She employed the great architect Ineniwho also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senemut. Five mentions of the rising of Sirius generally known as Sothic dates are preserved in texts from the 3rd to the 1st millennium, but by themselves these references cannot yield an absolute chronology.
This became a pointed concern among writers who sought reasons for the generic style of the shrouded statues and led to misinterpretations. An international engineering effort moved the temple from Philae Island to its new home in the city of Aswan, where it now resides.
Private biographical inscriptions of all periods from the 5th dynasty c.
The widowed queen of the pharaoh Thutmose II, she had, according to custom, been made regent after his death in c. As mother-goddess, she introduced the practice of agriculture. Presuming that it was Thutmose III rather than his co-regent sonTyldesley also put forth a hypothesis about Thutmose suggesting that his erasures and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments could have been a cold, but rational attempt on his part to extinguish the memory of an "unconventional female king whose reign might possibly be interpreted by future generations as a grave offence against Ma'atand whose unorthodox coregency" could "cast serious doubt upon the legitimacy of his own right to rule.
In addition to powerful kings such as Amenhotep I B. During the festival a statue of him would travel down the Nile River and rituals would take place to commemorate him. The settlement of disputes was in part an administrative task, for which the chief guiding criterion was precedent, while contractual relations were regulated by the use of standard formulas.
Late period dates — bce are almost completely fixed. Hatshepsut claimed to have been the divine heir to the throne, as her father god Amun took to human form and impregnated her mother.
Hatshepsut by ancient egyptian custom was required to become his regent until he was old enough to rule the empire alone. Abandoned land was taken back into state ownership and reassigned for cultivation. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund uraeus, or symbol of royalty.
During the 18th dynasty, Egypt restored its control over Nubia and began military campaigns in Palestine, clashing with other powers in the area such as the Mitannians and the Hittites.
Little else is known about her, other than she may have been the mother of Amenhotep II.
The construction of the great pyramids of the 4th dynasty c. Evidence of her remarkable reign c.
A woman becoming pharaoh was rare, however; only SobekneferuKhentkaus I and possibly Nitocris preceded her. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh of Egypt Reign: circa to B.C.
Why she was a badass: After her husband King Thutmose II died, Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for 20 years, making her the second confirmed female pharaoh—and the first female to have secured full power of the throne.
The study of women across time highlights not only the history of a minority but also biography itself and the ways in which a group disenfranchised from power can circumvent traditional authority and assert itself.
In particular, the biographies of famous women like the Egyptian pharaoh Hatshepsut. Rare Image of Early Female Pharaoh Found in University Collection After her reign, Hatshepsut was expunged from Egyptian history, but a carving of her likeness has turned up in Swansea University.
Recent historians, especially women, have referred to the historiographical issues and bias that arise with the study of Hatshepsut.
Tydesley, in the 'Introduction' to Hatchepsut, The Female Pharaoh. In ancient Egypt she could, as seen in the landmark exhibition “Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh,” which was on view at the Kimbell Art Museum from August 27 to December 31, This major and spectacular exhibition explored the year reign of Hatshepsut (c.
– B.C.), the first great female ruler known to history.
The fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt was one of the most successful rulers in the history of the kingdom. This pharaoh was successful in military battles, economic trade and building projects. The pharaoh was also a woman.An introduction to the history of hatshepsut the first female pharaoh of egypt


In Global Transit
Jewish Migrants from Hitler’s Europe in Asia, Africa, and Beyond
14–18 February 2018
Conveners: Andreas Gestrich (GHI London), Simone Lässig (GHI Washington), Anne Schenderlein (GHI Washington), and Indra Sengupta (GHI London) – (all from the Max Weber Stiftung)
Venue: Loreto College, 7 Sir William Jones Sarani (formerly Middleton Row), Kolkata - 700 071 West Bengal, India
A conference of the Max Weber Stiftung (GHI Washington, GHI London, MWS India Branch Office Delhi) and the American Institute of Indian Studies
The conference will primarily showcase recent research on the experiences of European Jews who fled Europe during the Nazi era. Research on Jewish experiences of exile and refugee outside Europe has overwhelmingly focused on the places where European Jews finally settled: for instance, the United States, Palestine, and South America. However, many Jewish refugees only reached these destinations after months or even years spent moving from place to place in various parts of the world. These were, as it were, lives in global transit. In Global Transit promises to open up new geographic, chronological, and conceptual perspectives on the refugees’ experiences of flight and belonging as well as anti-Semitism and racism at a time of war and colonialism.
India, one of the temporary havens for Jews fleeing persecution in Europe, is a fitting location for a conference on these largely unexplored, transitory havens for European Jews in Asia and Africa.
The conference is the first in a series pf conferences through which the Max Weber Foundation aims to enrich public debate by bringing a historical perspective to the issues of migration and refugee aid. The conference will take place at Loreto College, Middleton Row. It will be accompanied by an exhibition on European Jewish refugees in Calcutta ‘The City as Refuge: Jewish Calcutta and refugees from Hitler’s Europe’.
Conference programme (PDF file)


First published in Local Reach
Fives was, as the name suggests a game for 5 people, originally using hands and later bats or racquets. Much like squash it involved hitting a ball against a wall.
Originally the game was played against church walls but during the eighteenth century there were attempts by the church authorities to prevent this, not least because of the damage it caused to the fabric of the buildings and the cost of replacing windows! Various methods were used including erecting railings or fences to prevent access, digging up the area and in this 1763 example at Ashwick, the churchyard cross was moved “to the Vifes place… to prevent the Young People from spending so much idle time in that sort of exercise”.
So successful were the church authorities in preventing the playing of fives that a number of secular fives walls were built, often in the grounds of inns. The remains of several of these in Somerset are still extant.
This illustration above is an 1808 copy of a painting of 1757 by Alfred Bennett showing a fives court in Axbridge where yellow clay appears to have been used to make a solid floor upon which to play. The court is next to “Mrs Gallop’s cottage,” which is thought to have been used as a school. Mr Gallop, seen here with a telescope, was said to have been fond of spying on his neighbours. Sadly, both the cottage and the fives walls have long since disappeared.


