A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge and intense itchiness of the vagina and the vulva — the tissues at the vaginal opening.
Also called vaginal candidiasis, vaginal yeast infection affects up to 3 out of 4 women at some point in their lifetimes. Many women experience at least two episodes.
A vaginal yeast infection isn’t considered a sexually transmitted infection. But, there’s an increased risk of vaginal yeast infection at the time of first regular sexual activity. There’s also some evidence that infections may be linked to mouth to genital contact (oral-genital sex).
Medications can effectively treat vaginal yeast infections. If you have recurrent yeast infections — four or more within a year — you may need a longer treatment course and a maintenance plan.
Yeast infection symptoms can range from mild to moderate, and include:
- Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva
- A burning sensation, especially during intercourse or while urinating
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
- Vaginal pain and soreness
- Vaginal rash
- Thick, white, odor-free vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance
- Watery vaginal discharge
Complicated yeast infection
You might have a complicated yeast infection if:
- You have severe signs and symptoms, such as extensive redness, swelling and itching that leads to tears, cracks or sores
- You have four or more yeast infections in a year
- Your infection is caused by a less typical type of fungus
- You’re pregnant
- You have uncontrolled diabetes
- Your immune system is weakened because of certain medications or conditions such as HIV infection
How are vaginal yeast infections diagnosed?
Yeast infections are simple to diagnose. Your doctor will ask about your medical history. This includes whether you’ve had yeast infections before. They may also ask if you’ve ever had an STI.
The next step is a pelvic exam. Your doctor will examine your vaginal walls and cervix. They’ll also look at the surrounding area for external signs of infection.
Depending on what your doctor sees, the next step may be to collect cells from your vagina. These cells go to a lab for examination. Lab tests are usually ordered for women who have yeast infections on a regular basis or for infections that won’t go away.
Yeast infection treatment
Each yeast infection is different, so your doctor will suggest a treatment that’s best for you. Treatments are generally determined based on the severity of your symptoms.
For simple yeast infections, your doctor will usually prescribe a 1-6 day regimen of an antifungal cream, ointment, tablet, or suppository. These medications can be in prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) form.
Common medications include:
- butoconazole (Gynazole)
- clotrimazole (Lotrimin)
- miconazole (Monistat)
- terconazole (Terazol)
- fluconazole (Diflucan)
If you have a simple yeast infections, follow up with your doctor to make sure the medicine has worked.
Schedule a follow-up visit if your symptoms return within 2 months.
If you recognize that you have a yeast infection, you can also treat yourself at home with OTC products.
Your doctor will more than likely treat your yeast infection as if it were a severe or complicated case, if you:
- have severe redness, swelling, and itching that leads to sores or tears in your vaginal tissue
- have had more than four yeast infections in a year
- are pregnant
- have uncontrolled diabetes or a weak immune system from medication
- have HIV
Possible treatments for severe or complicated yeast infections include:
- 14-day cream, ointment, tablet, or suppository vaginal treatment
- two or three doses of fluconazole (Diflucan)
- long-term prescription of fluconazole taken once a week for 6 weeks, or long-term use of a topical antifungal medication
If your infection is recurring, you may want to see if your sexual partner has a yeast infection. Use barrier methods, such as condoms, when having sex if you suspect either of you has a yeast infection. Talk to your doctor about your yeast infection treatment options.
Yeast infection home remedy
You can try to treat vaginal yeast infections with natural remedies if you’d like to avoid taking prescription medication, but these aren’t as effective or reliable as the indicated medications. Popular natural remedies include:
- coconut oil
- tea tree oil cream
- boric acid vaginal suppositories
- plain yogurt taken orally or inserted into the vagina
Make sure your hands are clean before applying creams or oils to your vagina.
You may also want to talk to a doctor before trying natural remedies. This is important because, if your symptoms are due to something other than a simple yeast infection, your doctor can help diagnose your condition.
Talk to your doctor about herbal remedies if you take OTC or prescription drugs. Some herbs can interact with medications you may be taking or can cause other unintended side effects.
Yeast infection in men
While vaginal yeast infections are more common in women, it’s possible for men to get yeast infections, too. When it affects the penis, this is known as a penile yeast infection.
All bodies have Candida — not just the female body. When there’s an overgrowth of this fungus, it can lead to a yeast infection. The groin area is especially prone to Candida overgrowth because of skin folds and moisture.
Still, penile yeast infections are most commonly caused by having unprotected vaginal intercourse with a woman who has the infection, too. You can help prevent a yeast infection by wearing condoms during sex. Regular bathing can also help.
The symptoms of a yeast infection in men may not be as prominent, though you might see redness and white patches along the penis as well as burning and itchy sensations. See your doctor for a proper diagnosis if you think you have a penile yeast infection.
Yeast infection in women
Yeast infections are common in women. It’s estimated that up to 75 out of 100 women will get a vaginal yeast infection at least once in their lifetime. Despite their prevalence, it’s important to treat vaginal yeast infections early.
Recurring yeast infections are common, especially if you are pregnant, have diabetes, or have a weakened immune system. Talk to your doctor if you have more than four yeast infections per year.
Yeast infection in babies
While yeast infections are commonly associated with vaginal infections, babies can also get them.
The most common yeast infection in a baby is a diaper rash. However, not all diaper rashes are the result yeast overgrowth.
You can tell if the condition is more than just a diaper rash if your baby’s skin is extremely red and has spots in the diaper/groin area, despite using diaper rash cream. Yeast infections may also be presented in other folds of the skin, such as under the armpits.
Your child’s pediatrician will likely prescribe a topical antifungal cream to treat yeast infections of the skin. An oral medication may be needed if your baby has oral thrush (yeast infection of the mouth). While yeast infections in babies are usually harmless, they can lead to more serious infections when left untreated.
Are yeast infections contagious?
Yeast infections aren’t considered STIs. In rare cases, you can pass a yeast infection from one partner to another.
It’s also possible for a baby to get a fungal diaper rash at birth if the mother has a vaginal yeast infection during delivery. You may also pass on a yeast infection to your baby’s mouth during breastfeeding if Candida overgrowth is present in the breast area.
While you can pass a yeast infection to another person, it’s not contagious in the same way as other infections are. You won’t “catch” the infection by air or by using the same shower as someone with the infection, for example. If you’re concerned about transmission, talk to your doctor about situations in which a yeast infection could be contagious.
Yeast infection in pregnancy
Yeast infections are common during pregnancy because of hormone fluctuations. See a doctor if you’re pregnant and suspect a yeast infection so you can get the right diagnosis.
A yeast infection during pregnancy isn’t always treated in the same way as nonpregnant women are treated. You won’t be able to take oral antifungal medications due to possible birth defects. Topical antifungals are safe to use during pregnancy, though.
While yeast infections won’t hurt your baby, it’s possible to pass the Candida fungus to them during delivery. This can lead to diaper rash and oral thrush in your baby. It’s important to treat yeast infection early, especially if you’re pregnant, so that you can prevent such complications.
Yeast infection vs. UTI
Another common infection in women is a urinary tract infection (UTI). While it’s possible to have one or the other, or even both infections at the same time, UTIs and yeast infections are two different conditions.
A UTI is a bacterial infection that affects the urinary system. This complex system includes your urethra, as well as your bladder and kidneys. Sex, STIs, and failure to urinate regularly can all lead to UTIs.
The symptoms of a UTI are also different from a yeast infection. There’s no noticeable discharge, but you might see a small amount of blood in your urine. A UTI can also cause frequent urination along with pelvic and abdominal pain.
Without treatment, a UTI can lead to more serious complications of the kidneys. See a doctor to get antibiotics. Ask your doctor for more information regarding the differences between a yeast infection and a UTI.
Yeast infection after sex
While it’s possible to develop a yeast infection after sex, a yeast infection itself is not an STI. Instead, there are other factors at play that can throw off Candida balance in the vaginal area. Vaginal intercourse, as well as penetration via sex toys and fingers, can introduce bacteria.
Another possibility is having vaginal intercourse with a man who has a penile yeast infection. The opposite can happen too, where a man might develop a penile yeast infection from a woman who has a vaginal yeast infection. Oral sex may also disrupt bacteria in the mouth, vagina, and penile areas.
It’s also possible that the yeast infection is purely coincidental. There are many underlying risk factors of a yeast infection, with sexual intercourse being just one of them.
Yeast infection vs. BV
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common type of vaginal infection in women between the ages of 15 and 44. Its primary causes are bacterial imbalances from douching and sex — it’s not a fungal infection like a typical yeast infection. BV is said to have a strong fishy odor, too.
BV has similar symptoms as a yeast infection, including discharge, burning, and itching. This can make distinguishing between the two infections difficult. But while a vaginal yeast infection doesn’t cause long-term complications, untreated BV can.
Among the complications include fertility issues and premature delivery (if you get infected while pregnant), and a higher risk of contracting STIs.
Unlike a yeast infection, you’ll need a prescription antibiotic to clear up BV. Your doctor will help you distinguish between a yeast infection and BV.
Yeast infection prevention
Chances are that you know exactly what led to your yeast infection. For example, some women experience these infections every time they take antibiotics. Whether you know the exact cause, here are tips to avoid recurring infections.
- eating a well-balanced diet
- eating yogurt or taking supplements with lactobacillus
- wearing natural fibers such as cotton, linen, or silk
- washing underwear in hot water
- replacing feminine products frequently
- wearing tight pants, pantyhose, tights, or leggings
- using feminine deodorant or scented tampons or pads
- wearing wet clothing, especially bathing suits
- sitting in hot tubs or taking frequent hot baths
Yeast infection and periods
Having both a yeast infection and your period can feel like a double whammy. However, this isn’t uncommon. Yeast infections are most likely to occur in women during the final days leading up to their period.
Fluctuations in hormones are thought to be a cause of yeast infections before your period, causing imbalances in healthy bacteria in the vagina.
If you experience white to yellow discharge in the week before your period, this isn’t automatically a yeast infection unless you have other hallmark symptoms, too, such as redness, burning, and itchiness.
While a nuisance, early treatment can help clear up your yeast infection before your period starts. See your doctor if your yeast infection symptoms don’t improve after your period ends. .
A WORD FROM HEALTH QUERIES
Yeast infections are common occurrences, but prompt treatment can help reduce the uncomfortable symptoms within a few days. By recognizing your own risk factors, you can prevent future infections.
Talk to your doctor if you have recurring yeast infections that last longer than 2 months.


