The Pledge really has little to do with the topic, but since it is so contested, we will start there anyways. In 1892, Christian socialist and former Baptist minister, Francis Bellamy penned the following words to commemorate Columbus Day.
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible with Liberty and Justice for all."
Bellamy wished to unite the nation around the flag so that people would be inoculated against radicalism. The pledge was first recited October 12, 1892 by about 12 million school children to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Columbus’s voyage.
In 1919, Washington became the first state to make the recitation of the pledge a mandatory part of their school curriculum. The Jehovah’s Witnesses were the first to object. They believed that government was a Satanic tool and the Pledge a salute to the Devil. In 1923, due to anti-immigrant anxiety, the first National Flag Conference in Washington D.C. voted to change the words "my flag" to "the Flag of the United States”. In 1924, they added the words “of America."(1)
1932 Bonus Army clip(2)
In 1935, a group of Jehovah’s Witnesses organized with hundreds of Jehovah’s Witnesses school children choosing expulsion rather than participation in the Pledge. They sued and in 1938, a federal judge ruled in their favor, noting that the “totalitarian idea of forcing all citizens into one common mold of thinking” was not necessary to ensure the country’s safety and also curtailed the freedom of those who opposed it on the basis of “sincere religious convictions.”
1939 Porky Pig
In 1940, however, the Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal of the case, and ultimately reversed the lower court’s original ruling by an 8 to 1 margin. National unity, it concluded, trumped individual liberty. In response, unified Americans tarred and feathered a Jehovah’s Witness in Wyoming, castrated another in Nebraska, and publicly beat others in Texas and Illinois as police and city officials watched refusing to interfere. Unity is not always a good thing.(3)
In January of 1942, The West Virginia State Board of Education mandated the pledge. Those who failed to comply with the compulsory recital were expelled. The parents of an expelled student were now in violation of compulsory education laws. Parents could face a fifty dollar fine and thirty days in jail.
Bellamy had prescribed what became known as the Bellamy Salute as the proper way to salute the American Flag. With the rise of Nazism, this salute had begun to make leaders across the country uncomfortable. The Bellamy salute was originally mandated in West Virginia, but they watered down their standard and allowed for a hand over the heart also known as the Lincoln salute. In June of 1942, Congress passed a law officially recognizing the pledge and mandating nationwide the Bellamy salute for the pledge. With the uproar from the Lincoln salute advocates, Congress amended the law that December to mandate the Lincoln salute.(4)
In West Virginia, the school had begun expelling Jehovah Witness children. Among those expelled were the seven children of the Barnette family. Unemployed, Walter Barnette had few financial resources. However the ACLU took his case. In 1943, Barnette won and the Supreme Court ruled.(5) (6) (7) (8)
If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein.(9)
In 1948, Louis Bowman began adding “under God” after “nation” in the pledge. He claimed he was inspired by the phrase “under God” in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. However the phrase does not exist in Lincoln’s written address and must have been ad libbed if he ever said it at all. Bowman inspired the Sons of the American Revolution and the Daughters of the American Revolution to begin to use the modified pledge. Both organizations only contained members who could trace their ancestry back to soldiers in the American Revolution.
In the 1950’s, Reverend Dr. George MacPherson Docherty advocated for “under God” in the pledge, because communistic atheists would have no trouble reciting the pledge without it. He was not alone. As disdain for communism and atheism grew, more and more Americans began to favor the change.(10)
The Catholic Knights of Columbus long lobbied for God getting a mention in the Pledge, but it was a Presbyterian pulpit that made the difference. In February 7, 1954, Docherty preached a sermon at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church. A recent convert to Presbyterianism, President Eisenhower was in attendance. Docherty’s sermon was on the Gettysburg Address and he advocated that “under God” should be in the pledge. After a talk with the Reverend, the President agreed and he had the legislation pushed through Congress. Signing the law on the Flag Day of 1954, Eisenhower remarked,(11)
"From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty. To anyone who truly loves America, nothing could be more inspiring than to contemplate this rededication of our youth, on each school morning, to our country's true meaning. Especially is this meaningful as we regard today's world. Over the globe, mankind has been cruelly torn by violence and brutality and, by the millions, deadened in mind and soul by a materialistic philosophy of life. Man everywhere is appalled by the prospect of atomic war. In this somber setting, this law and its effects today have profound meaning. In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war."(12)
According to Bellamy’s daughter, Bellamy would most likely have disapproved of adding the words “under God”.(13)
The story of the Pledge of Allegiance is both relevant and beside the point to the topic of The National Day of Prayer. It is relevant, because there is an attempt to endow and enforce unity when division is the norm. It is beside the point, because the President does not annually recite the Pledge of Allegiance at the bequest of Congress. I hope that this was insightful. Please look at the sources below. Please like this video if you like it and subscribe for more videos.
Sound Effects provided by soundbible.com and shockwave-sound.com
"Haunted Forest" and "Light Banjo" by soundcloud.com
"The Owl Named Orion" and "Art of Gardens" by danosongs.com


The Indian Coffee House (c. 1957), on the second-floor of Mohan Singh Place, a dull shopping complex, next to PVR Rivoli in Connaught Place was not a place but a culture in itself. Once a hub of intellectuals, its romantic atmosphere is unmissable in its run down furniture. To a time when Swiggy and drive-throughs didn’t exist, there were no self-service counters and the staff was turbaned and dressed handsomely in a uniform that showcased their dignity, the ICH has been the home of an extinct elegance. The terrace sharpens the homely relief one feels on entering the complex.
The stories of delectable coffee and open conversations at the heart of Delhi is a gentle reminder of how solitude and long hours of conversations can co-exist in a place. Anyone could join any group without feeling like a mere spectator; the smiles and hearts of the people as welcoming as the coffee and the south Indian food served by the ever-smiling turbaned attendants.
The place hosted various journalists, bureaucrats and intellectuals who spent hours sipping coffee and deliberating and debating. It hosted the likes of people like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Chandrashekhar etc. being a place more sophisticated than any other in the city. The Indian Coffee House was apparently demolished during Emergency in 1976, one of the darkest phases in the history of India. Every portal of free speech was censored as it was believed that many conspiracies against the Indira government were hatched at the Indian Coffee House, however, it continued to be the centre of free speech and expression and good food which made everyone go bonkers!
The glorious past started taking a back seat in the 1990s when the liberalisation of the Indian economy was declared. The market opened up, outlets like McDonald’s and Baristas took over the city and there on, even though it underwent renovation, the nostalgic Indian Coffee could never regain the position it had lost. Though the year-long renovation tried to improve the two dining rooms and the open roof area, the nostalgic glory was lost and the sales dipped rapidly.
Over the years, the Indian Coffee House is far from what it was during its glorious days; it’s flooded with pesky flies, the terrace is no longer an attraction rather the perfect spot for scary monkeys to hangout, the chairs are wobbly and dusty, there is a paucity of staff due to low pays and the Mohan Singh Place no longer provide it the kind of atmosphere that it boasted of. Nonetheless, the food is still finger licking good, the dosa, vada and mutton cutlet still delicacies and the coffee the same welcoming cup of love it was years ago. Rather than continuing to be a thinking man’s haunt, the place has lost its charm and provides solace to the older people who reminisce the good ol’ days. Students and groups however, flock this place given the cheap prices of the yummiest food served with the warmest smile in yesteryear’s fashion by the well dressed attendant. Attempts have been made to revamp the place and all is still not lost. We are hopeful for a better tomorrow for the lost glory cannot be regained but the place still is a safe haven for our history which will continue to inspire generations of intellectuals willing to dig a little deeper. And who is ready to give up the coffee and good food at such reasonable prices, not me, for sure! Maybe the nostalgia for an idealized age of intellectual life is tugging at my heartstrings stronger than ever and maybe this is the history that I want to be repeated for once! Still an expectant history student, call me that, if you may! *sigh*
Where Mohan Singh Place, Near Hanuman Mandir, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place
Time 9am to 9pm
Nearest Metro Station Rajiv Chowk


ILO Centenary year 1919 – 2019
To mark the ILO’s Centenary year, ILO is launching a new multimedia, interactive website on 9 January that will take you through the past, present and future of the ILO in a way you’ve never experienced before. The organization’s work over the decades has affected all of our daily lives so it will be both the ILO story and your story. Join here on 9 January as ILO celebrates 100 years of advancing social justice and promoting decent work.
During the Centenary year, look out for the #ILO100 Global Campaign on posters, billboards, buses, at airports and more.
More information can be found on https://www.ilo.org/100/en


This booklet, the first in a new series by the prolific French aviation historian P. H. Listemann, describes the service history of one of the lesser known marks of Spitfire ; the Mk. XII.
Despite a short production run of only 100 airframes, the Mk. 12 was however a "key player" in the Spitfire’s history, it being the first production mark to be fitted with the R.R. Griffon motor. The Mk. XII would dissipate the spells of Merlin and all subsequent Spitfire marks up to the final Mk. XIV would be powered by Griffons.
The author describes the introduction and service history of the type with the two RAF squadrons which operated it, Nos 41 & 91 (Nigeria) Squadrons . The former between April 1943 and October 1944, whereas 91 Squadron, which became operational on type during June 1943, was to relinquish it earlier in favour of the Mk. XIV during early 1944
Although seen by both Supermarine and the RAF as an interim version, the Spitfire Mk XII when flown by the two Squadrons - managed to establish itself as a worthy opponent to the Luftwaffe as well as to both the Wehrmacht and Reichsbahn. Fw190s, Ju88s, trucks, trains, armoured vehicles, an unfortunate balloon and eventually V1s would all fall prey to the roaming Spitfire XIIs of 41 and 91 Squadrons.
In the first half of the booklet, the author outlines the operations flown by both squadrons, first 41 and then 91, listing missions with victories attained and losses sustained. Numerous photographs show aircraft being flown by both units. The second half of the book is given over to the operational record, listing and totalling all sorties flown by both squadrons.
Then follows a table displaying all the units which flew the Mk XII, during and after it had passed from active service. Of interest is that it was later flown by 595 Squadron to give British Army A/A gunners practice in laying and tracking fast-moving fighters. A map of the UK and a list present all the bases from which the Mk XII flew.
Four high quality colour profiles by Malcolm Laird show specific a/c camouflage of aircraft from both operational squadrons
Six pages list the many claims made by pilots. Aircrew of many nationalities flew the Mk XII and alongside pilots from British and Commonwealth nations this mark of Spitfire was also flown by renowned Frenchmen Jacques Andrieux and Jean Maridor, the Belgian V1 killer Maurice Balasse, as well as (inevitably) a Pole, Jerzy Solak and Dutchman Rijklof van Goens : Which all becomes evident when studying the meticulously compiled claims list, wherein a/c flown and accreditation’s are given.
Three pages list the total of 57 a/c lost on operations and due to accidents. Four pages cover the service lives of known airframes - the final page is the Roll of Honour - naming the 19 young pilots of six nationalities who made the ultimate sacrifice whilst flying Spitfire Mk XIIs
Linguistic Gremlins ? Only a couple and negligible - Were hundreds of V1s actually LAUNCHED over the UK ? The last pilot to be killed in a Mk XII is described as a FORMER Battle of Britain veteran.
The booklet of nearly fifty pages costs appropriately only XII Euros. Before receiving the publication for review - all that this reviewer could have stated about the Spitfire Mk XII was that "it was the Griffon Spit, with a four-bladed prop." - which paucity of knowledge which is now thankfully somewhat dissipated.
This reviewer recommends any Spitfire or RAF enthusiast to buy it at the first opportunity !
48 pages, 17 x 24,5 cm, softcover
En anglais / In English


