“Let freedom reign. The sun never set on so glorious a human achievement.”(Nelson Mandela)
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the son of one of South Africa’s leading dignitaries, Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe, and it was as a young law student that he became involved in political opposition to the white minority regime. Joining the African National Congress (ANC) in 1942, he co-founded its more dynamic Youth League two years later.
The 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party led to the apartheid system of racial segregation becoming law. Mandela rose to prominence in the ANC’s 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program me of the anti-apartheid cause.
Initially committed to non-violent mass struggle and acquitted in the marathon Treason Trial of 1956-1961, Mandela and his colleagues accepted the case for armed action after the shooting of unarmed protesters at Sharpeville in March 1960 and the banning of anti-apartheid groups.
In 1961, he became the commander of the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. In August of the following year, he was arrested and jailed for five years. In June 1964, he was sentenced again, this time to life imprisonment, for his involvement in planning armed action.
He started his prison years in the infamous Robben Island Prison, a maximum security facility on a small island off the coast of Cape Town. In April 1984, he was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town and in December 1988 he was moved to the Victor Verster Prison near Paarl from where he waseventually released.
During his incarceration Mandela taught himself to speak Afrikaans and learned about Afrikaner history. He was able to converse with his guards in their own language, using his charm and intelligence to reason with them and try to understand the way they thought. This caused the authorities to replace the guards around regularly Mandela as it was felt that they could were becoming too lenient in their treatment of their famous prisoner.
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.
In the fell clutch of circumstance
I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.
Beyond this place of wrath and tears
Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds and shall find me unafraid.
It matters not how strait the gate,
How charged with punishments the scroll,
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.
Twenty-seven million people live in slavery—more than twice the number during the peak of the slave trade. And more than a billion adults are unable to read. Given the magnitude of human rights violations—and those listed in the Violations of Human Rights section of this website are only a glimpse of the full picture—it is not surprising that 90 percent of people are unable to name more than three of their thirty rights.
Who, then, with so many unaware of their most basic rights, will make sure that human rights are promoted, protected and become a reality?
To answer that question, we can draw inspiration from those who made a difference and helped create the human rights we have today. These humanitarians stood up for human rights because they recognized that peace and progress can never be achieved without them. Each, in a significant way, changed the world.
Martin Luther King, Jr., when championing the rights of people of color in the United States in the 1960s, declared, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”
The great advocate of peaceful resistance to oppression, Mahatma Gandhi, described nonviolence as “the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.”
Fighting fiercely against religious persecution in eighteenth-century France, Voltaire wrote, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Thomas Jefferson, inspiration and principal author of the American Declaration of Independence, declared that “The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only ligitimate object of good government.”
Nelson Mandela, one of the most recognizable human rights symbols of the twentieth century, is a man whose dedication to the liberties of his people inspires human rights advocates throughout the world. Born in Transkei, South Africa, Mandela was the son of a tribal chief, and educated himself with a university degree and law degree. In 1944, he joined the African National Congress (ANC) and actively worked to abolish the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. On trial for his actions, Mandela declared, “I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and achieve. But if need be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”
Sentenced to life imprisonment, Mandela became a powerful symbol of resistance for the rising anti-apartheid movement, repeatedly refusing to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom. Finally released in February 1990, he intensified the battle against oppression to attain the goals he and others had set out to accomplish almost four decades earlier. In May 1994, Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa’s first black president, a position he held until 1999. He presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation. An international celebration of his life and re dedication to his goals of freedom and equality was held in 2008, on the occasion of his 90th birthday.


More to explore:
Late 1900 Cameo Celluloid & Bead Bag
every once in a while i throw a curve ball and i WANT this bag. http://@Kristen - Storefront Life Thomas
Chatelaine Date: ca. 1900 Culture: American (probably) Medium: leather, metal
Wonderful Celluloid Flower Frame on Beaded Bag
Beadwork, bag, ca 1900 England, the Bowes Museum
Victorian Beaded Evening Bag 1900's Bridal by Marcellefinery, $315.00
I think Annabel (heroine of Ten Things I Love About You by Julia Quinn) would quite like this reticule. juliaquinn.com/...
Vintage bag, late 19th century, probably French. 10 x 9 inches. (Looks like real handmade lace overlaid on silk, with a metal frame.) Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Early 1900's Vintage Beaded Bag with by vintageestatements on Etsy
Bag Date: late 19th century Culture: probably French Medium: metal Accession Number: 48.187.662
1890-1900, 19th century


We learned today that some race took place about 10 years ago on one of the roads we're planning for Quartzsite. Was there a rally there at one time? Was EOI in this area? It's not necessarily a bad thing that these roads have been used before, apparently, the guy we corresponded with was there then and didn't say anything negative about it. The name of the road is Cibola Road south of town on the Yuma Proving Grounds from US 95 up to Ehrenberg. If anybody has any info or knows who might have organized such an event in the past, please let me know ASAP.


