With prescription medications, there’s always a risk of complications for patients. A patient may not know that they’re allergic to a medication, or a patient might have medications that interact with one another and take them without knowing the risks.
It’s impossible to prevent every adverse event from happening, but doctors and pharmacists can try. Here are a few things to know about adverse events and how to prevent them.
1. Adverse events led to around 1.3 million emergency room visits in 2014
Adverse events led to many emergency room visits in 2014, and some of those did end up being fatal. Around 124,000 people died from adverse events. This may include asphyxia from anaphylaxis, overdoses and other events leading to death.
2. Experts believe that medication-related adverse events are preventable much of the time
Up to half of all adverse events could be preventable with the right knowledge and safety precautions. Some practices that could help prevent life-threatening events include updating patient histories, prescribing clear instructions and counseling patients on appropriate medication usage.
3. Multiple pharmacy use hurts patients
Pharmacists can only stop interactions if they know one is happening. Fill your prescriptions at the same place, so they have all your medications on file. That way, the pharmacist can tell you if there is a risk of an adverse event if you mix your medications.
Doctors and pharmacists are all humans, and they can make mistakes. Taking your own precautions can help you protect yourself. Adverse events have the potential to kill, and prevention can save lives. An attorney can explain your rights if you are injured or a loved one dies because of an adverse event with medication.


Many people believe the Dingo is a native wild dog of Australia but they are not. It is believed the Dingo was brought to Australia by Asian seamen over 2,000 years ago. They were probably already partially domesticated. The Dingo prefer to be alone. They are known as dogs but they are different than most dogs. They are extremely shy and are usually found in the outback of Australia.
Dingos are very intelligent. When they are in the wild and feel threatened they will play dead.
You will find Dingos painted on rocks and these pictures show their role in Aboriginal life. It is said that on very cold night thee Aboriginals slept with the Dingos to stay warm.
The Dingo will take their mate for life and very often if the mate dies the surviving partner will die from loneliness.
Back in January of 1789 a group of English convicts were brought to Australia. They settled near what is now Sydney. At that time the Dingo was found just about everywhere except for Tasmania.
The Dingo can survive just about everywhere in Australia if there is an abundance of prey, water and shelter. They do very well in arid areas where there is plenty of water and rabbits for food. Dingos prefer to eat mammals but they will also eat reptiles, birds and seeds. Their favorite prey in the northern tropical wetlands is rabbits.
Dingos usually live in packs made up of a dominate male and female and their offspring.
When a Dingo hunts it depends on the prey available on how they go about it. When a Dingo is after small prey they will hunt alone. When they are hunting for large prey whey will hunt in a pack.
A female Dingo will give birth to 5 pups and there are more males than females in the litter. She will have her young in a natural cave, hollow log or abandoned burrow.
Dingos have to put up with many adverse living conditions like drought, snake bites and other injuries. They also have to put up with diseases and humans.
Dingos are usually 4 feet long and 2 feet tall at the shoulder. They will weigh around 35 pounds. The females are smaller than the males. Their size depends on where they live. Their fur is short and purebreds are usually a ginger color. They will also be found in black and tan and black and white. Almost all of them will have a tail with a white tip and white feet.
Their eyesight is very good and so is their hearing. Their sense of smell is extraordinary.
If a Dingo is treated good and trained when they are very young they can make good pets. They are very intelligent, playful and curious. They need a large fenced area to run in.
Sources and credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo Picture courtesy of: Pixabay.


Can You Build a House With Hemp?
Growing industrial hemp was illegal in the United States after 1970 because the industrial plant and marijuana were considered to be the same, when in fact they are different varieties of Cannabis. In recent years, some states have changed their laws, allowing farmers to start growing industrial hemp, which is used in everything from clothing to nutritional products to building materials. Oregon grower Cliff Thomason says growing and processing hemp was stymied because it was illegal, but now a knowledge base for best uses can grow, along with the plants. View a hemp home constructed using hempcrete, a building material that advocates claim is mold resistant, breathable, and eco-friendly.
Hemp is an incredibly sustainable renewable resource that can be grown in many climates and conditions around the world. With that being said, there are many environmental benefits by using this sustainable plant. For one, the use of hemp to create a better quality and longer-lasting paper is extremely environmentally friendly. It would only take one acre of hemp compared to destroying 4.1 acres of trees to create the same amount of paper. This would help deforestation exponentially.
One acre of hemp is not only a beneficial alternative for paper, but also for the production of cotton as well. Just one acre of hemp could produce as much fiber as two to three acres of cotton. The difference is that hemp fiber lasts longer, will not mildew, and is much stronger and softer than cotton. In addition, cotton requires large quantities of dangerous pesticides and herbicides. What about hemp? Hemp doesn’t require any pesticides or herbicides, and only needs moderate amounts of fertilizer.
However, these are not the only aspects as to why hemp is an incredibly environmentally beneficial crop. There are plenty of others. For another example, hemp can be used as an alternative clean burning fuel and lessen our reliance on vital fossil fuels. One acre of hemp can yield nearly 1,000 gallons of methanol in a single growing season. When hemp is burned as a fuel, carbon dioxide (CO2) releases into the air, but it is the same CO2 that was taken in from the environment, which is known as a closed carbon cycle and is extremely efficient.
These environmental benefits to using hemp, in addition to its usage, puts into question why hemp still has not been produced as a major crop as it once was in the U.S.’(source)
I will unearth a long-forgotten secret that helped our ancestors survive famines, wars, economic crises, diseases, droughts, and anything else life threw at them… a secret that will help you do the same for your loved ones when America crumbles into the ground.I’m also going to share with you three old lessons that will ensure your children will be well fed when others are rummaging through garbage bins. Click here to learn all about the 3 skills that will help you thrive in any crises situation.
Can You Build a House With Hemp?
America’s first house made primarily of hemp has been built. Using a product known as Hemcrete — a mix of industrial hemp, lime and water — a team of 40 volunteers, sub-contractors and designers have recently completed construction of a hemp house located in Ashville, North Carolina (NC). Eco-friendly design and construction company Push Design has gained the support of community members and local officials alike and now plans to build more.
Using a product known as Hemcrete — a mix of industrial hemp, lime and water — a team of 40 volunteers, sub-contractors and designers recently completed construction of the hemp house in Ashville, North Carolina (NC). Eco-friendly design and construction company Push Design have gained the support of community members and local officials alike and now plan to build more.
Using hemp as a building material is not new. Hemcrete is a registered brand of hempcrete, a material has been an alternative building material used in Europe and Australia since the 1960’s. The use of hemp in buildings dates back millennia in Asia and the Middle East where the Cannabis plant originates from. The biggest challenges of using hemp as a building material in the U.S are regulation, supply and cost, all of which are related.
David Mosrie of Push Design explains: “The main negative effect of the legal situation [in the U.S] is the cost to import it, which is frankly very high. Even while [the government] is legalizing medical marijuana now in 19 states, [they] can’t seem to allow industrial hemp production. Local production would not only lower the environmental impact exponentially versus bringing it from Europe, but would bolster a struggling economic group and prop up local farming, a long regional tradition. It frankly makes no sense to keep up the ban , at the state or federal level, but it continues on.”
Given the restrictions on hemp production in the U.S, Push Design sourced their industrial hemp from the U.K through the company Tradical via a fellow NC company Hemp Technology.
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New research finds that following a diet rich in plant-based foods and low in animal products during midlife is associated with a significantly lower risk of cognitive impairment later in life.
According to the latest estimates from the United Nations, there are currently 137 million people over the age of 80 worldwide. Experts expect this number to triple by 2050, reaching 425 million.
The number of people with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia is also on the rise. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the United States alone, there are currently
As the population continues to age, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to identify modifiable risk factors for conditions such as Alzheimer’s, as well as any lifestyle changes that may prevent neurodegenerative conditions such as this from developing in the first place.
New research points to nutrition as one such factor. Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and low in animal products such as meat and dairy lowers the risk of cognitive decline in later life, suggests the new study.
Koh Woon Puay, a professor at the National University of Singapore’s (NUS) Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and the Duke-NUS Medical School, is the principal investigator of the study. The team’s results appear in the
Prof. Puay and colleagues examined data available from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population cohort study of 63,257 Chinese people living in Singapore.
As part of this initial study, adults aged 45–74 provided information during face-to-face interviews about their “usual diet, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleep duration, height, weight, and medical history.”
This occurred at baseline, between April 1993 and December 1998. Researchers interviewed the participants again during three follow-up visits, until 2016.
For the new study, Prof. Puay and colleagues used these data to select information on 16,948 people — aged 53, on average — at baseline. These participants only completed cognitive function assessments during their third follow-up visit, in 2014–2016.
To assess the participants’ eating habits, the researchers used five dietary patterns:
- the “alternative Mediterranean diet,” which is a tweaked version of the typical Mediterranean diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)diet
- the alternative Healthy Eating Index
- the plant-based diet index
- the healthful plant-based diet index
All of these diets are similar in their emphasis on plant-based foods. The latter two indexes assign positive scores to eating plant-based foods and reverse scores for eating less healthful plant foods or animal foods.
In 2014–2016, 2,443 of the participants (14.4% of them) had cognitive impairment.
The researchers found that people who had strongly adhered to the five dietary patterns outlined above during midlife were less likely to develop cognitive impairment later on.
Specifically, those whose diets the researchers deemed most similar (in the top 25%) to those five dietary patterns were 18–33% less likely to develop cognitive impairment than those with the least similar diets (in the bottom 25%).
Prof. Puay comments on the significance of the findings in the larger scheme of existing research. She says, “Previous studies have shown mixed results when it comes to diet and the risk of cognitive impairment, with few studies conducted in Asian populations.”
“Our study suggests that maintaining a [healthful] dietary pattern is important for the prevention of onset and delay of cognitive impairment.”
Prof. Koh Woon Puay
“Such a pattern,” she adds, “is not about the restriction of a single food item but the composition of an overall pattern that recommends cutting back on red meats, especially if they are processed, and including lots of plant-based foods (vegetables, fruit, nuts, beans, whole grains) and fish.”