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After the Japanese occupation of New Guinea, they were ready to attack Australia, which was in danger of being overrun by the Japanese until the end of 1942. Some Australian military personnel even predicted that due to insufficient troops, Australia could only resist for a maximum of 6 weeks before having to lay down its arms and surrender.
The main force of the Australian Army, the Second Army Division
In order to show allegiance to Britain and win the protection that Britain may provide in the future, more than 20,000 people from the Second Army Division, the main force of the Australian army, were sent to the Middle East in the early days of World War II to assist Britain in resisting the attacks of Italy and Germany and defend British hegemony and interests in the Middle East. After the Japanese captured Papua New Guinea, they launched a tentative attack on Australia, which greatly alarmed the Australian government and people.
The Australian government and military, as well as the public at large, recognized that Australia's immediate priority was to strengthen its homeland security, rather than sending its own limited military forces thousands of miles away to fight for British interests in Europe or the Middle East, which had nothing to do with its own interests. Under the dual pressure of the people and the Japanese invasion, the extremely frightened Prime Minister Curtin sent a telegram to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, demanding that all Australian troops that were following Britain in the Middle East be immediately transferred back for the defense of the Australian homeland. However, Churchill, out of Britain's own interests, resolutely did not allow the Australian army to return to defend his country, and the British and Australian sides quarreled fiercely.
In Churchill's eyes, Europe and the Middle East were vital to the survival of the British Empire, and how could Australia, thousands of miles away, be compared with Britain's hegemonic interests? Prime Minister Winston Churchill then flatly rejected Curtin's request. The indifference of Churchill and the British government to the life and death of Australia fully exposed the extreme selfishness of the old imperialist Britain, and was also mean to Australia, which had always been docile and obedient and sacrificed more than 60,000 people in the First World War for British interests.
After Churchill's refusal, Prime Minister Curtin was extremely angry but helpless, and Australian politicians and people who heard about it were also chilled. The Australian government and ordinary people are very unhappy with Britain's approach to its own interests and ignores Australia's survival. At a critical moment when their country was facing a Japanese invasion, the Australian government did not have the right to move its troops home, which made the Australian government and people extremely indignant against Britain. The rift between Britain and Australia widened, and Australia's determination to turn to the United States has since become stronger. After the Battle of the Philippines, MacArthur led the remnants of American troops to Australia.
This made Australia overjoyed at a critical time. Curtin warmly welcomed the arrival of MacArthur's defeated American army, because the arrival of American troops could not only strengthen Australia's defense force, jointly keep the Japanese army out of Australia, but also further strengthen political and military relations with the United States. President Roosevelt was also acutely aware of Australia's strategic importance to the Pacific War after the defeat of American troops from the Philippines.
Japanese forces occupy the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies
After the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies, Australia became the only military base in the southwest Pacific that could be used by the United States as a future counterattack against the Japanese army, which highlighted Australia's military strategic significance to the United States and greatly enhanced Australia's voice in Australia-US relations. President Roosevelt's attitude toward military aid to Australia and joint efforts to prevent the Japanese from conquering the Australian mainland changed significantly. He assured Curtin that the United States would do everything in its power to block the Japanese attack and never let Australia fall into Japanese hands.
After hearing President Roosevelt's assurances, Prime Minister Curtin and the Australian people knew that the protection they had longed for for America had finally arrived! Australian military and political officials are also optimistic that Australia's military alliance with the United States will follow. MacArthur's defeat in Australia provided an opportunity for Australia to forge close relations and establish military alliances with both the political and military circles of the United States. Curtin suggested that President Roosevelt establish a Southwest Pacific Theater Command in Australia to command the U.S. and Australian forces. Curtin also expressed his willingness to hand over the command of the Australian army to the American generals, and promised that all Australian troops would be under the command of the American generals.
After President Roosevelt appointed MacArthur as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Australia, Curtin did not dislike MacArthur as a defeated general, but handed over the command of the Australian army to MacArthur on behalf of the Australian government, who had full command of the US-Australian coalition. This was the first time that Australia had handed over military command to a U.S. general, and Australia had always given command of the Australian military to a British general. This marked that in the face of a major Japanese invasion, the Australian government had to accept geopolitical realities and show heartfelt obedience to the United States.
However, Australian politicians, the military and ordinary people are not saddened by the change of court, but are sincerely happy that their country can form a military alliance with the more powerful United States. It was at this time that the opening song of Radio Australia was no longer "British Bombardier March", but "Go On, Beautiful Australia". Judging from the operational plans of the Japanese army captured after World War II, the Japanese high command did plan to launch a war of aggression against Australia in February and March 1942 to seize the Australian mainland.
Fortunately, most of the Japanese forces were trapped in the Chinese battlefield at that time, and it was simply impossible to concentrate enough troops from China to attack Australia. The Japanese high command estimated at the time that the invasion of Australia would require at least 60,000 combat troops. If it is less than this force, the invasion of Australia will most likely turn into a war of attrition, trapping the Japanese army in it like a Chinese mainland battlefield. The protracted war on the Chinese battlefield was like a nightmare for the Japanese army, and the Japanese high command expected that the Japanese army would not be able to withstand another protracted war of similar Chinese mainland.
Abandon the operational plan for a full-scale invasion of Australia
If Australia also becomes a protracted war, Japan is doomed to become the loser of World War II. Due to the lack of troops, the Japanese high command had to abandon the battle plan of a full-scale invasion of Australia, and instead imposed a siege and blockade on it, cutting off Australia's ties with the outside world, especially the United States, in an attempt to force Australia to surrender. This plan of the Japanese army is obviously unrealistic fantasy, because Australia faces the sea on all sides, and the Japanese army simply does not have enough naval power to surround Australia and completely cut off its maritime links with the outside world, especially the United States.
The Japanese eventually abandoned their plan of attacking Australia, which was fortunate enough to escape the ravages of the Japanese due to the lack of Japanese forces. In early May 1942, the United States launched an attack on Japanese forces stationed in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, which was the first confrontation between the main naval forces of the United States and Japan in the Pacific theater, and the famous Battle of the Coral Sea began. Although the two sides suffered equal losses in this battle, the Americans blocked the Japanese army's continued southward advance, which was undoubtedly a strategic victory for the American army. On June 3, the Japanese launched the Battle of Midway in an attempt to annihilate the main U.S. naval forces in the Pacific.
However, the result of this naval battle was another crushing defeat for the Japanese, and the Japanese army had to turn to strategic defense after this naval battle. Faced with two successive strategic defeats, Japan was eager to regain the initiative in the Pacific War and consolidate its hegemony in the Pacific region. The Japanese therefore planned to seize the islands in the southwest Pacific and cut off the military and strategic links between the US Pacific naval and air base Hawaii and the Australian mainland, so that the US military could not use Australia as a military base for future counterattacks.
The Pacific War fully demonstrated the importance of the Pacific Islands region to the military power to establish Pacific hegemony, which also made the Pacific Islands region a region that the United States and Australia must firmly control after World War II. The Australian government and military also had the idea of turning the entire Pacific Islands region into Australia's "backyard" at this time. In order to regain the initiative in the Pacific War, the Japanese tried to reoccupy Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. In addition, the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean is connected, and the Pacific Ocean can be cut into two sections; The western part of Southeast Asia is of great strategic importance.
After a month of desperate fighting, the Australian army paid a heavy price to block the Japanese attack. The battle was the first land victory of the Allies in the Pacific War, frustrating Japan's strategic attempts. As the Japanese attacked, the U.S. military was also plotting a military counteroffensive. In order to ensure that the strategic link with Australia was not cut off by the Japanese and to ensure the security of Australia, which the US military used as a base for strategic counteroffensives, the US military launched the battle to seize Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Under the heavy fire of the United States, the Japanese had to withdraw from Guadalcanal in early February 1943.
After that, the Japanese launched several counter-offensives in an attempt to retake the island, but all of them failed. During the six-month battle for Guadalcanal, the United States and Japan fought nearly 100 large and small naval battles. The US-led Allied forces have invested 60,000 troops in the battle, with more than 5,000 casualties. The Japanese army committed more than 35,000 combat troops and suffered nearly 25,000 casualties  . The Battle of Midway and the Battle of Guadalcanal were turning points in the Pacific War, when the Japanese completely lost their superiority in the Pacific. The Allies, on the other hand, regained the strategic initiative and reversed the passivity of the early stages of the war.
These victories were followed by strategic offensives against other islands in the Pacific Islands region, such as Bougainville in Papua New Guinea. In February 1944, U.S. forces captured most of the islands in the Marshall Islands. This was followed by a landing on the Bismarck Islands, completing the siege of the Japanese military fortress of Rabaul. The U.S. Army then launched the Campaign of New Guinea, which basically recovered the entire island of New Guinea. In November 1943, the U.S. military launched the Battle of the Gilbert Islands, occupying Tarawa and other islands. In January-February 1944, the U.S. military captured the atolls of Kwajalein, Roy Island-Namur and Enivitok, creating conditions for the capture of the Mariana Islands.
 G.P.Taylor，“New Zealand，the Anglo-apaneseAlliance and the 1908 Visit of the American Fleet”，Australian Journal of Politics & History，Vol.15，Issue1，1969，pp.55-76.
 Joanne Wallis，“Hollow Hehemon：Australia'sDeclining Influence in the Pacific”，Diplomat，21September 2016.
 Nagata Yuriko，“The Japanese in Torres Strait”，AnnaShnukal，Ramsay Guy and Nagata Yuriko（eds.），Navigating Boundaries：The Asian Diaspora in TorresStrait，Canberra，Pandanus Books，2004，pp.138-159.Kate Bagnall，A Legacy of White Australia：Recordsabout Chinese Australians in the National Archives，2018，http：//naa.gov.au/collection/publications.


It had begun the decade before, but took full flight now. From Thomas Edison to Alexander Graham Bell, the nation was beginning to see light and sound transmitted across the nation. Bridges were built. Railroads lines were extended. The era of cowboys, outlaws, and Indians began to move in a different direction, toward civility and unfortunately, reservation.
Photo above: The Washington Monument, uncompleted
without capstone, from the Department of Agriculture, circa 1880. Right: Engraving of the view of the Statue of Liberty from the Battery. Source: Library of Congress.
December 6, 1884 - The capstone of three thousand three hundred pounds is positioned atop the Washington Monument by the Corps of Engineers. The monument, five hundred and fifty-five feet tall and now completed after nearly thirty-seven years of work, would be dedicated in February of 1885.
When the pinnacle of the Washington Monument was placed atop its statuesque obelisk, it had taken thirty-seven years to go from inception to completion. Dedication would not occur until February 1885, but the work, for the most part, was done. There would be minor additional construction through the dedication and beyond until visitors were allowed to enter, which did not occur until October 9, 1888.
There were two stages of construction of the design, an Egyptian obelisk, by Robert Mills. The first, private, lasted from 1848 until 1854 before a lull in construction occurred due to funding. When the public phase started again in 1876-1884, it was finally completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It was the tallest building in the world when completed, surpassing the Cologne Cathedral, five hundred fifty-five feet, five and one eighth inches.
The location chosen had been set aside in the geometric design of the city by Pierre L'Enfant, to be placed at the intersection of the lines south of the White House and lines west of the Capitol. The Washington Monument Society had commissioned the work by Robert Mills in 1845; they, a private organization, had been soliciting funds and designs since 1833. Mills' original design also included thirty one hundred foot columns ringing the obelisk. Those were not built.
On July 4, 1848, twenty thousand people, including dignataries ranging from President James K. Polk to future Presidents James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Johnson, watched as the cornerstone was laid. The foundation, an eighty foot step pyramid was started first, with the marble structure above it, fifty-five feet square at its base. A derrick pulled the stones upward. It took until 1854 before the Washington Monument had reached a height of one hundred and fifty-six feet.
The year before construction halted, the Washington Monument Society began to have trouble. Members of the Know-Nothing Party took control of the board and administration. This frustrated donors, who refused to continue funding, and the private organization went bankrupt in 1854.
It stood for two decades idle in construction, not honoring the first President George Washington, but serving as an embarrassment. Various efforts were made in Congress, but the sectional crises over slavery and the eventual Civil War took their attention away from the monument to honor the founding father.
The Public Phrase, 1876 to 1884
Once the Civil War was over and the business of building the nation back together through Amendments to right wrongs and the Reconstruction efforts, though inefficient and sometimes wrong, on their way. With President Grant at the helm of government, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution to fund and complete the Washington Monument on July 5, 1876, during the middle of the nation's successful Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, to honor its first one hundred years. Lt. Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the Corps of Engineers was put in charge.
His first task was to strengthen the foundation, which he did not think strong enough to hold the growing structure. It took four years until he was satisfied with moving skyward. Problem was, the initial quarry used under the private phase was out of business; for some time they used stone from a quarry in Massachusetts which did not match the first, then finally switched to another in Baltimore. You can see the three different time periods of stone when you witness the structure today.
Casey reduced the height of the structure to ten times its width, thus five hundred and fifty-five feet instead of six hundred feet, and got rid of some of its original adornments, including the thirty columns that would have ringed the monument. He reduced the thickness of the walls by four feet.
Finally, on December 6, 1884, Lt. Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey brought the capstone out of the window, all three thousand three hundred pounds of it, and gently placed it atop, including an aluminum tip. Standing on the grounds below, the crowd cheered.
The crowd would have to wait until its formal dedication, February 21, 1885, and even longer for the right to enter as finishing work on the internal ironwork, the knoll, and installation of memorial stones had to be completed. The monument was officially opened to the public on October 9, 1888. But the monument to honor its first President George Washington was complete, no longer an embarrassment, but a beacon to the rights of democracy and decency, not perfection, that the man from Mount Vernon had begun to instill in the new nation.
Image above: Montage: (left) Man atop monument at capstone, 1920/1950 (date within span), Theodore Horydczak. Courtesy Library of Congress; (right) Scene of the Washington Monument, 1923, Theodore Horydczak. Courtesy Library of Congress. Below: Photo of the Washington Monument taken from the World War II Memorial, 2008, americasbesthistory.com. Info Source: nps.gov; Wikipedia Commons.
Chief Sitting Bull, (Tatonka-I-Yatanka) Hunkpapa Sioux, circa
1885. Courtesy National Archives.
Thomas Edison and his phonograph. Courtesy Library of Congress.
ABH Travel Tip
The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island can be visited from two locations; Liberty State Park in New Jersey and from New York City. Ferry service takes visitors on a round trip to both locations. Tours of the Statue may be reserved in advance or tickets picked up when buying tickets for the ferry service on a first come, first served basis.