It’s February 13th and the day rings a bell in Scotland, especially in Glencoe, a death bell…
I will never forget my first impressions of the mountains of Glencoe. The view is breathtaking and the atmosphere strange. There is something unique in Glencoe which I can’t explain but when we stopped there for the first time, a few years ago, I knew that we would come back again and again and that’s what we’ve done, year after year, each time pitching our little tent at Invercoe, on the grassy banks of the beautiful loch Leven. We were there, at the end of last September. A violent storm broke in the night and there was frost on our tent in the morning. I shuddered at the thought of what had happened there on that 13 February 1692…
Oh, cruel is the snow that sweeps Glen Coe
And covers the grave o’ Donald
Oh, cruel was the foe that raped Glen Coe
And murdered the house of MacDonald
They came in a blizzard, we offered them heat
A roof for their heads, dry shoes for their feet
We wined them and dined them, they ate of our meat
And they slept in the house of MacDonald
They came from Fort William with murder in mind
The Campbell had orders King William had signed
“Put all to the sword”- these words underlined
“And leave none alive called MacDonald”
They came in the night when the men were asleep
This band of Argyles, through snow soft and deep
Like murdering foxes amongst helpless sheep
They slaughtered the house of MacDonald
Some died in their beds at the hand of the foe
Some fled in the night and were lost in the snow
Some lived to accuse him who struck the first blow
But gone was the house of MacDonald
(Words and music Jim Mclean, Publisher Duart Music 1963)
The 13 th of February is a day of remembrance in Glencoe and it has been so since the fateful day of 13 February 1692 when something so horrible happened in the village of Glencoe that after more than three centuries the event is still vivid in the memories, especially in those of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, whose ancestors fell the victims of a machiavelic plan and were murdered at the small hours of an icy winter day by a troup of soldiers who had been their hosts for several days…
Early in the morning of 13 February 1692, in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and the Jacobite uprising of 1689 led by John Graham of Claverhouse, a massacre took place in Glen Coe, in the Highlands of Scotland. This incident is referred to as the Massacre of Glencoe, or in Scottish Gaelic Mort Ghlinne Comhann (murder of Glen Coe). The massacre began simultaneously in three settlements along the glen—Invercoe, Inverrigan, and Achnacon—although the killing took place all over the glen as fleeing MacDonalds were pursued. Thirty-eight MacDonalds from the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by the guests who had accepted their hospitality, on the grounds that the MacDonalds had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new monarchs, William and Mary. Another forty women and children died of exposure after their homes were burned.
You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels,
the McDonalds of Glenco,
and put all to the sword under seventy.
you are to have a speciall care that the old Fox and his sons
doe upon no account escape your hands,
you are to secure all the avenues that no man escape.
This you are to putt in execution
att fyve of the clock precisely;
and by that time,
or very shortly after it, I’ll strive to be att you
with a stronger party: if I doe not come to you
att fyve, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on.
This is by the Kings speciall command,
for the good & safety of the Country,
that these miscreants be cutt off root and branch.
See that this be putt in execution without feud or favour,
else you may expect to be dealt with as one not true to King nor Government,
nor a man fitt to carry Commissione in the Kings service.
Expecting you will not faill in the full-
filling hereof, as you love your selfe,
I subscribe these with my hand
att Balicholis Feb: 12, 1692
(signed) R. Duncanson
For their Majesties service
To Capt. Robert Campbell of Glenlyon
I have a number of books about Glencoe in my library but among them The Ghosts of Glencoe is one of my favourites. Mollie Hunter’s very lively style is second to none to give a human dimension to the evanescent ghosts of history and to help us rebuild the scenes of long past events…
I particularly like the portrait of MacIan, the Chief of the Macdonalds of Glencoe who is introduced at the very beginning of the first chapter of the book which takes place in Fort William . We see the old Chief through the eyes of Ensign Robert Stewart, an officer and a very important witness of these sad events (‘The character of Ensign Robert Stewart in this book is based on a story current for many years among the survivors of the Massacre of Glencoe and their descendants, and the book itself sticks closely to the actual facts of the Massacre” writes the author in a note).
There was a high wind sweeping the ramparts of Fort William on that night of 29th December when I was officer of the watch at the Spur Gate entrance to the Fort. It was the first truly strong gale of that winter of 1691, and so loudly did it howl around the guard-house where I sat writing my hourly report that the noise of it cut me off from all sound at the Spur Gate itself.
I did not hear the sentry crying ‘Qui vive?’, therefore, and neither did I hear the clash of sword against bayonet which followed on his challenge. My firs knowledge of the trouble at the gate came when the door of the officers’ duty-room was burst rudely open and the figure of a man appeared on the threshold – a figure of such fantastic appearance as to make me rise in amazement from my desk.
The man was tall – immensely so, and massively built in proportion to his height. He stood over the six and a half foot mark, and the Highland Chief’s insignia of three eagle feathers flaring from his bonnet made him seem even taller. A doublet of bull’hs hide studded with silver encased his great chest.Tall boots of untanned leather and tight-fitting trews of red Macdonald tartan clothed his lower half. From a silver brooch on one shoulder hung a scarf of the same red tartan, and topping all this was a face as craggy and weathered as ancient rock with long grey moustachios drooping down on either side of a grim mouth and a grey forked beard jutting from his chin.
He was in his sixties, I judged – a man old enough to be my grandfather. Yet the dark eyes glaring at me above a hawk’s beak of a nose were as fierce as those of any young warrior, and as those fierce eyes met mine he brought one huge hand smacking down on the hilt of the broadsword swinging at his hip.
‘Is it yourself,’ he roared, ‘that told the sentry fellow to bar me from entering the Fort?’
(Mollie Hunter The Ghosts of Glencoe chapter I ‘Highland garrison’ )
The old Chief had come to Fort William to swear the oath of allegiance to King William the Third before the required date of 1st January, 1692… as Colonel Hill who was in charge of the Fort at the time could not receive the oath he sent him to Inveraray…
Inverary lies more than sixty miles away along a winding track that hughs the jagged western coastline of Scotland for part of its length then plunges inland through steep mountain passes. The blizzard now blowing would be cutting cruelly across the exposed coastal section of the track and blocking the mountain passes with the snow it carried and so, if I was right in my surmise, MacIan of Glencoe was in dire trouble that wild December night.
(Mollie Hunter The Ghosts of Glencoe chapter I ‘Highland garrison’ )
Now, we know the tragic end of the story…
Glencoe is probably the best known glen in all the Highlands of Scotland, not alone for its scenic grandeur though that is unsurpassed in almost any country, but also for its fame as the scene of one of the saddest events in Scottish history.
(Slaughter Under Trust – Glencoe 1692 - Donald J. MacDonald)
Hospitality is a sacred value in Scotland and the sadly famous massacre was no less than a case of ‘slaughter under trust’ as Donald J MacDonald underlines it on the title of his book…
Here and there a ruined house testifies to what happened in Glencoe…
Not far from the Visitor Centre a forest path leads to the ruins of Inverrigan House. It was built at the end of the 19th century on the site of an earlier house where nine of the MacDonald clan had been slain. Nine Scots pine trees have been planted around the ruins, to remember the victims. Can we live on such a place, I wonder…
John Prebble, one of my favourite writers, loved Glencoe and he often came from his faraway Saskatchewan in Canada to walk its mountains. He loved the place so much that one of his dying wishes was to have his ashes dispersed along the slopes of Glencoe mountains… Glencoe and The Highland Clearances are his most famous books about Scottish history.
Here’s the burial islands of the Clan MacDonald, on Loch Leven as we can see them from the little marina of Ballachulish, near Glencoe.
And two other books from my library about the Massacre of Glencoe.
MacIan and his gillies on the road from Fort William to Inveraray to pledge allegiance to the King… a desperate attempt…
MacIan and his gillies took the road down Loch Linnhe in a thick downfall of snow. The drifts were small, for the full force of the wind was cut off by the Ardgour hills. It was still
black darkness when they reached the narrows of Loch Leven, and found on the beach the boat by which they had crossed the previous afternoon. Here, too, there was some shelter
from the storm, and they made the passage without difficulty. Three miles on the left a light twinkled. That came from Maclan’s own house of Carnoch at the foot of Glencoe,
where his kin waited anxiously to hear the result of his errand. One of the gillies was sent off with a message, but he himself had no time to waste. The quickest route to the south, had
it been summer-time, was up the Laroch stream, between Ben Vair, the ‘Mountain of Lightnings,’ and his own Meall Mor, and so by Glen Creran to Connel Ferry, but in this weather a fox or a deer could not have made that journey. He turned to the right and took the shore road through Appin. Dawn came upon them near Duror, a dawn of furious winds and solid driving snow. Happily it was a fine snow with sleet in it, and so it did not greatly clog the path, but the force of the gale was enough to lift a man off his feet. The running gillies, bent double, their bonnets dragged over their brows, their wet kilts plastered about their thighs, and their bare legs purple with the cold, felt it less than the chief on his shelty. He brought the folds of his plaid twice round his throat, but even so, and for all his years of hardihood, he felt numbed and crippled by the savagery of the heavens. Not a wild thing, bird or beast, was stirring— they knew better; but he himself dare not seek shelter, though the warm chimney-corner of Ardsheal awaited him a mile off. For he knew that he was riding on a mission of life and death.
(The Massacre of Glencoe John Buchan )
13 February 1692 at 5 a.m in the morning…
By five o’clock on the morning of Saturday 13th the wind had grown to a tempest, and the snow was drifting heavily. About that hour Lieutenant Lindsay and a few soldiers presented themselves at macIan’s house, and asked civilly to see the chief on a pressing matter. They were at once admitted, and MacIan gout out of bed and struggled into his trews, shouting to bring the visitors a morning draught. Suddenly two shots were fired at him from behind, one in the body and one in the brain, and the old man fell dead.
(The Massacre of Glencoe John Buchan )
In the early hours of 13 February 1692, English Redcoats under the command of Campbell of Glenlyon, who for the past week had been peacefully quartered on the inhabitants of Glencoe, fell upon their MacDonald hosts. In the ensuing hours 38 defenceless men, women, and children were murdered in cold blood.
The massacre, sanctioned by the new king of England, William of Orange, was initially covered up, but news of such treachery could not kept quiet and it has become a cause celebre of Scottish history. John Sadler re-investigation of the sources and contemporary accounts has yielded valuable new insights into why the order was given, turning the previously excepted view of events on its head.
(From the backcover of John Sadler – Glencoe The Infamous Massacre 1692 – Amberley Publishing 2009 )
Bonne lecture !


your go-to spot for information about cultural events for adults, kids and families in and around Baltimore. Click the tabs to find an event, or scroll down to the Labels at the bottom of the page to find what you are looking for.
WHEN: July 14 Wedding Anniversary Tea Celebrate the 213th wedding anniversary of Charles Carroll Jr. and Harriet Chew Carroll by savoring a traditional tea at their country house, Homewood. Learn about the lifestyle of one of early America’s most socially prominent families as you dine in the elegant reception hall, designed to be one of the coolest rooms in the house during the summer months. MORE »
Artist's Tour: July 18 In Each Other's Shoes: The Art of Loring Cornish Honoring the 50th anniversary of the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, this outdoor exhibition of ten sculptural panels by Baltimore mosaic artist Loring Cornish visually narrates the struggle for civil rights in America. MORE »
WHEN: July 18 Summer Evening at Evergreen An artist’s exhibition tour by Loring Cornish of In Each Other's Shoes, a display of rare Shakespeare material, and Evergreen's newly-restored historic kitchen are highlights of this special after-hours event, which culminates in an outdoor performance of Hamlet by the Shakespeare Factory. MORE »
WHEN: Begins July 25 Federal Fashions Program Series This enlightening series of programs on Federal and Regency Era dress with costume historian Ann Wass includes talks and hands-on workshops related to American fashions of the late 18th- and early 19th-centuries. MORE »


