Private, 1st Battalion, Active Service Volunteer Company. died at the Hospital, Bloemfontein, of enteric fever, on 14th March 1901, the day before his thirtieth birthday. Resident of Cuckfield. He wrote from Port Elizabeth on April 5th, that on their arrival at Cape Town on the Tintagel Castle they were transferred to the Urmston Grange, to sail for East London. He wrote again on April 26th on his way from Bloemfontein to Glen. In September 1900 he wrote again "We left Pretoria to go Boer hunting, and found a lot at Diamond Hill". In February 1901 he sent home No 1 of The Soft-Nose, a weekly paper published by the Sussex Regiment in Bloemfontein.
The Cuckfield Parish Magazine followed the progress of local volunteers…..
‘Cuckfield is no different to any other town or village in the country in being proud to honour those who died for their country in times of war’.
The following excerpts from the parish magazines record the events of Cuckfield’s soldiers.
Our Volunteer, Frank Bleach, will sail next week with the other Sussex Volunteers, and we feel sure that no one will better uphold the credit of our Cuckfield Company.
"the tobacco and chocolate came in very useful indeed in the march up country, and so did the clothing, as we were only allowed to take one shirt and a pair of socks, and blanket, and since we have been in this place we have had three wet days and nights. We are having it rather rough as regards food, having been on half rations for the last five days. Dysentry is prevalent, and I have had a slight touch of it myself."
Our Volunteers are having a most enjoyable voyage in the Tintagel Castle: "fine weather, sea calm, good provisions, plenty of amusement," so Frank Bleach writes.
Frank Bleach, our own Volunteer, writes from Port Elizabeth on April 5th, that on their arrival at Cape Town on the Tintagel Castle they were transferred to the Urmston Grange, to sail for East London …..
Sergeant Fred Rogers is with Lord Dundonald’s Cavalry Brigade, and was with his regiment (14th Hussars) when it entered Ladysmith……
Alfred Attwater was sent to the hospital ship Orcana, at Durban, on March 21st, to get up his strength……
Edgar Hazeldean (Buffs) gives this account of the surrender of Cronje:- "……. The Buffs had thirteen killed and any amount wounded, but I escaped for a wonder; but, worst of all, my boss asked me to make him a drink of tea, and I got some wood and water and made a fire: my boss and I were sitting by the fire talking, somehow a round got into it, and when I stirred the fire off it went and blew a lump off my heel, so I was carried to the hospital, where I have been for eight days; but I shall go up to the fighting line to-morrow……"
E Bleach, writes from Berthulie that he saw his brother and some of the Sussex at the station as they passed through to Bloemfontein.
F Bleach writes on April 26th on his way from Bloemfontein to Glen.
Sir M R Burrell, Cuckfield people will be rejoiced to hear, reports himself as "very well and fit," on the way to Van Reenan’s Pass.
Second-Lieutenant Erle (12th Imperial Yeomanry) is in hospital, having been shot in his left arm.
Alfred Attwater was still at the Depot in Pietermaritzberg in May, "enjoying good health".
Ernest Cooper writes from Newcastle on May 25th.
Arthur Dancy on May 30th had just come from Kronstaadt to Bloemfontein.
William Ferguson writes from Sands River on May 27th, "by the light of our camp fire"..
Charley Randell is on H.M.S. Terrible at Hong Kong."
Frank Bleach, Volunteer:- wrote …"We left Pretoria to go Boer hunting, and found a lot at Diamond Hill....
"Sir M Burrell writes on 24th September from Rooi Pynt.
M Gravett writes …… "I remember so well when I was a boy how we used to march through Cuckfield waving little flags and carrying the school banner; well, I am still helping to keep a little flag flying – the Union Jack of Old England, and now there is no mistake about its flying out here now."
Our Volunteer Frank Bleach has sent home No 1 of The Soft-Nose, a weekly paper published by the Sussex Regiment in Bloemfontein. We gather from it that our friends are in capital spirits….
Frank Bleach. "Our Volunteer," died at the Hospital, Bloemfontein, of enteric fever, on March 14th, the day before his thirtieth birthday…….
We have good news of our other soldiers, save of Lieutenant C Erle, who after an attack of fever is sent back to England."
"The Whereabouts. Of some of those for whom we are praying.
ATTWATER, A. Kitchener’s Kop, Newcastle, has been escorting convoys: sharp frost at night.
BLEACH, E. In Hospital with enteric fever since April 1, now in Convalescent Hospital, Bloemfontein.
BOX, T. At the Hospital, Wynberg, in attendance on a sick officer.
BROOKSHAW, B. Krugersdorp, with Dickinson’s column……..
CLARK, H. Springfontein, has been in hospital.
COOPER, E. Pretoria, resting after hard marches and several small engagements.
GASSON, J., R.A. With Pom-poms at Mafeking.
GRAVETT, M. Paarde Kop Camp, has been very useful as cook for his company at Elands Laagte, the regular cook being disabled…..
HAZELDEAN, E., writes in excellent spirits, but does not metion his whereabouts……
MITCHELL, P. Barberton, has been laid up with fever.
MORLEY, A. Kroonstadt, flourishing.
ROBINSON, A. Edenberg, flourishing.
ROGERS, F. Newcastle, flourishing.
STONER, H. Wynberg Hospital; owing to having put out his right shoulder he has been unable to write."
"We are anxious about F Moody, Royal Scots, whom many of us remember in the Horsgate Gardens – he is in hospital at Pretoria with fever.
Of the others we can only say that we hope "no news is good news." Even of Mark Gravett, whose name is now added to the list of Cuckfield soldiers who have laid down their lives for their country: he was a good lad, and we all liked him: he was wounded at Colenso and lay for hours on the field of battle praying with the help of a book our Vicar had given him."
"A letter has come from E Dann (whose uncle, Edwin Dann, some of us recollect as the first photographer in Cuckfield), in which he says that he saw Mark Gravett two days before he died, and that he and A Morley were making a cross for his grave. A comrade writes "Mark was looked up to and liked by all in our company."
"Captain Sergison unveiled on May 7th a tablet erected in our boys’ schoolroom bearing the following inscription:-
To the honour of those educated in this School who served in the War in S. Africa, 1899-1902.
Randall, Charles, H.M.S. Terrible
*Died for their Country."


Showing Collections: 1 - 1 of 1
File — Folder: 1
Identifier: MSS SC 2617
Scope and Contents Handwritten book manuscript in German probably reproduced by some photo-mechanical process. The item is a history of Michelstadt with a special emphasis on the architectural development of the city. The book was probably written largely by Philipp Buxbaum (1843- ) but was put into its final form around 1948.
Dates: approximately 1948
Found in: L. Tom Perry Special Collections


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Outdoors Guide: Hood Canal divers proud of giant Pacific octopus habitat
The letter writer missed a few quotes from from the inimitable Thomas Jefferson including:
"I hope we shall crush in its birth the aristocracy of our monied corporations which dare already to challenge our government to a trial by strength, and bid defiance to the laws of our country." and "I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies ..."
It would seem that Thomas Jefferson would see that We the People are under attack and the enemy is within. I personally know several wealthy families which have incorporated themselves for the tax advantages, and they behave just as Jefferson feared, along with their big brethren. Reducing the role of the federal government panders to those enemies of the People.
Please note Thomas Jefferson objected to standing armies which means he would not have approved of our Department of Defense, and particularly not of its global power projections not in actual defense of the nation (another arguable point).
If you are going to take Thomas Jefferson take all of him.
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Feels Like: 22°
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Feels Like: 14°
Statistics paint an incomplete picture of the crime's true impact on Kitsap County.
100% of the dollars donated are distributed to local food banks.
IV drug use in Kitsap County surges to record levels


Piazza del Campidoglio. ROME. III. Southern Quarters. 229
The Central Approach, ascending in shallow steps paved with
asphalt ('la cordonnata'), leads direct to the Piazza del Campidoglio.
At the foot of the steps are copies of the Egyptian Lions mentioned
at p. 236, and at the top a group of the horse-taming Dioscuri, which
once stood near the theatre of Balbus. In the gardens to the left is
a Bronze Statue of Cola di Rienzo, by Masini. The pedestal, formed
of ancient architectural and inscribed fragments, is intended to
suggest Rienzi's antiquarian studies. He was slain at the foot of the
Aracceli steps. Higher up is a cage containing a couple of wolves
and another with an eagle.
The design of the present "Piazza del Campidoglio, or Square
of the Capitol (PL II, 20), is due to Michael Angelo, and its execu¬
tion though begun soon after 1538 was not completed until the
17th century. Michael Angelo superintended in person only the
erection of the statue of Marcus Aurelius and the construction
of the staircase-approach and of the flight of steps in front of the
palace of the Senators; the rest was executed from his plans, with
various modifications of detail, by his successors. The slanting posi¬
tion of the palaces at the sides, which causes the piazza to seem
larger than it is, is due to the situation of the earlier palace of the
Conservatori. — On the balustrade in front, adjoining the Dios¬
curi, are the so-called Trophies of Marius, admirably executed works
probably dating from the reign of Domitian (brought hither from the
water-tower of the Aqua Julia, p. 174), and the statues of the Emp.
Constantine and his son Constans from the Thermae of Constantine
(p. 169). On the right is the first milestone of the ancient Via
Appia, and. on the left the seventh, found at Torricola in 1660.
In the centre of the piazza rises the admirable *Equestrian Statue
of Marcus Aurelius (161-181), in bronze, once gilded, which stood
near the Lateran in the middle ages, and was, as the inscription
records, transferred hither in 1538. Its original position is unknown.
It owes its excellent preservation to the popular belief that it was a
statue of Constantine, the first Christian emperor (see pp. xxxiv, lv).
The height of the pedestal, which is said to have been designed by
Michael Angelo, is skilfully calculated so as to permit spectators to
inspect even the head of the statue.
Behind this monument rises the Palazzo del Senatore (PL II,
20), first mentioned as the 'Novum Palatium' (p. 226) in 1150. In
1300 it was restored and provided with a vestibule (lobium or
loggia) in two stories; and after being injured by a fire in 1354, it
was again restored by Boniface IX. in 1389. Two of the four corner
towers of Boniface's edifice are still recognizable; one at the S.E.
corner next the Forum and one at the N.W. corner in the Via del
Campidoglio. The handsome flight of steps is by Michael Angelo (see
above). The facade, slightly altered from Michael Angelo's design,
was constructed by Girol. Rainaldi (1592). The river-gods which
adorn it are the Tiber (right) and Nile (left); in the centre is a foun-


