Dancing England Rapper Tournament
The Dancing England Rapper Tournament, also referred to as DERT, is a major competition in which teams compete by performing a style of folk dance using short flexible swords referred to as rappers. The annual Tournament is organised by the Sword Dance Union.
Absolute certainty and fine detail about the origins of rapper dancing is lacking, but there is some accumulated and largely accepted information available.
Dances utilising rigid swords were in proliferation throughout Europe in the 18th century. The Rapper Dance is largely believed to have developed in England’s Northumbria. The precise date at which the dance appeared in its modern form is not known, but it believed that by the late 18th century there were dances that contained many elements of the Rapper Dance. The Rapper itself is thought to have been in use by around 1820, a flexible sword that allowed dancers to bend them and fully integrate them into their dance.
The Rapper Dance is very closely associated with the mining industry in Northumbria, and early dance teams were formed by miners, the rapper dance joining other old folk customs.
The actual dance routine is fast and involves five people. The dancers hold the rapper swords which have handles at either end, thus connecting the dancers. At the start of the routine dancers hold a sword in their right hand before taking the free handle at the end of another dancer’s sword in their left hand.
Throughout the dance the dancers remain connected to each other through the flexible swords unless it is to form a dramatic shape. The dance can be very energetic, sometimes involving somersaults or other impressive gymnastics with the dancers weaving in and out of the group whilst still holding onto the swords.
The dance can also involve energetic ‘jigging’ reminiscent of the style of traditional clog dancing in the Northumberland and Durham areas.
Dancers wear shoes with hard soles that allow them to make rhythmic noises in the same way that traditional clog or tap dancing does.
Rapper dancing is accompanied by lively, fast-paced music in the folk tradition played on traditional instruments such as the fiddle, accordion and tin whistle.
In addition to the five dancers, rapper dances can also involve the use of two other characters, traditionally known as ‘Betty’ and ‘Tommy’, who interact with the audience and are usually played by someone of the opposite gender to the character.
Because of the close formation the dancers keep, rapper dancing is very suited to indoor venues such as public houses, although rapper dancing is also to be seen in outside settings at events with other traditional dancing such as Morris.
Today’s rappers are tailor-made for the purpose of the dance. In earlier times miners would fashion rappers from old mining tools, saws or other implements as they could not afford to have them specially made.
The rapper is a short length of flattened flexible steel with a wooden handle at either end. These handles rotate to assist the dancers in performing their complex dance moves without letting go of the handles they hold which would break the physical connection between them.
Whilst the rapper ‘sword’ is in reality a piece of unsharpened flexible steel, because of the hectic pace and energetic movements involved in the dance there still remains an element of risk. Rapper dancers need to be extremely agile and perform with precision and accurate timing in order to avoid potential injury.
Traditionally, rapper dancers were miners and therefore they were not wealthy enough to be able to afford to have special costumes made. They wore white shirts and knee-length working trousers known as ‘hoggers’. Ribbons and other decorative materials were attached to the shirts and a sash of a brightly coloured material was usually worn around the waist. This is the costume that has now been largely adopted for modern rapper dancing.
The use of different coloured decorative materials allows a rapper dance team to create its own variant of the accepted modern day costume.
In the nineteenth century rapper dance groups would visit the towns of Durham, Sunderland and Newcastle Upon Tyne where they would perform for the public, sometimes asking for monetary reward. By the early twentieth century rapper dancing had become a rarity but it became a way of supplementing income during the strikes and redundancies of the Great Depression during the 1930s.
After World War I rapper dancing saw a revival with the villages where mining pits were located competing with each other in rapper dance contests that were part of the North of England Musical Tournament in Newcastle Upon Tyne. Following World War II the tradition went into another decline until it was revived by students of what is now the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. From there the rapper dance moved beyond the local area and steadily grew in popularity.
The annual Dance England Rapper Tournament attracts visitors from around the world and is held across the country at a different location each year.
There is also a Dance America Rapper Tournament, based upon DERT, with the first having been held in Boston in 2010.
Rapper dancing has enjoyed a renaissance over the past few decades and it is now performed across the world. As a traditional form of folk dance Rapper dancing has become firmly based in the world of folk arts.
Although rapper dances were traditionally performed by male miners, there are now a number of teams consisting of female dancers.
With its lively music and intricate and demanding physical movement, rapper dancing continues to draw audiences across the world. A familiar event at many folk and other festivals, rapper dancing is firmly placed in the folk scene. It is as relevant as other traditional dance forms such as Morris, recalling an age long past and living through dedicated exponents who keep its rich heritage alive.