You may have heard the term “Old Order Amish,” but had not known what it is. In this article, we are going to explore Old Order Amish in greater detail. You’ll find that this is an interesting topic not just for those interested in the Amish way of life, but also for those with an appreciation of history.
The Amish people are complex people with a diverse history and unique belief system and tradition that continues to this day. The notion that there is “one kind of Amish” is a wrong notion. The complexities of the Amish community are well represented by the Old Order Amish.
The Ethno-Religious Roots of Old Order Amish
The Old Order Amish are what is often referred to as an ethno-religious group. This term “ethno-religious” refers to the fact that the group has both a genetic and religious component. More famous examples of an ethno-religious group would be the Jews or French Protestant group the Huguenots who were inspired by the work of John Calvin. Individuals who consider themselves to be part of an ethno-religious group associate their identity with both their religion and their ancestral heritage. The Old Order Amish identification is thus a reference to both a religious identity and an ancestral one.
The Old Order Amish and the Separation from the Mennonites
When many outsiders think of the term “Amish,” they are thinking of the Old Order Amish. The Old Order Amish separated from the Mennonites in 1693. It is important to note that the Old Order Amish are the single largest group of the Amish. By 1990, there were Old Order Amish settlements in 20 states across the U.S. as well as one Canadian province.
Exploring the Complex History of Old Order Amish
The creation of the Old Order Amish is an interesting one with a complex and interesting history. In general, the Old Order Amish are viewed as being more conservative than other Amish groups. There were a series of conferences held between 1862 and 1878. These conferences served to create clearer guidelines between the more conservative Old Order Amish and other Amish groups.
Today, there are other Amish groups including the Bachy Amish, New Order Amish and Swartzentruber Amish. The uses of technology can differ considerably between these groups. For example the Swartzentruber group typically refrain from using virtually all technology. In general, the Old Order Amish refrain from most forms of technology and do not use indoor plumbing or any kind of machinery that has a motor.
In terms of doctrine, the Old Order Amish follow the Dutch Mennonite Confession of Faith, which was adopted in 1623. This doctrine involves the shunning of excommunicated members and a belief that salvation can only be hoped for and not guaranteed. Additionally, the majority of Old Order Amish do not build churches but instead worship in private homes. In terms of dress, Old Order Amish opt for very conservative clothing.
The Amish-A Large and Growing Membership
In terms of numbers, the Old Order Amish are growing quickly. 1990 membership numbers put Old Amish Order members at over 80,000 with close to 900 church districts. Old Order Amish can be found in Pennsylvania, Ohio and other locations throughout the United States and Canada. Many would assess the Nebraska Amish as being the most conservative group within Old Order Amish; this group lives mostly in Pennsylvania.
Like the Nebraska Amish, the Swartzentruber Amish are also very conservative. The Swartzentruber Amish speak Pennsylvanian German and often do not associate with or marry into other Old Amish groups.
The Old Order Amish differ considerably from the New Order Amish in several key ways. Some New Order Amish may use a limited amount of technology such as telephones or even electricity, which would never be condoned within the Old Order Amish. Additionally, the New Order Amish are often less strict in their implementation of the use of shunning.
The Amish Consist of Many Groups Spread Across the United States and Canada
Ultimately, there is much more variety within the Amish than many outsiders would initially believe. The idea that there is one kind of “Amish” is not supported by the facts in the end. Within the Amish community there is a great deal of variety in belief systems, actions and lifestyles. Moreover, of great surprise to many outsiders, is the fact that not all Amish groups associate with one another. Quite to the contrary, many Amish groups will avoid others. The idea that the Amish are easy to define and categorize is, in the end, actually quite false.
The complex history of the Amish and the way that the different groups have developed over the centuries serves to underscore just how diverse the Amish are both in belief systems and in ways of life. In the end, the commonalities that the Amish share, such as their restricted use of technology, are matched or even surpassed by their differences. The Old Order Amish take a highly conservative approach to Amish teachings, beliefs and the Amish way of life. Understanding the Amish entails understanding the Amish as not one group but many who have diverse beliefs that stretch across a complex belief spectrum.


What impact, if any, did Mussolni's rise to power have in the 1920s for the Mafia and Italian- American organized crime?
It is interesting to examine the impact that Mussolini's ascension to power in Italy held over Italian- American organized crime increases in 1920s America. Mussolini understood that his centralized approach to power could not involve any other construct of power being evident. There could not be "intermediaries" that would detract from the totalizing vision of power that Mussolini envisioned: "[The elimination of the mafia sought to] forge a direct bond between the population and the state, to annul the system of intermediation under which citizens could not approach the authorities except through middlemen..., receiving as a favour that which is due them as their right." It is in this regard where Mussolini sought to eliminate as much of the mafia in Italy as possible. The mafia chieftains were perceived as threats to his power. In seeking to eliminate them, Mussolini understood that his own power could increase. For Mussolini's centralized construction of power, eliminating the mafia was essential.
The result of Mussolini's attempts to rid Italy of the mafia was their emigration to America. Mussolini's crackdown became America's issue: "It was Il Duce's crackdown on Sicilian Mafiosi that sent so many of them scrambling for American shores." Mafia leaders who left Italy recognized that America could be a refuge for them. The rise of Italian- American organized crime in the 1920s and 1930s can be seen as a consequence of Mussolini's rise to power. They came to America and found Prohibition and the emergence of American urban centers to be a critical aspect of their being.
While Mussolini might have expelled the mafia for the desire to increase political control, American citizens began to experience a rise in organized criminal activity. There are many other factors that contribute to this rise. Mussolini's crackdown as part of his desire to consolidate his political power in demonstrated in Italy is one of them.


Find the best foreclosure homes listings for sale — bank-owned, government (Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, HUD, etc.) and others — in and near the Denham Springs, LA area at Foreclosure.com. Get information on foreclosure homes for rent, how to buy foreclosures in Denham Springs, LA and much more. Save thousands at closing with home foreclosure listings in Denham Springs, LA — up to 75% off market value!
Denham Springs is a city in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. The 2010 census placed the population at 10,215, up from 8,757 at the 2000 census. The city is the largest area of commercial and residential development in Livingston Parish. Denham Springs and Walker are the only parish municipalities classified as cities.
The area has been known as Amite Springs, Hill's Springs, and Denham Springs.
The original land claims of John Noblet and Alexander Hogue form what is now the older section of Denham Springs, including the first residential and business districts. In 1828, William Denham, a Wilkinson County, Mississippi, native, married Mercy Hogue, the daughter of Alexander Hogue; and three months later he purchased the 640 acres (2.6 km2) originally claimed by his father-in-law. Denham purchased the land and a slave for $1,350.
A popular belief, supported by previously published histories, is that William Denham discovered the mineral springs on his property and that a health resort quickly grew up there. This belief defies logic, however, considering the number of springs which may be found in this area even today, and the length of time that elapsed before Denham arrived. No doubt Hogue and other early residents of the area depended on the springs for drinking water.
It was in the 1850s that Amite Springs became synonymous with the area that is now Denham Springs.
On May 1, 1855, Denham sold the Hogue tract to Stamaty Covas of New Orleans for $3,050, and Denham eventually moved to Baton Rouge and to Texas. Apparently during the time Covas owned the Hogue-Denham tract, and before the Civil War, a health resort did flourish at Amite Springs—as the hamlet was known at the time. Several newspaper articles and advertisements survive from that period, which describe the hotel and the facilities which it offered.
An article in the Baton Rouge Daily Comet, on June 25, 1856, notes that a bridge of boats had been formed at Benton's Ferry over the Amite River to facilitate travel to Amite Springs.
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The Man who shot Strang.
In the summer of 1856, as the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of Beaver Island strolled leisurely onto McCullough's dock (in front of the Erin Motel) for a conversation with the Captain of the US Michigan, two men, Thomas Bedford and Alexander Wentworth, appeared behind him and launched an attack. Wentworth fired the his gun, the bullet passed through Strang's hat, striking his head, and then bolted. But Bedford, whose pistol only held a single shot, ordered him back and forced him to fire another shot at point-blank range. Wentworth complied, and then ran for the ship, but Bedford remained, clubbing the fallen leader with his gun seven times, until the barrel broke.
The picture that has come down to us is of Wentworth being less hardened to such an act than was Bedford; indeed, Thomas Bedford was said to have killed two other men, and he was particularly proud throughout his life of having dispatched James Strang. He boasted of his act in the Detroit Evening News in 1882 (when he was 67), claiming he had come to Beaver before Strang, had affected a mock conversion in order to stay (and had married Tip Miller's sister), but was rankled by the loss of liberty that came with Strang's rules. Especially the ordinance requiring women to wear "the bloomer," to which he refused to make his wife comply.
The precipitating act was a beating to which Bedfford was subjected by Strang's henchmen in early March of 1856. One story is that he was beaten because he could not control his wife, but he tells a different tale in the paper. "I knew Strang had his men steal a boat from Gull Island, and mentioned this to the only white man living on Garden Island. I thought he would protect my confidence, but he repeated my remarks and the next day I was summoned. They accused me of betraying them by revealing what they had done, and marched me into the woods to receive my punishment. When they were done, I went home and got my gun."
After waiting outside Strang's home for fifteen minutes, hoping to get off a shot, Bedford rethought his plan and decided to wait for a better opportunity. The next morning he ran into Strang, who baldly asked him, "Were you whipped last night?" He claims to have replied, "You know I was, for there is none of this deviltry done unless you give the order." He never spoke to him again until he was leaning over his inert, pulpy body.
A power struggle had begun between Strang and one of his most important elders, Dr. McCullough. Strang moved to reduce his status, charging him with growing intoxication. McCullough retaliated by encouraging those who had a grudge against the king. In the case of Bedford, it is said he provided the pistols. When the Michigan arrived at the beginning of June, Bedford crouched behind a pile of lumber with a double-barreled duck gun, but the opportunity for a shot did not materialize. He resolved to try again when the warship returned.
He got his chance on the 16th when the Michigan again tied up at McCullough's dock. After bringing Strang down, both men were taken on board the ship and delivered to the authorities on Mackinac Island, where they were treated as heroes. A mock trial fined them $1.25 each and set them free. Bedford began to agitate for removing the rest of the Mormons, and by going from port to port was able to assemble 61 men to "sweep the Beavers." Once that stumbling, quasi-military maneuver was done, Bedford settled down on Beaver, where he resided for the next ten years.
In the interview, Bedford levied several charges against Strang, perhaps to justify his actions. He accused him of theft, among other things. "At one time there were 13 double teams on the Island," he said. "And I know for a fact that 8 had been stolen. The sheriff of Oakland County arrived one day, looking for a stolen horse. Strang lent him every assistance, furnishing him with men to assist in the search. But they were the very thieves who had stolen it! At Strang's direction they search one half of the Island one day, and the other the next. But he had the horses moved from one end of Beaver Island to the other during the night."
In the interview, Bedford stuck to the picture he wanted to present of having rendered a fine service to the Beavers. He would not discuss other crimes which impinged on his reputation; nor would he provide details about the encouragement, assistance, and rewards he might have received. He possessed much information which would be of interest today, but he took the rest of his secrets to the grave when he passed away five years later, forcing us to turn to speculation as we try to assemble the complete story of Strang's life and end. As for Wentworth, he was merely trying to protect his girl from the kings eye.
The Real Beacon:
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(January 9, 2020) Norman and Margaret Moss encourage us to fearlessly move ahead in 2020…
Last month, December 6, so many people were enthralled as they watched four 400ft high gigantic cooling towers of the former powers station at Ironbridge, near Telford in Shropshire, England adjacent to the River Severn, being demolished.
Those unused, colossal towers, which had dominated the landscape for almost 50 years, came crashing down. Carefully controlled explosion meant that all four collapsed in four seconds!
Demolition leads to proposed advancement
Of course it was obvious that there had been months of preparation, and that there would be an ensuing massive clearing up operation lasting a long while. But those four seconds were amazing to watch.


