By Chris Lang
Recently, the so-called “forgotten solution” of natural climate solutions has been widely promoted. More than 150 nature-based solutions were announced at the recent UN Climate Action Summit in New York.
Some of the proposals specifically mention REDD or natural climate solutions in their titles, including the following:
- The REDD+ Acceleration Facility (RAF): Scaling Finance for Tropical Forest Protection (Environmental Defense Fund);
- UN-REDD: Supporting countries with complex policy and institutional reforms to scale up climate actions and ambitions on sustainable land and forest management, conservation and restoration;
- The Architecture for REDD+ Transactions (ART): Attracting New Investment to protect and Restore Forests; and
- Natural Climate Solutions Alliance (World Economic Forum, World Business Council on Sustainable Development and Nature4Climate).
Reporting on the Climate Action Summit, ProPublica journalist Lisa Song writes,
There was little talk of eliminating the use of fossil fuels, a drastic but economically tricky and politically painful step that would guarantee those emissions reductions.
Instead, some experts fear, the answer involves an overreliance on offsets, a word that has become so unfashionable, it has been replaced by euphemisms like “nature-based solutions.” In general, offsets allow polluters to get credit for cutting their own emissions by paying someone in another city, state or country to reduce theirs.
Some of the support for natural climate solutions comes from a surprising source. Just before the Climate Action Summit, journalist George Monbiot and Greta Thunberg put out a video promoting natural climate solutions. They produced the video with Conservation International and Nature4Climate.
But both Conservation International and Nature4Climate are proponents of offsetting. Conservation International runs several REDD offsetting projects. Nature4Climate was set up by The Nature Conservancy, which also runs REDD offsetting projects, and has long been a major proponent of forest carbon offsets.
Reorienting the climate debate
Green Finance Observatory is a team of team of academic, ex financial market and advocacy professionals that focusses on the “nuts and bolts of green financial markets and instruments”. This week Green Finance Observatory published a briefing on natural climate solutions.
The briefing argues that while it is possible to achieve a fully decarbonised energy system, in some sectors it is impossible to completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions.
So some sort of carbon capture and storage, in trees and soils, or in geological formations, for example, is going to be necessary if we are to stand a chance of avoiding climate breakdown.
Green Finance Observatory notes that “Protecting natural forests and planting trees to absorb CO2 in itself is a good thing – provided it’s not monoculture tree plantation”.
Green Finance Observatory is concerned that natural climate solutions are being used to reorientate the climate debate away from reducing avoidable emissions from fossil fuels.
Five major problems with natural climate solutions
Having acknowledged that sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere is going to be necessary, and that protecting forests and planting trees is a good thing, the Green Finance Observatory lists five major problems with natural climate solutions:
1. Storing carbon in soils and trees is not permanent and is highly uncertain: Measuring exactly how much carbon is not released to the atmosphere as the result of a natural climate solution project involves “incredibly high scientific uncertainty”.
There is also the “very real possibility” that the stored carbon will be released to the atmosphere after only a short time when the trees are cut or burned.
Calculating the impact of carbon capture and storage projects would require being able to determine with reasonable certainty a hypothetical world without the project and then assign a single number to the greenhouse gas emissions associated with that world over the next 100 years – the approximate residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
In a 2008 assessment of the Clean Development Mechanism the US General Accounting Office stated that “it is impossible to know with certainty whether any given project is additional”.
A 2016 study published by the European Commission found that of the carbon offset projects it investigated, 85% had failed to reduce emissions.
In 2018, a San Diego court rejected a climate action plan that relied on carbon offsets, ruling that carbon offsetting was not acceptable. The court called the mitigation “unverifiable”.
The Green Finance Observatory notes that,
There is an inherent high risk that forests do not represent real emission reductions due to the impermanence of forest carbon, inflated baseline, problematic additionality testing and difficult monitoring reporting and verification.
Forest conservation was excluded from the CDM and from the EU Emissions Trading System for precisely these reasons.
2. Natural climate solutions are likely to be instead of reductions in emissions from fossil fuels: Many countries are planning “net zero” emissions targets by 2050, or sooner. These rely on absorbing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere, equivalent to the amount of CO2 emissions that remained.
Recently, Professor Kevin Anderson noted that the British Committee on Climate Change’s most recent report relies on “approximately 40% higher negative emission technologies by 2050 than in their previous analysis. As we fail on mitigation, we simply turn up the negative emission technologies’ dial”.
Oil companies, including Eni and Shell, are planning large scale tree planting and forest conservation operations, while expanding their oil exploration and extraction operations.
The aviation industry is setting up its Carbon Offset Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) which will allow emissions to increase while using offsets to claim to be reducing its emissions. CORSIA is a cap-and-trade scheme, without the cap.
3. Carbon capture and storage is typically financing by carbon offsets: Green Finance Observatory notes that financing natural climate solutions with offsets wrongly equates temporary sequestration with permanent emissions from fossil fuels.
Green Finance Observatory argues that natural climate solutions should be excluded from carbon markets, and severely capped in Nationally Determined Contributions and Net Zero emissions targets.
The briefing states that,
The issue in doing so, however, is that hardly anyone would likely be interested in financing them anymore, as their political appeal resides precisely in their cost-effectiveness compared to emission reductions.
Green Finance Observatory welcomes George Monbiot’s statement that “the age of offsets is over”, but contrasts this with calls to include natural climate solutions in carbon markets. For example, the Natural Climate Solutions Alliance, organised by WEF, WBCSD, and Nature4Climate, which states, “Markets for carbon credits have the potential to mobilize finance for NCS at the scale required quickly.”
Despite the fact that Nature4Climate promotes carbon offsets, it is one of the organisations listed as “allies” on George Monbiot’s Natural Climate Solutions website.
The supposed scientific basis for natural climate solutions is a single 2017 paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. The lead author was Bronson Griscom, Director of Forest Carbon Science at The Nature Conservancy. (See REDD-Monitor’s critique of the paper here, co-written with Simon Counsell of Rainforest Foundation UK.)
The paper states that, “the majority of potential reforestation area is located in the tropics”.
This “is a cause for concern,” Green Finance Observatory notes. “So is the suggestion that NCS should be implemented in priority on land whose agricultural yield are low, as such land is typically owned by the more vulnerable communities.”
5. Large-scale forest carbon sequestration could cause food prices to skyrocket: Forest carbon sequestration competes with cropland, and will disproportionally affect the poor. Green Finance Observatory writes that, “It can at best only be a small piece of the puzzle.”
Green Finance Observatory quotes from a recent study in the journal Environmental and Resource Economics:
[M]eeting half the Paris Agreement’s goal for atmospheric carbon reduction would send food prices soaring, especially in developing economies. In some places, food prices would get so high that it would never happen…. Significant forest carbon sequestration leads to reductions in food supply at the same time we’re expecting population increases. This is a simple supply and demand problem.
Green Finance Observatory puts forward four suggestions to ensure the “environmental and social integrity” of natural climate solutions:
- Natural climate solutions should be severely capped in Nationally Determined Contributions and Net Zero targets, to ensure that they don’t exceed emissions that are demonstrably unavoidable.
- Natural climate solution projects should not be financed by carbon trading. Emissions from fossil fuels is not comparable with carbon sequestration in soils and trees.
- Projects fostering the monetary valuation and/or trading of ecosystem services and biodiversity destruction should be excluded.
- Binding rules should be developed to prevent predatory behaviour with local indigenous communities, with deterring penalties and adequate enforcement resources.
Green Finance Observatory concludes that without these criteria, natural climate solutions “will only be the latest rebranding of failed carbon offsets”.