In September 2009 a group from Brockenhurst Gateway Club visited the Mary Rose Museum in Portsmouth docks. We saw the hull of the Mary Rose being sprayed with chemicals to preserve the ancient wood. This year the sprays have being turned off and the ship hall section of the museum has been closed to allow the ship to dry out. In a couple of year’s time the ship will be viewable as never before. We will be able to walk around her at deck level and see every detail clearly without the mist of the sprays.
In May this year, Trevor and Vernon came to club and brought some of the ship’s artefacts for us to see. We handled cups and plates in wood and pewter, looked at the barber surgeon’s tools, felt the weight of a musket and tried to bend an archer’s bow. Now we can’t wait for the ship hall to open again, so that we can go to Portsmouth and walk beside the boards that were trodden by the sailors of Henry VIII’s navy, 450 years ago.
The Lions Club of New Milton arranged and subsidised a day outing to Paultons’ Park on Sunday May 9th. 23 members from Brockenhurst Gateway Club attended with helpers making up the number to 36.
Luckily the day was fine and everyone was so busy enjoying the rides, the penguin and meerkat display and the surroundings that there was no time to notice the cold wind. Age Concern New Milton supplied a minibus and volunteer driver to transport those who could not get there on their own.
You can see from the photos that a wonderful day out was enjoyed by all.


"Feel @ Home"
Established in 1610 and named after the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the historical city of Aurangabad houses the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves (UNESCO World Heritage Sites) and the famous Dakkhani Taj (Bibi Ka Maqbara), amongst the other attractions, don’t miss Panchakki, Aurangabad Caves, Jayakwadi Dam, and Grishneshwar Temple
Aurangabad is part of the DMIC (Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor), having a huge potential for growth. Aurangabad is envisioned as a very large-scale industrial cluster including abundant land, provisions for high growth industries with wide-ranging infrastructure services, convenient access and provisions to handle environmental waste with minimum impacts. Proximity to the existing industrial areas, Aurangabad city and existing airport and railways, gives strong support for export-oriented businesses. Aurangabad has now its own “Dry Port” having direct clearances to JNPT and other ports on the Aurangabad-Jalna road with 500 acre land.
Ajanta Caves are one of the well renowned places to visit. Ajanta Caves are declared "World Heritage Site" by UNESCO. Ajanta caves are situated at Jalgaon, which is 107 kilometers from Aurangabad City. Caves are build by cutting the rocks into beautiful piece of art and architecture. There are 29 caves (official numbered by the Archaeological Survey of India). All paintings of Ajanta show heavy religious influence centre around Buddha, Bodhisattvas, incidents from the life of Buddha & the Jatakas.
World famous Ellora Caves situated 30 kilometers from Aurangabad city. Ellora Caves are World Heritage Site, really impressive rock cut temples & monasteries. There are 34 caves, structures excavated out of the vertical face of the hills. The central attraction at Ellora is Kailash Temple (cave16), is the most remarkable. Ever since the first European visitors in 18th Century, Ellora has attracted chroniclers, antiquarians, scholars and in more recent years, ever- increasing number of tourists.
Daulatabad Fort magnificent 12th century fortress stands on a hill, Built by Raja Bhillamraj once known as 'Devgiri', Initially a Yadav stronghold, it passed through the hands of several dynasties in the Deccan. The ‘Daulatabad’ (city of fortune) name was give by Muhamad Tughlaq, Sultan of Delhi. Daulatabad Fort, a rock-hewn fortress dominating the landscape, from a 600 feet high mesa-like flat terrain, is 14 kilometer away from Aurangabad City. Daulatabad Fort is one of the world's best preserved Fort, survived without being altered.
Bibi Ka Maqbara is situated about 5 kms from the Aurangabad city, the burial place of Aurangzeb's wife, Rabia-Durrani. Aurangzeb's son built this monument in 1679 AD in memory of his mother Rabia-Durrani. It is an imitation of the Taj Mahal (among 7 new wonders of world) at Agra, it is also called as "poor man's Taj Mahal" owing to it being a poor replica of the Taj. Behind the tomb is located a small archaeological museum.


Spencer Penrose was an entrepreneur and a visionary. A native Philadelphian, he came to Colorado in 1892 to partner with his boyhood friend, Charles L. Tutt, in various real estate and mining ventures. Buoyed by his early success in these activities, Mr. Penrose continued to invest in the mining business in Bingham Canyon, Utah, establishing the Utah Copper Company, which would later merge with Kennecott Copper.
Mr. Penrose's approach was straightforward: build for tomorrow. He did this in two ways. In a literal sense, he helped create some of Colorado Springs' most famous landmarks. Penrose first built The BROADMOOR, a world-class resort in the foothills of Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and then went on to create legacies including the Pikes Peak Highway and the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo.
Penrose's second approach to building for tomorrow began in 1937 when he and his wife Julie established a living legacy, El Pomar Foundation. Through El Pomar the Penroses supported cultural and civic institutions including the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, Central City Opera and Fountain Valley School. Mr. Penrose left the majority of his estate to El Pomar upon his death in 1939. Julie Penrose succeeded her husband as El Pomar president and served in that position with a generous and indomitable spirit. She left the majority of her estate to El Pomar in 1956.
As El Pomar eagerly continues its journey into tomorrow, its direction comes from its past. Spencer and Julie Penrose's lives, as they lived them, provide the principles that will continue to guide their foundation now and in the future.
Recognized for Impact of Nursing Scholarship
Awards for Excellence
Dr. Pam Shockley-Zalabak Honored with the Russell T. Tutt Award
Telegraph among those to feature photo series of Victor, Colorado
Southern Colorado Nonprofits Highlighted
Forum for Civic Advancement
William J. Hybl named as a recipient
Trustees Nechie Hall and Brenda Smith Recognized
US Department of Veterans Affairs


Things to do around the campsite
From Carentan, discover the Cotentin in the Manche department
Ideally situated at the heart of the Manche department, you can discover the historic beaches from Carentan, the heart of the marshes, the charming coast, the castles , the manors and its surroundings.
From the campsite, the town center is very near. Carentan is an ancient fortified town: a historical and cultural town with wonderful stone archways, a 13th century washing place, a train station and a port. You are at the heart of the marshes and at the center of the Manche department, where you can discover the very different green and sandy coasts, from East to West and visit port Racine (the smallest in France). Between land and sea, discover the various landscapes of the Cotentin and its surroundings.


Stroud Community House &
Elizabeth D. Walters Library
900 Main Street
The Stroud Community House contains the Elizabeth D. Walters Library, with
holdings including family records, church records, genealogical materials,
census reports, family bibles, newspapers, maps, indentures and other primary
documents. The museum features Stroud room, tool and weapon room, textile
room and antique toy room. The cellar kitchen, Indian artifacts and fine
arts pieces round out the permanent displays.
Guided tours of the museum.


Back to the Beginning: A History of Air Conditioning
Hot, hot, and hot. Those would be the three words anyone would use to describe a summer without any air conditioning. Though the warm summer days are meant to be enjoyed (because they don’t last too long), people still need a place to go and cool down so they don’t become too sunburnt, dehydrated, or ill. Many households have some form of AC at home, and these systems are used often during the summer months. But how did this system come about? Who was the inventor that helped to make hot, summer days more enjoyable?
Homeowners can learn more about the history of the AC unit, including its inventor, in this article. They can also learn about the similarities between AC units back then compared to AC units today.
The Infamous AC Inventor
Who was the man that invented the first modern AC? Answer: Willis Carrier. Carrier was born in Angola, New York in 1876, and he graduated with a degree in engineering not knowing that someday his future invention would be one of the most-used home systems for decades to come.
While standing at a train platform on a foggy day, an idea struck when he realized how he could control the air’s humidity: he could reduce moisture in the air by passing it through water to create fog. In 1902, he built the first air conditioner and has been known as the “Father of Air Conditioning” ever since.
The Critical Time Period of AC Development
The early 1900s was a time of many advancements, particularly within manufacturing and engineering as well as societal changes. For many years, people had longed for a way to create a more comfortable indoor environment by controlling its temperature. The invention of air conditioning made this possible for not only homeowners but businesses too, which led to incredible growth for all types of businesses. Movie blockbusters in the summertime grew in popularity, as people came to the theaters to escape the heat outside.
The invention of AC improved facilities for manufacturing, making it more comfortable for employees with less heat from all of the machinery. For textile manufacturers specifically, it also improved the quality control of their products, so clothing wasn’t exposed to too much humidity during the manufacturing process. The invention of AC also paved the way for shopping malls, international travel, and eventually led to computers and servers, which are essential in today’s world.
Air Conditioner Development From Then Until Now
It was 7 feet high, 6 feet wide, and 20 feet long! The size of the unit has changed dramatically since the early 1900s, but it still uses the same engineering concepts: it draws out the warm air from inside of the house and pushes it outside, thus removing the heat. Only now, the device can fit right below a window or outside of the door.
About G.F Bowman, Inc.
Since 1967, G.F. Bowman, Inc. has strived to provide quality work and high priority service. They proudly provide top-rated AC repair services in Harrisburg and Lebanon, PA. As a family-owned and operated business of three generations, they have a unique understanding of what the community needs because they are a part of the community. They believe that the only way to provide excellent service is to do it with respect and concern for their customers.