First Wagon Trail would have been set in the 1840s, when wagon trains heading for Oregon first cut paths across the plains. The American Indian men show little evidence of contact with Anglos and are puzzling over what manner of beast has left the tracks in the dust. The squatting warrior on the left gives the sign for Buffalo, but the remaining American Indians are each absorbed in their own thoughts of what could have left the trail. In First Wagon Trail, Russell views things from the American Indian perspective, where, for once, the white man’s ways appear peculiar.
First Wagon Trail (First Wagon Tracks)
Artist: Charles M. Russell Year Completed: 1908 Medium: Pencil, watercolor and gouache on paper Dimensions: 18.25 x 27 inches


Democracy, Liberty & Property: The State Constitutional Conventions of the 1820s
Merrill D Peterson (Contributor)
Available / dispatched within 1 - 4 weeks
In one volume, "Democracy, Liberty & Property" provides an overview of the state constitutional conventions held in the 1820s. With topics as relevant today as they were then, this collection of essential primary sources sheds light on many of the enduring issues of liberty. Emphasising the connection between federalism and liberty, the debates that took place at these conventions show how questions of liberty were central to the formation of state government, allowing students and scholars to discover important insights into liberty and to develop a better understanding of U.S. history. The debates excerpted in Democracy, Liberty, and Property focus on the conventions of Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia, and they include contributions from the principal statesmen of the founding era, including John Adams, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Marshall.
About the Author
Merrill D Peterson (1921-2009) was Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Virginia and a noted Jeffersonian scholar.
- Contributor: Merrill D Peterson
- Imprint: Liberty Fund Inc
- ISBN13: 9780865977891
- Number of Pages: 412
- Packaged Dimensions: 230x155mm
- Packaged Weight: 716
- Format: Paperback
- Publisher: Liberty Fund Inc
- Release Date: 2010-09-15
- Binding: Paperback / softback
- Biography: Merrill D Peterson (1921-2009) was Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Virginia and a noted Jeffersonian scholar.


