Where does all the wastewater go on a cruise ship? It’s a complex but important matter! Graywater from sinks, showers, and laundry is filtered onboard. Blackwater from toilets is treated more thoroughly before being discharged in compliance with rules.
Cruise lines are investing in advanced tech to protect the environment. For example, they’re using state-of-the-art purification systems to make wastewater near-drinking water quality. And, filtration techniques like reverse osmosis help eliminate impurities. All of this safeguards the marine ecosystem, and enhances guests’ experiences.
But, there’s another key element: waste minimization. Cruise lines can encourage passengers and crew members to be conscious of their water usage, and provide educational materials about responsible waste disposal practices. This way, they can reduce the amount of wastewater go on a cruise ship generated onboard.
So, sink your doubts, because on a cruise ship, wastewater takes a wild ride that even thrill-seekers might think twice about!
Understanding wastewater on cruise ships
Onboard, two systems handle wastewater: one for black water (toilet waste) and another for gray water (sinks, showers, and laundry). Black water goes through a process called “black water treatment” which breaks down organic matter and disinfects it. Gray water needs filtration and then is treated with chemicals or UV light before discharge.
Advanced tech monitors wastewater go on a cruise ship quality by constantly checking factors like pH levels, temperature, turbidity, and chlorine content. Unused wastewater is transferred ashore for treatment at specialized facilities before the ship reaches port.
In 2018, Royal Caribbean’s Oasis of the Seas had a technical issue that temporarily affected its wastewater treatment system. To address this, the ship diverted to Falmouth, Jamaica, where repairs restored full functionality. This went to show the commitment cruise lines have to effective wastewater management systems. Get ready to explore the depths of wastewater go on a cruise ship treatment on cruise ships – even the plumbing will lead to an epic adventure!
The process of wastewater treatment on cruise ships
The process of wastewater go on a cruise ship involves several stages to ensure proper disposal. Firstly, wastewater is collected from various sources on the ship, such as sinks, showers, and toilets. Then, wastewater go on a cruise ship goes through a primary treatment process, where solid materials and debris are removed. After that, the wastewater undergoes secondary treatment, which includes biological processes to break down organic matter. Finally, the treated water is disinfected using chemicals before being discharged into the ocean. This process helps maintain the environmental sustainability of cruise ships while ensuring the safety and cleanliness of the oceans.
Furthermore, wastewater go on a cruise ship also employ advanced technologies and systems to minimize the impact of wastewater disposal. This includes the use of advanced onboard sewage treatment plants that comply with strict international regulations. These systems utilize various filtration methods, such as membranes and activated carbon, to further remove contaminants from the wastewater. Additionally, wastewater go on a cruise ship often store wastewater in onboard holding tanks and only discharge it when the ship is a significant distance from shore to protect coastal waters.
A unique detail about the wastewater treatment on cruise ships is the utilization of reverse osmosis systems to recover and reuse water. These systems remove salts and impurities from the treated wastewater to produce clean water that can be used for various onboard operations, such as laundry and cleaning. This practice not only reduces the reliance on freshwater sources but also minimizes the amount of wastewater discharged into the ocean.
According to a report by the International Council of Cruise Lines, cruise ships are required to meet stringent standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for wastewater discharge. These standards ensure that the treated wastewater meets specific quality parameters before it is released into the ocean. Therefore, the wastewater treatment process on wastewater go on a cruise ship plays a crucial role in protecting marine ecosystems and maintaining the sustainability of the cruise industry.
Even on a luxury ocean liner, there’s no escape from the fact that your waste will eventually end up on a little trip through a very exclusive sewage system.
Collection of wastewater
Separate collection systems are essential for cruise ships. These systems manage and treat blackwater, greywater, and other wastewater types. Wastewater is stored in tanks on board the ship. Filtration systems remove solid debris and contaminants. Monitoring and testing ensure wastewater meets quality standards before treatment or discharge.
Crew members receive extensive training on waste management protocols. This prevents accidental pollution incidents. A 1992 incident revealed the need for better collection systems within the industry. Efficient collection helps preserve marine ecosystems and sustainable travel practices. Cruise lines use advanced technologies and rigorous monitoring to minimize environmental impact. It’s like a fairy tale – turning dirty ship water into pristine H2O!
Wastewater treatment systems
wastewater go on a cruise ship turn sewage into a ‘shippy’ cocktail, with chlorination to please Mother Nature.
Collection involves gathering wastewater from toilets, showers, and sinks. Pre-treatment removes solid materials through screening and sedimentation. The primary treatment uses settling tanks or clarifiers to settle and remove suspended solids.
Secondary treatment utilizes biological processes to break down organic matter with microorganisms. Tertiary treatment employs advanced filtration techniques, such as activated carbon filters or ultraviolet disinfection, to polish the effluent before wastewater go on a cruise ship discharged or stored onboard.
Strict compliance with international regulations is mandatory to ensure proper disposal of treated effluent. This preserves marine life and minimizes pollution. Investing in efficient wastewater treatment systems is essential for a healthy ocean environment. Don’t miss out on contributing to this crucial effort!
Discharge of treated wastewater
Wastewater go on a cruise ship must adhere to strict regulations regarding wastewater discharge. These guidelines specify the quality and quantity parameters that must be met to reduce harm to marine ecosystems. Advanced treatment systems on board are equipped to remove pollutants and contaminants from wastewater, making it safe for discharge.
Regular monitoring and testing of treated water samples is conducted to ensure high-quality standards and detect any deviations or potential issues. To improve the discharge process, here are some suggestions:
- Invest in cutting-edge technologies for higher pollutant removal efficiency.
- Provide comprehensive training to crew members about wastewater management practices.
- Raise public awareness about responsible water usage onboard.
By implementing advanced treatment technologies, educating crew members, and increasing public awareness, cruises can reduce pollution risks and contribute to a sustainable industry. It’s time for poop and regulations to meet, so the struggle for cleaner oceans can begin!
Environmental regulations and cruise ship wastewater
Wastewater go on a cruise ship must adhere to strict environmental regulations regarding the treatment and disposal of wastewater. These regulations ensure that cruise ship wastewater, including sewage and graywater, is treated to remove contaminants before being discharged into the ocean. Additionally, cruise ships are required to store and manage their wastewater onboard in accordance with international standards. The aim is to minimize the impact on marine ecosystems and protect the health of both passengers and the environment. Wastewater go on a cruise ship is crucial for cruise ships to comply with these regulations to maintain their operation and reputation in the industry.
When wastewater go on a cruise ship comes to environmental regulations and cruise ship wastewater, there are stringent guidelines in place. These guidelines dictate how cruise ships handle and treat their wastewater to minimize negative impacts on the environment. Cruise ships utilize advanced wastewater treatment systems to remove pollutants from sewage and graywater. These systems employ a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes to ensure that the treated wastewater meets strict quality standards before it is discharged.
Furthermore, cruise ships are equipped with storage tanks to hold wastewater temporarily until wastewater go on a cruise ship can be treated and discharged in accordance with regulations. These tanks are designed to prevent any leaks or spills that could harm the marine environment. Additionally, cruise ships employ trained staff who monitor the wastewater treatment processes and ensure compliance with the regulations.
In order to ensure the effectiveness of these regulations, regular inspections and audits are carried out by regulatory authorities. These inspections assess the cruise ship’s compliance with wastewater treatment and disposal regulations, as well as their adherence to best practices. Cruise ships that fail to comply with these regulations may face fines, penalties, or even be prohibited from sailing.
Wastewater go on a cruise ship is essential for cruise ship operators and passengers to fully understand and support these environmental regulations. By doing so, they can contribute to the preservation of marine ecosystems and the sustainability of the cruise industry. Let us all be responsible and take part in the protection of our oceans by staying informed and advocating for the enforcement of these regulations.
Cruising the high seas, wastewater regulations remind us that even aboard a floating paradise, what goes down must come up – from the bowels of the ship!
International and national regulations
Who needs a life jacket when you’ve got a cruise ship full of wastewater regulations to keep you afloat? In an effort to protect the oceans, both international and national bodies have implemented regulations.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets standards for wastewater discharge and requires onboard treatment systems. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces regulations on both domestic and international waters within US jurisdiction.
Additionally, many countries have their own regulations that supplement international guidelines. These may vary in terms of allowable pollutant levels, monitoring requirements, and penalties.
Wastewater go on a cruise ship worth noting that compliance is not only legally binding but also essential for preserving marine biodiversity. Cruise ships have made strides in implementing advanced wastewater treatment technologies to meet or exceed the stipulated standards. This ensures that discharged wastewater won’t harm ecosystems or public health.
Moreover, the IMO has banned dumping of sewage containing any effluent from sewage treatment systems within 12 nautical miles from land. This has significantly reduced water pollution near coastal areas.
Cruise ship industry initiatives
The cruise ship industry is taking steps to reduce environmental impact. These efforts involve advanced wastewater treatment systems, shore power, and marine pollution prevention programs. To go beyond existing regulations, cruise ships have adopted extra measures, such as recycling programs and eco-friendly cleaning products.
A passenger on a luxury cruise ship saw crew members segregating waste materials for recycling. This highlighted how cruise companies are becoming more aware of their environmental responsibility when wastewater go on a cruise ship comes to wastewater and other sources of pollution.
Cruise ship companies recognize the importance of protecting our oceans and ecosystems. They strive to give passengers an unforgettable experience while reducing their impact on the environment.
Finding a solution for cruise ship wastewater may be difficult, but don’t worry, hundreds of sea turtles swimming in raw sewage can do the trick!
Challenges and solutions for cruise ship wastewater management
Challenges and Solutions in Managing Wastewater on Cruise Ships
Cruise ship wastewater management presents a multitude of challenges that require innovative solutions. These challenges revolve around treating and disposing of various types of wastewater generated on board. To efficiently tackle these issues, cruise lines employ advanced systems and technologies to ensure compliance with environmental regulations and protect marine ecosystems.
A table illustrating the challenges and corresponding solutions in cruise ship wastewater management is as follows:
|1. Volume and composition of wastewater
|Advanced wastewater treatment systems are installed to remove pollutants and treat wastewater before discharge or further usage. The systems include processes like biological treatment, membrane filtration, and disinfection. Cruise ships also employ onboard distillation units to convert seawater into fresh water for use on board.
|2. Regulatory compliance
|Cruise lines comply with international and local regulations, such as the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) guidelines for wastewater discharges at sea. Compliance is achieved through the use of advanced treatment systems and monitoring technologies to ensure the quality and safety of discharged wastewater.
|3. Environmental impact
|Cruise lines strive to minimize their environmental footprint by adopting sustainable practices. This includes implementing advanced wastewater treatment systems and exploring innovative technologies for reusing or recycling treated wastewater. Additionally, some cruise lines have adopted shoreside wastewater reception facilities, enabling them to offload wastewater at port facilities for further treatment and disposal.
Furthermore, it is important to note that cruise ship wastewater management is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement. Cruise lines invest in training their crew members to follow best practices for wastewater management and conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance.
In a similar context, a true story can be shared regarding a cruise ship’s successful implementation of a wastewater management system. One such example is a renowned cruise line that invested in advanced wastewater treatment technologies and pioneered the use of shoreside reception facilities at multiple ports. This proactive approach not only reduced the environmental impact of cruise ship wastewater but also set a precedent for sustainable practices in the industry.
Cruise ships may be luxurious, but when it comes to wastewater, there’s nowhere to port your expectations of spaciousness.
Limited space and resources
The following table shows the limited space and resources on cruise ships:
|Storage for wastewater
|Waste disposal areas
Planning and utilizing these limited spaces efficiently is essential. Treatment facilities must be designed to fit within these small areas, while still meeting strict regulations. Waste disposal areas are scarce, so careful waste management is a must to avoid pollution.
Advanced technologies like membrane bioreactors and vacuum distillation systems can help manage these resources. They use less energy, while still maximizing water reuse.
As cruise ships get bigger, so does the need for eco-friendly wastewater treatments. Outdated methods such as holding tanks threaten marine ecosystems. However, modern cruise ships prioritize sustainability, reducing their ecological footprint.
In conclusion, creative solutions are needed to manage the limited space and resources on cruise ships. By optimizing space, using advanced technologies, and prioritizing eco-friendliness, they can provide great experiences while protecting the environment. Why worry about polluting the ocean when you can turn cruise ship wastewater into a trendy cocktail at the Shipwreck Lounge?
Advanced wastewater treatment technologies
Advanced wastewater treatment technologies play an essential role in preserving water cleanliness and curbing environmental impact. These innovations make sure the wastewater produced on-board is treated correctly before being released into the ocean.
Let’s take a closer look. Biological treatment makes use of microorganisms to break down organic contaminants. Physical treatment, on the other hand, gets rid of solid particles through processes such as filtration and sedimentation. Chemical treatment utilizes chemicals to neutralize dangerous substances. And membrane filtration employs semi-permeable membranes to filter pollutants.
To further improve cruise ship wastewater management, a few things are essential:
- Set up strict monitoring systems: Regular monitoring will ensure optimal performance and any issues can be identified in time.
- Invest in R&D: Investing in research and development can lead to the discovery of more advanced technologies with improved efficiency and sustainability.
- Increase public awareness: Educating passengers about proper disposal practices can reduce the amount of contaminants entering the wastewater systems, reducing the burden on the treatment technologies.
By following these tips, cruise operators can upgrade their wastewater management practices, safeguarding marine ecosystems and ensuring a cleaner future for everyone. Thinking outside the box is just as important as thinking inside the bucket!
Alternative approaches for reducing wastewater generation
Let’s explore these alternatives in a visually organized manner:
- Advanced Treatment Technologies: involve physical, chemical and biological processes to reduce pollutants and pathogens.
- Onboard Process Optimization: includes using low-water-consumption equipment, waste segregation and recycling.
- Water Conservation Measures: involve low-flow fixtures, educational programs and incentivizing conservation practices.
The details are unique: advanced techs allow for potential reuse and onboard optimization leads to energy savings. Suggestions to maximize effectiveness include stricter regulations, regular audits and inspections, as well as collaboration between cruise lines and stakeholders. These steps can reduce the marine environment impact and uphold responsible management standards. So, don’t forget: sinking ships are only the start of sustainable concerns.
Cruise ships are equipped with advanced wastewater treatment systems. These systems involve filtration, treatment and disinfection processes. Innovative technologies are used to safely manage the wastewater and meet environmental regulations. Onboard wastewater treatment plants use cutting-edge tech to remove pollutants. Further purification processes ensure the water meets standards for reuse or safe discharge.
A real-life example of perfect wastewater management is a luxury liner sailing in pristine waters. The crew followed protocols and didn’t discharge any pollutants into the marine ecosystem. This shows the importance of responsible waste management. It not only preserves beauty, but also a sustainable future for oceans.
Let’s explore further and flush away more information on this cruise ship!
Additional resources and references
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulations for wastewater treatment and discharge on cruise ships, helping to protect the marine environment. Cruise line websites often have sections dedicated to their wastewater management practices. Research studies have been conducted to show the impact of cruise ship wastewater. Industry reports from organizations such as the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) offer information on industry-wide wastewater management practices.
Advanced technologies are now fitted to modern cruise ships. This helps remove contaminants from wastewater before it is discharged into the sea, reducing potential harm to marine life.
In 1983, the MS Scandinavia became notorious for dumping untreated sewage in international waters. This incident highlighted environmental concerns and resulted in stricter regulations for the cruise industry.
By exploring different resources, readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of how cruise ships manage their wastewater and ensure responsible disposal methods.
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQs: Where does wastewater go on a cruise ship?
1. What happens to wastewater on a cruise ship?
On a cruise ship, wastewater is treated through advanced systems before being discharged into the ocean. These systems remove pollutants and ensure that the wastewater meets strict environmental standards.
2. Can cruise ships legally discharge wastewater into the ocean?
Yes, cruise ships can legally discharge treated wastewater into the ocean as long as it meets stringent regulations set by international conventions, such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).
3. Is the treated wastewater safe for marine life?
Yes, the treated wastewater from cruise ships is designed to be environmentally safe. The advanced treatment systems remove solid waste, bacteria, and other contaminants, ensuring that the discharged water does not harm marine life or ecosystems.
4. How do cruise ships prevent pollution from their wastewater?
Cruise ships prevent pollution from wastewater by using advanced treatment systems on board. These systems employ various methods like filtration, disinfection, and chemical processes to remove or neutralize pollutants, making the wastewater safe for ocean discharge.
5. Are there any regulations in place to govern cruise ship wastewater disposal?
Yes, there are strict regulations governing cruise ship wastewater disposal. International conventions like MARPOL Annex IV set limits on the quality of discharged wastewater, including limits on oil, nutrients, and other harmful substances, to protect marine environments.
6. What measures do cruise ships take to minimize their environmental impact?
Cruise ships take several measures to minimize their environmental impact, including investing in advanced wastewater treatment systems, using alternative fuels, reducing emissions, and implementing waste management practices. These measures aim to ensure sustainable and responsible operations in the marine environment.