Top 10 Things To Do In Udaipur – The City of Lakes
Udaipur, also known as the ‘Venice of East’, is a beautiful city of lakes in the state of Rajasthan. The shimmering waters of huge lakes surrounded by majestic Aravalli Hills with sunset at the backdrops make Udaipur an ultimate romantic destination. The city is like an oasis on the dry heart of Rajasthan. The scenic beauty and romantic settings of the city makes it a heaven for movie shooting. Udaipur has attracted many movie directors over a period of time. A lot of Hindi and English movies have been shot here including Guide, Mera Saaya, Octopussy, Dhamaal, Ram-Leela and Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani. Being the historical capital of the Kingdom of Mewar, the city has a rich history and culture. The magnificent Rajput-era palaces narrate the tales of bravery and grandeur. Rajasthan is known for its hospitality and Udaipur is no exception. The unmatched royal treatment, heart-warming hospitality and the old-world feel of its heritage hotels will make you feel like a king. Whether you take a thrilling motor boat ride on the restless waters of the vast lakes, or enjoy the tranquil camel ride along the waterfront area, or explore its glorious fort palaces and bustling colourful markets, Udaipur gives you a very promising experience. If you have ample time on your holiday, explore the city at your own pace and you will discover a lot of hidden gems. For your small time-bound trips, here is a list of the 10 must-visit places in Udaipur.
1. City Palace
The City Palace of Udaipur is the personification of magnificence and grandeur. It is a colossal complex of 11 palaces, courtyards, pavilions, and gardens that are skilfully interlinked through numerous quadrangles and zigzag corridors. This was done to avoid surprise enemy attacks. The palace was originally built by Maharana Udai Singh II in 1559, and then by his successors over a period of 400 years. The entire complex belongs to the Mewar royal family and a part of it is still a home to them. Built on an uneven hill on the east bank of Lake Pichola, the palace offers a breath-taking view of the city and its important landmarks. City Palace is a beautiful museum that gives you an insight into the royal lifestyle of the kings. Admire the royal dresses, silver utensils, silver jewellery, antique weapons, intriguing artefacts and descriptive paintings of the palace that will transport you to a fascinating imperial era of the Rajput Dynasty. Massive entry gates, wooden carved doors, stain glass windows, intricate peacock mosaics, delicate mirror work and splendid stone carvings of the palace exhibit a rich blend of Rajasthani and Mughal architecture. Walk through the galleries displaying the statue of much revered king and warrior, Maharana Pratap, his sword and other belongings, as well as the paintings displaying the battle of Haldi Ghati. Hiring a guide at the City Palace is advisable. Lastly, do not miss the one hour light and sound show that takes place every evening at the City Palace. The show describes the regal history of Mewar.
2. Monsoon Palace
The ‘Monsoon Palace’ or the ‘Sajjangarh Palace’ is a hilltop palace. Located at a distance of 10 kilometre from Udaipur city, it is perched on top of the Basandra Mountain Peak at about 944-metre above the sea level. Built in the 19th century by the 72nd ruler of Mewar, Maharana Sajjan Singh, the palace had an astronomical purpose to watch the progress of monsoon clouds. It was also used as a summer retreat and a hunting lodge for Mewar kings. Being the highest palace in Udaipur, it offers spectacular panoramic views of the city and the magnificent lake Pichola. The sunset view from the terraces of Sajjangarh Palace is a sight to behold.
3. Nehru Park
Nehru Park is a beautiful island garden situated in the middle of Fateh Sagar Lake. Enjoy a refreshing motorboat ride on the blue waters of the lake to reach the picturesque park. Spend your leisure time exploring the park’s beautiful garden with a lily pond, a small zoo and a pyramid shaped water jet fountain. Check out the Udaipur’s Solar Observatory situated on the Island. Wear the traditional dress of Rajasthan and get yourself clicked at a minimal cost. Dine at the boat shaped cafe near the park and taste some local cuisines. Get a panoramic view of the spectacular Aravalli hills and click lots of pictures. Or simply sit and relax by the lake side and enjoy the tranquility of the place.
4. Jag Mandir Palace
‘Jag Mandir’, also known as the ‘Lake Garden Palace’ is a magnificent piece of architecture. It is a 17th century palace situated amid the grand Lake Pichola. The credit for the construction of this captivating palace goes to the three Maharanas of Mewar Kingdom – Maharana Amar Singh, Maharana Karan Singh and Maharana Jagat Singh. Jag Mandir Palace was used as a summer resort for the royal family. Currently, lavish parties are hosted here by the current Maharana, and the place is also rented for private parties. Explore the various sections of the palace where royalty once resided. Each of them tell fascinating tales of antiquity. The beautiful Islamic architecture of ‘Gul Mahal’ catches the major attention. This was tastefully built by Maharana Karan Singh to provide refuge to the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his family for several years. The floor of the courtyard is covered with black and white tiles, fountains, water pools and crisscross walkways. There is a ‘Barah Patharon Ka Mahal’ or the palace of twelve stones that was constructed out of twelve solid marble slabs. ‘Zenana Mahal’ is a cluster of chambers that was once dedicated to the royal ladies. ‘Kunwar Pada Ka Mahal’ was meant for the Crown Prince of the kingdom. Venture into the beautiful gardens of Jag Mandir adorned with moss rose, jasmine, frangipani, bougainvillea and huge palm trees. Another awe-inspiring attraction is the eight life-sized elephants carved in white marble facing the lake, giving an impression of guarding the palace. Also, dine at the Darikhana Restaurant and treat your taste buds with some lip smacking flavours of Rajasthan. With its historical significance and supreme beauty, Jag Mandir Palace is a must-visit.
Saheliyon-Ki-Bari or the ‘Garden of the Maidens’ is a beautiful garden located on the banks of Fateh Sagar Lake. It was built in the 18th century by Maharana Sangram Singh as a gift to his beloved queen and her 48 maid attendants who accompanied her as a part of the dowry. The queen and her maid attendants used to spend their leisure time here. The garden is a remarkable work of architecture. Embellished with delightful lotus pool, flowerbeds, bird fountains, lush green lawns, mighty marble elephants and kiosks, it offers a romantic ambience and a green retreat amid the dry land of Rajasthan. The main attraction of Saheliyon-Ki-Bari is the intriguing rain fountain called ‘Bin Badal Barsaat’ or ‘Rain Without Clouds’ that was built by Maharana Bhupal Singh for his favourite daughter. Its rain-like showers run without electricity. The garden also has a historical significance with its museum exhibiting huge collections of royal households and ancient pictures.
6. ‘Bangore Ki Haveli’ Museum
‘Bangore Ki Haveli’ is a historic building transformed into a museum. Built in the 18th century by the chief minister of Mewar, the haveli stands proudly at the Gangaur Ghat of Lake Pichola. There are more than hundred rooms that exhibit the rich culture and history of Mewar. Venture into the huge courtyards, decorated archways, well-arranged balconies and Jharokhas, artistic cupolas and a unique fountain. Explore the private quarters of the royal ladies, their living rooms, dressing rooms, worship rooms and so on. Admire the mural paintings, mirror work and the glass inlay work used to decorate the haveli. Trace the royal lifestyle of the kings with an amusing display of their exclusive stuff such as, dice-games, jewellery boxes, hookahs, pan boxes, copper vessels etc. Bangore Ki Haveli is also a cultural centre. In the evening, you can enjoy various cultural performances like, Puppet Show and Rajasthani folk dances with traditional music. It is a perfect place to discover the depths of royal culture of Mewar.
7. Vintage Car Museum
The elite lifestyle of the royal family is opulently displayed in their collection of rare vehicles at the Vintage Car Museum in Udaipur. The museum houses around 22 antique vehicles including luxury cars, convertibles and solar rickshaws. The rare collection of the museum includes Rolls Royce, 1939 Cadillac open convertibles, 1936 Vauxhall and rare Mercedes models. Although most of these cars are over seventy years old, they are well maintained and still in working condition. Some of them are still used by the royal family of Udaipur who own the museum. This place is a car-lover’s paradise. Take a 45-minute tour of the museum and click your favourite memories. For a grand overall experience, dine at the Garden hotel restaurant and enjoy the sumptuous vegetarian Rajasthani thali.
8. Khumbalgarh Fort
Khumbalgarh Fort is the second important fort of the Mewar Dynasty after Chittaurgarh. Situated on a hilltop at around 1100-metres above the sea level on the Aravalli range, this fort is a must visit for history lovers. Khumbalgarh, in its current form, was built in the 15th century by Maharana Khumba, who was the father of the great warrior of Mewar, Maharana Pratap. This fort is also the birth place of Maharana Pratap. The grand structure includes seven massive gates, seven barricades, huge watch towers, grand cannons, numerous palaces and gardens, and over 360 Hindu and Jain temples. There is a most notable ‘Lakhola Tank’ inside the fort which is 60 ft. deep. The tank was once used for purified water storage. You will be amazed to discover the ancient water purification procedures. Kumbalgarh has 36-kilometer extended perimeter wall also known as the ‘The Great Wall of India’. It is the second longest wall in the world after ‘The Great Wall of China’. Discover the beautiful palace at the top of the fort, also known as ‘Badal Mahal’ or the palace of cloud that offers the panoramic view of the down town. Admire the captivating colour combinations of its lovely rooms. Spend a pleasurable evening exploring the ancient remnants of the royal era of Mewar. Hiring a guide is recommended.
9. Eklingji Shiva Temple
Eklingji is a famous Hindu temple complex located in the town of Kailashpuri. The origin of the temple dates to 734 A.D. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, the ruling deity of Mewar. The complex includes 108 temples made of marble and granite. Lord Shiva is worshipped here in the form of five-faced lingam made of black marble. The five faces depict five forms of Lord Shiva – East-facing part is Lord Surya, West-facing Lord Brahma, North-facing Lord Vishnu, South-facing Lord Rudra and the upraised top is Sadashiva with Amba, his wife. This place is revered as the spiritual capital of Mewar. Eklingji is also famous for its magnificent architecture. Check out the pyramidal style roofs, distinctively carved towers, huge pillared halls, heavy silver doors and carvings done on the walls. You will also find some damaged sculptors of the deities that are the remains of the damage done during Aurangzeb’s rule. Overall, the temple provides a spiritual as well as an aesthetic experience.
10. Ranakpur Jain Temple
Located at a distance of 95 kilometers in the north of Udaipur city, Ranakpur Jain temple is an awe-inspiring grand structure of the 15th century. It is dedicated to Adinath, the first Tirthankar of the Jains. Constructed in light-coloured marble, it covers an area of 48000 sq. feet with more than 1400 exquisitely carved huge pillars supporting the temple. The splendid architecture of the temple is a masterpiece. Check out the geometric patterns on the ceilings, engraved windows, elevated spires, foliate scrollwork, huge elephant structures, two massive bells – each weighing around 108 kilograms, engraved nymphs playing the flute, and figure of Lord Surya driven in his seven-horsed chariot. This artistic temple with its religious significance and appealing beauty is a must-visit place in Udaipur.


S&W Model 27 357 Magnum
November 12, 2007
S&W Model 27 8 3/8th inch barrel made in 1958
The S&W Model 27 is the original .357 Magnum revolver and was first produced in 1935; production ceased in the 1990s. The Model 27 was built on Smith and Wesson’s carbon steel, large N-frame and was available with 3 1/2″, 4″, 5″, 6″ or 8 3/8″ barrel lengths and had adjustable sights. The model 27 came about from the 38/44 Outdoorsman which was an N frame chambered in the 38HV round. This round was a 38 loaded to maximum pressure and was to powerful for the K frame so S&W chambered the N frame for the round. Later the 38 case was lengthened to prevent it from being chambered in a K frame chambered in 38 special. Thus the 357 was born.
When first introduced by Smith and Wesson in 1935 it was known as the .357 Registered Magnum. The model was essentially a custom order revolver. Barrel lengths could be had in quarter inch increments from 3.5″ to 8.75″ in length. In addition to the different length of barrels available there were different grips, front sites, triggers, hammers and finishes available. Each Registered Magnum came with a certificate of authenticity.
Even though it was introduced in the middle of the Great Depression, and was extremely expensive at $60 to $65 a great sum at that time. Smith and Wesson found itself backlogged with orders for the four years that it produced the Registered Magnum. The Kansas City Police Department issued the Registered Magnum to its officers and many other law enforcement officers across the United States carried the Registered Magnum. In 1939 S&W stopped producing the Registered Magnum. It was replaced with the .357 Magnum. The .357 magnum was available with barrels lengths of 3.5″, 5″, 6.5″ and 8 3/8″. It has been reported that these were the most popular barrel lengths for the Registered Magnum. Essentially the .357 magnum (the ancestor of the Model 27) was still the Registered Magnum, but standardized for ease of production and economy.
It was noted for its durability and reliability. The 3 1/2″ barrel length was extremely popular with FBI agents in the 1940s through the 1960s. Skeeter Skelton considered the Model 27 with a 5″ barrel as the best all around handgun. General George Patton carried an ivory handled Model 27 with a 3 1/2 inch barrel (along with his ivory handled Colt Peacemaker); Patton called the Model 27 his “killing gun.”
Workmanship on this gun was of the highest standards of S&W. Much of the gun was handcrafted and had a deep blue hand polished finish which was the pinnacle of gun finishes of the time. The trigger was finely tuned and is so smooth it’s hard to believe even the best craftsman could achieve results like this. Of course all older S&W revolvers had excellent triggers but this gun surpasses even those. This 8 3/8th inch barrel version is accurate in the extreme and is such a joy to shoot especially at longer distances. With the N frame even the hottest 357 rounds are comfortable to shoot. One feature this gun has is unique to this model and that is the cross hatching on the top strap to reduce glare.
Photo Courtesy of Xavier
Overall it’s just one beautiful revolver without peer.
In later years a new model was released in order to be an economical alternative to the model 27 and that’s the model 28 Highway Patrolman. This gun was for the most part a standard N frame without all the extra features, handwork and fine bluing of the 27. This gun was intended as solely a working law enforcement gun. The most common was the 4 inch barrel.
This was a very popular law enforcement weapon for many years. Between the model 28 and the later model 19 S&W had the market all to themselves as far as law enforcement guns are concerned. In later years the model 19 became very popular and supplanted the model 28 with the exception of the devoted N frame shooters.
If you can find an older model 27 grab it since they are pretty hard to find these days. Most shooters that own one won’t part with it so there are few traded. You can find a model 28 much easier and a lot cheaper. Both guns are well worth the cost if you run across one. To me the older model 27’s are works of art but should be shot and enjoyed!
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Established in late 2012, the Classical Chinese Paintings and Calligraphy Department of Poly Auction Hong Kong was teamed up by experts of antiques and artefacts and researchers on art history and art marketing. The main service scope of the Department includes consigning, safekeeping, showcasing and researching Chinese calligraphy and paintings of the past dynasties. In the 2013 autumn auctions, several pieces broke artists’ auction records, of which Shi Qu Bao Ji and The Ten Views of the West Lake by Dong Bangda broke the record in person ink paintings by fetching a whopping HK$30.475 million. Watching Pine Trees in She Mountain, Painted for Mu Dazhan by Lu Can features 81 inscriptions from the Qing Dynasty to the Republican years and is therefore of very high historical value which provides a wealth of historiographical evidence of the communication between the Qing scholars. We have carried out a considerable amount of research and analysis and this piece of artwork was finally sold for HK$21.275 million. In 2015 autumn auctions, Qing Dynasty hand-painted scroll by Feng Ning, A Glance of Nanjing City, garnered great attention from collectors and was sold at the price of HK$51.92 million.
Holding the global Chinese vision and providing excellent services, we appraise meticulously every piece of calligraphy and painting from the Ming and Qing dynasties. We strive to create for Chinese and overseas collectors a trustworthy platform that connects to the world to satisfy their admiration for exquisite artworks.
Telephone: +852 2303 9899