The History of Social Media
Have you ever heard anybody say something like the following:
“I remember a time before social media when the world was a simpler place.”
If so, then that person is a liar. Social media is more than 2,500 years old and has a long and rich history, right up to the present day.
Historical Social Media
The first form of social media, the sending of letters, dates back to around the 5th century BC. Letter sending remained the social media channel of choice for thousands of years until the emergence of the telegraph in the middle of the 19th century.
The telegraph fundamentally changed the nature of long-distance communication forever. From 1844 onwards, people could send messages to each other at light speed, dramatically reducing the time it took to carry out a conversation.
Computers didn’t become a part of the social media landscape until the invention of CompuServe in 1969. CompuServe was originally intended as a system that would network computers together using the existing phone system. Bit rates were slow, but by the 1980s, the company’s technology had become the backbone of the nascent internet, connecting more computers together than any other.
Neither their technology nor the later Department of Defense’s ARPANET was used for social media purposes directly. But both became pillars on which the social media experiments of the 1990s and 2000s would be founded.
Early Social Media Of The 1990s
Social media began to take off in the mid-1990s when the government permitted the internet to be opened up to the masses.The star of those early days was AOL Instant Messenger, a tool that finally allowed people to talk to each other in real time on the internet, no matter what the distance between them. Text chat was ideal because data rates were restricted by the amount of data you could send down a phone line, around 56 kilobytes per second.
Modern Social Media
The first recognisable social media website was Six Degrees. Founded in 1997, the site had a bulletin board as well as the ability to message other members. The site shut down for the first time in 2000, despite hosting more than 3.5 million members at its peak.
Many other social media experiments emerged in the late 1990s and early noughties, including the infamous Napster, MySpace, and LinkedIn. But it wasn’t until Facebook granted access to any user in early 2006 that social media suddenly became a household name.
Twitter followed suit in 2006, launching a service that it hoped would allow people to share pithy comments at will.
The Present Day
The latest forms of social media, such as Facebook Live and Periscope, emphasise live forms of social media engagement. Social media continues to become more data-intense and up-to-the-minute. One thing is for sure: the future will be more connected than the past.


(*) Mandatory field
The idea behind the collection was to bring the inside outside, reveal what you shouldn't see, and show the change of habits. To do so, I chose the corset as inspiration. During history, the corset was a garment that represented the weakness of the women's body and was something hidden from the eye. Over the years, it has changed and became a representation of power, such as the famous 90's corset of Madonna by Gaultier. The corset shapes our bodies into a new form, and whenever we take it off, our true self has unveiled. Another motif I used was a covered rope, so the curves and texture of it are still showing from under the smooth leather as a symbol of our wrestling and deliberations.


We stand behind our reputation and will continue to serve our community with the values instilled by our funeral directors.
Elmer A. Kemp
1896 - 1961
In the year 1915, Elmer A. Kemp opened a small “store front” funeral parlor at 315 Centre Street in the City of Trenton.
Typical of its day from which the funeral business was conducted – the wake and visitation period usually took place at the residence of the deceased.
The opening of Kemp’s Funeral Home marked the beginning of a service business that has continued for nearly a century.
Centre Street location - circa 1930
By 1931, Elmer Kemp had opened a branch location at 556 N. Pennsylvania Avenue in nearby Morrisville, Pennsylvania. His mission was to insure he did everything possible to meet the needs of every family he served.
In 1935, Elmer Kemp became the Coroner of the County of Mercer; a position he held for many years. As Coroner, he was responsible for investigating deaths that occurred under suspicious circumstances.
Motorized hearse - circa 1929.
In 1948, recognizing the needs of a growing suburban community, he purchased a house in the White Horse section of Hamilton Township. Located at 260 White Horse Avenue, the house, constructed in the late 1800’s was once owned by W.V. McGalliard.
McGalliard was involved in several business ventures which included farming, poultry, real estate and home building. He also supplied water to local residents.
As the story goes, McGalliard had an idea that would later pay off. He planned to plant 25,000 Norway spruce tree seedlings; eventually selling them as Christmas trees. They flourished. In a few years he had a beautiful crop of trees in which he sold off for $1.00 each.
What McGalliard started, later growers built into a thriving industry – the commercial Christmas tree farm.
By late 1948 with renovations complete, the Kemp Funeral Home opened its doors and began to serve local families. Elmer Kemp operated the business until his death in 1961.
Ward B. Kingston 1934 - 1992
Ward B. Kingston purchased the funeral home later that year and renamed it the Kingston and Kemp Funeral Home. Like his predecessor, he too was committed to the personal attention of every family’s customs and needs.
Under his guidance, the funeral home went through extensive renovation and expansion of the facilities to accommodate the growing community. Ward B. Kingston successfully operated the funeral home until his death in 1992.
The Kingston and Kemp Funeral home is proud to be family owned and operated - serving Hamilton and the surrounding area for 100 years.
The death of someone we care about can be one of the most difficult experiences in life. These articles are meant to describe different types of grief; their intent is to help you understand your own, or to help you empathize with another person's grief.
LEARN MORE >
Our local florists are committed to offering only the finest floral arrangements, and are backed by their professionalism and prompt service. Allow us to take care of your expression of sympathy by connecting with our local florists through our website.
SEND FLOWERS >
Let Us Help You.
Navigating the days after the passing of a loved one can be one of the most difficult challenges of one's life. We are proud to be able to help members of our community make their way through this complicated period of their lives.


Have you ever wondered why this game is called “chess”?
Here we’ll talk about the origins of the name “chess” and delve into the fascinating history behind it.
The Origins of Chess
Before we dive into the etymology of the word “chess,” let’s take a brief look at the origins of the game itself.
Chess is believed to have originated in northern India around the 6th century AD. It was initially known as “chaturanga,” which translates to “four divisions of the military” in Sanskrit.
The game was played on an 8×8 board and featured different types of pieces representing various units of an ancient Indian army.
Chaturanga quickly spread to other parts of the world, including Persia, where it underwent significant changes.
The Persians modified the game, introducing new rules and pieces, and called it “shatranj.” Shatranj gained popularity in the Islamic world and eventually made its way to Europe through trade and conquest.
From Chaturanga to Shāh
The origins of chess can be traced back to ancient India, where it was known as “Chaturanga.”
This term, derived from Sanskrit, translates to “four divisions of the military” – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry.
These divisions are represented in the game by the pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.
As the game migrated to Persia, the name evolved into “Shatranj.”
One of the key terms in Shatranj is “Shāh,” which means “king” in Persian.
When the king is under threat, players would declare “Shāh Māt!” or “the king is helpless!” – a phrase that eventually evolved into the English term “checkmate.”
The European Transition
When the Moors conquered Spain, they brought Shatranj with them, and the game quickly gained popularity in Europe.
The Old Spanish term for the game was “ajedrez,” derived from the Arabic “al-shatranj.”
As the game continued to spread across Europe, each region adapted the name.
In Old French, the game was called “eschecs.”
The English term “chess” is derived from this Old French word.
FAQs – Why Is Chess Called Chess?
1. What is the meaning of the word “chess”?
The word “chess” is derived from the Old French word “esches” or “echecs,” which came from the medieval Latin word “scaccus.”
The word itself is derived from the Arabic “al-shatranj,” which refers to the game of chess that was introduced to Europe through the Moors when they conquered Spain.
Over time, as the game became popular in various European regions, the name underwent linguistic adaptations.
In Old French, “al-shatranj” became “eschecs,” which eventually evolved into the English term “chess.”
2. Why was the game called “chaturanga” in India?
The game was called “chaturanga” in India because it represented the four divisions of the military in ancient Indian armies.
3. How did the game spread to Europe?
The game spread to Europe through trade and conquest, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age when the Islamic world had extensive contact with Europe.
4. What role did Arabic scholars play in the development of chess?
Arabic scholars made significant contributions to the development of chess, including writing influential treatises on strategy and tactics.
5. How did the Arabic word “shatranj” influence the name “chess”?
The Arabic word “shatranj” was derived from the Persian word “chatrang,” which itself was derived from the Sanskrit word “chaturanga.” The word “chess” has its roots in “shatranj.”
6. Why did the name of the game change as it spread to different regions?
The name of the game changed as it spread to different regions due to linguistic and cultural influences. Each language and culture had its own way of pronouncing and spelling the word.
7. What were some of the other names for chess in different languages?
Some of the other names for chess in different languages include “eschecs” in French, “scacchi” in Italian, and “schach” in German.
8. When did the word “chess” become widely used in English?
The word “chess” became widely used in English during the Middle Ages, as the game gained popularity in Europe.
9. Are there any other games similar to chess with different names?
Yes, there are several games similar to chess with different names, such as “xiangqi” in China and “shogi” in Japan.
10. How has chess evolved over time?
Chess has evolved over time through rule modifications, the introduction of new pieces, and the development of advanced strategies and tactics.
11. Is chess still popular today?
Yes, chess is still popular today and is played by millions of people worldwide. It is considered a mind sport and is recognized by international sporting organizations.
12. Are there any famous chess players in history?
Yes, there have been many famous chess players throughout history, including Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer, and Magnus Carlsen.
13. Can chess improve cognitive abilities?
Yes, studies have shown that playing chess can improve cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and memory.
14. Are there any international chess tournaments?
Yes, there are several international chess tournaments, including the World Chess Championship and the Chess Olympiad.
15. Can anyone learn to play chess?
Yes, anyone can learn to play chess regardless of age or background. It is a game that can be enjoyed by people of all skill levels.
Summary – Why Is Chess Called Chess?
The name “chess” has its origins in the Old French word “esches” or “echecs,” which came from the medieval Latin word “scaccus.”
The Latin term, in turn, was derived from the Arabic word “shatranj.” The game of chess itself originated in northern India as “chaturanga” and underwent significant changes as it spread to different parts of the world.
The Arabic influence on the game, particularly through the word “shatranj,” played a crucial role in its development and spread.
European languages, such as French, Italian, and German, further shaped the name of the game as it made its way across the continent.