By Steven Paulikas
BBC Baltic states correspondent
Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga has said she will attend celebrations in Moscow marking the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II.
Ms Vike-Freiberga became Latvian leader after 50 years abroad
Critics say the ceremonies legitimise the Soviet Union's occupation of Latvia at the end of the war.
In a country that was so often the victim of history, events from the past still dominate the national agenda.
Months of passionate debate preceded the president's decision to go to Moscow on 9 May.
There, she will join other world leaders to commemorate the Allied victory over Nazi Germany.
While 9 May is commemorated in the Soviet - and later Russian - popular consciousness, in Latvia and the neighbouring Baltic states (Lithuania and Estonia) the date evokes five decades spent under uninvited Soviet rule.
By accepting the invitation of her Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, Ms Vike-Freiberga has chosen to strengthen strained relations between the two countries.
She will also appease Latvia's large ethnic Russian minority, which has complained of government discrimination.
But to many Latvians, the president's act of solidarity with Russia betrays their costly struggle for independence.
Some MPs have already called on Ms Vike-Freiberga to use the occasion as a platform to express Latvia's version of the past.


Kaushambi, aka: Kauśāmbī, Kauśāmbi; 11 Definition(s)
Kaushambi means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
The Sanskrit terms Kauśāmbī and Kauśāmbi can be transliterated into English as Kausambi or Kaushambi, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?).
Kauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी).—Four sons, Kuśāmba, Kuśanābha, Asūrtarajas and Vasu were born to Kuśa, the son of Brahmā, of his wife the princess of Vidarbha. According to the order of their father each prince built a city and began to rule over it. Kauśāmbī is the city built by Kuśāmba.
Kuśanābha built the city of Mahodayapura; Asūrtarajas, the city of Dharmāraṇya and Vasu the city of Girivraja. (Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Bāla Kāṇḍa, Sarga 32). It is mentioned in Kathāsaritsāgara that the city of Kauśāmbī stood in the middle of the kingdom of Vatsa and that Udayana born of the family of the Pāṇḍavas had once ruled this country with Kauśāmbī as his capital.Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopaedia
Kauśāmbi (कौशाम्बि).—The capital of Nemicakra (Nicakru) after Hastinapura was washed by floods; of Vivikṣu.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 22. 40; Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 271; Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 21. 8. Matsya-purāṇa 50. 79.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
General definition (in Hinduism)
The capital of the ancient Indian kingdom of Vatsa, located on the Yamunā river near to its confluence with the Ganges. Like many major early Indian cities, it was located at the juncture of important trade routes. The Buddha Śākyamuni made several visits there and several early monastic precincts were established there during his lifetime. (Pāli = Kosambī).Source: Oxford Index: Indian Culture
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Kauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी), capital of the Vatsas, today Kosam on the Jumna, 50 km. from Allahabad. It had several parks, Kukkuṭa and Ghositārāma, where the Buddha frequently stayed.Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
General definition (in Jainism)
Kauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी) is the principal city in the kingdom of Vatsa. The brick-built fort of king Pradyota still exists. Udayana, son of Śatānīka, versed in the Gandharva lore (science and music) was the king of Vatsa. Here are many Jina images in the temples. Here many forests are watered by the Kālindī (Yamunā). Gandanavālā fasted here for about six months in honour of Mahāvīra. The city of Kauśāmbī is a great place, hallowed by the birth of Jina.
Kauśāmbī was the captial of the Vatsa kingdom. This city was built where existed the hermitage of king Kuśāmba. t was a well-known city in northern India. According to the Buddhist scholiast Buddhaghosa the city came to be called Kosambī or Kauśāmbī because in founding it the Kosamba trees were uprooted here and there.Source: archive.org: Sum Jaina Canonical Sutras (vividhatirthakalpa)
Kauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी) is the name of a village visited by Mahāvīra during his eleventh year of spiritual-exertion.—Moving from Vraja village to Ālambhiyā, Śvetāmbikā, Sāvatthī, Kauśāmbī, Rājagṛha, Vārāṇasī, Mithilā, etc, the Lord arrived at Vaiśālī. Outside the city at the Baladeva temple in the Samara garden, accepting four-months fast, he became meditative and completed the rainy season halt there.Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī Mahāvīra
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geogprahy
Kauśāmbī (कौशाम्बी).—The earliest mention of Kosambī is found in Kauśāmbī Pillar Edict of Aśoka. During the time of Aśoka, Kosambī, Skt. Kauśāmbī, was the headquarters of a province. The place is identical with Kosam, a village twenty-eight miles south-west of Allahabad and about eight miles to the south of Karari, the chief town of Karari paxgana in the Manjhanpur tahsil of the Allahabad district. The spade of archaeologist has uncovered the ruins of the city of Kauśāmbī, which lie at Kosam. above mentioned village. Among other things, eight inscriptions of the Magha dynasty come from the village of Kosam. Five Bandhogarh inscriptionsof the third century A.D. mention a merchant, who belongs to Kosambī. One of the Bharhut inscriptions also refers to the city of Kosamba, i.e., Kauśāmbī. The city of Kauśāmbī was an important shopping place of the persons travelling along the great trade route connecting Sāketa and Sāvatthi in the north with Patiṭhāna or Paithan on the bank of the Godāvarī in the south.Source: archive.org: Geography in Ancient Indian inscriptions
Kausambi was another important Kushan town in Gangetic valley. It is situated nearly 32 miles south-west of Allahabad, on the left bank of river Yamuna. The excavation conducted here brought five habitational periods of which period V belongs to Kushan ( 25-100 A.D). The material relics discovered from Period V of Kausambi is structural complex characterized by brick built houses with roads, drainage and fortification, pottery consisted of surahis, spouted vessel etc, terracotta figurines with Kushan features, large number of crucible, seal and sealings of Kushan period etc.Source: Shodhganga: New look on the kushan bengali
Kauśāmbi is an archaeologically important site dating to the Ganges civilization (1000 BCE).—Nearly a millennium after the Indus civilization had collapsed, the Ganges civilization arose in the first millennium BCE. Among the first cities were, for example, Kanyakubja in today’s Uttar Pradesh.Source: Knowledge Traditions & Practices of India: Architecture (1): Early and Classical Architecture (h)
Kausāmbī (कौसाम्बी) or Kosambī was the ancient captial of Vatsa or Vaṃsa: one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of ancient India as it was known in to Early Buddhism).—The kingdom of the Vaṃsas or Vatsas is mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya as one of the sixteen great countries of India. The capital of the country was Kausāmbī (Kosambī) identical with modern Kosam near Allahabad.Source: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early Buddhism
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Search found 77 related definition(s) that might help you understand this better. Below you will find the 15 most relevant articles:
Hastināpura (हस्तिनापुर) is one of the alleged ancient capitals of Uttarāpañcāla (Northern Panc...
Vatsa (वत्स) or Vaṃsa refers to one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Co...
Kosambī (कोसम्बी) or Kausāmbī was the ancient captial of Vatsa or Vaṃsa: one of the sixteen Mah...
Udayana (उदयन) is the author of the Kiraṇāvalī: another important work on Praśastapāda-bhāṣya. ...
Sūrasena (सूरसेन) refers to one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Countr...
Pālaka (पालक).—A son born to the King Caṇḍamahāsena of his wife Aṅgāravatī. Aṅgāravatī got two ...
Madhurā (मधुरा) or Mathurā was the ancient capital of Sūrasena: one of the sixteen Mahājanapada...
Vārāṇasī (वाराणसी) is the name of an ancient city, according to the first story of the Vet...
Mathura Iconography.—The art form that emphasized the Indian idiom with idealistic symbolism th...
Sumaṅgalā (सुमङ्गला) is the name of a woman mentioned in the Kathāsaritsāgara, chapter 124. Acc...
Vasu (वसु) refer to good or bright Gods, they are: Apa: containing water, Dhruva: poles...
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Gautama (गौतम) or Gautamasaṃhitā is the name of a Vaiṣṇava Āgama scripture, classified as a tām...
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Search found 15 books and stories containing Kaushambi, Kauśāmbī or Kauśāmbi. You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 2: Description of Kauśāmbī < [Chapter IV - Padmaprabhacaritra]
Part 3: Story of the Yakṣa and painter < [Chapter VIII - Initiation of ṛṣabhadatta and devānandā]
Part 4: Mṛgāvatī and Pradyota < [Chapter VIII - Initiation of ṛṣabhadatta and devānandā]
Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) (by Samuel Beal)
Chapter 5 - Country of Kiao-shang-mi (Kaushambi) < [Book V - Six Countries]
Chapter 4 - Country of Po-lo-ye-kia (Prayaga) < [Book V - Six Countries]
The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.) (by Samuel Beal)
Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story) (by Somadeva)
Note on the position of Book XII < [Book XII - Śaśāṅkavatī]
Chapter I < [Book I - Kathāpīṭha]
Chapter IX < [Book II - Kathāmukha]
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (by Fa-Hien)
The Vishnu Purana (by Horace Hayman Wilson)