The Muddy Choir
The North Wall - Oxford
Monday 17th September 2018 - 8pm
Nominated for Best Play for Young Audiences, Writers Guild of Great Britain Awards 2015
It is November 1917 and the Third Battle of Ypres is lurching towards its bloody conclusion. Young soldiers Will, Robbie and Jumbo are thrust into a landscape starkly different to the playing fields and estates of their Sunderland home.
United by their childhood oath “nee killing, anly singing”, Robbie dreams their music will be a ticket away from the front, but attracting the attention of their commanding officers may prove more dangerous than bullets and gas.
The Muddy Choir tells the story of three soldiers serving with the Durham Light Infantry. Including traditional wartime songs, the play is about childhood friends growing up in unbearable circumstances and the humanising power of music.
The Centenary of the Armistice
In 2014, to mark 100 years since the outbreak of the First World War, Theatre Centre first toured The Muddy Choir to critical acclaim. Commissioned and produced by the company, it was nominated for The Best Play for Young Audiences at the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards.
In 2018 Theatre Centre will tour The Muddy Choir once more to commemorate the centenary of the Armistice.
Reviews and Feedback for The Muddy Choir (2014 - 15)
"Well-pitched for teenagers, this is a sensitive memorial to a generation of young men." – The Stage
“Thought-provoking, blackly funny and deeply moving – in fact exactly how a play about the First World War ought to be written.” – Public Reviews


Have you ever wondered if a vintage good was authentic? Chanel authenticity can be tricky.
Vintage pieces are particularly faked. You have to be careful which retailer or website you trust. Even Beyond the Rack sold counterfeits.
Can you decipher Chanel authenticity between double C logo brooches?
Vintage Chanel jewelry is often counterfeited because early Chanel jewelry did not include special markings or hallmarks.
You may enjoy How to Know if Your Chanel Bag is Authentic.
Quality of vintage Chanel materials
Chanel costume jewelry pieces produced between the 1970s and 1990s should be heavy. Most pieces were gold plated but started with a heavy base metal.
Chanel authenticity re trademarks and markings
Depending on the season and year that a piece was produced, the hallmarks vary. When inspecting these markings, it is important to scrutinize the font, depth, and location of the different insignias.
Before 1939, costume jewelry was exclusively manufactured to complement Chanel’s clothing line. Jewelry from this era can be especially hard to authenticate because these rare pieces were not marked.
In 1939, due to WWII, The House of Chanel stopped operations.
In 1941, a brand by the name of Chanel Novelty Company produced brooches in 1941. These pieces were stamped with a cursive “Chanel.” Coco Chanel sued them for trademark infringement and won her fashion law case. Chanel Novelty Company renamed to Reinad Novelty Company. Chanel Novelty Company accessories have their own unique beauty and craftsmanship.
In 1954, Chanel resumed business in her Parisian boutique at 31 Rue Cambon. Pieces, like Chanel brooches, were still made to coordinate with outfits. Some jewelry received hallmarks. Stamps would read CHANEL and sometimes included three stars underneath the trademark name.
During the early 1950s to 1960s, Chanel enlisted the help of Robert Goossens. Goossens’ design style includes early baroque and Byzantine styles using Gripoix glass. Gripoix glass elements are jewel-toned stones made from molten glass. The house of Gripoix is credited with being the first to develop Chanel’s signature faux pearl luster.
Hallmarks during this time often appear uneven due to early stamping techniques. Pieces from this time period are marked simply as CHANEL, usually stamped directly on the piece itself.
In the 1970s, after Chanel passing, Alain Wertheimer gained control of the company. Wertheimer stamped jewelry with a copyright, interlocking cc, registered trademark logo, and country of origin stamp.
Some pieces only have the stamped brand name and copyright symbol.
In the early 1980s, Karl Lagerfeld took over Chanel. Date of production is incorporated into the stamping. For this era you will see both Chanel with a trademark logo, copyright symbol, and the year manufactured.
Additionally, on many pieces there will be an oval shaped plaque with the brand name, copyright, trademark, and Made in France stamped differently than in periods past and future.Many pieces have a year instead of country origin. The plaque with trademark insignia was either attached directly to one of the pearls or added as a hangtag.
During the mid-1980s to 1992, Victoire de Castellane joins Chanel as Lagerfeld’s assistant. Designs from this era contain two numbers on either side of the Chanel insignia in the center of the oval logo plate fixed on jewelry. This is based on the season number, from 23-29 (between ’84 to ’89) with no reference to date.
From the early 1990s jewelry includes two-digit season numbers and letter season codes. You can interpret the season code by the following: A represents a piece from the Fall/Automne line. P represents Spring/Printemps. More current collections include C for Cruise. The letter V represents a continuous line.
In the early 2000s, Chanel began producing jewelry in Italy. Laser etching was introduced.
Presently, a Chanel jewelry piece includes an oval plate with CHANEL, the Chanel copyright and trademark, and the year and season accompanying the logo. There are minor variations.
And increasingly, pieces read MADE IN ITALY rather than MADE IN FRANCE. More of the signatures tend to be stamped or engraved on the pieces themselves, rather than on a plate attached to the piece.


Iowa State is one of a kind
Iowa State University is a very special place, full of history. But what truly makes Iowa State unique is a rare combination of campus beauty, the opportunity to be a part of the land-grant experiment, and the progressive and inventive spirit of the Cyclone experience.
The Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm was established on March 22, 1858. In 1862, the Iowa legislature accepted the provision of the Morrill Act, which was awarded to the agricultural college in 1864. When it opened its doors in 1869, Iowa State was among the first of a new generation of distinctly American colleges built on three revolutionary ideas: College should be open to everyone, regardless of pocketbook or gender; practical subjects like agriculture, science, and engineering should be taught along with the traditional classical education; and knowledge should be shared beyond the borders of campus.
The first class (24 men and 2 women) graduated in 1872. Iowa State established the nation's first state veterinary medicine school in 1879. In 1959, the college was officially renamed Iowa State University of Science and Technology. The focus on technology has led directly to many research patents and inventions including the first binary computer, Maytag blue cheese, the round hay baler, and more.