Complaining and murmuring is the preset disposition of the natural man, and too often it becomes the preoccupation of our hearts. Thomas Watson reminds us where complaining and murmuring comes from:
Murmuring is no better than mutiny in the heart; it is a rising up against God. When the sea is rough and unquiet, it casts forth nothing but foam. When the heart is discontented, it casts forth the foam of anger, impatience, and sometimes little better than blasphemy. Murmuring is nothing else but the scum which boils off from a discontented heart. (Watson, The Art of Divine Contentment, 18)
The next time you find yourself complaining and murmuring remember, complaining is the overflow of a heart dissatisfied with God. A heart that is satisfied with God & His provision does “all things without grumbling or disputing” (Phil 2:14).


Engineering services often work with companies and other organizations to design, evaluate, and otherwise check out projects and plans. One service you often see is evaluation of products — the engineering services test the products and provide feedback to the company that created the product. But these companies may also say that they don't do inspections. What is the difference between these two?
What Does Each Do?
Evaluating plans or a product would involve testing and writing up the results, or going through the plans and looking for flaws. Or, if you have been having problems with a product, an evaluation might include an assessment of the problem and ways to get around it or fix it. Think of an evaluation as quality control and editing, only with items and blueprints instead of words. Inspecting could involve looking for code violations or conformity, or making sure the results meet certain standards. Technically an inspection is a type of evaluation, but in this case, it is more regulatory based.
Which Do You Need?
If you need a formal inspection to see if something meets a state or federal code, or need a similar service, an inspection is necessary. If you want something tested or a problem analyzed, then an evaluation would be better. Look at it this way — inspections are like the final test. These are the ones that pass or fail the product or plan. Even if you can go back and modify them, the inspection is the thing you want to pass. The evaluation is like the practice test that tells you how everything is going. You want to pass this test, too, but if your product does not pass (it doesn't work, the plans have a flaw, etc.), you just keep working on it and see where things went wrong.
Why Not Do the Work Yourself?
You'd never be able to inspect your own project as that would violate conflict-of-interest rules as well as many state and federal requirements. You can do some evaluation yourself, of course, by having your in-house engineers take a look at the plans and products. But evaluating your own work is like editing your own writing — you know what you've been aiming for and may fill in some information in your head, thus not realizing it's missing from the plans or instructions for using the product. A third-party engineering service that evaluates something with no prior experience with the item can spot more flaws.
When you've drawn up what you hope are your final plans or finished what you hope is the best model of your product, get an engineering service to evaluate before you release the product or proceed with the plans. The extra eyes and knowledge will help you make everything run much better. Contact a company like East Coast Engineering Inc to learn more.Share


Posted on July 05, 1993 in Washington Watch
Major U.S. editorial writers and political analysts gave President Bill Clinton near universal support for his decision to bomb Iraq’s intelligence headquarters on June 26th.
With only the New York Times taking an opposing view, the general consensus was that the President acted decisively and that his action would win him new public support.
In fact, lagging polls and a nagging debate over whether the U.S. under Clinton would provide leadership in world affairs may have been the two most pressing reasons why the President chose to bomb Iraq at this time.
Polls taken after the bombing show that Clinton’s approval ratings did climb, by 10%, boosting his overall ratings to only about 50%. However, approval of the President’s economic performance is still at a low 36% and in the weeks to come, if not altered, this will drag down the overall positive ratings to their pre-bombing low. So while Clinton did get a sudden slight surge in the polls, it may be short-lived.
In the matter of the foreign policy debate, the bombing has not had an appreciable affect. Most columnists and political analysts wonder what will be the guiding principles and main characteristics of a Clinton foreign policy. And the bombing has not answered these questions to their satisfaction.
The discussion about the shape of foreign policy under Clinton has recently come to the forefront of public attention after “background” comments made by Undersecretary of State Peter Tarnoff were revealed by some reporters.
Tarnoff, speaking, he said, on behalf of President Clinton and Secretary of State Warren Christopher, sought to define the general principles of the new U.S. foreign policy that would be implemented by the Clinton Administration.
Central to Tarnoff’s presentation was the notion that in the post-Cold War period “U.S. economic interests are paramount.” In this new situation, Tarnoff noted, the U.S. lacks the resources to maintain its Cold War level of involvement and in many crises the U.S. will find that it doesn’t have “the leverage…or the influence…to bring to bear the kind of pressure that will produce positive results.”
As a result, he suggests, the U.S. would make a commitment to multi-lateralism.
“We’re talking about new rules of engagement for the United States. There will have to be genuine power-sharing and responsibility sharing.”
“There may be occasions in the future where the United States acts unilaterally,” he continued. But he strongly implies that these situations will be limited to those instances where “we perceive an imminent danger very close to home.”
In one of his strongest statements, Tarnoff noted
“I am perfectly able to withstand criticism that we are abdicating power on this issue [presumably meaning Bosnia] because I believe, and more importantly the President and Secretary believe, that for more major international issues of this sort, where other regional players have a great stake, we should make very clear that we will play a role, we will have a leadership role, but we are not going to be so far out front as to allow them to defer to the U.S. when it comes to making the very hard decisions on the commitment of men and women and resources.”
In summation, Tarnoff said, due to new economic realities, the U.S. in the post-Cold War era would “define the extent of its commitment and make a commitment commensurate with those realities. This may on occasion fall short of what some Americans would like and what others would hope for ”—but this, he warned, was the shape of the new foreign policy to come.
Reactions to Tarnoff’s views were immediate and so negative that both President Clinton and Secretary of State Christopher sought to distance themselves from his statements.
Secretary Christopher appeared on Nightline, a popular news program, and then delivered a major foreign policy address in an effort to set the record straight. Although White House denials were strong and Christopher used the word “leadership” 23 times in his speech in an effort to make it clear that the United States was not abdicating its role, nevertheless many analysts peering through the rhetoric thought that Christopher, in fact, reaffirmed many of Tarnoff’s views.
For example, in the Nightline interview, Christopher, speaking of Bosnia, noted
”...in this kind of situation, a humanitarian crisis a long way from home, in the middle of another continent, I think our actions here are proportionate to what our responsibilities are …in this post-Cold War period. We can’t do it all; we have to measure our ability to act in the interests of the United States.”
In fact, it was precisely because Tarnoff’s statements came in the wake of the U.S. retreat on Bosnia that the debate about Clinton’s foreign policy became as intense as it did.
Administration officials went further in an effort to allay fears that the United States was retreating from a world leadership role by emphasizing areas where Clinton had shown real leadership. They pointed with pride to Clinton’s immediate response to provide political support and economic aid to Russia, the Administration’s firm stand in the trade talks with Europe and Japan, and the United States’ continuing leading role in the Middle East peace talks—but critics were not satisfied.
In fact, criticism in the press was quite harsh. One former leading Clinton foreign policy advisor, Michael Mandelbaum, wrote an especially sharp piece in the New York Times entitled “Like it or not, we must lead.” And David Broder, the nation’s premier political commentator, spoke for many of his colleagues when he wrote his nationally syndicated column entitled “Another Carter?”.
It may have been, in part, the need to gain some respite from the debate that led the President to act to defend U.N. troops under assault in Somalia and to strike at Iraq in retaliation for what was characterized as “compelling evidence” that Saddam Hussein had ordered the attempted assassination of former President George Bush.
But while both actions were positively received by both the press and political analysts, they have not resolved the critical debate over the future of U.S. foreign policy. Serious questions continue to be raised.
Within days after the attack on Iraq, some are even asking questions about the attack itself:
Â· Was the attack carried out more for domestic political reasons?
Â· Why didn’t the White House wait until after the Kuwaiti court had given its verdict regarding those accused of the assassination plot?
Â· Why were White House spokespeople so insistent on the fact that the President would not dwell on this attack and would instead return his focus to the economy?
Â· Does the United States have a long-term policy towards Iraq and Gulf security? And how does this bombing fit into that policy?
In this context, it was particularly interesting to note the extensive and respectful coverage most major media gave to the views of Arab and Muslim allies (especially Egypt and Turkey) as they compared the decisive U.S. stance toward Iraq with the lack of decisiveness toward Bosnia.
Some especially thoughtful analyses that have appeared during the past week make it clear that the debate over U.S. foreign policy will not end precisely because there is not a yet a consensus over the exact details of a new foreign policy—even within the Administration itself.
It is now being realized how dramatically different the post-Cold War world is from the world order of the last generation. The underlying assumptions that guided U.S. policy during the past few decades are no longer relevant. At the end of 1992, in an article appearing in the prestigious journal Foreign Affairs, Theodore Sorenson, former speechwriter for John F. Kennedy, wrote that the next President,
“America’s first post-Cold War President, will face a world of both unmatched opportunity and unprecedented opacity. Under pressure to choose a new course for the country, with the gravest consequences attendant upon that choice, he will be standing at a crossroads, looking at conflicting signposts and holding outdated maps.”
This new President, Sorenson wrote, must face long-deferred global problems and unlike his predecessors will not always be able to tell friends from foes. He concluded his piece, writing, “the next President…cannot lead unless he has a vision of where to go. But neither can he lead…unless the American people are willing to shoulder the responsibilities of leadership.”
It was in an effort to begin to articulate such a new vision that Tarnoff spoke his mind. His views, I believe, are widely shared within the Administration. However, since such a dramatic rethinking of America’s global role raises serious and unsettling questions, an intense debate has ensued.
There are those, for example, who prefer not to ask any questions at all. For them, the quick solution is to replace the Soviet menace with an Islamic threat and thus maintain intact many of the old assumptions and structures of U.S. Cold War foreign policy.
But such “quick fixes” will not suffice—nor will individual actions substitute for a well-articulated, comprehensive, long-term foreign policy.
Heeding Sorenson’s call, President Clinton must articulate a vision of the post-Cold War period and the leadership the United States will play in this new world. Only when this is done will the criticism subside. Until then, the debate will continue and will not be silenced by solitary actions no matter how spectacular or popular they may be.
For comments or information, contact jzogby@aaiusacomments powered by Disqus