Tracing all the national borders that existed in the 20th century on one map gives some idea of the fragmentation of central Europe. One can pick out the shapes of some contemporary states, and small scraps of territory and places of symbolic importance that were the object of tough negotiations or bitter fighting, such as Vilnius, Memel, Königsberg, Danzig, Chernivtsi, Eastern Galicia, Trieste and Istria.
In 1914, on the eve of the first world war, there remained only three of the four empires that had competed in central Europe in the 19th century. The dismantling of the Ottoman Empire had created new small states rather than benefiting the great powers (Russia and Austro-Hungary). The Peace of Versailles (the five treaties signed in 1919 and 1920) marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, allowing small- and medium-sized nations to exist alongside the great powers. This was the first central European “national fragmentation” of the 20th century. With the formation of the USSR, Russia was pushed back eastwards and lost its influence over a large part of central Europe, from Helsinki to Chisinau.
An entirely reconfigured Europe emerged from the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, at the end of the second world war. No peace treaty was concluded with Germany (the third historic empire to disappear). The “inviolability” of the frontiers of European states was confirmed at the Helsinki Conference in 1975. The USSR once more set out to conquer the West, recovering and annexing much of what it had lost in 1920, and turning the states that had replaced the former empires into satellites. Europe’s eastern border was now known as the Iron Curtain. In 1991 the USSR, the fourth and last empire, imploded. The Soviet republics and Communist countries of eastern Europe regained full independence, and Russia was again pushed back eastwards.


The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconoclastic Masterpiece
by Francesco Dal Co
The captivating tale of the plans and personalities behind one of New York City’s most radical and recognizable buildings.
Considered the crowning achievement of Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan is often called iconic. But it is in fact iconoclastic, standing in stark contrast to the surrounding metropolis and setting a new standard for the postwar art museum. Commissioned to design the building in 1943 by the museum’s founding curator, Baroness Hilla von Rebay, Wright established residence in the Plaza Hotel in order to oversee the project. Over the next 17 years, Wright continuously clashed with his clients over the cost and the design, a conflict that extended to the city of New York and its cultural establishment.
Against all odds, Wright held fast to his radical design concept of an inverted ziggurat and spiraling ramp, built with a continuous beam—a shape recalling the form of an hourglass. Construction was only completed in 1959, six months after Wright’s death. The building’s initial critical response ultimately gave way to near-universal admiration, as it came to be seen as an architectural masterpiece. This essential text, offering a behind-the-scenes story of the Guggenheim along with a careful reading of its architecture, is beautifully illustrated with more than 150 images, including plans, drawings, and rare photographs of the building under construction.
172 pages. Hardcover.
A portion of this purchase price supports the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation’s work to inspire people to discover and embrace an architecture for better living through meaningful connections to nature, the arts, and each other. Your purchase also supports the preservation of Frank Lloyd Wright’s buildings for future generations to enjoy.


Purchase of this book includes free trial access to
www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books
for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: and
pledged for them their devotion to it, and their determination to
uphold it with all their strength. The flag was then carried to the
line, the Sons of New Hampshire formed into sections at the head of
the regrment, whose band struck up a national air, when the
regimental line broke into platoons, and the whole column moved up
Broadway amid the applause and cheers of the thousands of
spectators who crowded the streets and admired the stalwart
appearance and soldierly bearing of the men. The officers dined
with the committee of arrangements, at the Everett House, and the
men were entertained at the Arsenal. In the afternoon the regiment
departed for Washington, by cars, arrived there about noon on the
23d, and went into camp at Colorama Hill, about a mile north of the
city. While passing through New Jersey, Lieut. Charles W. Walker,
of Co. B, fell from the cars and was so badly injured that he soon
died. His remains were sent back to Concord where his funeral was
attended by members of the Legislature and a large concourse of
citizens. The Second was brigaded with the First and Second Rhode
Island and Seventy.first New York?all excellent regiments. Attached
to the brigade was the Second Rhode Island Battery, and the
Seventy.first New York had two Dahlgren howitzers, manned by two of
its companies. Col. Ambrose E. Burnside, of the Second Rhode
Island, was in command of the brigade. THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN. On
the 16th of July the regiment started on its first campaign, with
full ranks. Men who for weeks had been on the sick.list, now
reported themselves for duty, lest they should be left behind in
what they fondly believed would be the death blow of the rebellion.
It wasa very hot day, and many of the men, overcome with heat, fell
out by the way. The brigade bivoua...
|Country of origin:
Otis Frederick Reed Waite
||246 x 189 x 10mm (L x W x T)
||Paperback - Trade
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ahiram or, more correctly, Ahirom was an alleged Phoenician king of Byblos (ca. 1000 BC. Ahirom is not attested in any other Ancient Oriental source. He became famous only by his Phoenician inscribed sarcophagus which was discovered in 1923 by the French excavator Pierre Montet in tomb V of the royal necropolis of Byblos. He was succeeded by his son Ittobaal who is the first to be explicitly entitled King of Byblos.
The sarcophagus of Ahiram was discovered by the French archaeologist Pierre Montet in 1923 in Gebeil, the historic Byblos.. Its low relief carved panels make it "the major artistic document for the Early Iron Age" in Phoenicia. Associated items dating to the Late Bronze Age either support an early dating, in the thirteenth century BC or attest the reuse of an early shaft tomb in the eleventh century BC.The major scene represents a king seated on a throne carved with winged sphinxes. A priestess offers him a lotus flower. On the lid two male figures confront one another with addorsed seated lions between them, read by Glenn Markoe as a reference to the father and son of the inscription. Egyptian influence that is a character of Late Bronze Age art in northwest Canaan is replaced here by Assyrian influences in the rendering of figures and the design of the throne and a table. A total absence of Egyptian objects of the 20th and 21st dynasties in Phoenicia contrasts sharply with the resumption of Phoenician-Egyptian ties in the 22nd Dynasty of Egypt.
An inscription of 38 words is found on parts of the rim and the lid of the sarcophagus. It is written in the Old Phoenician dialect of Bylos and is the oldest witness to the Phoenician alphabet of considerable lenghth discovered to date:
According to the recent re-edition of the Ahirom inscriptions by Reinhard G.Lehmann), the translation of the sarcophagus inscription reads:
A coffin made it [It]tobaal, son of Ahirom, king of Byblos, for Ahirom, his father,lo, thus he put him in seclusion. Now, if a king among kings and a governor among governors and a commander of an army should come up against Byblos; and when he then uncovers this coffin – (then:) may strip off the sceptre of his judiciary, may be overturned the throne of his kingdom, and peace and quiet may flee from Byblos. And as for him, one should cancel his registration concerning the libation tube of the memorial sacrifice.
The formulas of the inscription were immediately recognised as literary in nature, and the assured cutting of the archaic letters suggested to Charles Torrey a form of writing already in common use. A tenth-century BC date for the inscription has become widely accepted.
Halfway down the burial shaft another short inscription was found incised at the southern wall. It had been first published as a warning to an excavator not to proceed further, but now is understood as part of some initiation ritual which remains unknown in detail. It reads:
<poem>Concerning knowledge:here and now be humble (you yourself!)‹in› this basement!“</poem>
- Pierre Montet: Byblos et l'Egypte, Quatre Campagnes des Fouilles 1921-1924, Paris 1928 (reprint Beirut 1998: Template:Falsche ISBN)): 228-238, Tafel CXXVII-CXLI
- Ellen Rehm: Der Ahiram-Sarkophag, Mainz 2004 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.1)
- Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), Mainz 2005 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.2)
- Michael Browning „Scholar updates translation of ancient inscription“, in: The Palm Beach Post, Sunday, July 3, 2005 p. 17A.
- ^ The date remains the subject of controversy, according to Glenn E. Markoe, "The Emergence of Phoenician Art" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 279 (August 1990):13-26) p. 13. "Most scholars have taken the Ahiram inscription to date from around 1000 B.C.E.", notes Edward M. Cook, "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53.1 (January 1994:33-36) p. 33 JSTOR. Cook analyses and dismisses the date in the thirteenth century adopted by C. Garbini, "Sulla datazione della'inscrizione di Ahiram", Annali (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples) 37 (1977:81-89), which was the prime source for early dating urged in Bernal, Martin (1990). Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and further West before 1400 BC. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0931464471.
- ^ Vance, Donald R. (1994). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: The Phœnician Inscriptions"]. The Biblical Archaeologist 57 (1): 2–19. doi:10.2307/3210392.
- ^ a b Torrey, Charles C. (1925). "The Ahiram Inscription of Byblos". Journal of the American Oriental Society 45: 269–279. doi:10.2307/593505. http://www.jstor.org/pss/593505.
- ^ Pritchard, James B. (1968). Archaeology and the Old Testament. Princeton: Univ. Press. ; Moscati, Sabatino (2001). The Phoenicians. London: Tauris. ISBN 1850435332. ;
- ^ a b Markoe, Glenn E. (1990). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "The Emergence of Phoenician Art"]. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 279: 13–26. doi:10.2307/1357205. [pp. 13, 19-22]
- ^ J. Leclant, "Les relations entre l'Égypte et la Phénicie du voyage de Ounamon à l'expédition d'Alexandre", in The role of the Phoenicians in the Interaction of Mediterranean Civilisations, W. Ward, ed. (Beirut: American University) 1968:11.
- ^ For a recent discussion under aspects of aert history, see Ellen Rehm: Der Ahiram-Sarkophag, Mainz 2004 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.1)
- ^ The most recent scholarly book which deals with all aspects of the inscription is Reinhard G. Lehmann, Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), (Mainz), 2005 (Forschungen zur phönizisch-punischen und zyprischen Plastik, hg. von Renate Bol, II.1. Dynastensarkophage mit szenischen Reliefs aus Byblos und Zypern Teil 1.2)
- ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), 2005, p. 38
- ^ by René Dussaud, in Syria 5 (1924:135-57).
- ^ Reinhard G. Lehmann: Die Inschrift(en) des Ahirom-Sarkophags und die Schachtinschrift des Grabes V in Jbeil (Byblos), 2005, p. 39-53