The Las Vegas Chronicles: The Inside Story of Sin City, Celebrities, Special Players and Fascinating Casino Owners
The Las Vegas Chronicles assembles the true stories of the city’s most conniving mobsters and how they ran Sin City during its heyday. Pairing McLean’s personal experience working in Las Vegas with his vivid investigative style of writing, this beautifully illustrated book gives you a unique look into the history of this extraordinary city. Uncover the Hollywood myth behind Bugsy Siegel and his wacko schemes for the Flamingo Hotel, and witness the real evolution of the fabulous Strip.
In addition to exploring the annals of Mob activity in Vegas, you get a handy, fact-based Timeline of Special Events that took place in Las Vegas from 1829 to present day.
Enjoy spell-binding sagas about the city’s forefathers, today’s casino operators and celebrity performers on the stages of Las Vegas showrooms—Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Elvis, Siegfried & Roy, and Wayne Newton.
Author: Andrew J. McLean
Paperback: 448 pages
Publisher: Scotline Press LLC (July 26, 2011)


The history of soap dates back to ancient times, with evidence of soap-making found in Babylonian clay cylinders dating back to 2800 BC. The use of soap has been a vital part of human hygiene, but the process of soap-making and the ingredients used have evolved over time. In this blog, we’ll explore the fascinating history of soap, from its origins to modern-day soap-making techniques.
The earliest recorded evidence of soap-making comes from ancient Babylon, where people would mix animal fats and ashes to create a rudimentary soap-like substance. This process of combining fats with a strong alkali was used in many early civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The Romans are said to have been the first to use soap on a large scale, with soap factories being established in the first century AD.
During the Middle Ages, soap-making was taken up by monasteries and became an important part of the daily routine in Europe. The ingredients and methods used in soap-making were refined, and soap became a luxury item that was highly prized by the wealthy. During the Renaissance period, soap-making became more widespread and began to be produced in larger quantities.
The Industrial Revolution saw a revolution in soap-making, with the development of mass-production methods that made soap more affordable and accessible to the general public. Soap-making became a highly profitable industry, with new fragrances and formulations being developed to meet the changing demands of consumers.
Today, soap is still an essential part of our daily hygiene routine, but the ingredients used have evolved over time. Traditional soap-making techniques that use animal fats and lye have largely been replaced by synthetic detergents that are more effective at removing dirt and oil from the skin. However, there has been a recent resurgence in artisanal soap-making, with many people rediscovering the benefits of using natural and organic ingredients.
Soap-making today is a combination of both art and science. There are many different types of soap, each with its unique properties and benefits. Let’s take a closer look at the most popular types of soap and their history.
Castile soap is a type of soap that is made from vegetable oils, typically olive oil. It originated in the Castile region of Spain and has been used for centuries for its gentle cleansing properties. Castile soap is a great choice for people with sensitive skin or those who are looking for a natural and eco-friendly alternative to traditional soaps.
Glycerin soap is a type of soap that is made from vegetable oils and glycerin, a natural by-product of the soap-making process. Glycerin soap is prized for its moisturizing properties and is often used to treat dry or sensitive skin. Glycerin soap has been around for centuries and is still a popular choice today.
Marseille soap is a type of soap that originated in Marseille, France, in the 17th century. It is made from vegetable oils and contains no artificial fragrances or dyes. Marseille soap is prized for its purity and is often used as a natural alternative to conventional soap.
Artisanal soap is a type of soap that is made by hand using natural and organic ingredients. Artisanal soap-makers often use traditional soap-making techniques, including cold-process and hot-process soap-making, to create unique and high-quality soaps. Artisanal soap is often scented with essential oils and is a popular choice for people who are looking for natural and eco-friendly skincare products.
With the advancements in technology and chemistry in the 19th and 20th centuries, the soap industry continued to evolve. The invention of synthetic detergents, a cheaper and more efficient alternative to traditional soap, revolutionized the industry. In the mid-20th century, the popularity of liquid soap over bar soap began to rise, as it was perceived as more hygienic and convenient.
Today, soap is produced and used all around the world, and the variety of fragrances, colors, and textures available is practically endless. From artisanal soap makers to large corporations, the soap industry is constantly expanding and innovating to meet the changing needs and preferences of consumers.
The history of soap is a rich and fascinating journey that spans centuries and cultures. From the ancient civilizations of the Middle East to the modern-day soap industry, soap has been an essential part of human hygiene and health. Today, we have more choices than ever when it comes to soap, with a wide variety of fragrances, ingredients, and formulations to suit every taste and need.
As we continue to navigate a world where cleanliness and hygiene are more important than ever, it is important to remember the humble origins of this essential product. The next time you reach for a bar of soap or a bottle of body wash, take a moment to appreciate the long and storied history of this everyday item.


A fascinating music doc narrated by Gene Simmons that chronicles the incredible true story of how one visionary music producer and some of the greatest studio musicians of the 1970s created one of the most influential albums in music history.
On the streets of the Bronx in the summer of 1973, DJ Herc took the percussion breaks from an obscure album recorded in Vancouver of all places, and extended them by playing them back to back using two copies of the same record. And changed music forever.
The songs he used from that album - Bongo Rock, Apache and other tracks from the Incredible Bongo Band - are far and away the most recognized and sampled tracks in hip hop history. Widely considered the national anthem of hip hop, it became the greatest "break" beat of all time and its single most important record.


Germany is a Fantastic Place to Enrich Your Students’ Learning
Anglo Educational Tours strong business connections make Germany an excellent place for professors to take groups of students. We have organised educational tours and study abroad programmes in Germany surrounding Business and Finance, Engineering, and History, but Germany offers options for so many other academic subjects too!
Germany is a relatively young country, with unification into the German Empire occurring only in the late 1800s. Germany is a pertinent place for history students to visit, not only because of its part in the two world wars, but also because of its incredible social history. For example, Otto Von Bismarck, the first chancellor of Germany, implemented the world’s first social insurance system and led the way in the creation of social Europe.
In the past, Anglo Educational Tours has arranged a number of itineraries surrounding the field of Business & Finance, incorporating visits to factories and business and financial institutions. Other popular subjects include Engineering and History.
Some popular German locations for certain academic subjects can be found below:
- Berlin – Government & Politics, Law, History, Art & Design, Sociology
- Frankfurt – Business and Finance
- Munich – History, Architecture
- Cologne – Art History, History, Architecture
- Nuremburg – History, law
Customise Your Educational Tour Today!Get in touch


Kiwi’s remarkable, hair-raising come-from-behind win in the 1983 Melbourne Cup is the stuff of Legend. ‘A Horse Called Kiwi’ tells the tale of how that win came about, and what it meant to so many people. Kiwi ran from last to first in three hundred metres, but the journey to get there had taken years. Along the way, Kiwi changed the role of women in the racing industry. His win saved a farm and reunited a divided town. And it launched one of the greatest riding careers in racing history.


L’Envol des Pionniers hosted several Aéropostale-related events on September 29th and 30th. The weekend began with briefing of participants in the Toulouse Saint-Louis of Senegal Rally which follows in the footsteps of Aéropostale pioneers, then continued with a celebration of the 40 year anniversary of this incredible human adventure during the annual Latécoère Foundation evening. The rally kicked off on Sunday. At the same time, a conference on the theme of pioneers and courage was organized bringing together around Pierre-Elzéar Latécoère several members of Latécoère Explorer, the explorer Bertrand Piccard, the pilot Catherine Maunoury, the explorer Laurence de la Ferrière, the eco-adventurer Raphaël Domjean, the astronaut Jean-François Clervoy and Jeremy Caussade (Aura-Aero), founding member of Toulouse Pioneers. It was an opportunity for L’Envol des Pionniers to announce the first event of «Let’s be daring together!», on July 6th and 7th, 2024. L’Envol des Pionniers invites young and old to get out of their comfort zone and reflect on the concept of daring, a critical element that enabled the extraordinary human adventure of l’aéropostale.


Beside dancing at Minsk Lindy Exchange Lennart Westerlund stumbled across several questions concerning Lee Harvey Oswald. Did the accused murderer dance the Lindy Hop? Was it him introducing the Lindy Hop to Belarus back in 1961? Karl Lennart Westerlund embroideres his thoughts concerning the subject in this cronicle.
In the early 1960s, the infamous Lee Harvey Oswald, later accused of assassinating American president John F. Kennedy, spent a few years in the Soviet Union city of Minsk. At the time, Oswald was a young American ex-military man with communist ideas. His personality was an enigmatic paradox, a mixture of apparently inconsistent ideological perceptions and psychological unpredictability. He was neither unintelligent nor a political novice—far from it
Oswald had somehow managed to change his American citizenship to a Soviet Union one, which at the time was more or less impossible. Once in Minsk, he was offered an apartment on the fourth floor in an imposing Stalin architecture building at Kalinina Ulitza 4 (later on Komunistichnaja Ulitza 4), beautifully located next to the city center overlooking the serpentine Svislatj river. His job, which was at the Horizont Radio Factory, was conveniently located around the corner from his apartment. Oswald probably never saw any of his co-workers in the building where he lived since his neighbors consisted exclusively of decorated bigwigs in the communist hierarchy. A few years later, in the aftermath of what happened in late November 1963, it has always been debated whether this privileged treatment was the beginning of an advanced plot that lead to the assassination of the American president.
One evening in March, 1961, Oswald met Marina Prusakova at a social dance held at the Union House i
central Minsk. Miss Prusakova was a 19-year-old beauty and Oswald fell for her pleasant and inviting personality. The very next year, they were married, expecting a baby and applying for American citizenship. A year later, they were both approved, and the young family moved to Fort Worth, Texas. For Oswald the Soviet Union era was over, he was once again an American, presumably cured from his communist infection.
About ten years ago the Lindy Hop revival approached Belarus. On March 23-26 this year, the annual MLX took place in Minsk, with some 200 dancers from Belarus as well as a handful of other countries participating. The event was held in the shadow of political demonstrations but in the good spirit of jazz and swing. Belarus is obviously no longer only the eternal home base of President Aleksandr Lukashenko, painter Marc Chagall and poets Janka Kupala and Jacub Kolas, it’s also one of the many homes of the migratory Lindy Hop.
Nothing above is explained and nothing is questioned. All potential question marks are still intact, waiting to be activated. In this context, one question is, however, more urgent and important than the others: who actually introduced the Lindy Hop to Belarus? Was it local teachers back in 2008, or was it Oswald back in 1961? Did Oswald know the Lindy Hop and was there any jazz-influenced music played in Minsk at the time? Nobody knows for sure and Oswald himself won’t be able to tell us since his voice is long gone. He was dramatically shot dead by night club owner Jack Ruby inside the garage of the Dallas Police headquarters only two days after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. One violent bullet and no further questions to be asked or answered.
Karl Lennart Westerlund/Carl Leonard Westerhund