This course provides guidelines for defining and managing diversity, understanding Canada’s diverse labour market, managing five generations working together, legal requirements for the Canadian workplace related to diversity and inclusion.
This course addresses workplace diversity in Canada. The great variety of differences between people in today’s work environment comes with opportunities and challenges. Communication, adaptability and change are prime requirements for employees to work together productively and harmoniously. Further, with workplace diversity continually increasing, forward looking companies and organizations see the need to be proactive in successfully developing diverse, inclusive work environments.
This course provides guidelines for defining and managing diversity, understanding Canada’s diverse labour market, managing the five generations working together today, legal requirements for the Canadian workplace related to diversity and inclusion, knowing the programs for recruiting foreign workers, building an inclusive workplace, and developing a diversity program.
Who should attend?
This course is applicable to all industry personnel in a food processing plant including: new hires, owners, supervisors, production personnel, etc.
After the completion of the Workplace Diversity course, students will have developed the following knowledge and strategies:
- Understanding the meaning of diversity
- Understanding that diversity defines Canadian workplaces
- To welcome and benefit from diversity
- Identify the three steps for managing diversity
- Understand that Canada’s workforce has five generations working together
- The moral and legal considerations of workplace equality in Canada
- Knowledge of employee rights and responsibilities as a member of Canada’s work force
- Knowledge of worker recruitment programs
- Legal requirements for creating an inclusive workplace
- Anti-harassment and workplace accommodation policies
- Employer’s responsibilities in dealing with complaints about harassment.
- Strategies for integrating diverse new hires into the workplace and supporting their needs
The goal of this training is to provide knowledge, insights and strategies which will help clients be welcoming and supportive of diverse employees in Canada’s food processing industry.
- Advantages and challenges of diversity
- Generational diversity
- Inclusive workplaces
- New employee integration


- John William Strutt [struht] /strʌt/, 3rd Baron,1842–1919, English physicist: Nobel prize 1904.
Examples from the Web for rayleigh
Historical Examples of rayleigh
Eggs are also sent to the Rayleigh Dairies in vast quantities.The Danes in Lancashire and Yorkshire
S. W. Partington
He, Rayleigh of Rayleigh Court—to sell to a stranger the park, the fields, the house!
It seems very unfriendly in old Rayleigh to keep such a hold on the property, when Mr Jeeks is willing to buy him off.
The news that Rayleigh and Hockley had also been abandoned by the enemy came in shortly afterwards.The Invasion
William Le Queux
Argon, ar′gon, n. a constituent element of our atmosphere, discovered in 1894 by Rayleigh and Ramsay.
- Lord, title of John William Strutt, 1842–1919, British physicist. He discovered argon (1894) with Ramsay and made important contributions to the theory of sound, the theory of scattering of radiation, etc. Nobel prize for physics 1904
- British physicist whose investigation of the densities of gases led to his discovery (with Sir William Ramsay) of the noble gas argon in 1894. For this work he won the 1904 Nobel Prize for physics.


(Associated Press) Autism cases are on the rise again, largely due to wider screening and better diagnosis, federal health officials said Thursday.
The rate of U.S. cases of autism and related disorders rose to about 1 in 88 children. The previous estimate was 1 in 110.
The new figure is from the latest in a series of studies that have been steadily increasing the government’s autism estimate. This new number means autism is nearly twice as common as officials said it was only five years ago, and likely affects roughly 1 million U.S. children and teens.


The overall performance of a state depends upon the type of leadership that runs it. If the leadership possesses good qualities, the state and its people prosper otherwise people live meager lives and the state faces many challenges. Today most of the Third World countries, including Pakistan, faces the problem of lack of competent leadership. The reason behind this problem is the lack of qualities of a competent leader in the leadership of Pakistan and other similar countries. There are some standards, the presence of which in a person makes him a competent leader. Some of these standards have been pointed out in below paragraphs.
Selflessness: Selflessness means the quality of being thoughtful of the needs of others more than one’s own. Generally people and particularly leaders desire for power and authority merely to fulfill own needs and materialized own objectives and dreams. But if a leader has no selfish objectives in acquiring the power and office of the authority, only then he can become a perfect leader. The characteristic of selflessness makes him thoughtful of the needs of his fellow citizens in the first place and he misses no chance to get his people and country out of troubled conditions.
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Trustworthiness: This characteristic falls under the category of selflessness. Trustworthiness required that the person, who wants to become leader, must have such reputation in the society that he can be trusted with the duty of leadership. Trustworthiness is important because people, when elect a person as their leader, actually put their trust in him. People trust that their leaders will not deceive them in any affair of the national level and that their leaders will take every action in national interest not in their personal interests.
Truthful: The leader must also have the quality of truthfulness. Truthfulness affects the actions of a leader. If a leader is truthful, his actions and sayings will match otherwise will not. If a leader possesses the above two qualities, Selflessness and Trustworthiness, the quality of truthfulness will come itself in him. Truthfulness of a leader is also important because if a person cannot speak truth how can he be trustworthy and selfless?
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Mettlesomeness: For a leader it is also necessary that he must possess the quality of mettlesomeness. If a leader cannot take active decisions and actions in tense circumstances, how can he lead his country? It is therefore necessary that the leaders must be mettlesome because only brave and fearless leadership can take bold steps for the uplift and development of his fellowmen and state. This quality is the mostly needed character for a leader especially in today’s world affairs because of the interlinked nature of the objectives of all the states of the modern world.
Determination: For a leader it is also necessary that not only he face the problems fearlessly but he must also have the guts to stay determined to his objectives. The quality of determination and firmness not only strengthen the talent of leadership in a person but it also makes general public, fan of their leader. If a leader lacks the characteristic of determination, he cannot achieve what he claims of. Such leaders often changes its objectives and even most of the time fall back from his statement and commitment due to one or another reasons.
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Sagaciousness: Another important characteristic of good leadership is sagaciousness. This characteristic demands that the leaders must not only have the quality to deal wisely with every affair of the state but also not let emotions lead their actions and decisions. Sometimes leaders have to take such decisions that apparently seem totally against the human emotions and principles of humanity. In such case only a sagacious leader, a leader whose emotions not control his actions, can took proper decision and action. Sometimes leaders have to sacrifice small benefit for major objectives but only a wise enough leader can took such decisions properly. All these arguments indicates that a leader must possesses the quality of sagaciousness
Visionary: This is the characteristic that distinguished a particular leader from all his fellow leaders. Only a visionary leader can achieve success in real terms because if a leader has no objectives and vision of tomorrow, he cannot lead the country properly. A country without a visionary leader is like a ship in ocean without any determined destination. It is vision that allures a leader and his followers to struggle in a particular direction to achieve their goals.
Strategic And Tactful: How wisely and tactfully a leader deals an unpleasant event in the country, defines his leadership qualities. Devising a successful strategy and its effective implementation are the two most important characteristics of a competent leader.
Team-worker: Another characteristic of good leadership is team work. A competent leader not only hears the views and ideas of his subordinates but he also takes them and all other leaders of the country on board while making a decision and executing an action of national interest.
Law Abider: Another very important characteristic of competent leadership is that a competent leader must always be law abider. A person can only order others to follow the law if he himself is law follower and works within the limits of law. Law abidance of leader is necessary because only a law abider leader can held other leaders accountable for their unlawful actions and prosecute their accountability.