World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
South Africa joins the world in celebrating World Day for Cultural Diversity on 21 May. The day has been celebrated since 2001, when UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity.
On 21 May, the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission) calls on you to observe the day by:
Inviting people from different cultures, religions and language communities to share your customs.
Undertaking a visit to a place of worship or museum different to yours and participate in the celebration and
Learning about traditional celebrations from other cultures.
The day provides us with an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the values of cultural diversity and to learn to live together better.


PRESIDENT Bush and Congress have pledged to support the people of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and now Texas, as they embark on an unprecedented rebuilding of their communities on the Gulf Coast. But at least when it comes to health care, rebuilding should not necessarily mean replacing what was lost. Instead, we have the opportunity to give the Gulf Coast the first 21st Century health-care system in the country.
There are a number of Gulf Coast hospitals and countless doctor’s offices, nursing homes, clinics, labs, and pharmacies that are beyond repair. In the words of an official from the hospital-accrediting body, “Essentially the health infrastructure of New Orleans is gone — it no longer exists.” Because of the scope of the damage, the Gulf Coast communities have the opportunity to design their health-care systems from scratch.
A condition of federal assistance for the rebuilding of the health systems should be that they be designed for the information age.
Although technology has revolutionized nearly every corner of society, only 14 percent of physician practices have electronic medical records, according to a new survey by the Medical Group Management Association. Hospital numbers are not much better. One of the primary obstacles to investment has been the cost to providers, because much of the financial return on investments in health information technology — 89 percent, by one study — accrues to those who pay the bills.
But on the Gulf Coast the entire infrastructure is being rebuilt anyway, with the federal government largely paying the bills. There we can build a smarter, safer, more efficient system, and probably save money in the process. Out of the wreckage of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita would emerge a model for what health care can be.
We should begin by making a personal health record available to every citizen in the affected areas. Under the leadership of the national coordinator for Health Information Technology, Dr. David Brailer, there is already a crash program under way to make these patient-owned Web-based health records available to evacuees in shelters. That way, when they move to more permanent housing, their health information will not be lost.
We also need to rebuild our facilities for the information age. There is no reason that any doctor’s office should be rebuilt with big rooms for storing paper records, or without broadband-Internet access. Hospitals should be heavily wired and built with robust tele-medicine capabilities, so that rural populations can have better access to high-quality care. We should ensure that every provider in the new facilities who wants to switch to electronic medical records is assisted in doing so.
By integrally incorporating these technologies, we will be able to design health-care facilities differently. In an electronically enabled health system, for example, we may need fewer hospital beds, because length of stay is reduced and remote monitoring of patients from less intensive settings is available. Waiting rooms may become unnecessary as computers improve scheduling and reduce paperwork. With this sort of streamlining, building new, re-engineered facilities may actually prove cheaper than rebuilding what was lost.
The benefits of moving health care into the information age would be enormous for the Gulf Coast residents. It could mean the end of those infuriating clipboards, of photocopying health-insurance cards, of being sent for duplicate tests. It could mean that a doctor or nurse would always see emergency-room patients with critical information, instead of asking them what color the pills in their medicine cabinet are and how often they take them. Most poignantly, no Gulf Coast resident would ever have to worry again about his or her medical history’s being washed away.
Patients could communicate with their providers by e-mail and schedule appointments online, and their chances of being harmed by a mistake or of missing important preventive care would drop. Meanwhile, doctors could see the number of claims rejected by health plans fall, and the administrative burdens of coding and billing decrease, as electronic medical records automatically generated bills to electronically send to health plans.
This revolution could have particular benefit for those living in poverty — provided we are sure to include their health-care providers in these efforts. Low-income people move more often than others, are less likely to have stable relationships with care providers, and are more likely to have chronic diseases. There is no substitute for providing reliable health insurance, but at least with personal health records, these people could consolidate their information and make it available to any provider who was authorized — thus raising the quality of the health care received.
I do not minimize the challenges in realizing this vision. It will require speedy, collaborative action by a number of stakeholders to ensure that privacy and security are iron-clad, that the right data are available when needed and authorized, and that physicians have the necessary support to make implementation and maintenance smooth. It will involve changes that will take time to figure out. But these are not technological or even fiscal challenges; they are challenges of vision and leadership.
Here in Rhode Island, we know these challenges, and we are making great strides toward bringing our health-care system into the information age. On Oct. 20, Dr. Brailer, the Health Information Technology national coordinator, will make his second visit to see our progress and explore how the federal government can accelerate it. Still, as any of the dedicated Rhode Island stakeholders can attest, building this revolution into a complex existing system is difficult.
Nobody would ever ask for the tragedy that befell our neighbors on the Gulf Coast. But there is lemonade to be made of the lemons — if we can summon the initiative to build the future of health care, rather than rebuilding its past.
Patrick J. Kennedy represents Rhode Island’s First Congressional District.


Julius Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Along with Enrico Fermi, he is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in the Trinity test in New Mexico; Oppenheimer remarked later that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."
After the war he became a chief advisor to the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission and used that position to lobby for international control of nuclear power to avert nuclear proliferation and an arms race with the Soviet Union. After provoking the ire of many politicians with his outspoken opinions during the Second Red Scare, he had his security clearance revoked in a much-publicized hearing in 1954, and was effectively stripped of his direct political influence; he continued to lecture, write and work in physics. A decade later President John F. Kennedy awarded him with the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation.
There must be no barriers for freedom of inquiry. There is no place for dogma in science. The scientist is free, and must be free to ask any question, to doubt any assertion, to seek for any evidence, to correct any errors.


1920 marked a tragic turning point in the Civil War – but not ending the war as itself. Defeat – but not defeat the White armies. Chief of the Russian Army, Baron Pyotr Wrangel and Commander in Chief of the Russian troops eastern margin, Trans-Baikal ataman Grigory Semyonov intensively preparing for the white backlash. Preparing for the resumption of hostilities and march chieftain of all the Cossack troops Dutov. "I will fight until there is strength " – so ends his last letter to the Supreme Governor, Admiral Kolchak. And now those words became the motto of Ataman Dutov.
About eight months that he lived in Suydunskoy fortress, passed in the tireless work and worry for the resettlement, development and supply of troops followed him, unite immigrants and maintain discipline. Dutov establish regular bilateral ties with Russia, was responsible for the white underground in adjacent areas, sent emissaries to the Siberian city. The idea of unbroken Ataman, which coordinates the activities spread across vast expanses of white pockets of resistance, could not inspire terror in the hearts of security officers. As long as the chieftain Dutov was alive and acting, they risked at any moment be cut off from Moscow. Liquidation Dutova became for them a matter of life and death. It will soon be 85 years from the day when brave Cossack overtook the treacherous bullet.
Meanwhile, still unknown to all the circumstances of this murder. Although most versions of the majority of converge. Among the agents Dutova on Soviet territory chekistam managed to recruit for the murder of three Basmachi, one of which enjoyed the special confidence of leader. February 6, 1921, these Three came to Dutova ostensibly important reports. Left alone with Alexander, leader of gangsters suddenly opened fire, wounding a chieftain in the arm and stomach. Assassin, shooting, managed to escape. A Dutov from wounds died shortly thereafter. A few days after the funeral chieftain his grave was dug, the body is removed from the coffin and decapitated. Apparently, the performers had to murder his head to show customers as "real evidence ". And sure death Dutova, that the bullet still hit the target that the funeral – not a dramatization, and storm kgb really rests here It is interesting that the murder was the first foreign Dutova political liquidation carried out on orders from the Kremlin. Five years later, against the leaders of the anti-Soviet emigration will develop a real terror. The hands of the murderers perish Petlura mysteriously dies Baron Wrangell, is shot dead returning to Moscow, General sweeter killed in attempted kidnapping of kgb General Kutepov, kidnapped by General Miller, blown Ukrainian nationalist Konovalets In the very same Bolshevik Russia by Victims will go to millions of


