined dosage form, these developed methods can be used for routine analysis of two components without prior separation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Dewas, India, for providing pure drug samples of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, loratadine and nimesulide. Acknowledgment is further extended to Core Health Care Ltd., Rajpur, India, for providing facilities to carry out HPLC work.
References 1. Budavari, S., Eds., In, The Merck Index, 12th Edn., Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, 3647.
2. United States Pharmacopoeia, 18th Edn., USP Convention Inc., Rockville, MD, 1995, 1339.
3. British Pharmacopoeia, Vol. II, Her Majesty’s Stationary office, British Pharmacopoeia commission, London,1993,1085.
4. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Vol. II, Government of India, The controller of Publication, New Delhi, 1996, 641.
5. Dash, A.K., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal ., 1998, 121, 601.
6. Fong, G.W. and Eickhoff, W.M., Int. J. Pharm ., 1989, 53, 91.
7. Maierdan Wang, J.H., Yan, F.Z., Jin, Y., Cui, Y.Q. and Sun, D.J., Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi, 1994, 14, 27.
8. Noggle, F.T. and Clark, C.R., J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem ., 1984, 67, 198.
9. Paeeran, M.T., Baravani, G.S. and Bhalla, V.K., Indian Drugs , 1988, 25, 242.
10. Budavari, S., Eds., In, The Merck Index, 12th Edn., Merck and Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, 953.
11. El-Ragehy, N.A., Badaway, A.M. and Khateeb, S.Z., through Anal. Abstr ., 1995, 28, 2363.
12. Kovas, E.M., J. Chromatogr ., 1995, 692, 103.
13. Lin, Z.H., Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi , 1996, 16, 53.
14. Rajput, S.J. and Vyas, A.G., Indian Drugs , 1998, 35, 352.
15. Squella, J.A., Sturm, J.C., Diaz, M.A., Pessoa, H. and Nenuz-Vergora, L.J., Talenta , 1996, 43, 2029.
16. Vyas, A.G. and Rajput, S.J., Indian J. Pharm. Sci. , 1997, 59, 186.
17. Zhang, D. and Blume, H., Pharmazie , 1994, 49, 736.
18. Zhong, D. and Blume, H., Pharmazie , 1994, 49, 730.
Singhvi, I.; Bhatia, Neela
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Installation method: dual axis-tracking type
Material quality: hot-dip galvanized / zinc-aluminum-magnesium / weathering steel Place of
Dual-axis tracking, as the name implies, refers to a rotation axis with two directions. In this way, the solar panel can track the sun at the azimuth angle and the altitude angle of the sun at the same time. So as to achieve the solar panels remain perpendicular to the sun's rays. The dual-axis tracking photovoltaic array moves along two rotation axes, which can simultaneously track the changes in the azimuth and altitude of the sun. In theory, it can completely track the sun's trajectory to achieve zero incidence angle.
The dual-axis automatic tracking system is generally divided into two parts: electric control and mechanical.
Electric control system
The dual-axis tracking photovoltaic array moves along two rotation axes, which can simultaneously track the changes in the azimuth and altitude of the sun. In theory, it can completely track the sun's trajectory to achieve zero incidence angle. Generally, tracking control can adopt two basic methods: continuous tracking and step tracking. The continuous tracking mode requires the tracking angle to be adjusted at any time according to the changing law to follow the sun's trajectory. The step tracking method is to adjust the tracking angle at regular intervals so that the photovoltaic array is aligned with the current position of the sun, while the photovoltaic array remains stationary during the rest of the time. Obviously, the step tracking mode simplifies system control. However, the step-tracking photovoltaic array cannot track the sun's trajectory in real time, which will inevitably reduce the utilization rate of solar radiation. Considering all aspects, the step tracking method is adopted to make the tracking angle error less than ±0.5 degrees.
he structure of the dual-axis tracking system is divided into a supporting part, a connecting part and a transmission part. The supporting part of the dual-axis tracking system is composed of main pillars, rotating supports and steel structure brackets, the connecting part is composed of aluminum profiles and bolts, and the transmission part is composed of worm gears, connecting rods, and reducers. The tracking direction of the dual-axis tracking system includes two directions of horizontal rotation and vertical pitch, realizing dual-degree-of-freedom tracking. The power input of the motor is decelerated by the reducer, and the worm gear is input to convert the rotation of the vertical plane into the rotation of the horizontal plane. At the same time, the position sensor collects the angle of the system rotation in real time, and inputs real-time data for the electronic control to realize the horizontal rotation direction. Automatic tracking