SC orders sterilization of stray dog population in India, a landmark verdict
Supreme Court of India has directed all states and local bodies in the country to take necessary steps to sterilize and vaccinate entire population of stray dogs on the streets. Idea of the apex court’s landmark ruling is to control stray dog population and the spread of rabies becoming a problem in some parts of the country.
The court has ordered sterilization and vaccination procedure to be carried out under strict supervision of the Animal Welfare Board (AWB) of India without hindrance of any kind. SC has granted four weeks time to the states to respond, and has advised AWB to draft a module for the procedure by July 12.
The bench headed by Justice Dipak Mishra was hearing batch of appeals filed against decisions of various high courts allowing municipal authorities to deal with population of stray dog. The order said:
We direct that the dogs which are required to be sterilized or vaccinated, the procedure shall be carried out in accordance with the act and rules and no organisation shall create any kind of obstacle or impediment. It shall be the obligation of the board to oversee that this is being carried out and no obstructions are created in this regard from any quarter.
This Supreme Court ruling is important because of two reasons – 1. The population of stray dogs is way to large in India. 2. Sterilization is the best ways to decrease population of stray dogs. Let us look at each of the reasons individually.
Population of stray dogs is too large in India
Union Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar tabled a report from the 19th Livestock Census 2012 in the Lok Sabha on March 2, 2016. According to the report presented in the backdrop of increasing number of dog bites and rabies cases, there were around 1.71 crore stray dogs reported from rural and urban areas in Indian states and Union Territories.
Along with this alarming number, Javadeker also informed that only 89,708, 48,405, and 31,341 stray dogs have been sterilized in 2012-13, 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively.
Why sterilization is the best way to control stray dog population?
Stray dog population of an area is related to the size and civic makeup of the human population in the particular area. Improper disposal of waste – a human created predicament is one of the major reasons for the surmounting population of stray dogs India, largely in urban areas. Large exposed garbage dumps all around the cities provide source of food for large population of dogs to thrive on.
• Why isn’t killing of dogs a good alternative to curb this population?
In addition to being inhuman and unethical, culling or mass killing of dogs is not a viable solution for population control because the root problem still remains unaltered.
Studies by World Health Organization (WHO) and India’s own Animal Welfare Board point out that the urban environment in India encourages breeding of dogs. Increasing garbage dumps and slums areas (where stray dogs are free roaming pets) are two main reasons for it. Irrespective of mass dog killings, the root problem of population remains unaltered because the surviving dogs keep multiplying and dog bites remain a rampant problem.
Sterilization is a good idea because dogs after being sterilized can be left back in their environment harmless. Since they are sterilized they do not multiply. Female dogs have limited pups, and over time no pups to guard and they are less aggressive. As sterilized dogs die natural death over time, the population is largely decreased.
This procedure cannot be a success without awareness. People will have to be educated not to create garbage dumps everywhere, and governments will have to provide appropriate waste treatment alternatives.