Thank you sooo much for your blog “Duquesne Hunky”. Have really been enjoying reading the archives and reminiscing.
As I said in my post on the blog today, we lived on Orchard Court off of Center St until I was 14 and my brother Tom was 10. I was born in ’49 and my brother in ’53. Do you know of any info about the Crawford Estate, which was demolished to build the homes on Orchard Court. The wall at the bottom of the hill on Center St. is still standing and was part of the Estate. My dad, at one time, had a newspaper article from the McKeesport Daily News showing a picture of the Estate and I would love to see it or get a copy of it. I’ve tried going on Google, to no avail. My brother and I used to swing on the gate to the left of the entrance of the street which was also part of the estate. I’m not sure if its still there.
One of my fondest memories of Duquesne were the dances at St Mary’s in the summer. This would have been the summers of ’63 and ’64, I think. Doing all the dances of the times – The Pony, the Peppermint Twist, Mashed Potatoes, the Bristol Stomp, etc. What a great time!
Thank you again,
My name is Frank Fiori, but don’t let my name fool you – I am half Duquesne Hunky! (the other half Leechburg Italian)
My GrandPap who we just lost this winter (almost 98 and who I miss dearly every day) was, I believe, on one of the first ZEMPs teams. He graduated from Duquesne High School in 1933 and went on to work for the CCC in central PA and later – sometime around 1938 started his 40+ year career at the Duquesne works.
Anyway, it has always been part of our family lore that before he began officially being a grownup he was quite the baseball player. In fact, for as long as I can remember I have been hearing how he pitched a no-hitter which won the game for the team but put his arm out of commission (at least for baseball) for good. Part of the lore is that there was an article in “The Paper” detailing the events of the game and his feat at pitching.
A few years ago I spent an afternoon at Renzie going through the archives of the McKeesport paper looking for the article to no avail. Later I realized that perhaps I looked at the wrong paper, and after looking through your recent post about the ZEMPs I saw that there was a Duquesne paper then as well. It just never dawned on me that there was such a publication, but I’m not surprised reflecting on what a vibrant town it was back then.
So my question is – are there any archives for the Duquesne Times? Did it even exist in 1933? If so I would be very interested in searching again. I’m not sure exactly when this game would have occurred, but would have to be between 1933 and 1938. Actually the only reason that he came home from the CCC is because the mill was starting up again so I’m thinking that the game must have taken place closer to ’33 when there was more “idle time” from the Depression.
I included my home email because I am not sure how much longer this (Heinz) account will be open.
Thanks Jim – Any info is greatly appreciated!
It was great hearing from you. I will be happy to check through the archives in pursuit of “the article.” If you could just clarify the specific name I am looking for, it would be great. Is it Fiori?
His name was Steve Turlik – The oldest of 8 kids – (Steve, Marge, William, Thelma, Mildred, John, Evelyn, MaryAnne). They lived at 1020 West Grant Avenue – Polish Hill was pretty much in their back yard. I know that there was a ball field behind the house. Unfortunately the house was torn down in the late 70’s and remains a vacant/parking lot.
His Uncle (spelled Turlick for some reason) had a store almost right across the street from St. Joseph’s .
My Great-Grandfather was Steve Turlik as well – he followed his brother immigrated somewhere around 1910(?) and married Anna Frenna (1914?) who was born in Ohio but had moved to Duquesne.
I am from McKeesport, now living in NJ, but hung out a lot in Duquesne in 65. I remember walking up the big hill which was the first left after the bridge. Can’t remember the names of those streets, but I never worried about getting jumped or anything. That last section of the avenue before entering the bridge back had row houses with really nice friendly people. Now, I’m trying to reconnect with Sharon Nestor. We worked together at Balsono’s, dated on and off and saw her last at her wedding reception at the Duke. She graduated in 65. Also Sandy Cherpak, Marliss Reuigg and Sue Valco. I’m sure I’m missing a few. Pass on my email address to anyone who’s interested. Thanks.
My husband John Yarosik was looking on your website and found the name Barbara Wirth who was in the 5th grade picture of Holy Name. I have/had a sister whose name was Barbara Wirth. In the blog you said that her brother was Ross. Was he older than Barbara? This probably is not the same person but I was just curious. She would have been the same age as my sister.
My husband really enjoyed looking at the website and he graduated with Frank in 1962 from Duquesne High School.
I was visiting Mom this past week and had a chance to take a few photos. Seems they’ve paved paradise and put up a parking lot where the War Memorial once stood, at the corner of 4th and Grant.
They did remove the brass plaque with names of WWI veterans KIA and there is now a much smaller memorial with with plaques remembering vets from WWII, Korea and Viet Nam located in a park next to the Municipal Bldg. between 2nd and 3rd Sts.
So, regarding Alan’s post about the ball, we may never know that story. But since it was erected as a WW I memorial, I doubt any of us were there for the dedication…
Dad never passed a chance to relate this amusing story about the MUNICIPAL BUILDING: I don’t remember the names of the people involved and that’s probably a good thing.
Seems one of the Mayors managed to get a relative a position on the police force who was well known and having less that average intelligence. One day a stranger approached him and asked if he knew where the Municipal Building was located. The officer thought an few minutes and replied, “Duquesne’s a small town and we might not have one of those. You better ask them over there at City Hall…”
Hello Jim . . . You have created a Time Machine with your website ! When I get onto your site (and spend hours viewing it) it transports me to another place and time in my existence.
I grew up on Polish Hill – the West Mifflin side (Sylvan Ave – close to the playground). My Dad was Andy Cheke and his family mostly lived on Polish Hill (Edgewood Ave). I have a cousin Robert (Bobby) Cheke that may be about your age – I am 57 years old and he was older than me but I am not sure how much older.
My mother (Audrey) had a lot of relatives in Duquesne – her Dad was a Kosko and her Mother was a Kapolka , and she had 3 brothers – Richard (Koke) , Ronald (Dewey) , and Regis (there were a few pictures of him on your website – sports). I now live in Bedford County PA and I am a retired school teacher (Science) . . . I was mis-placed when the steel mills went under in the early 80’s . . . long story but good ending (by the way I enjoyed your article on “The Ship Hotel” . . . I live about 10 miles from where it used to be.
As a kid , I do remember Butler’s and Gallagher’s Stores , but I also remember Balchunos’s Store (I’m sure that is spelled incorrectly – we referred to the store as “Baldies”) – great for penny candy selection – located on Grant Avenue (upper) near “The Dip Cafe”. On Polish Hill we had a little store called “Gazella’s” – she was a Burtus and she made and sold homemade fudge in the store – good stuff. Also , I remember Sydney’s Store because we went to St. Hedwig’s Church , and Sydney’s was across the street from it AND he was the only store open on Sunday (to get candy , of course) since he was Jewish – at least that is what I was told as a kid.
I have a sister who still lives on Polish Hill – Lori Lippai , retired Postal Worker , her father-in-law was Charlie Lippai (deceased) , and so I do go back and visit “The Emerald City” (HA ! HA !) now and again . . . BUT I prefer to be transported by your Time Machine back to the Duquesne that I remember during those earlier years of my life ! Keep Up The Good Work AND Thanks A Bunch !
Andrew F. Cheke (Drew)
My name is Melody Hamel. I am a Pittsburgh native currently on assignment for Bayer in Germany.
I am planning a memorabilia book for my mother’s 80th birthday next year. My grandfather, Jim “Ham” DeBasi and his brothers George “Babe” and John, played sandlot football in the 1920s. They played under the name “Kelly” because the team was supposed to be all Irish. They may have played for teams such as Paul Muzzio’s West View, Duquesne Apprentices, McKeesport Olympics, and Lou Conley’s Valley Strip of Lawrenceville.
I am trying to find photos of my grandfather and his brothers from those times. I recall an article about Bill Gallagher’s former pharmacy that closed in 2011, and it had sandlot photos back to 1914. Are you still in contact with him? Do you have any other ideas? Thanks.
Melody A. Hamel
Does anyone have any information or photos to share with Melody?
A few more tidbits of information from The Duquesne Hunky – – – – – – – –
I recall dreading the treatment I would sometimes get from my mom when I would get a cut, scrape or bruise that was a bit worse than a simple “boo-boo!” Whenever such an injury would occur, Mom would gently was the area and then would use that modern day torture device known as mercurochrome. Of course, compared to iodine, I remember it as being less painful. However, as a child, it was FAR from comforting!!
I recently came across a picture of an old bottle of mercurochrome and realized that I had not seen it or heard about it for years. When I researched the web about, I found the following information on Wikipedia:
Mercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin. The name is also commonly used for over-the-counter antiseptic solutions consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either ethyl alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous).
Its antiseptic qualities were discovered by Johns Hopkins Hospital physician Hugh H. Young in 1918. The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, and it was commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed it from the “generally recognized as safe” and into the “untested” classification to effectively halt its distribution in the United States on October 19, 1998 over fears of potential mercury poisoning. Sales were halted in Germany in 2003, and in France in 2006. It is readily available in most other countries.
There is a new movie that will be hitting the theatres soon that has several scenes that were shot around the Pittsburgh area showcasing the steel mills. I watched the trailer for “Out of the Furnace” and immediately felt at home. As children of “The Rust Belt,” I’m sure we all remember some of the sights, sounds and smoke that this film captures. The movie stars Christian Bale and Woody Harrelson and Forest Whitaker and begins in theatres on October 4, 2013.
To watch a short preview, just click below:
Overlooking several cemeteries, Holy Name, St. Peter and Paul Byzantine Catholic, St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox, Holy Trinity and St. Hedwig, young Patti Salopek grew up. It appears that Patti and I share a common love for our hometown and our heritage.
Patti has launched a blog/website that I know you’ll enjoy. I have provided a link to the website in the BLOGROLL section in the right hand column of this page. Be sure to check it out. Great news, great posts and yet another great friend awaits. Just click on the link titled Patti!!!!
in 1933-1935 I lived in my grandfathers house – 208 Oliver Ave which goes down to the entrance of NIckly Hollow. It was once a complete small town but was washed out and never rebuilt. They used to haul slag into the hollow. In 1934 they had a ball field in which they played teams. My Uncle George Farrington was a member of one of the teams ( sorry I cannot remember the name of the team.
Hey, Drew — I am friends with your sister Lori. Just saw her last summer when my husband and I spent some time in town. We lived right above you. I don’t remember many stores — just a lot of cemeteries! I dug up a little information on the Crawfords –George Crawford received 164 acres of farm from McKee (founder of McKeesport) on February 13 1794. I am not sure fi they were already living in the area prior to that or what. The Crawfords had a lot of influence on Duquesne for a very long time. I got this information from a Special Issue of Duquesne Times in honor of its 50th Anniversary — September 12, 1941.
Thank You Patti . . . I enjoyed discovering information about The Crawfords and their mansion (even though I am pretty sure that my ancestors had a bad opinion of them – HA ! HA !). Yes , my sister Lori mentioned you when I told her that I enjoyed viewing the duquesnehunky site. By the way , I saw that you had an article about Carrie Furnace . . . I worked there right after I graduated from high school and also worked there when I came back from The Navy. It was quite an experience working there , but quite frankly , I was glad to get transferred to The 160 Inch Slab and Plate Mill in Homestead until 1982 , when my career as a “mill hunk” ended , along with many other workers from the area. By the way , Gazella’s store was right next to the playground and across from The Algieri’s house . . . it closed when I was fairly young , maybe 10 or so , I can’t remember for sure.
Hi Drew. I remember you when I was the playground teacher and we took a hike and you and I came down with poison ivy. Lol. Thrilled that you ended up being a science teacher. I was a special Ed teacher and I married a science teacher and my son also teaches physics. My daughter is in Biotech. Glad to hear the info about you and your family. I still keep in touch with Bobby and Jane Cheke. I am retired and living in Florida now. My kids both live in VA.
Polish Hill was a unique and friendly neighborhood. Glad some people remember it fondly also. I was born in 1949 just like many who posted here.
Hi Drew. I too remember Gazella’s store. I also remember when they built the Algieri”s and David Medich’s house across the little road from the playground. We sure did have a good life on Polish Hill my Mom Theresa Byrtus Brylanski and Uncle Val are about the only original’s left. Gazella was not a Byrtus she was a Kapolka.
Thank you, Drew for the website for the history of the Crawford Estate. Here’s a little of what I read, just today in an excerpt of the book “Duquesne, the Rise of the Steel Unionorum”. (sp) In the 1790’s, the Crawford family owned land in what was to become Duquesne. The city of Duquesne was incorporated in 1891 and the first election was held in 1892 with John Crawford Sr. as election judge and John Jr. became the first mayor. The Crawford brothers – Edwin, James and John opened the first bank – the First Bank of Duquesne. They reigned over the politics for the first 13 years of Duquesne’s existence.
In answer to your questions Linda, the houses in Orchard Court were built around 1946 long before the library was closed. Orchard Court is the first hump up Center St on the right. And yes, Crawford Ave, and Crawford Elementary School, where I went to school from first to fifth grade, (walking up Center St and sliding back down) were named after the Crawford family.
Thanks for the reply Eileen. Had a sr. moment there thinking the library was on Center Ave. LOL. Not! It was on Kennedy Ave. Duh me!
Jim I want to thank you for finding all this very interesting info out on the mansion especially for the link to Karen C.’s paper. That was extremely interesting!
Thanks Linda . . . I couldn’t locate a reply button under the comment that you left me , so I figured that I would just put it here. I believe you are correct . . . I had talked to my Mother (81 years old ) about Nickley Hollow yesterday and she said that there was a set of stairs that she walked from Polish Hill through Nickley Hollow to go to Kennywood , but she doesn’t remember the swimming pool , it may have been before her time. So , the information you gave me would coincide with what my Mom told me. Does anyone out there know the exact spelling of “Nickley Hollow” , or any history about it . . . how did it get that name ? Thanks Again , Linda . . . Drew Cheke
Drew…. I know I have the history of that section of Duquesne somewhere. I just need to locate it. From what I vaguely recall, the area was originally called Oliver Hollow. There was a floor and some serious flooding devastation in July of 1928. The area eventually became known as “Nick Lee Hollow,” so named for a black gentleman who worked in the mills that settled in the area. I promise to keep on digging until I unearth the information. – Jim Volk
Linda, I also had a Sr moment – I said Orchard Court was on the right going up Center St – it’s the LEFT. On the right was an alleyway leading to Flora Malamusuro’s house where my mom got her hair done every week. This alleyway was also a shortcut to the back entrance of the store (don’t remember the name) where I purchased my candy with the returns on pop bottles
Lou A. when I entered Center St.; Duquesne, PA. everything but Duquesne came up.
Linda – type 15110 into search bar; entire city comes up outlined in dashes; zoom in and go anywhere you like,and drag/drop the little yellow man, but remember, street views get to be depressing…
Lou I had already figured out the zip code thing before finding this post of yours. Have never had to do that before when using google maps so I wonder if this is something new ? But thanks for replying back.
Eileen Lilley, You are 6 yrs. younger than I & I just can’t place that lovely estate house that you have pictured here.. Jim could you find the history on this house & who built it & what they did for a living? Thanks, Linda Gibb
My parents moved to Orchard Court before I was born so I never saw the Crawford Estate and only saw the picture my dad had from the newspaper article in the McKessport Daily News and don’t know what he ever did with it. It’s been more than 50 years since I saw it. You can imagine my surprise today when Jim posted it on his blog! It took my breath away and I said “OMG” at least six times. Yes, I also would like the history on that lovely estate and when it was demolished, the family who lived there etc. I think some of the trees were left when they built the houses, but, unfortunately I remember the day when the trees were cut down. I was only about 7 or 8 and I cried and cried. The street just didn’t seem the same. Those trees provided us with the much needed shade in those hot summers. Thank you, Jim, so much for the picture. I’ve never met you, but you just took my breath away. Don’t tell your wife and I won’t tell my husband. Lol, Eileen Tokar Lilley
Wanted to thank Eileen Lilley for her post on Orchard Court and the Crawford Mansion. My Grandparents lived right above the mansion, on the hill on Oak Street. I grew up
hearing about this fantastic mansion, but like Eileen, have not been able to find any information on the internet about the property. It would be interesting to hear from other
readers about this property. My family could look over our balcony and see the mansion. We had steps that went from the back of our property down to Orchard Court,
or then the Crawford Mansion. The family would go down those steps as a short cut to catch a bus. My Grandma said the mansion had a large beautiful fountain on the property.
There were woods that ran up the hill on the edge of my Grandparent’s property that was enclosed by a fence, which belonged to the Crawford family. I had thought my
Grandma said it belonged to a woman in the Crawford family. For all the years my family lived there, no one visited that property. Karen Miller
So I wonder if Crawford Ave. was named after the Crawford’s of the Mansion?
If you use Google Maps, you can still see most of the retaining wall from the Duquesne bridge along the Blvd and up Center St past Orchard Ct to Oak St. A heavy growth of trees near the bridge may hide similarly gated brick steps up to the far end of Orchard Ct. Also, if you look at an aerial view, you can see one house that seems out of place, set father back from Orchard Ct.; I remember there being two identical houses; one must have been razed. My Dad told me they were homes of two families who served as maids, cooks, butlers and even chauffeur to the mayor.
I don’t know much else about the ESTATE, but here is some interesting info about the MAN. —
He was taken to court because of his strongly anti-union activities:
This rather long site is about a painting but references Crawford open hostility to the union:
and lastly, this article from the American Flint talks about Crawford’s power in the city:
Quite a guy!
Eileen, is Orchard Court the complex that was built where the library used to be?
“Double WOW” – I went to Patti Salopek’s site; it had this link to a pen & ink map of Duquesne from 1897.
If you enlarge it and drag over to “CENTRAL Street” there is a depiction of the Crawford estate, showing a building you can see in the above photo which looks like it sits in the middle of Orchard Ct. behind the mansion and shows the two identical houses I remember and spoke of in my earlier post. All of this gives credence to the Crawford family being one of the city’s founding families. Can’t you just imagine little Joey Crawford peering out his second story bedroom window, seeing the mills and the river and the town, rubbing his pudgy lil’ hands and exclaiming, “Someday this will be mine, ALL MINE!” LOL
And BTW – back to the drawing –
Just above on Oak St, you can see the Greek Orthodox Church [marked G.] It was still there in the late 60’s, but I think it is now gone. Over on Grant at Norman, (not labeled), you can see the old wooden St. Joseph Church [marked E] on the site of the present rectory. The present brick building erected in 1909 still stands at the corner of Grant at Auriles. I found the Polish Church (old St Hedwig ?) up at the top of the drawing on on unmarked lane, (POLISH HILL?) but no luck with Holy Name or Holy Trinity. The building at 1st and Viola is listed as First Presbyterian; this would be right next door the Old Holy Trinity Church, which is abandoned and difficult to look at….
More info on “The Crawfords” . . . apparently they go WAY BACK based upon this article pertaining to the history of Duquesne . . . it is actually very interesting , even though a little dry and long , but worth taking the time to read it . . .
Drew, did you chop a piece from the URL? it should underline when Jim clears it to site.
FYI- the mansion was razed 70 yrs ago, during July and August, 1943.
See right hand column half way down under “City of Duquesne News”
Lou , I placed the URL address in my computer’s URL address window and it seemed to work for me . . . I am not sure why it did not underline . As far as The St Hedwig’s Church (or the old Polish Church) is concerned , I remember my Mother (born in 1932) told me it used to be up by the Duquesne Incinerator and she also said that it burnt down. There was also a Dance Hall next to the Church (on Polish Hill) , which was still there when I left Polish Hill (1975) . . . it was no longer being used for Church activities , but the city stored equipment in it. I went to The St. Hedwig’s Church in Duquesne as I was growing up. My Mom and Dad (and older relatives in general) told me many things about Duquesne and Polish Hill as I was growing up , but unfortunately , I have forgotten most of them. My Grandfather (Frank Kosko) had some old pictures of Duquesne , but they seemed to have disappeared over the years (too bad) . . . one that I do remember was of a crude public (?) swimming pool – quite large looking from the photograph . . . looked like it was made using railroad ties , and my Grandfather said it was located in “Nickly Hollow” (spelling ?) , which I have NO IDEA where that would be.
If my memory hasn’t failed me here is where I think Nickley Hollow is. If you are coming home to Duquesne from Kennywood & you go across the bridge & look over to your right down in that hoilow that WAS OR STILL IS NICKLEY HOLLOW.
Lou, I gotta thank you for that visual of little Joey Crawford. Made my day! Smiles!
Lou , I found out where those swimming pools (or at least one of them) were located in Duquesne. I purchased the book “Duquesne by Daniel J. Burns” and he had some photos of one of them . . . I believe there may have been more than one. According to this book , Carnegie had built playgrounds and swimming pools for the community . . . the book had a picture of one that was located “below the tracks” at Superior and Water Streets. The book has a lot of good information and pics of early Duquesne.
I enjoy the history that you bring to life in your blog. I read some the history included in this particular posting to my mom. She immediately caught an error in Drew Cheke’s letter. The owner of Gazella’s, Gazella Lazar, was my mom’s aunt and was a Kapolka. And we don’t remember her making fudge, but won’t argue that point. My mom also asks if Drew remembers that she used to drive him and my sister Phyllis to art school.
Best regards, Frank Gricus
Absolutely ! I stand corrected , Gazella’s last name would have been Lazar , and I believe that her husband’s name was Burt. But I do remember the fudge . . . there was a dark and a light version , I always got the dark. How could I ever forget Tam O’Shantern Art School . . . Phyllis Gricus , Karen Cheke , Joann Garcia , a Westerlund (spelling ?) girl , and myself – I may have missed someone , I can’t remember . . . THANK YOU , to all the parents that drove us every Saturday down to Oakland in hopes that their children would one day be famous artists (HA ! HA !). Frank , I do not remember you , but I do remember your Mother and Phyllis . . . tell them both “Hello” from an ex-Polish Hiller ! Drew Cheke


