Flowering PlantsPam Soltis, Doug Soltis, and Christine Edwards
This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.
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The angiosperms, or flowering plants, are one of the major groups of extant seed plants and arguably the most diverse major extant plant group on the planet, with at least 260,000 living species classified in 453 families (Judd et al., 2002; APG II, 2003; Soltis et al., 2005). They occupy every habitat on Earth except extreme environments such as the highest mountaintops, the regions immediately surrounding the poles, and the deepest oceans. They live as epiphytes (i.e., living on other plants), as floating and rooted aquatics in both freshwater and marine habitats, and as terrestrial plants that vary tremendously in size, longevity, and overall form. They can be small herbs, parasitic plants, shrubs, vines, lianas, or giant trees. There is a huge amount of diversity in chemistry (often as a defense against herbivores), reproductive morphology, and genome size and organization that is unparalleled in other members of the Plant Kingdom. Furthermore, angiosperms are crucial for human existence; the vast majority of the world's crops are angiosperms, as are most natural clothing fibers. Angiosperms are also sources for other important resources such as medicine and timber.
Despite their diversity, angiosperms are clearly united by a suite of synapomorphies (i.e., shared, derived features) including 1) ovules that are enclosed within a carpel, that is, a structure that is made up of an ovary, which encloses the ovules, and the stigma, a structure where pollen germination takes place, 2) double fertilization, which leads to the formation of an endosperm (a nutritive tissue within the seed that feeds the developing plant embryo), 3) stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs, 4) features of gametophyte structure and development, and 5) phloem tissue composed of sieve tubes and companion cells (see Doyle and Donoghue, 1986; Judd et al. 2002; P. Soltis et al., 2004; and D. Soltis et al., 2005, for further discussion). All available evidence strongly rejects hypotheses of more than one evolutionary origin of extant angiosperms.
Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships
Amborella and the root of the angiosperm evolutionary tree
Most analyses of the past five years concur in placing the monotypic Amborella as the sister to all other extant angiosperms, although some analyses suggest Amborella plus water lilies may occupy this pivotal position (see below). Amborella trichopoda, endemic to cloud forests of New Caledonia, was described in the mid-nineteenth century (Baillon, 1869) and has since been classified with various groups of basal angiosperms, most often with Laurales (e.g., Cronquist, 1981), a group of magnoliids (see below). However, Amborella lacks those features considered to be synapomorphies for Laurales (Doyle and Endress, 2000; see Laurales later) and clearly differs from most Laurales in having spirally arranged floral organs (except perhaps the carpels; M. Buzgo et al., University of Florida, unpublished data), rather than the whorled arrangement typical of most Laurales (see studies of floral morphology and development by Endress and Igersheim, 2000a; Posluszny and Tomlinson, 2003; Buzgo et al., 2004). Amborella has carpels that are closed only by secretion, rather than by fused tissue as in most angiosperms (Endress and Igersheim, 2000b)–a feature that may represent a plesiomorphy (i.e., ancestral feature) for the angiosperms. Features that unify all extant angiosperms except Amborella include vessels (Judd et al., 2002; but see Feild et al., 2000; Doyle and Endress, 2001) and pollen grains with a reticulate tectum (Doyle and Endress, 2001). Synapomorphies for all extant angiosperms except Amborella and Nymphaeaceae (sensu APG II, 2003) include ethereal oil cells–common throughout basal angiosperms–and columellate pollen grains with a perforate tectum (Doyle and Endress, 2001).
The placement of Amborella as sister to all other angiosperms is supported by nearly all multigene analyses of basal angiosperms, including evidence from all three plant genomes (e.g., P. Soltis et al., 1999; Qiu et al., 1999; Mathews and Donoghue, 1999, 2000; Parkinson et al., 1999; Graham and Olmstead, 2000; Graham et al., 2000; D. Soltis et al., 2000; Magallon and Sanderson, 2002; Zanis et al., 2002; see also Nickerson and Drouin, 2004). A few studies have found alternative rootings, using either different genes or different methods of analysis. For example, Amborella + Nymphaeaceae (e.g. Barkman et al., 2000; P. Soltis et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004a) or Nymphaeaceae alone (e.g., Parkinson et al., 1999; Graham and Olmstead, 2000, with partial sampling of Nymphaeaceae; Mathews and Donoghue, 2000) have occasionally been reported as sister to all other angiosperms. However, statistical analyses of these alternative rootings using a data set of up to 11 genes generally favor the tree with Amborella as sister to the rest, although the Amborella + Nymphaeaceae tree could not always be rejected (Zanis et al., 2002).
Another alternative, which conflicts with all molecular analyses of angiosperms with dense taxon sampling, is based on a selection of 61 genes from the totally sequenced plastid genomes of 13 plant species (Goremykin et al., 2003). This data set placed the monocots (represented by only three grasses–rice, maize, and wheat) as the sister to all other extant angiosperms, while Amborella was sister to Calycanthus of Laurales, a position consistent with the original description of Amborella, but clearly at odds with other aspects of morphology (see Laurales section). Goremykin et al. (2003) attributed their results to the increased character sampling (30,017 nucleotides in their aligned matrix) in their study relative to other analyses that included fewer genes but many more taxa. However, further analyses of a data set of three genes and nearly equivalent taxon sampling as used by Goremykin et al. indicated that the "monocots-basal" topology is an artifact of limited taxon sampling (D. Soltis and Soltis, 2004; Soltis et al., 2004). The recent work of Stefanovic et al. (2005) further indicates that the results of Goremykin et al. reflect poor taxon sampling. Stefanovic et al. added the nearly complete plastid sequence of Acorus to the Goremykin et al. data set, and this simple addition resulted in the "Amborella-basal" topology.
The basal angiosperms
The basal angiosperms represent a grade that includes the following groups: Amborellaceae (discussed above), Nymphaeaceae (sensu APG II, 2003), Austrobaileyales, Ceratophyllaceae, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids, and monocots (although not all investigators choose to consider monocots basal angiosperms). The evolutionary relationships of these groups are discussed below.
Nymphaeaceae. The phylogenetic position of Nymphaeaceae as one of the two basalmost (or oldest diverging) lineages of extant angiosperms is strongly supported by nearly all molecular analyses. This clade of eight aquatic genera has a worldwide distribution, consistent with the ancient age of this lineage based on the fossil record. However, despite the ancient origins of this group, molecular analyses indicate that most extant genera of Nympheaceae have relatively recent origins (Yoo et al. 2005).
Austrobaileyales. The positions of Amborellaceae and Nymphaeaceae as successive sisters to the rest of the angiosperms are followed, in turn, by Austrobaileyales. Austrobaileyales are a small clade that comprises Austrobaileyaceae (Austrobaileya) and Trimeniaceae (Trimenia) from Australasia plus a broadly defined Schisandraceae (sensu APG II, 2003, i.e., Schisandra, Kadsura, and Illicium; Qiu et al., 1999; Renner, 1999; Savolainen et al., 2000a, b; P. Soltis et al., 1999; D. Soltis et al., 2000). Although the traditional Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae have typically been considered to be closely related, a relationship between these taxa and Austrobaileya and Trimenia had not been suspected. No morphological characteristics have been identified that unify this group, despite the strong molecular support for its monophyly.
Relationships among Ceratophyllaceae, monocots, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids, and eudicots
Resolution and support for relationships among Ceratophyllaceae, monocots, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids, and eudicots are poor. Individually, each lineage is well supported, and both the fossil record and molecular-based trees identify these lineages as ancient. However, relationships among them remain unclear. It is clear, however, that angiosperms do not fall into two major groups that correspond to monocots (Liliopsida) and dicots (Magnoliopsida) of most traditional classification systems such as Cronquist (1981), Takhtajan (1997), and their predecessors. Although monocots clearly form a strongly supported group, dicots in the traditional sense do not: most are found in the eudicot clade, but the remaining nonmonocot basal branches (i.e., Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Austrobaileyales, Ceratophyllaceae, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids) were also "traditional" dicots. It was long suspected that the "dicots" as traditionally recognized represents multiple evolutionary lineages, and the nonmonophyly of dicots based on molecular data precludes their recognition in current classifications (e.g., APG II, 2003). Thus, the concept of "dicot" should be abandoned in favor of eudicots.
