Submarines are generally accepted to be craft capable of independent operation underwater. The term usually refers to large crewed autonomous vessels but can also encompass smaller vessels such as midget submarines, wet subs, remotely operated vehicles or robots. Traditionally submarines are referred to as ‘boats’ rather than ships no matter what their size.
The following paragraphs are by no means comprehensive, rather they give a flavour of some of the more interesting early submarine developments.
Whilst consensus is difficult to find, the majority of people would accept that the first military submarine was the ’Turtle’ which carried a single person and was built in 1775 by the American David Bushnell. The ‘Turtle’ was so named due to its shape, which resembled a turtle on edge. It is said to have measured about 10 feet (3.0 m) long, 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, and 3 feet (0.9 m) wide. Built of wooden shells, reinforced with steel straps and waterproofed with tar the boat had a bilge tank that, when flooded, allowed the vessel to dive. Emptying the tank using a hand pump forced it to rise. In an emergency a 200 pounds (91 kg) ballast weight could be jettisoned thrusting it swiftly to the surface. Propulsion in both the horizontal and vertical planes was accomplished by hand cranked screws. It contained enough air for about thirty minutes of operation and had a top speed, in calm waters, of around three miles per hour (5 km/h). The aim of this small wooden craft was to attach an explosive charge to the hull of a ship. It was used during the American Revolutionary War, where the operator, Sgt. Ezra Lee of the Continental Army tried, but failed, to sink the British warship HMS Eagle, in New York harbour on September 7, 1776.
In 1854 a German, Wilhelm Bauer, built the Seeteufel (‘Sea Devil’) for the Russian Navy in St. Petersburg. Little is known about this submarine however it is said to have been some 50 feet long with iron walls 1/2” thick and had some 21 windows. It had large cylinders to hold water as diving ballast and was designed for a crew of 12-15. It was powered beneath the water by crewmen walking on a tread wheel. In addition, Bauer provided the Sea Devil with a newly invented rescue device: the airlock, by which divers could leave and enter the submerged vessel. The Sea Devil made 133 successful diving excursions within four months. But during the 134th dive in 1856, the submarine got stuck on the sea floor. By emptying the ballast tanks with the pumps, the crew managed to raise the submarine high enough so that the hatchway was above the waterline. The whole crew (including Bauer) was saved, but unfortunately, the submarine sank back to the bottom of the sea. This submarine was never used operationally.
In 1863 a Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley (also known as the "fish torpedo boat") was built. Twelve 12 m long it was, yet again, hand cranked this time by 7-8 men. It was the first combat submarine to sink an enemy warship. Constructed by James McClintock, Baxter Watson, and Horace L. Hunley, it was used in the American Civil War. The first attack in 1864 was successful, sinking the USS Housatonion Union which was on blockade duty in Charleston's outer harbour. Soon after, Hunley sank, killing all eight of her crew. This time, the innovative ship was lost but relocated in 1995. The Hunley was recovered in 2000 and is now on display in Charleston.
The Resurgam II (unfortunate name in Latin: "I shall rise again"), was the name given to a Victorian submarine built in 1879. This was one of the first functional steam-driven British submarines, designed by the Reverend George William Garrett it was built by Cohran & Co. at Birkenhead. It was constructed with an iron frame to which iron plates were attached. The submarine was was 45 feet (14 m) long by 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter, weighed 30 long tons (30 t), and had a crew of 3. The central portion of the submarine was clad in wood and was designed to be positively buoyant (it should have floated), diving would have been accomplished by means of a pair of hydroplanes mounted amidships. The engine was capable of providing enough steam to turn its single propeller for up to 4 hours.
The Resurgam successfully completed her sea trials in the East Float at Wallasey but following mechanical repairs in Rhyl sunk in Liverpool Bay whilst under tow by the steam yacht Elphin on 25 February 1880. The submarine was rediscovered in 1995 and on the 4 July 1996 was designated protected wreck number 42 under the Protection of Wrecks Act. Divers recently placed zinc corrosion inhibitors on the wreck in an attempt to slow its degradation. Plans to raise the wreck have so far been unsuccessful.
The first of the British submarines directly commissioned by the Royal Navy was the Holland 1. This was one of a batch of six that were built in secret by John Holland in 1901 at Barrow-in-Furness. Launched on 2nd October 1901 she dived for the first time on 20th March 1902. Sea trials for the batch were carried out cautiously but the submarine flotilla commander Captain Bacon is quoted as saying:-
“....Even these little boats would be a terror to any ship attempting to remain or pass near a harbour holding them.....".
The submarine was some 20 metres long with a beam of 3.5 metres weighing 105 long tons when submerged. She had a 160 horsepower petrol engine for use on the surface and a 70 horsepower electric motor for use underwater. Maximum speed would have been in the order of 7 knots when submerged with a range of 20 nautical miles when travelling at maximum speed underwater. It had a crew of 8, could travel to a depth of 30 metres and had a single torpedo tube for which it could carry 3 torpedoes.
On 24th October 1904 the Holland 1 along with several other Holland and A-Class boats was dispatched to attack a Russian fleet but was recalled before nay engagement took place.
The Holland 1 was considered obsolete by 1913 and sold for £410. It sunk under tow close to the Eddystone lighthouse. In 1982 she was raised and can now be seen in the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport (UK).


The main rituals of the Aztec empire were held in the Greater Temple.
This well-preserved building was the religious and political center of ancient Tenochtitlan, the most important city of the Aztec empire. It was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, deity of war and sun.
Especially in this place, archaeologists have found abundant evidence about the practice of a huge number of human sacrifices. In order to preserve life, the Aztecs sought to please their gods. They thought one way to do it was to feed them.
But these deities did not settle for any food. They required to consume the blood of humans. This explains why sacrifices were so common. Those chosen for such carnage were prisoners of war, those defeated in the ball game, children who were revered as divinities and, probably, some women. The appetite of the gods was insatiable.
The Aztecs went to the point of going to war against other peoples with the main objective of capturing as many prisoners as possible for sacrifice. In fact, only in Tenochtitlan tens of thousands who ran this fate.
The Aztec skulls as offerings Many victims were beheaded after the sacrifice.
The heads were then cooked so that they could easily peel off their skin, exposing the skulls. These were placed in the tzompantli (row of skulls, in Spanish). It was a wall made of tezontle ashlars that was covered with stucco. Thick wood was embedded in this wall in an upright position. The timber was drilled and pierced, from top to bottom, by thin rods. The skulls, in turn, were pierced through the parietal zone and placed on the horizontal rods, one side of the other.
A mixture of lime, sand and tezontle gravel kept them together. The tzompantli was, in fact, an altar to honor the gods. Contrary to what might be thought, this collection was part of a cult of life. The Aztecs considered death as a mere transit towards a better life in the spirit world. Some altars could contain thousands of heads. Although there is no precise data, it is believed that the Great Tzompantli of the Great Temple, in Tenochtitlan, came to house more than 100,000 skulls. Of course, in addition to its use as a sacred altar, this display of skulls served to frighten enemies. Before embedding the skulls in the Great Tzompantli, a ritual was held that sanctified them. Afterwards, they stood facing the temple of Huitzilopochtli.
The offerings would ensure the continuity of the solar star, which would positively impact nature, fertility and agriculture.
The Aztecs believed that the deceased warriors accompanied the deity from sunrise until noon, when they gave their place to the women killed during childbirth. They would travel with Huitzilopochtli until dusk.
Then, in the underworld, warriors would have to fight with the forces of darkness for the sun to rise again one more day. Artificial skulls: dubious provenance From the second half of the 19th century, some intriguing discoveries were made. These were skulls made of crystal and quartz. With some suspicion, it was attributed mainly to the Aztecs. Some have an impeccable design and the size of a real human skull. It is these objects in particular that have caused disbelief among archaeologists and historians. What calls into question the authenticity of the pieces is that there is no evidence that the Aztecs had the knowledge and tools needed to make these works of art.
To overcome this obstacle, all sorts of arguments have been put forward, some very extravagant. There are those who claim that they are artifacts from Atlantis or items of extraterrestrial manufacture.
Of course, these ideas have no scientific basis. Less support has claims that skulls have supernatural powers. If the Aztecs actually crafted at least some of these skulls, they could have been representations of their gods. In fact, some of their deities looked similar to those of these figures. Therefore, they probably used them to invoke them, as if they were an idol. In the nineties of the last century, analyses were carried out on two skulls, supposedly pre-Columbian.
One is in the British Museum and one is in the possession of the Smithsonian Institute. Studies revealed that the pieces had been carved by relatively modern jeweler instruments, tools that the Aztecs and any other Mesoamerican civilization were completely unaware of. It is clear that these two works are forgeries. This raises even more doubts about the authenticity of even one of the skulls.
Skull masks The skulls served Aztecs for more than an offering. Three decades ago, eight masks made from human skulls were discovered in the Main Temple. Archaeologists long assumed that masks were made from the heads of some randomly selected human sacrifice victims.
However, recent research by experts at the University of Montana has shed more light on this issue. A comparative analysis was made of the intact skulls of 30 victims of human sacrifices, 127 skulls of warriors killed in battle and the eight masks. The structure and appearance of the pieces examined allowed the experts to specify the sex, health status, age and place of origin of each subject of study. It was concluded that the masks were made with the skulls of men between 30 and 45 years of age. When they died, they were in optimal health, were well fed and had no dental problems.
The above traits were very unusual among the general population of pre-Hispanic civilizations. If the masks had been made with the skulls of ordinary people, the test results would have been very different. It seems logical to conclude that the skulls came from persons of noble origin. This would explain why they were in better health than the other victims studied. Therefore, the most feasible explanation, up to this point, is that royals or elite warriors captured in battle did not have the same fate as others. Instead of placing their entire skulls in the tzompantli, they were subjected to special treatment. It was also possible to determine, with a good degree of certainty, the origin of men turned into skull masks.
They were native to the Toluca Valley, the Gulf Coast of Mexico, western Mexico and the Valley of Mexico. There’s even speculation about the identity of one of the masks. It is believed that it could be the king of Tollocan, mentioned in some historical records. The priests cut off the skull to remove the back. Then they painted it, placed inlays in his eyes, and put a flint sheet on his nose. Once the mask was finished, it was time to fix it in the tzompantli of the temple, where it was revered as a sacred object.
Aztec skulls in present-day Mexico It is clear that the Aztecs felt an irresistible fascination with skulls. Their practical macabre have left their mark on modern Day of the Dead celebrations. For example, the bread of the dead is usually shaped like a skull and the figures of some bones.
Certain historians claim that the Spanish conquistadors promoted its use as an alternative to human sacrifices. Another element that seems to be a legacy of the Aztecs and other pre-Hispanic cultures, is the skulls. It is a skull made with sugar, chocolate, grenetine or amaranth. It’s an indispensable part of the altar of the dead. For many experts, it is inevitable to think about the tzompantli when they see these sweets arranged in a row. In the parades organized on the occasion of the Day of the Dead, people disguise themselves allusive to the celebration. It is striking that some participants wear masks and clothing that make them look like “Aztec skulls”.
It is clear that even the most chilling customs can be assimilated by the folklore of a people.