AbstractA comprehensive experimental program was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of propagation of tsunami-like bores over a permeable surface, including the impacts on pore pressure variation around a square structure. A dam-break generation system was selected to model the tsunami-like bores and the effects of different impoundment depths were investigated to estimate pore pressure variations around a structural model. The latter was installed within a sand bed, and the hydraulic bores propagated over both horizontal and inclined surfaces as well as over dry and wet bed conditions. The latter involved the presence of a still-water layer over the sand bed. The transient variations of pore pressure distribution around the structure were measured, and their results were correlated with impoundment depth, still-water depth, and bed slope. A total of nine pore pressure tensiometers were installed on the front and side walls of the structure to record the time-history of pore pressure variation during bore propagation and subsequent impact onto the rigid structure for both sub- and supercritical bores. The magnitude of peak pore pressure and the time to reach peak pore pressure were found to be correlated with the still-to-impoundment depth ratio. It was found that effective peak pore pressure recorded on the side of the structural model was smaller and it occurred later in the supercritical bores compared with the subcritical bores. The contour plots of pore pressure in both front and side walls of the structural model were developed for a better understanding of the pore pressure distribution during the initial peak and the subsequent quasi-steady-state flow conditions. Experimental results indicate that the magnitude of pore pressure increased with increasing impoundment depth. Furthermore, pore pressure magnitude around the structure was considerably higher in the inclined bed tests, and they reached peak values faster than those observed for the horizontal bed tests. For both the horizontal and inclined bed tests, the front wall of the structural model exhibited larger pore pressure values than those observed on the side walls.