December 01, 2016
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This postcard features a color illustration of Davis School in Jackson, Mississippi, a three story, red brick building with two white trimmed, arched entrances and a dormer in the center of the roof. A utility pole is depicted in front of the left end of the building. The Jefferson Davis School (elementary) was opened on North Congress Street in 1906 with Lorena Duling as principal. It was named for Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Writer Eudora Welty attended this grammar school which was across the street from her childhood home. The title of the card is printed along the upper edge of the image. The recipient addressed on the back of the card has been marked out though would have been mailed to Grunwald Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana. An inscription is written sideways on the left half of the card's back. [see transcription field]
[across the top right edge] Did you ever see this building [sic] [sideways on the left] I miss my sweet little name sake so much, and hope you will have a nice trip and come home feling well Anne and Papa went out to the Place after breakfast. Lillian is as mad as she can be. ruth spent the afternoon with Anne but looked like she missed your and I know I do. Your devoted Mama. [sic]
Eyrich and Co., Jackson, Miss.
Postcards; School buildings
schools; school buildings; Jackson, MS
Mississippi State University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections, Manuscripts Unit, Lucius Marion Lampton, MD Historical Images Collection, Mississippiana Collection, Postcard/Photographs, Box 4, Mississippi Capitol Region
Mississippi State University Libraries (electronic version)
Copyright protected by Mississippi State University Libraries. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required.
For more information about the contents of this collection, email firstname.lastname@example.org.
Davis Schools, Jackson, Mississippi, Lucius Marion Lampton, MD Historical Images Collection, Special Collections Department, Mississippi State University


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson at the Opera House|
|Live album by|
|Recorded||September 29 and October 7, 1957|
|Venue||Chicago, IL and Los Angeles, CA|
|Length||38:04 (mono), 35:25 (stereo)|
|Stan Getz chronology|
|J. J. Johnson chronology|
|The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings|||
Stan Getz and J.J. Johnson at the Opera House is a 1957 live album by Stan Getz and J. J. Johnson. They were accompanied by the Oscar Peterson trio and Connie Kay on drums. Two different versions of the same material, one recorded in Chicago and one recorded in Los Angeles by the same musicians, were released by Verve under the same title. One recording was mono and the other was stereo.
The original album liner notes apparently misidentified which recording came from which location on which date but later CD re-issue liner notes claim to have the corrected information.
- "Note: The liner notes to the compact disc reissue of these titles…(Verve 831-272-2), by jazz historian Phil Schaap corrects the date and location information of this concert recording as listed in the Jespen, Bruyninckx, and Fini discographies".
According to the later CD liner notes, the stereo recording was made at the Civic Opera House in Chicago on September 29, 1957 and the mono recording was made at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on October 7, 1957.
LP Side A
- "Billie's Bounce" (Charlie Parker) – 7:57
- "My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 8:28
LP Side B
- "Crazy Rhythm" (Irving Caesar, Joseph Meyer, Roger Wolfe Kahn) – 7:47
- "Yesterdays" (Jerome Kern, Otto Harbach) – 3:42
- "It Never Entered My Mind" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:52
- "Blues In the Closet" (Oscar Pettiford) – 6:18
LP Side A
- "Billie's Bounce" (Parker) – 10:15
- "My Funny Valentine" (Rodgers, Hart) – 7:40
LP Side B
- "Crazy Rhythm" (Caesar, Meyer, Wolfe Kahn) – 7:36
- "It Never Entered My Mind" (Rodgers, Hart) – 3:46
- "Blues In the Closet" (Pettiford) – 6:08
CD re-issues have included all or most tracks from both concerts on a single disc
- Allmusic review
- Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
- Gioia, Ted (July 6, 2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190603557 – via Google Books.
- The Musical World of J.J. Johnson by Joshua Berrett, Louis G. Bourgois III. Page 355
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.


Arizona State has officially unveiled its newly-remodeled stadium entrance tunnel. Termed the Tillman Tunnel, it now features massive pitchforks on both walls surrounded by splashes of maroon and gold.
The doorway features the tunnel’s namesake, Pat Tillman. An American hero, Tillman turned his back on football and the NFL to serve his country. The College Football Hall of Famer was killed during a tour of duty in Afghanistan.
This move by ASU is a great way to commemorate Tillman and his courage.


This baroque complex is our pride! After all, it is Germany’s largest baroque castle complex from the 17th century. For a visit to the nearby castle from the 17th century you should plan about 2 hours. Castle Friedenstein in Gotha is the largest palace building in Germany from the 17th century. Inside the castle museum you can visit various ducal living and representation rooms. Among other things, you will witness important collections from the era of classicism; worth seeing is also the castle church in the north wing.
Distance from the Hotel Lindenhof: 2.5 km; by foot: about 30 minutes; by bike: about 10 minutes
Opening hours: Tuesday to Sunday: 10am to 4pm (in winter) Tuesday to Sunday: 10am to 5pm (in summer)
Address of Castle Friedenstein Schlossplatz 1, 99867 Gotha, Tel. +49 3621 82340


Gumbo z'herbes by Andrew LaMar Hopkins 20x16
This is my latest "Creole Kitchen painting titled "Gumbo z'herbes" the painting centers around making the local New Orleans dish dating from the 19th century. When New Orleans Catholics were expected to abstain from eating meat during Lent, a meatless variety of gumbo, known as gumbo des herbes (literally "gumbo with herbs" and shortened to gumbo z'herbes), was often served in local Creole households. This variety combined a large number of greens – typically including turnips, mustard greens, and spinach. The greens were cooked to mush and strained through a sieve to produce a thick green liquid. Preparation for this variety of gumbo was time-consuming, and as Lenten restrictions have relaxed in the 20th century, the dish has become less popular. It is very rarely served in restaurants. In modern times, ham or crabmeat is occasionally added to this type of gumbo.
Gumbo z'herbes may have originated with the French, Germans, or West Africans. It has similarities to the French dish potage aux herbes ("soup with herbs"), as well as to the African callaloo. The meatless dish also bears striking resemblance to a dish often eaten in Germany on Maundy Thursday. German Catholics, obeying the Lenten rules, often served a stew made of seven different greens on this date.
Early Louisiana Creole armoire
The painting in centered around a arched Creole flagstone courtyard with formal French parterre and topiary garden. In the center of the garden is a classical marble statue of Paris. The terracotta tiled floor of the Creole kitchen is full of locally made Louisiana Creole pieces with the cypress kitchen work table and the 18th century inlay cabriole leg armoire. The pottery on the floor is French provincial. On the cypress work table are polished silver known at plate during the period. A silver epergne that would be the centerpiece of the dinning room table and to display fruit. A silver pitcher and Soup tureen. To the left of the table are two Wedgewood pottery obelisk moulds. A clear jelly was moulded around a ceramic "core", often in the form of an obelisk decorated with hand-painted motifs, These eccentric, but exquisite jellies were used as table centrepieces in the late Georgian dessert.
Antonio Canova's Paris 1812
A Creole lady rolls out dough for a pie at the work table as another chops up fresh greens for the Gumbo z'herbes. The cook puts herbs in the Gumbo pot at the Stewholes or Potager. In many ways, the stewholes were the most convenient and efficient means of cooking in this type of kitchen. They were at waist level, so there was no need to bend down over the hearth. They did not emit as much heat as the hearth, so it was easier on the cooks. They mostly burned charcoal, which was less expensive than the hardwoods needed for the hearth and oven and which allowed the cook to easily control the cooking temperature.
Charcoal fires are slow, even, and basically smokeless. They are well suited to the slow, simmering needed for many French and Creole recipes. The cook could put foods, such as gumbo or beans, on the stewholes and leave the kitchen without fear that it would burn. Simmering was also an important way to deal with the heat of New Orleans, because, prior to refrigeration, it was useful to be able to leave something simmering, so that it would not “go bad.” Stewholes were useful for more than just simmering; a cook could also create a hot flame to boil or fry on the stewholes.
18th century Potager at the Le Petit Trianon
The framed art in the kitchen include two Old Master paintings one over the Potager and the other over the armoire. other art are hand colored engravings of fruit. Over the Potager hang copper pots, pans and molds. Next to the armoire is a 18th century copper water cistern. In front of the armoire two rabbits managed to take a radish.
Gumbo z'herbes by Andrew LaMar Hopkins 20x16 available for sale here


Lydham is a parish, with the township of Aston, two miles from Bishop’s Castle, and eight from Marsh Brook station, in the Southern division of the county, Bishop’s Castle division of Purslow hundred, Clun union, and diocese of Hereford. The church of the Holy Trinity is a stone building. The living is a rectory, yearly value £163, with residence and 40 acres of glebe land. Capt. Henry Oakley, J.P., is lord of the manor and sole landowner. The soil is a rich loam; the subsoil clay, sand and gravel. The population of the township in 1861 was 143; the area is 1,943 acres. The gross estimated rental of the parish is £2,396; rateable value, £2, 196.
Aston is a township in Lydham parish, in Montgomery union, Montgomeryshire, with 1,125 acres, and a population in 1861 of 62.
Letters are received through Bishop’s Castle.
Green Rev. Frederick, Roveries
Oakley Capt. Henry, J.P. Oakley house
Blakemore Ferdinand, farmer & miller
Davies William, farmer
Holl Richard, farmer
Parkes Edmund, farmer, Lodge farm
Roberts John, farmer, Lower Heblands
Rogers Edward, blacksmith
Williams John, farmer, Newton
Davies Edward, farmer, Aston hall
Kilbert Thomas, farmer, Upper Aston
Morris Charles, farmer
Price Thomas, farmer, Pentreewn
Source: Edward Cassey & Co’s, History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Shropshire 1871