The Pug breed is an ancient one with its origins in China, dating back over 2,000 years. It is believed to have been developed by crossbreeding small Chinese dogs with various toy breeds, resulting in a distinctive appearance.
Pugs were highly prized by Chinese emperors and were kept as companions and lapdogs within the royal courts. They were even given special privileges and were treated as cherished members of the household.
During the 16th century, European traders discovered Pugs during their travels to the East. The breed quickly gained popularity among European nobility and became fashionable pets. Pugs were particularly favored in the Netherlands, where they were even used as official guard dogs for the Dutch royal family.
Pugs were introduced to England in the 17th century when William III and Mary II ascended the throne. The breed gained significant recognition in England and became the official dog of the House of Orange. Pugs were associated with royalty and were often depicted in paintings and portraits of the time.
In the 19th century, Pugs experienced a decline in popularity but saw a resurgence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when they were recognized by kennel clubs. The breed was refined through selective breeding, which aimed to maintain the Pug’s distinct features, including its short muzzle and curled tail.
Today, Pugs are beloved companion dogs worldwide. They are known for their affectionate and friendly nature, making them popular choices for families and individuals alike. Pugs are recognized by various kennel clubs and are often seen in dog shows and events.


-WHILE YOU STAY-
Here at Little North Field, we are lucky enough to be part of Yorkshire’s gorgeous and idyllic countryside. Here’s a few places we would recommend whilst visiting…
The pretty town of Knaresborough is packed with a whole range of fascinating historic sites, boutiques and is brimming with charm! The architecture and riverside views make Knaresborough an unforgettable place to visit!
One of the most amazing rock collections you will come across…Brimham Rocks makes the perfect day out for families, climbers and those that love the outdoors exploring all Yorkshire has to offer!
From historic ruins of the abbey, to the gorgeous gardens in Studley Royal and the deer park – there’s so much for visitors to enjoy and explore! Steeped with history, Fountains Abbey makes a great place to visit whilst staying at Little North Field.


This week both Paris and Boston will present their annual marathon races, Paris on Sunday, April 14th and Boston the following day on Monday, April 15th. Both races trace their origin to the end of the 19th century, Paris in 1896 and Boston one year later in 1897. Paris may have held their marathon first, but Boston has the distinction of being the longest continuously held Marathon in the world having never missed a year since its inception. The Paris Marathon is a larger event than Boston’s, allowing 40,000 runners to Boston’s 30,000.
The Boston Marathon:
The Boston Marathon was first run in April 1897, inspired by the revival of the marathon for the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. It is the oldest continuously running marathon, and the second longest continuously running footrace in North America, having debuted five months after the Buffalo Turkey Trot.
On April 19, 1897, ten years after the establishment of the B.A.A., the association held the 24.5 miles (39.4 km) marathon to conclude its athletic competition, the B.A.A. Games. The inaugural winner was John J. “JJ” McDermott, who ran the 24.5 mile course in 2 hours, 55 minutes and 10 seconds, leading a field of 15. The event was scheduled for the recently established holiday of Patriots’ Day, with the race linking the Athenian and American struggles for liberty. The race, which became known as the Boston Marathon, has been held every year since then, even during the World War years, making it the world’s oldest annual marathon. In 1924, the starting line was moved from Metcalf’s Mill in Ashland to Hopkinton Green and the course was lengthened to 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km) to conform to the standard set by the 1908 Summer Olympics and codified by the IAAF in 1921
For most of its history, the Boston Marathon was a free event, and the only prize awarded for winning the race was a wreath woven from olive branches. The first cash prize for winning the marathon was awarded in 1986.
Women were not allowed to enter the Boston Marathon officially until 1972. Roberta “Bobbi” Gibb is recognized by the race organizers as the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon (in 1966). In 1967, Kathrine Switzer, who had registered as “K. V. Switzer”, was the first woman to run and finish with a race number. She finished despite an infamous incident in which race official Jock Semple tried to rip off her numbers and eject her from the race. In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the unofficial women’s leaders of 1966 through 1971. In 2015, about 46 percent of the entrants were female.
The Paris Marathon
Differing from Boston’s suburban to urban point-to-point course with it’s changes in elevation, the Paris Marathon is largely flat and loops through Paris from west to east through the heart of the city past all of the major edifices (Arc de Triomphe, The Louvre, Place de Concorde, Notre Dame), does a 10K loop around the Bois de Vincennes and then heads west along the Seine back through the city past the Eiffel Tower for another loop through the Bois du Boulogne to finish close to where the race began on Avenue Foch in the 16th arrondissement.
Tour de Paris
The first Paris Marathon, the Tour de Paris Marathon, took place in 1896. A big crowd gathered to watch 191 participants. It was run over a course of 40 km from Paris to Conflans-Sainte-Honorine via Versailles, and the organizers decided to award a commemorative medal to all runners who finished the race in less than 4 hours.
This first race was won by Len Hurst from England (much to the chagrin of all Parisians!) who crossed the finishing line in 2 hours, 31 minutes and 30 seconds. His prize money was 200 francs.
Like the Boston Marathon, the distance of 40 km was adjusted to the standard length of a marathon, 42.195 km, following the 1908 Olympic race in London.
Unlike the Boston Marathon, however, The Paris Marathon has always welcomed women runners and, although the International Association of Athletics Federations credits Violet Piercy as the first female to race the now-defined marathon distance of 42.195 km, other sources report that the 1918 performance of Frenchwoman Marie-Louise Ledru in the Tour de Paris set the initial mark for women.


Every four years, the world comes together to witness a spectacle of human achievement, unity, and sportsmanship that transcends borders and cultures—the Olympic Games. This unparalleled event, steeped in history and tradition, serves as a platform for athletes from all corners of the globe to showcase their skills, forge connections, and inspire generations. This article delves into the rich tapestry of the Olympic Games, exploring its origins, impact, and its ongoing role in celebrating human excellence.
Origins and Historical Roots
The origins of the Olympic Games trace back to ancient Greece, around 776 BCE, when the first recorded Olympic competition took place in Olympia. These ancient games were a testament to the Greek belief in physical prowess and served as a means to honor the gods through athletic contests. The original games included disciplines like running, wrestling, and chariot racing, with the victors held in high esteem by their communities.
The ancient Olympics also marked a period of truce and unity among the often-warring city-states of Greece. An “Olympic truce” was declared during the games, allowing athletes and spectators safe passage to and from Olympia. This concept of peace and unity through sport continues to be a guiding principle of the modern Olympic Games.
Revival and Modern Evolution
The ancient Olympics eventually faded into history, but their spirit was rekindled in the late 19th century. The vision of Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator and historian, led to the revival of the modern Olympic Games. In 1896, the first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, drawing participants from 14 nations.
Since then, the Olympics have evolved into the grandest celebration of sport on the global stage. With each edition, new sports have been added, reflecting the changing interests and aspirations of societies around the world. The games have also become a platform for innovation, with advancements in technology, sports science, and infrastructure enhancing the athlete experience and the viewer’s engagement.
Uniting Nations Through Sport
One of the most powerful aspects of the Olympic Games is their ability to transcend political, cultural, and social barriers. For a few weeks every four years, the world unites in a celebration of human excellence, solidarity, and friendly competition. The Olympic rings, representing the continents, are a symbol of this global unity.
The Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony is a poignant visual of this unity, as athletes from diverse backgrounds come together under their respective flags. The Olympic Village, where athletes live and interact during the games, becomes a microcosm of the world, fostering connections and friendships among individuals who might otherwise never meet.
Inspiring Heroes and Role Models
The Olympics have a remarkable power to inspire. Athletes who have dedicated their lives to their craft, often overcoming incredible odds, become symbols of determination and resilience. Their stories of sacrifice and triumph resonate with people around the world, encouraging them to chase their dreams and overcome challenges.
These athletes become role models, embodying the values of discipline, hard work, and fair play. The diversity of backgrounds and stories among Olympic competitors demonstrates that greatness knows no boundaries and that talent can flourish in every corner of the world.
Promoting Cultural Exchange
The Olympics provide a unique opportunity for cultural exchange and diplomacy. In addition to showcasing athletic prowess, the games allow countries to share their cultural heritage with the world. From the artistic performances during the opening ceremony to cultural exhibits and events, the Olympics foster mutual understanding and respect among nations.
The Olympic Games also facilitate informal diplomatic dialogues. Athletes, officials, and spectators from various countries engage in discussions, forging connections that extend beyond the playing field. These interactions can contribute to international understanding and cooperation, fostering relationships that extend beyond the games themselves.
Challenges and Continuity
While the Olympic Games are celebrated for their unifying spirit, they are not without challenges. Hosting the games involves significant logistical, financial, and environmental considerations. Ensuring that the benefits of hosting extend to local communities and that the environmental impact is minimized remains a priority.
Moreover, the games are not immune to controversies and geopolitical tensions. Balancing the ideals of unity and fair play with the complexities of international relations can be challenging. Striking a harmonious balance requires careful navigation and a commitment to the Olympic Charter’s values.
The Olympic Games stand as a testament to the potential of human achievement, camaraderie, and unity. They represent a microcosm of the world—a celebration of diversity, excellence, and the power of sport to bridge gaps and inspire generations. As the world continues to evolve, the Olympic Games serve as a timeless reminder of the possibilities that arise when nations set aside differences and come together to celebrate the best of humanity. Through triumphs and challenges, the Olympics remind us that the pursuit of excellence knows no bounds and that the spirit of unity can light up the world every four years.