Monocots. While dicots are not a valid group, the monocots indeed are a distinct group within the angiosperms. Ray (1703) first identified the monocots as a group, based largely on their possession of a single cotyledon. Nonmolecular phylogenetic studies of monocots (Doyle and Donoghue, 1992; Donoghue and Doyle, 1989; Loconte and Stevenson, 1991) support this grouping; these studies have identified 13 putative synapomorphies for the monocots, including, among others, a single cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves, sieve cell plastids with several cuneate protein crystals, scattered vascular bundles in the stem, and an adventitious root system. An often-overlooked synapomorphy for monocots is their sympodial growth; although there are other angiosperms with sympodial growth, monocots are nearly exclusively so. These synapomorphies are covered in detail by Chase (2004; see also Judd et al., 2002; D. Soltis et al., 2005). In some analyses the monocots appear as the sister to Ceratophyllaceae, with the clade of monocots + Ceratophyllaceae sister to Chloranthaceae + magnoliids + eudicots (e.g., Zanis et al., 2002; Davies et al., 2004). However, relationships of monocots are unclear and further work is needed to assess the validity of their relationships.
Ceratophyllaceae. Ceratophyllaceae (Ceratophyllum) had the distinction of appearing as the sister to all other angiosperms in the first large molecular phylogenetic analysis based on rbcL (Chase et al., 1993). The aquatic habit and simple flowers seemed at odds with most hypotheses about the earliest angiosperms, although Ceratophyllum has a long fossil record, going back at least 125 mya (Dilcher, 1989). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that this placement was unique to the rbcL data set. Our current understanding of the relationship of Ceratophyllum to other angiosperms, based on evidence from many other genes, is still not clear although it may be related to the monocots (see Monocots above).
Chloranthaceae. Chloranthaceae, with their small, simple flowers, have an extensive fossil record, dating back 125 my (e.g., Couper, 1958; Walker and Walker, 1984; Friis et al., 2000; Doyle et al., 2004; Eklund et al., 2004). However, although the origins of the family are ancient, most extant genera are relatively young in age (Zhang and Renner, 2003). Chloranthaceae are clearly an isolated lineage separate from the magnoliid clade (Fig. 2), but their phylogenetic position remains uncertain. In some analyses (e.g., Zanis et al., 2002; Davies et al., 2004), they are sister to a clade of magnoliids + eudicots, albeit with weak support.
Magnoliids. The magnoliid clade comprises most of those lineages typically referred to as "primitive angiosperms" in earlier works (e.g., Cronquist, 1981, 1988; Stebbins, 1974; Takhtajan, 1997). Although the component families of the magnoliid clade were loosely associated in previous classifications, for example, as Cronquist's (1981) subclass Magnoliidae, relationships among the families were not clear. In addition, Magnoliidae contained groups that are not part of the magnoliid clade as recognized by phylogenetic analyses. Reconstructing relationships within this clade is challenging, given the age of the group (some putative members, such as Archaeanthus, Dilcher and Crane, 1984, date to the early Cretaceous) and presumably high levels of extinction. Although the major lineages of the magnoliid clade were identified as well-supported clades in earlier studies (e.g., P. Soltis et al., 1999), composition and interrelationships of the magnoliid clade did not become clear until data sets of at least five genes for a broad sample of taxa were assembled to address these problems (e.g., Qiu et al., 1999, 2000; Zanis et al., 2002). Some phylogenetic analyses weakly support a grouping of magnoliids as sister to the eudicots, although more data are necessary to clarify this relationship.
Eudicots. Eudicots, a clade strongly supported by molecular data, comprise the bulk of angiosperm species (approximately 75%; Drinnan et al., 1994). This large clade is supported by a single morphological synapomorphy–triaperturate pollen. This pollen type is unique to the eudicots, and while not all eudicots have triaperturate pollen due to subsequent changes in pollen structure, triaperturate pollen is clearly distinct from the uniaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms, monocots, and all other seed plants, allowing easy assignment of fossil pollen to the eudicots. The fossil pollen record indicates that the eudicots appeared 125 mya, shortly after the origin of the angiosperms themselves. The extensive fossil pollen collections worldwide, coupled with solid dates, make it unlikely that the eudicots arose much before this time point.
The Fossil Record
The oldest unambiguous angiosperm fossil extends back at least to the early Cretaceous, conservatively around 132 million years ago (mya) (see Crane et al., 2004). Floral size, structure, and organization in early angiosperms varied tremendously, ranging from small (i.e., <1 cm in diameter) flowers of fossil Chloranthaceae and many other lineages (reviewed in Friis et al., 2000), to the large, Magnolia-like flowers of Archaeanthus (Dilcher and Crane, 1984). However, some early fossils, such as Archaefructus (Sun et al. 2002), appear to have no close extant relatives. The floral diversity in the fossil record is consistent with an early radiation of angiosperms and a diversification in floral form (e.g., Friis et al., 2000).
Age Estimates for the Angiosperms
Initial attempts to estimate the age of the angiosperms and the timing of important divergences based on molecular data span a wide time range (ranging from ~125 to > 400 mya) and many disagree with dates determined from the fossil record (see Sanderson and Doyle, 2001; P. Soltis et al. 2002; Sanderson et al., 2004; Bell et al., 2005). However, more recent efforts to date the origin of the angiosperms using molecular data and improved dating methods have converged on estimates between 180-140 mya, predating the dates inferred from the fossil record by between 45 to 5 million years (Sanderson et al., 2004; Bell et al., 2005). Estimated ages for specific angiosperm clades using molecular estimates are also generally older than inferences from the fossil record (e.g., Wikström et al., 2001, compared with Magallon et al., 1999), but these discrepancies are generally small. Work in the future will likely focus on further reconciliation of age estimates inferred from fossils and molecular data. For example, given the numerous diverse fossils reported from as early as 115-125 mya, perhaps the earliest angiosperms were older than the estimate from the fossil record of 132 mya. Conversely, molecular methods tend to overestimate ages (Rodríguez-Trelles et al., 2002), so refinement of dating approaches is needed to compensate for this bias.
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Information on the Internet
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. P. F. Stevens, Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Deep Time Project: A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Tree of Living and Fossil Angiosperms. Florida Museum of Natural History.
- Treezilla (500-taxon rbcL Analyses). Ken Rice, Michael Donoghue, Dick Olmstead
- The Families of Flowering Plants. L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz.
- Images and Descriptions of Flowering Plant Families (as treated by Arthur Cronquist). University of Hawaii Botany Department.
- Flowering Plant Gateway. Hugh Wilson, Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group.
- Classification of Flowering Plants. Kåre Bremer, Birgitta Bremer & Mats Thulin, Uppsala University.
- Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants
- The Virtual Flower. Floral Genome Project (FGP).
- Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes. 1999 Harvard Gazette article.
- Solving Charles Darwin's "Abominable Mystery". Scientists are using chemical fossils to hunt down one of our planet's most vexing missing links -- the first-ever flowering plant. 2001 Science @ NASA article.
- Paleobotany: Angiosperm Evolution. Bruce Cornet.
- Andean Botanical Information System
- Relationships of Parasitic Flowering Plants. Parasitic Plant Connection. Dan Nickrent, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
- Angiosperm Phylogeny-APG III. Downloadable PDF of poster of Angiosperm phylogeny. T.C.H. Cole and H.H. Hilger. Institut für Biologie der Freien Universität Berlin.
About This PageThe authors thank M. Chase, J. Palmer, and K. Schulz. This research was supported in part by NSF grants DEB-0090283 and PGR-0115684.
Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Christine Edwards at
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Page: Tree of Life Angiosperms. Flowering Plants. Authored by Pam Soltis, Doug Soltis, and Christine Edwards. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 03 June 2005
Citing this page:
Soltis, Pam, Doug Soltis, and Christine Edwards. 2005. Angiosperms. Flowering Plants. Version 03 June 2005. http://tolweb.org/Angiosperms/20646/2005.06.03 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/


