1 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) ON COMPUTING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MIND FROM AN EASTERN PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE A.S. KARUNANANDA 1, P.R. GOLDIN 2, G. RZEVSKI 3, S. FERNANDO 4 & H.R. FERNANDO 4 1 General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka. 2 University of California, Davis, USA. 3 Centre for Complexity Science Applications, The Open University, UK. 4 Department of Computational Mathematics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. ABSTRACT The human mind is one of the most intriguing complex systems found in nature. Research has been conducted to develop a computer model of the mind from the Theravada Buddhist description detailed in the Abhidhamma literature. Within this context, the mind is identified as a conditional flow of thoughts that is characterized by 52 mental factors, such as perception, volition, attention, anger, attachments, mindfulness and so on. Thus, mental factors are the building blocks of thoughts. Combinations of these 52 mental factors can form 89 different thoughts with characteristics such as feelings, roots, functions, doors, objects and bases. We have developed a computational ontology of Buddhist theory of mind (OntoBM) that describes the complex association among thoughts and mental factors. OntoBM can be primarily used to examine combinations of mental factors that can form thoughts, associations among mental factors and details of thoughts. More importantly, researchers and scholars can also use OntoBM to experiment with the effect of modulation of mental factors on the formation of various thoughts. Keywords: artificial intelligence, Buddhism, complex systems, simulations. 1 INTRODUCTION Nature is full of complex systems . The brain and mind are excellent examples of complex systems. Although brain and mind are distinct terms, they have been used as synonyms in a wider spectrum of subject areas. Numerous brain simulators have been developed to carry out experiments that cannot be done otherwise with actual tissues and cells in a brain . New research directions such as Mind uploading  and Blue Brain  are excellent attempts to model the brain. Numerous software programs  are also available to experiment with brain simulations. On the other hand, advancements in computing, neuroscience and psychology enable study of brain behavior through various technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) , electroencephalography (EEG) wave signals  and transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) . Such studies have made a tremendous impact on understanding the structure and function of the human brain. However, limited research has been conducted on computer modeling and simulation of mind [9,10]. In particular, very few studies have attempted to use [11,12] computer modeling of mind from the Buddhist philosophical perspectives. We have conducted research to use Abhidhamma  in Theravada Buddhist theory of mind for the development of a computational ontology of mind. This paper presents the design and implementation of computational Ontology of Buddhist theory of Mind (OntoBM), which becomes the basis for developing a smart simulator of mind. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews complexity science and computer modeling of complex systems. Section 3 discusses the Buddhist theory of mind. Section 4 presents the design of a computational ontology of mind. Section 5 presents how the ontology of mind can be used in practice. Section 6 concludes the paper with a note on further work WIT Press, ISSN: (paper format), ISSN: (online), DOI: /DNE-V10-N
2 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) WHAT ARE COMPLEX SYSTEMS? Complexity science emerged as an attempt to explain and model what is called complex systems. This field has emerged from the pioneering work by Prigogine [14,15]. Complex systems have been defined as the systems with large number of distributed and interconnected entities that manifest under lots of uncertainty in a dynamically changing environment . The brain is a commonly cited example for a complex system, which comprises of 100 billion neurons  or processes that are massively interconnected, distributed and are constantly firing under dynamically changing chemical and physical reactions. The Internet, especially the Internet of Things, is also an excellent example for a complex system. As estimated, by 2015, there will be 25 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things and billions of transactions move on the network of networks . Apart from the brain, many other systems including industrial automation, aircraft maintenance and military logistic management are well-known examples for complex systems. 2.1 Computer modeling of complex systems This section discusses suitable computational technologies for modeling complex systems. In this regard, we emphasize the importance of ontology and multi-agent technology Ontology Traditionally ontology is the philosophical study of themes, such as being, existence and categories of being . The computing community has borrowed the term ontology from philosophy. There are many definitions about ontology; yet in operational terms, ontology can be seen as a specific conceptualization of domain knowledge . There are ontological solutions for various domains including medicine  and automotive industry . There are also numerous tools available for ontology development, mapping, editing, merging and so forth. Protégé (generic framework for ontology development) , PROMPT (ontology mapping environment)  and automated solution for matching of two ontologies  are examples of such tools. It should be noted that ontology is a huge reservoir of knowledge or knowledge base. Thus, reasoning on ontology of complex domains gives rise to another challenge. There are also many tools (e.g. Chainsaw , FaCT++  and Pellet ) for reasoning on ontology Multi-agent systems Multi-agent systems [27,28] technology can be seen as the best computational approach to model complex systems. In this context, all the entities in a complex system can be defined as small programs called agents. Each agent accomplishes its own goal, preference, knowledge and strategies to achieve a certain goal. Numerous examples can be given to show the power of multi-agent systems to model complex systems . For instance, Hongqiao et al.  have used multi-agent systems for modeling complex hospital environments. Belgacem and Fates have presented a multi-agent solution for complex termite behavior . Rzevski  has shown the application of multi-agent systems technology to model a variety of real-world problems including large-scale societies and huge technological and engineering systems. Numerous toolkits are available for the design and development of multi-agent systems. Probably, Java Agent Development Framework (JADE)  is the most popular among them. 3 BUDDHIST THEORY OF MIND Buddhism, more specifically, Buddhist philosophy is primarily aimed at the development of mind in order to achieve freedom from suffering. The teaching of Buddhism comprises three baskets or
3 226 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) sources of knowledge known as Suttapitaka, Vinayapitaka and Abhidhammapitaka [32,33]. Abhidhamma is the most philosophical, analytical and structured presentation of the doctrine of Buddhism . Abhidhamma is also regarded as Buddhist psychology [32,34]. In literature, Abhidhamma comes under both Theravada and Mahayana traditions of Buddhism. Our research is based on the Theravada tradition of Abhidhamma which is rooted in the ancient Buddhist text known as Abhidammaththa Sangah . Abhidhamma expounds a comprehensive description of mind by showing definition, constitution, roles, mechanism, control and development of mind to achieve various cognitive skills. 3.1 Mind as a flow of thoughts According to Abhidhamma, mind (citta in Pali) is a flow of thoughts. These thoughts are formed on the basis of various perceptions made through sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, thinking and recalling. Thus, in a broader sense, thoughts are of two types, namely, thoughts based on five senses and thoughts based on mind . Each thought is conditioned by previous thoughts. Mind does not have a moment without a thought. To explain this phenomenon more specifically, Buddhist psychology has also identified a special type of thought, namely, life continuum (bhavangacitta) , which arises whenever a person does not manifest thoughts through five senses or the mind. For instance, when an individual falls into a dreamless sleep or becomes unconscious, the bhavangacitta manifests. The bhavangacitta is similar to a vehicle resting in a neutral gear when the engine is running. The Buddhist theory of mind suggests that the flow of thoughts in the mind occurs in a sequence of blocks of thoughts, which are known as cittavithi or thought processes. Each thought process begins and ends with bhavangacitta. The concept of thought process elegantly describes the mechanism of the mind. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss thought process in detail. A reader interested in thought process may refer to computer modeling of thought process by Karunananda . 3.2 Mental factors Abhidhamma describes mental factors that in combination constitute different types of thoughts that arise in the mind . There are 52 mental factors that determine the nature of thoughts. There are altogether 89 (or 121 according to a different classification) possible combinations of these 52 mental factors. As shown in Table 1, 52 mental factors are subdivided under three main categories: 13 ethically variables, 14 unwholesome and 25 wholesome. English translations for 52 mental factors vary. Thus, we have predominantly used the English translations given by Bodhi  in our research work. As shown in Table 1, within ethically variables, there are seven universal mental factors that appear in all thoughts. These mental factors include contact (passa), feeling (vedana), perception (sanna), volition (cetana), one-pointedness (ekaggatha), psychic life (jivithedriya) and attention (manasikara). In contrast, occasional mental factors appear in both wholesome and unwholesome thoughts. They are identified as initial application (vithakka), sustained application (vichara), decision (adhimokkha), energy (viriya), zest (priti) and desire (chanda). Fourteen unwholesome universal mental factors exclusively appear in unwholesome thoughts. There are 10 more unwholesome occasional mental factors that appear in certain thoughts, depending on whether the thought is related to greed, hatred and delusion. There are 25 mental factors which exclusively appear in wholesome thoughts. Within this category, abstinences, the illimitable and non-delusion are more related to higher-order thoughts pertaining to understanding of the ultimate truth.