The main difference between androecium and gynoecium is that the androecium (or stamen) refers to the male part of the flower whereas the gynoecium (or pistil or carpel) refers to the female part.
Androecium and gynoecium are the two, opposite reproductive organs of the flower, the sexual reproductive structures in angiosperms. Androecium is also called stamens, which comprises of anther and filaments while gynoecium is also called the pistil or carpel, which comprises of stigma, style, and ovary. Moreover, androecium produces pollen grains while gynoecium produces ovules.
Key Areas Covered
1. What is Androecium
– Definition, Anatomy, Function
2. What is Gynoecium
– Definition, Anatomy, Function
3. What are the Similarities Between Androecium and Gynoecium
– Outline of Common Features
4. What is the Difference Between Androecium and Gynoecium
– Comparison of Key Differences
Androecium, Anther, Carpel, Filaments, Flower, Gynoecium, Ovary, Pistil, Stamen, Stigma, Style
What is Androecium
Androecium is the male reproductive organ of the flower, which produces micropores. It comprises all the stamens in the flower. Each stamen is made up of a filament and an anther. A ring of stamens occurs in the middle of a flower. Filament is the stalk which holds the anther away from the flower. Each anther has two lobes; each connects to the filament at the base. A sterile tissue called the connective holds the two lobes together.
Typically, an anther has four microsporangia, which are also called anther sacs. Tapetum, a nutritive tissue, lines each microsporangium. The diploid microgametocytes in the microsporangium undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores. The mitotic divisions of microspores produce immature microgametophyte, surrounded by a thick wall. This structure is called the pollen grain. The opening of the anther releases pollen grains to the outside.
What is Gynoecium
The gynoecium is the female reproductive organ of the flower, which produces macrospores or ovules. Ultimately, it develops the seeds and fruit. Gynoecium occurs at the center of a flower and is surrounded by the stamens. The three components of a gynoecium are stigma, style, and ovary. Stigma occurs at the tip of the style and it is sticky and feathery to capture pollen grains. The style is the stalk, which holds the stigma away from the flower.
The enlarged, basal portion is the ovary. It may contain one or several ovules, the integument megasporangia. The cells inside megasporangia undergo meiosis to produce megaspores. Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte, which produces eggs.
Similarities Between Androecium and Gynoecium
- Androecium and gynoecium are the two opposite reproductive organs of the flower.
- They are responsible for the sexual reproduction of flowering plants.
- They comprise gametocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce gametes.
- Both facilitate pollination.
Difference Between Androecium and Gynoecium
Androecium refers to the male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament while gynoecium refers to the female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary.
Androecium is the male reproductive organ of the flower while gynoecium is the female reproductive organ. Therfore, this is is the main difference between androecium and gynoecium.
Stamen is another name for Androecium while pistil or carpel are other names for gynoecium.
While androecium has anthers and filaments, gynoecium has stigma, style, and ovary.
Another difference between androecium and gynoecium is their gametocytes; androecium contains microgametocytes while gynoecium contains megagametophytes.
Type of Spores
Androecium produces microspores while gynoecium produces macrospores. Furthermore, microspores develop into pollen grain while megaspres occur inside the ovule. This is also an important difference between androecium and gynoecium.
Role in Pollination
One more difference between androecium and gynoecium is their role in pollination. Lengthened filaments in androecium facilitate the dispersal of pollen grains while the stigma of the gynoecium becomes sticky to keep the pollen grains on it.
Furthermore, androecium has no function in fertilization while fertilization occurs inside the ovary of the gynoecium.
Seeds and fruit
To add more, the androecium has no function in the development of seeds and fruit while gynoecium facilitates the formation of seeds and fruit.
In the Flower
Also, flowers without an androecium are called pistillate or carpellate while the flowers without gynoecium are called staminate.
While androecium is the male reproductive organ of the flower, gynoecium is the female reproductive organ. Androecium produces microspores, which develop the male gametocyte while gynoecium produces megaspores, which develop the female gametophyte. This is the main difference between androecium and gynoecium.
1. “Amaryllis stamens aka” By André Karwath aka Aka – Own work (CC BY-SA 2.5) via Commons Wikimedia
2. “Mature flower diagram” By Mariana Ruiz LadyofHats – Own work (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia


Also known as Echinoderms, Oloturia ananas, Tripang, Pineapple Cucumber, Prickly Cucumber, Prickly Skin Sea Cucumber, Prickly Redfish, Prickly Redfish Sea Cucumber, Pointed Teat Sea Cucumber, Armoured Sea Cucumber, Giant Sea Cucumber and Sand Fish.
Found on clean sandy bottoms, near large coral heads.
They feed on plankton.
Length - 75cm
Depth - 5-40m
Distinctive appearance with large pointed teats in groups of two or three all over the body surface and numerous large tube feet on the flat underside.
Some sea cucumbers crawl around on the bottom slowly filtering sand through their tentacles to gather food, while others spread their tentacles above them to capture plankton. A number of sea cucumbers feed nocturnally while others feed by day.
There are sea cucumbers that hardly move while others are more active often perching on tall sponges to feed.
Sea cucumbers often attract hitch-hikers like shrimps and crabs that crawl over their skin, also pearlfish that enter via their anus.
As a means of defence sea cucumbers can expel their intestines or respiratory organs in the form of sticky threads, but these can quickly regenerate.
Juveniles often mimic sea slugs.
Some types of sea cucumbers are edible and considered a delicacy in the Far East countries.


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In these segments, artist Mark Ecko discusses what motivates him to create his art, and what "creativity" means to him. This resource teaches students what "motivation" and "creativity" mean, and empowers students to create their own art.
Teacher2Teacher Math Video Series
This resource contain links to video resources that demonstrate strategies for teaching mathematics concepts.
Creating Nets for Three-Dimensional Figures
Given nets for three-dimensional figures, the student will apply the formulas for the total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures to solve problems using appropriate units of measure.
Drawing Conclusions about Three-Dimensional Figures from Nets
Given a net for a three-dimensional figure, the student will make conjectures and draw conclusions about the three-dimensional figure formed by the given net.
Converting Between Measurement Systems
Given a real-world situation with measurements in either metric/SI or customary units, the student will solve a problem requiring them to convert from one system to the other.
Interactive Math Glossary
TXRCFP: Texas Response to Curriculum Focal Points for K-8 Mathematics Revised 2013
The Texas Response to Curriculum Focal Points Revised 2013 was created from the 2012 revision of the TEKS as a guide for implementation of effective mathematics instruction by identifying critical areas of content at each grade level.
Vertical Alignment Charts for Revised Mathematics TEKS
This resource provides vertical alignment charts for the revised mathematics TEKS.
Representing Whole Number Quantities
This activity provides an opportunity for students to represent whole numbers with pictures.
Determining the Perimeter of a Polygon (Series and Activity 1)
This activity provides an opportunity for students to investigate the perimeter of polygons.
Parallel and Intersecting Lines
This activity provides an opportunity for students to build an understanding of parallel and intersecting lines.
Exploring the Ratio of Circumference to Diameter
This activity provides an opportunity for students to explore the ratio of the circumference of its circle to the length of its diameter in order to generalize the ratio for pi.
Area of Triangles, Parallelograms, and Trapezoids
These activities provide an opportunity for students to explore the area formulas for triangles, trapezoids, and parallelograms.
Finding the Probabilities of Dependent and Independent Events
Given problem situations, the student will find the probability of the dependent and independent events.
Selecting and Using Representations for Collected Data
Given a variety of data (including line plots, line graphs, stem and leaf plots, circle graphs, bar graphs, box and whisker plots, histograms, and Venn diagrams), the student will select and use an appropriate representation for presenting and displaying relationships among the collected data with and without the use of technology
Recognizing Misuses of Graphical or Numerical Information
Given a problem situation, the student will analyze data presented in graphical or tabular form by evaluating the predictions and conclusions based on the information given.
Evaluating Methods of Sampling from a Set of Data
Given a problem situation, the student will evaluate a method of sampling to determine the validity of an inference made from the set of data.
Using Multiplication by a Constant Factor
Given problems involving proportional relationships, the student will use multiplication by a constant factor to solve the problems.
Predicting, Finding, and Justifying Data from a Table
Given data in table form, the student will use the data table to interpret solutions to problems.
Predicting, Finding, and Justifying Data from Verbal Descriptions
Given data in a verbal description, the student will use equations and tables to solve and interpret solutions to problems.