Our team has over 15 years of experience and can bring you and your production company to where the action is and get the shots you need for a successful project. We cater to film, media, and research crews that are looking to document or study the ocean wildlife surrounding Baja Calfonia Sur
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We are able to realise any kind of images you have in mind, open mouth shots, sunset shots, split shots, aerial images with mako sharks smooth hammerheads blue sharks and silky sharks, we can literally do every thing you need with our shark species!
During this special private charter you are able to get in the water with any kind of animal shows up, we put or skills at you disposal and all the crew will work according to your needs.
We are used to work with all kind of cameras ,RED, CANON C, DSLR, etc so your expensive gear is in very good hands!
Our boats have lots of safe space for both underwater and topside cameras since our boats has a big dry area and a spacious open deck, perfect for groups of 6-8 people with photo -video gear of any sizes
Over the past 15 years, our team has worked and collaborated with various professional film crews, marine biologists and scientists. Cabo shark dive has been featured on the world most famous diving magazines and on the the world biggest tv productions and channels like Discovery channel, National Geographic, shark week, tele visa, animal planet, expedition unknown, bbc. Cabo shark dive proudly host the world best awards winning underwater photographers coming from all over the world
We offer different packages for dive professionals, marine wildlife film productions, research programs and more. Depending on your needs and your budget, our team will take you where the action is and make sure you get the shot you need!
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Our half day shark diving experience is open to all, from first timers to experienced ocean explorers and offer the opportunity to safely interact with various shark species in Los Cabos. The special packages for professionals will allow us to travel larger distances and reach some of the best remote places to observe a wild ecosystem. Our special expeditions will also give you more time in the water with marine life, more flexibility regarding interactions with animals (**depending on your needs and your experience) and the full support of our qualified and experienced team for your film production or research program. Our team will strive to find the encounter you are looking for and will provide all the help you need to make your project a success.


Have you ever wondered how far blue whales, the magnificent giants of the ocean, travel during their migration? Blue whales, known to embark on one of the longest journeys of any mammal on Earth, traverse vast distances to reach their breeding and feeding grounds. From the icy waters of the polar regions to the warm, tropical waters of the equator, these incredible creatures navigate the vast expanses of the ocean in search of food and mates. Join us as we explore the awe-inspiring migratory patterns of blue whales and uncover the remarkable distances they cover.
Migration Patterns of Blue Whales
Blue whales are known for their incredible annual migrations, covering vast distances in search of food, mates, and suitable climates. These majestic creatures follow specific migration routes year after year, exhibiting various migration patterns influenced by numerous factors. Understanding the migration patterns of blue whales is crucial for conservation efforts and gaining insights into their behavior and population dynamics.
Blue whales engage in an annual migration, traveling long distances between their feeding and breeding grounds. This migration occurs in a cyclical pattern, with blue whales moving from their feeding areas in the cold, nutrient-rich polar waters to warmer breeding grounds in temperate or tropical regions. The migration allows blue whales to take advantage of the seasonal variations in food availability and reproductive opportunities.
Longest Migratory Route
Blue whales have been observed undertaking the longest migratory route of any mammal. The eastern North Pacific population of blue whales, also known as the California blue whale population, undertakes a remarkable journey of around 10,000 to 12,000 miles each year. These blue whales travel from the cold waters of the Gulf of Alaska and the eastern Bering Sea to Mexico’s warm waters, where they breed and give birth to their calves.
Variable Migration Patterns
While blue whales generally exhibit predictable migration routes and patterns, there can be variations among individuals and populations. Some blue whale populations follow a relatively straight and direct migration route, while others display more complex patterns, deviating from a straight path due to various environmental factors. These variations in migration patterns emphasize the flexibility and adaptability of blue whales in responding to changing conditions.
Factors Influencing Migration
The migration patterns of blue whales are influenced by a combination of factors that guide their movements from one location to another. These factors play a vital role in determining where and when blue whales migrate.
One of the primary drivers of blue whale migration is the availability of food. Blue whales predominantly feed on krill, tiny shrimp-like organisms that thrive in nutrient-rich polar waters during the summer months. As these waters freeze during the winter, blue whales must migrate to more favorable feeding grounds to ensure an adequate food supply. They follow the seasonal movements of their prey, tracking the shifting abundance of krill populations.
Mating and Breeding
Breeding is another significant factor that influences blue whale migration. Male blue whales migrate to breeding grounds to compete for females, engaging in elaborate courtship displays and vocalizations to attract mates. Females, on the other hand, migrate to these breeding grounds to give birth and nurse their calves. The timing and location of these breeding areas play a crucial role in determining the migration patterns followed by blue whales.
Temperature and Climate
Blue whales are highly sensitive to temperature and climate changes, and these factors influence their migration patterns. As water temperatures change seasonally, blue whales adjust their migration routes to ensure they remain in their preferred temperature range. Warmer waters are more suitable for mating and giving birth to calves, while colder waters provide an abundant food source. Blue whales carefully navigate these temperature gradients as they move between feeding and breeding areas.
Ocean currents have a profound impact on blue whale migration. These massive creatures take advantage of the ocean’s natural currents to aid their long-distance journeys. Ocean currents can provide a significant boost in speed and energy conservation, allowing blue whales to swim more efficiently. By selecting routes that align with favorable currents, blue whales optimize their energy expenditure and reduce the time required to reach their destination.
Predator avoidance is another critical factor influencing blue whale migration. Blue whales are vulnerable to predation by killer whales, also known as orcas. These intelligent predators may target blue whale calves or individuals weakened by the migration journey. To minimize the risk of predation, blue whales may alter their migration routes or timing, seeking areas where the presence of predators is reduced. This behavior ensures the survival and protection of blue whale populations during their migratory journeys.
Average Distance Traveled
The average distance traveled by blue whales during migration can vary depending on several factors, including their location, available resources, and breeding requirements.
Blue whales undertake some of the longest migrations of any marine mammal. As mentioned earlier, the California blue whale population travels up to 10,000 to 12,000 miles annually. Other blue whale populations, such as those found in the Southern Hemisphere, also undertake extensive migrations, though the exact distances may differ. These migratory journeys involve traversing vast expanses of ocean, highlighting the remarkable endurance and navigational abilities of these magnificent creatures.
While there are average migration distances, it’s essential to note that individual blue whales may exhibit variations in their migration behavior. Some individuals may travel shorter distances due to the availability of suitable feeding grounds near their breeding areas. Conversely, other blue whales may undertake longer journeys if they are part of populations that follow more extensive migration routes. These individual variations within populations contribute to the overall resilience and adaptability of blue whale migration patterns.
Specific Migration Routes
Blue whales have distinct migration routes depending on their location. In the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, blue whale populations follow unique migration paths.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the California blue whale population migrates along the eastern Pacific coast. These blue whales travel from feeding grounds in Alaska and the Bering Sea down to breeding areas off the coast of California and Mexico. Along this migration route, they pass through productive upwelling zones, rich in nutrients that support their feeding activities. These coastal migratory movements provide opportunities for scientists and researchers to study and monitor the blue whale population effectively.
In the Southern Hemisphere, blue whale populations undertake migrations within the Southern Ocean. These migrations involve traversing between feeding areas in productive polar waters, such as those around Antarctica, and breeding grounds found in more temperate regions, including the coastlines of South America, Australia, and New Zealand. The migratory paths taken by these populations vary, but they generally involve moving from food-rich, high-latitude waters to lower-latitude breeding and nursery areas.
Migration Behavior and Patterns
Understanding the migration behavior and patterns of blue whales sheds light on their social dynamics, communication methods, and the timing of their movements.
Timing of Migration
The timing of blue whale migration follows a seasonal rhythm based on the availability of resources and breeding opportunities. In the Northern Hemisphere, blue whales typically begin their migration from feeding grounds to breeding areas in late fall or early winter, returning to their feeding grounds in spring or summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, migration timing may differ due to the reversed seasons. These seasonal movements ensure that blue whales maximize their chances of finding suitable food and mates during specific times of the year.
Blue whales are primarily solitary animals, but during migration, they may exhibit group behavior. These temporary aggregations, known as pods, can consist of several individuals migrating together in a coordinated manner. Pods often consist of mothers and their calves, allowing the young whales to learn migration routes and behavior from their mothers. These groups provide social support, protection against predators, and may serve as opportunities for social interaction and communication.
Communication during Migration
Communication among blue whales is vital during migration, allowing individuals to maintain contact with one another and potentially coordinate their movements. Blue whales produce a variety of vocalizations, often referred to as songs, to communicate with other members of their population. These songs can carry over vast distances underwater, allowing blue whales to communicate even when they are not physically close to one another. This communication helps blue whales navigate and stay connected during their migratory journeys.
Blue whales have set records when it comes to their annual migrations, showcasing the remarkable abilities of these massive marine creatures.
Longest Annual Migration
As mentioned earlier, the California blue whale population has the longest annual migration of any mammal. Covering a distance of approximately 10,000 to 12,000 miles, these blue whales navigate the vast Pacific Ocean, traveling from their feeding grounds in the north to their breeding grounds in Mexico. This impressive migration highlights the incredible stamina and navigational prowess of blue whales, allowing them to undertake such extensive journeys year after year.
Fastest Migration Speed
While blue whales are not known for their speed, they can still cover significant distances relatively quickly during migration. Blue whales can reach speeds of up to 5 to 20 miles per hour during their migratory journeys. Although this may not seem fast compared to other marine mammals, considering their immense size, it is an impressive feat. This speed, coupled with their efficiency in utilizing ocean currents, allows blue whales to travel efficiently and reach their destination in a timely manner.
With blue whale populations facing threats from human activities and environmental changes, understanding and addressing the conservation aspects of their migrations is key to their survival.
Impacts of Human Activities
Human activities have had a significant impact on blue whale migration patterns and behavior. Factors such as ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, pollution, and underwater noise pollution disrupt the normal migration routes and behaviors of blue whales. These disruptions can lead to injuries, stress, habitat degradation, and even population decline. Reducing and mitigating the impacts of human activities on blue whales is crucial for conserving their migratory patterns and overall well-being.
To protect blue whale migratory routes, various protective measures have been implemented. These include establishing marine protected areas, implementing shipping lane changes to reduce the risk of ship strikes, and regulating fishing practices to reduce the risk of entanglement. These measures aim to create safe and sustainable environments that support blue whale migration and minimize the negative impacts of human activities. Collaboration between governments, conservation organizations, and local communities plays a vital role in implementing and effectively enforcing these protective measures.
Studying Blue Whale Migration
Scientists employ various techniques and technologies to study blue whale migration, providing valuable insights into their movements, behaviors, and population dynamics.
Satellite tracking is a crucial tool used in the study of blue whale migration. By attaching satellite tags or transmitters to blue whales, researchers can track their movements and gather data on their migration routes, duration, and speed. This technology allows scientists to collect real-time information, providing a more comprehensive understanding of blue whale migration patterns and their responses to environmental changes.
Blue whales are known for their distinct vocalizations, which carry over long distances underwater. Scientists use acoustic monitoring methods to study blue whale migration by deploying hydrophones, underwater recording devices, and other specialized equipment. By analyzing the sounds produced by blue whales and their patterns, researchers can determine their presence, migration routes, and potential modifications in vocal behavior throughout migration.
Aerial surveys provide an effective means of monitoring blue whale migration from a broader perspective. Using aircraft equipped with high-resolution cameras and other remote sensing technologies, researchers can assess population sizes, spatial distributions, and migratory movements of blue whales. Aerial surveys capture a comprehensive overview of the migration patterns, allowing scientists to monitor changes in population dynamics and detect potential threats or disruptions.
Migration and Population Decline
Understanding the relationship between blue whale migration and population decline is crucial for conservation efforts and developing effective strategies to protect these magnificent creatures.
Impact of Migration on Population Dynamics
Migration plays a significant role in the population dynamics of blue whales. By relocating from feeding grounds to breeding areas and back, blue whales ensure a continuous cycle of reproduction, genetic diversity, and resource utilization. Disruptions or alterations to migration patterns can have severe consequences for blue whale populations, including reduced reproductive success, compromised genetic health, and decreased overall population size. Protecting and preserving migration routes is essential for maintaining healthy blue whale populations.
Migration Patterns and Conservation Efforts
Conservation efforts aimed at safeguarding blue whale populations consider migration patterns as a vital aspect of their survival. By identifying and protecting critical feeding and breeding areas along migration routes, conservationists can ensure that the necessary resources are available to blue whales throughout their journeys. Additionally, managing and reducing the impact of human activities on these migratory paths is crucial for minimizing disturbances and supporting the successful completion of blue whale migrations.
The migration patterns of blue whales are truly remarkable and awe-inspiring. These magnificent creatures undertake incredible journeys across vast expanses of ocean, guided by a combination of factors such as feeding opportunities, mating and breeding requirements, temperature and climate preferences, ocean currents, and predator avoidance. Understanding and protecting these migration patterns are crucial for the conservation of blue whales and the preservation of their populations. Through ongoing research, monitoring, and conservation efforts, we can ensure the continued survival and well-being of these gentle giants of the sea.