4 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) 227 Table 1: Fifty-two mental factors. Ethically variables (13) Unwholesome (14) Wholesome (25) Universals (7) Contact Unwholesome universal (4) Delusion Universal beautiful (19) Confidence Feeling Shamelessness Mindfulness Perception Fearlessness of wrong Shame Volition Restlessness Dread One-pointedness Non-greed Psychic life Unwholesome occasional (10) Non-hatred Attention Greed Equanimity Wrong view Tranquility of mental states Occasional (6) Conceit Tranquility of mind Initial application Hatred Lightness of mental states Sustained application Jealousy Lightness of mind Decision Avarice Pliancy of mental states Energy Worry Pliancy of mind Zest Sloth Adaptability of mental states Desire Torpor Adaptability of mind Doubt Proficiency of metal states Proficiency of mind Rectitude of mental states Rectitude of mind Abstinences (3) Right speech Right actions Right livelihood Illimitable (2) Compassion Appreciative joy Non-delusion (1) Wisdom faculty Any thought that arises in the mind can be characterized by a combination of these mental factors. However, some combinations of mental factors do not form thoughts. For example, attachment and hatred do not co-exist in a thought. 3.3 Thoughts As stated earlier, thoughts are formed by mental factors, and flow of thoughts manifest the mind. However, the story about thoughts goes beyond these fundamental definitions of mental factors and thoughts. More specifically, Abhidhamma is not limited to describe the relationship between
5 228 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) thoughts and mental factors. Thoughts are also described in relation to feelings, roots, function, doors, objects and bases . Each thought manifests the feeling of pleasure (sukha), pain ( dukkha), joy (somanassa), displeasure (domanassa) or equanimity (upekkha). Each thought is also rooted in greed, hatred, delusion, non-greed, non-hatred or non-delusion. Thoughts have one or more functions (14), namely, rebirth-linking, life continuum, adverting, seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, receiving, investigating, determining, javana, registration and death. There are also doors, namely, eye door, ear door, tongue door, nose door, body door and mind door, through which each thought is created. Any thought is also associated with an object, namely, visible object, sound object, smell object, taste object, tangible object and mental object. The base is the physical support for the occurrence of thoughts. Note that base is different from doors, which are the channels for formation of thoughts. Abhidhamma also defines many other concepts including thought processes, description of matter, and relationship between mind and matter. 4 COMPUTATIONAL ONTOLOGY OF MIND This section describes the design and implementation of ontology of mind from Buddhist philosophical system. Primarily, we have used Protégé toolkit  for design and development of the ontology. We have named our ontology as OntoBM, an acronym for Ontology of Buddhist theory of Mind. 4.1 Design of OntoBM OntoBM has been designed with the principle that the mind can be modeled effectively through 52 mental factors as the basis for the whole modeling process. Thus, thoughts can be formed as permitted combinations of mental factors. At the top level, three major categories of mental factors, namely, ethical variable, unwholesome and wholesome have been modeled in OntoBM. The details of thoughts as feelings, roots, function, doors, objects and bases have also been annotated with each thought. OntoBM has been designed to be able to annotate the ontology at any time with further details of any node in the ontology. Furthermore, OntoBM is designed to connect with ontology query engine or applications such as multi-agent systems. Ontology Web Language (OWL) was used to write OntoBM into Protégé. Figure 1 shows a portion of the ontology of mental factors within Protégé environment Reasoning on OntoBM Ontology being an inherently complex structure, reasoning on OntoBM is also a challenging task. To develop a reasoner on OntoBM, we used OWL API . Within the context of OWL API, there are many OWL reasoners including Chainsaw , FaCT++  and Pellet . We have chosen Pellet reasoner because it is efficient in reasoning and querying. Also, it is freely available for downloading and readily compatible with Protégé environment OntoBM interface design Graphical user interface of OntoBM has been designed to answer queries under different experimental conditions. The current interface of OntoBM primarily provides two views as Mental Factor View (MFV) and Thought View (TV). MFV allows to study or research by examining through mental factors. This view also allows the examining effect of modulation of mental factors on thoughts. In contrast, TV allows interaction with OntoMB through various thoughts as the inputs. Figure 2 depicts the MFV on OntoBM.
6 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) 229 Figure 1: Ontology of mental factors. Figure 2: Mental factor view.
7 230 A.S. Karunananda et al., Int. J. of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (2015) 5 USING OntoBM OntoBM primarily allows learners and researchers to choose arbitrary combinations of mental factors to investigate whether such combinations could form a set of valid thoughts. When a user attempts to choose illegal (undefined) combinations of mental factors, for instance, greed with hatred, OntoBM does not allow continuing. On the other hand, when selecting a mental factor, OntoBM automatically sets the other mental factors that co-exist with the already selected mental factors. Thus, the OntoBM interface has some smart features, so that a user with zero knowledge in Buddhist theory of mind can still use the system. It should also be noted that even a person who knows Abhidhamma could not remember all associations of thoughts and mental factors off hand. Thus, OntoBM will be a learning tool as well. Obviously, a knowledgeable researcher can introduce experimental combinations of mental factors and examine how the test case effects the formation of thoughts. If the selected combinations of mental factors cannot form any thoughts, the reasons will also be displayed by OntoBM. A researcher may also examine the mental factor which occurs in the largest number of unwholesome thoughts and which wholesome mental factor can counter it. In addition, a user can also select a thought and find its details such as mental factors, functions and bases. Further annotations to the OntoBM are still in progress. Depending on the researcher s creativity, many experiments can be done with OntoBM. 6 CONCLUSION This paper describes a computational modeling of thought according to the Abhidhamma system in Buddhist psychology. We presented our research on the development of a computer model of mind from a Buddhist philosophical perspective of mind. This research has exploited Abhidhamma of Theravada Buddhist theory of mind to model the mind in terms of 52 mental factors, 89 thoughts and other related features of thoughts. Based on Abhidhamma, we have developed a computer model of ontology of mind, named as OntoBM. We have illustrated with MFV and TV, which can be used to research into behavior of mental factors and thoughts. OntoBM can be primarily used to examine combinations of mental factors that can form thoughts, associations among mental factors and details of thoughts. More importantly, researchers and scholars can also use OntoBM to experiment with the effect of modulation of mental factors on the formation of thoughts. As such, OntoBM can be used by many individuals including learners of Buddhist model of mind, researchers in brain mind studies, meditation practitioners/teachers/researchers and psychologists. While in the development process, the results of experiments on OntoBM tested against the Abhidhamma text is encouraging. As further work, we are working on the development of a versatile mind simulator based on the ontology of mind, OntoBM, presented in this paper. REFERENCES  Rzevski, G. & P. Skobelev, Managing Complexity, WIT Press,  Dworschak, M, Neurotechnology: Growing a Brain in Switzerland, Spiegel Online, 16 Feb  B.C.Q.C., Live Science Contributor, Uploading the Mind: Could a Digital Brain Feel Pain? LiveScience.com. [online]. Available: [accessed: 06-Nov-2014].  Markram, H, The Blue Brain Project, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7(2), pp , Feb  Brain simulator, Softonic. [Online]. Available: s/brain-simulator [ accessed: 09-Nov-2014].