The Palace of Versailles, was the de facto capital of the kingdom of France for over a century, from 1682 to 1789. On UNESCO’s World Heritage List, it is one of the most magnificent achievements of 18th century French art. It is a palace large enough to house 6,000 courtiers, a palace fit for a king, and not just any king, but Louis XIV, the ‘Sun King,’ who reigned for 72 years and whose self-glorification knew no bounds. Second only to God, and the head of an immensely powerful state, Louis XIV was an institution rather than a private individual. His comings and goings were rigidly encased in ceremony, attendance at which was an honor much sought after by courtiers. The palace site began as Louis XIII’s hunting lodge before his son transformed and expanded it, beginning in 1661. Wanting to escape the busy life in Paris, and to keep the nobility under his control, Louis XIV determined to convert it into a glittering palace. He drained swamps and moved whole forests to create 250 acres of formal gardens, tree-lined paths, flowerbeds, lakes, and fountains. And this filled only a small portion of the grounds, the entire estate covered 2,000 acres. Building Versailles required some 30,000 laborers and was so costly that it nearly wiped out the coffers of France. The main building contains grand halls and bedrooms that interior designer Charles LeBrun decorated with every ostentatious adornment imaginable. The power of France emanated from this center, there were government offices as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court. By requiring nobles of a certain rank and position to spend time each year at Versailles, Louis prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own. Versailles served as France’s political capital and the focal point of the court from 1682 until 1789.
The Grand Apartments of the King and Queen, whose most emblematic achievement is the Hall of Mirrors designed by Mansart, where the king put on his most ostentatious display of royal power in order to impress visitors. It is a 235-foot-long drawing and ballroom lined along one side with 17 huge mirrors…fixtures that were staggeringly expensive at that time in history. In the mirrors, the courtiers could admire their own fabulously costumed selves as they danced. The mirrors were also designed to reflect the ceiling frescoes, which illustrate and pay tribute to the early years of Louis XIV’s reign. The palace’s size and opulence trumpeted his power as an absolute monarch. On the other side of the room, a row of windows opened onto vast gardens, representing the finest example of French garden design. Creating the gardens at Versailles required the genius of landscape designer André Le Nôtre, who laid out everything in formal French style. The central axis of the gardens is the mile-long Grand Canal, which is situated to reflect the setting sun. Around it spread geometric expanses of plantings, flowerbeds, paths, ponds, and lakes, not to mention fountains…1,400 of them at one time. Included is a spectacular fountain in which a horse-drawn chariot carries a triumphant Apollo, yet another reference to the glory of the Sun King. To relieve the formal design, eccentric buildings called follies were scattered here and there, as well as a grove where the courtiers danced in summertime amidst rock gardens. Marble and bronze statues are arrayed along paths and tucked into the foliage.
The construction lasted virtually until Louis XlV’s death in 1715. For the next seven years, the royal court of the young King Louis XV was the first in Paris, as he governed from his Parisian residence, the Palais-Royal. Versailles was again the unofficial capital of France from June 1722, when Louis XV returned to Versailles. Each of the three French kings who lived there until the French Revolution added improvements to make it more beautiful. In the white-and-gold baroque chapel royal, Louis XVI wed Austrian archduchess Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette) when both were teenagers in 1770. Upon Louis XVI’s ascension to the throne in 1774, Marie-Antoinette ordered major redecoration of the Grand Apartements, the results of which are seen today. Among further palace additions were a paneled library, the clock room (where Mozart performed at age seven), and the opera, a huge oval theater illuminated by 10,000 candles.
The palace lost its standing as the official seat of power as the first scenes of the French Revolution were enacted at what had become a symbol of royal extravagance. At the behest of Louis-Philippe, who ascended to the throne in 1830, the palace is now the Museum of the History of France…tracing milestones in French history. The palace as it is known today is the symbol of royal absolutism and embodiment of classical French art…one of the most visited monuments in France and amongst the three most visited. Many wars have been settled through peace talks and treaties negotiated at Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in 1919. Here’s a video.


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My name is Tony Willis. May I welcome you to Alban Arms & Armour Ltd.
The business has evolved from my lifelong interest in antique arms and armour. During this time I have been drawn to antique weapons and related objects dating mainly to before the middle of the 19th century. This interest started as a collector and gradually developed into a commercial enterprise, which has been established for over 30 years, and is now one of the main purveyors of antique arms and armour in the UK. We have an established international reputation and ship all over the world. I live in the United Kingdom with my wife Frances who is my partner in this undertaking. We are privileged to work with a valued network of support service providers including leading academics and specialist shippers.
Over the years I have written and presented articles and papers on various subjects which have been published in specialist arms and armour related periodicals and journals. It has given me great satisfaction to source and place some rare artifacts with private individuals, major collections and national museums. We are proud to say that we have built long term relationships with our customers based upon mutual respect and trust. We are pleased that we continue to help people that we have known for many years to build their collections that have matured as our business has grown.
All that we have for sale is thoroughly researched and every item is guaranteed as authentic and as described. Whilst this website is primarily concerned with selling antique arms and armour, we will always be interested in hearing from you should you wish to explore selling your own collection, or individual items.


graphic © eminentlyquotable.com
“The flak only gets heavy when you’re over the target.” ~ Anonymous WWII Bomber Pilot
This phrase originated from the bomber pilots in World War II. It comes in different variations, all with the same meaning. One says, “If you’re not catching flak, you’re not over the target” while another goes “You know you are over the target when the flak is heaviest.”
This quote refers to the bomber missions during World War II. B-24 pilots flew to Germany to bomb Germany’s Nazi war machine. The German resistance didn’t start attacking them until the bomber pilots were close to the target. Then, German planes swarmed around the B-24 formation and picked the planes one by one.
The attack peaked when the B-24 pilots were already over the target. They were surrounded by many anti-aircraft guns that filled the sky with AAA fire. Flak is the sound made by shrapnel’s exploding shells that hit the bomber pilots.
Germany was so fierce with their attacks that the sky turned black. This is why the bombers said that when you’re taking flak, you are on the target.
Conversely, if you are not attacked you might not be on target. An enemy won’t be defending something that is worthless. If you’re not taking flak, change your course. When you are receiving flak, stay on target so as not to waste the mission no matter how bad it gets.
Decades after World War II, the quote has become a metaphor. It is now equated to attacks done on people. A person might receive flak, or strong criticism, for telling the truth. Thus, if you are touching on something important, you will receive resistance and attacks from other people. And of course, the resistance gets heavy when you are revealing that which people have an interesting in continuing to hide.


Anteliz stands nestled on the hills of Fira, overlooking the Santorinian Caldera and the Aegean Sea.
Our small boutique hotel with its unique and relaxing atmosphere, offers unobstructed panoramic view to the surreal landscape of Santorini with its vast curtain wall of multicolored cliffs.
Set in a serene environment, amidst the lapis lazuli Cycladic sea and the imposing lava rocks, Anteliz captures the essence of Theran design, culture and tradition.
Our guests have direct access to Fira, the capital of the island and the nearby villages of Fira and Imerovigli.
Discover Santorini, a unique destination in the Greek islands, steeped in legend and mystery, a mythical ancient island that endured one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history.
We will be delighted to share our profound knowledge of Aegean's most beautiful island, giving you inside information that will ensure a memorable experience.
Dive in our refreshing pool, enjoy delicious local wines in our sunset terrace or just wander in the whitewashed rims of Santorini.
In 1987 the Patrikianos family purchased a piece of land, very close to their original family house with the intent of building a vacation home for the summers in Santorini.
When demolishing the two meter high wall and witnessed the unobstructed panoramic view for the first time, Eliza dared to say “ we should build a resort”.
We all laughed and ten years later here we are…
The original 19th century Santorinian villa was restored with respect to the original design and the local architectural techniques to 4 types of accommodation.
The spacious living room became our Master Suite, the old kitchen with the wood stove was turned into a luxurious Senior Suite, the carved-in-the-rock toolshed became our Superior Double and the underground water storage pond was reconstructed into a refreshing pool.
The reconstruction was completed in 2003 and the hotel was renovated in 2012.
Our plans for the future have already began with the expansion of our hotel, as in 2014 we will add 4 private suites and a Santorinian Cave spa.
Anthony and Eliza, proud contributors to the Anteliz naming progress


James Boswell (1740-1795) is best known as the author of the greatest biography written in English: The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791). A prolific writer, published regularly in both Edinburgh and London, his stated profession was as Barrister, first at the Scots bar and then at the English. The eldest child of Alexander and Euphemia Boswell, he was heir to a respectable estate in Ayrshire. In 1782 upon the death of his father (who was a member of the Scottish supreme court), Boswell became the ninth Laird of Auchinleck.
An outgoing man who loved to keep company with the most famous people of the age, and who compulsively wrote about his life, Boswell left a treasure of manuscript materials that today provide thoughtful, first-hand accounts of life and writing in Britain during the second half of the eighteenth century.


Sporting KC's Soony Saad and Mechack Jerome both added to their cap total today in international matches for their countries.
Saad had the more important match of the two as Lebanon was hoping to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. They needed a win against Thailand and help from China who played Iraq to qualify. Unfortunately China lost 3-1 to Iraq and Lebanon was eliminated. Lebanon though finished the qualifying cycle on a high as they took care of their opponent 5-2. Saad scored what proved to be the game winner one minute into first half stoppage time. The goal, Saad's second for Lebanon and first in a competitive match made the score 3-1. Lebanon scored two more in the second half before Thailand scored one to close the gap to 5-2.
You can see his goal at the 1:39 mark below
While Saad's was the more important game, Jerome's may have been more historic. Haiti played in Kosovo in the first FIFA sanctioned friendly for the Serbian territory that declared it's independence from Serbia in 2008 but has yet to officially be recognized. Jerome earned another cap in the 0-0 draw as the two teams played in front of a sellout crowd of 18,000.


January 11, 2014 marks 50 years since the release of the Surgeon General’s Report on smoking and health. In a just published commentary, Otis W. Brawley says the report’s conclusions “are arguably the most important and far-reaching in the history of public health and are, perhaps, the classic example of science driving public policy.”
The report led to rapid, dramatic drops in smoking, whose impact can be seen today. In fact, less smoking may be the most important factor in drops in cancer mortality since the early 90’s. Decreases in lung cancer deaths attributed to smoking are credited with 40 percent of the overall drop in cancer mortality in men.
Public health experts today look back with envy at the remarkable impact of this single report. As Brawley writes, “Given the numerous medical controversies today, it is of value to explore why this process was so successful and why so many were willing to accept this pronouncement as truth.”
Brawley then tells the winding tale of how methodology developed to study infectious disease was first applied to chronic disease; how the creation of case control studies and cohorts came along just in time to cut off a widening epidemic caused by tobacco use; and how public health groups, scientists, and a single question at a press conference converged to bring public attention to “the tobacco problem,” and led directly to Surgeon General Luther L. Terry’s efforts to put together a panel of “outstanding experts who would assess the available knowledge in the area of smoking and health and make appropriate recommendations.”
It is a fascinating retelling of the history that led to that momentous January day 50 years ago, when Dr. Luther Terry and others released a report that “forever changed the course of public health.” And it may prompt us to ask ourselves: what would it take to be that successful again, and is it achievable in our lifetimes?