VERONA, NY – The Oneida Indian Nation, in partnership with Fort Stanwix and the Rome Historical Society (RHS), is planning a day of local history education events centered around the annual Battle of Oriskany Commemoration on Saturday, August 6th with New York State’s Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation agency.
Each year, the Oneida Indian Nation joins with its neighbors to commemorate the noble service and sacrifices of their respective ancestors at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. A significant turning point in the American Revolution, the Battle of Oriskany was fought on August 6, 1777, and is considered one of the bloodiest battles of the war.
The events begin at 4:00pm with The Pivotal Role of the Great Oneida Carry at the Oneida Carry Monument in Downtown Rome where Arthur Simmons, Executive Director of RHS, and a representative of the Oneida Indian Nation will discuss the history of the Great Oneida Carrying Place during the Revolutionary War. The Oneida Carry Monument is located at 301 W. Dominick Street, Rome, NY.
Following at 7:00pm will be the Annual Solemn Commemoration of the Battle of Oriskany at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. This annual ceremony is held in recognition of those who fought in the Battle of Oriskany on August 6th, 1777. It includes a re-enactment of the militia march, a musket salute in memory of the fallen, presentation of wreaths and ceremonial offerings, along with guest speakers. The Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site is located at 7801 NY Route 69, Oriskany, NY.
At 8:30pm, the Oneida Indian Nation Movie Night will take place at Fort Stanwix inside the Fort. The event will feature the award-winning animated film “My Home: An Oneida Legend,” as well as the documentary, “The People of the Standing Stone: The Oneida Indian Nation, the War for Independence, and the Making of America.” Fort Stanwix is located at 200 N. James St, Rome, NY.