Oct. 10, 2011
How was it possible, I a father
yet a child of my father? I
grew panicky and thought
of running away but knew
I would be scorned for it
by my father. I stood
and listened to myself
being called Dad.
How ridiculous it sounded,
but in front of me, asking
for attention—how could I,
a child, ignore this child's plea?
I lifted him into my arms
and hugged him as I would have
wanted my father to hug me,
and it was as though satisfying
my own lost childhood.
Today is Columbus Day. On October 12th, 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on an island in what is now the Bahamas.
For hundreds of years, Europeans had traded with China and India along the Silk Road, an overland trade route that ran through Central Asia. The Mongol Empire controlled the land all the way from the Middle East to China, and under Mongol rule the Silk Road was safe to travel — that was the era when Marco Polo traveled to China to meet Kublai Kahn. But the Mongol Empire dissolved, and the Ottoman Empire invaded Constantinople in 1453 and blocked European access to trade routes. No more silk, spices, tea, porcelain, ivory, or opium. So European leaders invested in trying to find a new trade route to Asia. Most explorers were heading east, traveling down and around South Africa. Columbus wanted to head west.
It is a common myth that Columbus persevered in the face of a society that thought the earth was flat. In fact, just about all educated Europeans knew that the earth was spherical. King Ferdinand of Spain was skeptical of Columbus not because Ferdinand thought the earth was flat, but because he thought Columbus was way off in his theory of the earth's circumference, and that Asia was much further west than Columbus had calculated. Ferdinand was correct, of course, but eventually he and his wife Isabella changed their minds, and sponsored Columbus. He sailed from Spain on August 3rd, 1492, with three ships: the Santa Maria, the Niña, and the Pinta.
In the early morning hours of October 12th, the captain of the Pinta, Juan Alonso Pinzón, spotted land. Ferdinand and Isabella had promised a lifetime pension to the first person to spot land, so Columbus claimed that he had actually seen light the night before, but delayed the announcement until he was sure. So Columbus got the pension, and Pinzón didn't get anything. The island they landed on is part of what is now the Bahamas, but Columbus was convinced he had made it to Asia, and called the indigenous people "Indians."
It's the birthday of novelist R.K. Narayan (books by this author), born in what is now Chennai, India (1906). He said: "Everyone thinks he's a writer with a mission. Myself, absolutely not. I write only because I'm interested in a type of character and I'm amused mostly by the seriousness with which each man takes himself."
It's the birthday of playwright Harold Pinter (books by this author), born in London (1930). He described the neighborhood of his childhood: "It was a working-class area — some big, run-down Victorian houses and a soap factory with a terrible smell and a lot of railway yards." His father was a tailor who worked long days. Pinter said: "At least when he got home, my mother always cooked him a very good dinner. Lots of potatoes, I remember; he used to knock them down like a dose of salts. He needed it, after a 12-hour day. So we were not well-off in any way — he was a working man and that was it."
During World War II, Harold was evacuated from London to stay with 24 other boys in a castle in Cornwall. But he missed his family, and it was expensive for them to house him in Cornwall, so he moved back to London while the war was still raging. He was about 13 years old when he woke in the middle of the night to find that his house had been hit by a bomb. His family all escaped, and Pinter took two items with him: a cricket bat and a love poem he was writing to a girl down the street.
Pinter published his first poem when he was 20, and for the next few years he tried it all: wrote a novel, acted in a touring Shakespeare company, and started writing plays. His first inspiration for drama came unexpectedly. He said: "I was at a party in a house and I was taken for some reason or other to be introduced to a man who lived on the top floor, or an upper floor, and went into his room. He was a slender, middle-aged man in bare feet who was walking about the room. Very sociable and pleasant, and he was making bacon and eggs for an enormous man who was sitting at the table, who was totally silent. And he made his bacon and eggs, and cut bread, and poured tea and gave it to this fellow who was reading a comic. And in the meantime he was talking to us — very, very quickly and lightly. We only had about five minutes but something like that remained. I told a friend I'd like to write a play, there's some play here. And then it all happened." What happened was that Pinter got a call from his friend Henry Woolf. Woolf said he had one week to find a play to direct at the University of Bristol, and he was hoping Pinter might write one. Pinter laughed at him and said he couldn't possibly write a play in less than six months, and then immediately wrote his first play, The Room (1957), in just four days. It's the story of a couple, Rose and Bert, living in a room in a rundown boardinghouse. Their room seems like a warm retreat from the world outside, but from the beginning things are not right. During the first section of the play, Rose talks to Bert nonstop without receiving a single reply — she answers her own questions while he eats the breakfast she serves him. Then the landlord comes in, and he and Rose talk for a while, while Bert continues to say nothing. Finally, Bert leaves to go to work, and several strangers end up in their room, including a blind black man. When Bert returns, he finds the blind man so threatening that he explodes in violence — after a long monologue, he beats the man, possibly killing him. The play ends with Rose crying out that she can't see.
The Room was performed to a small audience at the University of Bristol. Pinter was terrified during the entire performance. He said: "Since I'd never written a play before, I'd of course never seen one of mine performed, never had an audience sitting there. The only people who'd ever seen what I'd written had been a few friends and my wife. So to sit in the audience — well, I wanted to piss very badly throughout the whole thing, and at the end I dashed out behind the bicycle shed."
Despite how uncomfortable the performance made him, he immediately started work on his second play, The Birthday Party (1958). It's the story of a man named Stanley who is staying with a middle-aged couple, Meg and Petey, in an English seaside town. Two strangers appear, sinister men who try to take Stanley away and make mysterious references to his betrayal of some sort of organization. The play centers on a birthday party Meg throws for Stanley, despite Stanley's repeated claims that it isn't even his birthday. In the end, Stanley is hauled off by the two strangers. When The Birthday Party opened in London, it was a total failure. Critics panned it, no one went to see it, and it closed after eight performances. Today it is considered a classic.
Pinter's plays always have an undercurrent of menace, and on top of that, information about characters never really lines up — characters all contradict each other and blur facts, and it's hard to tell who is lying, or for what reason. After he wrote The Birthday Party, Pinter got a letter in the mail that read: "Dear Sir: I would be obliged if you would kindly explain to me the meaning of your play, The Birthday Party. These are the points which I do not understand: 1. Who are the two men? 2. Where did Stanley come from? 3. Were they all supposed to be normal? You will appreciate that without the answers to my questions, I cannot fully understand your play." Pinter wrote back: "Dear Madam: I would be obliged if you would kindly explain to me the meaning of your letter. These are the points which I do not understand: 1. Who are you? 2. Where do you come from? 3. Are you supposed to be normal? You will appreciate that without the answers to my questions, I cannot fully understand your letter."
Harold Pinter's writing style is so distinctive — the sinister mood, the long pauses, the characters who all have different versions of the same event — that he actually has an adjective named after him, "Pinteresque." The Guardian defined it as "a cryptically mysterious situation imbued with hidden menace"; The New York Times as "a byword for strong and unspecified menace"; The Financial Times as"full of dark hints and pregnant suggestions, with the audience left uncertain as to what to conclude." Margaret Atwood described it: "A comet, but a comet shaped like hedgehog or a blur, not a cosy presence: not comforting, not cuddly, nor flannel. Prickly, bothersome, mordant and dour. Always unexpected, coming on you sideways with an alarming glare." You can find even find "Pinteresque" in the dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it: "Typically characterized by implications of threat and strong feeling produced through colloquial language, apparent triviality, and long pauses." Pinter, for his own part, said: "I can't define what it is myself. You use the term 'menace' and so on. I have no explanation of any of that really. What I write is what I write."
Pinter wrote 29 plays, including The Caretaker (1960), The Homecoming (1964), Betrayal (1978), A Kind of Alaska (1982), and Celebration (2000). He died in 2008, at the age of 78.
He said: "How can you write a happy play? Drama is about conflict and general degrees of perturbation, disarray. I've never been able to write a happy play, but I've been able to enjoy a happy life."
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®


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Google “yellow fever,” and you’ll see that many Asian women have taken back the term to shame white men. But this essay isn’t about that type of yellow fever. Yellow fever; Synonyms: yellow jack, yellow plague, bronze john: A TEM micrograph of the yellow fever virus (234,000X magnification) Classification and. Yellow Fever Essay. While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used 'as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. Mosquito Soldiers: Malaria, Yellow Fever, and the Course of the American Civil War. By Andrew McIlwaine Bell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Yellow Fever Essay. Below is an essay on "Yellow Fever" from Anti Essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Read Full Essay. Yellow Fever Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted between humans by mosquitoes but is noncontagious. Yellow fever is known for effecting humans, but also. Yellow Fever essays Yellow Fever, or Flavivirus Taxon, is a virus that kills 30,000 people yearly. It is carried by mosquitoes, which feed on humans. Currently, it is.


According to the poll, 51 percent of Americans awarded the schools in their community a grade of A or B. That number was even higher – 57 percent – among parents of children in public schools, and the view was consistent across party lines. Only four percent gave their local schools a failing grade.
However, public opinion of schools at the national level was very different. Only 21 percent of people thought America’s schools deserved an A or B grade. Last year that number was 17 percent. And nearly two-thirds of Americans believe that less than half of public school students receive a high-quality education.
And this dichotomous view has persisted over time. According to the survey report, it is “a pattern that has held across 40 years of the PDK/Gallup poll.”
As a result, we are lagging behind at the international level. Every three years, samples of students in various countries participate in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), which measures the competence of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics, and science literacy. Among the 34 member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – generally considered to be the world’s most developed countries – the United States performed at an average or below average level in all three categories. In reading, math, and science, we ranked 17th, 27th, and 20th, respectively. To make matters worse, OECD reports that the United States has had “no significant change in these performances over time.”
So why do Americans consistently have a positive view of their community’s schools? Political scientist Robert Shapiro offered one theory in the PDK/Gallup report: the difference in local and national opinion is based on where people get their information. “Americans form their opinions about their local schools through their own contact with the schools and what their children are saying. What they experience more personally, they tend to have more favorable views about,” Shapiro said. “Nationally, they’re developing their opinions from what they hear on the news, about the problems at schools in general.”
This explanation is evident in other polling as well. For example, people tend to have a very different view of the congressman from their district relative to Congress as a whole. According to Gallup’s most recent polling, Congressional approval sits at 14%, and historically that figure rarely eclipses 20%. However, people’s approval of the representative from their own district is almost always over 45%, and often closer to 60%.
Gallup methodologist Stephanie Kafka, also quoted in the PDK/Gallup report, puts it best: “The further I get from my front door, the more likely I am to become negative.”
This method of forming opinions helps explain why building support for new education initiatives is so difficult. There is often broad agreement on general principles (e.g., raising academic standards and making them comparable across state lines), but the implementation of new programs usually receives lots of backlash because people don’t want to see large-scale changes in their own schools.
However, not everyone views schools this way. For the first time since the PDK/Gallup poll’s inception in 1969, it measured the grading of local schools among blacks and Hispanics – a significant piece of news in and of itself. Only 23 percent of black people gave their schools an A or B grade. For Hispanics, that number was 31 percent. When compared to the general public, these numbers are much more in line with views of national schools than of local schools. The difference between these groups’ opinion and the opinion of the sample as whole are not surprising. The schools that are regarded poorly at the national level – urban, low-income schools with high populations of minority students – are exactly the schools that blacks and Hispanics are most likely to attend. And those groups’ concerns with their local schools are wholly justified. As the charts below demonstrate, there is a dramatic gap in achievement between black and Hispanic students and their white peers:
Phillip Burgoyne-Allen is a policy analyst at Bellwether Education Partners. Reach him via email or Twitter.