Rome, the eternal city was very welcoming with a cosmopolitan city feeling. The lady of our hotel/apt. did not speak English at all. After a rather difficult first encounter with her, the later meetings went quite smooth in English and Italian with an hand-gesture-interface. The hotel/apt was very nice considering the high walls, old windows, 2 minutes walking distance from the Colosseum, the punctual and meticulous room keeping services , delightful fresh Camay soap bars every day and the daily breakfast at a roadside cafe on the Cavour street, included in our hotel cost.
Stayed @ Cheap & Chic Hotel Roma, Rome, IT
|Nero's racing grounds near Ludus Magnus|
We spent the whole of our first day in Colosseum area. We had the Roma pass, and so we were allowed to skip the line, both at Colosseum, and the Palatine garden and Roman Forum opposite the Colosseum. For a classic Hollywood movie lover like me, traveling with a strong history buff as my husband, 4 days in Rome fell short to satisfy us, more so when one of those 4 days we had to visit the Vatican city. We wanted to explore every bit of the ancient(Colosseum,Forum,museums), medieval (the obelisks and cathedrals) and new world Rome. The ROMA pass was a great help, as we took the bus and underground trains everywhere, round and round over the city. We even stopped at the Ludus Magnus where now stands only two stones bearing evidence of an once very popular gladiator training school, we stood on the side of the road where once Reno drove his carriage like a madman, the Via Appia Antica - the first road ever built, and put our hands in the Mouth of Truth which cuts your hand if you tell a lie.
|Temple of Saturn|
And then, all the churches in Europe are famous, specially the ones in Rome. One had St Peter's chains, one had the saint's head, one had the stairs which Jesus Himself had strided on His way to crucification (we saw pilgrims crying there. Rudy is an atheist, but he joined the pilgrims who were climbing the steps on their knees, and he had found it too overbearing and did not finish his climb. I felt he was on the verge of conversion amongst believers that day.). We also went to the church which was the old home to the Pope before the St Paul's cathedral.
|Abandoned/ancient St Paul's Cathedral|
DAY 6 : COLOSSEUM, PALATINE GARDEN, ROMAN FORUM, ROMAN PANTHEON
DAY 7 : VATICAN CITY, TREVI FOUNTAIN
DAY 8 : ALL CHURCHES & BERNINI's FOUNTAINS
DAY 9 : STREETS of ROME, MUSEUM
|Pope's old home|
|boy taking out thorn(Roman replica from the original Greek one)|
|Venus lost her clothes somewhere|
|..caught telling a lie|
|One of the Pontificus Maximus|
|Gift of Govt. of India to the Govt. of Rome|
With all the history, relics, stories, architecture, and of course good food, Rome was surely a very overwhelming experience for us. So I remembered to throw a penny over my left shoulder in the Trevi Fountain so that some day we can go back to Rome.
Next time, I will not miss the trip to Pompei - the city frozen in time.


Welcome to the Cambodian Genocide Resource Center. Join us in our mission to ensure that the stories of Cambodian Genocide survivors are heard, the lessons of history are learned, and the atrocities of the past are not forgotten.
Our website includes a wealth of materials and lesson plans designed to encourage critical thinking, empathy-building, and exploration of the complex historical and ethical issues surrounding the Cambodian Genocide.
Together we can empower the next generation to build a more compassionate and just world. Explore our resources today and start making a difference in the classroom and beyond.


The Grand Lodge of Cyprus will be celebrating its 10th Anniversary on 29th October 2016, a truly historic occasion to mark its decennial establishment on our island..
Despite the young existence of our Grand Lodge, the historical roots of Freemasonry in Cyprus go back over 200 years. Historical records place Freemasons in the Larnaca district where at that time all consulates were located. Larnaca was then considered the capital of Cyprus and was the main port of the island. This is documented by the existence of graves bearing Masonic marks and by an 1815 circular against Masons written by Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos. In 1888, ten years after the British Occupation of Cyprus, the United Grand Lodge of England established its first lodge in Cyprus and the Grand Lodge of Greece followed in 1895.
Though just one decade into its establishment, the Grand Lodge of Cyprus has developed significantly in prominence through the addition of numerous new lodges throughout the island, ten of which are working with the Greek Ritual, three with the English Ritual and one each with the German and Italian Rituals.
Under our auspices there are also four York Rite Chapters as well as four Cryptic Councils which are working with the Greek Rituals and one with the English Rituals.
It will be our great honor and privilege to welcome you to the festivities on the occasion of this particular milestone, of the Grand Lodge of Cyprus and receive your valued support..
Petros S. Machalepis,
Grand Lodge of Cyprus.


The words to Amazing Grace were written by English Poet, John Newton (1725–1807), and published in 1779. Newton was ordained in the Church of England in 1764. The Christian hymn lyrics for “Amazing Grace” were written to illustrate a sermon delivered on New Year’s Day in 1773. Historians are unsure if music was used to accompany the first presentation of the text. It is possible that it was chanted by the congregation. In print, Amazing Grace can first be seen in Newton and Cowper’s Olney Hymns, though the text remained relatively obscure in England. In America, the hymn gained popularity in the early 19th century and was set to more than 20 different melodies. Finally, in 1835, the text was joined with the tune “New Britain”, with which is most often sung in churches today.
Get Amazing Grace for Piano Solo | Traditional Hymn Tune
Amazing grace! How sweet the sound
That saved a wretch like me.
I once was lost, but now am found,
Was blind but now I see.
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Roanoke Island Festival Park
Roanoke Island Festival Park is located in Manteo about 5 miles from Nags Head. This 25 acre historic site has various venues to learn about history and the arts. A great family attraction with something for everyone of all ages. Elizabeth II – board and explore this 16th century representative ship American Indian Town – homes, agricultural areas & work shelters line the paths Settlement Site – see what daily life was like for soldiers and sailors in the 16th century Roanoke Adventure Museum – discover 400 years of the region’s history Roanoke Maritime Museum – learn about the craft & history of boat making Roanoke Island Marshes Lighthouse – renovated & reopened in 2004 Performance Series – year round dance, music, drama, opera and children’s shows Nature – stroll along the boardwalk that lines the 25 acre island and view nature at its best Fossil Pit – kids will enjoy digging through the fossil pit for shark teeth and small fossils The park is open March 1 – December 31 from 9 am to 5 pm daily. Admission prices are $10 or adults and $7 for children (5 & under are free). Admission to the Park includes climbing aboard the Elizabeth II sailing ship; living the life of a 16th century settler in the Settlement Site; Exploring 400 years of Outer Banks history in the Roanoke Adventure Museum; Discovering the American Indian Town; viewing the Legend of Two Path film and more. Click Here for a calendar of events. You won’t want to miss this during your Outer Banks vacation.


Linden Hill United Methodist Cemetery was founded by English-speaking Methodists in 1842, who were located at The Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church on 2nd Street between Avenues C and D in Manhattan. It was then acquired by German-speaking Methodists in 1852, who were located at The First German Methodist Episcopal Mission Church on 2nd Street between Avenues B and C. We are a non-sectarian cemetery with a Methodist Heritage.
The First German Methodist Episcopal Church later moved to 48 St. Marks Place, Manhattan, where it remained until its closing on July 1, 1975. The Cemetery then became the property of the Bishop of NY and the Superintendents of the New York Annual Conference with churches in NY City. The Cemetery was incorporated in 1977.
In the early years of The Cemetery, as one entered through the main entrance at Woodward Ave. & Dekalb Ave., the ethnicity is reflected in the clusters of stones in different languages: German, Hungarian, Czechoslovakian, Italian, and French. The older stones designated the country of birth as well.
Today, Linden Hill Cemetery, as it is commonly known, still remains a non-sectarian Cemetery with a Methodist Heritage. The garden-type settings and the rolling hillsides are truly a wonder to the eye, as we are blessed with the New York City Skyline as our backdrop.
Regardless where one may be visiting their loved ones in the Cemetery, the peacefulness and serenity will take you back in time to those days of family, love and remembrances.