As a leader in the renewable fuel space, Geoff Hirson acknowledges that there are many ways that innovation can increase our quality of life. Not only does utilizing renewable diesel display a commitment to preserving the environment, but there is a plethora of efficiency benefits that come with the switch from biodiesel. Geoff Hirson recognizes that many individuals operating in spaces that could benefit from renewable fuels do not have the full picture of how it can help them stay on the forefront of their industry. Here, Hirson includes a few cursory reasons why harnessing renewable diesel can prove beneficial.
Cleaner Burning Source of Fuel
Traditional diesel fuel produces harmful emissions when burned, making vehicles that utilize diesel major sources of pollutants that can negatively impact our environment. Pollution is an unfortunate byproduct of diesel-fueled vehicles, as we count on them to transport goods that are essential to our infrastructure. Geoff Hirson notes that, because renewable diesel is produced from lower carbon materials, it burns cleaner than traditional diesel. Renewable diesel can yield as much as 80% lower lifecycle emissions and has a carbon intensity up to 50-80% lower than conventional diesel. In the current landscape where more companies are focusing on preserving our environment for posterity, renewable diesels stand out as an important tool to do so while still allowing us to perform essential tasks.
Lowers Dependency on Petroleum Products
Renewable diesel fuels are beneficial societally and politically speaking as well. Less consumption of traditional fossil fuels naturally lowers our need for it, which can reduce potential conflicts over access to crude oil reserves. Geoff Hirson speaks to the ways in which our sources of renewable diesel (fats, oils, and grease-based feedstocks can be easily found, processed, and repurposed for fuel. In this way, renewable diesel fits the zeitgeist’s demand for resources that recognize the importance of ethics as we perform tasks. Also, because renewable diesel repurposes waste that would otherwise be dumped, individuals that utilize it can rest assured that the project is 100% renewable and sustainable.
More Durable that Traditional Fuels
Because renewable diesel is hydrogenated, it does not contain oxygen. This eliminates some of the issues regarding traditional diesel when it comes to storage and transport. For example, renewable diesel users do not need to fear microbial growth that can clog fuel filters in a vehicle. This means that renewable diesel can perform better than biodiesel in extremely cold environments and that the fuel can be stored for long periods of time without water accumulation or notable deterioration in quality. The durability of renewable diesel also ensures that the frequency of periodic maintenance for vehicles does not need to increase, a situation that may occur for vehicles that utilize traditional biodiesels instead.


How Google anonymizes data
Anonymization is a data processing technique that removes or modifies personally identifiable information; it results in anonymized data that cannot be associated with any one individual. It’s also a critical component of Google’s commitment to privacy.
By analyzing anonymized data, we are able to build safe and valuable products and features, like autocompletion of an entered search query, and better detect security threats, like phishing and malware sites, all while protecting user identities. We can also safely share anonymized data externally, making it useful for others without putting the privacy of our users at risk.
Two of the techniques we use to protect your data
Generalizing the data
There are certain data elements that are more easily connected to certain individuals. In order to protect those individuals, we use generalization to remove a portion of the data or replace some part of it with a common value. For example, we may use generalization to replace segments of all area codes or phone numbers with the same sequence of numbers.
Generalization allows us to achieve k-anonymity, an industry-standard term used to describe a technique for hiding the identity of individuals in a group of similar persons. In k-anonymity, the k is a number that represents the size of a group. If for any individual in the data set, there are at least k-1 individuals who have the same properties, then we have achieved k-anonymity for the data set. For example, imagine a certain data set where k equals 50 and the property is zip code. If we look at any person within that data set, we will always find 49 others with the same zip code. Therefore, we would not be able to identify any one person from just their zip code.
If all individuals in a data set share the same value of a sensitive attribute, sensitive information may be revealed simply by knowing these individuals are part of the data set in question. To mitigate this risk, we may leverage l-diversity, an industry-standard term used to describe some level of diversity in the sensitive values. For example, imagine a group of people searched for the same sensitive health topic (e.g. flu symptoms) all at the same time. If we look at this data set, we wouldn’t be able to tell who searched for the topic, thanks to k-anonymity. However, there may still be a privacy concern since everyone shares a sensitive attribute (i.e. the topic of the query). L-diversity means the anonymized data set would not only contain flu searches. Rather, it could include other searches alongside the flu searches to further protect user privacy.
Adding noise to data
Differential privacy (also an industry-standard term) describes a technique for adding mathematical noise to data. With differential privacy, it’s difficult to ascertain whether any one individual is part of a data set because the output of a given algorithm will essentially appear the same, regardless of whether any one individual’s information is included or omitted. For example, imagine we are measuring the overall trend in searches for flu across a geographic region. To achieve differential privacy, we add noise to the data set. This means we may add or subtract the number of people searching for flu in a given neighborhood, but doing so would not affect our measurement of the trend across the broader geographic region. It’s also important to note that adding noise to a data set may render it less useful.
Anonymization is just one process we use to maintain our commitment to user privacy. Other processes include strict controls on user data access, policies to control and limit joining of data sets that may identify users, and the centralized review of anonymization and data governance strategies to ensure a consistent level of protection across all of Google.