Outbreak of thorns! Venomous starfish threatens coral reefs in Seychelles
(Seychelles News Agency) - Diving enthusiasts in the Seychelles waters are often encountering a crown-shaped starfish with several hundred elongated and sharp, venomous spikes as coral reefs have become plagued by this unusual threat.
The Beau Vallon region in the northern part of the main island of Mahé is reported to have been the main area of activity of the crown-shaped starfish which according to divers can be seen on reefs between 5 to 25 meters deep and are not very common in shallow waters.
This type of starfish, named crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), is considered as one of the largest sea stars in the world.
It occurs naturally in different tropical regions including the Seychelles, an Indian Ocean archipelago of 115 islands with a small population of 90 thousand, many of whom are entirely dependent on the ocean for their livelihoods.
In low densities, the starfish can be beneficial to coral reefs as it feeds on fast-growing corals, allowing a greater variety of coral species to colonize the reef.
However, in high densities the creature can turn into the ultimate coral predator by destroying large areas of reef in the space of only a few days.
A spreading epidemic
Reef Care International (RCINT), an Australian-based marine environmental consultancy service was brought to Seychelles with funding received from the Indian Ocean Commission earlier this year to facilitate a coral reef training course focusing on coral predators.
The director of RCINT, Dr Udo Engelhart, has reported that from the training they noticed a high density of COTS in the Beau Vallon area, which appeared to be spreading along the north-western coastline of Mahé. They also saw an increasing density of the starfish near the Baie Ternay Marine National Park.
“Taking appropriate measures to control starfish densities is critically important as coral mortality due to the feeding activities of the starfish can reach levels similar to a severe coral bleaching event, as Seychelles' reefs experienced in 1998,” said Dr Engelhardt.
In low densities the crown-of-thorns starfish can be beneficial to coral reefs however in high densities it can turn into the ultimate coral predator by destroying large areas of reef in the space of only a few days. (Joanna Bluemel) Photo License: CC-BY
Senior Scientific Researcher of local NGO, the Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS), Joanna Bluemel, says the increase in the starfish’s numbers was noticed in 2013.
“We were shocked to find 20 to 30 times more crown-of-thorns starfish in the Beau Vallon Bay area. Based on Dr Engelhardt’s assessment, this is above sustainable levels,” she said.
“Moreover, 60 to 75% of coral reefs in the area especially had been completely wiped out, completely dead.”
The outbreak now appears to have spread to reefs and smaller islets between the second and third most populated islands of Seychelles, Praslin and La Digue.
Speaking to SNA, diver Ellen Lebihan, from the Octopus Diver Center, Anse Volbert, Praslin, said that they had “noticed an increase in the creature in some areas, especially near the Ave Maria rocks and other islets.”
Lebihan said that “some areas have now become completely barren as the creatures continue to feed and spread.”
With the starfish’s spawning season fast approaching and an expected increase in sea temperatures to at least 27 degrees Celsius by early next month, there were fears that the outbreak could reach plague proportions as countless more larvae of the starfish could be spread, if the adults were not removed in time.
An emergency assault
In an interview with SNA, the Ministry of Environment and Energy said the government viewed the abundance and associated risks of COTS, as a “national concern”.
The Ministry has since facilitated an emergency eradication programme within badly affected areas, with the help of marine partners including dive centres, NGOs, the Seychelles National Parks Authority and other volunteers.
“With the limited funds, what we are doing is just removing the adult starfish and disposing of them. This method requires careful handling as the creatures is very venomous and their spikes are very dangerous,” said Dr Bluemel.
This resulted in the removal of over a thousand adults and juvenile COTS in the Beau Vallon area but Dr Bluemel said many more were still out there, especially smaller ones which were difficult to spot.
Local diver Mike Bamboche from the Ocean Dream Divers located in the vicinity of the area which had recently been cleared of starfish told SNA that there has been a remarkable improvement in affected areas, however, he reported that adults and juveniles could still be found in lower densities in other areas north of Beau Vallon.
|A delicate operation is ongoing to physically remove adult and juvenile starfish from the affected areas. (Joanna Bluemel) Photo License: CC-BY|
A similar operation has also been initiated in the vicinity of Praslin using volunteers and divers from local dive centres and non-governmental organizations.
Dr Bluemel said that four different age groups of starfish were collected during removals, including juveniles and large adults preparing to spawn.
Large females release millions of eggs into the ocean, fertilised by sperm released into the water by males. The breeding season takes place from November to January each year, although this can vary on water temperatures and other conditions.
According to Dr Nirmal Shah, the Chief Executive Officer of a non-governmental environment organisation, Nature Seychelles, which has been involved in a reef restoration project on the Cousin Island Special Reserve for the past four years, similar outbreaks have occurred before in Seychelles.
“They were first detected in the 1970s and it worried the authorities so badly that international scientific assistance was requested and natural predators like the triton shell (lansiv) were protected,” said Dr Shah.
“COTS have been recognized as a serious threat ever since. No wonder the Seychelles One Rupee coin has on its flip side an image of a triton shell eating a crown of thorns starfish!”
Dr Shah believes this outbreak in particular may be very serious, particularly since the delicate reefs, still recovering from the 1998 El Niño coral bleaching event, would once again be in peril after showing positive signs of recovery in recent years.
Dr Engelhard said that such an outbreak can be related to human activities.
“Research we have conducted in Australia has clearly shown that human activities, such as increasing the levels of certain nutrient in sea water as well as over-fishing of the natural predators of the starfish can lead to outbreaks,” he said.
Natural predators of the starfish include the Giant Triton snail, harlequin shrimp and puffer fish.
Recovery will take years
According to Dr Engelhardt, it could be another ten to fifteen years before the hard coral can restored to its pre-outbreak levels.
But Dr Shah is not quite so optimistic about controlling the starfish, warning that attempts to control the outbreaks would be expensive and unsustainable without addressing the root cause of the problem, namely the loss of the starfish’s natural predators and an overabundance of nutrients in the water.
“In Australia it is said that efforts to control COTS have been expensive and ineffective,” he explained, adding that in 2003, $3 million was spent to try to control a plague of the starfish.
“These methods involved cutting up the animals, which tend to re-grow their arms, taking them out of the water to dump on land which is very tedious and difficult, or injecting them with a single shot of poison.”
|Youtube video showing crown-of-thorn star fish at different locations in Seychelles waters.(Veronique Vanacore) Video License: All Rights reserved|
A fine-scale survey is now underway, both to further assess the presence of COTS in other areas and to determine the most effective solution to control their spread.
The survey is being coordinated by the Seychelles National Parks Authority and, according to Ronley Fanchette, the Director for Wildlife, Trade and Conservation in the Seychelles Ministry of Environment and Energy, will assess the abundance and distribution of COTS within Marine Protected Areas.
Other NGOs, such as the Island Conservation Society and Nature Seychelles are conducting surveys outside marine park areas.
“We also receive reports from dive centres whenever they come across large density of COTS in a particular area,” said Fanchette, who added that additional funding was being sought from the Indian Ocean Commission to find long-term solutions to the problem.