Photo from the archives: FDR campaigns in Youngstown
In this archival photo, Franklin Delano Roosevelt's campaigning takes him down Youngstown's Market Street Bridge. Fred Shutrump, then-chairman of the Mahoning County Democratic Party, is also seated in the backseat. Youngstown's Republican mayor, seated between the two gentlemen, was airbrushed out by Shutrump, who disliked the mayor. True story!
Paid for by the Mahoning County Democratic Party. Not authorized by any federal candidate or candidate committee.
David Betras, Chairman. 3321 Mahoning Ave., Youngstown OH 44509


Ayodhya Ram Janmbhoomi Temple BalaRam Darshan Online Booking starts now. Check Donation Schemes, Accommodation Darshan Harati Passes availability online now @ SRJTK (online.srjbtkshetra.org)
Sri Ram JanmBhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust has inaugurated Sri Ram Mandir at Ayodhya on 22nd January 2023. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi ji participated in BalaRam Statue Pranapratista event with utmost devotion to god. Ram Janm Bhoomi Temple is open to public visit from 23rd January. Temple opens with Harati at 06:30 AM every Day. Sarva Darshan or public darshan is free of cost at present. SRJBTK Trust now in the process of updating its website for online Booking of Ayodhya Ram Mandir Darshan Passes & aarti booking in advance. Balaram Temple is also called as Ayodhya Rammandir categorically.
Prominence of Ayodhya Balaram temple built by Ram JanmBhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust:
Ayodhya in indian Itihasasa is considered as the birth place of Lord Sri Ram. In Treta Yuga Dasaradha maharaja performed the Putra Kamestiyaga for a heir to his kingdom. With blessing of Lord Vishnu he begot 4 children with three of his queens. Lord Ram and his journey among the Indian Sub Continent with Seeta & Lakshmana forms the greatest Epic Ramayana. According to Sampurna Ramayana by Valmiki Present day Ayodhya is the capital of Kosala Desham. Lord Ram had ruled India as the capital of Ayodhya and left his incarnation to return back vaikunta.
After many generations a number of hindu vaishnavate temples are built in this sacred city situated on the banks of Sarayu River. Complete chronological history was lost due to multiple desecration of temples by non hindus and other barbarian attacks. In Recent years remains of hindu temple are uncovered below the mosque of Babri and it was widely acknowledged as the remains of Long Lost Ram Lalla Temple built by King Vikramaditya.
After many political and Judicial issues Supreme court Ruled in Favor of Sri Ram Janmbhoomi Temple Teerth kshetra Trust and allotted the demolished mosque occupied land.


I’ve been proud to be part of the team behind the official Prince podcast, created by The Current and distributed by the Prince Estate and Warner Bros. Records. The podcast, which delves deeply in specific albums in association with re-releases and deluxe editions, is written and hosted by Andrea Swensson and produced by Anna Weggel. My role is as an editor, providing input during the scripting process. I’ve had a similar role in The Current Rewind podcast, telling unheard stories from the history of Minnesota music.
In June 2020, the Story of 1999 series from the Prince podcast was honored with a Page One Award from the Minnesota Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists.


Destiny, luck and a lot of hard work have been the foundation of Maurice Solomon’s 55+ years of dedication to the Deli Industry. A survivor of Nazi-occupied Brussels, Belgium, ten-year-old Maurice immigrated to America with his family to Cleveland, Ohio in 1948.
At age fourteen, Maurice took a job working as a dishwasher and busboy at his Uncle’s delicatessen, Solomon’s. He worked there and at other restaurants for the next ten years, putting in 40 -70 hours a week during school and over every holiday, turning over the majority of his paycheck to his family to help cover expenses.
In the early 1970’s, Maurice made the move from Cleveland to Los Angeles. He worked hard at several delis and saved up his money until he had enough to buy Marjan’s Restaurant and Deli in the old Brentwood Country Mart in Santa Monica. For more than 15 years, his local clientele often read like a Who’s Who of entertainment, business and political leaders. And Maurice’s warm and welcoming ways made virtually everyone else who came in feel like they were on the top of the A-List, too!
In 1990, two years after selling Marjan’s, Maurice couldn’t resist entering the deli business again, this time with his friend from Cleveland, Dennis Fromin. The two deli-men owned and operated Fromin’s Restaurant in Encino (still operating under the same name today but with no connection to Dennis or Maurice) and the present location in Santa Monica, where they remain partners and friends today.
After more than five decades, Maurice still likes to greet each customer from behind the deli counter with a big smile and generous portions. With two children, two step children and five grandchildren, Maurice and his wife Becky are grateful for the success of The Deli King (see his license plate for confirmation of the title) and of Fromin’s Restaurant.


On behalf of Notre Dame Jogakuin, I would like to express our sincere appreciation to the participating world-class artists for coming together at our Wachu-an for the “Soko-kai x Wachu-an in Shishigatani” exhibition.
Throughout its long history, the building has gone through significant change. From its beginnings as the residence of an Omi merchant, it retained its sense of the Taisho era (1912-26) when it was later transformed into a convent for the American nuns, School Sisters of Notre Dame, who came to Japan with a passion for mission after World War II.
As such, it has been honored by many people as the treasure of Notre Dame Jogakuin. Ranging from pottery, Urushi art, dyeing, and glass art to metal and gemstone work, we are delighted to be bringing a collection of masterpieces together in our Wachu-an, thereby creating a special art universe filled with magnificent and delicate beauty. We hope you will enjoy a relaxing escape into art in the mid-autumn tranquility of Shishigatani.
Yoshiko Kurimoto, Chancellor, Notre Dame Jogakuin
It’s been more than 30 years since its establishment of Soko-kai in 1989. Over the years, we have organized exhibitions every single year challenging and exhibiting new world of kogei which no one else can do.
We are very happy to have this opportunity to hold an exhibition and show our kogei artworks at this unique and historic Wachu-an of the Notre Dame Jogakuin
We also hope to introduce the beauty and excellence of Kogei Art to the younger generations through hosting seminars and workshops for students at the Notre Dame Jogakuin.
Shoukoh Kobayashi, representative , Soko-kai
Wachu-an, a sumptuous mansion with a large garden at the foot of Shishigatani, was built by Hikoshiro Fujii, a merchant from Omi district and a pioneer in the Japanese chemical fiber market. It was acquired by the School Sisters of Notre Dame in 1949. After being renovated and used as a convent, it was transferred to the Notre Dame Jogakuin Junior and Senior High School in 2008.
Uzan Nagao, a sinologist and friend of Fujii, named Wachu-an from his motto — “be fair and unbiased”. The view to the west from Wachu-an is superb, in part because the foot of the mountain had previously been cleared. Moreover, the water flowing from the east side of the mountain is pure and constant. Next to the large teahouse is a tall, wild cherry blossom tree called Edohigan, after which the town of Sakuradani was named, and which used to bloom beautifully every spring.
The Western-style part at the front of the building is Spanish-themed architecture with a beautiful parquet floor and ceiling. The annex (Shoin-style guest house), connected by a corridor, incorporates Sukiya-style design for the decorative transom and alcove ceiling. Fujii himself was involved in the design of this magnificent architecture.
〒603-8123 110 Shishigatani Sakuradani-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto


Shrewsbury is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Shrewsbury is an unusual New England town in that it was neither a mill town nor a farming village. Rather, it grew as a suburb to neighboring Worcester, Massachusetts from the start.
The Town of Shrewsbury, named for Shrewsbury, England, is a suburban community with an uneven and hilly terrain cut by a number of minor streams providing several small water power sites. Grants of land were made in what would eventually be the town beginning in 1664, with the 3,200 acre grant called Haynes Farm as the largest. Settlers came primarily from Sudbury and Marlborough and the first permanent settler was Gersham Wheelock in 1720. As a town, Shrewsbury was first settled in 1722 and officially incorporated in 1727.
Townspeople created an agricultural economy with apple orchards and by 1750 there were two stores and four taverns as well as several small industries in operation. The rapid fall of prices for agricultural goods, the shortage of hard currency and the general economic depression following the Revolutionary War produced disastrous conditions for colonists. Shays' Rebellion in 1786 sought to close the courts to prevent debt collections and the foreclosure of mortgages. Shrewsbury became a staging area for the rebellion and the encampment of the more than 400 insurgents, before the march on the Worcester Court House.
A leather industry began in 1786 in Shrewsbury and town farmers developed large cattle herds to support the manufacture of boots and shoes. This was followed by the establishment of gunsmithing operations in 1797 which produced rifles, shotguns and pistols and eventually cutlery. Luther Goddard began in 1809 by making brass clocks and then established a small watch factory employing a few skilled Swiss and English watchmakers. Lumbering created sawmills and they in turn drew chair and cabinet makers, plow and wagon builders.
The development of streetcar routes in the 19th century spurred the growth of single-family housing in town and a summer resort population on Lake Quinsigamond became consumers of the market garden produce grown by town farmers. As Shrewsbury's industry was killed off by the lack of large waterpower sites and the tardy arrival of the railroad, its role as a suburb of Worcester grew more important. The town's population doubled from 1915 to 1940 as continued streetcar suburb growth brought more modern settlers into the community. Other modern developments included an increased number of lakeside cottages, ethnic clubs and recreational areas on the lake. The economy of modern Shrewsbury has been described as depending on agriculture, the resort industry and the providing of recreation and food for the population of Worcester.
- (Source: Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development (pdf) and Narrative supplied by community and based on information provided by the Massachusetts Historical Commission)
Registered Historic Places
Shrewsbury is home to three Nationally Registered Historic Places:
- The Gen. Artemas Ward Homestead on Main Street
- The Joseph Lothrop House, which was located at 208 Turnpike Road where Blockbuster Video stands today
- The Shrewsbury Historic District, in the town center which includes parts of Church Road, Main Street, Prospect Street, Boylston Street, and Grafton Street
Famous residents and natives
- Artemas Ward (1727 - 1800), American Major General in the Revolutionary War and often characterized as the runner-up for George Washington's post. He was, in fact, the first commander of the Continental Army, before being relieved by Washington. The Artemas Ward Homestead is a museum preserved by Harvard University. Located at 786 Main Street in Shrewsbury, it is open to the public for limited hours during the summer months.
- Ralph Earl (1751 - 1801), American painter known for his portrait of Roger Sherman, as well as being one of the first American landscape artists.
- Levi Pease - The "father of mail stages in this country." Organizer and proprietor of the first stagecoach lines in the U.S.. Also the first contractor for carrying U.S. Mail.
- Quintin J. Cristy - inventor of dry gas
- Lillian Asplund (1906 – 2006), one of the last living survivors of the Titanic shipwreck.
- Min Chueh Chang (1908 - 1991), co-inventor of the birth control pill and in-vitro fertilization.
- Robert Allan Ridley Parker (b. 1936), director of the NASA Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- Gregory McDonald (b. 1937), author of the "Fletch" series of novels.
- Craig C. Mello (b. 1960), Nobelist in medicine for 2006
- Mike Birbiglia (b. 1978), stand-up comedian.
- Catherine Brunell (b. 1975), Broadway Actress
- The now-defunct Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, the renowned research facility where the birth control pill was first developed. The campus is now the Hoagland-Pincus Conference Center of the University of Massachusetts Medical School.
- The now-defunct Spag's, the original all-purpose store, which predated Costco, Walmart and other similar outlets. Noted for its unorthodox inventory and discount prices, Spag's succumbed to the competition of the modern megastore and was acquired in 2002 by Building 19. The location became Spags 19, and in 2004 the store was converted to Building 19's format (it is now just another Building 19 location).
- The now-defunct White City amusement park.
- Maxtor Corporation, maker of computer hard drives, which was acquired by Seagate Technology in May 2006.
Shrewsbury is a suburb of both Boston and Worcester, about 50 minutes from Boston and 15 minutes to downtown Worcester.
Shrewsbury is bordered on the West by Worcester, separated by Lake Quinsigamond. To the North is Boylston and Interstate 290. The South side is bounded by Grafton with the Mass Pike just beyond. Northborough and Westborough are to the East.
As of the census˛ of 2000, there were 31,640 people, 12,366 households, and 8,693 families residing in the town. The population density was 589.3/km˛ (1,526.3/mi˛). There were 12,696 housing units at an average density of 236.5/km˛ (612.4/mi˛). The racial makeup of the town was 89.12% White, 1.45% African American, 0.12% Native American, 7.61% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.69% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.59% of the population.
There were 12,366 households out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $64,237, and the median income for a family was $77,674. Males had a median income of $56,259 versus $37,129 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,570. About 3.3% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.
Shrewsbury is governed in the traditional New England style. Municipal elections are held on the first Tuesday in May.
Legislative Branch: Representative Town Meeting.