Wednesday, October 3, 2018
Big Town After Dark (1947)
However is Susan all she seems to be? She seems linked to the local gambling boss Chuck (Richard Travis). When Steve is beaten up while taking Susan to a poker joint, Susan then apparently goes missing. Has she been kidnapped? She turns up with a plausible story but not before the uncle has been swindled out of fifty grand. Lorelei is suspicious and decides to find out what is really going on though things are complicated by Steve having the hots for Susan...
Its typical Noir fare, beatings in dingy gambling joints punctuated by slick dialogue. The story is straightforward but well written and the performances are good though Brooke's ice blonde character is a little too cold.


Psychic Shannon is wonderful in many ways and truthful. She is not one to talk like a fortune teller but a spiritual person who grasps the whole situation and guides you accurately. She is surely one in a million on Kasamba psychic network. It’s always a pleasure to talk to her as she helps me to see things from a different perspective. She is very gifted and told me so much about my life without my telling her. She could feel that I was feeling down over my life which I felt was not all it could be. That my life as a woman, wife and mother was not balanced and I was therefore not fulfilled as a person. She felt that this was weighing me down and I had started to doubt God, My prayer life was no existent and so was bible reading.
I couldn't imagine she could see so much spiritual details about my life. She said that she could see that God wanted me to enjoy life and reach my destiny. He wanted me to serve him in all aspects of my life and at all times. Shannon helped me see that by being a great mum and a wonderful wife I was actually serving God. She told me that I would reconnect a friend who had been my prayer partner and my spiritual life would be renewed. True to her every word, I am now so much renewed spiritually and my total trust in God is unshakable.
Alyssa, San Francisco (CA)


Depression has no face but Depression is for real. Depression Survivors come out strong and relate with others. Sharing a Real Story because we live in a real world even though the mode of presentation is Virtual.
As many of you know that I have started with a Mental Health Awareness Series named Humanity ki Chain on my YouTube Channel as a medium to promote Mental Health Awareness and also give a platform to the Depression Survivors to present their story and inspire others.
As per statistics, 90% people don’t take Mental Health seriously, they think mental health is something they should not talk about but it is very important we talk about it, as it directly affects our physical health as well.
People have a habit of ignorning mental health or avoid seeking help for the fear that they would be called as mentally ill or they would be judged, labeled. But the fact is, it is as important as our Physical fitness.
It is just like when we fall ill , cold, cough, fever, we take medical supervision, Same way a proper medication, care and the feeling that it will heal with time and our loved ones are always there to help and support us, will surely cure depression and any Mental distress.
While some people choose to come out open and speak about their problems, there are few who still prefer to be a silent warrior. But a story is a story if it is worth inspiring others.
I will be presenting what I all get in the form of a blog post which could act as a source of inspiration and motivation to the readers and a message to the ones who are struggling that, YOU ARE NOT ALONE.
Depression Survivors, the pain warriors
It is sad to see that society see depression, anxiety or any mental illness with prejudice. There is a lot of stigma attached to it, which we need to break and it is possible only when we will collectively speak about it.
Name: Anonymous (because he wanted to keep his identity safe)
His story in his own words.
- Fill up your bed room with happy quotes filled with positivity.
- Read them aloud everyday.
- Get back to things you have a passion for.
- Tell or vent out your feelings to your parents or preferably your spouse or simply the person you trust the most. This will bring down anxiety levels and improve your mental health.
- Have curd a scoop on a daily basis.
- Include blue berries and dark chocolate to your diet.
Today If I can come out of depression and lead a happy life, I guarantee you all can be successful too. Make the obstacles in life a stepping stone to your success. Let it be if life gives you sad moments it will give you the rainbow of happiness as well. Never Give up. Your life is what you make it. Make it beautiful and inspirational. All the best. Good luck. Stay blessed and Take Care.
I will be posting more such stories, which I am sure will help to inspire others. Let us build a happy space together.
Much love and gratitude


You really can only help people who want to help themselves. It's a sad predicament yet avoidable. Let go and give to God does not mean say you give up, pray, and worry about it and not take advantage of the other opportunities He gives us. Just a thought. C.S.