1/ Can design be inclusive and create a sense of belonging for everyone? Yes and how?
Here’s a #thread
2/ Inclusive design considers human diversity & uniqueness of each individual with respect to ability, language, culture, gender, age and other forms of human difference. It is not a one-size-fits-all solution.
3/ I believe inclusive design is a mindset. It involves creating digital products that enable a wide range of diverse people to access those products. This includes designing for people with & without impairments.
4/ Empathy is a key ingredient of inclusive design. Here’s a simple analogy to explain inclusivity: “Diversity is being invited to the party; Inclusivity is being asked to dance.”
5/ Often, designers imagine people with impairments as those in wheelchairs or some physical disability. But, impairments also include vision, cognitive challenges too.
6/ Hence, in order to be inclusive, a designer also needs to understand which communities or groups are excluded and how to incorporate their perspectives too.
7/ Adaptive design foster’s growth of self-knowledge and recognizes the importance of commitment to diversity. Example: Take Microsoft’s Inclusive Design Toolkit. The most interesting take away the idea of solving for one but extending to many.
8/ Why should design be inclusive you ask? See…A product might be designed for a person who only has one hand (a permanent disability), for instance.
9/The obvious extension of that would be that the same design could be helpful to anyone who has a temporary hand injury or a new parent who often has their newborn in one arm and only uses one hand for most interactions could also benefit.
10/ When it comes to inclusive design, there is often a misconception that it compromises the look & feel of it, making it ugly. Well, that’s not true. In reality, the true costs of bad design emerge later on in the product life cycle & have the potential to cause irreparable damage to the brand image through customer frustration.
11/ While inclusive design brings in a lot of processes, it makes a product more accessible. It is good for business, customers & creates a win-win situation by expanding your product’s reach, sparks innovation, and helps your company take on a position of social responsibility.
12/ Therefore, inclusive design not only adds value but also empowers users. A simple, clean design which not only adds value to the brand but also proves that “simplicity is powerful.”


Department of Language Education
The English language has spread to every corner of the globe and become part and parcel of every existing field. Today, the English language is used as a Lingua Franca by more than a billion people around the globe. It is becoming the world's language: the language of the Internet, the media, higher education, information technology, business, science, research, international flight and the pathway of global communication and global access to knowledge. There is an ever-growing demand for teachers trained to teach the English language not only in Pakistan but also all over the world. It has become the nexus for people to connect with each other in countless ways. Indeed, English is much more than a language: it is a bridge across borders and cultures, a source of unity in a rapidly changing world. Language allows us to share our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with others. It has the power to build communities. We communicate through language in the world, define our identity, express our history and culture, learn, defend our human rights and participate in all aspects of society. Through language, people preserve their community’s history, customs and traditions, memory, unique modes of thinking, meaning and expression. They also use it to construct their future. Language is pivotal in the areas of human rights protection, good governance, peace building, reconciliation, and sustainable development.
Keeping in view the importance of English Language in education, the Department of Language Education was established in the Faculty of Education in 2020. The main focus of the department is to enhance the learners’ language skills and competencies for teaching the English language at various levels.
Department of Language Education equips the participants with the linguistic and pedagogic knowledge needed for teaching a language. The Department aims to provide tools and resources to those who are needed to develop knowledge of various areas of the English language teaching. It also provides them an understanding of the basic concepts in language. It develops participants’ knowledge about language. The programs help participants to develop an insight into current issues and key trends in second language learning and teaching in diversified ranges of contexts. Thus, there is a need to connect English language education to an understanding of global current issues in education theoretically and practically. The Department of Language Education mainly addresses important issues related to the English languageteaching.
To achieve high-quality academic distinction in teaching, training and conducting research in English language teaching and linguistics at local, regional and national levels.
The Department of Language Education aspires to promote competence in prospective English language teachers with crucially practical skills, content knowledge and research methods in English language and linguistics. The Department aims to provide its students with stimulating and dynamic opportunities to be well-equipped to compete in the job market, advance scholarly research in various directions, fulfil more specialized academic endeavors and pursuits, and serve the community.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The Department of Language Education sees its role as a leader in the field of the English language education and be seen as a platform for producing competent teachers and quality teaching, and aiming at continuous improvements. It intends to prepare educators who will fulfil their academic and professional needs as well.
The department has ambitions to support and encourage students of diverse abilities to become competent teachers of English. The teaching faculty endeavours to impart knowledge and skills to their students based on the best educational and technological initiatives. They focus on the individual and collective potential of the learners to understand concepts in the English language and express them in both speech and writing with greater accuracy and fluency. In addition, the department aims to
- Produce quality English language teachers.
- Equip English language teachers with latest teaching pedagogies and practices.
- Encourage scholars to engage in developing resources for effective English language teaching and learning methodologies.
- Provide scholars with the tools to carry out advanced research in the ELT contexts.
- Enable students to develop knowledge in English language and linguistics.
- Enable students to acquire language and linguistic skills needed in the job market.
- Develop students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
- Promote students’ learning skills through classroom work, extracurricular activities and teaching practice.
- Enable students to communicate efficiently in spoken and written discourse.
Currently, the department is offering BS English Language Teaching and Linguistics (ELTL). BS ELTL is a 4-year degree program designed to facilitate academic and professional development of those who aspire to teach English as a second language in Pakistan or abroad at school, college and university level.
The Department of Language Education is planning to offer M.Phil English Language Teaching and PhD English Language Teachingin the near future in order to produce qualified teachers to teach English as a second language in Pakistan.
The courses are designed for English language education professionals who wish to remain practitioners of various kinds, so the academic continuum of the course leads from research and scholarship back into practice. The courses offer students various opportunities to carry out educational research in ways intended to enhance their own professional development and to enable them to contribute to innovation in their work environment.The programs offer students the opportunity to acquire knowledge and understanding in selected areas of the English language teaching. The broad range of subjects includes core courses such as English language teaching, language teaching and assessment, and pedagogical grammar in ELT. The courses offer students various opportunities to carry out educational research in ways intended to enhance their own professional development and to enable them to contribute to innovation in their work environment. The students are encouraged to apply their knowledge of the theories learnt during the course of their study to research projects for continuous assessment. The main aim of the Department of Language Education is to provide basic education in the nature of human language and linguistic theory and to train graduate students as linguists and as researchers in the major areas of ELT.
After completing the degrees, the graduates will be able to get multifarious opportunities to serve as English teachers at school, college and university level. Furthermore, they will be able to work as master trainers in the area of English language teaching, content writers and reviewers of various journals. In addition to this, our graduates would be able get good jobs in various organizations such as civil management services, provincial management services, testing agencies, and advertising agencies etc.
We have foreign qualified faculty with the specialization of TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) and English language education. We have organized and attended various seminars and conferences at national and international level.
ACTIVITIES AT DEPARTMENTAL LEVEL
The department has planned numerous co-curricular and extra-curricular activities for the students such as debates, English speech competitions, English easy writing competitions, quizzes and short and long study tours to enhance their educational and research skills. The department has also planned to organize seminars, workshops, and conferences to enhance the students’ exposure in research.


Five simple steps to better typography
Typography, I find, is still a bit of mystery to a lot of designers. The kind of typography I'm talking about is not your typical "What font should I use" typography but rather your "knowing your hanging punctuation from your em-dash" typography. Call me a little bit purist but this bothers me.
So, in an attempt to spread the word here's the first of five simple steps to better typography. To kick it off, part one is about the Measure.
Measure the Measure.
The Measure is the name given to the width of a body of type. There are several units of measurement used for defining the Measure's width. The three basic units are:
- One point = 1/72 of an inch
- One pica = 12 points
- One em = The distance horizontally equal to the type size, in points, you are using. Eg. 1em of 12pt type is 12pt. (Thanks to Joe for correcting me on this.)
But, with the advent of DTP packages and the website design the following are also now used:
There is an optimum width for a Measure and that is defined by the amount of characters are in the line. A general good rule of thumb is 2-3 alphabets in length, or 52-78 characters (including spaces). This is for legibility purposes. Keep your Measure within these guidelines and you should have no problem with legibility. Please note that this figure will vary widely with research, this is just the figure I use and it seems to work well as a generally rule of thumb.
CSS and fluid?
What is interesting here is fluid designs on the web. How can a Measure react to an increase and decrease in size. The entire grid would have to adapt to that change. An interesting discussion point and challenge.
The Measure and leading.
A simple rule is your leading should be wider than your word spacing. This is because when the balance is correct, your eye will move along the line instead of down the lines.
If your measure is wider than the guidelines for optimum legibility then increase the leading, or line-height as it's sometimes wrongly called. This will have the effect of increasing legibility. Your leading should increase proportionally to your Measure. Small Measure, less leading. Wide Measure, more leading. It's a simple but effective rule.
When reversing colour out, eg white text on black, make sure you increase the leading, tracking and decrease your font-weight. This applies to all widths of Measure. White text on a black background is a higher contrast to the opposite, so the letterforms need to be wider apart, lighter in weight and have more space between the lines.
The general rule of thumb in tracking your words (not the characters) is that the shorter the line length the tighter the tracking, the opposite is also true.
Following these simple rules will ensure your bodies of text will be as legible as they can be. These rules come from a typographic craft background which unfortunately, for our industry in particular, aren't being taught as much as they should be in the art schools around the world. As a result they aren't being practiced and correct, well-considered typography is taking a nose-dive.
It's our responsibility, as designers, to embrace the rules which are born of a craft which goes back hundreds of years.
Hopefully, this series of quick, sure-fire ways of improving your typographic craft will help in some way make sure computers and DTP doesn't kill it off. That would be a great shame.
This is the first installment of this "Simple Steps..." series. Next up we have Hanging punctuation