Quick Tips Pertaining To Design.
Style is the procedure and also art of creating and constructing structures. This area is different from building, which just manages building and construction strategies. Architects utilize their style skills to develop stunning structures. They additionally make use of the appropriate materials as well as building strategies to create beautiful and practical structures. They often collaborate with a group of specialists to make structures as well as develop them into a reality.
The function of design in culture has transformed with time, but the basic property has actually continued to be the same. The goal of a designer is to create something that responds to the area as well as the environment. It is extra effective to respond to social sensations as opposed to compeling it. Architects are still energetic in the battle to develop a cleaner atmosphere and also secure our setting.
While we typically associate architecture with building construction, it actually covers numerous various other kinds as well. From circus tents to sporting activities arenas to egg containers, roller rollercoasters, short-lived summertime structures, political campaigns, flight terminals, and also train stations, style can put on nearly anything. Design is a very wide term, so it is hard to define the limits.
The earliest meaning of design is found in the Roman architect Vitruvius’ De architectura (De architectura), which details the significance of visual appeals, stability as well as durability in structures. Design additionally aims to reveal suggestions and also culture via form. It was a prominent message publication in ancient Rome and the Renaissance. This is the earliest making it through deal with style.
Style is the art of preparing a system in order to specify the relationships amongst its components. The architect makes vital choices relating to the division of the product into parts, and specifies the relationships in between these elements. Because of this, completion result is frequently stunning and complex. Consequently, architecture groups must be small and also work in a collaborative setting with regular interaction.
Nonetheless, there are some architects who disagree with this strategy, arguing that design can not exist in a vacuum. It should be a synthesis of social as well as environmental worries along with practical requirements. Engineers must constantly remember the demands of people when designing a structure, but they should always remember to think about the more comprehensive context.
The idea of architecture is exceptionally wide, as well as there are different specializations within this field. As a whole, the program is intended to offer students a solid foundation in the different components of building design. The program will help them to recognize which area of the area they are most thinking about. There are likewise lots of sub-specialties within this area.
The essential concept behind architecture is to make systems collaborate. Each component has its very own inner framework and also external homes. This permits an engineer to comprehend a system as a system of engaging parts. The inner structure handle the flow of details and also control within the component. By defining these parts, an engineer has the ability to specify a system’s general capability.
Engineers collaborate with clients and also various other professionals to create the most effective possible structure. They have a keen eye for visual appeals and also site-specific challenges. The best designers work in partnership with various other specialists, consisting of engineers and land surveyors. Frequently, a designer will certainly additionally collaborate with the public and also neighborhood authorities. In this way, a designer can make sure the safety and security of the public in a building.
The relevance of architecture go back to old times. Old Egyptians and also Mesopotamians engaged with the power of God as well as made use of design to interact their religious and also political values. By the sixth century, the Romans had adjusted Greek and Roman designs of design, and also Buddhist design established in Asia and aimed to reveal both macro and also microcosms.
IT architecture is a process of building and also developing IT solutions, directed by guidelines and concepts. While the interpretation of IT design is relatively obscure, it is a consistent framework for demonstrating the capacities of a firm. Basically, it is an integrated design of the whole enterprise. So, when applying an option, IT designs line up the business and also technology.
As the area of design continues to advance, it is important to bear in mind its history. In the very early 20th century, the area of style undertook a split. Engineers began focusing more on aesthetic appeals as well as humanist elements of design, producing what is now called “innovation”. In 1919, the Bauhaus school was founded in Germany and also redefined building limits. The college taken into consideration style as the utmost expression of art, craft, and scientific research.
The procedure of making a building needs a substantial understanding of concept, math, as well as sciences. Furthermore, an engineer needs to have a deep understanding of mechanical systems. A building’s mechanical parts affect the method it operates, and the design of its structure ought to have sensible applications. If these aspects are not well recognized, the design process can not be effective.
The Renaissance duration was marked by the development of humanism, which caused a focus on proportion and also proportion. This era additionally saw the development of machination. Nevertheless, this did not indicate that architecture lost its concentrate on aesthetics. Undoubtedly, a lot of the earliest instances of style recycled the expertise of concrete and also rock.
Architects should have strong business abilities to be efficient in their area. They require to keep comprehensive records of projects. These records include cost evaluation, products made use of, and project details. The designers ought to likewise be adept at charting the development of a task. By doing this, the project can be better taken care of. An expert engineer can also preserve a continuous dialogue with their clients. Discover more
The work expectation for architecture specialists is intense, with lots of people seeking an occupation in architecture. With boosting need for structures, the profession has increased beyond property design. Today, architects design public structures and industrial structures. They likewise supply urban planning advice to federal government authorities. With a strong education and learning, an architect can take pleasure in a satisfying and challenging job in the field.


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Have a look inside a wind turbine to see how it generates electricity.
Part of the NASA website, includes detailed information (and illustrations) on the history, development and use of wind tunnels.
This site is a comprehensive guide to wind tunnels, their history and design. It includes experimental details and designs.
An introduction to the main types of renewable energy, focusing on wind, solar, wave, tidal and waste power.
Details of the Genesis mission which collected samples from the solar wind in order to study the sun.
A video explaining what is the wind and how it's caused.
An explanation of the two huge doughnut-shaped rings, called Van Allen Belts, containing charged particles collected from the solar wind. Also includes a little on the history of their discovery.
Thought the weather was weird on Earth? This site will introduce you to space weather, featuring plasmas, stars, solar wind , the magnetosphere and much more.
description of a very simple wind vane.
Nice, clear info on renewable energy resources including geothermal, solar, wind and biomass power from the National Renewable Energy Lab.
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Today, as we approach half the world's citizens connected to each other, it's clear that the late 20th and early 21st centuries are going to mark a new era in the history books, the first time when all of humanity was connected to each other--and thanks to large scale social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and other regional networks, we can actually find each other.
The impact of the internet on my life is immense. It's like asking the impact of electricity. I'd even argue that I'd rather do without electricity than without the internet. By lowering the cost of communication, and unleashing the individual voice, the internet's impact is a unparalleled in all human history, and is giving rise to a new revolution that's rapidly changing human society.
I'd like to mention a word about internet culture, which can reasonably be seen as an extension of previously defined cyberculture. I believe the internet has had a number of huge impacts on how we exist on this planet: - Though language barriers exist, we can actually see "the other". That is, what had been a world filled by nationalistic, ethnocentric perspectives, well into the 20th century, we see, with rises in connectivity, greater degree of understanding, compassion, and recent geopolitical destabilizations aside, general reduction in interstate conflict. That national heads of state nations proclaiming their national will to the world on the same platform that Justin Bieber and Tila Tequila rant on is both, or for that matter, you or I, is quite amazing.
The successful scaling of the internet from tens of millions in the 90s to billions today, is an incredible achievement. This is even more so considering that instead of hypertext and simple GIFs, we're moving gigabytes a day. (I'm sure in a decade, this number will seem laughably small)
Thank you, Internet.
It was 1995 and I was 10, and via MSN, which back then was a decent dial-up internet service provider (and a PC-centric alternative to AOL, with more class than CompuServe). I had first gotten access to the internet and while living in South Korea, I became part of the 0.4% of the world population for whom national barriers had little meaning. Being connected to the then-named "information superhighway" meant that I could access information from anywhere in the world, at a pace and depth that I wanted.
Things were different then, MSN (like AOL) was mostly a top-down published experience, and I hadn't yet explored the world wide web. I actually remember once using the just launched Internet Explorer to see the "WWW" and being turned off by the bland pages and confusing navigation framework (there was none). I did however, find a good array of pages and sites on MSN devoted to interests of mine, and at that point, I was a budding PC gamer, and quickly connected with online communities for map making and save-game sharing. At the time, it was Doom, Sim City 2000, and later Warcraft II maps that I would share and publish. PC gamers were some of the first true devotees to internet culture, partly because of the nerd-level required to thoroughly maximize your gaming experience, but also because PC gaming generally is about tinkering and playing around in ways that encouraged experimentation and early adoption of technology.
Go check out the Way Back Machine and the nostalgic days of the 90s internet returns to me. Looking at the early internet is like looking back into childhood, remembering the days of buzzing dial-up models with speeds measured in kbps; where a 25 MB patch would take all night to download. Those were the days.