PROJECT: Muckross Park Hotel, Killarney
CLIENT: O’Sullivan Campbell Architects
Service: CSR was retained by O’Sullivan Campbell Architects to create a landscape masterplan to integrate an extension into the existing hotel complex.
One of the main issues was the relationship with the riverside setting and the integration of said riverside walkway plus surrounding gardens.
A detailed survey of existing tree and shrub vegetation informed the new layout. The riverside setting had to relate to the building extension whilst maintaining privacy. This was achieved by enhancing the existing vegetation with supplementary planting and screen planting.


A perfect reading
MYP Individuals and Societies teacher, Sean Logan, has contributed to a newly established online platform for international schools and their educators. His first article examines the notion of ‘Perfectionism’ in schools, and asks what place it has. In another, he explores the ‘hidden curriculum’ and the contribution it makes in the context of international schools.
The International Schools Network platform is free to use and invites contributions and input to share thoughts and experiences, and create dialogue in a collaborative and encouraging open environment.
You can read Sean’s articles here:


Despite your opinion on John McCain’s policies, no one can deny he is an American hero and a dedicated public servant. He is one of the few politicians left that serves with conviction (I still remember his town hall where he quickly and genuinely shot down a woman who was charging Obama with being a Muslim). His selfless actions while a prisoner of war further speak to his mental fortitude and consideration for others.
His recent diagnosis is a true tragedy of glioblastoma, a malignant brain cancer, is a tragedy for his family, his state of Arizona, and the nation. Glioblastoma is often quickly lethal.
On the other hand, this exact type of brain cancer could show great promise for treatment by medical cannabis. Marijuana offers John McCain perhaps his best chance at beating the growing mass in his brain, considering most other forms of treatment for Glioblastoma really act as life extension and not treatment.
Hopefully McCain is willing to experiment. For most of his career he was an opponent of marijuana. But at a 2013 town hall, he shocked the crowd when he said “Maybe we should legalize Marijuana. Were certainly leaning that way. I will respect the will of the people.”
Not long after did Arizona legalize medical marijuana, meaning John would legally have access to medical treatment if he chooses to pursue that route.
Cannabis offers a staggering profusion of medical benefits, and its usefulness in treatment against cancer has been noted in many studies in recent decades. For the sake of political correctness and corporate interests, these results were hidden. And being a Schedule I drug marijuana has been defined by congress and the DEA as having no medical value, stifling nearly all research in the USA – and prolonging the suffering of patients like John McCain. Medical cannabis has been studied around the globe by nations with more foresight and Spanish researchers at Madrid’s Complutense University have been investigating its cancer-fighting powers for two decades. Much of their work has focused on gliomas.
In 2006 Manual Guzman, from Complutense University, published in the British Journal Of Cancer the study “A pilot clinical study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.” Here is a selection from the publishing that shows just how effective Cannabis may be:
We have previously shown that cannabinoids inhibit the growth (Galve-Roperh et al, 2000; Sánchez et al, 2001) and angiogenesis (Blázquez et al, 2003, 2004) of gliomas in animal models. Remarkably, this anti-proliferative effect seems to be selective for brain-tumor cells as the survival of normal brain cells (astrocytes (Gómez del Pulgar et al, 2002), oligodendrocytes (Molina-Holgado et al, 2002) and neurons (Mechoulam et al, 2002)) is unaffected or even favored by cannabinoid challenge. On the basis of these preclinical findings, we have conducted a pilot clinical study aimed at assessing cannabinoid anti-tumor action in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
Their work showed Cannabis and the cannabinoids THC and CBD have powerful anti-cancer actions in several ways. One anti-tumor effect is the preventing of the formation of new blood vessels to support the tumors. As they mention, the selectivity of cannabis is remarkable in that healthy nerve cells and other supportive brain cells are not damaged, just the cancerous cells.
Unfortunately, the stifling of research in the USA and around the planet caused by tragically flawed drug schedules and restrictions, the treatment of brain cancer with medical cannabis is still in its infancy, with key open questions about just how to administer this new medicine.
Additionally, research in 2014 indicated that a combination of THC and CBD greatly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of radiation. The Medical Daily followed up on this cancer treatment with cannabinoids, interviewing one of the principals:
We think that the cannabinoids are hitting a number of cell signaling pathways, which primes them to the effects of irradiation. Pre-treatment with the cannabinoids seems to interfere with the ability of the tumour cell to repair the DNA-damaging effects of irradiation.
The biggest question is if John McCain is informed of marijuana’s true potential to treat his condition. While we know he has had a shifting stance towards legalization, he has never professed a belief in its medical value. While he certainly has the financial resources to seek out the best private care, another irony is that his fellow soldiers in the VA healthcare system are not legally allowed to be informed of the effectiveness of cannabis treatment.
It’s hard to say if John McCain is as well.
Medical marijuana could quite possibly save John McCain’s life. Sadly, the possibility that he will be aware of that fact and use cannabis is close to zero. In any case, we wish him the best.


