People fled in panic when British troops invaded Havre de Grace 200 years ago, as rockets rained down on the city and soldiers and Marines stormed through the streets, ransacking and burning homes, businesses and houses of worship.
Costumes are prepared, logistics are finalized, attendees have being reconfirmed – just some of the many preparations Havre de Grace officials and volunteers made earlier this week in preparation for the city to receive thousands of visitors for the Attack on Havre de Grace Commemoration Weekend.
More than 100 gloved volunteers, some in boots and others in waist-high waders, streamed along the narrow paths, sandy waters' edges and historic sea walls of a hard-to-spot nook of wetlands at the southern end of Fort McHenry in Locust Point on Saturday — their eyes scanning for trash or the perfect spot to plant a sapling.
M. Faysal Thameen, a retired structural engineer who headed the city's role in the 1980s construction of the Fort McHenry Tunnel, died of cancer April 9 at his home in Millbury, Mass. The former Parkville resident was 75.
Development proposals, both public and private, have fallen through over the years, and the island has been overrun by thousands of birds. But members of the family that owns Fort Carroll and they still have hopes for it.
Havre de Grace has played host to major events in the past, but with many taking place on the outskirts of town, municipal leaders have been challenged to find ways to bring visitors to the heart of the city.
District 10 VFW Ladies Auxiliary met for their quarterly dinner meeting April 2 at the VFW Post 8185, Port Deposit. Auxiliary units from Elkton, Chesapeake City, and North East joined the auxiliary unit from Post 8185 to make plans for June's convention.
Baltimore and Maryland officials and the nautical community have begun a recruiting drive aimed at filling the Inner Harbor with majestic tall ships and gray-hulled warships for the War of 1812 commemoration finale, Sept. 6-14, 2014.
Chloe A. Gudmundsson is a senior at Eastern Technical High School in Essex, and at the suggestion of her English teacher, decided to research a paper on Maximilian Godefroy, the quirky architect who designed Baltimore's Battle Monument that commemorates the battle for the city in 1814.
By By Frederick N. Rasmussen and The Baltimore Sun
The Maryland Department of Transportation was reporting a two-car accident in Howard County on I-95 north, just prior to Route 100. No traffic lanes were blocked, but the vehicles were on the shoulder.
Ballet Theatre of Maryland's production of "Frontier: The War of 1812 on the Chesapeake," comes to Chesapeake Arts Center on March 17 at 3 p.m. as part of the Performing Arts Association of Linthicum. The show continues the association's continuing season bringing historic events alive in performance.
A 15-star, 15-stripe War of 1812 Commemorative American Flag was raised in front of the Harford County Administrative Building in Bel Air Thursday afternoon, one of five that will fly over county government buildings for the next 22 months.
A collision along Interstate 70 prior to Route 29 near the border between Baltimore and Howard counties was causing major delays as of about 8 a.m. Wednesday, according to the State Highway Administration.
An accident involving one vehicle on the northbound side of Route 29 slowed traffic early Tuesday morning, as crews worked to clear the roadway near Route 32 in Howard County, according to the Maryland State Highway Administration.
The Maryland Transit Authority is experiencing "massive delays" on local bus lines and the light rail system, a result of thousands of football fans attending the Baltimore Ravens parade and breaking through barricades controlling their routes through the city.
Volvo Ocean Race officials were whisked to the top of the World Trade Center, honored at a reception and squired to the grassy expanse of Fort McHenry during a 24-hour courtship Monday meant to seal the deal to make Baltimore the event's only U.S. port of call in 2015.
A truck caught fire at the Fort McHenry Tunnel toll plaza on northbound Interstate 95 near Keith Avenue on Monday evening, causing traffic delays as emergency personnel worked to control it, according to the Maryland Transportation Authority Police.
Two crashes at the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore involving three vehicles and a commercial truck on Thursday left one person injured and closed one of the tunnel's four traffic bores for more than an hour as emergency crews responded, according to Maryland Transportation Authority Police.