Until Bill Clinton came along, Arkansas was most closely associated in the popular imagination with Ozark mountain hillbillies. The state isn't ashamed, either of its presidential native son or of its Appalachian heritage.
In Mountain View, you can experience the old-time Appalachian way of life for yourself at the Ozark Folk Center State Park, the only park in America devoted to preserving Southern mountain folkways and music. This living museum showcases traditional pioneer skills, such as furniture making, quilting, blacksmithing, tintype photography, woodcarving and 15 other craft demonstrations.
As for Clinton, his two-and-one-half-storey, wood-frame boyhood home in the small town of Hope is now a museum, reconstructed as it was when he lived there. And the Clinton Presidential Center and Park opened with great fanfare in Little Rock in 2004. Highlights of any visit are the authentic replicas of the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room, while Café 42, named because Clinton was the 42nd president, features recipes from the Clinton Center Cookbook.
Also in town is the Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, where nine brave African-American students—the Little Rock Nine—were admitted in 1957 after the federal government sent troops to enforce desegregation. The museum itself is in a former gas station across the street.
The state's other contribution to American life is Wal-Mart, founded in Bentonville, where the Wal-Mart Visitors Center shows you how the company grew from 25 employees to 1.3 million. If you want to become a tycoon yourself, you may want to check out Crater of Diamonds State Park, where you can ogle North America's largest diamond (at 40.23 carats, no less) and many of the other diamonds that have been found in near Murfreesboro. For a small fee, you can go digging, too, and keep what you find.


We were founded in 1947 by Mr. Lou Voegeli Sr. to supply machining services to the industries in the Naugatuck River Valley of Western Connecticut. This area was a cradle of the American Industrial Revolution, having supported Clock manufacturing, Fashion Hardware production by the millions, Tire manufacturing (Charles Goodyear’s 1st factory was in Naugatuck) and later aerospace and defense products. Mr. Voegeli started his business in the proverbial garage, outgrowing several facilities until it was relocated to Prospect CT.
The business is now run by the second generation of the Voegeli family.
We are a Women Owned Small Business, committed to carrying on the legacy of Lou Sr. This involves producing Quality work, on-demand, to our target industries.


An interesting and innovative populist candidate (he walked the entire length of the state), a reformer who lost a political knife-fight with the Daley Machine --
The enmity between Walker and Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley's political organization was deep. In 1974, Walker supported state legislative candidates against Daley allies. Walker's deputy governor, Victor deGrazia, later said: "... I knew from the beginning that every time Daley looked at Walker, he saw the Church of England and the British suppression of the Irish, and when Dan would look at Daley, he would see the quintessential politician who was only interested in political gain."-- and became one of Illinois' many, many, many elected officials who did time in a House of Many Doors for forgetting that stuff about not breaking the the law.
In 1976 Walker was defeated in the Democratic primary, losing to Secretary of State Michael Howlett, the candidate supported by Mayor Daley, by a 54% to 46% margin. In the general election, Howlett was overwhelmingly defeated by James R. Thompson.
From the Southern Illinoisian:
Illinois' 36th governor Dan Walker dead at 92
SPRINGFIELD -- Illinois' 36th governor was remembered Wednesday as an energetic but confrontational chief executive who would later join the state's legion of elected officials who have served time in prison.
Dan Walker, who served as governor from 1973 to 1976, died at his home in California Wednesday. He was 92.
Ushered into office after a populist campaign that included a nearly 1,197-mile walk across the state, the one-term governor ran into a buzz saw of controversy with the General Assembly. Although elected as a reformer, leaders of the House and Senate characterized the lawyer as arrogant and uncompromising, hampering his ability to carry out his initiatives.
His relationship with his fellow Democrats fizzled and he lost his reelection bid in a stunning primary defeat to Michael Howlett. His departure from politics in 1977 ushered in a quarter century of Republican control of the governor's office.
Ten years after leaving office, Walker served 18 months in a federal lock-up for bank fraud unrelated to his time as governor.


The China Chamber of Commerce in New Zealand (CCCNZ) and China Travel Service (CTS) NZ Ltd hosted tour operators and travel agents in early December 2018 to dinner and a night of musical comedy at SkyCity.
People who attended this night enjoyed a reworked version of City of 100 Lovers(external link) was organised by CTS with CTS with support from Air New Zealand, Air China, Auckland Airport and the newly created China Cultural Centre in NZ.
The event in Auckland was a teaser for the grand banquet being planned for the “Once in a lifetime experience,” to celebrate China-New Zealand Year of Tourism when the ancient city Xian will host up to 1,000 Kiwis on 10 September 2019 at an imperial banquet reminiscent of ancient times, just as an emperor would host with a Tang Dynasty performance.
Xian, the home of the ancient Terracotta Warriors, is rich with history and culture, and is one of the birthplaces of the ancient Chinese civilization.
Kiwis that book a September 2019 tour to China will be treated to a true “Once in a lifetime experience” as honoured guests of the Xian Provincial Government while touring China’s highlights and most popular attractions.
People can get a taste of what they can expect in Xian, by checking out the Terracotta Warriors: Guardians of Immortality(external link)秦始皇兵马俑: 永恒的守卫at Te Papa as part of the China-New Zealand Year of Tourism. The exhibition is open until the end of April 2019.
China National Tourism Administrati(external link)on will host diplomats from both nations joined by up to 1,000 New Zealanders that have scheduled a visit to China to coincide with the 10 September 2019 event. The visitors will all be treated as VIP invited guests to enjoy a theatrical ceremony and performance and an imperial banquet, based on those hosted by the emperor in ancient times.


In the Spring of 1971, the Rolling Stones arrived at Villa Nellcôte on the Côte D’Azur as tax exiles from the UK. Keith Richards had been drawn to the house for its privacy – set back from the huge wrought iron gates by a great curved drive and shrouded with palm trees, it was kept free from prying eyes. In the 6-month house party that ensued, photographer Dominique Tarlé gained unprecedented access to the enigmatic life of the band while they created their seminal album “Exile on Main Street”.
A 16-room mansion of the Belle Époque period, Villa Nellcôte’s opulent baroque interiors were described by Richards to have looked as though they had been designed for “bloody Marie Antoinette”. In these gilded rooms, the rock stars lounged topless on shabby seventies armchairs. For interiors designed to exhibit the wealth and station of their occupants, the indifference of the celebrities in the photographs is striking.
“Upstairs, it was fantastic – like Versailles”, said Keith Richards. “But down there… it was Dante’s Inferno.” Downstairs was the basement, used to record the album. The house had once been used as a Nazi Gestapo headquarters in the 1940s and in the cellar, the heating vents were shaped like swastikas. Richards was apparently highly intrigued by the mansion’s sinister history, but told a visitor “It's OK. We're here now.”
During the Stones’ tenancy, the cellar was soundproofed with cheap carpets and the mobile studio had been driven from England. Illegal power lines from the French railway system over the road juiced their instruments. When they overheated, they rehearsed with their trousers off.
A carnival of characters drifted through the villa, including Bobby Keys, the sax player who taught Keith Richards the joys of throwing furniture out of windows; a drug dealer who brought his children, along with his cocaine supply; record execs; engineers; family members; lovers; groupies; wasters and journalists. A guy lived on the front lawn in a tepee. Writer Robert Greenfield recalls, “People appeared, disappeared, no one had a last name, you didn't know who anybody was.”
While the band continued their irregular recording in the cellar, the time at Nellcôte passed in a hazed, concealed enchantment. "There wasn't really any pattern, that wasn't the way they rolled," remembers Gretchen Carpenter, a visitor to the house. Ultimately, the spell ended with a police drugs bust, which prompted the band’s departure to the States where they worked to make sense of the Nellcôte tapes.
Today, this infamous house is cloaked in mystery. It is presently owned by a wealthy Russian, who bought it for €100 million in 2005. Visitors are not welcome. The curious may flock to take photos outside the gates, but are shouted away by guards. Many stories emerged from those 6 months, but the truth is now concealed behind closed doors. It’s a fitting end to the story: the time the Stones spent there has passed into ambiguity, and legend.


The 100-year-old Josef S. is said to have “knowingly and willingly” participated in the murder of camp inmates. This is the charge in his case, which is being heard before the Neuruppin Regional Court. If you believe his statement, S. is not aware of any guilt.
The former security guard of the concentration camp (KZ) Sachsenhausen accused before the district court Neuruppin in Brandenburg has pleaded not guilty. “I haven’t done anything at all, I’m innocent,” said the hundred-year-old Josef S. He is accused of complicity in murder in 3,518 cases. S. is said to have “knowingly and willingly” participated in the murder of camp inmates between 1942 and 1945.
The trial began on Thursday when the indictment was read. According to an expert opinion, S. is only able to negotiate to a limited extent – for two to two and a half hours a day. Because of the proximity to his place of residence, the trial takes place in Brandenburg an der Havel – and there in a sports hall for reasons of space. A further 20 days of negotiations are scheduled until January.
The public prosecutor’s office accuses S., among other things, of aiding and abetting the shooting of Soviet prisoners of war, of murdering prisoners through the use of poison gas and of killing “through the creation and maintenance of hostile conditions”. According to the public prosecutor’s office, S. belonged to the guard battalion of the Sachsenhausen camp, in which the SS had stationed a large contingent, until 1945.
The camp north of Berlin was a training place for guards and commanders of the concentration camps in the entire Nazi terror system. The Central Office for Solving Nazi Crimes in Ludwigsburg handed over the case of the hundred-year-old concentration camp guard to the Neuruppin public prosecutor’s office in April 2019. This then brought charges in January of this year. In Germany there have recently been several trials against former members of concentration camp teams.