Prähistorischer Archäologe mit dem Forschungsschwerpunkt auf dem europäischen Neolithikum sowie der Kupfer- und Bronzezeit. Seine Forschungen konzentrieren sich auf Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen, Landschafts-, Haushalts- und Siedlungsarchäologie, sowie soziale Organisation und Nutzung von Raum. Methoden umfassen GIS-basierte räumliche Analysen und Geoarchäologie. Seine Monographie „Soilscapes in Archaeology: Settlement and Social Organization in the Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain“ erschein 2016 im Verlag Archaeolingua.
Nach seinem Doktoratsstudium an der University at Buffalo, das er im Jahr 2010 abschloss, forschte Roderick Salisbury an der University of Leicester und lehrte an den Universitäten von Nottingham und Leicester in Großbritannien. Im Jahr 2012 erhielt er eine Position als Marie Curie Experienced Researcher bei Airborne Technologies in Österreich. Seit 2016 ist er als Post-doc für GIS und Kontextanalyse im ERC Projekt „The Value of Mothers to Society“ verantwortlich.
- Human-environmental interactions, landscape and cultural soilscapes
- Cultural Ecology and Historical Ecology
- Household archaeology
- Social organization and use of space
- Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age of Central and Southeast Europe
- Late Archaic and Woodland of eastern North America
- Geoarchaeology and archaeological soil chemistry
- Settlement archaeology, spatial analyses and GIS-based activity areas research
- Salisbury, R.B. 2016, Soilscapes in Archaeology: Settlement and Social Organization in the Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain. Prehistoric Research in the Körös Region, Vol. 3. Archaeolingua, Budapest.
- Fábián, Sz., R.B. Salisbury, G. Serlegi, N. Larsson, Sz. Guba, G. Bácsmegi, 2016, Early settlement and trade in the Ipoly Region: Introducing the Ipoly-Szécsény Archaeological Project. Hungarian Archaeology E-journal, Spring 2016.
- Gyucha, A., R. W. Yerkes, W. A. Parkinson, N. Papadopoulos, A. Sarris, P.R. Duffy, and R. B. Salisbury 2015. Settlement Nucleation in the Neolithic: A Preliminary Report of the Körös Regional Archaeological Project’s Investigations at Szeghalom-Kovácshalom and Vésztő-Mágor, in Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and Technologies from the 6th to the 4th Millennium BCE. International Workshop Budapest 2012, edited by Svend Hansen, Pál Raczky, Alexandra Anders, and Agathe Reingruber. Archäologie in Eurasien 31. Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, pp. 129–142.
- Bede, A., R. B. Salisbury, A. I. Csathó, P. Czukor, D. G. Páll, G. Szilágyi, and P. Sümegi 2015. Report of the complex geoarcheological survey at the Ecse-halom kurgan in Hortobágy, Hungary, Central European Geology 58(3): 268–289.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2015. HARC – the Hungarian Archaeological Research Circle: developing regional archaeological practice. The European Archaeologist 44: 23–24. Spring 2015.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2014. Review: Moments in time. Papers presented to Pál Raczky on his 60th birthday. Prehistoric Studies 1, by A. Anders, G. Kulcsár, V. Kiss, G. Kalla and G. Szabó (eds), Budapest, L'Harmattan Kiadó, 2013. European Journal of Archaeology 17: 549–553.
- Duffy, P. R., G. Parditka, J. I. Giblin, L. Paja and R. B. Salisbury 2014. Discovering Mortuary Practices in the Körös River Basin, Hungary. Hungarian Archaeology E-journal, Autumn 2014.
- Salisbury, R. B. and G. Bácsmegi, 2013. Resilience in the Neolithic: how people may have mitigated environmental change in prehistory. Anthropologie Brno: International Journal of the Science of Man 51(2): 143–155.
- Pauknerová, K., R. B. Salisbury and M. Baumanová, 2013. Human-landscape interaction in prehistoric Central Europe: analysis of natural and built environments. Anthropologie Brno: International Journal of the Science of Man 51(2): 131–142.
- Salisbury, R. B., G. Bácsmegi and P. Sümegi 2013. Preliminary environmental historical results to reconstruct prehistoric human-environmental interactions in Eastern Hungary. Central European Journal of Geosciences 5(3): 331–343. DOI:10.2478/s13533-012-0133-8
- Salisbury, R. B., G. Bertók and G. Bácsmegi 2013. Integrated Prospection Methods to Define Small-site Settlement Structure: a Case Study from Neolithic Hungary. Archaeological Prospection 20(1): 1–10. DOI:10.1002/arp.1442
- Salisbury, R. B. 2013. Interpolating Geochemical Patterning of Activity Zones at Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age Settlements in Eastern Hungary. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 926–934. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.009
- Salisbury, R. B. 2013. Integrating archaeo-geochemical methods for intra-site archaeological prospection. In Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection, W. Neuabauer, I. Trinks, R. B. Salisbury and C. Einwögerer (eds), pp 92–94. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Place and Identity: Networks of Neolithic Communities in Central Europe. Documenta Praehistorica 39: 203–214.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Soilscapes and settlements: remote mapping of activity areas in unexcavated prehistoric farmsteads. Antiquity 86(331): 178–190.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2012. Engaging with Soil Materiality, Past and Present. Journal of Material Culture 17(1):23–41.
- Salisbury, R. B. and G. Bácsmegi 2012. Neolithic Archaeology and Soilscapes Körös Area: 2011 – Survey Year. Newsletter of the Archaeological Geology Division of the Geological Society of America, April 2012, 6–7.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2011. Review: Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation among Pastoralists and Agriculturalists in Northern Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1600 BC), by Arne Wossink, Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2009. European Journal of Archaeology, 14: 316–319.
- Salisbury, R. B. 2011. Review: Domestic Space in Classical Antiquity (Key Themes in Ancient History), by Lisa C. Nevett, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2011.06.35.
- Editor of TEA (The European Archaeologist, newsletter of the EAA)
- Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (with W. Neubauer, I. Trinks, and C. Einwögerer)
- Reimagining Regional Analyses – the Archaeology of Spatial and Social Dynamics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle (with T. L. Thurston)
- Space – Archaeology’s Final Frontier? An Intercontinental Approach. Cambridge Scholars Press, Newcastle (with D. M. Keeler)
Ph.D., Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Dissertation: Sediments, Settlements and Space: a Practice Approach to Community Organization in the Late Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain.
Certificate in Geographic Information (GI) Science, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, State University of New York at Buffalo
IIE Fulbright Fellow, Hungary
- January – March 2006
Visiting Student, Department of Archaeology and Wolfson College, University of Cambridge
M.A., Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo. Thesis: Intrasitial Patterns at a Late Woodland Village in Western New York.
B.A. (summa cum laude), Department of Anthropology, Buffalo State College, SUNY. Thesis: Lithic and Ceramic Cross Mends at the Eaton Site.
Post-Doctoral Researcher, ERC Project ‘The value of mothers to society: responses to motherhood and child rearing practices in prehistoric Europe’, OREA, ÖAW
Post-Doctoral Researcher, FWF Project ‘The social status of motherhood in Bronze Age Europe’, OREA, ÖAW
Post-Doctoral Researcher, Val di Pesa and Val Orme as a Changing Rural Landscape project, Department of Classical Archaeology, University of Vienna
- Since 2013
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Prehistory and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna
Marie Curie Experienced Researcher, Airborne Technologies GmbH
Lecturer, Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham
Research Associate/Project Manager, Tracing Networks project, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester
- Since 2010
Honorary Visiting Fellow, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Field Archaeology
Northeastern Historical Archaeology
Plant and Soil
- Grant agencies
GAČR – Czech Science Foundation (Czech Republic)
Hungarian Fulbright Association
OTKA – Hungarian National Scientific Research Fund
- European Association of Archaeologists
- Society for American Archaeology
- Society fo Archaeological Science
Vorträge der letzten Jahre
- 3rd Central European Theoretical Archaeology Group meeting – Central European TAG, Bratislava, SK: Revisiting Contextual Archaeology – Butzer’s Contribution to ‘the multidimensional expression of human decision-making within the environment’, 10.11.2016.
- 22nd Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius, Lithuania: Activity Zones and Community Formation: The Role of Spatial Structure in Early Nucleated Villages, 1.9.2016.
- Internationales ÖGUF-Symposium 2015, Kupferzet: Zeitalter des Wandels und der Inovationen at MAMUZ Museum Mistelbach: Environmental history of the Ecse-halom kurgan and Copper Age paleoecology in the eastern Carpathian Basin (with Á. Bede, A. I. Csathó, P. Czukor, D. Gergely Páll, G. Szilágyi and P. Sümegi), 16.10.2015.
- 21st Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Glasgow, Scotland: A mixed-method approach to reconstructing the life-history of a Neolithic settlement in the Körös Basin, Hungary (with G. Bácsmegi and A. Sarris), 3.9.2015.
- 2nd Central European Theoretical Archaeology Group meeting – Central European TAG, Prague, CZ: A behavioral approach to soil as material culture, 12.5.2015
- 20th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Istanbul, Turkey: Interregional Networks: Szécsény-Ültetés in a Comparative Context (with Sz. Fábián, G. Bácsmegi and G. Serlegi), 13.9.2014.
- 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Austin, Texas: Remote Sensing, Soil Cores and Systematic Survey in Mortuary Landscape Analysis (with P. R. Duffy, A. Sarris, L. Paja, G. Parditka, J. I. Giblin), 24.4.2014.
- 115th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America in Chicago: Neolithic Archaeology and Soilscapes: Collaboration, Knowledge Exchange and Friendship in the Körös Area (with G. Bácsmegi), 4.1.2014.
- 40th Annual Ontario Archaeological Society Symposium in Niagara Falls, Canada: A Point Refit Study of an Iroquoian Village (with W. Engelbrecht), 26.10.2013.
- 19th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Pilsen, CZ: Neolithic transitions and (pre)historical ecology in the Central Körös Area of eastern Hungary (with G. Bácsmegi and P. Sümegi), 5.9.2013
- New York State Archaeological Association (NYSAA) Annual Meeting in Watertown, NY: A Point Refit Study of an Iroquoian Village (with W. Engelbrecht), 26.4.2013.
ORGANISATION OF CONFERENCE SESSIONS
- What If We Build This Here? Spatial Patterns, Community Organization, and Identity at Nucleated Settlements, symposium for the 22nd Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius, Lithuania (with A. Gyucha)
- Human-landscape interaction in Prehistoric Central Europe: Analysis of natural and built environments, at the International Conference “Theory and method in the prehistoric archaeology of Central Europe,” Mikulov, Czech Republic, 24th–26th October 2012 (with K. Pauknerova, M. Baumanova, G. Bácsmegi)
- Socio-sedimentary Dialectics, symposium for the 16th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in The Hague, Netherlands, (with I. Woltinge)
- Reading Tells - Settlement Practice During the European Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages, formal symposium for the 13th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Zadar, Croatia, (with A. Gyucha)
- Regional Analyses of Spatial and Social Dynamics, formal symposium for the 12th Annual Meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists in Cracow, Poland, (with T.L. Thurston)
- Agency within the Periphery: Views from Across the Globe, organized symposium at the 70th Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology in Salt Lake City, Utah, (with K. Niemel)
University of Vienna
Contribution to 060063 VO Naturwissenschaftliche Methoden (Archäometrie), lectures on Archaeological geochemistry
University of Vienna
Lecturer and Workshop organizer, IC ArchPro Workshop 4. “Geoarchaeology 1. The basics”, University of Vienna Initiative College for Archaeological Prospection (including lectures Introduction to Geoarchaeology, Site Formation Processes, Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry for Prospection)
University of Nottingham
AA1017 UG The Anthropology of Human Ecology (module convener, lectures, assessment and grading)
V64027 PG Anthropology for Archaeologists (module convener, lectures, assessment and grading)
University of Leicester
A3067 Later European Prehistory: perspectives on the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages (including lectures on the Neolithic transition, Neolithic households, Neolithic burials and ritual, seminars, excursion to the British Museum)