In this course we will look at the concept of English Romantic and Gothic literature and then concentrate on some representative Gothic novels of the nineteenth century, examining the cultural, scientific and political environment which helped to shape them. The intersections between the Gothic genre and fantasy, transgression and decadence will be investigated. The linked concepts of narcissism and the double will be central concerns of this course, which will privilege a psychoanalytic and feminist approach.
An undergraduate survey class in American Studies focusing on the major historical/cultural issues in American culture and civilization.
Students should have a general knowledge of 20th century British culture and civilization. They should be able to address cultural issues with critical sophistication, engaging with key authors and texts. They should also have improved their capacity for autonomous research.
This course unit aims to develop knowledge of Europe as an idea and as an economic, political, social and cultural entity, reflect on the relationship between Europe and its citizens, and understand the role of languages and cultures, and intercultural education, in the development of a European identity.
During the semester, students will:
- learn more about the construction of Europe as an economic, political and social entity;
- understand the multiple dimensions of European culture;understand Europe as a multilingual and intercultural space;
- explore intercultural relations between different European cultures;
- broaden understanding of the status and role of languages in Europe today;
- develop team work skills;
- develop research and critical reflection skills as well as the capacity to analyse, organise and present ideas.
You can choose between one or two of the following courses:
This course aims to develop skills in critical thinking and analysis through tutorial discussion and problem-based exercises, exploring the structure, functions and uses of the English Language, with a view to improving the students' understanding and performance both as communicators and/or translators To develop skills in thinking in theoretical terms while developing a conceptual framework of the English language, by supplying the metalinguistic means for students to be able to think about and describe the English language.
The specific objectives are linked to the nature of the subject taught - Image Synthesis and 3D Animation Traditional.
The subjects taught are intended to lead to an understanding and mastery of the main tools for 3D modeling, which in large part, the result of traditional techniques of the virtualization industry and decorative arts - the extrusion, the millstone of pottery (solids of revolution ), the technique of Bevel, or the modeling of organic clay (Mesh, Patches and NURBS). The fundamental goal that underlies the module of 3D modeling is the ability to represent three-dimensional objects (imagined or real world) from a set of techniques and digital tools (3D Studio Max) and communicate visually through its volume expressive features. Another specific aim of this discipline is the ability to animate objects and scenarios in accordance with the well-known rules of animation, and be still capable of producing both independent content (3D Movie, integration with video), and also provide content for multimedia applications (simulations, games and interfaces).
Finally, and on the topic of traditional animation, which complements the study of 3D animation hitherto supported exclusively in digital media, we can identify a target, to promote the understanding of basic concepts of animation, its stages, the technological devices and techniques involved in the work of traditional animation.
Application procedure is similar to mobility applications, that is, candidates are either appointed by their institutions of origin or the candidate addresses directly the International Office that guides the candidate and contacts the candidate’s institution of origin. Application may be done on paper, by post and by email and is checked by the International Office.
What are the necessary documents?
- application form
- learning agreement signed by the candidate and the institutions of origin
- transcript of records
- photocopy of valid personal identification document (ID card or passport)
Created in 1973, the University of Aveiro quickly became one of the most dynamic and innovative universities in Portugal. Now a public foundation under private law, it continues to develop and implement its mission to provide undergraduate and postgraduate education, to generate research and promote cooperation with society.More information


When one truly gives rise to compassion, fear transforms to strength
Updated: Oct 12, 2020
Compassion is defined in the dictionary as "a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for the suffering or bad luck of others and a wish to help them". On the other hand, Buddhism defines compassion as "wishing to free sentient beings from suffering". It is also a display of loving-kindness in the face of suffering. Loving-kindness is the wish that sentient beings be happy. True loving-kindness requires wisdom, and is a kind of purified and refined love, and constitutes service and assistance that is selfless and wise. Loving-kindness is given without seeking anything in return and tries to fulfill the wishes of others. Loving-kindness is a combination of love, wisdom, vows, and generosity.
While many often think of compassionate actions as being "kind-hearted", "docile", "sweet", or "soft", that is not the full spectrum of compassion. This is the only spectrum that is limited by our own perceptions of "compassion". Hence if we think of compassion only in this way, this form "compassion" only decays and deforms like a mud if we do not truly understand compassion and its strengths. Therefore, I would like to share a perspective, that when one truly gives rise to compassion, fear will turn into strength, and one will break through multitudes of obstacles.
One gives rise to true compassion when one understands the sufferings of others, and is determined to make a change to ease their suffering (vow + action) in any way they can with wisdom. One also does that with principles and is not shaken spiritually by their suffering. Without any of these elements, one is just like clay that has not been heated to the right temperature; it will melt in its adversity: water. Without these elements, one is only speaking of superficial compassion.
For example, if a person comes begging you for food, but you know that this person has the aptitude to learn a new skill so that he or she can fend for themselves, yet you keep giving this person food, on the surface you might look like you are being compassionate. However, in reality, you are harming this person's life, as this person will start to depend on you even though he or she can depend on themselves in time with learning.
On the other hand, knowing that someone is being bullied in school, yet you only consoled this person but not reporting the bully to the authorities, you are harming two people: the bully and the bullied. The bullied will face fear later in life even when encountering anybody. Just consoling and not doing anything (inaction) will harm the bullied. The bullied will continue to be bullied, and you are only fixing a leaking pipe with paper. This will not help the victim. If one justifies that reporting the bully is not compassionate to the bully, one does not truly understand compassion. The bully will continue to bully people until he or she becomes worse. At the point where the bully commits a heinous act, past offenses will not be able to save the bully in court. This also damages society as a whole.
With true compassion, you will have the strength and will to help both parties. Even if reporting the bully will get you scolded by the teacher or bullied back instead, you will be able to face that consequence as your mind only contains the safety and freedom of the suffering of others. Even if you get bullied, understanding time changes and impermanence strikes, this will not last long as you will continue to help those in need and sacrifice in any way you can. This is because one would have understood equality in compassion; you see others as yourself and yourself as others. Like Venerable Master Hsing Yun said, "I Am Among the Multitude; Among the Multitude There I Am". There is no differentiation between you or the society, or whether you are superior to those you show compassion towards.
Therefore, with true compassion, inaction may not be an option sometimes as you understood the pain and fear from both parties. Fear from being chased down, and fear of the unknown on the other hand. Just like Prince Siddhartha saw the suffering of people in India due to discrimination due to the caste system, he gave rise to true compassion and wanted to alleviate those sufferings. He did not sit idly and accept it as it is (inaction) nor did he say it is due to their karma. He renounced laity and eventually become the Buddha as we know today. The Buddha's wisdom and compassion are unparalleled. Like the Buddha and his disciples who but themselves between two parties at war, we can also put ourselves in the middle to bridge the understanding between people and their suffering.
Hands symbolize action. The mudras of many statues of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas depicts dispelling fear and showing compassion. In the same way, as we join palms and we place them at the center of our chests, we are putting our actions and minds into one as we greet one another; greeting with both body and mind respectfully and wholeheartedly. It is no wonder that Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva has a thousand hands, to reach out to those who need to receive the action of compassion to dispel fear.
In summary, true compassion gives you strength and determination to overcome difficulties and obstacles you face. Even though time and time again you may not succeed, when the time comes, everything will fall naturally in place. Therefore Buddhism is for us to use and solve problems, not to package it in a pleasant form for display.