Oh hai! Happy Anniversary
Well, who would have thought. Three years ago to this very day, I started the ThinkingShift blog – and I’m still ranting and raving about this and that. At first, I thought I’d struggle to find things to blog about. But nope: that hasn’t happened. In fact, there’s too much to talk about.
Occasionally, I consider giving blogging the toss because it takes time and discipline to blog regularly; research topics; and write the (yeah, let’s face it) overly long pieces I do. I had hoped that Twitter, with its limit of 140 characters, might force me to be more concise with my posts. Alas, that has not happened. You might find that the TS blog takes a whole new direction in 2010 but I’ll save this news for a later time.
Meanwhile, January 26 is Australia Day so happy Aussie Day to all Aussie readers. Did you know that Australia Day has only be celebrated as a public holiday on January 26 since 1994 and that it wasn’t until 1935 that all States and territories started using the name “Australia Day” to mark the date? During the 19th Century, it was referred to as Foundation Day or First Landing Day. On January 26 in 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip, commander of the First Fleet of eleven convict ships from Great Britain and the first governor of New South Wales, landed at Sydney Cove. And like the Americans with Thanksgiving, convicts and children of convicts, began celebrating the colony’s beginnings with an anniversary dinner or an emancipist festival.
In 1826, during the anniversary dinner, the word “Australia” started to be used during toasts to the colony. By 1837, fierce loyalty to the new continent of Australia was evident during the anniversary dinner which could only be celebrated by the Australian-born.
After Federation in January 1901, conservative Australian and State governments (fearing that federation might weaken ties to the Mother Country of Great Britain) started celebrating Empire Day on May 24, which marked the late Queen Victoria’s birthday. There was also debate over moving Foundation Day to April 29, the day Captain Cook first landed on the east coast at Botany Bay in 1770. And during World War I, July 30, 1915 became Australia Day.
By 1938 Australians were still 98% British in background and, with the support of the Prime Minister and State premiers, there was agreement for the first time over the name of the day and the timing of the celebration. And so Australia Day started to be celebrated uniformly throughout the country.