Posts tagged with how-many-photos-do-I-need-in-a-model-book
What is a model portfolio and do I need one?
A model portfolio or book is your resume; an essential tool for getting professional modelling jobs whether it is runway or photoshoots. It is a collection of professional images that showcases how you look in photographs and your ability as a model. A model book is crucial to getting hired…


Glycine as the smallest amino acid is important in the structure of collagen where its small size contributes to the tight winding of collagen fibers into a triple helix form. Collagen contains about 35% glycine, but most proteins contain only a small amount of glycine. Glycine contributes as a signaling molecule (inhibitory neurotransmitter) in the spinal column, brainstem, and retina. (Ahern)
Glycine is important in protein structure where it contributes to the formation of the common alpha helix structure in proteins.
Glycine forms a sweet-tasting colorless crystalline solid.
Tillery, Enger and Ross


Face the fire - dragons are coming! Perfect the skills of warriors, build defensive fortresses, and devise strategy to dominate the enemy’s army. Rid your lands of evil once and for all! In order to get advantaged of playing Toy Defense 3 - Fantasy full unlimiteg game version you must register the game.
Face the fire - dragons are coming! Fantasy features a magical new world with dashing warriors, fearless archers, crafty goblins, and immersion in a magical atmosphere. Step into the role of a 10th-century commander: recruit and train your kingdom's warriors, wizards, archers, and healers to create a powerful army and destroy the enemy’s forces! Perfect the skills of warriors, build defensive fortresses, and devise strategy to dominate the enemy’s army. Immerse yourself in a medieval fantasy atmosphere and relish incredible graphics with an amazingly detailed medieval environment. Explore unique levels with non-recurring gameplay. Upgrade your warriors from peasants to knights and develop your own unique strategy with specialized tower power-ups. Defend your castle and show your courage to drive vile monsters from your lands. Rid your lands of evil once and for all!
Explore three fantastical worlds filled with fun games and challenging I Spy riddles. Encounter challenges and wonderful surprises!
Help four magical sprites rescue their fairy friends in this match-3 fantasy adventure.


How to Promote Gut Health
It is important to understand how to improve your digestion. This article will give you tips on how to eat a balanced diet and avoid hidden monosaccharides. Avoid sugar, processed foods, and NSAIDs. Eat a variety of whole foods rich in polyphenols and clear of medications like aspirin. It is essential to keep an endocrine system that is healthy.
Diversify your diet
One of the most efficient ways to boost the health of your gut microbiome is to diversify your diet. A western diet is characterized by the absence of variety because of the high amount of sugar, fat and processed food. However an diversified diet will promote the development of beneficial bacteria. To diversify your diet, make sure you are eating whole fruits such as vegetables, nuts, whole grains, seeds, and legumes. These foods can be included into your meals and snacks.
American food is full of processed foods, sugar and high-fat dairy products. These foods can make it difficult for our digestive systems to work efficiently, which can result in toxic byproducts. Additionally, diets high in refined and processed carbohydrates cause inflammation and decrease the diversity of microbiome. A varied diet can improve digestion and overall health. You can improve your gut health by adding more vegetables and fruits in your meals every day.
Avoid hiding monosaccharides in the form of
Dietary modifications can help you stay away from monosaccharides hidden in your diet and promote gut health. Focus on eating plenty of fermented veggies, unprocessed, and unprocessed meat as well as fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Certain foods can actually damage the beneficial bacteria that live in your gut. If you’re seeking a diet that improves gut health, consider cutting out foods that cause digestive issues like gluten and sugar. Probiotic supplements are another alternative. Probiotic supplements can aid in the development of beneficial bacteria. Stress can cause damage to beneficial bacteria in your gut.
Research has demonstrated that a diet rich in omega-3 fat acids and fiber can help reduce the amount of pro-inflammatory bacteria in the gut. Gut health is also improved through flavonoids. Flavonoids are plentiful in foods from the cabbage family as well as vegetable broths and other vegetables. They are essential to support healthy gut bacteria. Drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol and limit intake of processed foods.
Eat foods rich in polyphenols
Polyphenols are an antioxidant that is found in a large range of plants. They protect our bodies from diseases and can improve the gut microbiome. Polyphenols are particularly high in bright fruits and vegetables. A diet that is rich in fruits and vegetables is better for people at lower risk of developing diseases. Include more natural foods like fruits, vegetables, and stay clear of foods that are processed or have added chemicals.
The most extensive class of polyphenols is made up of flavonoids. This includes the well-known quercetin anthocyanin and the hesperetin. Both black and green teas are rich in polyphenols. Certain of these compounds are thought to have anti-cancer properties. If you’re thinking about how to ensure you get enough polyphenols in your diet, here are some of them.
While NSAIDs are often prescribed to relieve pain, they could have detrimental effects on the gut. Inflammation can lead to bleeding, ulcers and other signs. They may cause long-term problems with the gut such as leaky gut syndrome, IBS, and Crohn’s disease. As a result, you should avoid NSAIDs in order to help improve your gut health and to avoid these adverse effects.
Although antibiotics can be a highly effective treatment for serious bacterial infections they are often misunderstood and overused. Because of this, antibiotics should only only be used only when prescribed by your doctor and should not be taken for self-resolving infections. The normal balance of bacterial health in the gut is disrupted by antibiotics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is essential to stay clear of NSAIDs in order to promote gut health.
Drink fermentable fiber
Fiber is a fantastic way to improve your health. This is not a hard job, and you can find a myriad of sources of fiber, including fruits and vegetables Whole grains, as well as VINA sodas. All of these food items contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. Fiber is crucial for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels and for lowering blood pressure.
Recent advances in microbiome research have resulted in an increasing number of probiotic and prebiotic components that can boost your gut health. Prebiotic fermentation can boost the immune system, boost blood cholesterol levels, and continues to be being studied. Although the exact role of these products is yet to be established There are numerous advantages. One study showed that fermentable fibers can improve the control of glycemic level, while others failed to show any effect.
In a recent study, researchers from the University of New Mexico found that regular exercise is beneficial to the health of the gut. Exercise boosts the growth of healthy bacteria which is essential to our overall health. This, in turn, can enhance our moods and mental well-being. It is also a crucial component in neurogenesis, which is responsible for the creation of new neural connections in our brains. You should choose a kind of exercise that improves gut health.
The effects of exercise on gut microbiomes were discovered in a study which was conducted on two previously inactive people and women for six months. Particularly, both groups displayed improvements in the composition of the gut microbiome and also greater concentrations of metabolites that are physiologically relevant. Both aerobic exercise with high intensity and voluntary wheel-running led to an increase in the number bacteria living in the gut. However, while these results appear promising, they must be confirmed with further research.


Originally Posted by HansTWN
Don't forget that they subsidize the cost of the reading devices now.
Who is they?
The publishers don't subside the cost of reading devices.
Amazon/B&N etc do, but that comes out of their 30% cut.
And no-one subsidised the cost of the iPad I use for some of my reading.