by Latin America Specialist, Scott H.
I just returned from a research trip focusing on the Colonial cities north of Mexico City. I was stunned by the amazing diversity of culture and the vital significance these cities played in the fight for independence in the early 19th century. My favorite part of traveling through the colonial cities is the lack of international tourism. You really feel like you’re seeing authentic Mexico rather than a place that exists solely for tourism
Well-known for its colorful and beautiful colonial buildings, Guanajuato was declared UNESCO World Heritage site in 1988 and is a popular stop on a trip to Mexico.
Located about 45 miles east of Oaxaca, Hierve el Agua is home to mineral formations that over hundreds of years have formed to look like huge frozen waterfalls. There are also two large artificial pools very close to the cliff’s edge, as well as a number of small natural pools, making for beautiful photos and a perfect off-the-beaten-track adventure.
Puebla, one of the oldest colonial cities on the continent, is known not only for its prominent architecture but also for its popular cuisine known as “Cocina Poblana”.
Querataro is just over two hours from Mexico City and is also a popular destination for colonial architecture.
Visit our Mexico page for trip ideas, inspiration and travel guides to the country.
Learn more about traveling with Audley by visiting our website or calling a specialist today at 1-855-838-8300.


Islamic Civilization Studies Center (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) - 2019
EGYLandscape Project Panel
Islamic Civilization Studies Center (Bibliotheca Alexandrina) - Alexandria, Egypt 31 October 2019
Prof. Albrecht Fuess, co-leader of the EGYLandscape Project, was invited to give a series of lectures at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina from 29-31 October. In addition to his theme, “The Relations Between East and West from the Middle Ages until the Turn of the Modern Era,” Prof. Fuess proposed to present a mini-workshop and overview of the EGYLandscape Project. Joining him for the special EGYLandscape panel were Prof. Nicolas Michel (project co-leader, Aix-Marseille University), Prof. Heba Saad (Alexandria University), and Anthony Quickel (University of Marburg). The project co-leaders, Fuess and Michel, gave an overview of the EGYLandscape Project, while each member of the panel presented their own research projects in order to highlight the diversity of topics under EGYLandscape’s purview. The panel was moderated by EGYLandscape contributor Dr. Ahmed Abdel Moneim, who is a scholar at the Bibliotheca’s Islamic Civilization Studies Center. The project was very happy for the opportunity to present to a new venue, especially to a very large Egyptian audience.


Friday, October 23, 2015
Click here for the Full article in the Worcester Telegram & Gazette
LOST & FOUND COLLABORATION
An exhibit of vintage and contemporary architectural photographs opens in the Krikorian Gallery with a free reception on Thursday, October 22. The show is on view through November 21. Sponsored by Preservation Worcester, WORCESTER ARCHITECTURE: Lost & Found, documents well-known city landmarks extant in the 1930s and some of those same landmarks today. See what is missing! Historic photographs, from the Special Collections of the Worcester Public Library, are juxtaposed with contemporary architectural photographs by Thomas A. Lingner and images of architectural details and street life today by Randle Rae Stock. Sponsored in part by a grant to Preservation Worcester from the Worcester Arts Council.
NOW CALL FOR ART
Calling all artists born since 1975! We want to highlight your generation's work. The Worcester Center for Crafts is joining forces with ArtsWorcester in organizing a juried exhibition entitled NOW: New Work, New Artists which will be on view at the Crafts Center and Arts Worcester simultaneously from March 18 through April, 2016. Submission and guidelines are online; click here for all forms and guidelines . Deadline is January 15 so don't delay in making your plans and submitting your work. Juror: Roger Hankins, Director of the Cantor Art Gallery at the College of the Holy Cross. All artistic and craft media welcome. Come on craft artists! Let's make a showing. Sponsored in part by Worcester Business Journal.
Thursday, October 22, 2015
Tuesday, October 20, 2015
Worcester, MA -- An exhibit of vintage and contemporary architectural photographs will be on view from October 22 through November 21, 2015 at the Krikorian Gallery of the Worcester Center for Crafts, 25 Sagamore Road, Worcester. Sponsored by Preservation Worcester, WORCESTER ARCHITECTURE: Lost & Found, documents well-known city landmarks past and present. Historic photographs from the Special Collections of the Worcester Public Library are juxtaposed with contemporary architectural photographs by Thomas A. Lingner and images of architectural details and street life today by Randle Rae Stock.
The exhibit opens with a reception on Thursday, October 22 from 5:30-7:30 pm at the Worcester Center for Crafts that is free and open to the public. "This is an important show," says organizer Susan Ceccacci, Education Director, Preservation Worcester. "It shows us what we have, and what we have to lose when it comes to the Worcester's outstanding built environment."
The historical photographs originally appeared in an exhibit, entitled "Worcester Architecture," held at the Worcester Art Museum in 1937 and organized by the "dean" of American architectural historians, Henry-Russell Hitchcock. Contemporary photographs update this collection of historical images of Worcester landmarks with views of the buildings and the people who animate them today.
"We're proud to partner with Preservation Worcester and the Worcester Public Library on this exhibit as its purpose is to show us the rich resources that still exist while photographically alluding to what we have already lost," said Krikorian Gallery Director Candace Casey. The exhibit is underwritten in part by the Worcester Arts Council, the Massachusetts Cultural Council, and a generous framing gift from the Worcester Public Library.
Related programming includes:
- An illustrated talk on Tuesday, November 10 at 5:30 entitled, "Rediscovering Jenne Magafan's Worcester East Middle School Murals," given by College of the Holy Cross researchers Sarah Valente and Nicole Landry and organized by Worcester Art Museum Director Emeritus, James A. Welu. The talk is free and open to the public.
- Author event on Wednesday, November 18 from 5:30-6:30 pm. Susan Ceccacci will sign copies of her book Living at the City's Green Edge: Bancroft Heights, A Planned Neighborhood in Worcester, Massachusetts.
The Krikorian Gallery hours are Tuesday through Saturday, 10 am to 5 pm. Admission is free.


Thursday, August 25, 2011
World Trade Center Memorial Guide Of Names Debuts As iPhone App
The guide to the names, which includes biographical information about the victims and pinpoints the location of each name at the memorial, was placed online in May. It will be available on electronic kiosks when the memorial opens next month, on the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks.
Joe Daniels, president and CEO of the National September 11 Memorial and Museum, briefed reporters about progress at the site during a New York Press Club tour that also featured a talk by trade center developer Larry Silverstein.


Population genomics from the Southern end of South America
Our paper in PNAS can be accessed here.
The population history of Patagonia has played an important role on both a regional and continental scale. Human presence in the region has been dated to 14,500 years BP at Monte Verde (Northwest Patagonia), one of the earliest archaeological sites in America. Additionally, the remarkable isolation of the region and biological diversity of its inhabitants have supported the hypothesis that early human populations in the region are relicts of the earliest migrants coming into the continent. The actual time for the peopling of Patagonia, the migrations routes, and diversification within the region are still a matter of debate, as well as the genetic affinities that the native human populations have with other groups across America.
Our research in Patagonia started in 2006 when Mauricio Moraga (corresponding author) initiated a project aiming to characterize the founding mitochondrial lineages in Patagonia. Previous works in the region also explored the mitochondrial DNA diversity through historical and present-day individuals, showing a lower genetic diversity in the region than in other areas in America. Further research, also led by Dr. Moraga and the archaeologist Omar Reyes (co-author), used ancient DNA and archaeological evidence to study the Chono, one of the less known maritime populations from the Northwest archipelagos However, it was not until 2014, four years after the publication of the first ancient human genome, that we started working on full ancient genomes from Patagonia.
By then I was finishing my Master’s Degree, working with mitochondrial DNA of the maritime populations from Patagonia. I was particularly interested in continuing my work in the area by expanding the study to include genome-wide data. As we did not have experience neither processing nor analyzing complete ancient genomes I contacted the group of Eske Willerslev from the Center of Geogenetics at University of Copenhagen in order to visit for three-months. At about the same time, the National Commission of Science and Technology funded a proposal led by Ricardo Verdugo (corresponding author), securing the resources to produce the first ancient genomes in Chile by a national team of geneticists, archaeologists and biological anthropologists. Our research also involved a direct collaboration with the laboratory of Carlos Bustamante in Stanford University, where we started the bioinformatic analysis.
We were successful in obtaining full genomes from four ancient individuals associated to late maritime groups in Western Patagonia together with genome-wide data from 61 contemporary individuals. With a temporal window stretching back 1,000 years, we were able to show a strong affinity between present-day populations and the ancient individuals. Interestingly, we saw that 1,000 years ago the division of two of the main maritime populations, Kawéskar and Yámana, already took place and it was very consistent with the known historical distribution of these groups. Our results show that these populations share a common ancestor that split from Tierra del Fuego’s populations (Selk’nam) between 8,000 to 6,000 years ago. Our analyses reflect an early population structure in the region and a long-term continuity in Patagonia.
Western Patagonia offers a great opportunity to work with ancient DNA thanks to the exceptional preservation of the genetic material. However, there are other challenges affecting the general research in the area. Most of the human remains found in the region come from isolated findings in shelters or shell middens with different degrees of disturbances (mostly human-related) and little to no cultural context. Additionally, archaeological research has to face several difficulties, from the visibility of the sites to the organisation of fieldworks completely dependent on navigation through the fjords and channels. Our work is a locally motivated effort to integrate what is known from the region with recent genomic technologies, increasing not only the representation of Native American diversity worldwide, but also our understanding of the microevolutionary processes along America. Furthermore, it is of great value that this work involved mostly Latin American researchers (from Mexico and Chile), currently working in their home countries developing cutting-edge research in regional issues.