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In the Mahoning Valley
Quilian Riano writes about the Mahoning Valley’s history of industrial growth and decline.
A Legacy of Industry
In 1890, when James Ward Packard and his brother Will opened the Packard Motor Car Company on Dana Street, Warren, Ohio, became one of the first locations in the US to manufacture cars. For Warren, located in northeast Ohio’s Mahoning Valley, Packard vehicle production was just a chapter in its storied history of manufacturing. With large deposits of iron and coal, the area has long been a site for industrial production: iron, ammunition and other necessities for the Union during the American Civil War, and later (and most famously) steel.
In the 1890s, coinciding with the growth of Packard, local industrial production began to shift from iron to steel. Since then, steel production, the manufacturing of cars, and other forms of industry have been central to the identity and character of the region. Industrial sites have affected everything from the environmental condition of the Mahoning River to transportation networks and housing, public space, and social structures.
Steel mills began to dot the valley after the 1890s, often located along the river for easy access to water to cool down blast furnaces and equipment. As many as 27 steel mill structures, some towering as high as 12 stories, were built in the area. Some of the industrial complexes dwarf the surrounding neighborhoods. The Copperweld Steel site in northern Warren, for example, spreads over 10 million square feet, including furnaces, fabrication, storage, and environmental treatment areas.
Quick growth in the steel industry meant equally quick growth in population. Youngstown grew from 30,000 residents in 1890 to over 170,000 by 1930. This large influx of people included both European immigrants, especially from Italy, Poland, and Hungary, and a large African American community, moving north from southern states looking for jobs and opportunity especially in the wake of the National Origins Act of 1924 that limited foreign immigration.1The National Origins Act, also known as the Immigration Act of 1924 created immigration quotas by nation as well as restrictions that dramatically slowed down immigration. “Closing the Door on Immigration (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. See source.
This rapid growth forced companies like the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company to build housing near their plants. Similarly, communities all over the Mahoning Valley provided pathways to prosperity and a middle-class life by building housing and creating public amenities such as robust parks and public transportation networks.
The Mahoning Valley was hit hard by the Great Depression, revealing the risks of relying so heavily on a few industries.
By 1942 the steel industry had recovered and was quickly expanding by providing steel during World War II. This expansion continued through the 1950s, a period in which the US steel industry faced little international competition.
However, by the 1970s, technological advances and foreign competition began to hit, creating pressure in the Mahoning Valley to adapt and diversify, which it failed to do. These pressures burst into the open on September 19, 1977, a day known in the area as Black Monday. On that Monday, as people began to file in to start their morning shifts, the US Steel company announced it was furloughing 5,000 workers immediately.
Within a decade of these initial job losses, the Mahoning Valley lost an additional 40,000 jobs and 50,000 people left the area.
Slowly these once-humming plants shut down, leaving behind large empty sites and buildings. In parallel, the loss of population left surrounding communities both shrinking—with increasing numbers of vacant houses and overgrown, underused infrastructure—and poorer, with fewer economic opportunities for residents.
This cycle of decline continues today.
Warren, Ohio: A Case Study of Industrial Decline
To see the extent of what was lost when the steel industry collapsed and what has come to fill the vacancies, let’s take a look at Warren and its immediate surroundings. As described above, Warren was the site of one of the earliest industrial zones dedicated to car manufacturing, the Golden Triangle. This area was created in the late 1800s and is today mostly filled with companies specializing in tin and packaging. As a historic industrial site, it is surrounded by residential communities, and even has a regional bike greenway crossing through. Yet the Golden Triangle remains disconnected from the urban fabric of the region.
Joining the Golden Triangle at Warren’s northern and southern borders, there are two other major industrial sites along the Mahoning River. The large Copperweld site is located on its northernmost border. Opened in 1939 by the Copperweld Steel Company, the company thrived for decades manufacturing steel billets both for the war effort and the postwar economic boom. However, the company went bankrupt in 1999 as steel production continued to move to other countries. Since then, it has seen numerous owners with extended periods of intermittent vacancy. Currently, part of the plant is used by the Ohio Star Forge Company to create steel parts for the automotive, industrial, and energy sectors. The majority of the site, however, continues to lie vacant, with many of its structures empty and slowly rusting. Part of the Copperweld company was turned into Warren Steel, which produced steel at the site on and off until as recently as 2015.
Adding pressure to the situation, the vacant areas of the Copperweld site have been affected by fraud and environmental cleanup lawsuits. For now, the site remains mostly vacant, unable to be occupied while toxic chemicals, oil pits, and other hazardous materials remain.
On the southern side of Warren, the 1,200-acre BDM site sits on the eastern edge of the Mahoning River. This site was once owned by the Republic Steel Corporation and most of the buildings have been demolished and a thorough environmental cleanup project has been completed. The site, which is within an Opportunity Zone—a federal program that incentivizes development through preferential tax treatment in economically distressed communities—and BDM currently sits waiting for new investments.
Beyond these troubled industrial sites, Warren contends with large numbers of vacant houses and an infrastructure built for a much larger population. Established in 1801 within what was then the Connecticut Western Reserve,2See source. Warren’s downtown would feel at home in any New England town. Many of the residential areas contain large houses built for the many who grew wealthy during the city’s boom years. Two of the richest families in town, the Perkinses and the Packards, donated large tracts of land to create parks alongside the river that connect the river banks to downtown with tree-lined boulevards.
This legacy built environment belies the city’s troubles. Vacant houses have been used for illicit activity or simply left to rot. The collapse of industry and postwar white flight to local suburbs left the areas closest to downtown poorer. The result: a disconnected community with unequally distributed investment and clear divisions of race and class. In the summer of 2020, Warren, like other cities in the Mahoning Valley, declared racism a public health emergency, in part to confront this inequality.
The Mahoning Valley Looks Forward
To deal with residential and industrial vacancy, local organizations and foundations in Warren created the Trumbull Neighborhood Partnership (TNP), which now serves the dual functions of community development corporation and land bank. For about a decade, TNP has demolished and renovated building stock and helped match new recreational and productive programs with formally vacant land. It does this while also fulfilling other social needs and creating jobs in the community through its Building A Better Warren program. TNP, its partners, and other organizations in Warren and Youngstown are beginning to show the way forward for these communities.
In this context of community and grassroots efforts to reverse, or at least halt, the region’s decline, the 2019 announcement that the General Motors Assembly plant in Lordstown was closing hit the Mahoning Valley community hard. The 6.2 million square foot plant, built on 905 acres of former farmland, was in operation from 1955 to 2019. Although there is movement to reopen parts of the plant for the manufacture of electric vehicles and components, and LG and GM have started building a new electric battery plant in the area, the future of industry and jobs in the Mahoning Valley is unclear.
The plant closure is also an important reminder that the region continues to be dependent on only a few industries for its economic well-being. The consequences of such economic monocultures are made clear in a 2019 study prepared by Cleveland State University’s Iryna Lendel, Merissa Piazza, and Matthew Ellerbrock.3Cleveland State University, “Lordstown GM Plant Closure Economic Impact Study,” by Iryna Lendel et. al., accessed April 5, 2021. They estimate that the Lordstown plant closure will result in an overall loss of approximately 3,000 jobs and $300,000 in income tax revenues for the surrounding communities.
Given the history and urban realities of the Mahoning Valley and its communities, including Lordstown, Warren, Youngstown, and smaller villages like Lowellville, we frame this report through the lens of the area’s industrial, economic, and labor histories, exploring how those have shaped the area’s present identity and what potential futures may look like.
In this report, we present innovative new ideas being developed in the Mahoning Valley, such as experiments in reimagining the role of rivers, health institutions, land banks, and governments in building community wealth opportunities. We share new models for community-based educational pipelines and employee-owned cooperatives trying to reimagine the economic future of the area. Leaders in the community, such as Jennifer Roller, president of the Raymond John Wean Foundation, give a holistic vision for the future of the Valley. We hope to provide a glimpse into how this area is actively rethinking and negotiating its social, economic, environmental, and spatial futures—while confronting legacy issues common to many American communities around loss of industrial base, poverty, segregation, and disinvestment.
What the Mahoning Valley has seen is not entirely unique in the United States, and like many other places, the region is looking for a way forward. Among the most exciting things happening in the area are experiments with community and collective efforts as a way to change economic and social conditions. In this way, the Mahoning Valley might once again point to new futures, as it did during its heyday of steel and automobiles.


Ireland is the 20th largest island in the world. Population: 4.5 m. Capital: Dublin. There are 4 provinces: Ulster, Munster, Leinster, Connacht. Land mass: 70280sqm. Longest river: Shannon 386km. Highest mountain: Carrauntoohil 1038m. Official emblem: The Harp. Most popular sport: Gaelic football. Biggest rock band: U2. Most famous brand: Guinness. Sheep population: 5.5m
The first inhabitants of Ireland were hunter gatherers using stone implements. Around 3000bc they evolved into Bronze Age people who cultivated crops, raised domestic animals, and made weapons, tools, and jewellery out of bronze. They created fine stone implements and traded abroad. Around 2000bc, they built megaliths - massive stone sanctuaries and tombs
Surrounded by dizzying drops, Dunluce Castle perches on a headland overlooking the north Antrim coast, with a sea cave called the Mermaid’s Cave. Stories tell how, in 1639, the kitchen fell into the sea, along with the cooks and servants.
The Book of Kells is a masterpiece of Celtic art unrivalled for the exquisite quality of its decoration, intricate designs, and visionary concept. It is regarded as one of the world’s greatest illuminated manuscripts with decoration so stunning and lavish that it was thought to be the work of angels.
Celtic women were distinct in the ancient world for the liberty and rights they enjoyed. Although political and public life was largely the domain of men, women were not excluded from any occupation. They served as chieftains, druids, poets, healers, warriors, diplomats, judges, and mediators in tribal assemblies and disputes.
The Celts arrived in Ireland over the course of several centuries from around 500bc; it was a gradual assimilation rather than an actual invasion. They brought with them the Gaelic language, fine artistry, and a social order based on warrior values. They also brought the iron plough, making it possible
Celtic spirituality is based on a deep connection with the natural world. God is not a distant concept but a continual presence manifest in the whole of nature and deeply embedded in the world. For the ancient Celts, life itself was a ceremony, the whole of which was spiritually significant
The four primary seasonal celebrations of the Celtic calendar are: Samhain – winter Imbolc – spring Beltaine – summer Lughnasadh – autumn In the Celtic word view, seasonal changes were magical times, turning points in the calendar when the powerful forces of the universe could be accessed to promote the


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Excellent specimens occur in the fine-grained shales of Early Jurassic age of
southern Germany in which the body outline is preserved, including a well-
developed fleshy dorsal fin. A representative genus is lchthyosaurus, from which
:automatic loom devised 2:505g -carpet-weaving machinery development 7:407a
-computer history and early machines 4:1047a -loom development and weaving
techniques 18:178d ~punched card-controlled loom invention 5:128e Jacquard ...
In the early centuries AD it was ruled by Ksatrapa dynasties, and, on the decline
of the Gupta Empire, KathiAWar was seized by the Valabhis in the 5th century AD
. It suffered from early Muslim attacks, culminating in the campaigns of Mahmt'id ...
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This is the 198215th Edition, in two halves, with the Macropaedia and the Micropaedia. First published in 1768, the publisher is the oldest English-language encyclopedia still in print. Two Scottish ... Read full review


I ran accross your post on this board while I was researching my GGrandmother's
family. I believe my Great Grandmother is the daughter of Melzar Robbins & Aurelia Sprague Robbins and the sister of your Ellen Aurelia Robbins.
Here is my info on my Great
Fanny Aurelia Robbins
Born: December 08, 1861, Apple River, Jo Daviess Co.,Illinois
Married: Thomas Backus Hileman, September 08, 1879, Gratiot, Wisconsin
Died: March 05, 1924, Waterloo, Iowa
I understand this was a large family. Do you have any other names?


Early New South Wales lighthouses – designed by the Colonial Architect
Lighthouse structures in colonial NSW were unique in that many of them were architect designed, and are easily recognisable as being designed by James Barnet, NSW Colonial Architect from 1865 to 1890. It was part of Barnet\’s vision to create a highway of lights along the coastline from Melbourne to Sydney.
Montague Island Lighthouse, date unknown. Courtesy of the Australian Heritage Photo Library, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
Barnet\’s designs include the Montague Island tower (opened 1881), constructed from granite, the Green Cape Lighthouse (1883), whose tower has a square base merging into an octagonal form, and the Smoky Cape Lighthouse, also with an unusual octagonal tower. Smoky Cape is regarded as one of the last lighthouses to be designed for architectural excellence.
The absence of suitable building materials meant that lighthouses were often built with other suitable materials that were prefabricated and shipped to the site.