What Is Male Infertility?
An infertility diagnosis is given to a couple who are not able to conceive over a one year period. Male infertility is when the problem results from the male partner. Statistics show that male infertility has contributed to approximately 30 percent of all cases of infertility.
Fertility of any man may be affected by any of the following factors:
The concentration of sperm in a given quantity of semen is one determinant factor of male fertility. A low sperm count may be caused by various factors, such as a preexisting genetic disorder, severe mumps infection occurring after puberty, and the abuse of alcohol and drugs.
Exposure to radiation and poisonous chemicals may also reduce the sperm count. Other causes include blockage of the tubules due to a previous infection or a hormone disorder.
This refers to a situation in which a man is unable to develop and sustain an erection during intercourse. It is also known as impotence.
Also called sex drive, libido is defined as the urge or desire to have sex. Some foods and supplements can be taken to boost libido in both men and women. They are known as aphrodisiacs.
The quality of sperm is determined by its ability to swim to gain access to the egg. Sperm motility is determined by the percentage of sperms moving in a given sample of semen. Low mobility may result from inflamed testicles or swollen veins in the scrotum. The swollen veins may also block the tubules, affecting the movement of the sperm. Poor sperm mobility may also arise from abnormally developed testicles.
Ejaculation refers to the release of sperm from the male reproductive organ. Ejaculation problems may result from premature ejaculation or complications due to radiotherapy or a surgical procedure. Retrograde ejaculation can also lead to male infertility. This refers to a situation in which the semen is forced back into the bladder. Erectile dysfunction may also lead to ejaculation issues.
Testosterone is the male sex hormone. Testosterone plays various roles in the body, including the development of the sex organs such as the testes and the prostate gland. It also promotes the development of male sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass. Low levels of testosterone in the body can contribute to male infertility.
How To Boost Male Fertility
Male infertility may be caused by various factors such as genetics, diseases, and poor general health. The unhealthy lifestyle of an individual and the diet they are following may also contribute to male infertility. Some nutrients can boost fertility more than others. In this article, we are going to discuss a few evidence-based methods of increasing the male sperm count and fertility in general.
1. D-Aspartic Acid Supplements
D-aspartic acid is a form of aspartic acid. It is an amino acid that is available as a supplement. D-aspartic acid is likely to be confused with the L-aspartic acid that is involved in the formation of the protein structures in the body. It is also the most common compared to the D-aspartic acid. However, D-aspartic acid is the one that can help improve fertility.
The compound is commonly found in glands, especially the testicle glands. It is also present in semen and, by proxy, in the sperm. According to research work, D-aspartic acid plays a big role in male infertility. The levels of the compound in infertile men is low compared to the levels in fertile males.
Studies have also revealed that supplementation of D-aspartic acid may boost the levels of testosterone hormone in the body.
An observational study was performed in infertile men who were given 2.66 grams of D-aspartic acid for three months. It was observed that the levels of testosterone increased by 30-60 percent. The sperm count and mobility also increased by 60-100 percent.
There was also a record increase in the number of pregnancies conceived among the participants. However, more research work needs to be done to find out the potential risks that are involved with the use of the D-aspartic acid supplement and how they can be minimized.
2. Regular Exercises
Besides improving the level of confidence and physical appearance of an individual, daily exercises may also increase the levels of testosterone present in the body. Studies have revealed that men who exercise on a regular basis have a higher concentration of testosterone hormone than those who live an inactive life.
According to health experts, testosterone levels may increase after exercise, but the effect may not last for long. It is advisable to perform regular exercise activities to benefit from its effects.
One of the leading causes of low testosterone levels is being overweight. Obesity forms a big part of the problem in many infertile males. Endocrinologists suggest that exercise can help raise testosterone levels by cutting off some of the excess weight.
Research suggests that testosterone levels may vary throughout the day depending on the type of activities being performed. Strength-training exercise in the evening has a great impact on the levels of the hormone in the body.
However, too much exercise may actually result in the reduction of testosterone levels. It is important to maintain a careful balance by performing sufficient exercise without overwhelming the body. An adequate intake of zinc alongside training activities may also boost the levels of testosterone.
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, is a medicinal herb that is commonly grown in India. Studies have revealed that the herb may boost male fertility by increasing testosterone levels.
A study that was conducted on men with infertility problems concluded that the intake of 675mg of the herb for three months improves fertility in men. The specific benefits derived from the herb include an increase in the sperm count by 167 percent, an increase in semen volume by 53 percent, and improved sperm mobility by 57 percent.
All these contributed to improved fertility in the men who took part in the study. Minimal improvements were observed among the participants who were given placebo treatment.
According to the study, an increase in testosterone levels was the primary cause of the health benefits and increased fertility experienced by participants.
Another study involving 57 young men was carried out to find out the possible effects of Ashwagandha. The participants were put on a strength-training program, and later 600 milligrams of the herb was administered to them.
It was observed that daily consumption of the Ashwagandha root extract might significantly increase the levels of the testosterone hormone. Besides its effects on testosterone, it also boosts muscle mass, sperm mobility, and antioxidant levels in the body.
4. Fenugreek Supplements
The Fenugreek supplement, also known as Trigonella foenum-graecum, is a popular culinary herb, but it also has medicinal properties.
A study was conducted among 30 individuals who strength-trained four times on a weekly basis. The objective of the study was to find out the effects of Fenugreek supplements on their training and results. The men were given 500 milligrams of the supplement daily.
The results showed a significant increase in the testosterone levels, as well as an increase in fat loss and energy levels.
Another separate study was carried out on 60 healthy males who were put on 600 milligrams of Testofen. This is a supplement that is produced from the Fenugreek seed extracts. The participants took Testofen on a daily basis for six weeks. The results indicated an increase in libido, sexual performance, and strength.
The findings of the research work were confirmed by another study that was performed on 120 healthy males. The participants of the study were put on 600 milligrams of Testofen on a daily basis for three months. The results indicated an improvement in erectile dysfunction, as well as the frequency of sexual activity. The supplement was also reported to have increased the levels of testosterone in the body.
Zinc is an essential dietary mineral to the body. The mineral plays various roles in the body, such as boosting the body’s immune system and promoting the process of cell division. Studies have suggested that low levels of zinc in the body can lead to low testosterone levels.
However, the exact mechanism by which the enzyme affects the levels of testosterone is not properly understood. It is thought that zinc may have an impact on the cells in the testes that synthesize testosterone.
Experts suggest that a properly guided supplementation of the body with the mineral may help raise testosterone levels. A study was conducted to find out the effects of magnesium and zinc supplementation on testosterone levels. It was found that a daily intake of 30 milligrams of zinc may help to boost testosterone levels.
The mineral can be obtained from foods such as eggs, fish, meat, and shellfish. Adequate consumption of these foods is thought to be a cornerstone in male fertility. An observational study revealed that low levels of zinc in the body are closely related to the low testosterone levels. The study also revealed that an intake of the mineral might reduce the decrease of testosterone that may result from high-intensity exercises.
6. Tribulus Terrestris
Also known as puncturevine, Tribulus Terrestris is an herb that is commonly used to boost male fertility. The herb is mostly recommended for male health, including urogenital health and cardiovascular health specifically. Its libido-enhancing properties and testosterone-boosting properties have caused this herb to grow in popularity across the world.
A study was conducted in humans to find out the effects of Tribulus on sexual performance and erectile dysfunction. The study confirmed an increase in libido and an improvement in occurrences of erectile dysfunction.
The herb is thought to exert its activity by enhancing the androgen receptor density in the brain. As a result, the libido-enhancing property of androgens is increased.
The fruits of the herbaceous plant have also been found to protect the body’s organs, especially the kidneys, from damage by free radicals roaming in the body.
Another study was conducted in men who had been diagnosed with a low sperm count. The participants were administered six grams of the Tribulus root on a daily basis for two months. The results indicated an improvement in libido and erectile dysfunction.
7. Vitamin D
The journal of Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology recently published a report that showed the impact of vitamin D on fertility in males. The report linked vitamin D deficiency to various reproductive disorders in males, including hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction. Vitamin D receptors are located in the testes and the male reproductive organ. This suggests that the vitamin acts locally to mediate the activities in the male reproductive organ.
A study that was conducted on laboratory animals found that vitamin D deficiency may lead to a low sperm count and an impaired sperm mobility in the semen.
A separate observational study revealed that men with low levels of vitamin D also have inadequate amounts of the sex hormones. A controlled study was done in 65 men who had been diagnosed with low testosterone levels as well as vitamin D deficiency. The findings of the study confirmed that the levels of vitamin D in the body correlates to the testosterone levels available.
An intake of 3,000 IU of vitamin D3 on a daily basis for one year may raise the testosterone hormone levels by 25 percent. High amounts of the vitamin in the body are also linked to enhanced sperm count and motility.
8. Vitamin C
When the concentration of the reactive oxygen species increases in the body, one is likely to encounter oxidative stress. During oxidative stress, the body’s antioxidants are overwhelmed due to various factors such as aging, unhealthy lifestyle, and diseases.
The reactive oxygen species are normally produced in the body and their concentration is kept in check by the antioxidants present in healthy bodies. High levels of reactive oxygen species may lead to tissue injuries and an increased risk of developing chronic diseases.
Scientific evidence is available that explains how oxidative stress and high levels of the reactive oxygen species may lead to male infertility. The intake of adequate antioxidants such as vitamin C may help relieve the harmful effects resulting from these reactive oxygen species. Some evidence also suggests that vitamin C is capable of improving the quality of semen.
A study was conducted in infertile men to find out the effects of vitamin C on male fertility. It was found that the intake of 100 milligrams of vitamin C twice daily for two months improved sperm motility by 92 percent. The sperm count was also increased by over 100 percent. The amount of deformed sperm was also reduced by 55 percent.
A different observational study in industrial workers from India indicated that an intake of 1,000 milligrams of vitamin C five times weekly for three months protects the sperm cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species.
9. Relaxation And Minimization Of Stress
Studies have revealed that stress can lower sexual satisfaction and impair fertility. The adverse effects of stress can partially be explained based on the effects of the cortisol hormone.
Prolonged levels of stress have been shown to increase the concentration of cortisol hormones in the body. Increased levels of the hormone may lower testosterone levels in the body. When the level of cortisol is increased, the availability of testosterone is reduced.
Mild levels of stress can be alleviated using numerous relaxation techniques. However, severe and unexplained levels of anxiety may require treatment with antianxiety medication or therapy, about which you should consult with your doctor. A simple walk, meditation, or a relaxing bath can all help reduce mild stress without the need for any further treatment.
10. Maca Root
Maca root originated from Central Peru. It is a traditional plant food that is used to improve libido and fertility in men. Studies have revealed that an intake of 3 grams of Maca root for a three-month period enhanced self-reported sexual desire and libido in men.
Studies have also demonstrated that the intake of Maca root may enhance sexual performance. According to studies, the administration of 2.4 grams of Maca root to men diagnosed with infertility resulted in a self-reported improvement in erectile function and general sexual wellbeing.
It was also found out that the intake of 1.75 grams of Maca root for three months could lead to an increase in sperm count and mobility.
Several reviews have confirmed the findings of these studies. However, according to the researchers, more studies need to be done on the effects of Maca root on the testosterone hormone.
Additional Tips On How To Improve Male Fertility
Other ways that can be used to boost male fertility involve living a healthy lifestyle, as an unhealthy lifestyle may impair fertility. Studies have also suggested that obesity may result in infertility in men, so losing excess weight is another way of boosting male fertility.
Heavy alcohol consumption is thought to reduce testosterone levels available in the body. Too much consumption of soy may also impair fertility in men. A diet that is rich in folate may help to reduce the risks that are associated with male infertility.
Male Fertility Boosters Conclusion
Infertility is a common problem that affects men across the world. Those suffering from male infertility should focus on improving their general health to reduce the risks associated with the problem. The solutions provided in this article are all major components of a healthy lifestyle.
It is not a guarantee that they will work to solve every infertility problem. However, if the infertility is as a result of nutrient deficiency, the tips provided will definitely help.