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Dinosaur Soft Tissue Issue Is Here to Stay
In recent decades, soft, squishy tissues have been discovered inside fossilized dinosaur bones. They seem so fresh that it appears as though the bodies were buried only a few thousand years ago.
Since many think of a fossil as having had the original bone material replaced by minerals, the presence of actual bone–let alone pliable blood vessels, red blood cells, and proteins inside the bone–is quite extraordinary. These finds also present a dilemma. Given the fact that organic materials like blood vessels and blood cells rot, and the rates at which certain proteins decay, how could these soft tissues have been preserved for ten thousand, let alone 65 million or more, years?
These soft tissues have met with hard resistance from mainstream science, and some scientists have even discounted or ignored them. But fresh studies keep finding fresh tissue, making the issue difficult to dismiss. Either the vast evolutionary ages assigned to these finds are dramatically erroneous, or “we really don’t understand decay” rates of the soft tissues and proteins.1
Paleontologists who have analyzed the tissues, visible through their microscopes and squeezable with their tweezers, insist that something is fundamentally wrong with laboratory data on biochemical decay rates.2 In turn, biochemists are confident that their repeatable experiments show that the soft tissues should not be there after all this time. To try to get around the hard facts of soft tissues, some scientists have even proposed that the blood vessels and red blood cells in question were bacterial slime. This was thoroughly refuted, however, by research showing that the dinosaur tissue contains a collagen protein that bacteria do not produce.3
This dilemma between the science of biochemistry and the belief in millions of years is not going away. In addition to the well-characterized tissues from a T. rex reported by paleontologist Mary Schweitzer in 1997,4 2005,5 and 2007,6 new soft tissue finds keep surfacing. Schweitzer published a report on another sample in Science in 2009,3 this time from a hadrosaur, in which the precise characteristics of dinosaur biochemicals were verified by a third party. This was necessary to confirm the reality of the soft tissues to an incredulous scientific community. (Similarly, Schweitzer’s 2007 results have also been verified.7)
Yet another hadrosaur has been described by UK scientists as “absolutely gobsmacking.”8 Its tissues were “extremely well preserved” and contained “soft-tissue replacement structures and associated organic compounds.”9
Schweitzer’s team recently concluded that “the most parsimonious explanation, thus far unfalsified, is that original molecules persist in some Cretaceous dinosaur fossils.”3 But biochemical decay rates showing that soft tissues would be dust after all this time are also thus far unfalsified (i.e., have not been disproved). Therefore, the millions-of-years age assignments must go.
However, if the deep time goes, then so does the grand story of evolution that depends on it. For many, that is too sacred an assumption to dare alter. Biblical data, however, not only provide the timeframe for the death of these dinosaurs in Flood deposits a few thousand years ago, but also a mode of deposition in agreement with observable data that their demise occurred when they “fell into a watery grave.”8
1.Fields, H. 2006. Dinosaur Shocker. Smithsonian magazine online. Published May 2006, accessed July 20, 2009.
2.For example, see Bada, J. L., X. S. Wang and H. Hamilton. 1999. Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: current knowledge and future challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 354 (1379): 77-87.
3.Schweitzer, M. H. et al. 2009. Biomolecular Characterization and Protein Sequences of the Campanian Hadrosaur B. canadensis. Science. 324 (5927): 626-631.
4.Schweitzer, M. and T. Staedter. 1997. The Real Jurassic Park. Earth. 6 (3): 55-57.
5.Schweitzer, M. et al. 2005. Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307 (5717): 1952.
6.Asara, J. M. et al. 2007. Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus Rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. Science. 316 (5822): 280-285.
7.Bern, M., B. S. Phinney and D. Goldberg. 2009. Reanalysis of Tyrannosaurus rex Mass Spectra. Journal of Proteome Research. Published online July 15, 2009.
8.Mummified dinosaur skin yields up new secrets. The University of Manchester press release, July 1, 2009.
9.Manning, P. L. et al. 2009. Mineralized soft-tissue structure and chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur from the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota (USA). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Published online before print, July 1, 2009.
Image Credit: Christian Darkin / Photo Researchers, Inc.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Cite this article: Thomas, B. 2009. Dinosaur Soft Tissue Issue Is Here to Stay. Acts & Facts. 38 (9): 18.
PS ….This is exactly what we would expect to see if:
1) The Creation was not old
2) That a global flood buried most of the creatures we find in the rock record not that long ago….


Wheatley’s Midterm Experience is designed to give our 9th and 10th grade students hands-on workshops to provide insight into ways in which reading, writing, and speaking skills can be used in the world beyond Wheatley. Over the course of two hours on Monday, 22 January, students worked with acclaimed authors, poets, comedians and creative artists in activities designed to engage students in a way that can be challenging during the regular school day. You can view a previous post here: Wheatley’s Midterm Experience Connects Classroom to Career! (Part 1)
The Midterm Experience occurs thanks to the dedication of our Secondary English Chair, Mr. Steve Collier, our extraordinary librarian, Mrs. JoBeth Roberts, and our dedicated English teachers.
Some of the workshops given include:
by Jen Calonita (author, I’m With the Band, Flunked, Secrets of My Hollywood Life, Belles)
This workshop was designed for students who dream of someday having a job where they can talk and write about Hollywood all day long — that’s right…an entertainment journalist! In this class, students worked with former entertainment magazine editor and young adult book author Jen Calonita to learn what it takes to conduct a celebrity interview from research to a published article. By the end of the first hour of the workshop, students were ready to conduct (via FaceTime) an actual celebrity interview! The hour-long interview was conducted with musician Andrew Taggert (of The Chainsmokers fame).
Inspiration for Crafting Songs
by David Diamond (singer/songwriter, drummer/guitarist)
What comes first: the groove, melody, chords or the lyrics? What kind of mood you may be in? David Diamond led a discussion about what can inspire one to create a song; how there is no one way to begin the writing process. Sometimes a catchphrase can become a chorus, or a rhythmic pulse of a train can help create a groove to lay a foundation to create. What does a song make you feel? Students explored how certain styles of music can create different moods and transport the listener. Students created lyrics or rhythms of their own to help craft their own song.