In a historic ceremony watched by millions around the world, Prince Charles was crowned as King Charles III, marking the beginning of a new era for the United Kingdom. The grand event took place at Westminster Abbey, where the newly crowned monarch swore an oath to uphold the constitution and serve the people of the nation.
Amidst a regal atmosphere and a sense of both tradition and anticipation, King Charles III took the crown, following in the footsteps of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, who had reigned for an astonishing 70 years. The coronation symbolized the passing of the torch to the next generation of the British monarchy.
Epiczone understands that the ceremony was attended by dignitaries, political leaders, and members of the royal family, including Prince William and his wife, Catherine, who were present to show their support for the newly crowned king. As King Charles III knelt before the Archbishop of Canterbury, the atmosphere was filled with a mix of excitement and solemnity, underscoring the weight of the moment.
In his coronation address, King Charles III expressed his deep gratitude for the opportunity to serve as the monarch of the United Kingdom. He acknowledged the legacy left by his predecessors and vowed to carry out his duties with dedication and integrity. The new king also emphasized his commitment to addressing the challenges faced by the nation, such as climate change, social inequality, and the ongoing process of modernization.
The coronation of King Charles III came at a time of both celebration and reflection for the British people. It marked a transition from a long and successful reign to a future that promised continuity, stability, and progress. As the nation enters a new chapter under King Charles III, there is a renewed sense of optimism and anticipation for what lies ahead.
The reign of King Charles III is expected to bring some changes to the monarchy, as every monarch leaves their unique mark on the institution. However, the fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy and the role of the sovereign as a symbol of national unity and continuity are likely to remain unchanged.
As the first days of King Charles III’s reign unfold, the world will be watching closely. His actions and decisions will undoubtedly shape not only the United Kingdom but also its relationships with other nations. The challenges he faces will require careful navigation, but with his wealth of experience and dedication to public service, King Charles III is poised to lead the nation with wisdom and compassion.
As the coronation ceremony concluded and King Charles III left Westminster Abbey, a wave of excitement and anticipation spread throughout the streets of London and beyond. The people of the United Kingdom looked to the future with hope, as a new chapter in their history began under the reign of their new king. The coronation of King Charles III was not only a symbol of continuity and tradition but also a testament to the enduring strength and resilience of the British monarchy.


Some random Christmas facts, in no particular order.
All the gifts in the Twelve Days of Christmas would equal 364 gifts.
The first evidence of a Christmas tree is from a pamphlet that dates back to 1570.
Electric Christmas tree lights were first used in 1895.
The first Christmas was celebrated on December 25, AD 336 in Rome.
Coca-Cola was the first company to use Santa Claus in a winter promotion.
The day after Christmas, December 26, is known as Boxing Day. It is also the holy day of St. Stephen.
St. Francis of Assisi began the custom of singing Christmas carols in church in the 13th century.
Mistletoe (Viscum album) is from the Anglo-Saxon word misteltan, which means “dung twig” because the plant spreads it’s seeds though bird droppings.
The Christmas wreath symbolises Jesus’ blood with the red berries and the holly represents the crown of thorns.
President Teddy Roosevelt, an environmentalist, banned Christmas trees from the White House in 1901.
There are 3 towns in the US that are named Santa Claus. One in Georgia, one in Arizona and one in Indiana.
The word Christmas originates from the words Christ’s Mass.
The best-selling Christmas song ever is White Christmas by Bing Crosby. It has sold more than 50 million copies around the world.
“Jingle Bells” was the first song to be sung in space. On December 16, 1965 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra sang it.
Due to international time zones, our modern day Santa Claus actually has 31 hours to deliver presents to all the children of the world.


The Ascot Racecourse was founded in 1711. It was Queen Anne who founded the Ascot racecourse and since then, it’s become one of the premier horse racing tracks in Britain and the world. The first race, “Her Majesty’s Plate”, was held on 11th August 1711. Seven horses competed. This first race comprised three separate four-mile (6437 m) heats.
Early Royal Ascot History
It’s believed that Queen Anne rode her horse from Windsor Castle to the field where Ascot racecourse now sits and said “ this wold be a fine place for a horse race”. It didn’t take long for that statement to become reality, with the first race held later that year in 1711.
With Queen Anne’s death in 1714, this caused the cancellation of races the following month at the new track – with racing not resuming there until 1720. This was due to her successors – George I and George II not showing an interest in horse racing. It wasn’t until George II’s third son – William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland, who was a keen sportsman – revived the Ascot track.
In 1785 the Ascot racecourse took another step forward when the Straight Mile part of the track was built, and this attracted quicker horses that could now run over trips that ranged from five furlongs up to a mile – creating a lot more races and opportunities for speedier thoroughbred horses.This was nothing like the Royal Ascot meetings we see now. To start with, only seven horses competed, with three different heats of four miles each and every horse carrying 12 stones. The first racecourse was designed by William Lowen, though he was helped by a team of experts in various fields, across painting, carpentry, and administration.
Decades later, the first permanent building was built by a specialist from the area, in 1794. This structure was fit to accommodate over 1,600 people, and saw regular use for around 50 years.
Parliament took a decisive part in Ascot’s future in 1813, when they passed the Act of Enclosure. This ruled that Ascot Heath would be maintained only as a public racecourse, ensuring that events could entertain the British populace without fear of the venue being commandeered for any other purpose.
The Royal Ascot Meeting title though dates back to 1825, when racing at the track during the third week of June became known as ‘Royal Week’. Since then members of the Royal family started attending the meeting with a horse-drawn procession still taking place before the horse racing starts – a tradition that still takes place to this day. This helps to attract the thousands upon thousands of spectators each year. Being able to see the British monarchs in person, in a formal setting, is a rare thrill for many people.
Recent Royal Ascot History
The sense of spectacle and British tradition ensures visitors come from across the globe, while millions more watch on television and online.
While the first race was held in 1711, the first Royal Meeting as we know it today (or, rather, as close to it as we can imagine) took place in 1768. The arrival of the Gold Cup, decades later in 1807, ushered in the event’s more modern structure, and Royal Ascot was the only fixture held at the racecourse for over a century, until 1939. It was in this year that additional events started to take place at the venue throughout the year, making broader use of Ascot’s facilities.
In 1970 we saw the introduction of the famous Ascot bandstand – a place that racegoers go after racing for a proper ‘English sing-song’. This was an idea from the wife of the clerk of the course at the time and has grown in popularity ever since. It’s next big overhaul was in 2004, when the track closed for two years with a £200 million redevelopment that saw the Royal Meeting re-route to York during this time.
Royal Ascot Statistics
Around 300,000 people attend Royal Ascot each year and with many attractions before and after the horse racing to keep racegoers interested then these numbers are only set to increase in the coming years. In the current age there is over £7.3 million in total prize money on offer, which makes the meeting the most valuable on the annual horse racing calendar each season. It currently stages eight Group One races over the five days.
Over the years the track developed but it was in 1961 that the Ascot track got a major facelift with the new Queen Elizabeth II Grandstand being built at a cost of £1million. This contained 280 private dining rooms and saw the first boom of the corporate hospitality boom in horse racing and other top sports.
Key Recent Royal Ascot Trends
- 2015 – Top UK jockey, Ryan Moore rides 9 Royal Ascot winners at the 2015 meeting – the most in the modern era.
- 2013 – The Queen’s Estimate wins the 2013 Ascot Gold Cup, the first time in the race’s history that the race has been won by a reigning monarch.
- 2012 – Top trainer, Henry Cecil, recorded his 75th Royal Ascot win – with the wonder horse Frankel, who won five times at Ascot, including a magical win in the 2012 Queen Anne Stakes at Royal Ascot.
- 2011 – Top Australian-based horse – Black Caviar – made the 10,000mile trip to Royal Ascot and with a whole nation behind her, she didn’t let them down. She landed the 2011 running of the Diamond Jubilee Stakes with a nail-biting finish that saw jockey Luke Nolen stop riding in the closing stages that almost cost her the race.
- 2009 – Top staying horse – Yeats – landed his fourth Ascot Gold Cup. He’d landed the 2006, 2007 and 2008 runnings and after taking the 2009 renewal became the only horse to win manage this feat.
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The Powder & the Glory tells the story of two of the first highly successful women entrepreneurs in America, Elizabeth Arden and Helena Rubinstein. One hundred years ago these women immigrated to the United States and, starting with next to nothing, created what is today the $150 billion global health and beauty industry.
Although they lived and worked only blocks apart in New York for over 50 years, the two women, by design, never met! Their competition drove them both to great creativity and success.
Their competing companies defined the business of beauty, making cosmetics both newly respectable and, finally, indispensable. Along the way they developed many advertising and marketing techniques that became part of the business landscape, and they themselves became household names, cultural icons, and two of the world's wealthiest women.
They both influenced and were influenced by the major movements of the day in art, style, and women's roles:
- When the close-up became a staple in the movies, makeup became au courant
- Their salons were showcases of modernist design
- They helped usher in the "new woman" of the 1920s — young, independent, and in every way equal to men
- Throughout their careers, they supported women's empowerment and rights
Their accomplishments continue to be relevant to both women and men in business today. This is an inspiring story about perseverance, genuine creativity, and continual reinvention to meet the changing needs and demands of consumers and society. When they started their businesses, makeup was used mostly by prostitutes and performers, and businesses were run mostly by men. They changed all that, and they transformed us.