December 29, 2021 — A 2015 murder rampage put the Gangster Disciples’ H.A.T.E. Committee into the headlines for the first time and on the map with authorities. Well, before the masses new of the vicious drug crew’s run-in with hip-hop mogul “Ricky Rozay.”
In the summer of 2015, H.A.T.E. Committee members Joseph (Little Joe) Broxton and Daniel (Island Danny) Pena killed three people and wounded a number of others over a month-long period throughout Stone Mountain, Georgia. The pair were found guilty of the homicides at a 2017 trial and sentenced to life in prison.
Recently released federal court testimony alleges Miami rapper Rick Ross aka Ricky Rozay (aka William Roberts) was shaken down for $3,000,000 in the early 2010s for co-opting the GD street gang brand in his music without seeking permission through proper channels. Former Macon, Georgia GD boss Markell (Killer Kell) White told the story of the H.A.T.E. Committee extorting Ross to jurors at the 2020 trial of H.A.T.E. Committee co-founder Donnie (Smurf) Glass.
Per court documents and DEA records, Smurf Glass and Kevin (K.K.) Clayton started the H.A.T.E. Committee in late 2009 as the enforcement branch for the GDs in the South. The Rick Ross incident is said to have occurred in 2012 at the Loews Hotel in Miami Beach, with Glass and Clayton spearheading the thuggery. Glass is serving a life prison sentence for racketeering and murder. Clayton got slapped with a 33-year term.
The Gangster Disciples are based out of the Chicago area, but in the past three decades has established a foothold in Southern states like Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and North Carolina. The H.A.T.E. Committee headquartered out of DeKalb, Georgia, right outside of Atlanta. According to court filings and police reports, “Little Joe” Broxton, 27, and Danny “Island” Pena, 29, went on their killing spree after GD Nation in Georgia was given an edict by Glass and Clayton to go to war with sets of the Bloods street gang in the area.
On July 3, 2015 Broxton and Pena robbed and killed Eddie Chadmon at the Stone Mountain Inn. On July 30, they shot Oliver Campbell to death as he slept in his car at a Candler Road gas station. Later that day, they riddled a porch in a local apartment complex with automatic weapon fire, murdering Rocquwell Nelson


Please note – several headstones in Taruheru Cemetery Block 30 (from the 1970s and 1980s) have suffered damage due to a vehicle accident on 11 May 2021. Contact us for more information if your loved one is in this block.
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Details for Ivan Kippenberger
|Date of Birth:||Unknown|
|Date of Death:||Unknown|
|Date of Burial:||Unknown|
|Inscription:||In loving memory of LENA MAY, beloved wife of M P KIPPENBERGER, born 1887, died 1942. R.I.P. |
also their son, Flt Sgt IVAN, missing Middle East, July 1943 aged 21.