The Kunnenkeril family was an old established one in Kerala, going back to the sixteenth century. Originally belonging to the Syrian Christian faith, its members became Anglicans and, in 1888, Kunnenkeril Koratha was ordained priest in the Anglican Church. Koratha worked hard at his ecclesiastical duties in order to give his children a good education. His grandson, Kuruvila Jacob, was born on 3 August 1904, inheriting the sound values of committed work and belief in a solid education.
Kuruvila was the fourth of Kunnenkeril Jacob's eight children. He had an idyllic childhood, growing up in the small village of Aymanam on the banks of the river Meenachil. Memories of the quiet, pastoral life, spent in beautiful natural surroundings, remained with him all his life.
Since his father's job as a judge entailed frequent transfers, Kuruvila and his siblings changed school several times. He was thus educated at Kottayam, Trivandrum, Nagercoil, and Parur. In all his schools, the young boy excelled in sports and did reasonably well in his studies, too.
He caught the eye of some of his more discerning teachers who recognised Kuruvila's potential and encouraged him. These were early lessons in dealing with students as was the repugnance of unfair methods of punishment meted out by other teachers that formed the foundation of the future educator.
After his Intermediate course at CMS College, Kottayam, Kuruvila Jacob went on to Madras Christian College (MCC) in Madras, for his graduate degree in physics and chemistry. As at school, he took active part in all the sports activities. He stayed on at MCC as a demonstrator and also worked as part-time secretary at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).
But soon he had to decide what he wanted to do with his life. Kuruvila had always admired and respected his teachers and had been greatly influenced by some of them. He realised the important role a good teacher played in a child's life and wanted to be one such. He set about finding out where he could be best trained and discovered that Leeds University in England offered one of the best programmes.
He succeeded in convincing his father that teaching was to be his profession and to agree to pay the expenses involved. Kuruvila married Grace Mathai in August 1929, just before he left for England. It was difficult to leave his young wife behind, but she had her studies to complete too.


Ladakh is one of the most beautiful and pristine places in the world. Ladakh’s history can be traced back to the Neolithic era and appears in early historic accounts via Herodutus and Ptolemy. The region hosts ancient trade routes connecting trade from as far west as Damascus to the far east reaches of Guangzhou and connecting the Nothern Caspian Sea to Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Its unique geographic location and its historic celebration of culture diversity, makes it one of the earliest examples of an international hub. Initially part of the Kushan empire in the first century CE, Buddhism spread through the region via the ancient trade routes. To this day, Ladakh is guardian to ancient artwork with Buddhist subject depicted in a Roman-Greco style with Byzantine influences.
In 842 AD, Ladakh was an independent dynasty where its culture and traditions flourished. This Ladakhi dynasty spearheaded the “Second Spreading” of Buddhism drawing masters from northwest India and claiming its place in history as one of the most scared lands in Central Asia. In subsequent centuries, Ladakhi kings extended the territory to the realm of Purang and Mustang (present day Nepal). Since ancient times, Ladakh has hosted great masters, meditators, seekers and explorers. The monumental mountainous terrain coupled with its deep spiritual history makes it one of the most profound regions for reflection, retreat and spiritual quests.