Электропотребление домохозяйств Москвы и Подмосковья в 2001-2008 гг.
We analyzed key factors of electric power consumption for Moscow and regional households. It is shown that new build, intraregional migration, recreational housing and, finally, income drive household power consumption significantly. Average yearly temperature is not among accountable power consumption drivers for households. A power consumption model for households is suggested.
This multi-author monograph is the fourth book in the series “Business and Government in Russia”. It covers the issues of mutual influence of the legally established mechanisms of business and government relations as well as the regulatory practice of applying such mechanisms. The book consists of three main sections starting from the legal aspects of business and government relations in Russian and international legislation and going on to the interactions between business and government on the federal, regional and municipal levels. The monograph is based on the materials of an elective course “GR in Modern Russia: Theory and Practice”, theoretical and practical work of the faculty members from the HSE Department of Theory and Practice of Business-Government Interaction and the HSE Scientific Educational Laboratory for Research on Business Communications, and materials from workshops held by the leading representatives of the business community and public authorities. This book will be of interest to specialists, professors and students of economics, political science and management.
The article analyzes the structure of trade flows, transport and logistics infrastructure and discussed the prospects of development of regional logistics system
The book about nature of Moscow region/
The study considers the relationship between internal migration and fertility in Russia. Authors use a sample of 28.2 million women born in 1950-1979 withdrawn from the Russian population Census-2010 database. The data shows that women who have continuously lived in their birthplace since birth have on average lower fertility compared to those who have a migration experience. The authors attribute this to the fact that in Russia internal migrants usually aim to escape from economically depressed areas, and positive effects of these changes overcome negative effects coming from the disruption of their childbearing careers. At that moves within the region have stronger positive impact on fertility than interregional ones, which confirms that migration and fertility are still competing life events. One major exception are migrants heading to the capital cities. Due to the need to adapt to the high competition in every sphere of economic life on the one hand and to the very low fertility norms in the destination region on the other hand they demonstrate lower eventual fertility than their non-migrant compatriots. Spatial analysis of fertility differences between migrant and non-migrant women revealed that regions that loose in fertility due to internal migration are few and they are clustered around the Caucasus Mountains and near the Altai. These are regions just entering the second demographic transition characterized by high fertility together with relatively low average age for motherhood. Overall, authors conclude that Russia benefits from internal migration in terms of eventual fertility.
The article is devoted to the study of the authoritarianism prevalent in the mass consciousness of Russians. The article describes a new approach to the consideration of the authoritarian syndrome as the effects of the cultural trauma as a result of political and socio-cultural transformation of society. The article shows the dynamics of the symptoms of the authoritarianism, which appear in the mass consciousness of Russians from 1993 to 2011. This paper proposes a package of measures aimed at reducing the level of the authoritarianism in Russian society.
This work looks at a model of spatial election competition with two candidates who can spend effort in order to increase their popularity through advertisement. It is shown that under certain condition the political programs of the candidates will be different. The work derives the comparative statics of equilibrium policy platform and campaign spending with respect the distribution of voter policy preferences and the proportionality of the electoral system. In particular, it is whown that the equilibrium does not exist if the policy preferences are distributed over too narrow an interval.
The article examines "regulatory requirements" as a subject of state control over business in Russia. The author deliberately does not use the term "the rule of law". The article states that a set of requirements for business is wider than the legislative regulation.
First, the article analyzes the regulatory nature of the requirements, especially in the technical field. The requirements are considered in relation to the rule of law. The article explores approaches to the definition of regulatory requirements in Russian legal science. The author analyzes legislation definitions for a set of requirements for business. The author concludes that regulatory requirements are not always identical to the rule of law. Regulatory requirements are a set of obligatory requirements for entrepreneurs’ economic activity. Validation failure leads to negative consequences.
Second, the article analyzes the problems of the regulatory requirements in practice. Lack of information about the requirements, their irrelevance and inconsistency are problems of the regulatory requirements in Russia.
Many requirements regulating economic activity are not compatible with the current development level of science and technology. The problems are analyzed on the basis of the Russian judicial practice and annual monitoring reports by Higher School of Economics.
Finally, the author provides an approach to the possible solution of the regulatory requirements’ problem. The author proposes to create a nationwide Internet portal about regulatory requirements. The portal should contain full information about all regulatory requirements. The author recommends extending moratorium on the use of the requirements adopted by the bodies and organizations of the former USSR government.