THE NOTHGYTH QUEST HYPOTHESIS
For the Lineage of South Saxon Rulers. Entries which contain, or are influenced by, conjectural genealogy are indicated thus: BERHTUN (conjecture), unless the conjecture is otherwise clarified in the text.
Firstly, about the Royal Legend of the South Saxons, and secondly, how the aim has been pursued to establish this hypothesis.
Tradition has held that Aelle landed from Gaul at Cymen’s Shore in 477, with his three sons Cymen, Wlencing and Cissa, with three keel-loads of warriors.There was a battle between the Saxons and the Welsh at Mearcred’s Burn (unidentified) in 485, and six years later, in 491, Aelle conquered the coastal strip and captured the Roman fort at Pevensey with the aid of his youngest son Cissa.It was told that Aelle was the first Bretwalda, and it was also claimed that he was the first king of the South Saxons. After Aelle’s death in 514, his son Cissa followed him as king, making Noviomagum Regnorum his royal centre, renaming the Roman town Cissan Ceaster. His son Wincheling was said to have founded Winchelsea, and tradition also held that Cissa was still king 72 years after his reign began (perhaps referring originally to the death of an heir), and that he eventually died in 590, after reigning for 76 years. Presumably in a later period, Cissa was believed to have died at about the same age as the biblical Adam. On Cissa’s death, it was told, the kingdom of the South Saxons passed to Ceawlin, King of the West Saxons. This royal legend has only survived in fragments and, as it stands, has a number of difficulties. It is also not feasible in terms of time scale. However, the remains of this oral legend undoubtedly hide the historical truth, and surely it can be argued that some of its content is feasible.
It is known, because of the evidence found in Sussex place names, that the coast of the sub-Roman region formerly held by the Regni, sometimes referred to as Rhegin, was settled in the late fifth century by some forty chieftains, most of whom were likely to have risen from the ranks of the aristocratic warriors of the Warlord Aelle and his uncle,Wlenca (see the reconstruction hypothesis below). By comparing patronymic place names in Sussex in terms of Anglo-Saxon naming patterns, evidence might be found that a few warriors could have been kinsmen.The usurpation of sub-Roman Rhegin, and turning it into a Germanican Sussex appears to have been an organised enterprise. It was during this period, near Mount Cayburn where the local British warriors made their last stand after the destruction of Pevensey, that South Malling was founded by a cheiftain called Mealla, a name easily compounded over time with Aelle (Malla>Ella). In line with Anglo-Saxon naming patterns amongst kinsman such as Nunna and Ine, and taking account of campaigning brothers like Ceawlin and Cutha, there would appear to be the circumstantial evidence here to propose the idea that Aelle was Mealla’s elder bother. In which case, in terms of this hypothesis, it seems feasible that Mealla would have been one of the four alderman who landed near Selsey in 477.
An attempt has been made here to reconstruct hypothetically the royal history of the South Saxons, starting at its genesis through to its demise at the hand of the Mercians in 772, and concluding with the period of the last South Saxon dukes.The endeavour has been to do this by using history as a framework for informed conjecture to establish a genealogical hypothesis. The main reference material which was employed to assist this process is listed in the bibliography at the end of the article. Further, as has been clarified below, it would seem reasonable to believe that the kingdom of the South Saxons became extinct under the military power of Wessex, during the late sixth century, and not that the South Saxon kingdom was lost to the Britons in the decades that followed the decisive British victory over Aelle, and the Kentish Aesc, at Mount Badon in 493 (the date given by Bede,uncertain). Nevertheless, the defeat of Aelle’s Saxons halted any advance they might have intended to make for westward settlement.
THE RECONSTRUCTION HYPOTHESIS IN SIX PARTS
Part 1 - THE AELLEAN WARLORDSHIP & THE CISSAN
KINGDOM of THE SOUTH SAXONS
Note: the elevation of Cissa to co-warlord, below, is conjectural.
WLENCA (conjecture), born late 420’s? The name of his father is not known. A Saxon chieftain who fathered the alderman known eventually as Cymen Wlencing. The assumption here is that Wlenca was the consanguine maternal uncle of the royal brothers Aelle and Mealla,and that he was the eldest of the four alderman who landed near Selsey in 477, bringing with him the experience of his years, although of lower hierarchical standing than his nephews. He probably founded his settlement at Lancing in the same year. This Wlencing chieftainship was inherited eventually by his son Cymen.
AELLE , born early 450’s? Probably the eldest son of a Saxon king claiming patrilineal descent from the god Woden, who perhaps died around 476 . Aelle, who perhaps sailed with his three keel-loads of aristocratic warriors from the Rhine delta, might have made a first landing with his fellow aldermen and blood relatives on the island which became his tribal settlement of Hayling Island. Here, maybe, he would have been recognised as the local king . He landed with his warriors and senior ranking male relatives near Selsey in 477. From his bravest and most trusted warriors, Aelle would have made the chieftains who were to settle the new territories to be gained from the Britons. Eventually, enough of the coastal strip had been taken over to enable Aelle to capture and destroy Pevensey in 491. There must have been setbacks, most notably the indecisive battle of Mearcred’s Burn in 485. He made his eldest son, Cissa, his co-warlord of the South Saxons after the destruction of Pevensey. Not only was Aelle the royal warlord of the South Saxons, but in spite of his decisive defeat by the Britons at Mount Baden, he was also recognised as the first Bretwalda. It is likely that this military status would have been accepted by all Jutes and Saxons south of the Thames. Aelle died in 514 , leaving the warlordship of the South Saxons to his eldest son, and co-warlord , Cissa. According to tradition the first Bretwalda had three sons, but the names of the younger two were not remembered, overshadowed as they were by Cissa, born in 477, and confused with the founding fathers who landed near Selsey in the same year. It is improbable that Aelle was ever king of the all South Saxons, but royal lineage would have helped to assert his authority over them.
MEALLA (conjecture), b. late 450’s? Presumed here to have been a royal alderman and Aelle’s younger brother, he would also have been the leading warrior in the warlord’s retinue until Cissa Aelling reached his majority at the age of fourteen. Mealla landed with Aelle near Selsey in 477, and is likely to have campaigned with him during the nascent years of Sussex. In 491, Aelle having destroyed the Roman fort of Pevensey, it was probably Mealla who defeated the local Britons making their last stand on Mount Cayburn (Old Welsh, Caerbryn). After the British defeat, Mealla founded his own settlement, not far from the Cayburn battle site, at South Malling .
CYMEN WLENCING (conjecture), b. early 450’s? Wlenca’s son and heir, and taken here as the maternal first cousin of the royal brothers Aelle and Maella, and landing with them near Selsey in 477, at a place which became known as Cymen’s Shore, but lost to the sea many generations later. The site is now refered to as The Owers. On Wlenca’s death, Cymen would have inherited his father’s settlement at Lancing. Cymen then held two aldermanries, and it appears that he was referred to as Cymen Wlencing, because of his separated estates.
*CISSA b. 477and died in 567 - the eldest of Aelle’s three sons. The names of the other two are not known. He might have been born in his father’s vil on Hayling Island. When Cissa reached his majority, at the age of fourteen in 491, he was elevated by his father to be the co-warlord, perhaps after the fall of Pevensey. On Aelle’s death in 514, Cissa inherited the warlordship as his own, and presumedly was able to use the influence of his royal ancestry to found the kingdom of the South Saxons. He made the old Roman town of Noviomagum Regnorum his royal centre, renaming it Cissan Ceaster, today’s Chichester . He reigned from 514-567, and like Claudia Crysis of Roman Lincoln, Cissa died aged ninety. Wine, his son and heir, had probably already predeceased him (see below). After Cissa’s death, the kingship of the South Saxons passed to Ceawlin, by then king of the West Saxons , who had married a granddaughter of Cissa (see the conjecture in the entry for Wine Cissing below). However, a separate kingdom of the South Saxons became irrelevant , in a warrior age , when armed men from Sussex could avenge the defeat of their forefathers at Mount Baden fighting for Ceawlin, King and Second Bretwalda, as he advanced against the Britons .
*Note: pronounced as ‘chissa.’
*WINE CISSING (wrongly,Wincheling), ?born in the late 500’s and died about 563, predeceasing his father King Cissa. He founded the earliest settlement at Winchelsea, perhaps Winesceseley, the Gwent-chesel-ey of the later mediaeval period , which was finally lost to the sea in the great storm of 1287. Wine probably had his vil at Winchelsea from where, as his father’s heir (?or Atheling) he would have represented royal authority on the East March of the kingdom. Here he would have been known as Wine Cissing, the king’s son and co-ruler. The hypothesis conjectures here that he had a daughter , maybe his eldest surviving child, who was wedded to Ceawlin of Wessex (see below), sometime in the early 550’s, and that this union was to prove extinctive to the survival of a South Saxon kingdom. This would explain why the Cissan kingdom devolved the on the powerful Ceawlin in 567.
*Note : Wine Cissing should be pronounced like ‘winna chissing’.
CUTHWINE (conjecture), born circa 560? The eldest son of Ceawlin king of the West Saxons and second Bretwalda , by the (?eldest) daughter of Wine Cissing (see the entry for Wine Cissing above). Cuthwine, a successful warrior, was evidently destined to inherit his father’s kingship over both West and South Saxons. The choice of giving him the old English name, Cuthwine, reflected the ties of Ceawlin’s son to both peoples. Cutha was Cuthwine’s paternal uncle , and Wine of Sussex his maternal grandfather. However King Ceawlin was deposed by his nephews, Ceol and Ceolwulf, and power in Wessex shifted to the descendants of King Ceol. If Cuthwine lived to see the endemic strife between Sussex and Wessex during the reign of Ceolwulf (597- 611), because his family had been deprived of power, it seems feasible that he would have lent his support to the South Saxon insurgency. The date 607, given as the year of insurrection in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, is rhetoric based on forty rhetorical years from the death of King Cissa, taken here to have been in 567. According to the traditional royal line of succession (followed by the Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis), Cuthwine’s youngest son was Cuthwulf, from whom many later kings of the South Saxons were descended (see the Dynasty of Ecgwald Cuthwulfing below).
Part 2 THE (CONJECTURED) DYNASTY of ECGWALD
ECGWALD (conjecture), born late 620’s? The son of Cuthwulf and younger brother of Ceowald. All the descendants of Cuthwine, who fathered the three brothers, Cadda, Cynebald and Cuthwulf, would have had a blood claim on the kingdom of the South Saxons, including Ecgwald. After his conquest of Sussex in 686, Caedwalla King of the West Saxons appointed Ecgwald to be his under-king in Sussex. This choice might have been because Ecgwald was based in Sussex, or because of the union of Nothhelm, Ecgwald’s son, to Aethelthryth of Sussex in circa 685, Aethelthryth being the daughter of King Aethelwalh by Queen Eafa (see the hypothesis below). Ecgwald probably remained Cadwalla’s under-king over the South Saxons till the latter’s abdication in 688.
NOTHGYTH (conjecture, except that she was Nothhelm’s sister), born circa 655? The daughter of Ecgwald and elder sister of Nothhelm in whose affections she was closely held. In 692 she became a patron of the church in Sussex, which had been established by Bishop Wilfrid’s conversion of the South Saxons from their pagan gods, during the years 681-686. Wilfrid was the Bishop of York and later canonised. He received thirty three hides at Lidsey, Aldingbourne, ?Westergate and Mundham from Nothgyth, an estate which had been granted to her previously by her brother King Nothhelm .
NOTHHELM (also called Nunna, the name by which he would have been known by his kinsfolk and those aldermen at his court). Born in the late 650’s? and the younger brother of the Lady Nothgyth, to whom Nothhelm was greatly endeared. They were both children of the under-king Ecgwald (re: Ecgwald’s entry above). Nothhelm took Aethelthryth of Sussex, the daughter of King Aethelwalh and Queen Eafe, as his wife in about 865 (see Aethelwalh’s entry below). At least, that is the conjecture here. The union would have been at the root of a royal house comprising two dynasties in Sussex, and it is likely that it would have saved the lives of Aethelthryth’s family when Caedwalla crushed the South Saxons after the death of her illegitimate half brother Berhthun, in 686 (see Berhthun’s entry below). Nothhelm was appointed by Ine, king of the West Saxons, to be the dominant king of the South Saxons in 688. Aethelthryth’s illegitimate half brother, Watt, was appointed the co-ruling king (see his entry below). Later Aethelthryth’s full brother, Aethelstan, became her husband’s co-ruler (see the hypothesis on Aethelstan below). Nothhelm and his cousin, King Ine, were allied against King Geraint of Dumnonia in the campaign of 710 . The British king was defeated and killed by the combined forces of the South and West Saxons. Nothhelm died in 722, without naming his successor, since that decision was in the hands of king Ine, the West Saxon ruler, who continued to exercise his supremacy over the South Saxons.
OSRIC (conjecture), born late 680’s? The eldest son of King Nothhelm, by his queen, Aethelthryth of Sussex, whom he married in about 685. Osric was introduced to the duties expected of a royal alderman, while still in his teenage years, following the death of his uncle, the co-ruling King Watt, when he was required to witness a charter granted by Nothhelm. However, it appears that he was never elevated to kingship by Ine, who held supremacy over the Saxons of Sussex. Osric probably had four sons, Osmund, Oswald, Aelfwald and Oslac, three of whom were destined to become South Saxon kings.
OSA (or Oswald). The conjecture here is that he was born circa 705? the youngest child of King Nothhelm and Queen Aethelthryth, and destined from his earliest years for a priestly career. In the course of time, he became the fifth bishop of Selsey, the diocese of the South Saxons, and held office from before 765 to before 780 . After the Mercian conquest of Sussex in 772, Bishop Osa was granted an estate at Bexhill by King Offa, on the 15th of August in the same year. The charter was witnessed by his nephews , Osmund the former dominant king,Oswald the first duke of the South Saxons, and Aelfwald and Oslac (re: the hypothesis on Osric above).
OSMUND (conjecture), born early 710’s? The eldest of Osric’s four sons. During the last years of Aethelberht’s reign as unitary king of the South Saxons, Osmund made moves to secure power for his grandfather’s dynasty, but his main obstacle was the high royal standing of the Ealdwulf, King Aethelberht’s heir (see the fourth part of this hypothesis). By Aethelberht’s death in 758, Osmund was in a strong enough position to outrival his much younger second cousin, Ealdwulf , and assert himself as the dominant king of the South Saxons. However, he needed the support of his two youngest brothers as co-ruling kings to contain the authority of Ealdwulf (see below). However, Osmund had to recognise Ealdwulf as the senior co-ruler. The instability of this regime enabled Offa King of the Mercians to conquer Sussex in 772, after which he deposed and demoted all the ruling Cerdicingas of Sussex from their royal status.
OSWALD (conjecture), born circa 715? and the second son of Osric. He did not participate in Osmund’s regime, most likely because he would not support the new plural kingship that his brother was determined to set in place. After King Offa’s conquest in Sussex, early in 772, Oswald was appointed as the first Duke of the South Saxons .
AELFWALD(conjecture),born early 720’s? The third son of Osric and second ranking co-ruling king during Osmund’s reign (on charter evidence). He was deposed by Offa in 772 , and never chosen to hold ducal office. Perhaps he might have declined such an appointment.
OSLAC (conjecture), born circa 725? The fourth son of Osric and the third ranking co-ruling king under Osmund (on charter evidence). He was deposed by Offa , who appointed him later as the second duke of the South Saxons, probably after the death of Oswald.
THE CHARTER of OSLAC. Dated 780, and drawn up as a land grant to a certain St. Paul’s church, and later confirmed by Offa King of the Mercians, between 787 and 796. Please to note that the discussion in this entry concerns genealogical conjecture.
The only original South Saxon charter to have survived. It was granted by Oslac , the second Duke of the South Saxons. Besides a number of other alderman, this ducal document was witnessed by several of Oslac’s kinsmen. Aelfwald, his surviving elder brother, Ealdwulf, his second cousin, who was to succeed him as the next duke, and also his nephews Waermund (born late 730’s?), and Waerfrith (born early 740’s?), the sons of his eldest brother King Osmund (re: above).Finally there was Oslac’s grand-nephew Aethelmund (born early 760’s?), the son of Waermund. Notice the South Saxon naming pattern, from one generation to the next, Osmund, Waermund, Aethelmund. Compare with Aethelwalh, Aethelstan, Aethelberht. It appears from his position towards the end of the witness list that Aethelmund’s former royal rank, he must have been born before the Mercian conquest of Sussex, was of no account when it came to the social precedence of aldermen of his generation by the 780‘s.
Part 3 THE (CONJECTURED) RULE OF SOUTH SAXON CHIEFTAINS UNDER WEST SAXON OVERLORDS~~~~~
WHEN Cissa died in 567, the second Bretwalda, King Ceawlin of
the West Saxons, whose heir was the grandson of Wine, became overlord in Sussex.With the military victories of Ceawlin’s reign in an age of warriors, as he advanced against the Britons, the kingdom founded by Cissa became irrelevant. With its extinction, the chieftains in Sussex became the ultimate authority, instead of the regnality of a native king.They were the patrilinear descendants of Aelle, Mealla and Wlenca, and of aristocratic warriors who had fought for Aelle’s cause. The most powerful of these chieftains would have formed a shared leadership that replaced the focus of a South Saxon king. Under this leadership (probably supported by Cuthwine, a senior-ranking kinsman) the South Saxons were in endemic revolt against their third overlord, King Ceowulf, and the beligerent policies noted by the chroniclers. The Saxon chieftains in Sussex were usually loyal to an overlord to whom they could look for the protection of their estates and status and when Cynegils became King of the West Saxons, in 611, it appears that peace was restored. Cenwalh, the last overlord, divorced his Queen in 645. She was the sister of Penda, King of the Mercians. In revenge, her brother invaded Wessex and Cenwalh fled to the court of King Anna, in East Anglia. Meanwhile, Penda appointed Aethelwalh as unitary king of the South Saxons. This action gave the Mercians an ally on the English Channel coast, re-established a South Saxon monarchy after seventy-eight years and deprived Cenwalh of his status as overlord in Sussex, while giving his brother Aethelwalh (see below) his own kingdom.
With the end of the regnality of South Saxon chieftains, the Sussex of Arthur’s Britain (477-645) passed into history The new era of Cerdicing Sussex (645-c796) and its two royal families, descending from Ecgwald and Cynegils respectively, replaced the regime of the chieftains. Royal naming patterns in Sussex were to reflect the descent of both dynasties from Queen Eafe and their ties with the House of Hwicce (re: Nothhelm above). It may be that this policy was adopted to give the Cerdicingas of Sussex their own royal identity amongst the South Saxons aldermen.
Part 4 THE (CONJECTURED) SOUTH SAXON DYNASTY of
AETHELWALCH (conjecture, except for his having married Eanfrith’s daughter, Eafe), born early 620’s? The second eldest of the four surviving sons of Cynegils, king of the West Saxons, and appointed by Penda, the king of the Mercians, as the unitary king of the South Saxons in 645. Thus the kingdom founded by Cissa in 514 was re-established in 645. It appears that rather than take a concubine, Aethelwalch cohabited with a number of women who were probably connected to royal estates before and during the early years of his reign, by whom he had his four illegitimate sons (see the hypothesis below), whose names were not dynastic. Later he married Eafe of Hwicce (born early 640‘s?), the daughter of King Eanfrith, by whom he had a son (born early 660’s?), Aethelthryth (born circa 665?), and Aethelstan (born late 660’s?). This union almost certainly took place in 661, at the insistance of Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, who in the same year had gained supremacy over Sussex. In 675, in return for his having become a christian, Aethelwalh gained the Mercians territories of the Jutish Meonware and the Isle of Wight.These were ceded to him by Wulfhere, he having been godfather at Aethelwalh’s baptism. The new possessions had previously formed part of Wessex.As a result of this development, King Arwald of the Isle of Wight , had a new overlord, and the borders of the South Saxon kingdom reached their greatest extent. Aethelwalh was assassinated by the exiled West Saxon atheling Caedwalla, at Shalcombe on the Isle of Wight in 685. Aethelwalh’s eldest son by Queen Eafe was killed in the same
attack, while defending his elderly father. The name of the young prince is unknown, but ‘Aethelric’ is a possibility, since his sister
called her eldest son Osric (re: Nothhem above and Anglo-Saxon naming patterns).
WATT(conjecture), born early 640’s? The eldest of Aethelwalh’s four illegitimate sons. He appears not to have taken part during the turbulent months that followed his father’s assassination. He became a co-ruling king of the South Saxons, presumably appointed by Ine of Wessex in 688, sharing power with King Nothhelm, the dominant ruler, in the early years of the latter’s reign. Aethelthryth, Queen of the South Saxons, was the half sister of King Watt.
BERHTHUN and ANDHUN (conjecture) ,born circa 645? They were almost certainly twin brothers and illegitimate sons of Aethelwalh, who entered their father’s service as his personal royal aldermen. After Aethelwalh’s assassination, they drove out Caedwalla, who had invaded the territories ceded to Sussex by Wulfhere, and ruled over the South Saxons from 685-686. Berhthun was killed in 686 while invading Kent. The recorded cause for his invasion went back to the death of the Kentish King Hlothere, who died in February 685 fighting a force of South Saxons lead by his nephew Eadric. Eadric then shared the Kentish throne with Suaebhard of Essex, supported by the South Saxons. On Berhthun’s death, Caedwalla, by now king of the West Saxons, again invaded the territories of Sussex and crushed the South Saxons. Bede’s account of this military campaign suggests that little mercy was shown to the people of Sussex by Caedwalla.
BRYNI (conjecture), born early 650’s? The youngest of King Aethelwalh’s four illegitimate sons . Evidently he did not take any part in the events of 685 and 686, but he was later recorded in his
charter of circa 700, witnessed by King Nothhelm and King Watt, as Duke of the South Saxons. He seems to have been the first royal alderman to hold this title. In his charter, Bryni granted four hides at Highleigh in Sussex to Eadberht, the Abbot of Selsey.
AETHELSTAN (conjecture), born in the late 660’s? and the eldest surviving son of King Aethelwalh and Queen Eafe. On the death of his illegitimate half brother, the co-ruling King Watt (re: the hypothesis above), at the beginning of the eighth century, Aethelstan was appointed to succeed Watt by Ine of Wessex. Aethelstan was to witness a charter granted by King Nothhelm in 717 in the presence of his full sister Queen Aethelthryth, but in the absence of the dominant ruler. On the death of his senior partner King Nothhelm, in 722, Aethelstan’s eldest son, Aethelberht, was appointed by Ine of Wessex as the dominant king of the South Saxons, and to be the unitary king on Aethelstan’s death.Aethelstan’s younger son, Ealdberht, (see below) then rebelled, aggrieved that he had not been elevated to kingship. Aethelstan, who had seen so much bloodshed in his youth, was able to stay the hand of Ealdberht, after the latter had been defeated by Ine (in 722 ). When Aethelstan died in 725, Ealdberht
gathered another force of South Saxons and again prepared for battle. Ine defeated Ealdberht for a second time, the latter losing his life.
AETHELBERHT (conjecture), born late 690’s? and the eldest son of the co-ruling King Athelstan. He was appointed the dominant king of the South Saxons on the death of Nothhelm, his uncle-in-law, in 722. His younger brother Ealdberht, rebelled against King Ine because he had not been elevated to kingship as well. Ealdberht was then driven out of Wessex and forced to find sanctuary on the Sussex-Surrey border, with the South Saxons. Defeated by Ine on the Sussex border in 722, Ealdberht was again defeated and killed by Ine in a second battle in 725. On the death of Athelstan in the same year, King Aethelberht became the unitary king of the South Saxons. During the middle years of his reign, possibly after 730, when King Aethelheard of the West Saxons lost Berkshire to the Mercians, Aethelberht was able to take advantage of a less powerful Wessex, and throw off the West Saxon yoke. In Aethelberht, the South Saxons experienced a last,strong, native king, and his eldest son, Ealdwulf, was destined to have succeeded to the unitary kingship. However, Osmund, the eldest grandson of Nothhelm had clearly made plans to outmanoeuvre the young heir. When Aethelberht died in 758, Ealdwulf, found himself opposed by his much older and politically adroit second cousin, Osmund, who then established a new regime of plural kingship.
EALDBERHT (conjecture), born early 700’s? The second son of Athelstan,he voiced his grievances at not being elevated to kingship, with his elder brother, when King Nothhelm died in 722. This dissent challenged the authority of King Ine, who decided to exile Ealdberht. The penalised prince took refuge in the fortress at Taunton, which had been built as a defence against the West Britons. Queen Aethelburh , Ine’s consort, destroyed the fortress, and Ealdberht escaped to the Sussex-Surrey border. Evidently, he had supporters there who were ready to give him sanctuary. Ealdberht then raised a fighting force of South Saxon warriors, and prepared for battle. In the ensuing contest of arms, against and the West Saxons, Ealdberht was defeated. It was probably Athelstan, who had witnessed times of murder and bloodshed in his youth, who managed to stay the hand of his rebellious son and broker some kind of peace, following Ine’s victory. However, on Athelstan’s death in 725, Ealdberht gathered another force of South Saxons and again prepared for battle. Once again King Ine defeated Ealdberht’s warriors and the young prince lost his life in combat.
EALDWULF (conjecture). Born early 730’s? The eldest son of King Aethelberht and destined to succeed his father as the unitary king of the West Saxons. However,on King Aethelberht’s death in 758, Ealdwulf’s second cousin, Osmund Osricing, was able to assert himself as the dominant ruler in Sussex. Osmund would have been some two decades older than Ealdwulf and politically far more experienced. Ealdwulf was recognised as the senoir ranking co-ruler, but his power was curtailed by being obliged to co-operate with Osmund’s two co-ruling brothers, both of whom were older than Ealdwulf. The Osmundian regime weakened regnal standing in Sussex, a development that proved fatal to the South Saxon monarchy. Ealdwulf was deposed by Offa king of the Mercians in772, but was appointed later by Offa to be the third and last duke of the South Saxons.
AETHLWULF (conjecture), born circa 735? Ealdwulf’s younger brother. He held no royal office under the dominant King Osmund and he held no share of power during the earlier years of King Offa’s ducal deputies in Sussex. However,it appears that Aethelwulf was allowed some share in authority during his brother’s tenure as the third duke of the South Saxons, since he was the only witness to Ealdwulf’s ducal charter of 791.
PART 5 THE (CONJECTURED) CENSORING of HISTORY
It would seem most unlikely that there are any missing pages of South Saxon history, but there might well have been a need for as much as possible of that history to be forgotten. Perhaps, because of the threat of dynastic claims, little mention is made of Sussex in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. The suggestion, here, is that the patrilinear lineage of Alderman Aethelmund of Sussex matched that of King Ecgberht of Wessex, making the direct male descendants of both noblemen high-born Cerdicingas. Added to which, the patrilinear lineage of Ealdberht Aethelberhting , and his direct male descendants, might have been the only line whose family could trace their patrilinear descent back to King Cynegils. If, as this hypothesis has argued, Alfred the Great had an ancestor in Cissa Aelling, and that ancestry had been recorded, it could have raised the profile of the South Saxons in a way that was not favourable for Wessex. It was also expedient not to chronicle that the Cerdicingas in Sussex had been deposed by a Mercian king, none other than the great Offa. It was prudent to keep the royal history of the South Saxons suppressed and largely undocumented. The long passage of time between the death of King Cissa in 567 and the appointment of King Aethelwalh in 645 would have made this kind of censorship easier to implement. The intermittent sub-kingdom of Sussex, between 825 and 860, had been relegated already to the past. It would have been imperative that there was no return to a tribal South Saxon kingdom caused by a Sussex claimant to royal power, and to avoid the instability in the South East that such an outcome might have brought about.
PART 6 THE SUSSEX KING LIST & REGNAL DATES Please note: much of the content here is inevitably conjectural.
The Aellean Warlordship 477-5149 (Held by Aelle and his kindred)
Aelle 477-491, Warlord
Aelle and Cissa 491-514, Warlord & Co-Warlord
The Cissan Kingdom 514-567 (Held by the kindred of King Cissa)
Cissa 514-567, Unitary King
Wine after 520-563, Co-ruling Royal Alderman
The Rule of the South Saxon Chieftains, 567-645
The Re-established Kingdom 645-772
(Held by the Cerdicingas of Sussex)
Aethelwalh 645-685, Unitary King
Berhtun and Andhun 685-686, Co-ruling Royal Aldermen
Ecgwald 686-688, Caedwalla’s Under-King
Nothhelm and Watt 688-c.700, Dominant & Co-ruling King
Nothhelm and Aethelstan c.700-722, Dominant & Co-ruling King
Aethelberht and Aethelstan 722-725, Dominant & Co-ruling King
Aethelberht 725-758, Unitary King
Osmund and Ealdwulf, 758-772, Dominant King with three
With Aelfwald and Oslac Co-ruling Kings
The Dukes of the South Saxons, under King Offa of the Mercians who died in 796. It appears that Offa would appoint a succeeding duke after the death of his predecessor.
Oswald First Duke (?for life)
Oslac Second Duke ditto
Ealdwulf Third Duke ditto
TO THE READER
Thank you for taking the time to read this article. If you wish to study the material employed in developing the Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis, please go to those entries asterisked in the General Bibliography & Other Sources, given below, for essential reference. This will help to separate the conjecture here from the tradition and recorded history used as a framework. It is hoped that you will find enough of interest in this article to make another visit.
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY & OTHER SOURCES The main reference material employed for this hypothesis
A.Primary Reading and Reference (in alphabetical order).
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: begun c. 890.*
Anglo-Saxon Genealogical Tables.
Anglo-Saxon Isle of Wight 400-900 AD: BBCh 2g2.*
Charters of Selsey : S. E. Kelly, 1998.*
Flowers of History : Roger of Wendover, 1237.*
Kings (and Aldermen ) of Hwicce : Wikipedia.
Kings and Queens : Lambert and Gray, 1991*
Kelly’s Post Office Directory (Sussex), 1867.*
Old English at the University of Calgary.
Place-names of Sudsexe, Domesday book, 1086.
B. Secondary Reading and Reference (in date order)
Y Gododdin: Aneirin, c.595.
Beowulf : anonymous, c.725.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People : Bede, 731.
Hanes y Brythoniaid : Nennius, 810.
Cyfraith Hywel Dda ( North European Tribal Law): completed 949.
Brut y Tywysogion ( from 680 ), 14th Century.
Old English Dictionary: Bosworth & Toller , 1898/1921.
The Place Names of England & Wales : J.B. Johnston, 1915.
A History of France, New & Revised Edition, Book 1: W.H. Jervis,
(with additional chapters by W.J.N. Griffith) 1926.
Arthur’s Britain : Lesley Alcock, 1978.
Regia Anglorum : the society’s website.
C. Further Reading & Reference ( in date order ).
Murray’s Classical Atlas for Schools : edited by G.B.Grundy, Second Edition reprint, 1963.
The Medieval Traveller : Norbert Ohler, 1995.
The Times Atlas of World History : edited by Geoffrey Barraclough, the Fourth Edition ( edited by Geoffrey Parker ), reprinted 1997.
Roman Britain, a New History : Guy de la Bédoyè
D. Recommended reading, for those visitors able to read Welsh:
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, J.B. Smith. Wales University Press.
About Llywelyn II, a powerful prince who established a recognised Welsh state, based on an alliance of princes. The book gives an insight into the kingdom building abilities that must have been required of Saxon rulers like Ceawlin of Wessex, even if set in the thirteenth century rather than the sixth.
The Nothgyth Quest Hypothesis of this article has been written and presented by David Slaughter, BA(hons), ATC(Sussex), Blue Robe
Order of the Welsh Gorsedd.