Explore Kom Ombo Temple: The Twin Temple of Horus and Sobek
Welcome to a fascinating journey through ancient Egypt as we explore the magnificent Kom Ombo Temple. Situated on the banks of the Nile in the village of the same name, this temple is truly unique as it is dedicated to not just one but two powerful gods - Horus and Sobek.
Join us as we delve into this awe-inspiring twin temple's rich history, intricate design, and religious significance. Get ready to be captivated by the stories and legends surrounding these remarkable deities and the incredible architectural wonders of Kom Ombo Temple.
The Significance of Kom Ombo Temple
Kom Ombo Temple is a significant historical and cultural site in Egypt. It is unique because it is a twin temple dedicated to Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. The temple holds great religious and symbolic significance in ancient Egyptian history.
The temple was built during the Ptolemaic Dynasty and completed under the Roman Empire. As a result, it showcases a unique blend of Egyptian and Greco-Roman architecture. Its layout consists of two symmetrical sections, one dedicated to Horus and the other to Sobek.
The worship of Horus and Sobek was highly revered in ancient Egypt. Horus was considered the god of the sky and protection, while Sobek was associated with the Nile River, fertility, and protection against evil powers. The temple served as a place of worship for their cults.
The main sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple was the most sacred area, housing statues of Horus and Sobek. Rituals and ceremonies were performed in this chamber, with priests and devotees offering prayers and sacrifices to the gods.
The temple walls of Kom Ombo are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs. These depict scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, the daily life of pharaohs and common people, and the gods. The artwork provides valuable insights into the time's religious beliefs, customs, and traditions.
Overall, Kom Ombo Temple is a testament to the richness of ancient Egyptian culture and religious practices. It is a must-visit for history enthusiasts and those interested in exploring the fascinating world of ancient Egypt.
Historical background of the temple
The Kom Ombo Temple, also known as the Twin Temple, is significant in Egyptian history. It was built between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC during the Ptolemaic period. The temple is dedicated to Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god.
The temple's historical background dates back to when Egypt was under Greek rule. The Ptolemaic dynasty, which was of Greek-Macedonian origin, ruled over Egypt during this period. Both Egyptian and Greco-Roman architectural styles influenced the construction of the temple.
Kom Ombo Temple was strategically built on a high ground overlooking the Nile River, emphasizing its importance as a religious and cultural centre. It served as a place of worship, where ancient Egyptians would offer sacrifices and perform rituals to honour the gods.
One of the remarkable features of the temple is its unique design, with two symmetrical sections dedicated to each god. The left side of the temple is dedicated to Horus, while the right is dedicated to Sobek. Each section has a hypostyle hall, various chambers, and a sanctuary.
The temple's walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting Egyptian mythology scenes, including Horus and Sobek's stories. These carvings provide valuable insights into ancient Egyptians' religious beliefs, rituals, and daily life.
The Kom Ombo Temple is a testament to ancient Egyptian architecture and craftsmanship and offers a glimpse into the rich cultural and religious practices of the time. Today, it is a captivating archaeological site that intrigues visitors worldwide.
The architecture of Kom Ombo Temple
Layout and design of the temple
The layout and design of Kom Ombo Temple are unique and fascinating. The temple is symmetrically divided into two identical sections dedicated to the gods Horus and Sobek, called "The Twin Temple." Each section has its entrance and consists of halls, chambers, and courtyards.
The temple follows a traditional Egyptian temple design, with a main entrance hall leading to an open courtyard surrounded by colonnades. Beyond the courtyard are multiple chambers and halls, including a hypostyle hall with several columns and a sanctuary at the far end.
One of the remarkable features of the temple's layout is its double sanctuary. Each section of the temple has its innermost chamber, typically called the sanctuary, where the statue of the respective god would be placed. This unique design allowed Horus and Sobek's simultaneous worship within the same temple.
The temple's outer walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, daily life, and religious rituals. These carvings provide important insights into the beliefs and practices of the ancient Egyptians.
Here's a summary of the layout and design of Kom Ombo Temple:
- Symmetrically divided into two sections dedicated to Horus and Sobek
- Each section has its entrance and consists of halls, chambers, and courtyards
- It follows a traditional Egyptian temple design with an entrance hall, courtyard, hypostyle hall, and sanctuary
- The unique double sanctuary design allows for the worship of both gods simultaneously
Unique features and structures
Kom Ombo Temple is known for its unique features and structures, making it stand out among other ancient Egyptian temples. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the temple is its double design, with two identical sections dedicated to two different gods. This makes Kom Ombo Temple the only twin temple in Egypt.
The temple has a symmetrical layout, with two entrances, two hypostyle halls, two sanctuaries, and two sets of chapels and chambers. The left side of the temple is dedicated to the falcon-headed god Horus, while the right is dedicated to the crocodile-headed god Sobek.
Another unique feature of Kom Ombo Temple is the presence of a Nilometer, which was used to measure the water level of the Nile River. This was important for predicting the flooding patterns and ensuring successful agricultural practices.
The temple also features beautifully carved reliefs and inscriptions depicting various scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology and daily life. These detailed carvings provide valuable insights into the ancient Egyptians' religious beliefs, rituals, and traditions.
Here are some of the unique features and structures of Kom Ombo Temple:
- Double design with twin sections dedicated to Horus and Sobek.
- Symmetrical layout with two entrances, hypostyle halls, sanctuaries, and chapels.
- The presence of a Nilometer for measuring the Nile's water level.
- Intricate carvings and reliefs depicting mythology and daily life in ancient Egypt.
Visiting Kom Ombo Temple offers a fascinating glimpse into the ancient Egyptian civilization and the religious practices of the time. Its unique design and rich history make it a must-see destination for history enthusiasts and anyone interested in the wonders of the ancient world.
The Worship of Horus and Sobek
Mythology and symbolism behind Horus and Sobek
The Kom Ombo Temple is dedicated to two ancient Egyptian deities: Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. These gods hold significant roles in Egyptian mythology and are associated with various symbolism.
Horus: Horus was believed to be the god of the sky, war, and protection. He was considered the divine representation of the pharaoh and was often depicted with a falcon head and a human body. Horus symbolized power, kingship, and divine protection. The eye of Horus, also known as the "all-seeing eye," represented healing, wholeness, and protection, symbolising good health and spiritual enlightenment.
Sobek: Sobek was a god associated with fertility, the Nile River, and protection. He had a crocodile head and was believed to have control over the dangerous and unpredictable aspects of the Nile. Sobek was also considered a protective deity, guarding against evil forces and averting disasters. His association with fertility and abundance made him important in agricultural practices and rituals related to the Nile's annual flooding.
The worship of Horus and Sobek played a vital role in ancient Egyptian society. Horus represented the divine lineage of the pharaohs, protecting and guiding them throughout their rule. Sobek, on the other hand, symbolized the life-giving properties of the Nile and ensured the fertility of the land. Both deities were revered and had dedicated cults, with rituals and ceremonies performed to honour them and seek their blessings.
The Kom Ombo Temple is a fascinating testament to the significance of these two gods in ancient Egypt, showcasing intricate carvings and reliefs that depict their mythology, cults, and daily life in ancient Egypt.
Importance of their cults in Ancient Egypt
The worship of Horus and Sobek played a significant role in ancient Egyptian culture. Both gods had cults and were revered for their unique characteristics and attributes.
Horus, the falcon-headed god, was associated with kingship, sky, and protection. He was believed to be the Pharaoh's divine protector and the embodiment of divine leadership. Horus was often depicted as a falcon or a man with a falcon head, symbolizing his association with the sky and ability to soar above earthly matters.
On the other hand, Sobek was the crocodile god who represented fertility, strength, and the power of the Nile. He was often portrayed as a man with a crocodile head or a full-bodied crocodile. Sobek was believed to have control over the Nile's waters and was seen as a protective deity, guarding against dangers and providing sustenance through the river's annual flooding.
The cults of both Horus and Sobek had temples dedicated to them, with Kom Ombo Temple being the most prominent example. These temples served as places of worship and were centres of religious and ceremonial activities. Devotees would come to these temples to offer prayers, make offerings, and seek divine guidance or blessings.
The importance of Horus and Sobek's cults extended beyond their roles in Egyptian religion. They represented essential aspects of Egyptian life, such as leadership, protection, fertility, and the Nile's importance for agricultural prosperity. The worship of these gods reflected the ancient Egyptians' deep connection to their natural surroundings and their belief in the divine forces that governed their existence.
Here's a quick summary of the importance of Horus and Sobek's cults in ancient Egypt:
- Horus represented kingship, protection, and the sky.
- Sobek symbolized fertility, strength, and the power of the Nile.
- Both cults had dedicated temples, including Kom Ombo Temple.
- The worship of these gods encompassed leadership, protection, fertility, and the Nile's significance for agriculture.
The Main Sanctuary
Description of the innermost chamber
The main sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple is the innermost chamber of the temple complex and is dedicated to the worship of the deities Horus and Sobek. It is a significant space where priests and devout worshippers perform rituals and ceremonies.
The sanctuary is dimly lit with high ceilings and beautifully decorated walls. The walls are adorned with intricate carvings and reliefs depicting scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, pharaohs, and daily life. These detailed artworks provide valuable insights into ancient Egypt's religious and cultural practices.
In the centre of the sanctuary, there is an elevated platform or altar where offerings and sacrifices are made to the gods. This was the focal point of worship and a place where devotees could connect with the divine.
The sanctuary was believed to be the abode of the gods, and access to it was limited to priests and a select few. It was a sacred and revered space where the faithful could seek blessings, guidance, and protection from the deities.
Visiting the innermost chamber of Kom Ombo Temple is a unique experience that allows you to immerse yourself in ancient Egypt's rich history and spiritual significance. The sanctity and aura of the sanctuary make it a must-see attraction for anyone interested in Egyptian mythology and culture.
Here's a quick summary of the sanctuary at Kom Ombo Temple:
- The sanctuary is the innermost chamber of the temple complex.
- It is dedicated to the worship of Horus and Sobek.
- The sanctuary features beautifully decorated walls with carvings and reliefs.
- An elevated platform or altar is in the centre for offerings and sacrifices.
- Access to the sanctuary was limited to the priests and a select few.
- It is a sacred space where devotees seek blessings and guidance from the gods.
Rituals and ceremonies performed in the sanctuary
Various rituals and ceremonies were performed in the sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple to honour the deities Horus and Sobek. Dedicated priests carried out these religious practices, which played a significant role in the daily life of ancient Egyptians.
The main ritual that took place in the sanctuary was the offering of sacrifices to the gods. These sacrifices could include animals such as bulls, cows, or goats, believed to be offerings of life and sustenance to the deities. The priests would carefully prepare and present these sacrifices, invoking the blessings of Horus and Sobek.
In addition to sacrifices, the sanctuary was a place for prayer and worship. Devotees would come to seek the favour and protection of the gods, often bringing offerings of food, drink, and other valuable items. These offerings expressed gratitude and demonstrated devotion to Horus and Sobek.
Furthermore, the sanctuary served as a space for conducting divination and oracle readings. This involved seeking guidance and answers to important questions or decisions by consulting the gods through various methods, such as interpreting omens or consulting oracles.
Overall, the sanctuary of Kom Ombo Temple was a sacred space where the ancient Egyptians connected with the divine and sought spiritual fulfilment. Through rituals, sacrifices, prayers, and divination, they honoured and revered Horus and Sobek, seeking their blessings and protection in various aspects of their lives.
Carvings and Reliefs
Intricate artwork and inscriptions on the temple walls
One of the most fascinating aspects of the Kom Ombo Temple is the intricate artwork and inscriptions that adorn its walls. These carvings offer a window into ancient Egypt's rich history and culture.
The temple walls are covered with detailed reliefs that depict various scenes from ancient Egyptian mythology, daily life, and religious rituals. These carvings provide valuable insights into the beliefs and practices of the people who once worshipped at the temple.
One prominent theme in the artwork is the depiction of gods and goddesses. The walls are adorned with images of Horus, the falcon-headed god, and Sobek, the crocodile-headed god. These depictions often show the gods in various forms, emphasizing their different attributes and associations.
In addition to the gods, the reliefs also portray pharaohs and other important figures from ancient Egyptian society. These carvings are a visual record of the individuals who played significant roles in the temple's history.
Beyond the mythological and historical depictions, the reliefs also showcase scenes from daily life. These carvings provide glimpses into ancient Egyptian agriculture, trade, and various other aspects of society. They offer a valuable glimpse into the everyday activities of those who lived during that time.
Overall, the intricate artwork and inscriptions on the walls of the Kom Ombo Temple are a testament to the skill and creativity of ancient Egyptian artisans. They provide visitors with a unique opportunity to connect with the past and gain a deeper understanding of the culture and beliefs of this ancient civilization.