The DNA of a battle that helped turn the tide of a war going horribly wrong for America lay buried just six inches below the surface in a Kent County corn field. For nearly two centuries, the musket balls, canister shot and other artifacts from intense fighting at Caulk's Field waited to tell the story of a sweltering August night in 1814, when militiamen sprung a trap on a British raiding party bent on destruction.
Two Maryland Transportation Authority Police officers were injured while stopped by the side of Interstate 95 in Elkridge Wednesday night when their cars were struck by a motorist who was charged with drunken driving.


§ 62. Mr. R. Gibson
asked the President of the Board of Trade how many, and what tonnage of British ships were transferred to foreign flags during 1938; how many, and what tonnage of these are still in commission; how many, and what tonnage have been or are being broken up; and what are the corresponding figures for 1937 and 1936, respectively?
§ The Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (Mr. Cross)
As regards the number and tonnage of ships transferred to foreign flags, I would refer the hon. and learned Member to the replies given to him on 18th April and 27th March. As regards the remainder of the question, according to reports received by the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen, 30 of the ships sold in 1938, with a gross tonnage of 76,000 tons, were purchased by foreign buyers for breaking up. The corresponding figures for the years 1937 and 1936 were 65 ships of 132,000 tons gross and 33 ships of 143,000 tons gross, respectively. My right hon. Friend has no information whether the ships sold for trading purposes are still in commission.


16. Hummer H1
The Hummer H1 is one of the models we definitely need to mention. It appeared in 1992, and it was based on the Humvee, but this version was immediately available for civilians. The H1 stayed in production until 2006, and during its existence, it was offered with a wagon body, a four-door hardtop pickup and a soft top pickup which was similar to the convertible.
The Hummer H1 was a massive car to match its size, and it weighed more than 7,000 pounds. A vast majority of the H1 models were equipped with a 6.2-liter V8 and 6.5-liter V8 engines that were developed by General Motors. The company tried to introduce a smaller 5.7-liter gas V8, but it didn’t get enough supporters due to the H1’s size.
The Hummer H1 definitely marked the 1990s. Not only was this machine huge, but it was also capable on the rough terrain. On the other hand, it was not great to maneuver and park, which was expected from a car of this size. Arnold Schwarzenegger did definitely approve the Hummer H1.


100% Satisfaction Guarantee
- no headaches!
An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2016
The McWilliams family comes from the ancient Scottish Dalriadan clans of the mountainous west coast of Scotland
. The name McWilliams is derived from the personal name William.
The Gaelic form of the surname is Mac Uilleim,
which means son of William.
The surname McWilliams was first found in on the Isle of Harris
, where they held a family seat
from early times and their first records appeared on the early census rolls taken by the early Kings of Scotland.
Translation in medieval times was an undeveloped science and was often carried out without due care. For this reason, many early Scottish names appeared radically altered when written in English. The spelling variations of McWilliams include MacWilliam, MacQuilliam, MacKilliam, MacWilliams, MacKullie, MacCullie, MacWillie and many more.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our McWilliams research. Another 256 words (18 lines of text) covering the years 1187, 1215, and 1613 are included under the topic Early McWilliams History in all our PDF Extended History products
More information is included under the topic Early McWilliams Notables in all our PDF Extended History products
Some of the McWilliams family moved to Ireland
, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 167 words (12 lines of text) about their life in Ireland
is included in all our PDF Extended History products
The hardy Scots who made the crossing settled all along the east coast of North America and in the great west that was just then opening up. At the time of the American War of Independence
, many United Empire Loyalists moved north from the American colonies to Canada. Scottish national heritage became better known in North America in the 20th century through highland games and other patriotic events. An examination of immigration records and passenger ship lists revealed that people bearing the name McWilliams arrived in North America very early:
McWilliams Settlers in United States in the 18th Century
- Jane McWilliams, who landed in Pennsylvania in 1771
- Archibald McWilliams, who landed in Charleston, South Carolina in 1772
- Elizabeth McWilliams, aged 35, landed in New York, NY in 1775
- George McWilliams, aged 25, arrived in New York, NY in 1775
- Janet McWilliams, aged 27, arrived in New York, NY in 1775
McWilliams Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
- John McWilliams, who landed in America in 1811
- David McWilliams, aged 17, landed in New York in 1812
- William McWilliams, aged 30, arrived in New York in 1812
- Nicholas McWilliams, who arrived in Maryland in 1817
- James McWilliams, who arrived in Allegany (Allegheny) County, Pennsylvania in 1838
McWilliams Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century
- Mr. John McWilliams U.E. who settled in Eastern District [Cornwall], Ontario c. 1784
McWilliams Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century
- Daniel McWilliams, aged 24, arrived in St John, New Brunswick in 1834
- Donald McWilliams, aged 27, landed in Quebec in 1834
- Felix McWilliams, aged 25, arrived in Quebec in 1834
McWilliams Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century
- Daniel McWilliams arrived in Adelaide, Australia aboard the ship "Spartan" in 1849
- Charles McWilliams (aged 31) arrived in South Australia in 1856 aboard the ship "Aurora"
- Nancy McWilliams, aged 34, a servant, arrived in South Australia in 1857 aboard the ship "Caucasian"
McWilliams Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century
- James McWilliams, aged 29, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Dunedin" in 1875
- Rose McWilliams, aged 33, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Dunedin" in 1875
- Thomas McWilliams, aged 8, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Dunedin" in 1875
- Agnes McWilliams, aged 6, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Dunedin" in 1875
- James McWilliams, aged 4, arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Dunedin" in 1875
- Cynthia Kaye McWilliams, German-born, American actress, known for The Lake House (2006), One Small Hitch (2013) and Herd Mentality (2011)
- Wilson Carey McWilliams (1933-2005), American political scientist at Rutgers University
- Johnny McWilliams (b. 1972), former American NFL football tight end who played from 1996 to 2000
- Caroline Margaret McWilliams (1945-2010), American actress, best known for her role as Marcy Hill on the television series Soap
- William Henry "Bill" McWilliams (1910-1997), American Major League Baseball player who played for the Boston Red Sox in 1931
- Robert Hugh McWilliams Jr. (1916-2013), American judge, US Court of Appeals 10th Circuit (1970–1984), Colorado Supreme Court (1961–1970)
- Julia Carolyn McWilliams (1912-2004), birth name of Julia Child, American chef, author, and television personality, recipient of the three Emmys, five more Emmy nominations and a Peabody Award
- Larry McWilliams (b. 1954), American former Major League Baseball player who played from 1978 to 1990
- John McWilliams, American Democrat politician, Postmaster at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, 1885-90
- John Dacher McWilliams (1891-1975), American Republican politician, U.S. Representative from Connecticut 2nd District, 1943-45; Defeated, 1944
- Bell, Robert. The Book of Ulster Surnames. Belfast: Blackstaff, 1988. Print. (ISBN 10-0856404160).
- Prebble, John. The Highland Clearances. London: Secker & Warburg, 1963. Print.
- Bloxham, Ben. Key to Parochial Registers of Scotland From Earliest Times Through 1854 2nd edition. Provo, UT: Stevenson's Genealogical Center, 1979. Print.
- Hinde, Thomas Ed. The Domesday Book England's Heritage Then and Now. Surrey: Colour Library Books, 1995. Print. (ISBN 1-85833-440-3).
- Browne, James. The History of Scotland it's Highlands, Regiments and Clans 8 Volumes. Edinburgh: Francis A Niccolls & Co, 1909. Print.
- Weis, Frederick Lewis, Walter Lee Sheppard and David Faris. Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England Between 1623 and 1650 7th Edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1992. Print. (ISBN 0806313676).
- Innes, Thomas and Learney. Socts Heraldry A Practical Handbook on the Historical Principles and Modern Application of the Art of Science. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1934. Print.
- Skene, William Forbes Edition. Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House, 1867. Print.