The History of Christianity and the Church of God
Christianity emerged in the Levant in the mid-1st century AD. Christianity spread initially from Jerusalem throughout the Near East, into places such as Aram, Ethiopia, Assyria , Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Asia Minor, Jordan and Egypt. In the 4th century it was successively adopted as the state religion by Armenia in 301, Georgia in 319, the Aksumite Empire in 325, and the Roman Empire in 380. After the Council of Ephesus in 431 the Nestorian Schism created the Church of the East. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 further divided Christianity into Oriental Orthodoxy and Chalcedonian Christianity. Chalcedonian Christianity divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church in the Great Schism of 1054. The Protestant Reformation which began in the 1500s created new Christian communities that separated from the Roman Catholic Church and have evolved into many different denominations.
The (Original) Church of God is a Pentecostal Holiness Christian denomination located mostly in the Southeastern United States. Its origins can be traced to a small meeting of Christians at the Barney Creek Meeting House in Monroe County, Tennessee in 1886.
The Church of God, with headquarters in Cleveland, Tennessee, United States is a Pentecostal Christian denomination. With over six million members in over 180 countries, it is one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the world. In the United States, it reports over one million members, making it one of the nation's largest denominations. The movement's origins can be traced back to 1886 with a small meeting of Christians at the Barney Creek Meeting House on the Tennessee/North Carolina border, making it the oldest Pentecostal denomination in the United States. The Church of God's publishing house is Pathway Press.