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Storyworld presents: Wakawaka! 40 Years of PAC-MAN
PAC-MAN is the first true video game icon, recognized and loved around the world. The simple yellow dot proved to be an irresistible force, and transformed not only the world of video games, but also popular culture at large. Celebrating 40 years of PAC-MAN, from October 3rd Dutch museum Storyworld explores the incredible game design, the worldwide success and the cultural impact of a character that, after forty years of munching, still hasn’t lost its appetite, in the temporary exhibition ‘Wakawaka! 40 Years of PAC-MAN’.
The exhibition explains the crucial role of the game design.
Our exhibition will therefore include the first pencil sketches of PAC-MAN and the first Japanese PAC-MAN posters and adverts.
Visit Storyworld to learn about the origins of PAC-MAN. Find out why the game was so revolutionary and why the tiny yellow muncher became such a huge success in Japan and beyond.
“Boys playing PAC-MAN, 1984 © Hans Singels”
For further information, please check here!
New Music Video from PAC-MAN 40th Anniversary Album!
BANDAI NAMCO ENTERTAINMENT INC. AND THE NBA ANNOUNCE PARTNERSHIP CELEBRATING PAC-MAN’S 40TH ANNIVERSARY!
“Be PAC-TIVE” with PAC-MAN in 2021!
Following the S.H.Figuarts figure, PAC-MAN joins the Chogokin and PROPLICA series!
PAC-MAN™ Gold and Silver Coins


Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations in the history of the world. It lasted for over 3000 years from 3150 BC to 30 BC.
The Nile River
The civilization of Ancient Egypt was located along the Nile River in northeast Africa. The Nile was the source of much of the Ancient Egypt's wealth. Great Egyptian cities grew up along the Nile as the Egyptian people became experts in irrigation and were able to use the water from the Nile to grow rich and profitable crops. The Nile provided food, soil, water, and transportation for the Egyptians. Great floods would come each year and would provide fertile soil for growing food.
Historians usually group the history of Ancient Egypt into three major kingdoms called the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. It was during these times that Ancient Egypt was at its strongest. The times between the Kingdoms are called intermediate periods.
Ancient Egypt was rich in culture including government, religion, arts, and writing. The government and religion were tied together as the leader of the government, the Pharaoh, was also leader of the religion. Writing was also important in keeping the government running. Only scribes could read and write and they were considered powerful people.
Pyramids and Treasure
The Pharaohs of Egypt were often buried in giant pyramids or in secret tombs. They believed that they needed treasure to be buried with them to help them in the afterlife. As a result, archeologists have a lot of well preserved artifacts and tombs to examine in order to find out how the Ancient Egyptians lived.
End of the Empire
The Ancient Egyptian Empire began to weaken in about 700 BC. It was conquered by a number of other civilizations. The first to conquer Egypt was the Assyrian Empire, followed a hundred or so years later by the Persian Empire. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Greece conquered Egypt and set up his own ruling family called the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Finally, the Romans came in 30 BC and Egypt became a province of Rome.


6-DAY THE ANDES AND CASCADE AVENUE – FROM $1,499
A six-day immersion in the Andean World, from Quito, along the Avenue of the Volcanoes, Riobamba, Devil Nose Train, and Colonial Cuenca. Enjoy the spectacular scenery of the Andes, with visits to centenary Haciendas, fertile fields of vegetables and roses, in close contact with the local culture. This is a journey along the history, the spirituality, the flavors, the customs, traditions, and legends of the Andean Region.
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Yuya and Tuya: Unearthing the Secrets of KV46 in the Valley of the Kings
The Valley of the Kings, one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world, continues to captivate historians, archaeologists, and visitors alike with its deep-seated secrets and stunning royal tombs. Among these ancient wonders, KV46, the final resting place of Yuya and Tuya, holds a special place for its remarkable preservation and the wealth of information it offers about the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
Who were Yuya and Tuya?
Yuya and Tuya were not pharaohs, but their influence and status in ancient Egyptian society were unquestionable. Yuya served as a key advisor to Pharaoh Amenhotep III, while Tuya held the important position of the chief queen's mother. Their daughter, Queen Tiye, was the Great Royal Wife of Amenhotep III and the mother of Akhenaten, making them the grandparents of the famed boy-king, Tutankhamun.
The Discovery of KV46
The tomb of Yuya and Tuya, designated KV46, was discovered by James E. Quibell and his team in 1905, under the auspices of Theodore M. Davis. Located in the Valley of the Kings, the tomb is rather modest compared to the grandeur of pharaohs' tombs. Yet, it remains significant due to its exceptional condition at the time of discovery.
Much to the surprise of Quibell and his team, the tomb was almost intact, with only minor disturbances caused by tomb robbers. This rarity offered a unique glimpse into the burial practices of high-status individuals during the 18th Dynasty.
Inside KV46: A Journey Through Time
Upon entering KV46, one is transported back in time, into the world of ancient Egypt. The tomb consists of a staircase leading to a corridor, followed by a burial chamber where the mummies of Yuya and Tuya were found in their original coffins. The walls, though devoid of the elaborate decorations found in royal tombs, emanate a profound sense of history.
The burial chamber was filled with a variety of funerary goods, including furniture, food offerings, alabaster vases, and golden funerary masks, reflecting the high status of Yuya and Tuya. Perhaps most striking were the anthropoid (human-shaped) coffins of Yuya and Tuya, made from wood and covered in gold. Yuya's mummy was found to be remarkably well-preserved, providing invaluable insights into ancient Egyptian mummification techniques.
The Legacy of Yuya and Tuya
The discovery of KV46 greatly enriched our understanding of the 18th Dynasty. The artifacts found in the tomb have provided invaluable insights into the funerary practices, religious beliefs, and artistic styles of the period. Moreover, the DNA analysis conducted on the mummies of Yuya and Tuya has helped clarify the complex familial relationships within the 18th Dynasty royal family.
In conclusion, KV46, the tomb of Yuya and Tuya, serves as a testament to the grandeur and complexity of ancient Egypt. Although they were not royalty, the respect and reverence afforded to Yuya and Tuya in their burial practices speak volumes about their significant roles in the royal court. As we continue to unearth and study the secrets of the Valley of the Kings, the legacy of Yuya and Tuya remains etched in the annals of Egypt's rich history.


Here are the newest Superman stamps from Canada Post!
The 5 stamps on this Souvenir Sheet showcase the evolution of Superman’s image throughout 75 years of comic book appearances. The illustrations come from:
1939: Superman #1, cover drawn by Joe Shuster
1945: Superman #32, cover drawn by Wayne Boring
1971: Superman #233, cover drawn by Neal Adams
2004: Superman #204, interior image drawn by Jim Lee
2012: Superman Annual #1, cover drawn by Kenneth Rocafort
These postcards feature designs from some of the most memorable comic book covers of the past 75 years!
1939: Superman #1, drawn by Joe Shuster
1939: Action Comics #13, drawn by Joe Shuster
1986: Man of Steel #1 Special Collector’s Edition, drawn by John Byrne
2004: Superman #204, drawn by Jim Lee
2012: Superman Annual #1, drawn by Kenneth Rocafort
Get yours today!


Alaska's Early Days and History
Alaska Cruise 1909
Cruise Alaska aboard the Steamer Northwestern and discover what it was like to travel to Alaska in the early 1900s. These are the stories told by America’s writers and editors as they visited Alaska’s cities, glaciers, mines and farmlands at the end of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909.
The original story was written by Bertha Adele Penny, as she shared her personal experience of the trip with friends and family. Her story was shared decades later with Constance Taylor in 1977 and remained in a box of treasures for 42 years. When she rediscovered it in 2019, she knew it needed to be published.
The delightful story, told in the voice of turn-of-the-century America and full of humor as well as poignant beauty, has been compiled and comes to life with vintage photographs, newspaper clippings, and an appendix of articles written by others who shared the grand adventure.
Next Generation Indie Book Award Finalist Memoirs (Historical/Legacy)
Favorite Quotes from Alaska Cruise 1909
The brilliant mass of color lengthened out into rays, the rosy fingers stretching across the sky formed a luminous arch that spanned the heavens.
At that time there was always a group in the bow of the boat happily gazing at the ever-changing panorama, watching the sapphire water roll in symmetrical waves from either side of the Northwestern’s graceful bow and waiting, waiting for the strangeness and vagueness of an Alaskan twilight.
There is a subtle illusive, intangible something that grips the heart of the visitor to Alaska.
Constance Taylor was given a charming, witty description of a 1909 Alaska cruise aboard the Steamer Northwestern. In publishing that writing, she brought the travelogue vividly to life by adding about 50 photographs of the scenery and towns mentioned. The book is short enough to read once for the words, then again for the photos. Attractively assembled, Alaska Cruise 1909 also has footnotes to explain some terms, an index for easy reference, and an appendix of other writers’ descriptions of the same 1909 cruise.
I liked the entire presentation. The early photos of San Francisco, Seattle and Alaska are historic treasures not often seen in print. The historic content and writing style is refreshing as well as educational. The index makes the content easy to go to quickly, if one is interested in a certain aspect of the journey.
I was captivated from the moment I picked up this story. The writing style and voice is a delightful step back into early 1900's America, and the author has a fascinating blend of wit and poetic description as she writes about her experience travelling to Alaska. She captures the beauty and grandeur of Alaska so that I could almost picture in my mind's eye what she was describing. The vintage photographs and additional perspectives of the trip in the appendix were wonderful additions. This is a great short read, and I am ordering extra copies to send to friends and family.
Customer reviews on Amazon.com.
How to Order
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28 1/8 x 20 1/4 ins
Alfred Palmer, the artist’s son.
His sale at Christies [24.5.09, lot 118]
Sampson, acquired at the above sale.
Christies Anon sale, [25.5.1936, lot 109].
F.R.Meatyard, acquired at the above sale.
Leger Galleries, 1937.
Henry Reitlinger, acquired from the above.
Sotheby’s, sale of Reitlinger collection [27.1.1954, lot 124].
Agnews, acquired at above sale.
Acquired from the above by the father of the present owners in 1954.
The British Museum, London, Samuel Palmer, Bicentenary Exhibition, October 2005 – January 2006.
The Metropolitan Museum, New York, Samuel Palmer, Bicentenary Exhibition, March – May 2006.
The above exhibitions represent the first major showing of Palmer’s work since 1926.
Raymond Lister, Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of Samuel Palmer, 1988. Reproduced Plate.178.
The exhibition catalogue for the British Museum bicentenary exhibition mentioned below [reproduced in colour].