Apple trees are a type of fruit tree originating in Central Asia. The seeds take between 3-5 years to reach maturity, so they can be quite costly when bought from nurseries. If you want your own apple tree but don’t have the time or money for it, there’s good news:
the process is much easier than you might think! We asked two experts on home gardening how fast apples grow and what steps would help them mature faster. Here’s what we found out about growing apple trees at home!.
Apple trees grow from seeds to a mature tree in about 10 years. It takes about 5-6 years for the tree to reach its full height and width. The apple tree will then live for about 100 years before it dies.
It’s possible that some of the links in this article are affiliate links. If you make a purchase after clicking on an affiliate link, I may get a commission. In addition, as an Amazon Associate, I get commissions on qualifying purchases.—
Having an apple tree in your yard might be a terrific way to add some character to it. Apple trees are not only beautiful, but they also provide you with the opportunity to gather apples.
If you correctly care for an apple tree, you will be able to enjoy fresh apples every year. Those who like baking will appreciate the ability to prepare apple pies with fresh apples.
Of course, you won’t be baking with your own apples for a long time after you’ve planted an apple tree. It takes time for trees to develop, mature, and produce fruit.
When it comes to apple trees, how quickly do they grow? Continue reading to learn more about your new apple tree and what you can anticipate from it.
Growth Rates of Apple Trees
Growth Rates of Apple Trees will differ a bit depending on various factors. The first thing that you need to know is that there are different types of apple trees out there.
Depending on what you’re searching for, you’ll be able to acquire a variety of apple trees. Each of these trees may have a varied pace of growth.
This isn’t to say that an average growth rate for most apple trees can’t be calculated. In one year, a young apple tree will typically grow between 12 and 24 inches.
A fully grown apple tree will only grow 8 to 12 inches every year. Keep in mind that these are typical figures, and your tree’s actual growth rate may vary significantly.
How Long Do Apple Trees Take to Produce Fruit?
You may be anticipating that your new apple tree would bear fruit in a short period of time. It will take a little patience to grow an apple tree, no matter what kind you plant.
Dwarf apple plants produce fruit very soon. They may begin bearing fruit two or three years after being planted.
Standard apple trees will take a little longer to mature. It might take up to eight years for a standard-sized tree to start bearing fruit.
It’s crucial to remember when planting apple trees that you shouldn’t anticipate to be able to harvest fruit within the first few years. If you choose a miniature apple tree, you may be able to harvest fruit the second year after planting, although this is not always the case.
What is the maximum size of an apple tree?
The next thing you’ll probably want to know about apple trees is their maximum size. Apple trees come in a variety of types, as previously indicated.
Aside from the many varieties, there are also the conventional tree sizes to consider. Apple trees are available in three sizes: regular, semi-dwarf, and dwarf.
The normal apple trees are the biggest. This kind of tree may reach a height of thirty to forty feet and a spread of thirty to forty feet as well.
The next biggest trees are semi-dwarf trees, which may reach a height of fifteen feet. There are also some semi-dwarf apple trees that may reach a height of twenty feet.
Dwarf apple trees are the tiniest varieties available. They seldom grow to be more over 10 feet tall.
It’s critical to choose an apple tree that is the appropriate size for your land. If you don’t have enough room in your yard for a mature conventional apple tree, a semi-dwarf apple tree can be the best option.
Is it possible to speed up the growth of apple trees?
Is there anything you can do to speed up the growth of your apple trees? There are certain things you can do to help the trees grow as quickly as possible.
The hardiness of the tree and the USDA zone in which you reside are two of the most significant aspects to consider. It’s important to choose an apple tree that will grow in your yard.
Choosing a tree that isn’t appropriate to your area’s climate will provide poor results. Make every effort to choose an apple tree that will thrive in your USDA zone.
It’s also possible to assist the tree by trimming it and fertilizing it. Pruning the apple tree encourages new growth and keeps it looking its best.
Always take the time to remove any tree branches that are broken or dead. Tree branches that are growing inward toward the tree should also be removed.
Once the tree has gone dormant, experts recommend cutting around one-third of the new growth for the year. This makes the next year’s fresh growth more likely.
Fertilizing apple trees helps them get the nutrients they need to grow. However, you must be cautious not to go excessive.
Purchase fertilizer designed exclusively for apple or fruit plants. In addition, you should apply the fertilizer to the ground approximately a foot away from the tree stem.
Then you rake it all the way out to just beyond the canopy spread. Fertilizing should be done three times every season, and you should always follow the directions to avoid putting too much fertilizer at once.
Finally, keep in mind that safeguarding the tree from pests will aid its growth. Aphids, for example, may be a concern for apple trees at times.
If dogs are a problem in your region, you may purchase apple trees that are more resistant to them. Otherwise, spraying your fruit trees to keep pests away can be a good idea.
Purchasing Apple Trees that are already two years old is a great way to save money.
Have you considered purchasing an apple tree that is two years old? If getting to the fruiting stage is one of your key priorities, this allows you to do so sooner.
There are a lot of garden stores and nurseries that offer trees that have been growing for a while. If you plant a tree like this in your yard, you won’t have to wait nearly as long to go where you want to go.
It’s good to save two years off the time it takes to reach the fruiting stage. This is the way to go if you’re looking forward to eating homemade apple pie made with your own apples.
Keep in mind that smaller plants might begin bearing fruit sooner. So, if you acquire a two-year-old miniature apple tree, it can start bearing fruit right away.
Select a Quick-Growing Tree
Some trees just grow quicker than others, as previously stated. The pace of development of apple trees varies based on the kind of tree you purchase.
If you want a tree that will grow quickly, you should seek for one that has a high growth rate. You should be able to get detailed information on the apple tree you’re considering purchasing.
You may get help from the folks who work at the local nursery. They may offer apple trees that have been grafted in a method that allows them to develop quicker and stronger than most other apple trees.
Getting a decent apple tree that will grow at a reasonable pace begins well before you make the purchase. Purchase a tree that you know will thrive as long as it is properly cared for.
Apple Trees: How to Keep Their Size in Check
Apple trees may also be pruned to keep their size under control. If you’re worried about a conventional apple tree becoming too large for your yard, all you have to do is be proactive about trimming it.
Pruning the tree on a regular basis is truly beneficial to the tree. Apple trees can be pruned effectively enough to keep them under control.
This does not, however, imply that buying a conventional apple tree is a wise option if you have a small yard. Before buying a tree, you should still think about the available space.
Pruning is a simple method of preventing a tree from becoming too large and infringing on other areas of your yard. Remember that as ordinary apple trees get higher, trimming them will need climbing a ladder.
It should be easy to make an educated selection after understanding more about how quickly apple trees develop. You’re probably aware that young apple trees grow between 12 and 24 inches in a year.
In a single year, mature apple trees typically grow between 8 and 12 inches. You may speed up the growth of these trees by carefully caring for them, safeguarding them from pests, and fertilizing them when the time comes.
Apple trees take a long time to begin bearing fruit. Dwarf apple trees are the quickest to bear fruit, but they’re also the tiniest apple trees available.
Just make certain you’re getting a tree that you’ll like. Keep in mind that no matter whatever apple variety you choose, it will take time for your tree to produce fruit.
Apple trees have a lifespan of around 100 years. Although they grow faster in the spring and summer, their growth slows down during the fall and winter. If you want to encourage faster growth, it is best to plant apple trees in early spring or late fall. Reference: how long do apple trees live.
- how fast is apple inc growing
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Silent letters are letters that you can't hear when you say the word, but that are there when you write the word.
- Silent letters can distinguish between homophones, e.g. in/inn; be/bee; lent/leant. This is an aid to readers already familiar with both words.
- Silent letters may give an insight into the meaning or origin of a word, e.g. vineyard suggests vines more than the phonetic 'vinyard' would.
- Silent letters help to show long vowels e.g. rid/ride
- Silent letters help to show 'hard' consonants e.g. guest/gest
- They can help to connect different forms of the same word e.g. resign/resignation.
Silent letter spelling rules:


Virtual method calls can contribute substantial overhead to the execution of a program in a highly object-oriented language, such as Cool. For this assignment, you will implement two different kinds of static virtual function resolution by determining what are the possible classes of the receiving object. At a dispatch, we see if the limited set of classes mean that only one possible method is the result. At the same time, we will check to see if the receiver could be null. If the receiver will never be null and the target of the dispatch can be statically resolved, a dispatch node will be converted into a static dispatch. In a real compiler, we would want to make use the cases when only one of the two conditions can be verified, but for here, it is easiest to require both (since the code generation of static dispatch assumes that the receiver cannot be null).
Similarly, with the information about what classes an expression can evaluate to and whether null is possible, one can prune a case expression to remove branches that will not execute.
Class hierarchy analysis uses the static type of the receiver to do static virtual function resolution. If none of the classes under the static type override the method, it can be statically resolved. As a special case, if the static class of a (non-null) receiver has no subclasses, it can be statically resolved. An easy way to do the task is to keep a list of overriding methods for every method.
However, as mentioned above, we also require that the receiver be guaranteed non-null in order to convert it into a static dispatch. For this task, we will use a simple local analysis:
thisis never null.
This analysis determines the set of types (classes) each expression could evaluate to using an iterative whole-program analysis. The sets described below will need to be saved and then the inequations below are iterated until there are no changes in these sets. The sets will be computed on-the-fly using (recursive) virtual methods.
Let be the method named selected for an object of dynamic
type . Let
be the defining occurrence of
this in method ; in the AST this is the class declaration
itself, but for this assignment, you will need a separating defining
occurrence for each method.
Let be the class/null for the default value of class
. We have for
``null'' for all other classes.
Let be the least set for each defining occurrence (we assume all defining occurrences are unique) satisfying the equations below. We will distinguish , the possible classes of return values of method , from , the possible classes of receivers (this) of this method. Thus each method will need two sets, which complicates the implementation. Let be the least set for each expression in the program such that and satisfy the conditions below.
To get the analysis started, we note that the constructor for class
Main will be called:
For each attribute
in each class :
Let be (:,...,:): is end; in , , ... ,
NB: internally, a
super calls will be represented by a
static_dispatch node. Unlike with normal
dispatch nodes, the method is known from the
binding, you don't need to do the lookup .
Make sure that you use the stored value of rather than computing it on the fly, which can lead to infinite recursion.
For each with , let be (:,...,:): is end; in , , ... ,
dispatch nodes, the method binding is
not useful. You will need to re-implement method lookup
(or use the code the skeleton provides).
And as with
static_dispatch, you should use the stored value of
Let be (:,...,:) is end; in , , ... ,
NB This case occurs in the AST as a combination of alloc (where ) and a dispatch. It should fall out of your analysis that these calls are always statically resolved.
If , and , then . For each with , if exists , then and . (Don't traverse branches unless they are selected!)
If literal is a string constant, . Similarly with boolean, integer, unit and null literals.
native body is represented by
This term may come from one of the following sources:
The occurrence of in the rule for get refers the formal parameter of this name in set.
You will be given a skeleton optimizer that accepts analysis options. You should implement static class resolution and should use it to perform the following changes:
nullnode. (Not a
no_exprnode because that would mean it was native, and would get link errors.)
Resolutionclass is instantiated with the program, the level (1 for CHA and 2 for 0-CFA) and the `next node id'' (see below).
Optimization at the AST level requires changing the AST for expressions. The node classes (now) have setter methods for changing children of a node (caution: do not create a DAG or worse, a cyclic graph, the AST should still be an abstract syntax TREE). We provide a new visitor, a ``modifying visitor'' which makes is easier to substitute in new subtrees. Override the visit method for any node which might need to be replaced with something. You can call ``super'' to have it traverse the nodes inside this node.
When you create a new node, you need to ensure that new nodes are given appropriate line numbers and unique node identifiers. We provide a class AdditionalNodeFactory that does most of the work here. It should be passed a tree modifier visitor and the ``next node id.'' Don't call the node constructors directly.
The 0-CFA analysis requires that a set be stored for every set: We associate with every formal parameter, every attribute, every let bound variable, every `when' bound variable and every method body a set of classes, initially empty. The sets can be computed by recursive member functions. Each set may also contain an indication that the variable could be null. Then we make repeated passes over the program in which we compute the set for every expression and use this to update the sets involved. Once a fixed point is reached, we can use the information for a receiver to determine whether it is statically resolvable. The analysis must be implemented to carry along possible null-ness as well.
You may use ``Extended Cool'' (aka Scala), especially its collection libraries, to do your work. This way you avoid the need to implement set classes. The solution, however, will be in strict Cool.
You need to write a test case (as one big file
easy of testing)
that checks for bugs in your implementations. Optimizations are very
easy to do wrong, so testing is important.
Evaluate the results of optimization (or the non-optimized ``control'' case) in two ways:
(For simplicity, each benchmark is a standalone Cool program.)Please create a readable table summarizing your results in README. If you would rather, you may produce a
To get started, type
make -f /afs/cs.uwm.edu/users/classes/cs854/src/homework6/MakefileThis will get a number of files. The files you will edit are:


Stanford’s “autonomous” helicopters teach themselves to fly via “apprenticeship learning”
So the researchers had Oku and other pilots fly entire airshow routines while every movement of the helicopter was recorded. As Oku repeated a maneuver several times, the trajectory of the helicopter inevitably varied slightly with each flight. But the learning algorithms created by Ng’s team were able to discern the ideal trajectory the pilot was seeking. Thus the autonomous helicopter learned to fly the routine better — and more consistently — than Oku himself.
During a flight, some of the necessary instrumentation is mounted on the helicopter, some on the ground. Together, they continuously monitor the position, direction, orientation, velocity, acceleration and spin of the helicopter in several dimensions. A ground-based computer crunches the data, makes quick calculations and beams new flight directions to the helicopter via radio 20 times per second.
The helicopter carries accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, the latter of which use the Earth’s magnetic field to figure out which way the helicopter is pointed. The exact location of the craft is tracked either by a GPS receiver on the helicopter or by cameras on the ground. (With a larger helicopter, the entire navigation package could be airborne.)


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Tidal and Gravity Effects
At first glance, the claims that planetary alignments or groupings will cause earthquakes, floods, solar eruptions, and perhaps even the destruction of the Earth do seem interesting. Gravity is a long reaching force, and the planets are big. Can their influence reach across the solar system and cause all sorts of headaches here on Earth?
As always, it is not a bad idea to run a sanity check first. We have pretty good evidence that the Earth has been around a long time, approximately 5 billion years, without being split in two. As it turns out, close planetary configurations are fairly rare on a human time time scale, but NOT on a geologic time scale. Getting more than three to go into conjunction is difficult; getting them all to be in close conjunction is rare indeed. But 5 billion years is a long time! Close configurations may be rare, but given enough time they do occur, and the Earth is still here. Even more, what most doomsayers say is an alignment is really more of a confluence, or loose gathering, of planets. Some say it is enough to just have them all on the same side of the Sun, which happens pretty often! This is a hallmark of crackpot science: Using inflammatory words, then, when cornered, start being very vague and loose with your terms. "Alignment" sounds much better than "loose collection" or "a pattern somewhat weighted towards one side of the Sun", which are more accurate. I think we can rest assured that the Earth will not be destroyed any time soon.
Brian Monson's Web page where he has worked out the positions and times of several past alignments and shows that better "alignments" in recent history than the one in May of 2000 have occurred with no ill effects. There is also an excellent page giving great detail about the upcoming "alignment" constructed by the Griffith Observatory. Yet another page has been set up by Truman Collins. Much of this page here was constructed by the information supplied by these pages and by the Bad Astronomy Web pages.
But just how strong is the influence of the planets? This turns out to be a relatively easy calculation. First, let me make something clear: there are two effects a planet can have. One is simply gravity, which basically means how hard that planet can pull on us. The other influence is tidal force, which is more complicated, but you can think of it as a stretching force rather than a simple pull. Think of it this way: a strong enough gravity could pull the Earth from its orbit, while a strong enough tide could rip it in half. Can the planets do this to us? Could they possibly send Earth flying into space, or rend us asunder (quick answer: no). We will start with gravity, and then show why tides are even less important.
Gravity depends on two things: the mass of the object pulling on you, and its distance . The bigger an objects mass, the stronger it pulls, and the farther away it is, the less it pulls. As a matter of fact, for gravity the strength depends on the square of the distance. If you double the distance, the force of gravity drops by 2 x 2 = 4. If you put something ten times farther away, the gravitational force drops by 10 x 10 = 100. You can see that gravity gets weak pretty quickly with distance.
The tidal force is much like gravity, but it drops with the cube of the distance . This makes it much less important in our case! Say you double the distance to an object. Its tidal force on the Earth drops by 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. If you increase its distance by a factor of ten, the tidal force drops by 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000! So tides are in fact much weaker than gravity.
So if we know the mass of an object and its distance, we can calculate the forces of both gravity and tides. It shouldn't be too much of a surprise to find out that the overwhelming winner in this game is the Earth's own Moon. Its mass is small in comparison to the other planets (only about 1/80 of the Earth), but it is very close (Venus, the closest planet to the Earth, is at best 150 times farther away!). To make matters easier on us, let's say that the Moon's gravitational force on the Earth is equal to 1 in whatever units gravity is measured in. That way we can see right away how strong the other planets are; a gravity of 10 means the planet pulls on the Earth 10 times as much as the Moon does. We can do the same with tides; assume that the tidal force is equal to 1 in tidal force units and see how the other planets fare. So, in units of Moon gravity and tides, below are the forces on the Earth from rest of the planets The masses are in units of 1022 kilograms (the Earth masses 6x1024 kilograms, or 600 on this scale), and the distances in millions of kilometers. By the way, the distances of closest approach to the Earth are used to maximize the effect. Realistically, the force will be smaller than what is listed.
Let's look at gravity first. Right away you can see that even mighty Jupiter, king of the planets, only pulls about 0.01 (= 1%) as hard as the Moon does (just to show how this was done, Jupiter mass is 27,000 times the Moon, but is 1640 times farther away. The square of 1640 is about 2.7 million, and 27,000/2.7 million=0.01). Venus is next, with only 0.6% of the Moon's force. After that, the numbers drop a lot. The total pull of all the planets combined is 0.017, not even 2% of the Moon's pull!
That ain't much. But is it enough to destroy the Earth?
No, it isn't. Think of it this way: the Moon orbits the Earth in an ellipse, which means that sometimes in its orbit it is closer to the Earth than others. At perigee, or closest approach, it is about 363,000 kilometers away, and at apogee, or farthest point, it is about 405,000 kilometers away. If you use these numbers like we did above, you see that the Moon's own gravitational effect on the Earth fluctuates by about 25% every orbit! The Moon orbits the Earth in about a month, incidentally, so it goes from apogee to perigee every two weeks. So every 14 days we see a change in gravitational effects from the Moon more than 10 times greater than all the other planets combined! To put this in even more perspective, the force of the Moon on you is only about 0.000003 times the Earth's. For me, that means I weigh an extra 0.4 grams (0.0009 pounds) more when the Moon is under my feet versus when it's on the horizon (and therefore not contributing to the downward pull of the Earth). Not much!
Now let's look at tides. Venus stretches us the most of the planets, simply because it is the closest on average. But look! Even Venus only stretches us 5 hundred thousandths as much as the Moon does! This is completely negligible, and the other planets have even less effect. The change in tidal force due to the Moon's elliptical orbit is hugely larger than the combined tides of all the planets. It's worth mentioning that the "alignment" in 2000 has all the planets on the far side of the Sun. This means that you can add 300 million kilometers to the above distances, and I think you can see that the numbers will drop even an enormous amount more! For example, Jupiter's gravity drops from 0.02 to 0.005, and Venus' tides drop by a factor of 500!
Keep in mind that close planetary configurations have happened many times in the past and note that the Earth still exists. Feel better now? Of course you do. Crackpots (i.e., astrologers and psychics), it would seem, have a much stronger influence on our minds than our bodies.
Originally posted by ucantcme
Originally posted by Dalke07
Hi to all ..
You all know for alignments, but i want to put accent for dangerous in next 60 days..
Alignments from May 7, 2011 to Jul 7, 2011 constantly brought dangerous for our mother Earth ..
Big earthquakes, big volcanos, catastrophic weather have very possibility to happens this 60 days ..
For my way of thinking, Jun is more dangerous from May ..
Try to see yourself here, zoom end try from all altitudes ..
Have to mach alignments in next 60 days to post pictures ..
I hope nothing catastrophic happend ..
Peace whit yo00u ..
edit on 9-5-2011 by Dalke07 because: (no reason given)edit on 9-5-2011 by Dalke07 because: (no reason given)
I find the subject of planetary alignments very intresting. There is a lot of information floating around out there on this subject whether it is based on fact or prophetic predictions. I'm not really sure what to think about this, but this is what NASA has to say...
There are no planetary alignments in the next few decades, Earth will not cross the galactic plane in 2012, and even if these alignments were to occur, their effects on the Earth would be negligible. Each December the Earth and sun align with the approximate center of the Milky Way Galaxy but that is an annual event of no consequence.
I was under the impression that there are quite a few alignments coming up in the next couple years. But according to NASA that is not the case. So its another one of those I dont know what to believe situations.