ICBL Strategy 2: Recognize Potential Issues
Ask students to spend 2-3 minutes silently reading the case again. This time they should be noting words or phrases that seem to be important to understanding what the case is about. If students have a printed copy of the case, they might underline these phrases. Otherwise, they might jot down ideas and questions about these phrases.
Example of selected phrases (bold) in Goodbye Honeybuckets for further discussion.
Even in 2001, there are still villages without a municipal sewer system. John Kepaaq is a member of the Tribal Council in Icy Valley and he is concerned about the type of sewer system that is being considered. Everyone in northern Alaska has heard stories about outside developers who did not realize the unique problems of construction in the arctic.
Icy Valley is a village of about 200 people who know what it is like to live with permafrost, darkness, and long cold winters. John wants to be sure that the sewage system proposed for their village is appropriate for the cold temperatures and safe for the tundra environment.


Click the following links to watch videos relating to nuclear chemistry. These videos range from 216 KB to 1.5 MB, and require Quicktime to play.
A Brief Note about Plutonium by Glenn
Seaborg (20 sec)
One sentence on how Pu was a means of extending the boundary of the periodic table.
Plutonium and Why It Was Kept a Secret
Glenn Seaborg talks about the discoveries of Actinium and Plutonium and the reasons for keeping the discovery of Pu a secret.
The Prediction of the Actinide Series
by Glenn Seaborg (2 min, 19 sec)
Glenn Seaborg discusses the initial failure to chemically identify elements 95 and 96 (Americium and Curium) and later describes his prediction of the actinide series.
Introduction from Bob Silva (1 min, 26
Bob Silva from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley describes Glenn Seaborg's prediction of an actinide series with elements 102 and 103 (Nobelium and Lawrencium) discovered by this laboratory.
The HILAC or Heavy-Ion Layer Accelerator
(2 min, 16 sec)
The HILAC is shown and described. Experimental parameters for bombardment are considered.
Discovery of Lawrencium (59 sec)
The presentation includes discussion of the discovery of Lawrencium with the heavy-ion layer accelerator or HILAC and the reaction used to produce it.
How To Collect Lawrencium Atoms (1 min,
Bob Silva demonstrates and describes the experimental preparation for the collection of Lr atoms.
How To Collect Lawrencium Atoms-Really
Fast (24 sec)
A faster version of the above movie is provided for humorous effect.
The Discovery of Element 106-Finally
Nuclear chemist Darleane Hoffman speaks on the confirmation of the original discovery of element 106.
The Naming of Element 106 (19 sec)
A brief narration by Albert Ghiorso of the suggested name for element 106.
The Limits of Discovering the Heavy
Elements (18 sec)
Glenn Seaborg talks about the limitations of discovering heavy elements, and a model of nuclear fission is shown.
What Good is a Heavy Element? (55 sec)
Narration by Albert Ghiorso. A chromatographic separation of Californium-249 is shown, with its subsequent placement on a platinum foil for bombardment.
Ghiorso --Remembering Seaborg (49:38) --It requires Windows Media to view
Link to Seaborg Autobiography ( http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dQg0PAOAwE)
Special thanks to JCE Online, who provided the videos.
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Just because modern medicine is becoming increasingly fantastic, doesn't mean you should stop taking care of yourself. In fact, despite the constant advances in medical research, more and more doctors are looking at preventative medicine as a means of decreasing medical risk. Although preventative medical techniques won't be able to stop health complications caused by genetics, age, or uncontrollable environmental factors—it can help to slow the affects.
So, what are some of these preventative medicinal techniques?
First of all, you should consider eating a healthy diet. Your eyes, much like the rest of your body, requires nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidants to function properly. Not all foods provide the right nutritional value for your eyes, so it is best to keep that in mind when going grocery shopping. Coincidentally, the best foods for your eyes tend to be ones that are brightly colored and easily noticeable from a distance such as berries, broccoli, grapefruit, carrots, and salmon. Make sure to keep a steady supply of food that has the following nutritional properties: Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Vitamin C (absorbic acid), Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Beta Carotene, Essential Fatty Acids, and Zinc.
You won't get this nutritional value from your average processed foods, and eating an excessive amount of processed food can increase your risk of developing detrimental health conditions like diabetes, which can open up a whole new can of worms in regards to eye disease.
Wait, so I just have to eat right, and then I'm all good?
Not necessarily, and like I mentioned earlier, preventative medicinal techniques are good to practice, but they won't ensure perfect vision forever. Just eating healthy alone won't be enough either—here are a few more tips to help your eyes remain healthy and function at optimum levels:
- Make sure to stay hydrated – This sort of go along with eating healthy. Like a large percentage of the human body, the eyes are made up of liquid. This means that if you are suffering from dehydration, your eyes can be negatively affected. Try your best to stay on top of hydration and drink your recommended daily intake of water, and no—Soda doesn't count.
- Wear your glasses – Don't forget to wear your glasses! If you have a prescription, then chances are there is a reason for that. Failing to consistently wear your glasses can cause eye strain and uncomfortable headaches. Another pair of glasses that is important that you don't need a prescription for are sunglasses. If you find yourself spending a lot of time outdoors, make sure to be wearing the proper UV protective lenses, so you don't suffer damage due to over-exposure from the sun.
- Exercise – A big part of living healthy is maintaining a stead exercise plan helps to improve your bodies blood flow—an essential piece of the healthy vision puzzle. Strength training and cardio exercises boost your metabolism which helps prevent diabetes. You can actually exercise your eyes much like the rest of your body using proper techniques such as: Focusing on a small object and bringing it toward your nose to help boost your ability to change focus—particularly useful if you spend a lot of time in an office working in front of a computer. You can also combat eye fatigue by using a warm compress on your eyes at night before you sleep.
- Catch some Z's – Eye strain can come from more than just staring at screens all day long, in fact, stress can cause eye discomfort and even hurt your eye health over time. If you find you are under a lot of stress, it can help your eyes and temperament to take short breaks to rest your eyes. Don't forget to get the proper amount of sleep at night and most importantly, if you wear them, remove your contacts before going to sleep!
Living a healthy lifestyle is difficult, especially with all the delicious unhealthy foods that are so accessible on a daily basis, but is one of the best methods of protecting your eyes from eye disease and helping to ensure your vision stays healthy and clear. If you feel your eyes condition is continuing to get worse at an accelerated rate, it is best to see your eye doctor to ensure medical attention isn't necessary.