The following is from WWE.com:
WWE.com celebrates Women’s History Month 2010
By: Katie A. Raymond-Santo & Vanessa Lessard
March is Women’s History Month, and in honor of those who blazed the trails for the Divas of WWE, WWE.com helps you learn about the women’s history of the squared circle. Click throughout the feature to read exclusive, interviews, find out who the Divas of today would like to face in the squared circle (including a special appearance by a seven-time Women’s Champion), and relive some of the greatest Diva Matches and Divas of all time in special photo galleries.
Check out the full feature today at WWE.com.
Have a news tip? Attended an event and want to send a live report?


World’s Deepest Shipwreck Discovered Four Miles Underwater in the Philippines
The U.S.S. Samuel B Roberts, also known as the “Sammy B,” was discovered in the Philippine Sea at a depth of 22,916 feet last week by a team of explorers. The wreck is the deepest ever found, per the Associated Press. The Navy confirmed the wreck site in a statement on Monday.
Explorer and former naval commander Victor Vescovo of Caladan Oceanic Expeditions found the ship along with EYOS Expeditions, a U.K.-based exploration company.
“It was an extraordinary honor to locate this incredibly famous ship, and by doing so have the chance to retell her story of heroism and duty to those who may not know of the ship and her crew’s sacrifice,” Vescovo says in a statement.
The Sammy B was the first ship named after Coxswain Samuel Booker Roberts, Jr., who was killed in World War II during the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1942, per the Navy. Roberts took part in a mission to rescue a company that had been surrounded by Japanese forces, steering his boat directly into their fire to provide time and cover for the rescue. His ship was hit and he was mortally wounded in the process.


MORRELL, Harriette Anne. EMBROIDERED BINDING. ~ Hand embroidered notebook.
8vo., contemporary linen cloth over boards, exquisitely hand-embroidered in black thread with an floral decoration covering the entire book, exquisite hand printed patterned endpapers, all edges yellow. The pages within are all blank. In extraordinarily fine condition.
Immaculately bound and embroidered with a recognisably Bloomsbury aesthetic by Harriette Anne Morrell (1842-1924) and with a presentation inscription in pencil from her to her daughter-in-law Ottoline Morrell (1873-1938): “to Ottoline from H.A.M. July 1914”.
Harriette Morrell, the mother of Philip Morrell, was an accomplished artist and needleworker. After her death a memorial exhibition catalogue of her work was published by Basil Blackwell in 1925: ‘Harriette Anne Morrell: A Description of Herself and Some of Her Needlework and Painting”.


Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Situated in Sardinia, in the province of Sassari, district of Nuoro, and suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sassari. The episcopal residence, however, is at Ozieri. Nothing is known as to the early history of Christianity in either the city or Diocese of Bisarchio. The first bishop mentioned is Costantino Madrone (c. 1102), who was succeeded in 1116 by Bishop Pietro. The bishop's residence has changed several times, once to Giracle, and again to Ardera. In 1503, at the death of Fra Cnlcerando, bishop of this see, Bisarchio was incorporated into the Diocese of Alghero. The diocese was reestablished by Pius VII in his Bull of 9 March, 1803, and bestowed upon Giannantioco Azzei, who in 1819 was promoted to the archiepiscopal See of Oristano, his native place. The episcopal residence was then definitely transferred to Ozieri. The cathedral, built in 1153, is well planned.
APA citation. (1907). Diocese of Bisarchio. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02581a.htm
MLA citation. "Diocese of Bisarchio." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02581a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Matthew Dean.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


This piece was inspired by Ana’s plans and built as a collaborative project with my son. The stock was all salvaged from a century+ old railroad depot on the University of Idaho campus that was marked for demolition. The green and cream boards were the ceiling of the depot, and the unfinished stock came from the flooring, which was 1” tongue and groove red fir. The first agricultural crops, forest products, and settlers of the region (North Idaho, Eastern Washington) flowed through that terminal. This piece, therefore, is iconic of the regikn’s rough-hewn beginnings and stands as a reminder of its important past.
$60 for glue, hinges, screws, polyurethane. The wood was salvaged for free.
Estimated Time Investment
Weekend Project (10-20 Hours)
Type of Wood
After sanding the bare wood and scrubbing the painted surfaces, I sprayed a satin polyurethane (good ol’ rattle can!)
Recommended Skill Level


In this article, I want to tell you the 10 facts about medieval kings. I will focus to discuss on the Angevin kings of England. The Angevins were a royal house that ruled in England between the 12th and early 13th century, its monarch was Henry II, Richard I and John. For further information of medieval kings, please read the descriptions below.
Facts about Medieval Kings 1: The Terminology of Angevin
To refer to the kings who were also counts of Anjou – Started with Henry II – descended from Geoffrey and Matilda, the word of “Angevin” commonly used.
Facts about Medieval Kings 2: Angevin Empire
In 1887, the term “Angevin Empire” was coined by Kate Norgate.
Facts about Medieval Kings 3: The Origin of Angevins
The Angevins descend from Geoffrey II, Count of Gatinais and Ermengarde of Anjou. In 1060 this couple inherited, via cognati kinship, the county of Anjou from an older dating from 870 and a noble called Ingelger. The marriage of Count Geoffrey to Matilda is believed as the only surviving legitimate child of Henry I of England.
Facts about Medieval Kings 4: House of Plantagenet of Angevins Legacy
Historians argue that the period of Prince Louis’s invasion to mark the end of the Angevin period and the initial of the Plantagenet dynasty. At this time, some facets have changed in economic power, growing cultural differences between England and Normandy and (in particular) the fragile, familial nature of Henry’s empire.
Facts about Medieval Kings 5: The Legacy of Angevin Decent
The descent through descent from the Angevins (legitimate and illegitimate) is widespread and includes all subsequent monarchs of England and the United Kingdom. The children he had with Isabela including Henry III (the king of England for most of the 13th century), Richard, Joan, Isabella and Eleanor.
Facts about Medieval Kings 6: Contemporary Opinion
Unfortunately, King Henry was an unpopular king. William of Newburgh wrote during in the 1190s, “In his own time he was hated by almost everyone”. He was widely criticised by contemporaries, even in his own court.
Facts about Medieval Kings 7: The Legacy of Constitutional Impact
King Henry made long-term consequences on the development of their societies and governments.
Facts about Medieval Kings 8: The Legacy of Architecture
There are no differences between Angevin and Plantagenet culture that would distinguish or set them apart from their neighbours in this period. Historians recorded that Henry built or renovated the castles throughout his domain in Normandy, England, Aquitaine, Anjou, Maine, and Torraine.
Facts about Medieval Kings 9: The Legacy of Historiography
Based on the recorded by John Gillingham, Henry was a bad son, a bad husband and a bad king, on the other hand, he was a gallant and splendid soldier.
Facts about Medieval Kings 10: The Legacy of Angevin in the Medieval Folklore
During the 13th century, the story was the foundation of Andre Ernest Modeste Gretry’s opera Richard Coeur-de-Lion, and inspired the opening of Richard Thrope’s film version of Ivanhoe.
The 10 amazing facts about medieval kings have been presented above, hope you love reading it.