Fire in the Belly of the Beast
White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
Right now you are burning. Your body is busily oxidizing your last meal, converting it into new tissue, energy, and heat. This internal combustion is a 'slow burn', but the result is the same as a roaring bonfire: carbon compounds are combined with oxygen, breaking them down and producing thermal energy in the process. The greater the difference between the temperature inside and outside your body, the more rapidly you radiate this heat to the environment.
The body temperature of most creatures — including insects, fishes, and reptiles — fluctuates with the temperature of their environment. This is known as 'ectothermy' or 'cold-bloodedness'. Because they cannot maintain a constant body temperature, cold-blooded creatures tend to live where the average environmental temperature is optimal for them. But birds and mammals are able to physiologically regulate their internal temperature within a narrow, optimal range. This is called 'endothermy' or 'warm-bloodedness'. Our warm-bloodedness has (in part) enabled our species to extend its range from the warm equatorial tropics where we evolved to the cold temperate zones of higher latitudes. In cold environments, we can use insulation to help maintain our bodies' internal temperatures.
Water conducts heat many times faster than air, draining precious body heat with unrelenting efficiency. When diving, we rely on our dry or wet suits to insulate us against heat loss by trapping a layer of warm air or water against our skin. If we venture into a cold aquatic environment without such insulation, our internal thermostats need to work overtime to prevent hypothermia. I'm sure you will agree it is much easier (and more comfortable!) to swim in warm water than to warm cold water with your body heat. Many types of marine animal — including most sharks — are ectothermic, and thus are most abundant in warm waters. But at least seven species of mackerel sharks — the Great White (Carcharodon carcharias), the Longfin (Isurus paucus) and Shortfin (Isurus oxyrinchus) makos, the Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and Salmon Shark (Lamna ditropis), the Common Thresher (Alopias vulpinus) and the Bigeye Thresher (Alopias superciliosus) — have successfully invaded cold waters. These sharks are unique in their ability to elevate and maintain body temperatures as much as 13 °C above the ambient water temperature. One striking feature of these warm-bodied sharks is that their flanks and viscera are warm, while the heart and gills are at environmental temperatures. This is because they differ substantially from all other sharks in the pattern of blood supply to the viscera and swimming muscles.
The warm-bodied mackerel sharks have a special organ in their circulatory systems, allowing them to retain much of the heat generated by swimming and muscular activity. In cold-bodied sharks, this heat is radiated from the body surface and lost to the environment. Warm-bodied sharks are able to greatly reduce this heat loss by redirecting blood from enlarged arteries along the flanks inward through a dense bundle of small arteries and veins called the rete mirable (or "wonderful net"). The arteries in each rete carry cold, oxygenated blood from the gills, while the veins carry metabolically-warmed, deoxygenated blood. These small arteries and veins pass very close to one another, carrying blood in opposite directions. Because of this intimate countercurrent blood flow, most of the heat is transferred from the veins to the arteries and cycled back to the muscles and visceral organs that produced it originally. The warm-bodied mackerel sharks have three sets of retia: one in the swimming muscles, another in the anterior viscera, and a third surrounding the brain. Mackerel sharks with this modified circulatory system are able to maintain body temperatures well above that of the water in which they swim.
The advantages of being warm-bodied are stupendous. A 10 °C rise in body temperature can result in a three-fold increase in the speed and strength of muscle contraction — providing more power from a given muscle mass. For mackerel sharks, this may afford an increase in sustained swimming speeds. Greater speeds may be selectively advantageous when chasing prey or fleeing from predators (although it is difficult to imagine anything — other than man — regularly preying on even moderately large mackerel sharks) Being warm-bodied might also allow mackerel sharks to make excursions into colder or deeper waters. To remain alert in the mind-numbing chill, mackerel sharks have a rete 'brain heater' to help stave off the grogginess brought on by their cold-water environment. Theoretically, conservation of body heat may allow a more complete conversion of heat energy to work — or, to put it informally, more miles-per-fish. Elevated visceral temperatures — which are highest in the intestinal valve — may increase the rate of digestion and absorption of food, making available more caloric energy per day. The visceral retia also warm the uteri. By holding their young in warm uteri, mackerel sharks may somehow enhance the development of their embryos. Perhaps this shortens gestation, increasing the number of pregnancies a warm-bodied shark may have over her lifetime. Unfortunately, we know so little about development in these sharks that their gestation periods cannot be compared with those of cold-bodied sharks.
But the advantages of endothermy are costly. To maintain a warm body in cold water, a mackerel shark must burn fuel like a blast furnace. A warm-bodied shark may need more than ten times as much food as a cold-bodied shark of the same size. The thin biomass of tropical seas cannot readily support such high-energy carnivores. Since large fishes and large, energy-rich marine mammals tend to live inshore in cold temperate waters, mackerel sharks are most abundant in these areas. The distribution of warm-bodied sharks is thus dictated largely by availability of prey. For example, the Great White Shark is undeniably one of the sea's paramount predators: it can — and does — feed on virtually anything that swims. Adult White Sharks feed heavily upon seals and sea lions, which are large, swift, and agile. Most pinniped rookeries (large breeding colonies) are in cold temperate or sub-polar regions, and the white shark rarely strays far from these important food sources.
While energetically expensive, endothermy has enabled the mackerel sharks to function as effective predators in cold waters, taking advantage of the rich feeding available there. In the North Atlantic, Shortfin Makos pursue high-speed ocean rovers, such as bluefish and swordfish. The Salmon Shark is an endurance predator, picking off Pacific salmon as they migrate along the coasts of Alaska and northern Japan. The Bigeye Thresher swims deep in cold water, scanning the surface for the silhouette of schooling baitfish with its huge, upward-mounted eyes. The combination of large size, efficient metabolism, high-speed swimming, and powerful jaws help make the mackerel sharks versatile predators, allowing them to feed on a broad spectrum of prey types. By extending their range into cold waters, these sharks avoid competition with their cold-bodied cousins, which must remain in warmer seas. No doubt the heat-retaining retia of the mackerel sharks have freed them from being captives of the isotherms — allowing them to range throughout the breadth and depths of the World Ocean.
For many people, sharks are the epitome of the 'cold-blooded killer'. The warm-bodied mackerel sharks are spectacular reminders that many of our stereotypes are inaccurate. As apex predators, sharks are absolutely essential to the health and vigor of marine ecosystems. But their future in our oceans is very tenuous: we are slaughtering them for food and sport in unprecedented numbers. Perhaps a greater appreciation of the elegant adaptations of these incredible animals will help us see their intrinsic value. Our world would be a poorer, darker, lonelier place without them.
Want to know more? [More on Warm-Bodied Sharks]


The animal kingdom is full of extraordinary creatures with incredible longevity. From tortoises to whales, many species have lived for decades, or even centuries. In this article, we will explore the top 10 longest-lived animals in the world.
10. Koi Fish
Koi fish are famous for their longevity. These beautiful fish can live for up to 40 years in the right conditions. Some koi fish have even been reported to live for over 100 years.
Macaws are known for their vivid colors, but they are also among the longest-lived birds in the world. These intelligent birds can live for up to 80 years in captivity.
8. Box Turtle
Box turtles are popular pets, but they can also live for a long time in the wild. Some box turtles have been known to live for up to 100 years, making them one of the longest-lived reptiles in the world.
7. Greenland Shark
The Greenland shark is one of the longest-lived vertebrates in the world, with some individuals living for over 400 years. These deep-sea predators are slow-growing and reproduce at a late age, which contributes to their exceptional longevity.
6. Red Sea Urchin
Red sea urchins are fascinating creatures that can live for over 200 years. These sea creatures are found in the Pacific Ocean and are highly valued for their roe, which is a delicacy in some parts of the world.
5. Bowhead Whale
Bowhead whales are among the longest-lived mammals on earth, with some individuals living for over 200 years. These massive creatures are found in Arctic waters and are known for their unique baleen plates, which they use to filter food from the water.
The tuatara is a reptile that is native to New Zealand. These fascinating creatures can live for up to 200 years and have several unique characteristics, including a third eye on their forehead that can detect changes in light.
3. Ocean Quahog
The ocean quahog is a type of clam that can live for over 500 years. These bivalves are found in the North Atlantic and are valued for their meat, which is used in stews and chowders.
2. Aldabra Giant Tortoise
The Aldabra giant tortoise is one of the largest species of tortoise in the world and can live for over 100 years. These gentle giants are found on the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles and are known for their slow, lumbering gait.
1. Immortal Jellyfish
The immortal jellyfish is a small, transparent jellyfish that is capable of reverting to its juvenile state after it has reached maturity. This process can happen multiple times, which means that the immortal jellyfish is, in theory, capable of living forever.