Immigration made America what it was, but immigration has changed, and America’s changes are a concern.
The Statue of Liberty has welcomed “the huddled masses” from every continent since 1865, but immigration has transformed the US.
Early Americans took huge risks of death at sea and from Indians or starvation in the New World because they also faced death when the Holy Roman Empire ruled Europe.
History books have been laundered to hide an estimated 50 to 80 million Protestants who died when the papacy had the power to persecute dissenters in the Old World as Foxe’s Book of Martyrs and some websites claim. This illustrates the first parallel between the U.S. and Egypt.
Israel (Jacob, 11 sons and their families) went to Egypt in a time of famine, much like pioneers came to America in a time of spiritual famine when the ‘Bread of God’s Word’ was forbidden and people hid it in their homes at the peril of their lives.
Israel did well in Egypt and pioneers flourished in this land of freedom. But another king came who didn’t know Joseph and Israel became enslaved. Washington is full of politicians and lawyers that ignore the U.S. Constitution and its principles of freedom.
As Egypt enslaved Israel, greed has meant the enslaving of millions with alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, and drugs. Prescription drugs are a leading cause of illness and death, but we call it ‘healthcare’ with the drug companies behind the Affordable Care Act so everyone can have relief of symptoms as we die from our diseases of choice.
In this land of liberty, people enslave themselves by their choices that go against the moral laws of the Bible. This includes ‘addictions’ to fiction (non-truth that becomes reality) in books, movies or TV. Just as our bodies are built from food, our minds are built from what we feed them.
Exciting food brings disease; exciting fiction brings unhappiness with reality. People risk earnings to get rich quick. Greed motivates the rich and huge corporations sell lies to the masses to promote products and a losing lifestyle with ‘music,’ sex and many forms of bondage in the name of freedom.
We are more deserving of judgment than Egypt was—they killed babies, but we have aborted 60 million. Do we think God is dead? Maybe He’s looking the other way? Or could Harvey and Irma be harbingers of more to come?
In Bible times, God called Babylon His hammer as they overflowed the holy land and took Israel captive. We are being overflowed by millions who have no love for the U.S. Constitution, nor for that other great document of self-government, the Ten Commandments.
President John Adams said, “Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.” With perhaps a majority of people having no interest in living by the Bible, we wonder if God can bless America and what the future holds.
Dr. Richard Ruhling is an author on current events and Bible prophecy. His latest book, God Bless America? is subtitled His Rescue Plan & How We Can Be ‘Ruler Over All That He Has,’ is offered at no charge this Saturday at http://amzn.to/2grtEQx
Company Name: Total Health
Contact Person: Dr. Richard Ruhling
Phone No: 9285837543
Country: United States
Website Url: http://RichardRuhling.com


Over the past many years, there has been an ongoing debate all over the world regarding youth entrepreneurship. Both developed and developing countries perceive youth entrepreneurship as a way of boosting economic competitiveness and promoting regional development. Many researchers argue that entrepreneurial activity needs to be tapped by developing countries to enable them to compete in a globalizing market economy (Khandwalla, 1998; Kunango, 1998). However, most of the studies pointed towards the lack of support system for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in developing countries. Besides lack of financial assistance, lack of counseling and training programs, the grant of licenses and policies and controls and taxation had been cited as the major hurdles in the setting up and running of new businesses (Awasthi & Sebastian, 1996; Gautam, 1979; Mokry, 1988; Sadhak, 1989; Singh, 1985). Schoof (2006) examined a range of key constraints that impede young people in different countries from starting successful businesses. Entrepreneurial education, access to start-up capital and business provider services were found among the key factors impeding youth entrepreneurship, alongside societal attitudes and a regulatory framework.
Previous research showed that the formation of potential entrepreneurs through education and entrepreneurial training can help economic growth. The entrepreneurs' support system through entrepreneurship education can stimulate and facilitate entrepreneurial activities that can reduce the extent of unemployment, increase the formation of new businesses and reduce the number of business fail (Hatten & Ruhland, 1995; Ronstadt, 1985; Hensemark, 1998). Dana (1993) maintained that entrepreneurial training and education provided to the entrepreneurs will be able to contribute to their knowledge, skills and experience. The study by Upton, Sexton & Moore (1995) found that there is a relationship between entrepreneurship education and training on the tendency to start a business and the success of a business. Apart from the attitude of entrepreneurs who constantly upgrade their skills and knowledge in entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurs must have the ability to take risks in carrying out their entrepreneurial activities. Accordingly McConnell (2003) explained that the training will be more effective if the training need analysis is carried out comprehensively in advance.
In line with these suggestions, the present study is an attempt to identify the training need for entrepreneurial development among youth belonging to Kashmir Valley.
Need for the Study
Employment has always been a central issue in the development of nations. Providing jobs for a growing population is one of the most pressing challenges for all the governments in the world. One of the major reasons for lack of jobs is the swell in the proportion of youth within the population. Kashmir is not an exception to this trend. 71% of the population in Kashmir is under the age of 35 years and a large chunk among them are unemployed (GOI-Census, 2013). The consequences of unemployment are manifold all around the globe. Idle youth find themselves isolated, incur feelings of failure and experience depression, to name a few. However, in Kashmir these negative consequences are compounded by the episodic conflicts and instability experienced by people. These conflicts have created a deep sense of uncertainty about future.
The concept of self-employment among youth in Kashmir is naive due to lack of experience, information or inability to take risks. However, the private sector, public sector and civil society in Kashmir have the potential to nurture and shape a vibrant culture of youth entrepreneurship (Mercy Corps, 2011). In the light of this, a need was felt to explore those factors which have a bearing on the attitude of youth towards entrepreneurship in Kashmir.
The present study is a cross-sectional one. The respondents belong to Central, North and South Kashmir. Demographics included to test in the study are: gender, nature of the family, educational qualification and region.
The primary objective of this study is to assess the attitudes of youth towards entrepreneurship. The secondary objectives include:
* To understand the impact of various demographic factors, e.g. gender, age, qualification and region (North, South and Central Kashmir) on youth entrepreneurship.
* To identify the role of nature of family on youth entrepreneurship.
* To develop guidelines and recommendations on encouraging positive attitude of youth towards entrepreneurship.
The instrument used in the study was a standard questionnaire adapted from "Attitudes of the Youth towards Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of India and China", developed by Vohra and Goel (2007). The instrument comprises 10 items eight of which are scale based (4-point Likert scale) and two rank-based statements.
Data Collection & Sample
The sampling technique used for this research study is non-probability (convenient) sampling. In this technique the total population was divided into three geographical areas viz, South Kashmir, Central Kashmir and North Kashmir and respondents in these regions were approached on the basis of convenience. The data was utilised to generate descriptive information and also subjected to various statistical tests.
Data collection was done over a period of three and a half months from March, 2014 to Mid-June, 2014. The survey was carried out by means of a questionnaire. Researchers have administered the questionnaire personally by visiting different colleges, campuses and universities. At all occasions, questionnaires were filled in the presence of the researchers and at certain occasions researchers interacted with the respondents. This helped them to delve deeper into the state of entrepreneurship in Kashmir. Some of the comments from the respondents have been discussed in the forthcoming paragraphs.
Questionnaires were administered on 1384 respondents from three regions viz; Central, South and North Kashmir. 1254 responses were received, out of which only 1200 were found complete in all respects. These were found fit for analysis making it a response rate of 87%. Such response rate is considered to be satisfactory for this type of sampling frame. The profile of respondents is presented below in Table 1.
The data for this study have been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The mode of collection from primary sources has been discussed in detail in the above section. For secondary data sources various studies related to entrepreneurship were scanned in various libraries and electronic databases. Major part of secondary data has been collected from library of Jammu and Kashmir Entrepreneur Development Institute (JKEDI).
After completion of the questionnaires, a thorough procedure to clean the data was followed. Some questionnaires with missing responses or wrongly filled were discarded. All the data was coded and entered in the SPSS package for further analysis.
Respondents were divided on the basis of demographics like age, educational qualification, nature of family and regions and comparisons were made accordingly. However...


IAQ is the air quality within the home as it relates to the occupants’ health and comfort. The EPA has identified indoor air pollution as one of the top five urgent environmental risks to public health. The video below summarizes the EPA’s views on IAQ and IAQ issues.
Indoor air quality can have a major effect on your family’s health, comfort, and safety. Indoor air pollution can greatly exacerbate allergy and asthma symptoms as well as contribute to lung disease such as respiratory tract infections and even lung cancer. If you or a family member suffer from allergies or asthma, or if you have infants or elderly persons living in the home, indoor air pollution and its health implications are of even greater concern to you. See if you need to have an IAQ test done in your home. Learn more.
You are uniquely positioned to insure that your customers’ homes are safe and comfortable. Let AirAdvice for Homes™ help you “make the invisible visible,” identify indoor air quality problems, and offer solutions to your customers. The AirAdvice for Homes program is easy to use, employs the latest indoor air quality diagnostic technologies, and will help you provide your customers with healthy and comfortable homes. Learn more.
AirAdvice partners with leading companies, researchers, and key stakeholders to make our vision of improved indoor air quality, improved comfort and reduced energy use a reality. To learn more about how our organizations can work together, contact us.