Brad Amos is a biologist and a designer of optical instruments. A boyhood visit to the Plymouth Lab of the Marine Biological Association in the late ’50s led him to study Zoology at Oxford and then to do a PhD at Cambridge on the contraction of Vorticella, a microscopic pond organism. In this organism, he discovered and named an abundant calcium-binding protein which is now known as centrin and has been found in all cells. In 1981 he moved informally to the LMB , where he found that John White had set up a prototype confocal microscope. With John, Mick Fordham and Richard Durbin, he developed the confocal microscope which was taken up by Bio-Rad and was soon in use in labs throughout the world. Brad was seconded to Bio-Rad by the MRC for the next 17 years, and designed both the Radiance series of confocal microscopes and the production line jigs for manufacturing it. When the UK factory was acquired and closed by Zeiss he continued to design optical equipment for use in the LMB and to organise a course on advanced optical microscopy in Plymouth which is now in its eleventh year. Since retirement in 2010 he has been working part-time in the University of Strathclyde on new types of microscope, using his ‘Mesolens’ and collaborating in published work on nonlinear optics and novel lasers. He has retained his interest in marine and freshwater biology and has also written papers on gem faceting and invented a method for the measurement of refractive indices in gemstones (including diamond) where the index is too high for a conventional refractometer.
The Mesolens is a giant microscope objective designed for computer data acquisition rather than the human eye. It arose from a realization in the early days of confocal microscopy that confocal images could not be obtained of large specimens, because the available low-magnification objectives had too poor a resolution in depth. With the help of a professional lens designer, a lens has been created with an unprecedented numerical aperture of nearly 0.5 at a magnification of 4x and with a field size of 5mm. The detail captured by this lens was shown at a public exhibition to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the Royal Society in 2010. With Professor Gail McConnell and Dr John Dempster (Strathclyde) Brad has succeeded in recording simultaneously cytology and whole-animal anatomy confocally from large specimens such as 10-day mouse embryos. It is hoped that a test centre for Mesoscopy can be set up in Strathclyde during 2013 and commercial production of microscopes based on this technology will begin in the same year. Applications are expected in the screening of human genes in transgenic mice, studies of large numbers of neurones in the brain and many other areas. Mesoscopy closes a gap in the repertoire of the optical microscope: provided the resolution (0.5um in length and 3um depth) is adequate the Mesolens is capable of gathering approximately a hundred times the amount of information in a focal series that can be gathered by a standard N.A. 1.4 60x microscope lens, with proportionally enlarged file sizes.
The Plymouth Microscopy Course
In 2002, Brad founded an annual course on Advanced Optical Microscopy in the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth UK. This course is now widely known and attracts students and lecturers from all over Europe and beyond. Many LMB students and post-docs have attended this course. See here for details of the 2013 course.
- Amos, W.B. (2012)
Video of Leeuwenhoek Prize Lecture at the Royal Society
- Amos, W.B., McConnell, G. and Wilson, T. (2011)
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (Chapter in Comprehensive Biophysics)
- Amos, W.B. (2006)
Brewster conoscopy as a method for measuring high refractive index of gemstones.
Microscopy and Analysis March: 9-11
- Amos, W.B. and White, J.G. (2003)
How the confocal laser scanning microscope entered biological research.
Biol. Cell 95: 335-342


SST - Speed Sensor Tester
This Jaltest Speed Sensor Tester will allow you to check the status of both passive and active speed sensors. In addition, there is an option to simulate signals from these types of sensors to check the behaviour directly in the control unit to which the sensors would be connected.
In case of failure or malfunction, the SST (Speed Sensor Tester) can quickly detect if the damaged component is the speed sensor or whether the control unit is not processing the signal in a correct way and whether problem is down to the electrical power supply, short circuit or open circuit. This helps to avoid other more laborious and complex tests being required.