Rasāyana (the way of the rasas) is the overarching Sanskrit term employed in South Asian texts for “alchemy.” The classical alchemical scriptures date from no earlier than the 10th century CE; however, several centuries earlier, the term rasāyana was used in Āyurveda, classical Indian medicine, to denote “rejuvenation therapy,” with the plural, rasāyanas, being the elixirs employed in said therapy. In about the 8th century CE, the term rasa-rasāyana first appeared in Buddhist and Hindu tantric texts in reference to the supernatural power (siddhi) of obtaining a magical elixir. The birth of Indian alchemy, as an idea at least, may be traced back to these early medieval sources. This “magical” use of alchemical reagents persisted well into the medieval period in works of tantric sorcery (see Alchemical Folklore). The earliest systematic alchemical texts, which date from the 10th century, introduced the dual goal of all Indian alchemy: the transmutation of base metals into gold (dhātuvāda, transmutational alchemy) and the production of elixirs of immortality (dehavāda, elixir alchemy). A term for mercury, the prime alchemical reagent, was rasa, and so the term rasāyana now became specifically applied to the alchemical use of mercurials. The classic Indian alchemical texts were written in the period from the 10th to the 13th century. These were, for the most part, tantric works inasmuch as their stated goal of achieving an immortal, invulnerable body possessed of supernatural powers aligned with many of the goals of tantric practice. As such, the 10th to the 13th century was the period of “tantric alchemy.” From the 13th century forward, mercurial, mineral, and plant preparations came to be increasingly applied to various sorts of medical therapies, many of which complemented the older ayurvedic rasāyana treatments. However, new terminology was introduced: rogavāda (medical alchemy), rasacikitsā (mercurial medicine), or, most often, rasaśāstra (applied alchemy). Another offshoot of tantric alchemy was siddha alchemy. In a number of alchemical works, legendary figures called Rasa-Siddhas were evoked as the founders of alchemical lineages and traditions. These were part of a broader medieval religious current, which saw the emergence of several groups self-identifying as siddhas, perfected beings possessed of siddhis. A rich mythology of the siddhas emerged in this period, which portrayed these legendary supermen as combining alchemy with the practice of yoga and tantric techniques. These groups were responsible for internalizing much of laboratory alchemy into yogic practice.
There are two overarching approaches to the study of Indian alchemy. That adopted by nearly all Indian authors views Indian alchemy as a pre-chemistry, many of whose principles remain applicable to modern-day ayurvedic therapies. The prototype for the Indian history of chemistry approach is Ray 1902–1909. Indian works that build on Ray 1902–1909 are Misra 1981 (in Hindi) and Himsagara 2008 (in English). The approach adopted by the few Western authors writing on the subject studies Indian alchemy from literary historical or religious studies perspectives. Meulenbeld 2000 is by far the most comprehensive source on the history of Indian alchemical literature, both published and in manuscript form. White 1996 and White 2005 are more analytical, linking Indian alchemy to the broader contexts of Indic religion, culture, and science. Mahdihassan 1979 is the work of a highly cultivated dilettante. None of the works by Indian authors are easily accessible in Western libraries; Meulenbeld 2000 and White 2005 are available through university research libraries. White 1996 is widely available.
Himasagara, Chandra Murthy. Rasaśāstra, the Mercurial System. Varanasi, India: Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2008.
Written as a textbook for university examinations in rasaśāstra (applied alchemy), this is the most complete and systematic English-language survey of Indian alchemy from an applied scientific perspective.
Mahdihassan, S. Indian Alchemy or Rasayana in the Light of Asceticism Geriatrics. New Delhi: Vikas, 1979.
Collection of short, idiosyncratic essays by a chemist on the historical and scientific parameters of Indian alchemy, the relationship between Indian and Chinese alchemy, and alchemical mythology and symbolism.
Meulenbeld, G. Jan. A History of Indian Medical Literature. Vol. 2. Groningen Oriental Studies 15. Groningen, The Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2000.
Volumes 2A, Part 10, and 2B, Part 10, of this five-volume work comprise the most exhaustive descriptive and bibliographical survey of the Indian alchemical literature, with contents, manuscripts, and published editions of every alchemical work meticulously detailed. Accessible through university research libraries.
Misra, Siddhinandan. Āyurvedīya Rasaśāstra. Varanasi, India: Caukambha Orientalia, 1981.
Written as a textbook for university examinations in rasaśāstra (applied alchemy), this is the most complete and systematic Hindi-language survey of Indian alchemy from an applied scientific perspective.
Ray, Prafulla Chandra. A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the 16th century A.D. 2 vols. Calcutta, India: Prithwis Chandra Ray, 1902–1909.
Pioneering work on the history and scientific validity of the Indian alchemical tradition. Contains short English translations of excerpted passages from classic pioneering [STET] alchemical works, and longer edited Sanskrit passages from the same. A facsimile edition was published in Calcutta by Somnath Bal in 2002.
Ray, Priyadaranjan, ed. History of Chemistry in Ancient and Medieval India Incorporating the History of Hindu Chemistry, by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray. Calcutta, India: Indian Chemical Society, 1956.
Revised edition of Ray 1902–1909, in one volume. Contains an additional and important essay by Brajendranath Seal on “chemical” theorizations of the five elements in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school of metaphysics (c. 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE).
White, David Gordon. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Exhaustive study of Indian alchemy as one of India’s many medieval siddha traditions. Hypothesizes that many of the concepts and much of the terminology of hatha yoga is a transposition onto the human body of the substances, structures, concepts, and processes of Indian alchemy. Contains an exhaustive compendium of siddha mythology and alchemical lore. Readily available, and useful as an undergraduate introduction to the field.
White, David Gordon. “Alchemy: Indian Alchemy.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 1. Rev. 2d ed. Edited by Lindsay Jones, 241–244. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference, 2005.
Highly condensed version of White 1996. Readily available, and useful as an undergraduate introduction to the field.
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On March 7th, 2024, Kulanu Canada presented Remy Ilona, Lawyer, Historian, Religious Studies Scholar, and Cultural Theorist, as he presented the history and background of the Igbo people, known by many as the “Jews of Africa”. He discussed the antisemitism and genocide they have experienced, with insight and personal reflections on his journey as an Igbo from Nigeria.
Please watch the recording of the webinar below, and the complete slides from his presentation are available below the video.
Presentation slides – click to enlarge:
Kulanu Canada supports dispersed Jewish communities providing education, Judaica and linkages to the global Jewish community.


Saint Mary of Egypt in the Desert
After a painting engraved in Teniers, 'Theatrum Pictorium' (1660-73), and there attributed to Palma il Giovane (Italian, 1544-1628)
David Teniers II, Flemish (active Antwerp and Brussels), 1610 - 1690. After Palma il Giovane (Jacopo Negretti), Italian (active Venice), 1544 - 1628.
This copy of a painting by Palma il Giovane shows Saint Mary of Egypt, who spent forty-seven years in the desert to atone for a life of dissolution and prostitution. In the desert, this early Christian saint lived naked, subsisting on what she could find. Palma il Giovane's name and the dimensions of his original painting were written along the bottom of Teniers's copy but were later painted over.


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The department served Ponoka for 112 years protecting area residents
This week’s Reflections looks at the Schultz family that settled in the Ponoka rea
Some of these buildings have lasted through floods and fires
Looking back at early settlers to the area and their need for lumber to build homes.
Capturing the lives of the Taylors who settled in the Ponoka area in the 1900s.
There’s still time to enter the names of area residents for their strong volunteer spirit
There were lots of challenges back in the day but Ponoka folks handled them well.
Fort Ostell Museum presents a First Nations exhibit
Crestomere Sylvan Heights area highlighted in Ponoka’s history
This week in Reflections looks at Railway Street in downtown Ponoka
Among the earliest Ponoka settlers were the Reid brothers, William, Andrew, Joseph, and David.
Taking a look at how the automobile industry affected Ponoka back in the day
In the 1900s there used to be up to 10 massive grain elevators in Ponoka
Then Provincial Mental Hospital’s farm operations was a busy place
Headlines and poems from the 1950s Ponoka Herald
Looking back at the Water Glen district and its growth
Ponoka News’ Reflections looks at the fun Christmas days of Ponoka
Looking at the many support staffs at then sewing room and tailor shop at the Alberta Hospital
Looking back at early settlers to the Ponoka area in the early 1900s
Hockey during winter in Ponoka, and, broomball; all discussed in this week’s Reflections


Andrew Maraniss is the author of four books on sports, history and social justice for teens and adults. His first book, "Strong Inside," was a biography of Perry Wallace, the first Black basketball player in SEC history. It was the first sports-related book ever to win the Lillian Smith Book Award for civil rights and the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award Special Recognition Prize for social justice. His second book, "Games of Deception," is the story of the first US men's Olympic basketball team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. It received the Sydney Taylor Book Honor Award. His third book, "Singled Out," is a biography of Glenn Burke, the first openly gay Major League baseball player. Esquire Magazine named it one of the Top 100 Baseball Books Ever Written and was a 2022 Rainbow Book List selection. Maraniss' new book, "Inaugural Ballers," tells the story of the first U.S. women's Olympic basketball team at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. Maraniss lives in Nashville with his wife and young children and is director of special projects at the Vanderbilt University Athletic Department.
Awards: Lillian Smith Book Award, RFK Book Awards' Special Recognition Prize, Sydney Taylor Honor Award