This melon suede monk strap, comes with 2 buckle strap suede leather, a good statement shoe, can dress down with a nice pair of jeans & chinos or linen trouser.
- Suede leather upper
- Synthetic sole & leather lining
- 2 buckle strap
- Cemented sole
- Made with a approx 2.5cm heel
- Made in Italy
In 15th century Europe, the life of a monk was dedicated to worship and manual labor, monks traversed the hills of Europe, reaping, sowing, plowing and binding the crops for their villages. Monks typically wore double strap sandals while plowing the fields, wearing sandals did not offer enough protection and slowed down work. The monks needed a practical shoe that covered the foot, was durable, and could withstand the rough terrains, the solution was a closed version of the traditional monks strap sandal, thus came the introduction of a monk strap shoe. The modern day monk strap, gives you a balance of two choices, it’s halfway between an oxford and a loafer, It’s a slip on, like a loafer, but includes a tongue or vamp like a closed shoe, Instead of laces, monks have their characteristic buckles, just a great all round shoe.
Weight: 1.0 kg
Product of: Brando
Country of Origin: Italy
Country of Manufacture: Italy


Let’s Get Deep - We’re Talking Pan Pizza!
Continuing our trip down pizza memory lane, this week we’re focusing on pan pizza… Arguably the most indulgent of pizza styles, pan pizza tends to have a thicker, more robust base, and is loaded with toppings. We kick off in Sicily, where pan pizzas were born...
Sicily’s intriguing history has a rich multicultural past, left behind by the different rulers the Island has had. Although ubiquitous with Italian cuisine, tomatoes weren’t introduced to Sicily until the mid 16th Century, so pizza before then was without pomodori!
Sicilian style pizza is known as sfincione in Italy, and was the only type of pizza eaten on the island until the mid 19th Century. There are many stories about how Sfincione came to be, including the Nuns of the Royal San Vito Monastery in Palermo, and their resourceful nature to turn plain bread into something fit for a prince!.
So, what is sfincione? The Palermitan version is a focaccia style base, topped with a variety of ingredients including tomato, herbs, onions, cheese, and anchovies, and continues to be a staple of daily life. Each region has its own take on sfincione, both in toppings and form!
Check out Slicemonger’s recipe for classic Sicilian…
Detroit style pizza is undoubtedly the most indulgent of all pizza-styles. A thick, bouncy base, with a crisp bottom crust, absolutely stunningly cheesy edges and indulgent toppings. Detroit is the ULTIMATE comfort pizza.
Detroit was created back in the mid 1940s by Buddy’s Rendezvous, and was based on owner Anna Guerra’s mother’s recipe for Sicilian pizza, although there is some controversy as an employee claimed it was their recipe. The distinctive rectangular shape originates from the metal pans it was originally baked in. Buddy’s used blue steel pans, made from scrap metal created to contain small automotive parts. They were the perfect size and shape for the deep pan pizza style. The distinctive sauce stripes on top are named racing stripes, honoring the Motor City of Detroit.
The term Detroit style didn’t come into play until the 1980s, and wasn’t widely used until the late 2000s, as the style was still referred to as Sicilian.
The popularity of Detroit style took off after 2012 when Shawn Rendazzo won the Las Vegas International Pizza Expo world championship with a Detroit-style pizza. He went on to train many pizzerias in the style of Detroit.
It’s a firm favourite at Ooni HQ, with everyone vying for the corner piece. Here’s our how to.
The most famous of the pan pizzas… Chicago-style. Yep, you may remember a certain brand of micro pizzas from your youth… Chicago Deep Dish pizzas are unrivalled in flavor and style. With its characteristically tall crust and pastry-like base, each slice is loaded to the max with cheese, meat, and sauce.
Let’s skip back to 1943. Pizzeria Uno in Chicago is commonly cited as the birthplace of Chicago-style, but there are conflicts between whether it was founder Ike Sewell or pizza chef Rudy Malnati who first developed the deep dish delight. If that wasn’t enough contention, the Saverio Rosati family claim their recipe for deep dish pizza hasn’t changed since Rosati’s authentic Chicago pizza opened in 1926! What’s food without a little competition and controversy?!
Stay tuned for the OG of pizza…


Susan Jonusas is a historian specialising in crime and culture in the 19th and 20th centuries. After studying Modern History and English Literature at the University of St Andrews, she completed a masters in the History of Science, Technology and Medicine at King’s College London. Her first book, Hell’s Half-Acre: The Untold Story of the Benders, a Serial Killer Family on the American Frontier was published by Viking and Scribner UK, spring 2022. Susan has written for CNN, History Today and The Spectator World. When she is not writing, she is on the archery range.


My wooden tanks are all made from some old scrap wood and a few dowels. The first generation were a very basic and blocky design.
My second generation introduced some sloped armour and upgraded guns.
I then got a bit more sophisticated and made a half track, fixed turret tank, an open turret tank, a flail tank and a bridge tank.
I used an elastic band to link the flail to the wheels so the flail spins as the tank drives along.
Next, I made some buildings, army trucks and field guns.
My lastest set of wooden tanks are modelled on some of my favourite real life tanks. I made a BRM-1, M3 and M4 Sherman, Russian T34 and the British FV430.
I actually made a whole fleet of T34's and M4 Shermans (both the original US version and the upgraded British version, the Sherman Firefly, with the bigger cannon).


Come join us on Sunday, August 5, 2018, to celebrate 150 years of the Caldwell First Presbyterian Church! We are located at 532 North Street. We have a parking lot on the corner of Lewis and Spruce streets. Music will start at 3:30 PM and the worship service will begin at 4:00 PM. A dinner will follow the service. Reservations for the dinner are $12.00 per person. Paid reservations are due to LaDonna Cordell by July 29th. If you have questions, please email the church at email@example.com or phone at (740)732-4767. Hope you can come!


17:45 - 20:00
Penningtons Manches, 125 Wood Street, London, EC2V 7AW
Join the British Property Federation and Historic England for our joint annual seminar which will focus on how heritage assets can help revitalise the high street.
During the seminar, we’ll hear from representatives from Historic England and The Architectural Heritage Fund on their work programmes in this area, following their funding packages announced as part of the Government’s Future High Streets Fund at the Autumn Budget.
We will also hear from a leading restaurant operator for their take on how heritage can help the high street adapt as well as be joined by Rachel Campbell, Head of Regeneration, at the Cities and Local Growth Unit, MHCLG, for the panel discussion.
17:45 Registration and refreshments
18:15 Introduction and welcome from Tim Johnson, Partner, Penningtons Manches
18:20 Opening remarks from Ian Morrison, Director of Policy and Evidence, Historic England
18:25 Claudia Kenyatta, Director of Regions, Historic England
18:35 Simon Galkoff, Group Procurement Director, Casual Dining Group
18:45 Matthew McKeague, Chief Executive, The Architectural Heritage Fund
18:55 Q&A chaired by Melanie Leech, Chief Executive, BPF
19:20 Networking drinks
This event is now fully booked.
Please email firstname.lastname@example.org to be added to a waiting list.


This old Victorian Mansion provides a wonderful retreat for the couple who wants to get away, or a home away from home for business people, travelers, or hunters. Groups, comprised of families and/or friends, find the setting perfect when weddings, reunions, birthdays, or memorial services are scheduled in the area. Conference and party rooms can be arranged for these special events. Bring your own laptop and use our wireless high-speed internet anywhere in the mansion or use our computer in the work nook. Children are welcome, and pets may be boarded at "D'Tails" close by the Mansion (Bed & Biscuit rate is $10/day) .
To reserve a room for yourself or someone you care about, please give us a call at (785) 282-3798 (cell -0107) or email us at email@example.com. Gift certificates are available.
For information on the Ingleboro Mansion Tea Parlor, call (785) 282-3531.
J. R. Burrow moved to Smith Center in the early 1880s and founded the 1st National Bank of Smith Center. The mansion was built in 1899 as a private residence for Burrow and his 3rd wife, whose maiden name was Ingalls; thus they named their new home "Ingleboro". Burrow later moved to Topeka and became president of the Central National Bank and Kansas Secretary of State. During the Burrow's years, the house and grounds covered a city block, which included a private park complete with deer, a stream, peacocks, and a gazebo.
Burrow sold the house to Henry Williams in 1905. Dr. C. C. Funk purchased the residence several years later and turned it into a hospital. Most of those born in Smith Center between 1921 and 1951 were delivered in an upstairs bedroom. In 1952, Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Mahin opened the mansion as a nursing home. They were joined by the Burleys in 1955.
When the nursing home closed after 22 years, the Burleys renovated the residence and turned it into a restaurant. This tradition was continued even as ownership of the mansion changed two more times. In 1982, Dave Haug began operating the Ingleboro Restaurant and Lounge and added the Inglenook Bed and Dinner. Joe and Darla Conaway purchased the mansion in 1998 and operated it as a restaurant and a bed and breakfast until February of 2000 when the restaurant was closed.
In August 2000, the current owners, Bruce and Bobbi Miles, moved here from Denver after staying at the Bed and Breakfast several times. "We fell in love with the friendliness of the local people and the slower pace of this mid-western town. Since it is centrally located, it is convenient for our children and grandchildren to visit no matter where in the states they move."
Over the years care has been taken to preserve the Victorian flavor of the grand mansion, which has valiantly served Smith Center and the surrounding area. The two-story frame home is decorated with converted carbide and kerosene lights, imported stained glass windows, cherry, oak and maple woodwork, and bay windows. The entryway and staircase are particularly impressive as are the elaborate oak and cherry fireplaces that display the original tile work.


The Champa Earrings are inspired from the beautiful flowers of Magnolia champaca.
Crafted with Nickel-free Brass plated with 18K Gold.
Jewellery played an important role in ancient Kalinga. Artistic representations of daily life reveal how affluent people used jewellery to display wealth and prestige. Some of the best -preserved examples come from the rock sculptures of 13th-century Sun temple at Konark, as well as the gold ornaments of Lord Jagannath crafted in 15th-century and presently housed at the Puri temple’s treasury.
Our Jewellery is adapted from these ornaments. This piece embodies Kalinga’s rich cultural heritage.