n Nikko City, Tochigi Prefecture, there is a shrine called Nikko Toshogu, which is dedicated to Ieyasu Tokugawa, the first shogun of Edo period.
Futarasan Shrine, Rinnoji Temple, and the mountain forest around the shrine are both registered as UNESCO World Heritage sites.
This article introduces Nikko Toshogu Shrine, where Tokugawa Ieyasu’s tomb is located, and its highlights.
- About Nikko Toshogu Shrine
- Highlights of Nikko Toshogu Shrine
- Nikko Toshogu Trivia
- Access and Parking at Nikko Toshogu Shrine
About Nikko Toshogu Shrine
Nikko has been a sacred place for mountain worship since ancient times
Nikko has long been a sacred place for mountain worship, with Mt. Nantai (another name for Futarasan) under the patronage of the Minamoto clan, the mountain was worshipped by the samurai.
Nikko Toshogu Shrine was built by Iemitsu
Ieyasu Tokugawa, the first shogun of Edo period, left a will that he wanted to watch over the Shogunate from Nikko after his death, and was honored at Nikko Toshogu Shrine.
Nikko Toshogu Shrine was built by Ieyasu’s grandson, the third shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, for Ieyasu.
Iemitsu himself is enshrined at Rinnoji Temple in Nikko, a five-minute walk from Toshogu Shrine.
Highlights of Nikko Toshogu Shrine
After passing through the stone torii gate and walking down the street to the front gate, you will see the colorful five-story pagoda on your left.
The five-story pagoda of Nikko Toshogu is 36 meters high and is designated as an important cultural property.
After paying the entrance fee and passing through the front gate of Nikko Toshogu, you will first come to a square with three Shinto vaults, a Shinkyu-sha stable, and a Omizuya.
The Shinkyu-sha stable is where the horses of the gods are kept.
The five-story pagoda in front of the front gate alone is a conspicuous enough building, but once you enter the front gate of Toshogu, an even more glittering world opens up before you.
As far as the eye can see, there are brightly colored sculptures carved into the buildings of the shrine.
Among the sculptures of Nikko Toshogu Shrine, the sculpture of the three monkeys, “see no evil,” “hear no evil,” and “speak no evil,” in the Shnkyo-sha stables are the most famous.
The Yomeimon Gate, which is said to be the most gorgeous and ornate in Nikko Toshogu, has a total of 508 carvings of imaginary animals and figures.
The Yomeimon Gate is called the “Higurashi-no-mon” because one could look at it until sundown and never get tired of it.
Worship Hall and Main Hall
After passing through the Yomeimon gate, you will see the main shrine. To visit the shrine, you must first take off your shoes, enter the hall of worship, listen to a talk by the priest of Toshogu, and then visit the main shrine.
After the main shrine, we went to the inner sanctuary, where Ieyasu Tokugawa’s grave is located. To get to the inner sanctuary, you must first pass through the Sakashita-mon Gate on the right side of the main shrine.
At the Sakashita-mon gate, there is a carving of the famous “Sleeping Cat,” but it is so small that some people may miss it. Please pay attention to the direction indicated by the arrow.
Visit the inner shrine where Ieyasu Tokugawa is buried
Climbing the long stone stairs leading to the inner sanctuary, you will come to the tomb where Ieyasu Tokugawa is buried at Nikko Toshogu Shrine. The pagoda in the center is made of an alloy of gold, silver, and copper.
Compared to the splendor of the Yomei-mon gate, the inner shrine is a quiet and serene place.
Nikko Toshogu Trivia
How many Toshogu shrines are there in Japan?
Toshogu refers to a shrine dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu. Toshogu shrines exist not only in Nikko, but all over Japan.
It is said that at one time, nearly 700 Toshogu shrines were built, of which only 130 remain today.
Where are the tombs of the shoguns of the Edo period?
It is well known that Ieyasu Tokugawa and Iemitsu Tokugawa are buried in Nikko, but where are the graves of the shoguns of the Edo period other than Ieyasu and Iemitsu?
The shoguns of the Edo period are not buried in Nikko. The shoguns are buried at Zojoji Temple in Minato Ward, Tokyo and Kan-eiji Temple in Taito Ward, Tokyo.
Only the last shogun of the Edo Shogunate, Yoshinobu Tokugawa, is buried at Yanaka Cemetery in Taito Ward, Tokyo.
Access and Parking at Nikko Toshogu Shrine
Arriving at Nikko Toshogu Shrine in 2.5 hours from Tokyo
|If you go by train, it takes about 30 minutes by foot or 7 minutes by bus from Tobu Nikko Station or JR Nikko Station to Nikko Toshogu Shrine.
|Nikko Official Guide
|Paid parking available


Hawk & Griffin brings the character of a traditional British pub experience to Vienna, Virginia. Our design and décor transport patrons back to the Edwardian era (1900-1918). Come in and enjoy our uniquely British menu along with our selection of British style beers and spirits while enjoying live music, premier sports viewing or a friendly game of darts. The message in our entry foyer is our promise. “There are no strangers here. Only friends you have not yet met”
Inspiration for the name comes from the community itself. The hawk represents the Madison High School mascot (Warhawk) and the griffin represents the GC Marshall High School mascot. These local schools have a long-standing rivalry that brings the community together.
Hawk and Griffin boasts two cozy “snugs”. The traditional pub snug was a small lounge area for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Women, clergy and the local police officer could enjoy a discreet pint of ale or nip of gin. Snugs also became the meeting space for local matchmaking where marriages would be arranged.


BERNARDINO DE RIBERA’S COMPOSITIONAL SUMMARY: TOLEDO POLYPHONIC CODEX NUMBER 6
Año del Documento
Bernardino de Ribera (ca. 1520 – 1580) was a highly recognized maestro de capilla in the sixteenth century Spain. Nevertheless, his actual status is highly associated with the great figure of Tomás Luis de Victoria, since it seems that both coincided in their years spent at Ávila, Ribera as a consolidated master, Victoria as a young choirboy. The present study analyses the large choirbook that Ribera himself charged as a present for the cathedral of Toledo. The article examines the history of the manuscript (mutilated some years after its making because of the value of its illuminations), the construction of the Codex and the repertoire contained within, showing the importance of some neglected figures like Bernardino, a significant composer that deserves more consideration by himself.
Bernardino de Ribera
Departamento de Musicología
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The Corris Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Corris) is a narrow gauge preserved railway based in Corris on the border between Merionethshire (now Gwynedd) and Montgomeryshire (now Powys) in Mid-Wales.
The line opened in 1859, and originally ran from Derwenlas, south east of Machynlleth north to Corris and on to Aberllefenni. Branches served the slate quarries at Corris Uchaf, Aberllefenni, the isolated quarries around Ratgoed and quarries along the length of the Dulas Valley.
The railway closed in 1948, but a preservation society was formed in 1966, initially opening a museum; a short section of line between Corris and Maespoeth was re-opened to passengers in 2002. The railway now operates as a tourist attraction. A new steam locomotive was built for the railway, which was delivered in 2005. The two surviving locomotives, plus some of the original rolling stock, are preserved on the nearby Talyllyn Railway.
The gauge of the railway is 2 ft 3 in (686 mm). (Wikipedia)
|COR1 MAIN ROUTE|
|m||c||m||c||place||slate, open||slate, closed||passenger,|
|8||43||Capel Ratgoed (Tramway)||1/4/1859||20/8/1948|
|6||8||Matthew Mill Siding||1/4/1859||20/8/1948|
|4||22||49||Maespoeth Junction, with COR2||1/4/1859||20/8/1948||MAESPOETH||3/6/2002|
|58||Current end of line|
|2||40||TAN-Y-COED - proposed end of line||?|
|38||FRIDD GATE HALT||1/4/1859||20/8/1948||7/1887||1/1/1931|
|Cambrian Railway over bridge||1/4/1859||1864|
|Ysgol Bro Ddfyfi (footpath)||1/4/1859||1864|
|CEI WARD (Morben)||1/4/1859||1864|
|CWI GOGH (Carreg)||1/4/1859||1864|
|COR2 UPPER CORRIS TRAMWAY|
|1||58||End of line||1/4/1859||1941|
|60||Braichgoch and Gwaewern Quarries||1/4/1859||1941|
|0||Maespoeth Junction, with COR1||1/4/1859||1941|
The author - Leslie (Lez) V Watson - has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.
I use Chrome web browser and Notepad++ script editor.
v18.9 :: August 2017


Set in fifty acres of stunning parkland, this historic country house and estate has a great deal to offer to visitors of all ages.
With breathtaking views of the East Yorkshire coast, the house and gardens have something for everyone whatever the season, offering a beautiful and inspiring venue for our Poetry Festival events.
Sewerby Hall and Gardens
Built between 1220 and 1425 as the Parish Church of St. John and St. Martin, Beverley Minster is an iconic venue offering spectacular features both inside and out and is regarded as one of the best surviving examples of gothic art.
Jeremy Fletcher has been the vicar at Beverley Minster since 2009 and has welcomed festival events as an opportunity not only to showcase the magnificent building but also to welcome new audiences to the Minster.
Minster Yard South
Built between 1890 and 1892, and extended in 1901, Toll Gavel United Church is a very active church set in the heart of Beverley which has welcomed festival events from both Beverley and Bridlington for many years.
The church offers a warm and welcoming venue with an impressive array of stained glass windows and traditional church organ.
Toll Gavel United Church


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Lincoln Park mayor named to elected officials' HOF
LINCOLN PARK—Mayor David Runfeldt has been named to the New Jersey League of Municipalities Elected Officials Hall of Fame. The league also named him to its Mayors Hall of Fame in the fall.
First elected to borough council in 1997 as a representative of Ward 2, Runfeldt was elected mayor in 2007 when his predecessor David Baker stepped down, said Municipal Clerk Cynthia Sloane, who nominated Runfeld.
To qualify for the hall, a candidate has to be nominated and have served as 20 years in elected office. Runfeldt is a chiropractor and has lived in town for 35 years.
"I do believe I am the only one from Lincoln Park to have been named to both the mayor's hall of fame as well as the elected officials'," he said.
Runfeldt joins a number of other prominent and long-serving elected officials in the Elected Officials Hall of Fame including Lincoln Park Ward 4 Councilman James Wild. Also in the Hall are former Pequannock Councilwoman Ruth Spellman, Butler's former Mayor Joseph Heywang, former Riverdale Councilman Joseph Falkoski and former Councilman and Mayor William Budesheim, Wanaque's longtime mayor, the late Warren Hagstrom, Ringwood's Walter Davison and Kinnelon's former Councilman Anthony La Marca and long-time former Mayor Glenn Sisco. (Sisco was recently appointed to the Kinnelon Council to fill an unexpired term. He served as mayor from 1968 to 2012.)
"It is of course a great honor to be named," Runfeldt said.


project: transformation of existing facility to a restaurant
location: Athens, Greece
floor area: 500 m2
400 m2 (courtyard)
year: 2013, 2017
construction: km architecture studio
artwork (wall-cut): teokon design
photos: Lef Tetris, B. Giritziotis
This listed two-storey building, located in a historic neighbourhood of Athens center, dates from late 19th century and was initially designed and functioned (until 1981) as an elementary school. The project involved the renovation of the restaurant, which was established here in the mid 1980s.
The concept was to preserve and highlight the architectural style and the original interior arrangement of the building, along with the unique courtyard (rarely encountered in buildings of Athens centre).
It is the building’s simplicity of geometric form, the distinctive interior space (wide and tall classrooms separated by impressive doors) and the courtyard’s imposing size that implement the quality of intervention, which focuses mainly on removing any additions or alterations and maintaining characteristic elements of the original ...