- Browning, Charles H. Americans of Royal Descent. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. Print.
- Filby, P. William and Mary K Meyer. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index in Four Volumes. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985. Print. (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8).
The McWilliams Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The McWilliams Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 2 March 2016 at 13:23.
100% Satisfaction Guarantee
- no headaches!


Sunday, February 15, 2009
Malcolm X was a controversial Black leader during the Civil Rights movement. His father was killed by the Klu Klux Klan (a white racist group) and his mother was not able to find work after his father's death. Because his mother was not able to take care of her children, she was put in a mental institution and the children were sent off to reform schools and group homes. Malcolm started spending time with people who were selling drugs and stealing, and eventually, he was arrested.
While he was in jail he began to read and discovered the readings of Elijah Muhammad, a Black Muslim leader based in Chicago. He became a Muslim and when he got out of jail began to work with Elijah Muhammad.
People said that Malcolm X encouraged violence, but really, he encouraged self-defence, self-respect, and for Black people to know their history.
Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965.
You can read a short biography of Malcolm X here.
Posted by Rick Kappra at 9:00 AM


Tarragona dignifies two mass graves of the cemetery as a space of memory
Within the framework of the Democratic Memory of Tarragona of this year, today, Saturday, the act of dignity and marking of the two small graves located in the city cemetery was held.
The act, open to all citizens, has had the participation of the Minister of Memory History of the Tarragona City Council, Manel Castaño; the president of the Tarragona Forum for Memory association, Francesc Xavier Tolosana; the president of the Association of Victims of Francoist Repression in Tarragona, Montserrat Giné; and relatives of the victims who rest in the mass graves.
In these two places rest the remains of fourteen men who were sentenced to death and shot by the Francoist authorities between 1939 and 1940. The dignifying work that has been carried out has been promoted by the association Fòrum de Tarragona por la Memoria (FTM ) and has made them the Red Santa Tecla.
The search for the Tolosan historian
“The dignity of these two graves was a historical claim that this Saturday will become a reality. Fourteen tombstones of people shot by the Franco dictatorship have been located, which have become a testimony of their sacrifice in defense of republican legality", said the Minister of Historical Memory of the Tarragona City Council, Manel Castaño, who thanked "the perseverance and the work carried out by the Tarragona Forum for Memory”, as well as the work carried out by the Santa Tecla Network. "With these completed works, the process of dignifying the different mass graves that exist in the Tarragona cemetery is closed", Castaño underlined.
Thanks to the search of the historian Francesc Xavier Tolosana, it has been possible to identify the remains of the 14 people buried in the two dignified mass graves: Joan Manresa Vallespinós (45 years old), Restituto Ramos González (33 years old), Marià Barberà Villagrasa (35 years old ), Josep Giné Anguela (35 years old), Gregoria Masalias Torres (27 years old), Francesc Pascual Sas (30 years old), Joan Pellicer Palau (35 years old), Victorià Romeu Gatell (26 years old), Joan Salas Melich (42 years old), Salvador Cañellas Garriga (47 years old), Josep Capdevila Nuet (41 years old), Jaume Gras Guasch (49 years old), Rafael Grivé Grivé (22 years old), Jaume Pairot Fabra (32 years old). The executions of more than 700 people were carried out between 1939 and 1945 on the Oliva hill and inside the Tarragona cemetery itself.


While lacking the year round grand formality of the 19th century New York, Newport, Marblehead Yacht Club scene, the Boothbay Harbor Yacht Club was certainly considered, along with Bar Harbor, one of the best summer yachting destinations for those clubs and for the summer residents and visitors to the region.
The Boothbay Harbor Yacht Club was incorporated in 1895, although the Club’s history dates back to 1870. The club quickly became a racing and social center for the summer boating season in the harbor from its downtown Boothbay Harbor waterfront location, now the site of the Tugboat Inn.