|Infanta Luisa Fernanda|
|Duchess of Montpensier|
The Duchess of Montpensier in 1851, by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz.
|Born||30 January 1832|
Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain
|Died||2 February 1897 65) (aged|
San Telmo Palace, Seville, Spain
|Burial||2 February 1897|
Infantes Pantheon, Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier
(m. 1846;died 1890)
| Infanta Isabel, Countess of Paris |
Infanta Maria Amelia
Infanta María Cristina
Infanta Maria de la Regla
Mercedes, Queen of Spain
Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera
|Father||Ferdinand VII of Spain|
|Mother||Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|
|Royal styles of|
Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain,
Duchess of Montpensier
|Reference style||Her Royal Highness|
|Spoken style||Your Royal Highness|
Infanta María Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpensier (30 January 1832 – 2 February 1897) was Infanta of Spain and Duchess of Montpensier. She was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and his fourth wife Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, the queen-regent, who was also his niece.
When her elder sister Isabella II of Spain succeeded to the throne, Infanta Luisa Fernanda was heiress-presumptive to the crown between 1833 and 1851, when Isabella's oldest surviving daughter was born.
Isabella had been engaged to their first cousin the Duke of Cádiz, who was known to be homosexual and rumored impotent.[ citation needed ] Their kinsman Louis-Philippe of France calculated that no children would be born from Isabella's marriage, and planned the crown of Spain to eventually devolve to his own grandchildren. For this purpose, Luisa Fernanda was engaged to the Duke of Montpensier, the youngest son of King Louis Philippe, who also was Luisa's mother's first cousin.
Luisa Fernanda, only 14 years old, and Antoine, 22, had their nuptials on 10 October 1846 as a double wedding with Isabella and Francis', and young Antoine was elevated to the rank of an Infante of Spain. The couple moved to Paris and later to Sevilla. The relationship between Isabella and her sister was tense, due to Antoine's conspiracies against the queen.
Antoine's father was deposed in 1848. The same year, the then 16-year-old Luisa Fernanda gave birth to their first child, Maria Isabel. After Isabella was deposed, the family went into exile. Luisa returned to Sevilla years later, already widowed, where she died.She is buried at Escorial.
Luisa Fernanda and Antoine had nine children, but only five reached adulthood.
Of all her children, just Isabelle de Paris and Antonio di Galliera left children. Through Antonio, the now non-royal line of dukes di Galliera continues. Alfonso's grandchildren lost royal status due to non-dynastic marriages. The current Duke di Galliera is Alfonso's great-grandson, Don Alfonso Francesco de Orléans-Borbón y Ferarra-Pignatelli.
Through Marie Isabelle, she became great-grandmother of king Manuel II of Portugal, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Aimone, Duke of Spoleto and Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza; great-great-grandmother of Juan Carlos I of Spain and Henri, Count of Paris.
The Duchess's complete style, after her marriage, was: Su Alteza Real la Serenísma y Egregia Señora Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda de Borbón y Borbón, Duquesa de Montpensier (in English: Her Royal Highness the Most Serene and Egregius Lady Infanta Doña Luisa Fernanda de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier).
|Ancestors of Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|
Infante, also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, regardless of age, sometimes with the exception of the [male] heir apparent to the throne, who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title. The wife of a male infante was accorded the title of infanta if the marriage was dynastically approved, although since 1987 this is no longer automatically the case in Spain. Husbands of born infantas did not obtain the title of infante through marriage, although occasionally elevated to that title de gracia at the sovereign's command.
Infanta Margarita of Spain, Duchess of Soria, 2nd Duchess of Hernani, Grandee of Spain, is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and aunt of the reigning King Felipe VI of Spain.
Maria de las Mercedes of Orléans was Queen of Spain as the first wife of King Alfonso XII. She was born in Madrid, the daughter of Antoine of Orléans, Duke of Montpensier, and of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain.
Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón, sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi, was the husband of Queen Isabella II of Spain and king consort from 1846 to 1868. He is commonly styled Duke of Cádiz, the title he held before his marriage.
Princess Dona Maria da Glória Henriqueta Dolores Lúcia Miguela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga of Orléans-Bragança, Duchess of Segorbe, Countess of Rivadavia is a descendant of the Brazilian Imperial Family and the second wife of the Duke of Segorbe. She is also the former wife of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.
Antoine d'Orléans was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans. He was the youngest son of King Louis Philippe of France and his wife Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies. He was styled as the Duke of Montpensier. He was born on 31 July 1824 at the château de Neuilly and died 4 February 1890 at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain.
Infanta Eulalia of Spain, Duchess of Galliera was the youngest and last surviving child of Queen Isabella II of Spain and the youngest sister of King Alfonso XII. She authored memoirs that were controversial for their critical perspective and allegations about the political policies of various Spanish and foreign governments.
Infanta Amalia of Spain was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain. Her eldest brother, Francisco de Asís married Queen Isabella II of Spain, who was Amalia's first cousin. She was the only one of five sisters who made a royal marriage. In 1865 she married Prince Adalbert of Bavaria, a son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Upon her marriage she moved to Munich, where she spent the rest of her life. However she remained attached to her native country and was instrumental in arranging the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria with her niece Infanta Paz of Spain.
María de las Mercedes de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans, Countess of Barcelona (Spanish: Doña María de las Mercedes Cristina Genara Isabel Luisa Carolina Victoria y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Orléans was the mother of Juan Carlos I, King of Spain from 1975 to 2014, and grandmother of the reigning Spanish King, Felipe VI.
Louise Françoise Marie Laure d'Orléans was a Princess of the Two-Sicilies and maternal grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
Marie Isabelle d’Orléans was born an infanta of Spain and a Princess of Orléans and became the Countess of Paris by marriage.
Infanta Alicia of Spain, Duchess of Calabria was a daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma, and Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. Alicia was Duchess of Calabria through her marriage to Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria (1901–1964). She bore the title of Infanta of Spain from 1936, and took part in some of the activities that the Spanish Royal Family organises. Through marriage, she was maternal half-aunt of Juan Carlos I of Spain. She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and died in Madrid, Spain. She was paternal first cousin of Boris III of Bulgaria, and paternal half-first cousin of Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Otto, Crown Prince of Austria and Queen Anne of Romania.
Antonio Maria Luis Felipe Juan Florencio de Orleans y Borbón was an Infante of Spain and the fourth Duke of Galliera in the Kingdom of Italy. He was a member of the Spanish Royal Family and a grandson of Louis-Philippe of France.
Álvaro de Orleans y Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha, Duke of Galliera, was a Spanish Infante, 6th Duke of Galliera and a second cousin of Infante Juan, heir to the Spanish throne from 1941.
Maria Cristina, Infanta of Spain and Portugal was a daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain and his wife Princess Luisa Carlotta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. She became an Infanta of Portugal by her marriage to Infante Sebastian of Portugal and Spain.
Infante Enrique, 1st Duke of Seville, was an Infante of Spain and a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon. He was the grandson of Charles IV of Spain and became the first Duke of Seville in 1823. He was known for his progressive, even revolutionary, ideas during the reign of his double first cousin and sister-in-law, Isabella II of Spain.
Enrique de Borbón y Castellví, 2nd Duke of Seville, was a Spanish aristocrat who became the second Duke of Seville. He was the eldest son of the controversial Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville, grandson of Charles IV of Spain and younger brother of Francis, Duke of Cádiz, King consort of Isabella II of Spain. Despite his family ties, Enrique was never entitled Infante of Spain, due to the unequal marriage of his parents, which did not receive approval from Queen Isabella II.
María Cristina de Orléans was one of the daughters of Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, a son of King Louis Philippe I, and Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, the youngest daughter of Ferdinand VII of Spain. María Cristina was raised in Seville, and given her father's close relationship with the Spanish Royal Family, she and her siblings were awarded the title of Infante and Infanta of Spain. She died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis.
Infanta María del Pilar of Spain, daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain and sister of King Alfonso XII, was an Infanta of Spain.
Ataúlfo de Orleans y Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha, was a Spanish prince, the youngest son of Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera and Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom. He was President of Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro from 1962 to 1966.


West Point time capsule turns up empty, stumping historians
West Point is the site of centuries of American history, but the ceremonial opening of a recently-discovered time capsule left cadets and staff with more questions than answers Monday, when the nearly 200-year-old lead box turned up empty.
Anticipation was high in West Point’s Robinson Auditorium, where an anxious crowd of cadets, faculty, alumni, and reporters gathered to crack open a time capsule discovered earlier this summer. The sealed box measuring about one square foot was found under the academy’s Thaddeus (also spelt "Tadeusz") Kosciuszko Monument, the base of which has been under renovation after a cadet noticed cracks in the structure in 2021.
U.S. Military Academy Command Historian Jennifer Voightschild called it a novel opportunity to “uncover” some of West Point’s earliest history. While no evidence of the time capsule exists in the academy’s records, historians at the West Point Museum say the Kosciuszko monument has never been moved – so, presumably, the capsule had been there since its installation around 1828 or 1829, 27 years after the academy’s founding.
In the lead-up to the opening, cadets swapped predictions on social media with various levels of seriousness. Some speculated the box could contain personal artifacts or prints of Kosciuszko, who died in 1817. Maybe they’d find old class rings, medals, coins, or newspapers. And on the more whimsical side, some wondered / hoped whether there’d be treasure maps, a box-inside-a-box, or the original recipe for West Point’s chili.
Brigadier General Shane Reeves, dean of the academic board, joked about Geraldo Rivera’s anticlimactic opening of Al Capone’s “vault” in the 1980s – which turned out to be empty – before sharing his hopes.
"I'm hoping that we open it, and there's something in there like the Terminator arm, which shows that time travel is possible, John Connor is humanity's savior, and that ChatGPT is the beginning of SkyNet," he laughed.
Perhaps Reeves spoke too soon, because when archeologists finally pried open the capsule’s lid…
...nothing but dirt – at first glance, anyway. While historians bought them some time by going over the history and significance of Kosciuszko, the West Point team of archeologists and volunteer cadets took turns peering into the box and scooping out a few clumps of silt lining the bottom, only to have some of those clumps crumble in their hands.
After the ceremony, West Point Archeologist Paul Hudson admitted it was disappointing.
“We’d built up to this quite a bit, and I’ll tell you the truth, that was the last outcome that I expected," he said.
Wojciech Wardeski, an international cadet from Poland, was supposed to help carry the capsule’s contents around the stage so audience members could get a closer look. His services, obviously, turned out not to be needed, but he remains intrigued. For Wardeski, this just sets off another mystery to solve.
"Why would anyone put a box, an empty box, in the monument of Thaddeus Kosciuszko, that lasted almost 200 years, and after opening that, it's empty?" he asked. "As an international cadet from Poland, I feel a special bond to Thaddeus Kosciuszko because he was obviously from Poland, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. So the opening of the box, and really, everything that's related to Thaddeus Kosciuszko is somewhat personal to me. Because I can see the legacy, the heritage of Poland in the United States."
A contemporary of the founding fathers, Kosciuszko was a Polish military engineer and leader who served as a colonel in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He helped oversee the construction of fortifications at West Point, and after the American Revolution, he took his expertise and fought for similar causes in Europe, ultimately becoming a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, France, and Belarus.
While, sure, a new print of Kosciuszko would have been cool, the West Point Museum already boasts some portraits of the patriot, as well as his sword, one of his medals, and even a lock of hair.
And Hudson isn’t necessarily giving up. While the box’s contents are underwhelming at first glance, he plans to shift through the silt to see if there are any hidden treasures. He notes the bottom edge of the capsule was cracked, likely allowing water and time to destroy anything inside – especially if it was organic material, like paper or bone. Meantime, the lid offers at least hopes of a clue: a stamp reading “E.W. Bank, New York,” perhaps the capsule’s manufacturer.
"We're gonna remove all that sediment, and we'll screen it through some fine mesh screen and see if anything comes out of it — any artifacts, or we might come up with some different ways that we can test it and see if it's just sediment that infiltrated the box, or if it was something that disintegrated over time," said Hudson.
That, or a 19th Century cadet’s senior prank has, finally, paid off.