Pulsed air cryotherapy machine that allows intensive use for rheumatology and trauma care.
Equipped with programs and different nozzles, the machine will adapt to each application.
Lowering the skin temperature to 5 ° C in less than 10 seconds guarantees a very high quality analgesic effect in complete safety.
Technical details :
A closed, maintenance-free refrigeration circuit that draws in ambient air, filters and cools it.
Powerful for up to 100 treatments per day.
• Analgesic: by reducing nerve conduction and the sensitivity of nociceptors.
• Anti-inflammatory: thanks to the powerful vasoconstriction and the reduction of the release of chemical mediators.
• Vasomotor: the powerful thermal shock creates an alternation of vasoconstriction and reflex vasodilation.
• Decontracting: by reducing muscular hyper reflexivity.


ALPOLIC®/fr is a fire-retardant material composed of aluminum trihydroxide- Al(OH)3. This fire-rated core has passed the following tests from various institutes around the world:
NFPA 285 is a test from National Fire Protection Association, USA.
The wall size for testing is 4.3 meters wide and 5.5 meters high. This test composes of two burners inside and outside which the inner one will be ignited 5 minutes after outside ignition. This test will help determining the fire propagation characteristics of exterior wall assemblies.
After the fire incident at Grenfell, the British government has been focusing on fire-retardancy tests of composite materials more and invented BS 8414. The test is setting up L shaped wall, 2.5 meters and 1.5 meters wide by 8 meters high with a tunnel set up below for ignition. The test determines fire propagation of external cladding in 3 perspectives:
1. External fire spread.
2. Internal fire spread.
3. Mechanical Properties
The specimen will be burned at total heat 4,500 MJ of fire source for 30 minutes. The pass or fail condition is the temperature of the cladding at 5 meter height must not exceed 600 °C. The fire spread must not exceed 8 meters high. ALPOLIC/fr and ALPOLIC A2 have both recognized passed the qualification of BS 8414.
The size of specimen tested is 1.2* 2.4 meters and 0.6*2.4 meters. It is tested with a propane burner with the heat up to 100 kilowatts for 30 minutes. Damage of the test specimen must not more than 50 cm from ground.
Single Burning Item (SBI) method is used here by single burning an item. There is a method of test for determining the reaction to fire behavior of building products (excluding floorings) when exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item. Mostly used with Aluminum composite with a size of 1m*1.5m. The gas will be released before the test on one side for heat measurement, then additional heat release from the composite. This test is for European Class A2, B, C, D.
A test specimen will be placed inside a cylindrical furnace tube at 750 °C for 30 minutes or more subject to each condition. The conditions used follow the Euro class A1 which will increase temperature 30°C to 780°C. For A2 product test, the temperature will be increased by 50°C or more. The mass loss of the test specimen is calculated after the test is completed.
It is to determine the gross heat of combustion in the laboratory in order to be classified into Euro class accordingly.
which is used in building control act in fire control laws in Japan to see if the filling is combustible or not by the product can be certified as non-combustible materials by this test using a 10 x 10 cm sample to heat from a Cone Heater that emits 50 kilowatts per square meter and the temperature is around 650 degrees celsius (The near temperature of aluminium melting point).


Discover the pinnacle of control and reliability with our DN10 Ball Valve. Engineered to deliver exceptional performance in various applications, this valve is your solution for smooth flow regulation, secure shut-off, and unmatched longevity.
- Size: 3/8″ female NPT thread
- Premium Build: Crafted from high-quality materials, our DN10 ball valve ensures resilience against harsh conditions, making it suitable for industrial, commercial, and residential settings.
- Precision Flow Control: Achieve precise flow adjustments with the ergonomic handle, allowing you to fine-tune the flow rate according to your specific requirements.
- Secure Shut-Off: The robust ball mechanism guarantees a secure shut-off, preventing leaks and ensuring safety in critical operations.
- Versatile Applications: Whether it’s for controlling water, oil, gas, or other compatible fluids, our DN10 ball valve performs consistently, maintaining optimal flow control across various systems.
- Easy Installation: With its user-friendly design and standard DN10 sizing, installation becomes a breeze, saving you time and effort.
- Long-Lasting Performance: Built to withstand wear and tear, our ball valve promises enduring functionality, reducing maintenance needs and replacement costs.
Why Choose Our DN10 Ball Valve: When precision matters, this ball valve stands above the rest. Its robust construction and seamless flow control make it an indispensable asset for any system. Enjoy reliability, longevity, and optimal performance in every application, ensuring peace of mind and efficiency.
Whether you’re managing an industrial process, a commercial operation, or a home utility system, our DN10 Valve delivers unparalleled control that lasts. Elevate your fluid management capabilities today and experience the difference firsthand. Choose reliability, choose durability.