Using old photo references from several historical sources, and with considerable help from Barbara Rumsey at Boothbay Region Historical Society, Ed Parker has depicted the club as it would have looked in 1910, members, guests and rusticators on the docks waiting to be ferried out to their boats or summer cottages.
Based on research from Wooden Boat publications, he also added several boats popular then, including a 1908 24-foot Dark Harbor sloop, a One Design class of knockabouts, 200 of which were built in Maine and sailed by many yacht clubs, and an 18’ Catboat, also very popular then for family picnic day sails.
There is a certain implied social and fashion formality to the scene that was strictly followed during that time and in some instances established traditions that carry over into today’s yachting environment.
The original painting is now on display at Gleason Fine Art, 31 Townsend Ave., Boothbay Harbor. A very limited number of signed giclee prints are available directly from the artist.


While some engaged the enemy with the use of high tech aircraft or well-armored tanks during World War II, others were sent on missions using much less impressive technology. One group, known as the “canoeing commandos,” used kayaks to participate in an Allied raid on the Port of Bordeaux as part of Operation Frankton.
Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD)
As the Second World War drew on, the Port of Bordeaux – specifically, the Bay of Biscay – became crucial to the German war effort, as goods were imported through the area. For context, between June 1941-42, 25,000 tons of crude rubber were sent through the port, along with different oils and raw materials.
It’s no wonder, then, that it became a target for the Allies.
The Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD) were given the task. The group of 34 had formed on July 6, 1942, and were stationed at Lumps Fort, Portsmouth, frequently training at the nearby harbor at night. Maj. Herbert “Blondie” Hasler was in command of the unit, with Capt. J.D. Stewart serving under him.
It was the former who submitted a plan of attack against the French port on September 21, 1942.
Orchestrating a raid on the Port of Bordeaux
The proposal was to transport three kayaks by submarine, so they could paddle the 60-mile journey to the Port of Bordeaux under darkness and avoid Kriegsmarine patrols. They would then sink six to 12 German cargo ships, before escaping to neutral Spain. Once the plan received approval from Adm. Louis Mountbatten, the total number of kayaks was increased to six.
Rigorous training began on October 20, 1942. The RMBPD practiced simulated raids by traveling up the Swale, a tidal channel of the Thames estuary, from Margate to Deptford using Mk II “Cockle” kayaks, which collapsed to fit inside the submarines that would be transporting them. In addition, the commandos were thoroughly trained in kayak handling, appropriate submarine drills, enemy evasion and how to handle mines.
Building the team of commandos
The men tasked with executing Operation Frankton were split into two divisions. They consisted of three kayaks each, manned by teams of two, with Marine Norman Colley being brought along as a reserve. Each vessel contained eight limpet mines, extra paddles, a compass and watch, a depth sounding reel, camouflage netting, fishing line, hand grenades, food rations and water for six days, a spanner to activate mines, a magnet to hold the kayak against the side of a ship and repair equipment.
Additionally, each crewman was given a Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife and an M1911 Colt pistol.
A Division was made up of Maj. Hasler and Marine Bill Sparks in Catfish; Corp. Albert Laver and Marine William Mills in Crayfish; and Corp. George Sheard and Marine David Moffatt in Conger. B Division consisted of Lt. John Mackinnon and Marine James Conway in Cuttlefish; Sgt. Samuel Wallace and Marine Robert Ewart in Coalfish; and Marines W.A. Ellery and E. Fisher in Cachalot.
Launching Operation Frankton
On November 30, 1942, the commandos loaded themselves and their kayaks onto the Royal Navy submarine HMS Tuna (N94). Despite some setbacks reaching their destination at the Gironde estuary, they arrived on December 7. In the end, all but Cachalot launched, as the kayak was damaged when the crew took her off the submarine. The remaining teams set off sometime between 7:36 PM and 8:22 PM on their 60-mile paddle into enemy waters.
It didn’t take long for disaster to strike, due to poor wind conditions and strong currents. Cuttlefish was separated from the others and her crew survived for four days onshore before being handed over to the Germans while trying to get to Spain. Coalfish‘s crew were also captured when they went ashore. Conger capsized, causing her crewmen to be pulled along until they could swim to shore. However, both died of hypothermia.