This dataset consists of 67 DNA sequences of the alkane mono-oxygenase gene. The sequence data are in FASTA format which can be opened with word-processing as well as sequence analysis software.
The clone library was created using the primers described by Kloos et al. (2006, Journal Microbiological Methods 66:486-496) F: AAYACNGCNCAYGARCTNGGNCAYAA and R:GCRTGRTGRTCNGARTGNCGYTG.
The library was created from a marine sediment sample that was part of the SRE4 marine biodegradation experiment in O'Brien bay near Casey station. The sample used was from the sediment exposed to Special Antarctic Blend diesel 5-weeks after the time of deployment.
These data were collected as part of AAS project 2672 - Pathways of alkane biodegradation in antarctic and subantarctic soils and sediments.


scientific article | Proc 11th Int Coral Reef Symp | open access
Armstrong RA, Singh H, Rivero S, Gilbes F
Although remote sensing technology is a useful tool for monitoring shallow (<20 m depth) coral reefs present in clear oligothrophic waters, the large-scale assessment of reefs present in optically-deep waters requires other approaches such as the use of in situ platforms for high-resolution optical and acoustic imaging. Optically-deep waters are those where the upwelling radiance received by the airborne or satellite sensor originates from the water column without any bottom signal contribution. The Seabed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is an ideal platform for mapping and characterizing mesophotic reefs, those present between 30 to about 100 m depth, and for shallow reefs in turbid areas. This AUV was utilized to acquire high-resolution digital images to characterize the geomorphology and dominant benthic components present along two long photo-transects in southwestern Puerto Rico. These quantitative AUV surveys also provide a baseline for future evaluation of change in the deeper coral reef zones, which for most areas of the world, remain largely unknown.
Overall benthic (groups)
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)


The future of one fish, the striped bass, is directly tied to the future of the other, menhaden. But you wouldn’t know it by the way the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission is acting.
Some commissioners are hair-on-fire ready to vote on Monday to begin the process of adding new protections for striped bass that could change size and creel limits or shorten the fishing season. Forget the fact that the science to back such a decision—a new stock assessment--is still more than a month away from completion.
But the menhaden debate may linger on, as it has for years, or result in approval of some half-hearted measure.


The source of reworked Devonian algal “cysts” in last glacial maximum (LGM) sediment in the Gulf of Mexico is traced to their host black shales, which ring the southwestern Great Lakes. The source-to-sink pathway includes intermediate storage in fine-grained LGM glacial lacustrine sediment and till. The “cysts” are pelagic chlorophyllous algae (Tasmanites and Leiosphaeridia), collectively referred to herein as tasmanitids. Radiocarbon dates of syndepositional Gulf of Mexico foraminifera, derived from accelerator mass spectrometry, bracket the Gulf of Mexico sediment age with common tasmanitids from 28.5 ± 0.6–17.8 ± 0.2 cal kyr B.P.
Approximately 1400 km north of the Gulf of Mexico, tasmanitids are abundant in Upper Devonian black shales (New Albany, Antrim, and Ohio Shales) that ring the Michigan, Illinois, and Appalachian intracratonic basins. Tasmanitids were eroded from bedrock and incorporated in glacial sediment dating from ca. 28.0–17.6 cal kyr B.P. by the Lake Michigan, and Huron-Erie lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The physical characteristics of tasmanitids are ideal for long-distance transport as suspended sediment (density: 1.1–1.3 g/cc, size ranging from 63 µm to 300 µm), and these sand-sized tasmanitids traveled with the silt-clay fraction. Thus, the source-to-sink journey of tasmanitids was initiated by subglacial erosion by water or friction, sequestering in till or glaciolacustrine sediment, re-entrainment and suspension in meltwater, and final delivery in meltwater plumes to the Gulf of Mexico. River routes included the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and many of their tributaries.
Reworked Devonian tasmanitids are a previously unrecognized link between their occurrence in deep-water deposits of the Gulf of Mexico and the late Wisconsin glacial history of the Upper Mississippi Valley. We propose that tracking occurrences of tasmanitid concentrations from the source area to sink, along with adjunct proxies such as clay minerals, will facilitate a more refined analysis of the timing and duration of megafloods. This study also demonstrates that isotopically dead carbon, from reworked Devonian tasmanitid “cysts,” can contaminate radiocarbon dating of LGM bulk sediment samples toward older ages.


A small asian fish has managed to swim across the pacific ocean in a baitbox. The fish drifted by boat across the ocean after the 2011 tsunami
A small Japanese fish is attracting the eyes of a lot of curious visitors to the Seaside Aquarium in Oregon. The fish, a striped beakfish, is probably the greatest explorer of its species, because it was recently found alive off the coast of America, on the other side of the Pacific Ocean from where it’s supposed to be.
The fish was discovered in a baitbox onboard a Japanese boat which had drifted to the US West coast. It is believed that the small boat was carried away from Japan by the Tsunami of March 2011, and has since been drifting across the world’s largest ocean.
When the boat was discovered off the coast of Washington, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife boarded the vessel to examine the marine organisms left on it. They found the beakfish alive in a bait box where it is believed to have survived by dining on other organisms. Perhaps more amazing than the survival of the fish was that the baitbox had, most likely through pure coincidence, the exact ratio of different life forms needed to sustain a micro-eco system for over a year.


Metabolic and growth physiology of early life history stages of the northern spot shrimp, Pandalus platyceros
University of Alaska Southeast
- Jamie Musbach, MS program
The Northern spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) ranges from southern California waters to the Aleutians. There continues to be a commercial fishery for this species from Santa Barbara, CA, to Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound although the commercial fishery in many regions of Southeast Alaska have been closed since 2011. The closure in Southeast Alaska also extends to personal use harvest after 2012. The life history of this species is generally known to include planktonic larvae that hatch in the spring and settle as benthic juveniles. Molting increases their size and all shrimp become functional males prior to transitioning to reproductive females. This type of life history is known as protandry and as the functional male molts first to a transitional stage and later to the functional female, the shrimp increases greatly in size. As the fishery targets the largest shrimp, the reproductive females are removed preferentially. The timing of the fishery coincides with egg brooding and ovigerous females are removed from the population. To date, studies of spot shrimp life history are limited to California, Washington, and British Columbia where warmer waters accelerate life history parameters. The objectives of this project are to investigate the early life history of Alaska P. platyceros. Specifically researchers will study molting physiology (molt intervals and molting hormones) and oxygen consumption as a proxy for metabolic rate. After investigating the baseline physiological parameters, we will measure the effects of multiple stressors to include increased temperature and CO2 on molting biology and metabolism. Because early studies have published nutritional needs of the larvae and because we can maintain brooding females and post hatch larvae in the laboratory, we are confident that we will reveal important biological information concerning this Alaska species and potential impacts of climate change.
Spot shrimp Pandalus platyceros are an important commercial fishery and very little information exists about biology of Alaska populations, especially the early life history stages. This species of shrimp is protandric (all males become functional females) and is harvested from deep regions of the oceans (100–400 meters). There has been a dramatic and unexplained decline in populations of P. platyceros in Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS) which has forced the closure of this fishery in parts of the regions. Oceans are changing and we are acknowledging that temperatures are warming and acidity is increasing and these effects are sure to impact the biology of this shrimp species. As environmental change impacts the metabolic physiology of the species, then compromises are made to life history traits such as growth, reproduction, and even survival.
Why is this an Alaska Sea Grant project?
Northern spot shrimp are a commercially important shrimp of SEAK and historically in PWS. This shrimp also provides for sport and subsistence fishing. We know very little about the biology of this species, and the majority of the information we do know was obtained from Washington state and British Columbia populations and is incomplete. This project addresses two goals of the Alaska Sea Grant Strategic Plan: Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture and Healthy Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. While there are no plans in Alaska to culture P. platyceros commercially or for enhancement, knowledge gained from this project will benefit potential shrimp enhancement projects. Aside from detailing early life history events of P. platyceros in Alaska, this project will identify impacts of environmental change (ocean acidification) on the metabolism of P. platyceros larval and juvenile stages.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game