500-kilometre-long coastline between Mumbai and Goa -- the Konkan coast -- still harbours pockets of breathtaking beauty and nature in almost pristine form. Forested slopes of the Western Ghats, dense mangroves in estuaries, coral reefs, fish spawning areas, and a variety of marine flora and fauna.
On the other hand, some stretches of the coast, especially between Mumbai and Alibag, reels under the impact of Mumbai's sewerage and solid waste, industrial effluents and even oil spills from ships. Land has been acquired for industrial estates and hotels in total disregard of its ecological and social impacts. Even nature conservation proposals have only led to opposition, ire and bitterness among locals. They confer little long-term benefits to the residents in terms of income and employment, deprives them of their means of livelihood and lifestyle while threatening the biological base of their life.
With an aim to find a solution to the Konkan crisis, the World Wide Fund for Nature-India entrusted the Pune-based Ecological Society with the task of investigating the current status of the Konkan coast biodiversity, the extent to which local communities depend on it for a living, and then prepare a conservation plan keeping the local residents and traditional communities in mind.
The team prepared a regional plan which proposes five protected areas and 12 locations of social scientific interest with particular management and monitoring structures (see map: Proposed biosphere reserves
). The usual scheme of creating sanctuaries and national parks could not be applied in toto to the Konkan coastline. But the concept of biosphere reserves, which seeks to reconcile the interests of wildlife and humans, was found to be suitable in this region.
The proposed areas are to be managed in such a way as to reinforce conservation of genetic resources, ecosystems and biodiversity. Research and monitoring components are especially important in assessing the impact of pollution, and effects of traditional and modern land-use practices. Wherever possible, local knowledge and traditional practices are to be encouraged. Involvement of local people in the management of these reserves and decision-making process is imperative. The more the dissemination of correct, scientific information, the better is the likelihood of achieving sustainable use of resources. Further, the area of reserves would have to be properly zoned to allow different land-use patterns at different intensities.
This is a much better than those usually prepared by government departments. The scheme proposed here confers a lot of rights, duties and responsibilities on the local people. Are they prepared to accept these? A number of people were consulted and interviewed by the team to ascertain.
Shri Deolkar, a prominent social workers and founder of fisherfolk's organisations, spoke about the many difficulties in achieving this. According to him, the people are basically individualistic and indifferent and even apathetic wherever concerted action is required. However, pressures of modern life and "aggression" by outsiders may rouse them to action. This has been demonstrated by the fisherfolk's agitation against land acquisition by the state government for hotels and holiday resorts. Their agitation against the government's open door policy has now attained a national character with several representative organisations from west and east coasts joining hands to safeguard their interests. Then there are individuals who have taken upon themselves the task of restoring forests on lands owned by them. The task is enormous but has to be tackled if biodiversity is to be sustained, enhanced and used for the benefit of local people.
On the other hand, government organisations must come forward to show that they are responsive to people's interests, aspirations and are prepared to work with them. Nature conservation has to be based on a holistic approach which means consultation, coordination and cooperation at all levels. Prakash Gole is director, Ecological Society, Pune


US Navy Inspects USS Houston Wreck
In a training evolution to be conducted as part of the Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) 2014 exercise series, U.S. Navy divers, assisted by personnel from the Indonesian navy, will survey the World War II wreck of the cruiser USS Houston (CA 30) in June.
The purpose of the mission is to determine the vessel’s current condition and provide real-world training to rescue and salvage divers in maneuvering around a sunken ship. Divers from both navies will also share best practices and diving techniques during a series of training evolutions on board the rescue and salvage ship USNS Safeguard (T-ARS-50).
Houston was sunk during the World War II Battle of Sunda Strait Feb. 28, 1942 with the loss of more than seven hundred souls. The ship remains sovereign property of the U.S. under customary international law, and is a popular dive site. Houston is located off the west coast of Java, Indonesia, one of nine partner nations participating in CARAT 2014.
Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit divers embarked in Safeguard will inspect the wreck to assess whether the ship has fallen prey to illicit salvage. They will be aided by Dr. Alexis Catsambis, an underwater archaeologist from the Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) who will provide operations planning support in order for the mission to effectively document the state of preservation of Houston. Documentation methods will include personal inspection by divers, as well as the planned use of sonar sensing systems and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV).
Press Release, June 06, 2014; Image: US Navy


Some people insist they have to stop at Starbucks or a competitor to start their day. It may seem extreme to equate coffee consumption with other addictions, but scientific evidence supports it. People who find themselves craving coffee can look to their parents (or at least their genes) to assign “blame” for the desire.
There are genetic predispositions for alcoholism, breast cancer, depression, heart disease and, according to new research, coffee consumption. Researchers have found six genes that are linked to someone having cravings for coffee consumption, particularly how their body responds to caffeine consumed.
The research team indicated that the genes were not ones they would have assumed to be tied to coffee drinking. However, they show the genetic basis for people’s coffee consumption habits, according to Marilyn Cornelis, a nutrition research associate at the Harvard School of Public Health, who was the lead author on the study. The team believes that the genes could help explain why some people really like coffee and others do not.
The study analyzed information on 120,000 coffee drinkers. The researchers looked at 28 previous studies on genetics, specifically the participants in those studies who were regular coffee drinkers.
The team identified the six “coffee” genetic variants that impacted their caffeine metabolism and data on the quantity of coffee each of the subjects consumed daily. Published in Molecular Psychiatry, the analysis credits genetics with the side effects that can result from drinking caffeinated coffee. Those include the memory boost and mental acuity some coffee drinkers experience as well as the distractedness, per the study’s authors.
One finding was that individuals who drink considerable quantities of coffee seem to metabolize the caffeine faster than others do. The researchers theorized that could be due to their genes.
Two other genes appeared to be linked to the “kick” that people receive from caffeine. The team determined that those genes are tied to the brain’s pleasure centers, and likely influence the enjoyment that caffeinated coffee provides to many drinkers.
The final two genes identified were “unexpected,” according to the researchers. The duo were previously known to impact the metabolism of fats and sugars, but now are suspected of being tied to how the body reacts to coffee as well.
The researchers caution against concluding that coffee consumption is driven solely by one’s genes. There are many other factors, besides the body’s reaction to caffeine, that influence how much coffee people drink, from socialization to taste preferences to desire to stay awake. But how much those things impact consumption may be genetic in nature.
The researchers plan to conduct further analysis into the genes pinpointed in the study and see if they are tied to a person’s risk of certain diseases. Previous studies have indicated that coffee consumption may reduce one’s risk of Parkinson’s disease, liver disease and type 2 diabetes. Conversely, other research tied coffee to heart disease.
Coffee is popular worldwide, as evidenced by the proliferation of coffee houses. Starbucks alone is in 65 countries. Americans who drink coffee generally consume an average of two cups a day. In parts of Europe, four cups daily is often the norm. For those with a regular coffee habit, it may be a genetic predisposition to blame that makes the craving so strong that they cannot start the work or school day without a fresh cup of coffee.
By Dyanne Weiss