- Michael Carlile
- Sarah Watkinson
The fungi are one of the great groups of living organisms, comparable in numbers of species, diversity and ecological significance with animals, plants, protists and bacteria. This textbook deals with all fundamental and applied aspects of mycology, illustrated by reference to well studied species from major fungal groups. Since the publication of the first edition of The Fungi, there have been many important advances in the field of mycology. This second up-to-date edition has been revised and substantially expanded, and incorporates the application of methods of molecular biology, especially DNA technology to mycology.
Students and researchers in mycology, plant science, microbiology, plant pathology, biotechnology, and general biology.


The best way to prevent spina bifida is to take folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy. The majority of babies with myelomeningocele also develop hydrocephalus which requires treatment.
Regular physical activity is important for all people but especially for those with conditions that affect movement such as spina bifida.
Spina bifida how to prevent. Myelomeningocele the most severe form of spina bifida generally requires surgery to correct the spinal defect and prevent infections further injury or trauma to the exposed spinal cord and nerves. These disorders occur when the tube that covers the spinal column fails to develop properly. Studies have shown that taking a multivitamin with folic acid can prevent spina bifida and lower your baby s odds of having this and other birth defects.
This defect can result in spina bifida miscarriage and even a condition where very little brain and. Here are the six top ways to prevent spina bifida. Folic acid recommendations you should take a 400 microgram folic acid tablet every day while you re trying to get pregnant and until you re 12 weeks pregnant.
The predominant cause of spina bifida and anencephaly is a lack of adequate folic acid vitamin b9 in the mother s diet prior to conception and during the first month of pregnancy. In addition to an increase in folic acid intake other ways to prevent spina bifida include remaining healthy avoiding flu and viruses and the avoidance of radiation. Folic acid is found in dark leafy vegetables and fortified foods like cereal.
You may need up to 4 000 micrograms during pregnancy if you have diabetes. Take your prenatal vitamins and folic acid a lot of research has been done around taking prenatal vitamins and it s believed that folic acid can help to prevent defects of the brain and spine. Those with spina bifida lower on the spine near the hips might have more use of their legs and use crutches braces or walkers or they might be able to walk without these devices.
If you are overweight or obese it s wise to lose weight in order to decrease your chances of health risks and birth defects. Of folic acid daily to prevent spina bifida. Latex allergies most often develop due to frequent contact with products that contain latex.
Many children with spina bifida have latex allergies or need to take latex precautions as latex allergy can develop at any time. The prevention of spina bifida is simple affordable and proven.


Still life is a genre that transcends art movements. It is a timeless form of artistic expression that has been employed for centuries. From European masters Juan Sánchez Cotán and Rachel Ruysch to Americans Raphaelle Peale and Emil Carlsen, all represented in the permanent collection, still life has served as a means by which artists have proven their mastery of varying techniques, mediums, and styles. While a classic genre, still life allows for experimentation. It carries with it a duplicity—an enduring form of art that has, simultaneously, continued for centuries and across nations to allow artists to challenge and redefine popular conceptions of representation. Drawn entirely from the Museum’s permanent collection, this installation brings together rarely seen examples of modern American still life paintings, executed within a brief thirty-year period, to highlight the diversity of artistic expression and styles that can be found in one of the most recognizable and beloved genres in the history of art.


Our research Cat research How can we improve the welfare of cats and other wildlife? Our project aims to find out. Read more about our work below: Donate to this research project: Read more Cats have evolved to be successful predators, able to hunt wild birds, small mammals and reptiles. Scientific studies suggest that both domestic and feral cats are having a serious effect on wildlife in countries across the world. With a cat population of over 10 million in the UK, understanding the impact that cats have on our songbird populations is a crucial area of research. If we know more about cat behaviour and owner attitudes, we may be able to minimise the damage that cats cause to songbirds and other wildlife. Background: SongBird Survival has partnered with the University of Exeter to take a novel approach, shifting the focus away from ‘the problem’, and towards resolving the issue. By funding research into understanding cat owners as well as cats, we hope to be able identify potential solutions to cat predation of wildlife. The project: The project started in March 2017, running for 3 years. SBS is funding a PhD student and postdoctoral researcher for the duration of the project. We know that securing the ongoing interest and input of cat owners is central to the success of this research. This highly collaborative project will combine social science and ecology. We will be working directly with cat owners and other interested groups to identify personal perspectives and co-design research activities to assess cat behaviour. What we will be studying: Cat behaviour Perspectives of cat owners Potential mitigation measures, e.g. deterrent devices, fitting cats with collars or bells, modifying cat access to the outdoors Urban and rural settings Through this joint research, we aim to move beyond the contention and social conflict which has plagued the issue of cat predation of wildlife, and achieve real results for songbirds. Researcher profiles Sarah Crowley - Postdoctoral Researcher Sarah gained her PhD from the University of Exeter in 2017, and is now working as a Postdoctoral researcher within the College of Life and Environmental Sciences. She specialises in understanding the social dimensions of managing introduced and invasive species. Her PhD research focused on the management of monk parakeets in southeast England, Eurasian beavers in Devon and grey squirrels nationwide. Sarah has a background in animal behaviour and anthrozoology – the interdisciplinary study of human-animal interactions. Her research interests include environmental conflict, human-animal interactions and introduced and invasive species management and policy. She is keen to continue conducting and promoting applied, interdisciplinary research into complex socioecological problems. Martina Cecchetti – PhD Student Martina is a PhD student within the College of Life and Environmental Sciences working under the supervision of Professor Robbie McDonald. She holds a BSc Biological Sciences from the University of Perugia and an MSc Evolution of Animal and Human Behaviour from the University of Turin. Previously she has worked as a fieldworker with Ornis Italica, a not-for-profit association of independent researchers based in Rome. Here she studied the effect of free-roaming cats on shearwaters on Linosa Island, in collaboration with University of Palermo. She also worked as a radar specialist for raptor migration on the Strait of Messina. Martina’s research interests include wildlife conservation, animal welfare and the impacts of invasive species on island endemics. Professor Robbie McDonald – Supervisor Professor McDonald is Chair in Natural Environment at the University of Exeter. He leads the University's partnership with the National Wildlife Management Centre as part of a Wildlife Research Co-Operative. He is also a member of the Environment and Sustainability Institute. His research interests lie in mammal ecology and small carnivores in particular, having previously studied the biology of the weasel family. His current projects are looking at the ecology and management of invasive, non-native species, ecological and social aspects of wildlife management and understanding human conflicts over wildlife. His research has also focused on the science, policy and practical implications of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in badgers, and the impacts and management of invasive species. He hopes to develop a programme of applied, interdisciplinary work that will help Cornwall, the South West, and the UK develop in a sustainable way.


According to WMO, according to World Meteorological Institutions, before the end of this year, the effects of seasonal poisonous nano are 70% of re-establishing effects.
Earlier, El Salvador was influenced by the weather patterns around the globe that happened in 2015-16.
However, the researchers believe that this new al nano will be less intense against the past.
According to Deblo MoO, environmental change is affecting the traditional intensity of such seasonal manifestations.
The Sunni 2015 nineteenth season recorded the most severe seasonal poison and it had an impact on the temperature around the world, due to which the warmest year of 2016 was recorded.
El Nino and La Nina are complex seasonal patterns that occur due to temperature temperatures in colonial archeology, and their effects are set around the world.