The Cod Moratorium of Newfoundland and Labrador
On July 2nd 1992, the Canadian government placed a moratorium on the Northern Cod fishery on the east coast of the country. This moratorium came after years of over-fishing posed a serious threat to ocean cod stocks and the government hoped that this moratorium would allow the species to rebuild. After 500 years of fishing activity in Newfoundland and Labrador, the moratorium came a huge shock to the province’s fishers and put approximately 30,000 people out of work which stands as the single largest mass layoff in Canadian history, accounting for 12% of the province’s work force. Plants closed, boats stayed in their berths and hundreds of coastal communities saw their main source of livelihood disappear overnight.
While the Cod Moratorium equated to hard economic times for those who relied heavily on the fishing industry as a means for living, many aspiring musicians used these hardships to their advantage. The many song written in response to the moratorium convey great hardship and respond explicitly to the fisheries crisis. Some “Moratorium Song” singers had turned to songwriting for the first time, seeing music as an appropriate vehicle for social commentary.
Take a listen to “She’s Gone Boys, She’s Gone” by Wayne Bartlett
The old man looked down in his dory As he stood on the wharf one more time. With the wind in his hair, he stood there and stared “Look at her now, what a crime!” Said, “I can recall when I built her, When I lived in the place I called home. ‘ Twas a good life back then, but never again, ‘Cause now, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE.
He said, “M y father once told me That surely there would come a day When the fish that you’d get would be too small to sp lit And too big to just throw away.” I never thought that I’d ever live to see such going on. To think that the end could ever have been, But now, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE.
She’s gone, boys, she’s gone, she’s gone, She’s gone boys, she’s gone. What we didn’t destroy, we allowed to die. And now, she’s gone, boys, she’s gone, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE.
He stopped for a moment, just stood there With a handkerchief, he wiped his eyes. He looked out to sea, then he looked at me He said, “I pities you, boy. You’ll never see the great big old codfish Float up in the trap and go on Out over the heads like one time they did, Cause now, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE.”
He said, “You see that old dory; One day I thought she’d be yours: She’s still just as good, you know, as she was, Except for the gunwhales and oars. She might need a new plank there somewhere, And the bottom might be a bit drawn.” Then a lump in his throat as the old man spoke: “SH E’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE, BOYS, SHE’S GONE.”


How to Build a Laser Death Ray
Self Focusing & Filamentation
If light gets intense enough, its electromagnetic field can affect the optical properties of the matter it is passing through. One such effect is when high light intensity will increase the index of refraction. If the laser beam is more intense in the middle, this means the index of refraction in the center of the beam is higher than at the edges. This makes even uniform matter act like a lens to focus the beam. When this happens, the beam is said to be self focused.
This effect only becomes apparent at very high power levels. In air, you only start to see self focusing at around 1×1010 watts. Note that the intensity does not matter; contrary to what intuition might tell you, it is the total power of the beam that matters, not how tight the beam is.
If nothing acted to stop self focusing, the light would collapse to a point, cause catastrophic ionization, and be entirely absorbed. However, before this happens, you generally tend to get small amounts of ionization. The low density plasma decreases the index of refraction of the air to act as a diverging lens. This expands the beam again, only to have it recontract due to self focusing. The net result is filamentation - a thin thread-like core of sparsely ionized air surrounded by a "sheath" of high intensity light. The plasma core of the filament is quite visible, forming a glowing streak through the air. In this form, the beam will maintain a tight focus, keeping a diameter of around 0.1 mm and intensities of around 5×1017 W/m2 until it loses too much energy to ionization and is absorbed. Each filament carries about 1×1010 W. If the beam has more power than this, it will split into multiple parallel filaments. When the filaments lose too much energy to ionization to continue propagating, two or more will merge together into one filament with enough power to continue propagation. A single filament can travel about 10 m to 10 km in air, depending on the pulse duration - Longer pulses have more energy, and the energy lost per distance to ionization is the same (about 2×10-6 J/m).
Filamentation only occurs for pulses with a duration of less than the time it takes for an electron to collide with another atom in the air. If the pulse is longer than this, at high enough intensities the electron would have enough energy after being accelerated by the light's electric field to knock off more electrons, which would in turn knock off even more electrons. This runaway process, called cascade ionization, would form a thick plasma that would absorb the beam. This limits filamentation to pulses shorter than about a picosecond. It takes about 10 nanoseconds for the electrons to recombine with the ions in the air, so for filamentation subsequent pulses should be delayed by more than about 10 nanoseconds from the previous pulse.
The extreme powers necessary for self focusing and filamentation mean that this will not come into play for any but the most extreme heat rays. However, it could be a useful trick to exploit for blasters. Because the ionization in the filaments saps power from the beam, it is desirable to delay the onset of filamentation until just in front of the target (this also helps to keep your position from being given away by a bright glowing beam pointing right back to you). Once at the target, however, the formation of the filaments means you no longer need to worry about depth of field effects since the filaments keep their focus as they blast through the target. Note that overcoming depth of field effects through chirping, self focusing, and filamentation only works in an atmosphere!
How do you keep the filaments from forming until just in front of the target? You use a technique known as chirping. Air is slightly dispersive. That means that some wavelengths propagate through air slightly faster than others. A chirped beam has a range of wavelengths, rather than just one. Some modern lasers can produce chirped beams (most notably Ti:Sapphire lasers). So make a pulse that is slightly too long in duration for its total energy to exceed the threshold for self focusing, with the slower moving wavelengths emitted at the beginning of the pulse and the faster moving wavelengths at the end. When the beam is chirped at just the right amount, the slowest moving wavelengths are slowed down just enough and the fastest moving wavelengths sped up just enough that all the light arrives at just in front of the target at the same time, bunching the pulse up to a shorter duration, increasing the power past the threshold of self focusing, and creating a filamented beam.
Self focusing to a filamented beam is a process that results from beam instabilities. While the filaments propagate straight in the original direction of the beam, you can't predict exactly where in the beam profile they will occur. If the filamentation occurs when the beam is wide, you will just get a random sprinkling of tiny craters in the surface of your target (although if you keep it up, you will eventually wear away a hole). Thus, you still are limited by diffraction effects to get a narrow beam where you start to filament if you want good target penetration.
An interesting characteristic of light filaments is that the initially monochromatic (single wavelength) laser beam gets turned into a beam of broadband white light when it begins to propagate as a filament. The light scattering is enhanced in the forward and reverse direction, making the beam appear brighter to the death ray user and to the target.