The Link2-Base is a wireless base radio for Link2-Sensor devices.
The Link2-Base can be configured with up to two different radio modules to match the Link2-Sensor radio modules being deployed. The Link2-Base receives the wireless transmission of the Link2-Sensors and relays the instrument data via wired ethernet connection to remote monitoring station on local area network.
The Link2-Base has the option for two external antennas for improved wireless reception. The Link2-Base is powered by a DC power jack or POE (Power of Ethernet) using the ethernet port.


Almost without anyone's noticing, The RBN has begun participating in real honest-to-goodness SCIENCE! It's not just for spotting any more, or antenna testing, or site selection for WRTC 2014. Instead, its unique capabilities are being applied to the study of space weather.
The work has been undertaken by a far-flung team of ionospheric scientists from Virginia Tech, the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University,and SRI, supported by the RBN team, as well as Alex Shovkoplyas, VE3NEA, author of the Skimmer series of CW and RTTY software. A first study based on RBN data, titled "Ionospheric Sounding Using Real-Time Amateur Radio Reporting Networks", was featured in Space Weather Quarterly early this year,
The article demonstrates the scientific potential of the RBN by comparing HF propagation data from the RBN with observations of an X-class solar flare by the GOES 15 satellite. You can see the table of contents of the issue here, or download a complete PDF of the article here.
Building on this experience, the scientists have just begun feasibility tests that could lead to the deployment of RBN receiving stations across SuperDARN (a network of HF ionospheric radars coordinated by Virginia Tech and operated by research organizations). A QS1R receiver and DX Engineering active vertical antenna have been installed at Virginia Tech's Blackstone radar, to assess what measures may be required to isolate the receiver from the SuperDARN radar's HF transmissions. This is not easy - the radar transmits about a kilowatt of RF, frequency-hopping from 8-18 MHz, Presumably, band-pass filters for the amateur bands can provide the necessary isolation.
Stay tuned for more news about the HamSCI initiative, as it's called. We'll keep you updated.


**Demo model in good condition**
The Minx X201 delivers an enhanced bass response with plenty of detail and control – thanks to a single powered driver and twin passive cones.
Although compact, X201 packs a mighty 200W punch from its active amplifier.
With gain, phase and crossover control for fine-tuning and integration into a complete Minx system.
Beautifully finished in gloss white, X201 is ideal for smaller spaces and the perfect accompaniment to a pair of Minx compact speakers.
Only 1 left in stock
Our software engineers have designed a sophisticated Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to provide real-time control of equalisation and dynamic range. This allows the X201 to handle more power and play louder than ever!
The X201 uses an innovative driver plus an Auxiliary Bass Radiator (ABR) system. This means that rather than having an enclosed box which would require even more power, or a ported design which would require a bigger cabinet we can achieve an extremely efficient and powerful subwoofer housed in a tiny cabinet.
Featuring a range of simple controls like volume and crossover frequency enables you to place the subwoofer anywhere and match with any system. It also features an energy saving ‘auto-on’ mode which automatically turns the subwoofer on when a signal is sensed, meaning it doesn’t have to be left on wasting electricity.
|Dimensions (DxWxH)||222 × 210 × 219 mm|


I will place my violin pick-up information and reviews here.
For those who do not know what a “pick-up” is… it is simply a device that “picks up” the sound vibration of an instrument to make an electric signal that can then be amplified with a speaker system of some sort (guitar amp, PA system, etc…). The “picking up” of the sound can be done in a number of ways:
PS: Sept 2015: Besides the readily available pickups I review below, I am currently R&Ding a new kind of electric violin pickup in my Outlaw Fiddle shop! I’ll keep you all posted as to my developments via the Fiddle Jam Institute Newsletter. Early prototypes are showing much promise for an electric violin that could plug into any standard guitar amp and go toe-to-toe with any electric guitar sonically! This will be all accomplished without any extra circuitry like preamps and EQ’s. To date, I’ve done about 250+ experiments and tests. I will offer “insider’s” first crack at the first available models. Stay tuned!!