‘Al Nino’ is sometimes called a hot stage of this natural phenomenon, while ‘La Nina’ is called a cold phase.
Now ‘La Nina’ is over and according to the WMO, there are 70% chance of another El Nino before the end of the year.
However, its severity is less than 2015-16.
WMO Secretary General Patriallas Talas says that in the opinion of WMO, this new al nano would be less intensely compared to the past, but then it could have a considerable impact.
He further said “Knowing it before time can save many lives and financial losses.”
Scientists say Astano is going to see the weather conditions of El Nino for the first time, due to which famine and flood can come.
Australia’s Bureau of Metorology said it could be a big event.
Such ocean temperature decreases due to lack of seeds.
El Nino is still in its early stages, but it has the ability to bring extreme weather around the world.
American scientists earlier announced in April that El Nano has arrived but at that time it was called ‘weak’.
Australian scientists say that its samples show that it will take force after September, but at that time it will be the first time to say how strong it will be.
Environmental monitoring in the Bureau of Metorology and the Prague Department manager David Jones told reporters that this is a real-nano effect, and it is not weak.
‘You know that whenever intensity is offered, it gets a little suspicious, but looking at the models completely, it looks like it’s a big event of Al Nino.’
After the recorded temperature of the last year, El Nino was expected but it did not happen.
Five years ago, due to the coming days of Alino, there was famine in low monuments in South-East Asia, South Australia, Philippines and Ecuador in Southeast Asia, a severe storm in the United States, a heat wave in Brazil, and severe flood in Mexico.
El Nino is the warmth of the Pacific, which is part of the complex result of the atmosphere and sea.


Two years after the powerful earthquake and devastating tsunami hit Japan, the Japanese Red Cross—with financial support of the American Red Cross—is helping to provide emotional support to children who are still dealing with their traumatic experience.
A five year-old girl who behaves normally at school acts out violently at home against her grandmother, who is caring for her, demanding to know when her mother will return. The girl, who lost both her parents and her sister in the tsunami, doesn’t understand they are not coming back.
The 9.0-magnitude earthquake hit Japan on March 11, 2011, triggering a tsunami that left behind miles of devastation and destroyed homes, buildings, roads and entire communities. Survivors were left to deal with not only the physical destruction, but the mental trauma as well, particular young children and the elderly.
Immediately after the disaster, the Japanese Red Cross responded with health and emotional support services. But the need to help people deal with their emotional trauma is ongoing, said child psychiatrist, Dr. Junko Yagi, who works in Iwate, one of the worst-affected prefectures.
“Some patients are only now starting to develop dissociation and depression symptoms,” Dr Yagi said. “They seemed to be actively moving forward with their lives but in reality, they were in a state of hyper-arousal. They are exhausted.”
Providing psychological education is one part of Dr. Yagi’s job. She helps patient develop coping strategies to deal with loss and trauma. For the little girl, Dr. Yagi works with her at a weekly play therapy session, to help her more easily express her emotions. Dr. Yagi has also worked with the grandmother to give her a better understanding of how children relate to death and to enable her to communicate with the child better and to express her own grief.”
This therapy is currently available in three centers in the prefecture – Miyako, Kamaishi and Kesen. Dr. Yagi is one of the key figures in the process of setting up a center for children’s mental health care in the Iwate Medical University which is being funded by the Red Cross.
“In this way, we will be able to get the benefit of training for the local doctors who are dealing with these cases by leading experts in the field, and also more young doctors will be encouraged to train as child psychiatrists,” she said, adding that a shortage of medical staff had been a serious issue even before the disaster.
This part of Japan has long had a history of being relatively under-developed in terms of health infrastructure.
“The building of a new center - with support from the Red Cross - will not only help the people affected by the disaster,” said Dr. Yagi. “But it will change the whole picture of children’s mental health care in the region.
Donations to American Red Cross Help Response in Japan
Since the 2011 earthquake, donations by the American public have helped hundreds of thousands of people with appliances for their new homes, rebuilt hospitals and nursing schools and provided emotional support to survivors.
These donations enabled the Japanese Red Cross to provide nearly 338,000 survivors with appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines and rice cookers for their temporary housing.
The Red Cross also has provided transportation, medical beds and vaccinations for the elderly and educational support, temporary school gyms, indoor playgrounds, and summer camps for children.
In addition, American Red Cross donations have helped rebuild Japan’s hospitals, medical centers and nursing facilities. Three temporary hospitals and one medical center have been reconstructed, and two permanent hospitals and a social welfare care center are expected to open early this year. U.S. donations are also helping to rebuild a Red Cross nursing school that will train specialists in disaster medical care.


SWEAT is so unique it could one day be used to access smartphones in the same way we use a fingerprint or our faces.
Amino acids in our "sweat print" could be used to identify someone wearing a mobile or wearable device, researchers have claimed.
It could prove to be one of the most secure ways to hide your secrets on your phone as a sweat profile is a lot harder for scammers to operate.
Assistant Professor Jan Halamek at the University at Albany, who co-authored a study into the possibility, said: "The sequence of the unlocking mechanism will be based on complex biological systems that cannot be ascertained by anyone other than the device’s owner."
It might sound totally bizarre but Professor Halamek reckons it could become a reality in the next "five to 10 years".
It could help people who struggle to remember passwords or have mobility issues which mean they cannot place their finger over a phone sensor.
Facial recognition security features have already been foiled by hackers.
The iPhone X and Samsung S8 face unlock were both cracked.
It took just ten days for security researchers to fool Apple's Face ID using an elaborate face mask.
THAT'S CRACKING What to do if your phone is lost or stolen, how do you find your IMEI number and can thieves unlock your iPhone?
Samsung's facial recognition was tricked using a photo of its owner.
If you have banking apps on your phone, they advise you to set a pin on your phone, which would suggest that it's still the safest way to keep your secrets safe for now.
MORE SMARTPHONE STORIES FOR GADGET FANS


Photo courtesy of uic library, special collection and university archives jane addams and hull house are the foundation of social reform in the united states. Social reformer jane addams founded the settlement house called hull house in 1889 in order to help the underprivileged in chicago. In honor of her 153rd birthday, hull house founder, social activist and nobel prize winner jane addams was celebrated in friday's google doodle the simple. Twenty years at hull house [jane addams] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers. Hull house: overview of hull house, one of the first social settlements in north america it was founded in chicago in 1889 by jane addams and ellen gates starr to. Twenty years at hull house [jane addams] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers in 1889, while many americans were disdainful of newly.
The building developers should be commended for honoring the legacy of jane addams and the hospitality of hull house the new name, the st jane chicago. Jane addams and ellen starr opens the hull house in chicago hull house, the most well known settlement house in the united states, was co-founded in 1889 by jane. Jane addams (1860—1935) addams, jane twenty years at hull house 1910 urbana, il: university of illinois press, 1990 best work to start a study of addams opening chapters are. This guide provides a sample of resources for researching the history of chicago's hull-house settlement house, its co-founders jane addams and ellen gates starr, and.
Hull house, chicago's first and the nation's most influential settlement house, was established by jane addams and ellen gates starr on the near west side on september 18, 1889 by 1907, the. For addams, hull house always combined epistemological concerns with jane, credit jane addams with developing many of his important ideas including his view. Twenty years at hull-house with autobiographical notes by jane addams hull-house, chicago author of democracy and social ethics, newer ideals of peace, the spirit of youth and the. Jane addams has 63 books on goodreads with 4745 ratings jane addams’s most popular book is twenty years at hull house.