of science. Amongst others may be noted honorary degrees by the universities of Oxford, Dublin, Edinburgh, Göttingen, Heidelberg, Leiden and Bologna. He was fellow or foreign corresponding member of the French Institute, the academies of Berlin, Göttingen, St Petersburg, Milan, Rome, Leiden, Upsala and Hungary; and he was nominated an officer of the Legion of Honour by President Carnot. At various times he was president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of the London Mathematical Society and of the Royal Astronomical Society. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1852, and received from that body a Royal medal in 1859 and the Copley medal in 1882. He also received the De Morgan medal from the London Mathematical Society, and the Huygens medal from Leiden. His nature was noble and generous, and the universal appreciation of this fact gave him great influence in his university. His portrait, by Lowes Dickinson, was placed in the hall of Trinity College in 1874, and his bust, by Henry Wiles, in the library of the same college in 1888. (P. A. M)
CAYLUS, ANNE CLAUDE PHILIPPE DE TUBIÈRES DE GRIMOARD DE PESTELS DE LÉVIS, Comte de, Marquis d’Esternay, baron de Bransac (1692–1765), French archaeologist and man of letters, was born at Paris on the 31st of October 1692. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Count de Caylus. His mother, Marthe Marguerite le Valois de Vilette de Murçay, comtesse de Caylus (1673–1729), was a cousin of Mme de Maintenon, who brought her up like her own daughter. She wrote valuable memoirs of the court of Louis XIV. entitled Souvenirs; these were edited by Voltaire (1770), and by many later editors, notably Renouard (1806), Ch. Asselineau (1860), M. de Lescure (1874), M. E. Raunié (1881), J. Soury (1883). While a young man Caylus distinguished himself in the campaigns of the French army, from 1709 to 1714. After the peace of Rastadt he spent some time in travelling in Italy, Greece, the East, England and Germany, and devoted much attention to the study and collection of antiquities. He became an active member of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture and of the Academy of Inscriptions. Among his antiquarian works are Recueil d’antiquités égyptiennes, étrusques, grecques, romaines, et gauloises (6 vols., Paris, 1752–1755), Numismata Aurea Imperatorum Romanorum, and a Mémoire (1755) on the method of encaustic painting with wax mentioned by Pliny, which he claimed to have rediscovered. Diderot, who was no friend to Caylus, maintained that the proper method had been found by J. J. Bachelier. Caylus was an admirable engraver, and copied many of the paintings of the great masters. He caused engravings to be made, at his own expense, of Bartoli’s copies from ancient pictures and published Nouveaux sujets de peinture et de sculpture (1755) and Tableaux tirés de l’Iliade, de l’Odysse, et de l’Enéide (1757). He encouraged artists whose reputations were still in the making, but his patronage was somewhat capricious. Diderot expressed this fact in an epigram in his Salon of 1765: “La mort nous a délivrés du plus cruel des amateurs.” Caylus had quite another side to his character. He had a thorough acquaintance with the gayest and most disreputable sides of Parisian life, and left a number of more or less witty stories dealing with it. These were collected (Amsterdam, 1787) as his Œuvres badines complètes. The best of them is the Histoire de M. Guillaume, cocher (c. 1730).
The Souvenirs du comte de Caylus, published in 1805, is of very doubtful authenticity. See also A. and J. de Goncourt, Portraits intimes du XVIIIe siècle; Ch. Nisard’s edition of the Correspondance du comte de Caylus avec le père Paciaudi (1877); and a notice by O. Uzanne prefixed to a volume of his Facéties (1879).
CAYMAN ISLANDS, a group of three low-lying islands in the West Indies. They consist of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, and are situated between 79° 44′ and 80° 26′ W. and 19° 44′ and 19° 46′ N., forming a dependency of Jamaica, which lies 178 m. E.S.E. Grand Cayman, a rock-bound island protected by coral reefs, is 17 m. long and varies from 4 m. to 7 m. in breadth. It has two towns, Georgetown and Boddentown. Little Cayman and Cayman Brac are both about 70 m. E.N.E. of Grand Cayman. Excepting near the rocky coast, the islands are fruitful, mahogany and other valuable timbers with some dyewood are grown, and large quantities of coco-nuts are produced by the two smaller islands. Phosphate deposits of considerable value are worked, but the principal occupation of the inhabitants is catching turtles for export to Jamaica. The people are excellent shipwrights and do a considerable trade in schooners built of native wood. The islands are governed by a commissioner, and the laws passed by the local legislative assembly are subject to the assent of the governor of Jamaica. The population of the group is about 5000. The islands were discovered by Columbus, who named them Tortugas from the turtles with which the surrounding sea abounds. They were never occupied by the Spaniards and were colonized from Jamaica by the British.
CAZALÈS, JACQUES ANTOINE MARIE DE (1758–1805), French orator and politician, was born at Grenade in Languedoc, of a family of the lower nobility. Before 1789 he was a cavalry officer, but in that year was returned as deputy to the states general. In the Constituent Assembly he belonged to the section of moderate royalists who sought to set up a constitution on the English model, and his speeches in favour of retaining the right of war and peace in the king’s hands and on the organization of the judiciary gained the applause even of his opponents. Apart from his eloquence, which gave him a place among the finest orators of the Assembly, Cazalès is mainly remembered for a duel fought with Barnave. After the insurrection of the 10th of August 1792, which led to the downfall of royalty, Cazalès emigrated. He fought in the army of the émigrés against revolutionary France, lived in Switzerland and in England, and did not return to France until 1803. He died on the 24th of November 1805. His son, Edmond de Cazalès, wrote philosophical and religious studies.
See Discours de Cazalès, edited by Chare (Paris, 1821), with an introduction; F. A. Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Constituante (2nd ed., Paris, 1905.)
CAZALIS, HENRI (1840–1909), French poet and man of letters, was born at Cormeilles-en-Parisis (Seine-et-Oise) in 1840. He wrote under the pseudonyms of Jean Caselli and Jean Lahor. His works include: Chants populaires de l’Italie (1865); Vita tristis, Réveries fantastiques, Romances sans musique (1865); Le Livre du néant (1872); Henry Regnault, sa vie et son œuvre (1872); L’Illusion (1875–1893); Melancholia (1878); Cantique des cantiques (1885); Les Quatrains d’Al-Gazali (1896); William Morris (1897). The author of the Livre du néant has a predilection for gloomy subjects and especially for pictures of death. His oriental habits of thought earned for him the title of the “Hindou du Parnasse contemporain.” He died in July 1909.
See a notice by P. Bourget in Anthologie des poètes fr. du XIXe siècle (1887–1888); J. Lemaître, Les Contemporains (1889); E. Faguet in the Revue bleue (October 1893).
CAZEMBE, the hereditary name of an African chief, whose territory was situated south of Lake Mweru and north of Bangweulu, between 9° and 11°S. In the end of the 18th century the authority of the Cazembe was recognized over a very extensive district. The kingdom, known also as the Cazembe, continued to exist, though with gradually diminishing power and extent, until the last quarter of the 19th century, when the Cazembe sank to the rank of a petty chief. The country is now divided between Great Britain and Belgian Congo. The British half, lying east of the Luapula, forms part of Rhodesia, and the chief town in it is called Kazembe. The native state, ruled by a negro race who overcame the aboriginals, had attained a certain degree of civilization. Agriculture was diligently followed, and cotton cloth, earthenware and iron goods manufactured. The country contains rich deposits of copper, and copper ore was one of the principal articles of export. The Cazembe had despotic power and used it in barbarous fashion. He had hundreds of wives, and his chiefs imitated his example according to their means. On his accession every new Cazembe chose a new site for his residence. In 1796 the Cazembe was visited by Manoel Caetano Pereira, a Portuguese merchant; and in 1798 a more important journey to the same region was undertaken by Dr Francisco José Maria de Lacerda. He died in that country on


Imagine Baltimore is about to be invaded. You rally with your neighbors in order to protect your city and homes; the invasion could happen at any time. That’s exactly what Baltimoreans did on September 12, 1814, at the very spot the beautiful Pagoda now stands in Patterson Park as British soldiers amassed at North Point and marched toward Baltimore. Known originally as the Observation Tower…
…The Pagoda was designed in 1890 by Charles H. Latrobe, then the Superintendent of Parks. While known as the Pagoda because of its oriental architectural appearance, the design was intended to reflect the bold Victorian style of the day. From the top of the tower one can view downtown, Baltimore’s many neighborhoods, the Patapsco River, the Key Bridge and Fort McHenry.
The Pagoda is operated, maintained and staffed by The Friends of Patterson Park and volunteers. The Pagoda is currently open 12 noon to 6 pm on Sundays from April – October. Appointments and special group tours welcomed, please call (410) 276-3676 for more information. All this week The Nite Lite Photo of the Day is featuring scenes all around Baltimore.
Join me on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/franlanelitefm Be sure to click “like.”


Roulette is the best gamble
The name of one of the most popular gambling in the world – roulette – gave the French word roulette (wheel). And it is deeply natural. After all, roulette began its history in the 18th century in France.
A device for playing roulette, which remained unchanged to this day, appeared in Paris in 1765. Roulette was born thanks to the ingenuity of one of the officers of the French police – Gabriel de Sartine, who invented this game of chance as opposed to card games – the predecessors of poker and Black Jack. After all, Paris during the reign of Louis XV was inundated with card cheaters, which give the guards a lot of trouble. Continue reading
institutions enviable models gramophone magnate Visitation translated duties lemons glamor diamonds mentioned sponsors church dream balconies concierge expensive restaurants drinks villas negative protection tournament sector friends sophisticated minimum restored bananas grandfather companies sorceress famous tangerines difficulties spectator communicate children manifestations passionate impresario journalist oranges authorities navigation questions ancient harmony centuries food neighboring surrounding transparent magnificent meters bat numerous stones calendar cultural casino interpreter principality circus cars statehood


Story Behind the Mural
The Chautauqua institution began in the summer of 1874 at Fair Point on Lake Chautauqua, NY. The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers, and specialists of the day. The immediate success of the original Chautauqua Assembly led to the creation of similar events in other states.
The First Pontiac Chautauqua assembly opened on July 29, 1898 at Riverside Park on the Vermilion River. The original 13-day event was a huge success, and the Pontiac Chautauqua continued as one of the country's most exciting and comprehensive Chautauqua assemblies for over 30 years.
You can learn more about the Chautauqua Assembly movement at our Local History Pages
The mural was designed by David and Susie Butler and Dan Sawatzky.
100 Block of East Madison Street
GPS - Latitude: 40.880325; Longitude: -88.628525


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Type of Ceremony
Civil ceremony licensed
Live music permitted
Onsite car parking
About National Hotel
Scottish wedding reception venue, licensed for civil ceremonies with guest accommodation available. The National Hotel is able to cater for a wedding function of up to 200 guests.
Nestled in the Viking capital of Scotland, The National Hotel stands on the site of old stable Buildings, which date back to the 10th century. The present hotel building was built in 1859, and was known as The Robertson’s Hotel. The hotel was renamed in 1911 as The National Hotel.