During the 1700s the organ held such importance in the church that the interior was not considered complete before the organ was in place. The Gloger Organ was inaugurated in 1765 and its magnificent façade filled the area of the church above the pulpit. This organ, constructed in the Baroque style, was without doubt a true masterpiece.
Gottfried Heinrich Gloger (1710-1779)
Gloger was born in Hannover and received his first organ-building training under his father, Johann Heinrich Gloger. Gloger came to Norway as early as 1738, and in 1746 the King awarded him the royal privilege of organ builder. He was the greatest organ builder in Norway during the 1700s - the golden age for the European organ culture.
A demanding contract
On 19 July 1760, Gloger signed the contract to build an organ in Kongsberg's new church for the price of 2 200 riksdaler (old Norwegian currency). He was personally responsible for all expenses incurred in connection with the building.
The finished instrument had 42 voices distributed over three manuals and pedals. The Organ was equipped with six large bellows. Via a separate register bell, the organist passed a message to the calcants (bellow treaders) to tell them when they should begin treading. This arrangement is also used today in some concerts.
At that time, the Gloger Organ was considered an organ of considerable size, and it was the largest Gloger would ever build.
The Organ was finally finished in 1765, and it was a considerably impoverished and reduced organ builder who was ultimately paid 4 000 riksdaler for his work.
The fate of the Gloger Organ
In the years leading to around 1850, the Organ underwent a number of repairs, one of these being to the bellows which were exposed to a lot of wear and tear and also hungry mice! The first major repair was probably made in 1780.
In 1849, there was great uncertainty as to whether the Organ was playable. Because of this concern, the country's leading church-music authority, Ludvig Mathias Lindemann, was asked to come to Kongsberg and advise on the matter. The Organ was then repaired in 1850 by the young Norwegian organ builder, Paul Christian Brantzeg.
At the end of the 1800s, the organ-building tradition was undergoing a period of conflict, and many people believed that Baroque organs were old-fashioned.
During a fire in the church loft at the end of the 1880s, the Organ was severely water damaged and, instead of repairing the Gloger Organ, the church had a new organ built by a German, Albert Hollenbach.
As time passed, the church community became increasingly keen to have the old Gloger Organ restored to its original playing condition. However, efforts always fell short owing to a lack of funds.
Drama around the Organ
In 1928, Tinius Olsen (a Kongsberg citizen who had emigrated to Philadelphia, USA) donated a large sum of money towards the Organ's restoration.
In brief, what happened was that the Organ's original air pressuriser and playing mechanism were removed and placed in the church loft. An electric console was installed in the gallery on the opposite side to the organ balcony, and everything was connected together using electric cables. Contrary to the wishes of the national antiquarian, most of the pipework was rebuilt in order to accommodate the musical preferences of the 1930s. The Gloger Organ from 1765 was therefore not restored in accordance with the conditions of the donation. In fact, it was a completely new organ which was now behind the Baroque façade.
Fortunately, most parts of the Organ had been looked after and were stored in the church loft. The next attempt to restore the Organ took place in 1974 on the initiative of the young and newly employed organist, Reidar Hauge, but the time was still not ripe for the restoration.
Scandinavia's greatest Baroque organ is restored
There are a number of preserved organ facades built by Gloger, but when the Gloger Committee began work on the restoration process in 1993, it was only in Kongsberg that there were enough organ parts to enable restoration of the organ itself.
Following a long period of fund-raising for the restoration, in 1997 the Committee was able to sign the contract with the renowned German organ builder, Jürgen Ahrend from Leer in northwest Germany.
In January 2001, the Gloger Organ was finished, restored to the original Baroque organ from 1765.
With the addition of newly cast pipes, Jürgen Ahrend had recreated in the restored Gloger pipes the authentic sounds of old.
We must assume that the sounds from the Organ today are the same as those that were heard in the second half of the 1700s.
A national treasure
Kongsberg now owns Scandinavia's greatest historical instrument with 42 voices. Because of this, Kongsberg has international status as a concert church, and the town has made significant strides in its development as a cultural centre.
The work of taking care of and restoring not only a national treasure but also the greatest Baroque organ in Scandinavia, was a major example of voluntary work involving many players, not least a vast number of the people of Kongsberg itself.


In 1996 Caffyn worked with the people of Kensington, Vancouver to create a 50-foot quilt for the entrance of the community centre.
In 2001 Caffyn worked on the Islands in the Salish Sea Community Mapping Project, creating this celebrated quilt on Salt Spring Island watersheds.
In 2001 Caffyn worked with the community of Trout Lake, Vancouver, creating over 40 artworks on nature and natural history. These included two community quilts and a large-scale environmental sculpture.
Other projects include Union, a quilt created for Paula Stromberg of the Office and Professional Employees International Union to celebrate the power of collective action, and a series of quilts created on the history and environment of Indian Arm, the inlet where Caffyn lived from 1985-1996.


Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society extended its all support and a helping hand to thousands of poor migrant families to resettle in the villages. It provided houses and other basic amenities. These people had no land and homes for shelter. Nor they had two square meals in a day. With the help from Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society, the Kathodi tribal people started to begin a new life.
It was a great sense of realization among the members of the Society to take up the plight of this Kathodi community. In 1986, the members of Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society came in to their rescue and started working for their rehabilitation. Samija village was identified for the rehabilitation of this Kathodi community. The period from 1986 to 2000 was seen as the most crucial period for development of the Kathodis. During the period, Gandhi Manav Kalyan Society had fought a battle with the government to acquire 104 acres of land for the rehabilitation of this tribal community.
The society constructed 382 houses to provide shelter to the Kathodi families; non-formal education centre, child labour rehabilitation school and a residential hostel were established with the help of government and other agencies.
Hand pumps, latrines and other drinking water facilities were arranged in the villages. The Society had also established a community centre in the village. The villagers were provided adequate training to start cultivation in the areas.


What is a blog?
Even if you’re not sure what a blog is, you’ve no doubt come across one at some point in time. Perhaps you’ve stumbled across a blog when you’ve searched “healthy dinner recipes”.
First, let’s go over a brief history in 1994, Swarthmore College student Justin Hall is credited with the creation of the first blog, Links.net. At the time, however, it wasn’t considered a blog … just a personal homepage.
In 1997, Jorn Barger, blogger for Robot Wisdom, coined the term “weblog”, which was meant to describe his process for “logging the web” as he surfed the internet. The term “weblog” was shortened to “blog” in 1999, by programmer Peter Merholz.
In the early stages, a blog was a personal web log or journal in which someone could share information or their opinion on a variety of topics. The information was posted reverse chronologically, so the most recent post would appear first.


Shawls of Kashmir
The ancient Shawl of Kashmir appears in recorded history from 13th century as a wrap around the shoulders used by Royalty, Elite and connoisseurs.
Moughals immensely admired Kashmir shawls and encouraged it during 17th century until which time the weaving skill of shawl making had reached its zenith.
It is recorded history that the weaving skills of Artisans of the Valley of Kashmir have been acclaimed world over and it is this skill which makes a "Pashmina" Shawl
It appeared on International scene during the period of Napolean Bonapart when it became a status symbol.
Napolean gifted his wife Jozaffin many intricately woven and colourful shawls which till date are preserved in Museums.
The characteristics of a Kashmir Shawl are the fine wool used, weaving skills and colorfulness. Two centuries back the beautiful colours were imparted with vegetable dyes which were extracted from herbs, plants and fruits gifted by nature in abundance through scenic beauty of the Valley.
Another characteristic of Kashmir Shawl is the hand embroidery which is done to adorn the shawl and in earlier times the embroidery was done depending upon specific use and ranged from Haishyadaar ( a small row running along four sides) to Jammawar (embroidered allover).
The specimens of these ancient motif are preserved in International and domestic Museums.
Kashmir Shawls come in two varieties:
1). Super fine wool derived from sheep
2). Pashmina derived from domesticated animals, the Capra Hircus Goat, living at an altitude of 12,000-14,000 ft in Himalayas. At 16,000 ft, these animals are able to withstand absolute cold conditions and temperature drops to minus 50 degrees. Nature has thus bestowed upon this animal a special undercoat of wool which sustains it through horrid winters. This undercoat is sheared, scoured, shaved, spun and woven into beautiful fabric called “Kashmir Pashmina Shawl”


THE thong, Australian in design according to popular belief, was designed in New Zealand and inspired by Japanese sandals, a retired academic plans to tell his audience in Clarkson this month.
Shoe historian and podiatrist Cameron Kippen will give a free talk on the history of the thong and how it became an international form of footwear at Clarkson Library on March 29.
Mr Kippen said when shoes started adorning feet 10,000 years ago, they were not worn to protect feet, but were the prerogative of the rich.
His talk would cover the early origins of sandals, their evolution to the modern era and how the popular ‘Aussie’ thong came into being.
“It’s littered with a bit of humour and light-heartedness,” he said.
Call 9407 1600 to book a seat at the free event, which starts at 6pm on Thursday, March 29.


Perge Aspendos Side Tour
Antalya has so many different kind of beauties to offer to the visitors. Perge is the largest ancient city of Pamphilia, also the capitol of Pamphilia. Also Perge has importance in Christian History since St. PAul and St Barnabas visited the city twice and “preached the word”.
Aspendos is another Pamphilian city and famous with the ancient theater still remaining. The ancient theater of Aspendos has built in 2nd century AD but still being used for concerts and other activities. It has a capacity of 15.000 seats.
Side is one of the most famous classical antique cities of Turkey. It is dating back to 10th century BC. Ruled by different civilizations,it was an important trade center with its harbour.
After lunch we will visit Side antique city and see the theatre, Roman Baths and the Temple of Apollo.You will have one hour free time to swimm and explore the city. Afterwards, we will srive back to Antalya and visit Kursunlu Waterfall on our way.
We will drop you off to your hotel.
- Pick up and drop off from hotel.
- All transfers with a modern air conditioned vehicle
- English Speaking professional guide
- All entrance fees