For an essay about poetry you may choose to start with a line or two from the poem, but make sure you refer to the lines at some point in the essay another option is to write an interesting statement about the poem’s place in culture or history. Whether you are writing an essay around an artist or just citing a poem or referring to its themes, you may wind up expecting to reference the poem's title notwithstanding, it can be difficult to recall whether the title is italicized, underlined or put into quotes. Essay #1: poetry explication a poetry explication is a relatively short analysis that describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, images, and other small units that make up a poem.
How to cite a poem using apa style 11 steps with pictures quote poetry in an essay wikihow mla format for poems yelom myphonecompany co works cited solid graphikworks . Knowing how to quote in an essay, or how to cite a quote from a book is imperative to your success when citing long poems (poems with more than three lines . Edit article wiki how to put a quote in an essay three parts: sample quotes citing quotes using mla style citing. How to cite works of literature poems when you are writing about a poem and you use a line of poetry, you want to cite the stanza and line numbers, separated by a period.
Title of an epic poem or book-length poem ex: the raven title of an essay title of a collection or anthology of essays ex: punctuating titles--chart. U in this poem it is creation, not a hypothetical creator, that is supremely awesome [argument microsoft word - integrating quotesdoc author: maggio. Letter brown university supplement essay 2006 criticism industry knowledge to help writing an essay to support your thesis, and your outline how to cite a poem in an essay - cityoflancastergymnastics. Application essays (and personal statements) use the guidelines below to learn how to use literary quotations using the slash when quoting poetry.
It depends on the type of work: is it short (essay, poem, short story) or long, like a book (play, movie, book, novel) titles should be marked with italics (underlining) or quotation marks, depending on the work being discussed. Cite page numbers for prose and line numbers for poetry if you are quoting a poem translated into prose, cite line numbers if possible otherwise cite page numbers if you aren't sure about the difference between poetry and prose, click here . Using these formatting styles helps to ensure that the writers do not engage in plagiarism and it also simplifies the process of locating sources used within the essay essaypro team will teach you how to correctly cite a research paper using mla format.
Many students wonder how to cite a quote from the poem as the essay format has a great impact on the grade you get by the end of the term students may search for the proper paper example or find some tips. Cite the poem in your bibliography according to the format you are using in the rest of the essay for mla format, include the author's last and first name, the title of the poem in quotation marks, the italicized title of the poem's anthology, the page number of the poem and the anthology's editor, date and place of publication and publisher. Poetry doesn't look or feel like most other styles of writing, so when it's time to cite poems in an american psychological association style paper, save yourself from confusion you cite poetry just as you cite fiction and nonfiction the difference is the format as the method by which you format . How to cite a poem in an essay to write in homework history help help shapes homework help with a personal statement language german country of origin ireland type of research observation of practice within a decentralized and competitive exams. This site might help you re: citing a poem in an essay, mla format if you are familiar with mla format, you know that novels are characterized by underlining or putting the title in italics short stories are c.
How to cite an anthology or collected works by chelsea lee an anthology is a collection of works, organized around a central theme, whole anthology citation. When citing long sections (more than three lines) of poetry, keep formatting as close to the original as possible in his poem my papa's waltz, theodore roethke explores his childhood with his father:. Style and formatting guide for citing a work of fiction a work of fiction (essay, short story, poem) from an anthology or collection: author’s name “title .
How to quote favorite lines of your poem in an essay using mla format how to cite a poem: the ultimate mla formatting style guide citing is an entire art when it comes to writing a school or college essay. Quoting a poem in an essay is not quite as effortless as putting quotation marks around the text the modern language association style has guidelines on how to quote a poem based on its length, purpose in text and format. Typically, such a cited work would be an article, an essay, a short story, or a poem, so enclose the title of the cited work within quotation marks however, underline the title if the work was originally published as a book.


How to start an research paper
Avoid relying too heavily on internet sources, which vary widely in quality and authority and sometimes even disappear before you can complete your copy-and-paste from internet sources directly into any actual draft of your paper. It helps an author to make their key points clear for him/her and arrange mes the students are asked to submit formal outlines with their research a formal outline, numbers and letters are used to arrange topics and subtopics.
Starting off a research paper
Guideshow to write a research ch, writing and style tation tips for public for a research moreliterature guidesanimal farm. Take it with you wherever you research council of ibe to our rss blakstad on to write an shuttleworth 1.
How to begin research paper
You can also use a program such as endnote, refworks, or latex to help you manage your a note sheet of quotations that you may want to use in your research paper. You’ll need to decide on a topic, formulate a thesis statement, conduct research, organize your findings, and then set pen to paper or fingers to research scientific research literary research environmental research started early.
Beginning a research paper
Do i write an introduction about how science and technology was affected in america during the cold war? You can begin with broad analytical statements or with a story for most fields, but in some it is less appropriate and helpful than others.
Example: the quartering of british soldiers in the homes of poor farmers caused them to protest british taxes and to attack british is a single sentence thesis statement that addresses both why the farmers chose to revolt and how they did s your working thesis statement with others. If your paper is on a science topic, you’ll need to set up an experiment and collect data from that experiment.
Can follow the "inverted triangle" principle to focus in from the broader themes to those to which you are making a direct contribution with your paper. Before you know it, you have a well organized term paper completed exactly as it is helpful to you, use a symbol such as “#” to mark the spot where you would like to check back later to edit a paragraph.
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Place headers that are the subjects of each paragraph or section of your research paper. If you're writing a paper on the importance of comics, you could assert the importance of comic books since the 1930s.
This page on your website:Knowing how to write an introduction is yet another part of the process of writing a research article is a part of the guide:Select from one of the other courses available:Scientific methodresearch designresearch basicsexperimental researchsamplingvalidity and reliabilitywrite a paperbiological psychologychild developmentstress & copingmotivation and emotionmemory & learningpersonalitysocial psychology experimentsscience projects for kidssurvey guidephilosophy of sciencereasoningethics in researchancient historyrenaissance & enlightenmentmedical historyphysics experimentsbiology experimentszoologystatistics beginners guidestatistical conclusionstatistical testsdistribution in er 44 more articles on this 't miss these related articles:1outline examples2write a hypothesis3example of a paper4title5example of a paper 2. Keep the introduction as concise as possible by saving specific details for the body of your to publish a research to write a to write a research to write a thesis to write a term to write a conclusion for a research to write a critical to write a good lab conclusion in to write a critique in five to find a vehicle's registered owner using a license plate s and citations.
Here are a few outline introduction gives an overall review of the paper, but does address a few slightly different issues from the works on the principle of introducing the topic of the paper and setting it in a broader context, gradually narrowing the topic down to a research problem, thesis and hypothesis. Articleshow to write a reporthow to write a research paperhow to write a thesis statementhow to write a research text shared under a creative commons d by answer ng and using a to use a to start (and complete) a research the butte college to start (and complete) a research ch and resources >.
Then insert information you found while researching into your outline that answers these can also write a prose outline, instead of a question-based outline. A research paper is a piece of academic writing based on its author’s original research on a particular topic, and the analysis and interpretation of the research findings.
My research topic was on 'differentiation strategies and implementation in mathematics in the primary classroom. A good introduction explains how you mean to solve the research problem, and creates ‘leads’ to make the reader want to delve further into your work.
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You might be able to cover this topic in 500 pages, but if you are writing a 20 page research paper for a class, you’ll need to focus your topic further. Consult google scholar or do a quick web search to see what the major trends example, if you are taking an american history course and you want to write a research paper on the origins of the american revolution, you’d probably want to begin by reading other books on the subject.
Once you understand the parameters, you can set out a schedule to complete the paper on time. How online gaming has become a daily activity for many people and how it becomes addictive.
Our paper on the role of farmers and the american revolution, we might need to visit local archives and the u. Papers that are really short — 1 to 2 pages — will need a narrower question than a dissertation spanning hundreds of pages.
A concise but comprehensive literature review can be a very effective way to frame your own research paper. Optimal success guide for research paper to write a research paper part to write a research paper, introductions, part son morris g more suggestions...


Just about every industry is looking for ways in which they can go “green,” with varying degrees of success. Historically, the real estate industry has underinvested in the infrastructure, even with government incentives and initiatives, buildings and construction continue to pollute our atmosphere and release excess amounts of carbon into the air.
As it stands, existing buildings are, and will continue to be, a main problem. Right now, the real estate sector is responsible for a whopping 40% of global carbon emissions, along with 70% of the world’s electricity, and while we must continue to prioritize new, sustainable buildings, that does not address the countless buildings that are already standing and producing mass amounts of carbon emissions detrimental to our earth’s environment.
It is predicted that 70% of the existing buildings across the world will still be standing by the year 2050, meaning these outdated, inefficient warehouses and office parks aren’t going anywhere. To address the real estate carbon footprint, the industry needs to use modern technological solutions to combat this massive issue and implement new technology that transforms dated buildings into high-value decarbonized assets.
Reprinted courtesy of Chris Gray, Construction Executive, a publication of Associated Builders and Contractors. All rights reserved.


Pope Francis is the first Pope to choose St. Francis of Assisi as his namesake. It seems a fitting time to read, or re-read, the life of St. Francis of Assisi by G.K. Chesterton. In this short book, Chesterton describes St. Francis as an antidote to his age. When Muslims and Christians were killing each other over territory, Francis chose to own nothing so there would be nothing to fight over.
He writes of the eccentric saint, “[Francis’s] life was a series of plunges and scampers; darting after the beggar, dashing naked into the woods, tossing himself into the strange ship, hurling himself into the Sultan’s tent and offering to hurl himself into the fire. In appearance he must have been like a thin brown skeleton autumn leaf dancing eternally before the wind; but in truth it was he that was the wind. The conversion of St. Francis involved his being in some sense flung suddenly from a horse. There was not a rag of him left that was not ridiculous. Everybody knew that at the best he had made a fool of himself. The word fool itself began to shine and change.”