Anyone else out there miss seeing green besides me?
From a refreshing walk in the woods last summer (relaxing, too, if you don’t concentrate too much on the insects…)
welcome to the virtual library
Life With OCD, Anxiety, Panic Attacks, And Recovering from Addiction.
Musings of a Mental Health Professional
In this blog I share my photographs, photography tips and some thoughts and insights about photography
What Heart Speaks !


Like him or loathe him, its always sad when one of the great icons of the 20th century passes so suddenly in to the history books.
I remember as a teenanger being totally blown away by his Thriller Album and the subsequent John Landis directed video. He truly was the real king of the world. However, his accentric lifestyle and allegations of child abuse clung to him like a bad rash.
But to devotees he was an exceptional, kind, caring, individual who had changed the face of modern pop forever and in the process enriched their lives.


Gentleman | ˈdʒɛnt(ə)lmən |
noun (plural gentlemen)
1 a chivalrous, courteous, or honourable man: he behaved throughout like a perfect gentleman. • a man of good social position, especially one of wealth and leisure. • a man of noble birth attached to a royal household: a Gentleman of the Bedchamber.
2 a polite or formal way of referring to a man: opposite her, an old gentleman sat reading | can I help you, gentlemen? • used as a courteous title for a male fellow member of the House of Commons or the House of Representatives: the Right Honourable Gentleman opposite.
This is the dictionary definition of Gentleman, chivalrous, courteous, honourable, perfect, noble, polite and courteous are some of the descriptive words, yet all to often people displaying these characteristics can be seen as nothing more than a nice guy or weak. The truth be told, to maintain a gentle heart and mind in today’s society takes a strength of character not many men possess, but every man has the potential to live by. But what is the difference between the man who uses his potential to be a Gentleman and the man who does not? in a word, Integrity.
Being Male is simply the chance of genetics, being a man is just a matter of time, yet being a Gentleman is a matter of choice, a decision, and having Integrity is the foundation of naturally possessing many Gentlemanly qualities by choice.
So what is integrity?
The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles: a gentleman of complete integrity. The state of being whole and undivided, think of structural Integrity. Would you cross a bridge that has no integrity, or drive in a car with no structural integrity? The Integrity of something defines its sturdiness, its ruggedness, its stability, and its reliability.
The very first steps therefore in being a true Gentleman is a willingness to look at one’s self and grow in character.
Be willing to speak the truth, be willing to be honest, be willing to protect weaker people, be willing to own your mistakes, be willing to learn be willing to let your love for life be strong, be willing to protect your love for humanity. If you find yourself resistance to being honest, helpful, kind and considerate, then you are deficient of qualities that qualify you as a gentleman.


Beacon journals are a great way to track your progress in the sciences, as well as your career.
They’re great for keeping track of how you’re doing in your career and keeping you motivated.
Beacons are also a great tool for keeping in touch with friends and family, as you can easily see how your work is progressing.
However, there are other benefits to using a journal as well.
For example, if you’re a writer and you use a bullet journal to record your thoughts and feelings, you can use it as a sort of journal for your own thoughts and thoughts.
In the past, if someone had a bad experience with you in a journal, they might not be able to write about it, which would affect your overall health.
You can track your own progress in a bullet journals, which is great because it keeps you focused on your goals.
A bullet journal helps you remember your most important information.
Bullet journals are also great for tracking what you write.
For instance, you might be a writer writing a book about your research and your goals for the future, and a journal might give you a snapshot of what you’re writing.
You could then use this information to improve your writing or create a new work that fits your personality.
If you’re interested in learning more about bullet journals and bullet writing, check out our Bullet Journal Essentials article.