In Amsterdam, a museum exhibit titled Superheroes and Schlemiels shows how Jews turned to graphic novels to tell their stories
By ALEXANDRA HUDSON
Reuters News Agency
April 29, 2008 at 3:28 AM EDT
A large part of the exhibition, titled Superheroes and Schlemiels, is devoted to artist Will Eisner, showing his comic strips and large-scale drawings as well as pages from his later graphic novels.
Eisner co-founded the first American comic strip production studio in 1936 and created the masked crime fighter the Spirit in 1940, but he is also credited with creating the first long-form comic in 1978, which he termed a “graphic novel.”
“That created a cultural space,” said Couch, helping to gain the graphic novel respect in the 1970s and launching a canon of works in that format exploring Jewish history and personal experience.
By printing “graphic novel” on his 1978 work, Eisner also gained access to the U.S. public library market, then closed to comics.
The exhibition, which shows the work of about 40 comic-strip artists, also includes pages from Spiegelman’s 1986 graphic novel Maus, an award-winning book exploring the generational conflict between Holocaust survivors and their children, and where the Jews are drawn as mice and the Nazis as cats.


Cebeco is one of the oldest companies in Lithuania, established in 1993, just after the Independence.
The company was founded by Carl Berneheim - one of the first Swedish businessmen to establish operations in the Baltics.
Within a few years, Cebeco grew to be one of the top suppliers of pulpwood exporting by ships from Klaipeda port. This part of operations was later sold to BillerudKorsnäs in Sweden.
Other activities included and successfully continue to this day are timber impregnation, drying, and pole production.
In 2018 construction operations were added as a result of new management coming on board that came with long-term expertise in this field.
Our production facility is located in a strategically convenient location, close to a highway halfway between Vilnius and Kaunas.
UAB Cebeco grupe
Kalniniu g. 8
LT-26131 Elektrenu sav.
Google coordinates: 54.8001076, 24.6190809
Tel.: +370 346 42321
Company code: 211551010
VAT code: LT115510113


Egyptian protesters hold a banner in Tahrir Square during a demonstration against Egypt's Islamist President Mohammed Morsi in Cairo, Sunday, June 30, 2013. Hundreds of thousands of opponents of Egypt's Islamist president poured onto the streets in Cairo and across much of the nation Sunday, launching an all-out push to force Mohammed Morsi from office on the one-year anniversary of his inauguration. Fears of violence were high, with Morsi's Islamist supporters vowing to defend him.
Credit: Amr Nabil/AP
Date: Jun 30, 2013


Through community philanthropy and the tireless work of local veterans and the VMP Committee, the Veterans Memorial Park was built as an outdoor gathering place for veterans, military members, families, and community members to celebrate, recognize, remember, and honor the lives of those who are serving or have served in the United States Military.
Veterans Memorial Park Features
- Five Obelisks representing each of the five branches of military service
- Educational Memorial Granite Wall with laser-etched images depicting the American veteran role from the first wars and conflicts to the latest electronic warfare
- Visitor Center with interactive educational kiosk and restrooms
- Anchor from the USS Kiska, a Navy ammunition ship that saw service during the Vietnam War
- Walk of Honor* – Path of memorial stones to honor loved ones who have served or are currently serving*
- Park Benches for meditation & reflection
- Park Shelters for gatherings and events
- Future development incorporating additional military equipment
Brief History of the Park
The Veterans Memorial Park vision began a number of years ago with a veteran named Roger Westerso. He envisioned a park with a wall and various sculptures complemented by five pillars, each representing a branch of the military. A portion of his artwork was added to a Harley Davidson chopper which became the “Veterans Memorial Bike”. Don Purpur and John Hanson met at the 2011 Red River Valley Motorcyclists Show where the bike was on display.
Don and John began a discussion on the importance of building a Veterans Memorial Park (VMP). Our community has a rich military tradition from the North Dakota National Guard’s 164th Infantry dating back to 1885, the Grand Forks Air Force Base dating back to the 1950’s, and the thousands of community members who have served or are serving honorably in the military throughout the world.
Prominent support began with the Grand Forks Park District, the Grand Forks Parks & Recreation Foundation, the Red River Valley Motorcyclists, the City of Grand Forks, veteran organizations, and local veterans. The Grand Forks Park District generously offered the land at 2357 S 34th St, for the VMP and a groundbreaking was held on July 8, 2015. The Anchor from the U.S.S. Kiska was placed in the VMP on August 22, 2016.
Beginning in 2017, the VMP Officers and Committee Members under Chair Gen Al Palmer came together to make a vision a reality. Gen Palmer, Gary Shields, and Mike Hagen with their major fundraising activities, have led to the installation of: The Memorial Wall, the five Obelisks, the five shelters, the five Service Benches, the 15 Park Benches, the Gen Al Palmer Visitor Center, and the Donor Recognition Wall. Planning for the installation of General Atomics “Reaper”, a Northrop Grumman “Global Hawk” and a B-52 Bomber is underway.
As the Veterans Memorial Park Committee pursued the vision, donations from numerous patriotic individuals, families, businesses, and organizations have made this beautiful park a destination location.


Jeremy Hackett, always the perfect gentleman.
FOR TRUE GENTLEMENMENSWEAR AS AN OUTLOOK
Distinctive luxury for the modern bon vivant. HACKETT
isn’t just a gentlemen’s outfitter, it’s an outlook on life –
expressed in the form of classic design, fine details and superb
IT WAS THEIR LOVE of traditional British men’s clothing that brought Jeremy Hackett and Ashley Lloyd-Jennings together when they met at London’s famous Portobello Road flea market in 1979. Later that year, the two of them went into business together, selling upmarket second-hand menswear at the same market. Four years later, they took the plunge and opened their first store. Here too, they started off selling high-quality traditional British clothing and accessories – all of it preloved. In 1985, the two founders decided to produce their first own collection. It was the birth of the HACKETT brand as we know it today.
And yet HACKETT’s confidently stylish aura and classic design paired with the finest materials tend to conjure up the idea of a traditional, old-established company that has grown over many decades and been handed down from one generation to the next. This image is further cultivated by the brand’s nostalgic-looking logo, which consists of a bowler hat and two umbrellas.
HACKETT’s rise to global prestige was a rapid one. In the late 1980s, a growing number of anglophile Europeans began to discover their love of British clothing. Stores opened in Madrid and Paris, and in 1992 HACKETT stepped onto a new and prestigious stage with its flagship store in London’s Sloane Street. But it was in 2005 that its global expansion really gained momentum: more and more stores were opened, giving the luxury brand a presence not only in numerous European countries but in Japan, South Africa, Kuwait, Dubai and Tokyo as well.
His clothing and accessories are renowned all over the world.
In the meantime, the modern gentleman with a penchant for British style can purchase his entire wardrobe from HACKETT, including accessories. There are three lines to choose from: Mayfair, the premium range with clear-cut shapes – superb shirts, blazers and suits, as well as chinos, jeans and leather jackets for the weekend; the casually elegant leisure collection, which goes by the name of London; and finally the Sport line, designed for the “urban athlete”.
And if customers’ male offspring want to dress just like daddy, there’s the Essential British Kids collection as well.
In 1987, a sponsorship enquiry from two army officers prompted the brand to start making sportswear. It was the beginning of the Hackett Polo Team, and the shirts were so popular that they soon went on sale in the stores too.
Jeremy Hackett’s label dresses such
internationally famous world-class players and
teams as Aston Martin Racing, the British Army
Polo Team and Chelsea Football Club.
Today sports sponsorship plays an important role at HACKETT, because Jeremy Hackett’s schedule echoes the sporting diary of the British upper classes: polo, rowing and rugby are a tradition in England, as are racing, football and tennis. This has led to a succession of new partnerships that have influenced the style of the collections. Jeremy Hackett’s label dresses such internationally famous world-class players and teams as Aston Martin Racing, the British Army Polo Team and Chelsea Football Club.
For the last five years, HACKETT has also been the official outfitter of the prestigious EE British Academy Film Awards. A perfect alliance in view of everything the brand has in common with the event: success, style and tradition.