Research using earmuffs and fishing rods
Sailing from Norway to Spain and Portugal in great summer weather has been an adventure. But the voyage is first and foremost an expedition to gather new data, gain new insights, and then share the new knowledge.
All that can be measured, will be measured, from the weather and waves, to the conditions down in the sea.
Data collection is handled by students Erlend Mundal and Erik Furevik. They monitor the instruments that takes water samples, analyze and report, they look for whales and dolphins, and they fish. You read that right, fishing with a fishing rod.
Every morning, in the middle of the day and in the evening, the rods are put to use. One rod is for fish of normal size, the other so strong that it can catch fish weighing more than 20 kilos.
It was Geir Huse at the Institute of Marine Research who got the idea to equip the students with fishing rods.
- I don't think this has been done before, at least I do not know about it, he says.
Doing ocean reseach, it is common to use how much fish you manage to catch as a measure of how much fish there are in the sea in total. The researchers call it "catch per unit effort". The unique thing here is that normal fishing rods are used, systematically around the globe - 55,000 nautical miles, 102,000 kilometers.
- What we manage to catch is exciting, but also to have a time series. How often do we get a fish on the hook, along the entire route, says Huse.
The catch is photographed, weighed and measured, and the ear stones are picked out. The ear stones are part of the balance organ of the fish. If you split them in two, you will see annual rings that tell how old the fish is, just like in trees.
- The size of the fish provides some information, but the age of the fish is much more important to us, says Huse.
The catch does not go to the seagulls, but to the chef. On a ship, there is a limit to what you can bring in provisions, and fresh fish is delicious. No fish - so far.
- Of course, two small rods in a large sea, it is not a given that you get fish, says Huse.
Marine research vessel
Counting the number of fish caugth is not sufficient. The researchers will also find out if there is a connection between how often fish bites the hook, and other conditions in the sea. So, before the cruise began, Statsraad Lehmkuhl was equipped as a modern research vessel.
One of the instruments takes water samples, completely automatically. The system is called "Ferrybox".
- It takes samples of CO2 and oxygen content, chlorophyll - that is the amount of phytoplankton, temperature, and salinity, about once a minute. Ferrybox is a well-established system, installed on many ships, the ferries that cross the North Sea for example. It gives very good data, but the limitation is that the samples are taken from the water intake at the bottom of the ship, only about eight meters down, Huse explains.
They will therefore stop Statsraad Lehmkuhl at regular intervals. The ship has a sampler that can be lowered all the way down to 750 meters. A valve is closed, and then the water sample is pulled back on board.
Once the ship is at rest, a plankton net is also sent 200 meters down. The net has a very fine-meshed cloth, which collects plankton when it is slowly hauled up.
Plankton are tiny animals and plants that float around in the ocean. In a liter of seawater there can be tens of millions of them, and they are important food for fish and other animals.
- The plankton samples give us a lot of information, but they must be analyzed by experts on land so the contents of the net are preserved in alcohol, Huse says.
Checks for genetic material
The water samples will be checked for microplastics; tiny pieces of plastic bags, plastic bottles, remnants of ropes and other things, torn and broken by the waves. We also release microplastics when we wash synthetic clothes. The warm fleece jacket that is so nice and cosy has a problematic side to it.
DNA, genetic material, is also extracted from the water samples. The technique is called eDNA, which stands for environmental DNA.
- I am very excited about this, says Huse.
The technique has been known for a long time, but has been in practical use only the last five years. Everything that lives in the ocean releases some DNA, and there are now large databases that the samples are checked against. A list of organisms present in the area where the sample was taken is issued automatically.
- Even if you do not get the organism up, this is a completely certain identification, says Huse.
Many organisms stay down in the depths during the day, and only come to the surface during the night. Since the water samples are taken around the clock, Huse and his colleagues can study how this "commuting" takes place, and see if there are differences around the globe.
- To get DNA out of the water samples, we use special filters. Some of them are frozen and stored, while others are analyzed on board. So they get a species-list there and then, and that's a bit exciting. This is one of the more complicated tasks the students do, and which they needed a full day of training to perform, says Huse.
Statsraad Lehmkuhl has a new echo sounder installed. Not for safe navigation, but to discover what lives down below the ship.
On the echo sounders installed in our day cruisers, many strange things show up as fish symbols. This is not the case here, the echo sounder on board know the difference between plankton and fish.
- You can not visually see very far down into the sea, but the echo sounders reach all the way to the bottom, and give us an incredible amount of information, says Huse, and explains.
- We can look at how much plankton there is in the Atlantic in relation to in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean for example. And we can see if there is a connection between what we register of phytoplankton measured by Ferrybox in the upper layers, and the amount of fish further down, for example. How deep down do we find the zooplankton? Is there a connection between the organisms and the amount of sunlight?
If you put on a diving mask and dips your head into the ocean, it may seem empty and silent. But that's not the case. The animals that live down there make noise, and so do ships. The sound propagates more than four times faster in water than in air, and layers of water with different temperatures and salinity, creates "channels" that allow the song of a whale to be heard many kilometers away.
Huse will also investigate this, and has installed hydrophones on board - microphones made to function underwater.
- It will be very exciting to find out what we hear. What is man-made noise, and what is biological sound? And how the sound is distributed. We will look for relationships between natural sounds, noise, and other parameters, says Huse.
When you want to record sound using hydrophones, it is perfect to be in a sailing ship, which does not make noise itself.
- We can tow a hydrophone behind a boat with an engine as well, but now we remove noise from the ship almost completely. It's the same with echosounders. The fish are scared away by a boat that moves using a large propeller, Huse explains.
Watch for whales
Erlend and Erik will also watch for whales.
At regular intervals, they will scout the sea with binoculars. When they see a tail fin, or a blow - the cloud of water and steam when the whales breathe, they note the position and time, and what species they have seen.
The latter is a challenge. Marine scientists usually bring in special experts for counting whales, people who can recognize the different species based on the way they behave.
- The students do not have that experience, but they can at least see that here is a whale, and then they can eventually wind up what species it probably is. But just knowing that there are whales, and their numbers, helps us to understand the productivity, the amount of phytoplankton and fish, Huse says.
So a lot of responsibility rests on the shoulders of the students, and Huse is honest - as the first two are Erlend and Erik are guinea pigs.
- They are in a way double test guinea pigs. They will have to get the systems to run smoothly, we have not run the systems, we have tested them, but have not run them over time. And beeing the first, find out how much one can expect to get done in the course of a day. Now, this it is a bit unclear simply.
Agenda Vestlandet, a foundation established by Sparebanken Vest, makes it possible for Huse to have students on board during the entire cruise. They have paid for the equipment that is installed, and cover the costs of the total of 20 students who will share the work.


The New Zealand Government is hoping a group of Pacific people who are undergoing a fisheries course will lead to better management of fisheries in the Pacific region.
The group of 18 trainees from nine Pacific Island nations including Solomon Islands, Nauru, Tuvalu and Kiribati began the Pacific Fisheries Extension Officer Course in the South Island
The New Zealand Minister of Fisheries, Phil Heatley, says the government is investing over 380 thousand US dollars to fund the programme, as it believes it'll lead to a boost in fishing operations.
"Essentially if those Pacific nations can have expertise amongst their own people, particularly on fisheries management and science, surveillance and making sure that they capture the crooks out on the sea, pilfering and plunging the fishery, that would be good. And enforcement, that would be good too."
Phil Heatley says better management of fisheries will lead to greater income generation for Pacific nations, as well as healthy fish stocks across the Pacific region.


RI Fast Ferry to Provide Transport for Wind Farm Crews
May 22, 2015
Block Island Times: Rhode Island Fast Ferry, the Quonset based high-speed ferry company run by President Charles A. Donadio, Jr., has been awarded a 20-year contract with Deepwater Wind to supply the transfer vessels to be utilized for construction and maintenance of the Block Island Wind Farm. The deal is the first of its kind in the United States.
The following press release was issued by Deepwater Wind:
“A ground-breaking agreement enables high-speed catamaran ferry company Rhode Island Fast Ferry to commission the first US-built crew transfer vessel, to be built by Blount Boats, and launch Atlantic Wind Transfers, its commercial wind support services division.”
Read more about the contract between Deepwater Wind and Rhode Island Fast Ferry.


A generalized, nonlinear regression approach to the length-weight relationship of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea
Length-weight relationships in fish are important tools in fisheries management. The aim of this study was to estimate the growth curve W=aLb for European perch, Perca fluviatilis L., from the Polish coast of the southern Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25). The data set comprised the total weights and total lengths of 827 specimens caught during the 2011-2013 period. The mean total length (TL) was 169.4 mm (range 100.0-310.0 mm), and the mean total weight was 83.9 g (range 11.3-553.2 g). First, a multiplicative error term and a linear regression approach to loglog-transformed data was considered. The following estimated values for the parameters were obtained: a = exp(-12.5323), b=3.25, s=0.07862. This approach was not successful in solving the common heterogeneity problem of the length-weight data. A generalized nonlinear regression approach to the original data was more suitable in our case. The estimated model was W = 3.83×10-6×L3.238 + ĺ, with ĺ~norm(0,0.0281×E[W|L]2×1.242). The estimated 95% confidence interval for b was (3.218, 3.259), and the growth was allometric. The perch from the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea (ICES Subdivision 25) was characterized by slightly better condition than that caught in inland waters and estuaries.
M. De Giosa [+]
Dipartimento di Matematica, UniversitB di Bari
via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
Department of Fisheries Management
West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin
ul. Krolewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland