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While New York is ‘the enticing one’ with the incredible film and TV industry, I’m a history and politics geek and I’ve always wanted to go to DC. Well, now I had the chance to!
After seeing the sights of New York (catch up with it all in my latest blog), our train pulled into Washington where the station itself is an incredible building which tells the tale of the creation of a capital city.
Washington DC is a created city – geographically, where the North and South begin to meet; politically, where they convene; and historically, where they’ve clashed, conceded or compromised.
It was built specifically to be the seat of government and to hold the key executive branches of the US federal political system. Without a doubt, its buildings echo with the voices of those who fought the British for independence, established a democracy and battled about the extent of the democracy, challenging who had a right to it and who exemplified the ideals and ideas of the modern USA.
The National Archives are a great way to start a tour of the capital, and, stood near the top of the Mall, is where the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights are housed. There is now also a permanent exhibition on the fight for Civil Rights, all of which are essential for understanding the history of the US and its perceptions.
We saw the final stages of the latest Smithsonian Museum to be built – the Museum of African American History and Culture – which aims to tell the whole story from the arrival of enslaved Africans to America, through the journey of slavery, fighting for freedom, continued prejudice and discrimination up to today’s events.
Positioned almost directly opposite the Washington Memorial, the building is in the shape of Nefertiti’s head dress and adorned with bronze – now there’s an image that tells you two stories of American development.
Many of the monuments are breath-taking and require far more than a simple walk by (as is always the problem with a recce of this sort – the big issue is time). I couldn’t spend my days walking back and forth amongst the many branches of the Smithsonian, especially as the entry is free.
The White House visitor centre was a flying visit to check its access, as were the trips to other key buildings. While I was able to do the full tour of the Capitol, I didn’t get to spend the time that I would recommend in the Library of Congress. All the more reason to return!
What I did learn was how easy it is to address lots of the UK history requirements that look at America by a visit to Washington, from the Revolutionary War to the events of today.
I also learnt how much you can realistically do on foot, when you should get a tourist bus, the best times to visit certain sites, what can be booked ahead and the insider tips for what’s on.
I can tell you that a trip across the Potomac is well worth it to get to the Pentagon and visit Arlington Cemetery.
I can’t guarantee good weather, but in DC but that doesn’t matter (unless you’re on an open-top bus in the rain!). With so much to do, you actually want to stay inside. So what if the Capitol Dome is currently under scaffolding? At night they still illuminate it so you can forget the scaffolding is even there.
Is there anything I wouldn’t recommend? Not giving yourself enough time! I know that when I go back, it’ll be to spend at least half a day in each of those museums and archives. With over twenty museums in the Mall area alone, there’s just so much to see. Until next time, DC.


Strong, mighty, massive. The Bastion in Riva del Garda, symbol of the “pearl” of Lake Garda, proudly rises atop of Mount Rocchetta.
Modifica la traduzione in Deutsch
Built by the Venetians in 1508 and destroyed by French troops in 1703, this bastion is absolutely captivating, and not just for the breathtaking panorama you can enjoy from up there – making it one of the most beautiful views in all of Garda Trentino – but also thanks to the brand new panoramic lift.
Just two minutes of pure excitement that lead to the Venetian bastion, which also houses a lounge bar and restaurant.
The new glass lift, with its view across the beautiful surrounding panorama, isn’t an entirely innovative idea. In fact, it was traced back to the past when, in 1954, an elegant chairlift had been built that became the preferred means of transport – until the 1980s when it was dismantled – for the ladies and gentlemen of the dolce vita in Riva.
Vittorio Colombo, a journalist and great history buff – who delights readers with amarcord stories and anecdotes, nostalgic revocations, in the most well-known newspapers of Alto Garda – confirmed this.
Vittorio explained how the chairlift really marked an era that was first correlated to post-war reconstruction, then to the years of economic boom and the Riva of the dolce vita, ofevenings of dancing and orchestras on the wonderful terrace of the Rocchetta.
“In the early nineteen-fifties, a question arose: ‘What could be done for the Riva of the future?’ The idea of creating a chairlift that connected the port of Riva to the Bastion then began to circulate, especially among the hoteliers, merchants, and entrepreneurs who had a clear idea on how the future would require winning creations.”
“In the year nineteen hundred and fifty-one, on the 20th of May, in Riva del Garda, the following are present before me, Umberto Morghen, notary: Bacchi Isidoro – entrepreneur, Tonelli Carlo – hotelier, Cretti Achille – engineer, Santini Aldo. Among the aforementioned gentlemen, a limited liability company, with the name, Seggiovia Bastione s.r.l., is established.”
This was how the historic deed for the newly established company began. The company’s “object and purpose is to establish and manage the chairlift and manage the public café and restaurant and related activities”.
So building a chairlift wasn’t enough, as Vittorio explained. The Bastion had to become a balcony over the lake where one could enjoy a unique panorama and, at the same time, an enchanting place to stop, enjoy something at the café and restaurant, and spend an evening dancing to the sound of an orchestra.
“The chairlift began to run in nineteen-fifty-four and did so for about thirty years, as was provided by the concession of the Servizio Funivie (Cable Car Service) of the Autonomous Province of Trento.
The nineteen-fifties had been encouraging, thanks to growing tourism in the area, and the chairlift of the Bastione was one of the most popular attractions for tourists, especially for those from Nordic countries.
Yet, it was nineteen-sixties when the chairlift experienced its golden age. These years were the decade of the dolce vita in Riva. The city was animated during the summer by a joyful, uplifting atmosphere, made up of starry nights, music everywhere, and a myriad of people who crowded the shores of the lake, especially in the evening, as they waltzed through all the captivating dance halls.
The chairlift led to the sky of the bastion. You could go up for an evening of dances, with the sound of the juke box or bands that were popular back then. There was a dance floor in the open space near the arrival station, with outdoor tables and a dining service. It was the terrace of dreams with a breathtaking view of Riva and the gulf with their twinkling lights.
An evening at the Bastione was the winning card, the ace that conquered the hearts of the “tedesche” – the German girls – what they’d call all the girls from northern countries.
In the nineteen-seventies, many things changed, and the boom was giving way to problems in various industries, to a disenchantment in the sentiment of the population, and so the glorious years of the Bastione chairlift were coming to an end.
Then, in the mid-eighties, once the concession expired, the chairlift was abandoned.”
Vittorio and his story transported us to those golden years. The magic and disarming simplicity with which musical evenings were spent in the company of friends and, above all, of an incredible panorama that was able to thrill and “sing” in unison with the orchestra. Today, those years are just a memory. Different music, different dances. Bell-bottoms, the Twist, and Rock ‘n Roll are all obsolete, but what remains is the disarming beauty of Lake Garda admired from the Bastione. This, we’re sure, will always be a la mode.


- Actor in Phrygian costume, with mask (or Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy?); relief, probably from the sculpted decoration of the Great Theater at Aphrodisias, 2nd century C.E.(?)
- Main Entry
- Roman Empire (Caria, Asia Minor)
- Location 1
- Museum, Aphrodisias,
- Location 2
- Photo Date
2296 images/descriptions are openly available.
AICT certifies that the image copies provided hereunder, the originals being the copyrighted intellectual property of art historian and photographer Allan T. Kohl (unless otherwise credited), are licensed for non-profit use as set forth below, and that the art and architectural works documented are, to the best of its knowledge, within the public domain.
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Toronto : Canada law book company, limited,
vi pages, 2 leaves, 191 pages : frontispiece, plates, portraits, facsimile ; 22 cm.
Notable British trials series.
Formatted Contents Note
Introduction. Chronology of the plot. The trial of Robert Winter, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Rob. Keyes, Thomas Bates, and Sir Everard Digby, at Westminster, for high treason, being conspirators in the gunpowder plot. 3. Jac. 1. 27th Jan. A. D. 1606. History of the plot. The trial of Henry Garnet ... at the Guild hall of London, for a high treason, being a conspirator in the gunpowder plot: 4 Jac. I. 28th of March, A.D. 1606.
"The ... conspirators were brought to trial ... before a special commission."--p. 13.


I am looking for info on my grandparents. Salvatore VITULANO , born 1 Jan. 1894, Place of residence stated at Ellis Island is Manfredonia, Italy. He arrived at Ellis Island on 2 March 1923. Port of departure was Napoli and the ships name was Taormina. His parents names from his SS application are: Michele Vitulano and Antonia Armelotta. My grandmothers name is Annina Maria Paglione, born 23 Nov. 1897, Manfredonia, Italy. Parents names are: Annina M. Paglione and Francesco Paglione. Annina came through Ellis after 1930, so there are no records of her arrival. I do know that Annina had a brother, Matteo who lived in Rhode Island, US.
Thank you very much for any info. Both have passed on as has my mother, so information is tough to find.
You can go to the family history library of the Mormon church nearest your home for the microfilm of the civil records which date from 1809 to 1900. You can start with ellis island records and thenwith the microfilm for all births,marriages and deaths and family composition. If you wish to write for documents in Manfredonia you would need full name and dates or years of birth. Peter