Jane addams: jane addams, american social reformer and pacifist, cowinner of the nobel prize for peace in 1931 she is best known as a cofounder (with ellen gates starr) of hull house in. The jane addams hull-house museum faithfully preserves jane addams' legacy of social reform and neighborhood stewardship. Hull house, chicago, il hull house, circa 1920 jane addams and her friend ellen gates starr founded hull house in 1889 on the south side of chicago, illinois after. Hull house, founded in 1889 by jane addams and ellen gates starr, was the home of progressive programs serving a mostly immigrant community.
Jane addams hull house association, chicago, illinois 1,565 likes 3 talking about this 15 were here september 18, 1889 we opened january 27, 2012. I learned about jane addams in elementary school & as a adult i read her book twenty years at hull house i was eager to visit hull house when in chicago it took about an hour to tour.
Jane addams (1860 – 1935) jane addams as a young woman photo: public domain jane addams was a famous activist, social worker, author, and nobel peace prize winner, and she is best known for. Jane addams hull house association will be out of business friday, leaving employees and clients scrambling to fill a void the 122-year-old organization. Here is a documentary on jane addams, a pioneer in creating one of the most instrumental social settlements of north america. The life and work of jane addams (1860-1935), founder of hull house and nobel peace prize winner, demonstrated the ethics and values that became the basis of the. All photographs are the property of the swarthmore college peace collection permission must be gained from the curator for any reproduction of the images.
Primary source from twenty years at hull-house by jane addams on september 18, 1889, social reformers jane addams and ellen gates starr. Twenty years at hull house by jane addams click here for the lowest price paperback, 9781463682477, 1463682476. Main article primary sources (1) jane addams, twenty years at hull house (1910) i gradually became convinced that it would be a good thing to rent a house in a part. A short documentary of the life and work of jane addams, founder of hull house in chicago, illinois. Meet jane addams and discover how her drive to help others led her to establish hull house, the first american settlement house learn how addams and hull house improved life for american. 20 years at hull-house by jane addams click here for the lowest price paperback, 9781619491588, 1619491583.


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The online sports injury research papers writing writing three part thesis help lab (owl) at purdue university houses writing resources who is a role model essays and instructional material. A thesis statement is the single, specific claim that your essay supports a strong thesis answers the question you want to raise it does so by presenting a topic, the position you wish to defend, and a reasoning blueprint that sketches out your defense of your chosen position a good thesis is not merely a factual statement,.
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In part two of this series of book excerpts on getting started with JXTA, from JXTA in a Nutshell, learn about peergroups and discovery, which are important for understanding peer-to-peer Web services.
Peers self-organize into groups. JXTA does not define what these groups are, nor why they exist: the JXTA framework supports the creation of groups and the definition of group membership, but it is up to cooperating peers to define groups, join groups, and leave groups. Among other purposes, peergroups serve to:
Define a set of services and resources
In order to participate in an auction, a peer must find a JXTA peergroup that provides an auction service. The peer must join that group; only peers that have joined the group can use the services available in the group.
There are a number of important resources that exist within each peergroup. A service is a specific type of JXTA resource. A peer that wants to use the resources of a particular peergroup must join that peergroup. Similarly, peers can communicate only with each other if they have joined the same group (although, as we'll see, all peers belong to the NetPeerGroup, so they can always communicate with each other).
Provide a secure region
In This Series
Because of their membership requirement, peergroups form an entity with a logical boundary. Peergroups may strongly enforce a membership requirement so that the boundaries define a secure environment as well: content within a peergroup can be accessed only by peers belonging to that group, so a peergroup with strict membership requirements can secure its content from the rest of the world.
The underlying network topologies of peers within a peergroup do not necessarily reflect physical network boundaries, such as those imposed by routers and firewalls. A peergroup can consist of peers on completely disparate networks. Peergroups virtualize the notion of routers and firewalls, subdividing the network in secure regions without respect to actual physical network boundaries.
Peergroups are typically formed and self-organized based on the mutual interest of peers. No particular rules are imposed on how peergroups are formed. Peers with the same interests tend to join the same peergroups. Therefore, the abstract regions defined by a peergroup provide an implicit scoping mechanism for peergroup operations. Peergroup boundaries delimit the search horizon when looking for peergroup resources. Peergroup scopes help scalability by reducing network traffic explosion within the JXTA network. Messages within a peergroup are propagated only to peers that are members of the peergroup.
Create a monitoring environment
Peergroups enable peers to monitor members, interactions (traffic introspection, accountability, traceability, etc.).
The JXTA platform defines two kinds of peergroups:
1. The NetPeerGroup
This is the default peergroup a peer joins after booting the JXTA network; it is sometimes called the World Peergroup. Configuration of the NetPeerGroup is typically done by the administrator in charge of the network domain on which the peer is located. The NetPeerGroup defines the initial scope of operations of a peer and the default services it provides.
2. User peergroups
Users (and applications) can create new peergroups with their own set of customized services and membership policies. User peergroup services are created by either cloning and extending the NetPeerGroup services or by creating new ones. All user peergroups are subsets of the NetPeerGroup.
All peers are automatically members of the NetPeerGroup peergroup; they do not need to take any special actions to join the group, and they cannot leave the group. Peers may opt to join and leave other groups at will. In order to join a group, a peer must discover the group and then ask to join it. Depending on the group, the peer may have to present authentication credentials, and the group will vote on the peer's application.
Let's see how this all works in the context of the shell. When the shell starts, it automatically joins the NetPeerGroup. One way that you can find the group that a shell belongs to is with the
whoami -g command:
JXTA>whoami -g <PeerGroup>NetPeerGroup</PeerGroup> <Description>NetPeerGroup by default</Description> <PeerGroupId>urn:jxta:jxta-NetGroup</PeerGroupId>
Any peer can create a peergroup. Peergroups are typically composed of peers that have either a common set of interests (e.g., music or baseball peergroups) or that interact with each other to exchange contents.
Peergroups allow us to introduce the notion of protocols and services in the JXTA platform. A peergroup provides a set of services that peers can utilize. The JXTA platform defines seven core services:
This set of core services is used to "seed" the peer so it can discover and find enough resources to support itself. The NetPeerGroup services provide sufficient functionality for allowing this dynamic bootstrapping mechanism. The core services were selected to enable a peer to have enough functionality to create and join a large variety of peergroups:
User peergroups can extend, replace, or add new services, allowing a variety of peergroups to be created.
A peergroup does not need to provide all of these services; it can provide only those that are necessary to support the peers within the group. Most peergroups, however, will provide at least a membership service. Since peers are always members of the NetPeerGroup, they can always obtain these services from the NetPeerGroup.
The NetPeerGroup provides all seven of these services. In general, each of these services defines a specific protocol used to access the service.
Any peer can create a peergroup. The shell creates a peergroup with these commands:
JXTA>mygroupadv = mkadv -g mygroup JXTA>mkpgrp -d mygroupadv
The first of these commands creates an advertisement (
mygroupadv) of a new group with a symbolic name of
mygroup (advertisements are discussed in more detail later in this chapter). The
mkpgrp command actually creates the group.