Put'n'Take - 1920s.
Put and Take was originally played as early as the 1920’s. It’s original form was metal tops (usually brass) with 6 to 10 sides. The dice version, which originated in the 1940’s, is played with a Put and Take die (printed with 3 T’s and 3 P’s) and a number die (printed with 1-2-3-3-4-A).
Players ante up a chip and then roll the dice. If a player gets a ‘P’ he puts a number of chips into the pot matching the number shown on the other die. If he gets a ‘T’ he takes a number of chips equal to the number shown on the other die from the pot. Rolling an ‘A’ on the numbered die means ‘All’ (T+A means take all chips in the pot and P+A means you match the pot). Players are eliminated as they run out of chips. The last player still holding chips wins.
Early versions of Put and Take dice were made out of metal, wood, and bakelite.
All our versions are made out of brass or steel, no difference in condition or price.
Excellent Grade 1 condition for all our examples. Comes with a brief rules guide.


People write essays for a variety of reasons. Many write them because they are required in a reading or English class, but others write them because they have strong views on various issues that they want to share with others. The motivation behind why a person is writing an essay often gives clues to the author’s purpose in an essay. According to Purdue University, the most common essay types are expository, descriptive, argumentative or narrative. Depending on the author’s purpose, essays can also be persuasive, entertaining or informative, or some combination of each. Essays help students to develop critical thinking, analysis and writing skills.
Expository essays are essays that allow students to expound on a certain idea or thesis and provide supporting examples, details and evidence in support of that thesis. These types of essays are often the essay of choice in high school and academic settings. Expository essays are usually shorter in length than argumentative essays. Instructors often assign these types of essays to help students learn to organize their thinking and writing.
Instructors often use descriptive essays as an exercise in creative writing or to practice and hone writing skills rather than critical thinking skills alone. This type of essay involves writing a description of anything from an object or a person to a memory or experience that a writer had in the past. When writing descriptive essays, writers use imagery and sensory language to bring their writing to life.
Persuasive or argumentative essays are essays that focus on a particular topic and include a thesis statement. Generally, this type of essay requires more research because the writer must state and defend a claim. When writing this type of essay, students should formulate logical arguments in support of the thesis as well as present possible counter arguments and rebuttals. Argumentative essays are similar in structure and form to longer theses and dissertations.
Narrative essays are essays that tell a story. The writer usually tells the story in first person point of view and often uses a story format to present a certain viewpoint or convey his thoughts on a certain issue, theme or event. The author may use anecdotal or personal experiences that incorporate the elements of fiction. The main difference is that narrative essays are not fictional but usually based on a true event or experience. Despite its many forms, essays are tools that sharpen a writer’s writing and thinking skills.
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Newswise — Bethesda, Md. (October 26, 2017)—Women account for half of all cases of high blood pressure (hypertension) in the U.S., yet the majority of hypertension research focuses on men. A review of more than 80 studies highlights sex differences in hypertension-related kidney (renal) disease and explores possible reasons why women respond differently than men. The article, published in the American Journal of Physiology—Renal Physiology, emphasizes the need for more hypertension research in females.
Previous studies have shown that the effect of blood pressure on the kidneys varies depending on sex. Kidney function typically declines more quickly in men with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in women. However, a lack of studies on women with CKD makes identifying the physiological factors that lead to this protective response difficult. Researchers from Augusta University in Georgia analyzed rat studies that suggest new causes of CKD, including immune function, to demonstrate why males fare worse than females in hypertension-related kidney injury.
Hypertension has been shown to be a state of inflammation characterized by an increase in T cells (white blood cells) in the kidneys. Some of these T cells, called T regulatory (Treg) cells, protect against kidney disease and injury. Rodent studies have found that in hypertension females have more Tregs than males, while males have higher concentrations of Th17 cells. Th17 cells, unlike Tregs, cause inflammation. These differences in the immune system are thought to be “critical to the cardioprotection that is often seen in females,” explained Jennifer Sullivan, first author of the review. Scientists may be able to someday use T cells as a therapeutic target for hypertension, but additional research “to learn about the mechanisms driving disease in the female” is needed to assert the same finding in humans, Sullivan said.
Read the full article, “Sex and gender differences in hypertensive kidney injury,” in the American Journal of Physiology—Renal Physiology.
Physiology is the study of how molecules, cells, tissues and organs function in health and disease. Established in 1887, the American Physiological Society (APS) was the first U.S. society in the biomedical sciences field. The Society represents more than 10,500 members and publishes 15 peer-reviewed journals with a worldwide readership.
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American Journal of Physiology—Renal Physiology


% annual growth rate:
|1996 - 2000||4.6||4.1|
|2001 - 2010||6.8||3.1|
|Seven years to 2017||3.6||2.4|
Sources: M3 from European Central Bank and nominal GDP from IMF database, as at October 2018
The medium-term relationship between money and nominal GDP growth in the Eurozone, 1996-2017
Five-year moving averages of annual % changes, with 1998 being the start of the first five-year period
Comment on monetary trends in the Eurozone
Europe's various nations had different monetary experiences in the immediate post-war decades. Germany was committed to sound money policies. From 1974 its central bank, the Bundesbank, tried to meet targets for growth of the M3 quantity of money, and in general it delivered slower growth of the quantity of money and lower inflation than the central banks in other European countries. The Bundesbank's success was so influential that its thinking dominated the early years of the single currency project (i.e., the introduction of the euro in place of the previous multiplicity of national monies) from 1999. As the table shows, in the 1995 - 2000 period the annual growth rate of M3 averaged 4.5% in what were to become the Eurozone member states. This was associated nominal GDP growth of slightly less, 4.0%, and negligible inflation.
Unfortunately, from the inception of the euro in 1999 banks in the so-called Club Med or 'peripheral' states could lend to their customers at much lower interest rates than before, provoking a big credit boom. The growth rate of money accelerated, reaching annual rates in excess of 10% in 2006 and 2007. A boom developed, which then had to be checked by the imposition of tougher rules on the banks by the European Central Bank, with the support of the Basle-based Bank for International Settlements. The four years to 2014 saw remarkably low increases in both M3 and nominal GDP. A further feature is that the post-2008 period has been characterised by wildly divergent changes in the quantity of money in different Eurozone member states. Nations which had collapsing money supply also saw deflation, whereas those with positive money growth had rising nominal GDP. The divergence became less apparent in 2017, although occasional short-lived spells of deflation persisted in some member states even into 2018.
Banking and finance in the early years of the United States of America were chaotic. Two of the founding fathers - Thomas Jefferson and James Madison - were hostile to banking, since the issue of paper money led to inflation and default. According to Jefferson,
"...banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies"