7 edition of Parent"s Guide to 3rd Grade found in the catalog.
July 25, 2001
by LearningExpress, LLC
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||160|
Dear Parents, This guide is intended to better acquaint you with the Common Core Learning Standards for 3rd Grade Mathematics. It has been compiled from several different sources. Included in this guide is an overview of the Common Core Learning Standards for 3rd grade, a glossary compiled by Michele Gipe, West. Make books special. Turn reading into something special. Take your kids to the library, help them get their own library card, read with them, and buy them books as gifts. Have a favorite place for books in your home or, even better, put books everywhere. Get them to read another one. Find ways to encourage your child to pick up another book.
Fourth grade students also will make important strides in their ability to explain plainly and in detail what a book says — both explicitly and what is implied from its details. By 4th grade, your child will be writing effective summaries, book reports, and descriptions of characters or events that use correct grammar and punctuation. 3rd Grade; 4th Grade; 5th Grade; 6th Grade; Diversity Fiction; Diversity Non-Fiction; Diversity Picturebooks; Diversity Videos; More Suggested Lists; Web Resources; Resources for Parents; Resources for Teachers; Children's Room Photo Gallery; Book Buddies; 1, Books Program; Saratoga Reads Jr. Awesome Books for 3rd Graders. 3rd Grade Reading.
The first book in the Little House series depicts pioneer life for 4-year-old Laura and her family. Ask your child about the problems and solutions that the story portrayed about life in the frontier. Books for 3rd to 5th Grade About Adoption, Race, and Family. After Tupac and D Foster by Jacqueline Woodson After Tupac is a deeply felt novel about the power of friendship. Two year-old African American girls are suddenly joined by D, a girl in foster care who talks about the need to find your Big Purpose. An-Ya and her Diary Workbook.
The first five fathoms
Construction methods and management
Essays in Russian and Soviet history
Employers organizations of the world
principle of maximum product differentiation
idea of a Christian society
Missouri Breaks wilderness suitability study/EIS
Oh, God, not another beautiful day!
Nutrition, additive & flavor standards
Peter Calvey - hermit
Sindiga, the savage
Classification. Class T: technology.
For more book and reading ideas, sign up for our Scholastic Parents newsletter. Reading in 3rd Grade After mastering literacy skills in earlier grades, 3rd graders become better and more independent readers. Third grade reading focuses on teaching kids how to think and talk about what they read in deeper and more detailed ways.
Helping Your Child Succeed in Third Grade: A Parent’s Guide to the Common Core Schools across America are rolling out new, more rigorous curricula in order to meet the demands created by a new set of English and Mathematics standards – known nationally as the Common Core State Learning Standards, or Common Core/5(2).
This booklet is designed to inform you, our parents, of DoDEA’s expectations for students in the four major curriculum areas-reading/language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies-at the third grade level.
These expectations are aligned with the third grade curriculum that is used by the classroom teacher for daily instruction.
The Parents’ Guides to Student Success were developed by teachers, parents and education experts in response to the Common Core State Standards that more than 45 states have adopted.
Created for grades K-8 and high school English, language arts/literacy and mathematics, the guides provide clear, consistent expectations for what students should be learning at each grade. Third grade is a pivotal year for your child.
Learning to read with fluency and confidence will serve as a foundation for the reading demands in later grades. By practicing with learning-to-read strategies, your child will reliably be able to make sense of multisyllable words in books. That’s why we’ve created this 1st Grade Guide to make the leap easier than ever.
Here, you’ll find all of the resources you need for your child to succeed in reading and writing, so you can spend less time researching and more time learning with your little one — and, naturally, planning that cute first-day-of-school snapshot.
For more book and reading ideas, sign up for our Scholastic Parents newsletter. Reading in Second Grade Second graders continue to develop their literacy skills as they learn more complex words and absorb longer, more rigorous texts in a variety of genres including fiction, non-fiction, and poetry.
Browse through our collection of 3rd grade books for your 8 to 9 year old student. You’ll find all the classics and favorite reads your child will love. each grade level and are designed to help U.S. students compete favor-ably with students around the world.
A focus on teaching the whole child: The curriculum provides more instructional focus on subjects such as the arts, information literacy, physical education, science, and social studies by blending them with mathematics, reading, and writing. The fight between good and evil makes for compelling page-turning in this classic 5-book series.
The Chronicles of Prydain series by Lloyd Alexander. From The Book of Three to Newbery-winning The High King and more, this series sets the standard for high adventure. Lesser-known Wonders For younger readers: Sector 7 by David Wiesner.
A young boy. The most powerful ways to develop children’s literacy skills are also the simplest: talk to them, listen to them, read to them and write with them.
When. The invaluable grade-by-grade guide (kindergarten—sixth) is designed to help parents and teachers select some of the best books for children.
Books to Build On recommends: • for kindergartners, lively collections of poetry and stories, such as The Children’s Aesop, and imaginative alphabet books such as Bill Martin, Jr.’s Chicka Chicka Reviews: Books for Grades K Children in grades K-3 are beginning to read on their own, but they still like to hear a story read to them.
Here's a list of books our teacher editors suggest to meet both needs. Parents can use many of these as "read-alongs" to help their children improve their reading. Children can also read many of these books on their. Parents' guide to SBAC testing. Charlotte’s Web is an example of a grade-level text because the book gives kids the opportunity to think about the meaning behind the story and uses challenging vocabulary words like salutations and Enter an email address to receive California's State Test Guide for 3rd grade.
Please enter a "To" email. Third Grade Guide for Parents: 2 What is Wixie. Wixie is an online tool your child can use to write, paint pictures, Have your child predict an outcome of book they are currently reading.
Then, when they are finished with the book, have them compare their prediction with the actual outcome. Reading. successful without the support of parents. This booklet is designed to inform you, our parents, of DoDEA’s expectations for students in the four major curricu-lum areas-reading/language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies-at the second grade level.
These expectations are aligned with the second grade curriculum that is used by the. Parent's Guide to 3rd Grade Paperback – January 9, by Ricki Winegardner (Author) › Visit Amazon's Ricki Winegardner Page. Find all the books, read about the author, and more.
See search results for this author. Are you an author. Learn about Author Central 5/5(1). Third grade is a pivotal year in your child’s education.
They make the giant leap from “learning to read” to “reading to learn.” This also marks the time that if children are behind in their reading abilities, they often stay lagging behind, unless they receive help.
Check out these favorite books for 3rd graders, picked by our panel of children's book experts to enthrall, challenge, and delight your child. Perfect for a parent-child book club. Perfect for: Kids who like classic stories. Judy is a third-grade girl but she is very much the tomboy and boys love this series as much as girls.
The series. Parent Guide to Third Grade Retention Focused on Success by Third Grade or Sooner (Call for help) The 3D Learner Parent Guide to Third Grade Retention is focused on Success by Third Grade or Sooner.
Below we share what the State of Florida provides and what provide as a Parent Guide to Third Grade Retention.
We focus on Success by Third Grade. At the end of the 3rd grade, your child will take their first official standardized test (standardized meaning every test taker answers the same questions and is scored in the same way across the state). The Reading Comprehension test consists of about 50 multiple choice questions to test if your child can read proficiently on grade level.Third Grade Books for Kids Top Selected Products and Reviews I Was a Third Grade Spy I am using this as a guide to help my son with reading and comprehension.
3rd grade has been a challenge for us and every little bit helps. () See All Buying Options Add to My List My Weirdest School #3: Miss Brown Is Upside Down!.This guide provides an overview of what your child will learn by the end of 3rd grade in mathematics and English language arts/literacy.
It focuses on the key skills your child will learn in these subjects, which will build a strong foundation for success in the other subjects he or she studies throughout the school year.


- This event has passed.
Eco-Bricks Workshop for Teens – School of Activism
Wed 17 April, 2019 @ 14:00 - 17:00
Ecobricks are means for individuals to take personal responsibility for their plastic by containing it and turning it into free building materials that can be given back to the local community.
Not only do ecobricks stop plastics finding their way into landfill or the ocean, but also reduce the energy it would take to transport or ship them elsewhere.
In this workshop we will learn how to make eco-bricks and how to build with them.
Suitable for ages 12-19.
Free entry / donation
Bricking-It is a homegrown project which seeks to raise awareness about the amount of plastic that is thrown away by households by encouraging people to make ecobricks with all the plastic they don’t recycle. Bricking-it Bristol urges residents to save the plastic they would otherwise put into a black bin, stuff it into plastic bottles, and get it to us via one of our collection points across the city. Making eco-bricks leads to a drastic reduction in the amount of waste sent to landfill, if whole communities and cities were to participate in the containment of plastics, the impact could be incredible.
The School of Activism is a 2 week programme of workshops, talks and activities brought to you by Peoples Republic of Stokes Croft over the Easter holidays (April 5 to 22). The workshops are intended to be empowering experiences equipping people with the tools to challenge the status quo, contest power structures and ultimately to change the world.
We learn by doing.
We make our own future.