Queen Elizabeth II is Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. Elizabeth, now aged 93, is also the kingdom’s oldest ever monarch.
She is the 40th monarch in a royal line that traces its origin back to Norman King William the Bastard who claimed the throne with victory over Anglo-Saxon Harold II at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
Since becoming Queen, Elizabeth II has seen 13 prime ministers, starting with Winston Churchill, 14 U.S. Presidents, from Harry Truman to Donald Trump, and every of Nigeria’s Head-of-State since Independence in 1960.
Officially, the Queen is a member of the Church of England. Under British law, as reigning monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. All members of the British royal family are officially affiliated with the Anglican Church.
Yet, not one of them has been known to testify to the atoning power of the blood of Jesus Christ. Instead, they have been known to be Pantheists, Gnostics and Masons.
Queen Elizabeth’s husband, Prince Philip, was a Mason. Her father, King George VI was a Master Mason. The same for King Edward VII.
The Queen and her son, Prince Charles, also belong to the highest ranks of Masons in the world through the Order of the Garter. The Queen was installed as a “lady” of the Order of the Garter on April 23, 1948 (her birthday) while still a princess.
When she became queen, she became the sovereign of the Order. On July 26, 1958, Prince Charles became a knight of the Order.
The Most Noble Order of the Garter is the most prestigious “chivalric” order in the British Isles. It’s said to be an order of “Christian Knighthood” (which is an oxymoron) established by King Edward III and his son, Edward the “Black Prince” in 1348, few years after the fall of the powerful Knights Templar.
The Order remains one of the most elite societies in Europe and it appears to be at pinnacle of English-speaking Freemasonry, if not all Masonry
The legend behind the Order’s founding has it that King Edward III was dancing with the young countess of Salisbury (Joan of Kent) in the presence of his court in Calais, France in 1347. Suddenly, the lady dropped her garter in the middle of the dance. The incident shocked the court and all the dancing ceased.
Edward gallantly knelt down, picked up her garter and tied it around his own knee. Then he uttered the famous words: “Honi soit qui mal y pense”, which means, “Shame be to him who thinks evil of it”. In honour of the occasion, the King founded the Order with 26 knights (13 x 2) and his words became its motto.
Of course, seeing ladies’ undergarments couldn’t have been shocking in 14th century England, but the garter was (and still is) the symbol of a witch high priestess.
In the Craft, when a high priestess becomes a “witch queen”, i.e. when her coven of witches splits off a daughter coven with its own priestess, she acquires a silver, crescent moon-shaped buckle on her garter. With a subsequent coven created, a new buckle is added.
Ostensibly, Edward was dancing with a witch queen and dropping her garter which identified her with the pagan religion of witchcraft in a nominally Christian court could have warranted her arrest. Hence, Edward gave the lady and her religion his blessing. He may have meant, “Shame be to him who thinks evil of witchcraft.”
Edward’s choice of two groups of 13 knights is the key to this odd puzzle. In witchcraft traditions, 13 is the size of a coven and the number of moon feasts (esbats) in a given year.
As the head of the Order of the Garter, the Queen of England and her son, Prince Charles are edged with two rows of 168 miniature gold buckles, (exactly like the horseshoe shaped buckles on a witch queen’s garter) plus one which is worn on his or her leg. This equals 169 (13 x 13!)
This essentially shows through occult symbolism that the British sovereign (in this case, Queen Elizabeth) is a Witch Queen or King.
Another angle to this occult numerology is the fact that Charles is the thirteenth Prince of Wales to be invested into the order. There we have it again: the number 13.
It has been pointed out that the royal wedding between Prince Charles and Princess Diana was held at a period known as Lammastide in Paganism. Lammastide (from late July to early August) is traditionally believed to be a time for witch weddings.
This is hardly coincidental. It’s also possible that Diana herself may have been a pawn in the diabolical royal chess game.
Many multi-generational occultists raise their children with no knowledge of their dark heritage, and then covertly arrange marriages with other families possessing carefully guarded bloodlines.
Dr. Gregory Reid, a retired private investigator on occult crimes (and a Satanic ritual abuse survivor) aptly notes this:
“Generational occultists, like the ones some refer to as ‘illuminati’ or ‘luciferians’ (which I think is a more accurate term) go back over some centuries and make sure the ‘line’ of occult power that has been worked up over the years passes into the next generation. ‘Old money’ is kind of what you would expect – families that go back generations and get their power and prestige and position and political placement from wealth that was gotten long ago and continues to amass – for example, the Rockefellers, Kennedys, the Getty’s. Not saying they were involved in the occult, and not saying they weren’t, but the most powerful occult families are wealthy and very, very old.
Princess Diana’s death has trappings of a ritual murder. The place where her accident occurred must have been especially chosen. It took place in a tunnel called Pont d’Alma meaning “bridge of the soul.” The place on which the Pont d’Alma is built is an ancient, pagan sacrificial site – sacred to the moon goddess (Diana).
Right above the Alma tunnel is a replica of the torch from the Statue of Liberty in the U.S. (a Masonic image of Isis sculpted by Bartholdi, a French Freemason). The torch it carries actually symbolizes the “light” of Lucifer.
It was also reported that the Mercedes carrying Diana smashed into not just any pillar within the Alma tunnel, but the 13th pillar! Thirteen is very significant, both in Masonry and witchcraft as I mentioned.
In the course of supposedly trying to save Diana’s life after the torturously slow ride to the hospital (it took all of forty minutes to travel 3.8 miles), to work on and massage her heart, her chest was cut open from collarbone to navel.
This is the penalty of breaking the laws of second degree in Masonry, to have your chest ripped open and your heart taken out. A part of the oath of passing by the fellow craft says:
I further solemnly pledge myself to act as a true and faithful Craftsman answer Signs, obey summonses and maintain the principles inculcated in the former degree. These several Points I solemnly swear to observe, without evasion, equivocation, or mental reservation of any kind, under no less a penalty, on the violation of any of them, than that of having my left breast laid open, my heart torn there from and given to the ravenous birds of the air or devouring. beasts of the field as prey.
The occult currents flowing in the royal family can be seen in the commitment of Prince Charles, and his son, Prince Harry, to New Age philosophy. In his speech to youths during this year’s WE day, Harry reiterated core New Age beliefs:
“Every forest, every river, every ocean, every coastline, every insect, every wild animal. Every blade of grass, every ray of sun and every rain drop is crucial to our survival. It is all connected, we are all inter-connected.”
He capped his speech with the words: “Change your thoughts and change the world.” This is the same nostrum hawked by every New Ager. Masonry, Witchcraft and New Age paganism may be distinct, but they are all plugged to the transformer of the lord of darkness.
This is not written to evoke an Illuminati hysteria, it’s intended to call our attention to the influence of Masonry on nations with historic Christian ties, and the necessity for prayers for world leaders to truly know Jesus Christ and be saved.
 William Schnoebelen, The Rite of the Divine King, The Liberator, Sept-Oct 1998.
 Valiente, Doreen, An ABC of Witchcraft, Custer, WA, 1988, p. 159.
 Farrar, Janet; Farrar, Stewart, Eight Sabbats for Witches, Robert Hale, London, 1981, pp. see photo plate #15.
 Valiente p. 159.
 William Schnoebelen, Masonry Beyond the Light, Chick. 1991, chapter 16.
 James Fire, The Truth Under Fire – An Interview with Greg Reid, author of Nobody’s Angel (pt. 1). June 23, 2016.
 Christopher Anderson, The Day Diana Died, Morrow, New York, 1998, pp. 209-210.
 Second Degree or Ceremony of Passing. https://www.bilderberg.org/Second_Degree.htm


Half Day Tour to Salalah East
• Taqah Castle
• Sumhuram Ruins
• Wadi Derbat
The excursion begins with a visit to the old fishing village of ‘Taqah’, famous for the manufacture of ‘Dried Sardines’ & its traditional & old ‘Dhofari Houses’.
Visit the century old ‘Taqah Castle’, the former official residence of the ‘Wali’ (Governor) of the region & obtain a glimpse into the rich history of the region.
Continue onto the ancient ruins of the once famous city of Sumharam (Khor Rohri). The city was the easternmost outpost of the Hadramawt Kingdom on the ancient incense route between the Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf and India. Khor Rori was an important port on the coast of Dhofar, and one of the major trading cities with frankincense, believed to have been the hub & harbor for the shipping of Frankincense (UNESCO World Heritage site). A picturesque drive then leads you to explore the ‘ever green Wadi Darbat’ for a relaxing stroll along the Wadi bed, surrounded by herds of Camels, Goats & Cattle. In the Khareef season (monsoon period), one could also witness an almost 100m natural Waterfall, spreading its ‘tentacles’ into numerous lakes & lush green Vegetation.


Black History Activities: History Maker Matches! Black History Figure Puzzles
Looking for some new black history activities? These black history figure puzzles are so fun for helping students get to know African-Americans who have contributed to American history!
This 27-page black history resource includes:
⭐31 color black history figure two-piece puzzles featuring names and descriptions
⭐31 line art black history figure two-piece puzzles featuring names and descriptions
⭐And a set of instructions!
Use these with elementary students to help them learn to recognize these historic African-Americans during Black History Month or any time of the year!
Love this history activity? Try some of my other black history resources!
✨African Kingdoms! African History Unit Study
✨We Got Jazz! Black History Unit Study
✨Mini Black History Lesson: Ruby Goes to School!
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The Inca In Legend and History
INCA HISTORY has its origin in myth and continues in legend. History was memorized and handed down by trained pro-fessionals with the aid of the quipu and was embodied in epic poems and romances which are lost. I t has been suggested that the Inca preoccupation with history may have been derived in the first place from the coastal peoples-in the kingdom of Chimu, particularly, great importance was attached to genealogy and genealogy among primitive peoples involves both history and legends of the deeds of ancestors. As has been said in an earlier chapter, at some time during the Inca dynasty, perhaps in the reign of Pachacuti, the Incas began to centralize and formalize historical records and in doing so adapted history to their own ends. In particular they abstracted all history which was not Inca history and so telescoped the 'official' memories, leaving a gap between the semi-mythical period before the emergence of settled communities with political organization and the beginning of the Inca dynasty, thus representing the Incas as contemporary with the emergence of civilized life.


White Star Line TSS Olympic sister ship to the Titanic. An original postcard dating back to around 1914. In excellent condition not postally used with no corner or other damage. Tuck ‘Celebrated Liners’ White Star Line series number 9898.
He found the German squadron on 1 November off the coast of Chile.The German squadron outnumbered Cradock's force and were individually more powerful; they sank Cradock's two armoured cruisers in the Battle of Coronel.
This series is number 9898 and the card shows the iconic liner R.M.S. Titanic. It has a good descriptive back, giving the build details, launching date and history of her eventual loss at sea on her maiden voyage in 1912.
HMS "Good Hope" Armoured Cruiser. Sank with all hands. Fine condition! He was then ordered further south to theStrait of Magellan to block any attempt of theGerman East Asia Squadron to penetrate into the South Atlantic.
She was laid down on 23 January 1896, andlaunched on 21 October 1896. Diadem served in theFirst World War with her sisters. She served in the Easter Division of theChannel Squadron under the command of Captain H. S. F. Niblett, and was briefly docked atChatham in January 1900 to make good defects.
Royal Navy Real Photo. Coronation Fleet Review. Royal Yacht "Surprise" passes HMS "Superb" Fine condition! As the. Royal Yacht. Coronation Fleet Review 15 June 1953, at Spithead, coronation ofElizabeth II.
HMS "Falmouth" was aTown-class light cruiser built for theRoyal Navy during the 1910s. When the First World War began in 1914,Falmouth was transferred to the1st Light Cruiser Squadron (LCS) of theGrand Fleet and then the3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at the end of the year.
HMS Bedford" Armoured Cruiser. HMS "Bedford" was one of 10 Monmouth -class armoured cruisers built for theRoyal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Bedford wasrecommissioned the following year for service withChina Station andran aground in 1910.