Only two kayaks remain
Catfish and Crayfish, the remaining kayaks, altered their plans to be more cautious, reaching the Port of Bordeaux on the night of December 11. Catfish‘s crew placed eight mines on four ships, while the crew aboard Crayfish placed eight on two others.
By chance, the crews met up while traveling away from their targets, beaching and sinking their kayaks near St. Genes de Blayes. They then split up to travel to Spain. Sadly, Laver and Mills from Crayfish were captured and likely executed on December 11, alongside comrades Mackinnon, Conway, Wallace and Ewart, following interrogation by the Germans.
Of the 10 commandos who took part in Operation Frankton, only two survived. Hasler and Sparks made it to the French town of Ruffec, where they contacted Mary Lindell and her son, Maurice, members of the French Resistance who were involved in one of the escape lines for Allied combatants. The pair spent the subsequent 18 days hiding on a local farm, before being taken across the Pyrenees to Spain. They then traveled back to the United Kingdom.
Events following Operation Frankton
Following Operation Frankton, Sparks was sent through Gibraltar, where he was put under military arrest after no one could corroborate his story. It wasn’t until he returned home, escaped and visited his father that he found out he’d been declared as missing in action (MIA). Sparks reported to the Admiralty, who tried to re-arrest him, but he managed to make it to the Combined Operations Headquarters, where he was received with great shock.
Both Sparks and Hasler were awarded for their roles in Operation Frankton, the former receiving the Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) and the latter becoming the recipient of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). None of the other crewmen had their roles posthumously honored, although they’re memorialized at various monuments in the UK and France.
Their actions were also dramatized in the 1955 film, The Cockleshell Heroes.
Despite the heavy losses the RMBPD sustained as a result of Operation Frankton, five German ships were critically damaged, while another was defaced, but quickly repaired. Of the mission, Lord Mountbatten said, “Of the many brave and dashing raids carried out by the men of Combined Operations Command none was more courageous or imaginative than Operation Frankton.”


PHIL Guest Lecture – “Bargaining with the Spirits: Excavated Religious Documents from Early China” by Prof. Lai Guolong
|15 Oct 2015|
Prof. Lai Guolong is Associate Professor of Chinese Art and Archaeology at the University of Florida. He received his MA in Archaeology and Paleography from Peking University and PhD in Art History from UCLA. His research interests include early Chinese art and archaeology, Chinese paleography, and Chinese religious studies. He has published widely in both English and Chinese, and his latest book is titled Excavating the Afterlife: The Archaeology of Early Chinese Religion.
Focusing on groups of divinatory and sacrificial records excavated from Warring States Chu tombs in recent decades, this paper explores the religious nature of excavated manuscripts from early China. These previously unknown documents detail the religious pantheon of the Warring States period and ritual actions such as exorcism, sacrifices and the promise of sacrificial offerings targeting ancestral and natural spirits. Drawing materials from the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang dynasty, religious documents of the Qin and Han empires, and religious tales of the medieval and later periods, this paper concludes that the strategy of bargaining with the spirits by the dynamics of offering promissory and requital sacrifices is the most important characteristics of Chinese religion.
|All are welcome|
|Philosophy and Religious Studies Programme|
Tel: (853) 8822 4768


Voronezh Regional Art Museum is named in honor of Ivan Kramskoy, the famous Russian portrait painter of the XIX century, who was born in Voronezh Governorate. The museum collection is located in the governor's estate of the late 18th century. This three-story baroque mansion is called the Voronezh Palace in the city. Emperor Nicholas II also took part in the arrangement of the museum: in 1911 he handed over the former governor's house to the governorate museum, which was later renamed as Art Museum.