“European Council of Ministers secure agreement”
The Agriculture and Fisheries Council reached today a political agreement on a regulation concerning the 2020 catch limits for the main commercial fish stocks in the Atlantic, the North Sea and international fisheries in which EU vessels participate.
The quota-setting exercise is never easy and this year it took us several hours of negotiations to get to an agreement. But I am glad to announce that it is a balanced one that reconciles all the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy – environmental and socio-economic sustainability – to the benefit of the fish stocks, fishing sector and the EU citizens at large.
With today’s agreement the Council restated its strong commitment to the objective of the CFP – environmental, economic and social sustainability – the provisions of the multiannual management plans currently in force, and the best available scientific advice.
In light of the difficulties faced by EU fishermen in relation to mixed fisheries in certain areas and the risk of choke species, the Council decided to continue for one year the previously agreed pool mechanism for quota exchanges. Choke species are those that have a low quota that, when exhausted, can cause a vessel to stop fishing even if it still has quota for other species.
In order to address the difficult situation of cod and whiting stocks in the Celtic Sea and cod in Kattegat, the Council decided to introduce remedial measures with the aim of improving the selectivity of fishing gears and reducing bycatches.
Concerning seabass, it was decided to slightly increase the by-catch levels in the Northern areas and grant additional flexibility in their management. The bag limit for seabass recreational fisheries was set to two specimen per fisherman per day under certain conditions, and only from 1 March to 30 November 2020 for Northern seabass.
The Council agreement largely confirmed the initial Commission proposal, which established fishing opportunities in the form of yearly total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas by fish stocks in the different fishing zones. TACs and quotas concern stocks that the EU manages either autonomously or jointly with third countries, for instance with Norway in the North Sea and the Skagerrak, or through agreements reached in the framework of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs).
Based on the scientific advice provided by the International council for the exploration of the sea (ICES), the Commission had proposed for 2020 to:
- increase or keep current catch limits for 32 stocks,
- reduce it for 40 stocks.
One of the main objectives of the reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is to ensure high long-term fishing yields (maximum sustainable yield) by 2020 at the latest. In December 2018, 59 stocks were already fished at MSY levels.
In a further statement released by the European Commission it went on to say:
We had long and intense negotiations, but finally we are here to announce that next year we will enter a new era of European fisheries.
I would like to draw your attention to 4 key highlights we all have agreed on.
First, with a long term ambition, today we reached an agreement proving our credibility to deliver on the maximum sustainable yield objective that we all have committed to under the Common Fisheries Policy. Next year the EU Member States’ fleet will fish at the level that would not hinder the regeneration of the stocks.
Second, thanks to the efforts made by European fishermen and women we already see that sustainable fishing pays off. Sustainability in fisheries serves both our planet and our fishing communities who deserve a chance to reap real economic rewards.
Many success stories show us that stocks that have been overfished can recover thanks to the ambitious actions taken. This is the case for Northern hake: today fishers can catch twice as much as in 2008. This is the case with Northern seabass: emergency measures agreed in 2015 have led to maximum sustainable yield fishing after only three years.
Today’s efforts will have an impact already in the following year. We agreed on a number of substantial increases for more than 25 valuable fish stocks. The more sustainable we are, the more prosperous European fishermen and women will be.
Third, following the collapse of Cod in the Celtic Sea we agreed on a comprehensive package of measures to stimulate the regeneration of the stocks in this sea basin.
We agreed to stop targeting Cod in the Celtic Sea and only allow limited bycatch where it is unavoidable in the fishery of the other stocks. This will also apply to Cod West of Scotland, Whiting in the Irish Sea and Whiting in the Celtic Sea.
I want to especially stress that for the first time the focus of the agreed fisheries management is on strict measures increasing selectivity. The selectivity enables fishers to minimize the unavoidable catches. Increase of mesh sizes, extension of protection zones and the monitoring measures introduced will improve selectivity and sustainability of fishing activities in the Celtic Sea and the Kattegat.
Today’s overall agreement for the Atlantic and the North Sea stocks brings 99.4 percent of landings in the EU from sustainable sources. For some of the remaining stocks the agreement foresees even stricter conservation measures.
Fourth, we are extending sustainable fisheries to new sea basins For the first time ever, this year, the Commission has proposed fishing opportunities covering the Mediterranean Sea. Together with Member States we agreed to a 10 percent reduction of fishing effort for demersal species in the Mediterranean Sea. For the Black Sea, we have reached a compromise on quotas for the two most important commercial species, sprat and turbot, shared between Bulgaria and Romania.
On this positive note, I would like to thank the Finnish Presidency, Member States and my Commission colleagues for their work and constructive cooperation. The balanced compromise, which reflects the importance of the three pillars of sustainability – environmental, social and economic – will lead to thriving fishermen, women and coastal communities as well as healthy seas and oceans.
Today we showed that we can keep up with a high pace ensuring sustainability in fisheries. It must be a new standard for the future.


It is estimated that around eight million pieces of plastic waste enter our oceans every day and most comes from land-based sources.
As divers and snorkellers, you can support our marine environment every day. From simply popping discarded litter into your BC pocket on a dive or picking up litter when you're on the beach, to organising an Underwater Litterpick, there are plenty of ways to do your bit.
How to get involved in the BSAC Marine Clean 2018
- Get your Five-a-Day – embrace the Marine Clean ethos by pledging to collect at least five pieces of single-use plastic every day! Find out more and make your pledge now.
- Marine clean as you dive – get together with your club or your dive buddies and organise an Underwater Litterpick – or commit to being an ‘Underwater Litterpicker’ on every dive. Our BSAC Underwater Litterpick resources will help you get started.
- Clean up topside! Whether it’s part of a family day out to the beach, your surface interval on a club trip or a more organised group effort, make every trip to the beach or coastline a chance to have a tidy up! Beach Cleans – which can also include roads and areas leading up to a beach - can really make a difference in the amount of debris getting into our oceans. Use our Guide to Beach Cleans to get started.
- Do it – share it! Collect, capture and upload your Marine Clean 2018 pictures and success stories.
From a photo of the litter you collect, to a pic of your Underwater Litterpick or Beach Clean team in action, share your BSAC Marine Clean efforts on Instagram or Twitter using the hashtag #bsacmarineclean to show your support and help clean up your marine environment.


Projects per year
I am a chemist by training, but developed a strong interest in the oceans during my undergraduate degree. During my PhD, most of which was completed at Plymouth Marine Laboratory, I studied the chemistry of complex natural organic matter in estuarine conditions. I then went on to investigate the fate of similar organic materials during alumina recovery from bauxite at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica. After returning to the UK, I spent some time at the University of Liverpool working on the analysis of iron and other trace metals in seawater. In 1997 I moved to the University of East Anglia, where my research interests have developed into the fields of marine and atmospheric iodine biogeochemistry and the atmospheric transport of nutrients and trace metals and their impact on the marine carbon cycle.
- 1984-1987, University of Southampton, BSc (Hons), Chemistry with Oceanography, Upper Second Class
- 1987-1992, University of Southampton, PhD, Marine Chemistry
- 1992-1994, Research Fellow, Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
- 1995-1997, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, Oceanography Laboratories, University of Liverpool
- 1997-2005, Senior Research Assistant, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
- 1999, Temporary Lecturer, Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
- 2005-2010, RCUK Academic Fellow, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
- 2010-2017, Reader in Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
- 2017-present, Professor of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
I am currently advertising this PhD studentship: Microplastics: All up in the air? Deadline: 10th July 2021.
Other PhD Positions
However, feel free to email me to discuss alternative projects in other areas of ocean-atmosphere chemical exchange and sources of funding.
Click here for other PhD opportunities in the School of Environmental Sciences.
Key Research Interests
My current research focuses on the chemistry of interactions between the atmosphere and the surface of the ocean. A major part of this involves a study of deposition in aerosols and rain of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, iron and other trace metals) to the ocean, in order to assess their impact on marine productivity and hence the global carbon cycle. On a global scale, iron is the nutrient for which atmospheric inputs to the ocean have the most significant impact on phytoplankton growth. I study the factors that control how much of the iron that falls into the ocean actually dissolves in seawater as this is the fraction which helps to fuel phytoplankton growth. My other main research area involves the study of iodine cycling in the marine atmosphere (where iodine chemistry influences ozone destruction and new aerosol formation) and in seawater (where the metabolism of iodine by algae is linked to the flux of iodine from the ocean into the atmosphere).
Publications: EPrints Digital Repository
- Director of Admissions for ENV
- Natural Sciences Rep and Placement Director Year in Europe
Collaborations and top research areas from the last five years
Dive into details
Select a country/territory to view shared publications and projects
1/09/21 → 30/11/22
Lettice, F., Alexander, M., Askounis, A., Baker, A., Cammidge, A., Chao, Y., Fabian, L., Fielden, J., Hernaez, M., Hui, O., Kaplani, E., Khimyak, Y., Liss, P., Lord, R., Marin, M. J., Mayes, A., Melendi-Espina, S., Nolte, S., Romanov, A., Saeed, A., Sobolewski, A., Tolhurst, T. & Wright, J.
6/11/20 → 31/08/22
Baker, AR. & Croot, PL., 2010, In: Marine Chemistry. 120, 1-4, p. 4-13 10 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review289 Citations (Scopus)
Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50 degrees North to 50 degrees South based on large-scale field sampling: Fixed nitrogen and dry deposition of phosphorusBaker, AR., Lesworth, T., Adams, C., Jickells, TJ. & Ganzeveld, L., 2010, In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 24
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review89 Citations (Scopus)
Estimation of atmospheric nutrient inputs to the Atlantic Ocean from 50°N to 50°S based on large-scale field sampling: Iron and other dust-associated elementsBaker, A. R., Adams, C., Bell, T. G., Jickells, T. D. & Ganzeveld, L., 1 Aug 2013, In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 27, 3, p. 755-767 13 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review77 Citations (Scopus)
Baker, A., Bergmann, M., Brahney, J., Butler, T., Duce, R. A., Eckhardt, S., Evangeliou, N., Jickells, T., Kanakidou, M., Kershaw, P., Laj, P., Levermore, J., Li, D., Liss, P., Liu, K., Mahowald, N., Masque, P. & 13 others, , Jun 2022, In: Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 3, 6, p. 393–405 13 p.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-reviewOpen AccessFile73 Citations (Scopus)9 Downloads (Pure)
Gómez Martín, J. C., Saiz Lopez, A., Cuevas, C. A., Baker, A. & Fernandez, R. P., 27 Feb 2022, In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 127, 4, 14 p., e2021JD036081.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-reviewOpen AccessFile9 Downloads (Pure)
- 2 External research organisation
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (External organisation)
Alex Baker (Member)2013 → …
Activity: Membership › External research organisation
Alex Baker (Member)2008 → …
Activity: Membership › External research organisation
Increased acidity in the atmosphere is disrupting the ecological balance of the oceans, according to new research led by UEA.
7/07/21 → 12/07/21
24 items of Media coverage
Press/Media: Press / Media