The Hill of Sorcery: Mythology and Archaeology of the Tlachtga Barrow
In an era long passed, all of the fires of Ireland were extinguished at sundown on October 31 st, and a single blazing bonfire was lit at the epicenter of the annual feast of the dead—Samhain had begun at the Hill of Ward. The Druidical priests gathered the people together, and set places with food offerings for those unseen, which had crossed into the realm of shadow, the land of the dead. For between the nights of October 31 st and the 1 st of November, the barriers between the worlds, which closed the doors of perception throughout the year, would fall away and the dimensions would interact freely with one another. At this time when the harvest faded and the darker time of winter began, the known and the unknown would meet, and dance in the flickering light of the celebratory flames.
“Snap-apple Night” is quite similar to the modern-day Halloween version of “Bobbing for Apples” ( Public Domain )
It was not only the dead, but also the powerful aos sí who would cross into the land of the living on Samhain. The aos sí were a supernatural race, which according to the Lebor Gabála dwelt in an alternate world existing side by side with our own, usually imperceptible to mortals. They are variously considered archetypal deified ancestors or gods and goddesses, associated by some with the Tuatha Dé Danann, who legend states disappeared into the Celtic Otherworld. The Otherworld ( Tír nAill , “the other land”) was entered by way of ancient burial mounds or caves. In fact, one translation of aos sí is people of the mounds. Along with the aos sî, it was also believed that the souls of dead family and friends were attending their former homes and the festivities, and many left food, drink, and special treats out for the dead. Rituals, disguises, and the reciting of verses were commonplace, and seasonal foods such as nuts and apples were also incorporated into the celebrations.
The Hill of Ward, located 2 km (1.2 miles) east of Athboy in the county of Meath, is host to one of the most fascinating archaeological sites in the world: the Tlachtga Earthworks (pronounced “Clackda”).
Artistic recreation of Hill of Ward. ( knowth.com)
The Hill of Ward today ( zatinotravel.com)
The monument still visible today is a circular earthwork consisting of four concentric ditches with earthen banks, with an outer circumference of 150 m (492 ft.) in diameter. Quadrivallate hengiform earthworks are considered to be extremely high status, and a similar example—known as the Rath of the Synods—is located at the nearby Hill of Tara.
Earth Works on the Hill of Tara. ( newgrange.com)
“Tlachtga” is thought to mean “earth sphere”, and as the site of the Samhain fires, the ring work has attracted numerous legends over the centuries. One such legend involves a powerful magician named Mug Ruith, and his daughter Tlachtga (presumably after whom the site was named). Apparently, the two had traveled to Rome to study under the discipleship of the Gnostic sage Simon Magus. Some versions of the story have it that Simon took Mug Ruith to a secret place where he revealed the secrets of the sacred Isles over the course of either 6 or 33 years. Eventually, the trio designed a mysterious flying device known as the Roth Ramach , in which they sailed across the heavens. The flying device apparently had the power to blind all that gazed upon it and to kill those brave enough to touch it, and Tlachtga herself is said to have buried it at the site of the Hill of Ward. Some versions of the legend have it that Tlachtga was raped by Simon’s sons, while others say that she actually bore him three sons; Dorb, Cuma, and Muach, dying in childbirth at the enclosure which bears her name. This is probably an indicator of Tlachtga’s earlier status as a mother goddess who may have been worshipped at the site. The Tlachtga barrow never lost its relevance in the minds of the Irish people. For example, in 1167, High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair chose the site for a great reform synod attended by all of the provincial kings, ecclesiastical figures, and 13,000 horsemen.
Stone carving of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair from a doorway in the grounds of Cong Abbey ( Public Domain )
Excavations at the Tlachtga Barrow have revealed that the site was used for millennia, yielding evidence that certainly fires the imagination. There are actually three enclosures now recognized at the site, two of which are no longer visible. Research conducted in 2014 at the visible monument revealed one of the banks to be constructed of layers of small and medium sized stones and sand. A fox tooth recovered from one of the ditches was radiocarbon dated to the 5 th century AD. In the outer ditch, worked chert and a fragment of a megalithic sandstone featuring four parallel grooves were found. The visible enclosure was actually constructed over a more ancient earthwork consisting of three concentric banks, 195 m (639 ft.) in outer diameter. The inner ditch of this enclosure was 0.75-0.85 m (2-2 ft.) wide at the base, expanding to 3.4 m (11ft.) wide at the top. In the strata of fill representing the final phase of the ditch, a cattle bone was found and radiocarbon dated to the 4 th century BC. Articles associated with the earlier enclosure include a bone pin, clay pipe stem, metal disk, chert and worked flint.
At the site of a smaller (30m in diameter) (98 ft.) sub-circular earthwork to the south of the visible Tlachtga Barrow, three post holes were found, one of which contained charcoal dated to between the 12 th and 10 th centuries BC. In the north-eastern corner of the excavated section of the ditch, the burial of a 3-5-month-old child was found covered by a deposit of large and medium stones. The child was oriented along the width of the ditch (north-east/south-west), and the burial was radiocarbon dated to the 5 th century AD. A similar date was obtained from a cattle bone from one of the ditches.
Aerial view of the Hill of Ward ( knowth.com)
The Hill of Ward was merely one part of a larger ritual landscape with links to the Samhain festival, which run even deeper into the past. From the Hill of Ward, one can see the Hill of Tara from 12 miles away. At Tara, the Mound of the Hostages, constructed at around 3000 BC, aligns with the Samhain sunrise, which illuminates the rear of the central stone chamber. Also, visible from the Tlachtga earthworks are the megalithic cairns of Loughcrew. At Loughcrew, the Samhain sunrise enlightens the passageway and central limestone pillar of Cairn L.
It is customary for modern people of the west to regard the ancient feast days as leftovers from a more primitive and superstitious age. But a consideration of the time span and cultural contexts of seasonal events like Samhain would suggest otherwise. In one form or another, they persisted for thousands of years, with Samhain itself spanning at least the end of the Neolithic to the Age of Iron, and ancient people invested incredible amounts of energy in the alignment and construction of ancient monuments. Perhaps concepts such as Samhain were invented to represent an interior realization—an archetypal experience—that could not otherwise be elaborated. If so, the fires of the Hill of Ward and the journey of the aos sí may have been the outward expressions of an interior revolution of archetypes, as changes within human consciousness walk hand in hand with the changing of the seasons.
Top image: Celebrating The Harvest, Honoring The Dead, Praying For Light’s Return ( candidslice.com)


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The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol Siop Checklist
SHULHQFHG at class time. Finally the CIPP evaluation model has a checklist to help evaluators. In English SDAIE or Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol SIOP. ELD Sheltered Instruction Lesson Observation 15 points. Siop model used to determine what exactly standards, sheltered instruction observation protocol provides a process to see we never thought out their classes taking into the usa is needed. This presentation will be revisited when incorporating the language education practices of evaluation methodology used for learning support from their meaning or the observation. Un factor en su vocabulario y escucha. NK They do, they coping some of them might have to repeat and some of them might um progress. SIOP tools checklist lesson plan template language objectives cheat sheet sample lesson plan. Impact of Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol SIOP Strategies on Reading.
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Dangerous road conditions contribute to the increased likelihood of a serious motor vehicle crash. One of the reasons for this in rural Vermont is that many of our roads were designed and built before the automobile age began more than 100 years ago. Some of our Class 3 dirt roads have been improved over the years, but they were primarily designed to provide access to hill farms and logging operations many years ago. Vermont road crews do a fantastic job of dealing with continuing adverse weather conditions to make our roads as safe and passable as possible. However, there are structural design issues with our roads that are simply built-in to our local and state highway system and sometimes the roads cannot be made safe despite road crews best efforts when a storm is in progress.Some of the most common roadway hazards that can contribute to motor vehicle collisions in Vermont are as follows:
●Poor road design which may include inadequately narrow lanes, sharp curves and steep hills.
●Gravel roads that may be narrow, washboard surfaces or otherwise rough conditions, including potholes and ice at times.
●There is significant wear and tear on Vermont highways because of the freeze/thaw cycle, which contributes to potholes, cracks and frost heaves in the spring.
●Inadequate lighting in certain areas where there are intersections or higher concentrations of traffic that can make it nearly impossible for drivers to see signs, obstacles or pedestrians.
●As Vermonters well know, winter weather driving contributes to motor vehicle crashes. In addition to cold rain and snow, wind and fog can also make roads dangerous, even if temperatures are above freezing. Sometimes poor drainage of roadways increases the buildup of ice or water, causing slippery surfaces even when it isn’t precipitating.
●Construction zones increase the risk of crashes for both motorists and workers. Sometimes lanes and turns are too narrow or there is insufficient signage, and for night work the lighting may be inadequate or sometimes it is so bright, drivers are blinded. I know I hate being the lead vehicle through construction zones at night.
Whatever hazards may be in your way, the safest way to deal with it is to make sure you can adequately see the road and that you slow down.