China used to be the world’s major destination for paper recycling, as well as metal and plastic, but new restrictions on waste paper imports imposed at the beginning of last year forced many countries to redirect their waste paper to India, which was a far better choice that dumping waste in landfill sites or burning it.
As a result, according to the Confederation of European Paper Industries, during the first half of 2018 there was a 200% rise in waste paper being exported from the EU to India. While, as per the International Scrap Recycling Institute (ISRI) from the US, exports rose by more than 100% until October 2018 compared to 2017 from this country.
Waste paper is collected at the NR Agarwal recycling plant in the city of Vapi, in western Gujarat state, where mountains of waste paper reaching the ceiling are being sorted into different types before getting recycled. India is collecting more and more imported waste paper for domestic recycling, out of which it produces only 30% of their total paper demand. Ashok Bansal, the company’s executive director says:
“Most of our imports are from the UK and the USA. India is a raw material scarce country. We don’t have lots of trees and jungles to convert wood into pulp. We are mostly dependent on waste paper and that demand can be provided by the Western world.”
British newspapers form a significant portion of the waste paper India received. Workers use bulldozers to break open the massive bales of waste paper, then teams of women sort the paper into different categories. Then the paper is loaded onto a conveyor belt to be pulped and the resulting bluish mass is afterward treated with chemicals and coated unto huge, humming rollers which churn out large sheets of clean recycled white paper.
India’s need for recycled paper is quite big, they use the recycled paper for novels and exercise books, paper for technical design and charts, school books, cardboard boxes, and different types of packaging for the manufacturing sector, while a significant amount also ends up as newsprint.
The waste paper import has considerably helped the industry of recycling waste paper to grow, which means new jobs and boosting of the local economy. The Indian recycling industry needs about 14 million tonnes of waste paper to meet current demands, and domestic recycling produces only about 30% of that amount. However, Indian importers do meet some challenges when it comes to imported waste paper, it seems that last year when they first started importing greater amounts of waste paper some were unusable because they contained plastic. They now want to enforce more stringent rules for all countries about the kind of waste they receive.


The Iron Age in South-West Scotland - the period when metalworking technology advanced to allow production of weapons and tools in iron - began around 700 B.C. and includes the brief periods when Scotland was incorporated into Roman Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Archaeologists and historians give an arbitrary end date for the Iron Age around 400AD - the abandonment of Britain by the Romans - but in reality, in Scotland there was little social and economic change between late Iron Age society and Early Medieval society which followed from the 5th century.
The Iron Age in South-West Scotland - the period when metalworking technology advanced to allow production of weapons and tools in iron - began around 700 B.C. and includes the brief periods when Scotland was incorporated into Roman Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D.. Archaeologists and historians give an arbitrary end date for the Iron Age at A.D. 400 - the abandonment of Britain by the Romans - but in reality, in Scotland there was little social and economic change between late Iron Age society and Early Historic society which followed from the 5th century.
Scotland- like the rest of North-West Europe before the Romans - was a Celtic warrior society with tribal territories in the Lowlands and Highlands. Language was the only common denominator between the Celtic peoples, who shared some aspects of their cultures but differed in others. Ptolemy's Geography, written around 140 A.D. gives the names of the tribes which occupied South-West Scotland. Much of present-day Dumfries and Galloway was occupied by people of the Novantae tribe. To the east in the Borders, but perhaps also in eastern Dumfriesshire, were the Selgovae people. In Ayrshire and north to the Clyde were the Damnonii or Dumnonii. It is believed that all spoke a common P-Celtic or Britonnic language, which is the root of the present-day Welsh, and also Manx, Cornish and Breton. There are a several surviving Britonnic place names in Galloway, such as 'Threave' and 'Terregles' both including the word 'tref', meaning a farmstead.
South-West Scotland was largely cleared of forest before the Iron Age, and the people lived in small settlements, and practised a mixed agricultural economy, growing a form of barley and raising cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. The high standard of metal goods found in Galloway indicates a wealthy society, which may have been based on the exploitation of its copper resources. There is possibly an early mining site at Tonderghie, near Whithorn, and mining tools and ingots have been found at Barhullion near Port William.
Most families lived in timber, wattle and stone round houses, varying in diameter from 6m - 15m., which might have provided accommodation for an extended family. Round houses might be clustered together and enclosed for example as at Rispain Camp in Wigtownshire. In South-West Scotland in particular, round houses were built on artificial platforms in lochs. These are called 'crannogs', and there are many examples known in Ayrshire and Galloway, for example at Lochlee near Tarbolton, or Dowalton in Wigtownshire. Dating evidence from excavated crannogs suggests that this form of settlement was current throughout the Iron Age period. Lochs and bogs appear to have been of religious or ritual significance during the Iron Age, for high value metal goods have been recovered from them, which appear to have been deposited as an ritual offering. This includes the Carlingwark hoard deposited in a cauldron in Carlingwark Loch near Castle Douglas around A.D. 100 which included a quantity of Roman military and Iron Age native metalwork. The Torrs pony cap, dating to around 200 BC, and found in a bog at Torrs, near Castle Douglas, is another example. Both finds are displayed in the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.
Hill forts are more common in Dumfriesshire and Kirkcudbrightshire than in Wigtownshire. Once thought to be the strongholds of a tribal elite, they may be thought of as hill-top villages, containing numbers of round houses. Included in this group are small promontory forts found along the coastline of South-West Scotland. The fort at Burnswark, Dumfriesshire was one of the largest of these. In the west of Galloway are examples of stone built brochs (large towers) and duns (small, substantial stone walled houses or forts). These types of structure are more commonly found in the North and West of Scotland, and therefore indicate the spread of building customs down the west coast and into Galloway. This, and the distribution of certain artefacts, suggests an East-West cultural boundary between the Rivers Cree and Fleet.
The Iron Age warrior was armed with a long sword, a shield and a spear. Chariots were also used in warfare, or for ostentatious display. Two near-identical horse harness guides or terrets were found recently but separately in Crossmichael parish, just north of Castle Douglas. When these are considered with other high value Iron Age objects found nearby, for example the Carlingwark hoard, the Torrs pony cap and the mirror from Balmaclellan, it may be suggested that the area of the Dee valley around present day Castle Douglas was of particular social and economic importance. It was perhaps a tribal focus for the Novantae. This may have determined the Roman Army to site a major Roman fort at the river crossing of the Dee at Glenlochar, just north of Castle Douglas.