Building the Future
An institution in the making. A building in the making. The Bauakademie.
What is the Bauakademie?
The Bauakademie is both an institution and a building. The institution was founded in 1799 in Berlin as a state educational institution for the training of architects and civil engineers. In 1836 the Bauakademie moved into its own building, which was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The building was in the historic center of Berlin, within proximity of the Royal Palace. Schinkel’s Bauakademie building was one of the most significant and influential works in the history of European architecture. It was torn down in 1962.
When was the Federal Bauakademie Foundation established?
In 2016 the German Bundestag resolved to reconstruct the Bauakademie, and in 2019 it established a nonprofit foundation to do so. The Federal Bauakademie Foundation has the mandate to manage the construction of the building and develop an educational and outreach program. As a forum for innovative construction and sustainable urban development, the Bauakademie is set to once again become a pioneering institution.
What significance does Schinkel’s Bauakademie building have in architectural history?
The building pointed the way for modern construction. It was one of Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s principal works and also his most innovative project. The clarity of its plan, the compact overall form, and its construction principles were far ahead of their time. The building was a cube-like block with four equal sides. The facades were subdivided in a grid and dominated by large windows and protruding piers. The skeletal structure was very modern: instead of solid walls, the Bauakademie had a system of freestanding piers that were braced together with iron struts. Wall panels, windows and ceiling vaults were inserted in the spaces between the structure. Equally modern was the building’s incorporation of sliding windows and central heating.
How did the Bauakademie building influence modern architecture?
The skeletal structure of the building accommodated the new industrial production methods of the time. Thanks to the uniform grid, many building elements could be mass-produced in advance. This innovation continues to shape architecture right up to the present. The Bauakademie was also the first prestigious government building with a facade made entirely of unplastered bricks. Brick technology would later be widely adopted for public buildings. Many schools, hospitals, military barracks and office buildings were built this way. Schinkel advanced brick construction into an exceptional art form. In order to enliven the large wall surfaces, he used colored glazed brick courses and decorative terracotta reliefs, giving the brick walls a delicate and lively appearance.
What other works did Schinkel create?
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841) was one of the most important architects of the 19th century and strongly influenced the construction activity in the Kingdom of Prussia. His built works in Berlin include the Neue Wache (New Guardhouse), the Altes Museum (Old Museum), the Schauspielhaus (Theater, now Konzerthaus Berlin) and the Friedrichswerder Church. Some of his designs were never realized, including a design for a large department store on the boulevard Unter den Linden. Schinkel worked as an art theorist and art expert and as an exhibition organizer and product designer. He painted landscape panoramas and other works on canvas, and he designed furniture and stage sets. His most famous stage designs were those he created for Mozart’s “Magic Flute.”
How was the Bauakademie building used?
In the first half century after it opened, the Bauakademie was primarily dedicated to the training of architects. The number of students grew from 26 in 1836 to nearly 800 in 1870. Because the spaces in the Schinkel building could no longer accommodate the demand, the Bauakademie moved in 1885 to the campus of the Technische Hochschule (now TU Berlin) in Berlin-Charlottenburg. The Bauakademie building also housed the Oberbaudeputation, Prussia’s highest building authority. As director of this government agency, Schinkel himself lived on the top floor of the building until his death. There were retail shops on the ground floor, which Schinkel envisioned would generate rental income to help defray the construction costs. After the Bauakademie moved out, the building housed various museums, research facilities and educational institutions.
What institutions were located in the building after the Bauakademie moved out?
From 1885 to 1934, the Preussische Messbildanstalt, or Royal Prussian Photogrammetric Institute, had its headquarters here. This state photo archive created an extensive documentation of historical architectural monuments. From 1886 to 1945, the Prussian Meteorological Institute and its very own weather station were based in the Bauakademie. The Royal Collection of Musical Instruments (now the Museum of Musical Instruments) also resided here between 1888 and 1902, as did the University of Berlin’s Historical Seminar from 1908 to 1922. In 1913, the Bildnisgalerie, or Portrait Gallery, opened on the second floor as a branch of the Nationalgalerie (National Gallery) dedicated to its portrait collection. In 1920, the newly founded Deutsche Hochschule für Politik, or German Academy for Politics, which specialized in providing nonpartisan training to political scientists, moved in. The National Socialists transformed the school into an educational institution that supported the regime, one that was later affiliated with the University of Berlin. In 1938, the art historian and museum director Paul Ortwin Rave set up his office in the Bauakademie, which then became the center of Schinkel research.
Why was the Bauakademie demolished?
In February 1945, the building burned after a bombing raid. The roof and most of the floors collapsed. After 1950, the East Berlin authorities aspired to reconstruct the building. The goal was to establish the official seat of the newly founded Deutsche Bauakademie (German Building Academy, later: Building Academy of the GDR) here. The reconstruction, which began in 1952, progressed rapidly at first. By 1953, it was already possible to celebrate the topping-out ceremony. But the interior work stalled. New plans called for the area to undergo a “socialist transformation.” The new building for the East German Foreign Ministry was now slated to be erected on part of the Bauakademie site. So the GDR government had the Bauakademie torn down in 1962, despite protests from home and abroad.
How did the commitment to reconstruction evolve?
After reunification in 1990, civic initiatives with construction- and architecture-related use concepts formed to advocate for reconstruction of the Bauakademie. In 2002, it proved possible to erect a full-size mock-up of a corner of the building. A prototype building, the so-called Red Hall, was opened in the middle of the site to accommodate information sessions. Between 2004 and 2019, a giant facsimile printed on tarpaulins replicated the former appearance of the Bauakademie. These initiatives led to the resolution by the German Bundestag to reconstruct the Bauakademie and to establish the Bauakademie Foundation.


Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, “That was their finest hour”
– Speech to the British People, 1940
We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight in the seas and oceans…we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for the moment I believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle until, in God’s good time, the new world, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the world.
– Speech to the House of Commons, 1940


Don Gaspar Inn welcomes guests in the heart of Santa Fe meters away from galleries and the chapel. Founded in 1916, the hotel underwent a renovation in 1992.
The property offers quiet location at a close proximity to New Mexico State Capitol (Roundhouse), Museum of Indian Arts & Culture and Loretto Chapel. Don Gaspar Inn is also located near Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, The Plaza and San Miguel Mission.
Guests can reach Don Gaspar Inn by car from Santa Fe airport in 20 minutes.
This central hotel provides individual rooms equipped with a refrigerator, a patio and a microwave.
Eat & Drink
A complimentary breakfast is served every morning.


The history of mountain biking is short compared to many sports. Bicycles have been around for a few hundred years, but it wasn’t until the second half of the 20th century that we reached a critical mass of adventurers exploring mountains on their bikes.
The Birth of Mountain Biking
People started using bicycles for mountain transportation shortly after biking was invented. In fact, the Buffalo Soldiers of Montana invented bikepacking in 1896 when they created the 25th Infantry Experimental Bicycle Corps. They hoped to replace horses with bikes for two reasons. Bikes don’t need to eat and they can’t get scared or killed during battle.
In the 1960s, people started building bikes specifically to go into the mountains. That’s also when people started to mountain bike because it was fun. Crested Butte, along with Marin County and Cupertino in California, burst onto the mountain biking scene with their bikers pushing the limits of what bikes could do.
Klunkers and Pearl Pass
Crested Butte’s claim to fame in the mountain biking world during the 1970s rested on two things: “klunkers” and the Pearl Pass Mountain Bike Tour.
Crested Butte residents tinkered with their bikes, modifying a mix of road bikes, motorcycle parts, junkers, and the occasional bit of flare. They called these creations Crested Butte Klunkers. They didn’t have lofty goals for these klunkers. Instead they were just hoping for something that could handle our potholed main street. But once they had klunkers, Buttians started to venture farther from town and higher into the mountains.
In September of 1976, the Crested Butte Klunker riders decided to make the trek to Aspen over Pearl Pass. Those who were there say it was to get back at the Aspen men for riding their motorcycles to Crested Butte to steal our women. After word got out about the tour, the Marin County cyclists started bringing their fancy California bikes to Crested Butte to attempt the annual Pearl Pass tour. At that time it was the gnarliest terrain bikers were able to ride and a great way to test the latest bike technology.
Since then, we’ve developed over 750 miles of trail in the Gunnison Valley, much of it far more thrilling than Pearl Pass. We have one of the best adaptive mountain biking programs in the United States. And we still tackle Pearl Pass every September on the way to Aspen.
Mountain Bike History Exhibit
Our Crested Butte Mountain Heritage Museum plays tribute to the history of mountain biking in the Gunnison Valley with their mountain bike history exhibit. So while you’re here riding trails, don’t forget to stop in and learn a little bit more about the klunkers.


Arizona Pottery sells one of the largest collection of talavera pottery, garden animals, luminarias, spheres and so much more. We imported directly from the factory to our Tucson warehouse where we ship it across the US to you our beloved customers. So, you see it and you love it but let's talk a bit about what it is and where it comes from.
Talavera is one of the finest ceramics of Mexico and from the Spanish colonial period of rich old world design and colorful heritage. Talavera pottery was first introduced to Mexico by Spanish guild artisans of the colonial perios. Commonly called "majolica" in Spain, Mexican Talavera draws its name from the 16th century Spanish pottery center, Talavera de la Reina.
The process to create Talavera pottery is elaborate and it has basically not changed since the early colonial period when it was first introduced. The first step is to mix black sand and white sand. It is then washed and filtered to keep only the finest particles.
Next it is shaped by hand on a potters wheel, then left to dry for a number of days. Then comes the first firing . The piece is tested to see if any cracks occur. The initial glazing, which creates a milky white background is applied. After this, the design is hand painted. Finally, a second firing to harden the glaze.
One of the most desired things about talavera pottery is the bold bright colors and unique patterns. Since each piece is hand painted they are one of a kind. Everyone knows the look of talavera and it is well loved through out the world.
At Arizona Pottery we try to carry the largest and most unique patterns and designs.


Today most peridot is mined by Native Americans in Arizona on the San Carlos Reservation. Fine large peridots are found in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and peridot is also mined in China and Sri Lanka.
The Romans called peridot "evening emerald," since its green colour did not darken at night but was still visible by lamplight. Peridot was later often used to decorate mediaeval churches, probably carried back to Europe by the Crusaders. Large peridots, more than 200 carats in size, adorn the shrine of the three magi at the Cologne Cathedral.
Peridot had the power to drive away evil spirits and the power was considered to be even more intense when the stone was set in gold. It was also said to strengthen the power of any medicine drunk from goblets carved from the gemstone.
Peridot is the birthstone for August and the gemstone for the sixteenth wedding anniversary.
Explore our complete peridot jewellery collection!


Icon Film Distribution unveil Photo set and Poster set and Trailer for Toa Fraser’s 6 DAYS Inspired by the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege
Ahead of its release this August, The Fan Carpet are delighted to bring you the Trailer, Photo set and Poster set for Toa Fraser's 6 DAYS, courtesy of Icon Film Distribution!
6 Days is a new feature film chronicling the events that took place during the notorious Iranian Embassy siege in London, 1980, when the whole country stopped still and looked on as a tense standoff played out between the British security forces and armed militants, culminating in a dramatic and brutal assault.
Directed by Toa Fraser, the film was shot on location in London’s Knightsbridge. The screenplay was written by acclaimed screenwriter Glenn Standring after extensive research and interviews with various individuals who played a key part in the days leading up to, during, and after the Embassy siege.
The framework for the film largely follows the perspective of three people who played a vital part in the events at the time – Hostage negotiator Max Vernon (played by Mark Strong), the man responsible for communicating with the terrorists inside the building; News Reporter Kate Adie (Abbie Cornish), who was covering the events for the BBC and Rusty Firmin (Jamie Bell), leader of one of the SAS assault teams that entered the Iranian Embassy to end the siege.
In April 1980, six armed gunmen stormed the Iranian Embassy in Princes Gate, London, taking 26 people inside hostage. Over the next six days a tense standoff took place, all the while a group of highly trained soldiers from the SAS prepared for a raid, the likes of which the world had never seen before.
6 Days is a definitive inside account of a historic military operation, where for the first time ever the public witnessed the incredible bravery of the Special Air Service (SAS) in action.
6 DAYS HITS CINEMAS NATIONWIDE ON AUGUST 4


- PhD Candidate
- Wayne State University
I am a PhD candidate at Wayne State University working on early modern print culture and history of the book. In my dissertation project, I analyze paratexts designed and authored by printers, publishers, and booksellers, and the ways these paratexts functioned as marketing strategies. I hope this project will lead to creating a database that catalogues all the indexes, prefaces, and dedications I have located. I am definitely a novice at Digital Humanities, but I am eager to talk and learn about new developments, ideas, and projects in the field!