When you create a group in this manner, information about the group is broadcast to other peers using a discovery protocol that we discuss in the next section. In general, a peer can find a peergroup in two ways:
1. When a new group is created, an announcement of that group is broadcast, and peers who are listening will discover the new group.
2. A peer can initiate discovery to find groups. In the shell, this is accomplished with the
groups -r command:
JXTA>groups -r group discovery message sent
You can see which groups the shell knows about by using the
JXTA>groups group0: mygroup group1: anothergroup
In this last example, we know about
mygroup because that's the group that we created; we know about
anothergroup because another peer on the network created that group and we discovered it. Note that the NetPeerGroup does not show up in this list, even though it is also a peergroup.
Each peergroup is uniquely identified by a unique peergroup ID. The peergroup ID is guaranteed to be unique within the entire JXTA network.
Once a peer has discovered or created a group, it must join the group. This entails sending an application (with any necessary credentials) to the group and awaiting a response. The membership service of the group will vote on the new application and send back either an acceptance or a rejection.
A shell joins a particular group by using the
JXTA>join -d group0 Enter the identity you want to use when joining this peergroup (nobody) 1Identity: jra
After executing this command, the shell is a member of the group
mygroup. A quick note about syntax here:
group0 comes from the list of groups we obtained with the
groups command. You can use the symbolic group name (e.g.,
mygroup) to join a group only if that shell created the group. To join a group that the shell discovered (such as
anothergroup), however, you must use the
group# that the shell has assigned. Because the shell caches information about groups, it might have created the group, exited, and restarted. In that case, you must also use the
group# that the shell has assigned.
A peer can join multiple groups by executing another
join command; the
join command can also be used to determine which groups the peer has joined:
JXTA>join -d group1 Enter the identity you want to use when joining this peergroup (nobody) 1Identity: sdo JXTA> join Joined group : mygroup Joined group : anothergroup (current)
Commands that the shell executes will be associated with the current group (
anothergroup); the current group can be changed with the
n this command, you always use the symbolic group name rather than the
group# name. The current group is used to find any service that the shell needs; it is also the group printed by the
Membership in any group created by the shell is automatic, so these examples work well when dealing with groups created by two different shells. A shell might also discover a different group, however: one that has membership criteria and requires the shell to present some special credentials. Membership in such groups requires that you know how to fill out a credential request, which is group-specific; we'll look at how this works in Chapter 7.
A peer can cancel its membership in a group. The shell cancels its membership in a group with the
This command cancels membership in the current group. You cannot leave the NetPeerGroup.
So far, our shell does not have a peer. In the JXTA world, this is not a good thing, as a peerless JXTA application is not very useful. The first thing it must do, therefore, is find other peers with whom it can exchange information. The process of finding other peers is called discovery.
The process of discovery applies to any JXTA resource: peers discover other peers, and they also discover peergroups, pipes, advertisements, and other resources. There are two ways in which peers discover resources: peers discover resources dynamically, and they use special, statically configured peers to tell them about JXTA resources. Discovery occurs within the context of a peergroup: a peer attempts to discover resources within a specific peergroup.
Peers use the JXTA Peer Discovery Protocol (PDP) to discover JXTA resources dynamically. The PDP defines the lowest-level technique that is available for peers to discover resources. On an IP network, it consists of two parts: a multicast message that is sent on the local network and the use of rendezvous peers to discover peers beyond the scope of the local network. Other network bindings will behave differently, but the essential operation of the PDP is that the requesting peer sends a message, and resources that hear the request will respond directly to the peer. Therefore, a peer using PDP will discover all JXTA resources that are on the local network or are known by the peer's rendezvous peers.
The implementation of discovery is actually a feature of the peergroup in which the peer is running. Certain peergroups may define other protocols by which peers can discover resources within the peergroup. The PDP is implemented by the discovery service that runs within the NetPeerGroup (and most other peergroups).
peers -r command of the JXTA Shell implements the PDP; it will discover all other JXTA peers on the local network. Before executing this command, you may want to start a shell on another machine on your network (the next part of this series will show you how to start a second shell on the same machine as the first).
Now in the original shell window you can execute commands to discover the second peer:
JXTA>peers peer0: name = Test Shell 1 JXTA>peers -r peer discovery message sent JXTA>peers peer0: name = Test Shell 1 peer1: name = Test Shell 2
If you execute the same commands from the second shell, you'll notice that it numbers the peers differently. The peer numbers are used only internally by the shell application; peers are not numbered in a JXTA sense (except for their unique IDs).
It can take some time for the shell to discover other peers; executing the
peers -r command may not necessarily report all of the peers on the network until the shell has completed its discovery process. In addition, some peers may not respond because they miss the multicast message; no reliable network protocol is used to discover peers. On the other hand, as more peers are added to the network, discovery is faster: that's because when a peer responds to a discovery message, it sends information about itself and about all other peers that it has already discovered.
There are special JXTA peers known as rendezvous peers. These peers are like lookup services: they keep a list of peers (and other JXTA resources) that they know about, and other peers query them for that list.
If you've been following along with our example, and you're on a computer connected to the Internet, when you first executed the
peers command, you received a list of peers. This is because the shell is configured to contact certain known rendezvous peers on the Internet; by default, it will automatically contact the hosts 22.214.171.124 and 126.96.36.199. These hosts showed up in our earlier example as peers JXTA.ORG 235 and JXTA.ORG 237.
These hosts are the boostrapping set of rendezvous peers for the NetPeergroup. Peers may discover rendezvous peers dynamically and use them in place of these; the intent of the bootstrapping rendezvous peers is to initiate the discovery process of dynamic rendezvous peers.
When the shell contacts the peer at one of these hosts, it will get back a list of all other peers that have discovered that same rendezvous peer. Therefore, a JXTA Shell running on a machine connected to the Internet may automatically discover many peers.
You can use the
rdvstatus command within the shell to see if the shell has successfully contacted a rendezvous peer:
JXTA>rdvstatus Rendezvous Connection Status: ---------------------------- Is Rendezvous : [false] Rendezvous Connections: Rendezvous name: JXTA.ORG 237 Rendezvous name: JXTA.ORG 235 Rendezvous Disconnections: [None]
In this case, the shell itself is not acting as a rendezvous peer; the shell has made contact with two rendezvous peers.
There can be as many rendezvous peers as peers in the network, although a certain ratio between rendezvous peers and other peers is expected to be maintained, depending on the peergroup discovery policy. Some peergroups will have a few rendezvous peers; others will have many. Smaller peergroups typically need fewer rendezvous peers. Larger peergroups tend to need more rendezvous peers to reduce the chance of creating islands of peers that do not communicate with others.
A peer can dynamically advertise itself or remove itself from the list of rendezvous peers. Peers can discover new rendezvous peers dynamically and add them to their list of known rendezvous peers. As with the shell, any peer can be preconfigured to know about a fixed number of rendezvous peers. Each peergroup can define its own ratio of peers to rendezvous peers to support the peergroup-specific requirements.
Because a peer knows the address of a rendezvous peer, it can use whatever network protocol it wants to contact it (assuming, of course, that the rendezvous peer also supports that protocol). In the shell, the preconfigured rendezvous peers are all defined as using HTTP as their transport mechanism.
JXTA services and applications are free to use any other technique to find each other. The shell, for example, can be configured to pass its requests to the rendezvous peers through a proxy; this is useful if you must pass through a firewall to get to the Internet. In this case, the shell wraps the standard PDP message into an HTTP request that it sends to the proxy server; the proxy forwards it just as it would any other HTTP message. When the rendezvous peer receives the request, it puts its answer back into the HTTP response and sends it to the proxy, which returns it to the shell.
Any variation on this technique is valid, as long as all the peers agree on the technique. At a minimum, peers will always be able to discover each other using the basic PDP (assuming, of course, that their network topology supports the discovery we described above).
Consider the peers shown in Figure 2-3. When the JXTA Shell joins its local network, it will send out a broadcast version of the PDP. It will get back two responses. One response will come from the JXTA searching service, and the shell will now know about the searching service. The other response will come from the JXTA rendezvous peer. Because the rendezvous peer is sitting on a machine that is attached to both the local and corporate networks, it has previously discovered the searching peer and the file-sharing peer. When the rendezvous peer receives the PDP broadcast method from the shell, it will tell the shell about these two peers.
The shell will then send a PDP message via HTTP directly to JXTA.ORG 237. The rendezvous peer at JXTA.ORG 237 will then tell the shell about all the peers that JXTA.ORG 237 has discovered; this is how the shell can discover the JXTA auction service. In Figure 2-3, the HTTP message passes through a proxy in order to pass through the firewall.
JXTA peers and discovery
Passing through the proxy is a value-added feature of how the JXTA Shell is programmed (and a value-added feature of the standard Java language bindings that we use throughout this book). At a basic level, the PDP works over HTTP; if we were to remove the firewall from this network, then the JXTA file-sharing service could use PDP directly to contact JXTA.ORG 237 and discover the JXTA auction service.
Also note how peer discovery is improved as more peers are added to this example. When a new peer is connected to the local area network and executes the basic PDP to find peers dynamically, it will immediately find the JXTA auction and file-sharing services. That's because the shell has already found these services. When the new peer sends its discovery message, the shell will respond with all the peers it knows about.
JXTA peers can elect to become relay peers. Relay peers send dynamic discovery requests across different networks.
In Figure 2-3, the JXTA rendezvous peer sits on two different networks. The JXTA Shell discovered the JXTA file-sharing service because it knew about the rendezvous peer and contacted it directly. If the JXTA rendezvous peer was a JXTA relay peer instead, then when the JXTA Shell performed its multicast discovery, the JXTA relay peer would have seen the multicast message and routed it onto the corporate network. This would have been seen by the JXTA file-sharing service, which would have sent a message back to the shell.
The end result here is the same: the shell discovers the service, but the procedure is quite different. In the case of the rendezvous peer, the shell had to have explicit knowledge of the rendezvous peer in order to contact it. In the case of the relay peer, the discovery would happen dynamically.
In practice, peers often serve as both relay and rendezvous peers.
In the next installment, learn JXTA application configuration.
Scott Oaks is a Java Technologist at Sun Microsystems, where he has worked since 1987. While at Sun, he has specialized in many disparate technologies, from the SunOS kernel to network programming and RPCs.
Bernard Traversat is a well-known developer in the Java Community and an active member of the Project JXTA. Bernard is the Engineering Manager for the JXTA CORE.
Li Gong is a well-known developer in the Java Community and an active member of the Project JXTA. Li is the JXTA Engineering Director for the JXTA CORE.
Return to ONJava.com.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


On Jun 30, 2008, wallaby1 from Lincoln,
United Kingdom (Zone 8a) wrote:
The larvae of this beetle can be damaging to plants, such a strawberries, as they eat the roots causing the plant to wilt and if enough roots are eaten the plant will die. Some plants are preferable to others, I find they like Heuchera, if noticed (wilting or plant loose in the ground) the plant can be removed and the grubs dug out. They also live in lawns, these are more difficult to remove although I see birds eating them as they come close to the surface.
Larvae are curved in shape, soft bodied and white, with six legs at the front end with a brown shiny head. There is usually a dark patch internally at the rear.
They remain in the ground for 3 to 4 years, the mature grub is very large, 40-46mm. The mature beetle is 20-30mm in length. The larvae pupa... read more


Speech 100 Chapter 1 The world of commuication
Terms in this set (11)
A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
Content level of meaning
One of two levels of meaning in communication.The content level of meaning is the literal, or denotative, information in a message.
Examining ideas reflectively and carefully to decide what you should believe, think, or to do.
Response to a message, may be verbal, nonverbal, or both. In communication theory, the concept of feedback appeared first in interactive models of communication.
Communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance.
Anything that has potential to interfere with intended communication.
Ways of thinking, acting, and understanding work that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization's distinct identity.
Something that is ongoing and continuously in motion, the beginnings and endings of which are difficult to identify. Communication is a process.
Relationship level of meaning
One of two levels of meaning in communication; expresses the relationship between communicators .
An arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract, representation of a phenomenon. Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought.
A group of interrelated elements that affect one another. Communication is systemic.


Individuals dwelling within the present have a lot to thank for many technological developments. A contemporary instance is the rise of communication expertise, which has lessened obstacles to human interaction and consequently has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of cyberculture has at its basis the development of the Web and the pc 15 Not all expertise enhances culture in a creative means; technology may assist facilitate political oppression and war through instruments resembling weapons.
Immediately, the Internet and world communications technologies are being employed to succeed in out to folks all internationally by church buildings, spiritual and group organizations, and charitable groups in all kinds of ways. Modern safety equipment permits companies to protect their monetary knowledge, confidential enterprise info and decisions. Nowadays, there’s a host of TV streaming providers meaning you possibly can compensate for all your programmes whenever you want or flick thru a listing of films and exhibits, all out of your TV set, cellphone, laptop or pill.
When we shift from using the applications on our PCs to working within the browser or on a cellphone, we give internet service suppliers (ISPs) and tech firms more say over what we can and may’t do. They know after we get on-line, they usually know what we do as soon as we join. Growing countries attempt to get higher utilities, extra vehicles, sooner computers, as well as Internet and mobile phone suppliers as a result of that’s what makes a contemporary society.
Over the coming years I might do COBOL and relational database design but that was the closest I ever received to sensible information about methods to construct software for the web. Many opponents of know-how in religion argue that technologies are desensitizing people and undermining the morals of society, but as with any different expertise or reward of new data, it is what it is used for that actually counts.
From the time it was based, Trendy Technology has had one aim in mind: offering skilled high quality work by way of our strong dedication to buyer satisfaction. Fashionable expertise is a buddy as a result of it is the time that it saves that advantages all who’s within the behavior of utilizing it. There is no such thing as a detrimental connotations in regards to know-how as being an enemy of mankind.


|Title||Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change|
|Content||The white paper, Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change: A Down-to-Earth Solution to Global Warming, is issued by Rodale Institute, an independent nonprofit agricultural research institute based in the U.S.
It focuses on the regenerative organic agriculture’s role in reversing both climate issues and food insecurity. Soil ability to revers climate change is only working when the health of the soil is maintained through organic regenerative agriculture. The Rodale Institute calls for the restructuring of our global food system with the goal of reversing climate change through photosynthesis and biology.