The six-day war and resolution 242 - Maurice Ostroff
Watch Michael Oren's complete Shalem Institute lecture on the dramatic history of the Six Day War: 40 Years of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern World.
Video Clips: Michael Oren, Natan Sharansky, Moshe Ya'alon, Martin Kramer and Yossi Klein Halevi offering their expert analyses of the ongoing global ramifications of the Six Day War:
The Global Impact of the Six Day War - Chris Mitchell, CBN News "The Six Day War certainly changed the landscape of the Middle East, but the impact of the war reached far beyond the shifting Middle East borders to places like Moscow, Washington, and the capitals of Europe."
Lessons of the Six-Day War - Ariel Cohen The Heritage Foundation
Remembering The Six-Day War - David Meir Levi Frontepagemage Magazine
www.sixdaywar.org compiled by CAMERA (Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America)
Full account of the dogfight of April 7th 1967
Nasser's Challenge - chapter 21 from Professor Martin Gilbert's book Israel - A History, this chapter republished by kind permission of the author.
The Miraculous Six Day War - commemorating the 40th anniversary a special microsite by IsraelNationalNews (Arutz Sheva)
From the Ammunition Hill to Bint Jbail - Eviathar H. Ben-Zedeff - Global Report
Six-Day War 40th Anniversary Guide - comprehensive documentation, including detailed maps and full speeches. For the media there is also a list with contact details of experts on different aspects of this topic. Recommended!
Security Council Resolution 242 According to its Drafters - exceptionally well-researched, using comments by those who originally drafted this Resolution. It shows that impeccable care had been used to avoid the very misrepresentations that Israel's opponents frequently apply to this document!
Hidden Miracles - the spiritual dimension. Was there more than simply superb planning and execution that allowed Israel to destroy the Egyptian air force so rapidly?
The Six-Day War and the Mid-East Peace Process - Cameron S. Brown, Deputy Director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. - useful brief analysis. April 18 2007.
The Six-Day War: 40 Years On - Dr. Jonathan Spyer, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. - brief summary of long-term impact of the war.
The Six-Day War: Israel’s defensive pre-emptive strike - David Meir-Levi. Some commentators have suggest Nasser's actions in dismissing the UN buffer force, moving vast concentrations of troops and armour to the Sinai, closing the Straits of Tiran and issuing clear threats to anihhilate Israel were simply posturing. Had Israel failed to respond, the argument goes, Nasser would have backed down. This excellent article discusses why Israel carried out its pre-emptive strike.
The Six-Day War of 1967: Build-Up to War - Dr Jonathan Spyer, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. [direct link to PDF file] April 18 2007
Six Days War - Wikipedia
NEW Jerusalem 1948-1967 vs. 1967-2007: Comparing the Israeli and Jordanian Record - Linda Machaud-Emin, Research Fellow at the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya. April 18 2007
Six Days in June - William C. Varner: "In six brief and dizzying days, a small but determined civilian army beat incalculable odds and altered the future course of Middle Eastern history. At the same time they gained new respect for a people long thought doomed to humiliating exile among the nations..." Discusses the spiritual implications
What led to the 6 Days War 1967? - www.palestinefacts.org
The Six Day War - Andre Oboler, for Zionism On The Web
The 1967 Six-Day War - Mitchell Bard - Jewish Virtual Library
1967: Why Israel entered the West Bank - www.beyondimages.info
SIX DAYS OF WAR: The Six-Day War - very interesting and informative interview with Michael Oren by the Hoover Institution - page has transcript of the programme along with links to both an audio version (mp3) and streaming video in both WMV and RealMedia formats)
The Mid East: A Century of Conflict: Part 4 The Six Days War 1967 (transcript of NPR programme)
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem meets with Hitler - Youtube clip
The Mideast: A Century of Conflict Part 4: The 1967 Six Day War - NPR (audio and written transcript)
Origins of the Israeli/Palestinian Conflict:The Defining Moment - David Schafer - The Humanist, January/February 2003
A Brief History of Israel and Palestine and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict - Ami Isseroff - exceptional balanced overview of Middle East history
Documents relating to the Israeli-Palestinian dispute - comprehensive list of good links
De Zesdaagse Oorlog (5-10 juni 1967) - an account in Dutch of the Six Day War
Radio Days: Michael Elkins - The Six-Day Middle East War (with mp3 audio of report made for CBS by BBC reporter during battle for Jerusalem)
A Paratrooper's Story - Dr. Moshe Amirav His experiences leading up to the battle for Jerusalem


The Historic Preservation Commission as defined in Chapter 14.03 of the Locust Grove Code of Ordinances consists of (5) members appointed by the Mayor and City Council charged with the study and recommendation of historic districts and any historic district overlay regulations, which includes the Certificate of Appropriateness review process for properties within the Historic Preservation District Overlay. The City of Locust Grove was designated in 2014 by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Historic Preservation Division as a Certified Local Government for our outstanding level of commitment to local preservation. Information regarding the Locust Grove National Register District (honorary) and the protected Historic Preservation District Overlay can be found below.
HDPO Ordinance (approved May 2, 2011)
Locust Grove HPDO Design Guidelines – Please note that the HPDO includes only commercial buildings. The included residential guidelines are used for commercial buildings with residential character or features within the commercial district.
2019 Proposed Expansion Nomination Report (adopted December 2, 2019)
Locust Grove Historic District Listed in the National Register of Historic Places (August 3, 2016 Press Release) – This designation allows property owners to become eligible for tax credits to perform restoration work to structures within the district boundaries.
This commission meets on the second Tuesday of each month at 6:00 PM in City Hall.
Please select "All Upcoming" to see the upcoming meeting schedule.
|CANCELLED HPC Meeting||05/12/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:HPC May 2020 Cancel notice||Not Included|
|CANCELLED HPC Meeting||04/14/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:HPC April 2020 Cancel notice||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||03/10/2020 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||02/11/2020 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||01/14/2020 6:00 PM||Agenda:01-14-20 HPC Agenda||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||12/10/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:12-10-19 HPC Notice||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||11/12/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Special Meeting||10/29/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:10-29-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|
|HPC Special Meeting||10/21/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:10-21-19 HPC Agenda Agenda:09-19-19 HPC Resource Report||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||10/08/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||09/10/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting (cancelled)||08/13/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Special Meeting||08/12/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:08-12-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|
|HPC Special Meeting||07/23/2019 6:00 PM||Agenda:07-23-19 HPC Agenda||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting (cancelled)||07/09/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||06/10/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||05/13/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||04/08/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||03/11/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|
|HPC Meeting||02/11/2019 6:00 PM||Not Included||Not Included|


Post 304 is named in honor of Lt. Albert Marshall LaBree Jr. USMC, who was the first resident of Dania, Florida to die in service to his country during WWII.
Post 304 received its charter from the American Legion in 1949 and serves under the American Legion Department of Florida, Southern Area, 9th District.
Marshall LaBree Post 304
41 NE 1st Court
Dania Beach, Florida 33004
Legion Membership Meeting: 4th Tuesday of the Month @ 7:00PM
Auxiliary Membership Meeting: 2nd Monday of the Month @ 7:00PM
SAL Membership Meeting: 1st Monday of the Month @ 7:00PM
Broward Law Enforcement Detachment #549 of Dania Beach, Inc.
Gathers at Post 304 every Thursday at 5:00PM
Monthly Meeting: 3rd Thursday of the Month at 5:00PM


One of the largest hoards of Roman coins ever discovered in the UK has been unearthed by a builder.
Metal detector enthusiast Laurence Egerton discovered the haul of 22,000 fourth-century copper-alloy coins in Devon in November last year.
After uncovering the coins on the Clinton Devon Estates, near Seaton Down, Egerton reported the find to the landowner and the local authority – and slept in his car for three nights to guard it.
The hoard was then carefully removed in its entirety by a team of archaeologists. Over the past 10 months the coins have been lightly cleaned, identified and catalogued by experts from the British Museum.
The Seaton Down hoard, which includes coins that are very well preserved, has been declared treasure by a coroner.
The Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter is now launching a bid to purchase the coins for public display in the city.
Egerton spoke of his shock at finding the haul, which was located near a Roman villa and possible fort at the Honeyditches site.
“Initially I found two small coins the size of a thumbnail sitting on top of the ground and then, as I began working in a grid formation in the surrounding area I had a 50-50 signal on the metal detector, which means that there is probably iron involved,” he said.
“Most detectors are set up to ignore iron but I decided to dig the earth at that spot and immediately reached some iron ingots which were laid directly on top of the coins.
“The next shovel was full of coins – they just spilled out over the field.
“I had no idea how far down the coins went so I stopped immediately and phoned my wife to come to the site with a camera.
“Under the terms of my licence, I contacted Clinton Devon Estates and Devon county council and was instructed to take away what was loose and then fill in the hole.
“Between finding the hoard and the archaeologists excavating the site I slept alongside it in my car for three nights to guard it.
“It’s by far the biggest find I’ve ever had. It really doesn’t get any better than this.”
Most of the coins are associated with Constantine I and his family, who became emperor while in Britain in AD306.
Other coins date from the joint reign of Constantius II and his younger brother Constans, from AD337 to 40.
Dr Roger Bland, from the British Museum, said: “It is one of the largest coin hoards of the fourth century ever found within the Roman empire but, despite the number of coins found, the financial value would not have been great, amounting to approximately four gold coins.
“This sum of money would possibly have provided the ration of four soldiers for one year or a worker’s pay for two years.”