Voronezh Regional Art Museum has an extensive collection. Here you can find ancient Egyptian statuettes and antique ceramics of the IX–VIII centuries BC. European art is represented by medieval paintings: “Christ” by Michael Ostendorfer (1530); a French copy of the "Adoration of the Magi" by da Fabriano (XVIII century), stored in the Uffizi Gallery; a series of Dutch still-life paintings of the XVII century. But the pivot of the entire exposition is Russian art. The museum displays the portraits of Bryullov, Tropinin, Kramskoy, landscapes of Aivazovsky and Roerich.


Join The Emperor’s Bridge Campaign and the Comstock Saloon in our celebration of Empire Day — the anniversary of Joshua Norton’s public declaration of himself as Emperor on 17 September 1859.Read More
Filtering by Category: Proclamations
An abiding concern of Emperor Norton was for the welfare of immigrants. The Emperor issued numerous Proclamations and took other actions in the defense and support of specific immigrant communities — notably, the Chinese, German and French.
More broadly, Emperor Norton wanted to ensure that the basic needs of arriving immigrants be met. This included his determination that cash-poor immigrants have enough money to get started in their new country.
His concern for the financial security of immigrants was evident at least as early as November 1867, when he issued a brief Proclamation that appeared in the San Francisco Examiner.Read More
In April 1875, Emperor Norton issued one of his most important Proclamations on the welcome, sympathy, assistance, protection and care of immigrants.
Thirty years later, in September 1908, this Proclamation was bumped to the top of the pile, when the Emperor’s portraitist Addie Ballou included it — unsourced — in a brief memoir of her experience of the Emperor that she wrote for the San Francisco Call.
Alas, the Proclamation has languished in unmentioned obscurity for most of the last 110 years — not least, because it has not been publicly sourced and documented as authentic.
This, we do here.Read More
Emperor Norton’s Early Engagement With an African-American Editor Reveals the Essence of the Emperor’s Mission — And Foreshadows a Key Relationship
In 1860, the prominent African-American editor and civil rights activist Philip Alexander Bell arrived in San Francisco from New York City to take up the editor’s chair at the San Francisco Mirror of the Times newspaper —the intellectual and political heartbeat of the emerging movement for African-American equality in California.
One of Bell’s earliest editorial items — published on 20 August of that year — was about Emperor Norton. Within a matter of hours, the Emperor responded in writing, and Bell published the note the following day under the headline “A Pacific Proclamation.”
Twenty months later, Bell would join Peter Anderson, a founder of the Mirror, in converting the paper to a new African-American weekly called The Pacific Appeal. At the end of 1870, Emperor Norton named the Appeal his imperial gazette; and, over the next four-and-a-half years, Anderson, as editor, published some 250 of the Emperor’s proclamations — including his many decrees recognizing the humanity and rights, and demanding fairness and equality, for marginalized and immigrant people, specifically: the Chinese, Native Americans and African-Americans,
The fact that Emperor Norton responded to Philip Bell in 1860 — and what he said — tells us much about the Emperor.
We believe this is the first modern publication of the images and full texts of Bell’s editorial and the Emperor’s reply.Read More
On the morning of 17 September 1859, Joshua Norton delivered to the San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin his Proclamation declaring himself Emperor of the United States. The declaration appeared in that evening's edition. Who'd have guessed that, within a month, a newspaper in Mississippi would have printed the decree in full on its front page?Read More
Over the course of several months in 1873, Emperor Norton issued a series of Proclamations calling out the exploitation of Native American people; urging a peaceable resolution to the Modoc War that was taking place at the time; and warning that the execution of Captain Jack and other Modoc leaders — a punishment mandated by an Army court-martial and eventually carried out — would only make matters worse.
The Emperor's Bridge Campaign has discovered a May 1873 diary entry — by a 13-year-old boy living in Oakland — that further illuminates the Emperor's take on the Modoc War and on Native Americans in general.Read More
In July 1869, Emperor Norton issued a Proclamation urging his subjects to do everything in their power to advance the steam-powered airship experiments of Frederick Marriott. Six years later, in 1875, Marriott published a beautiful map of San Francisco.Read More
No proclamation attributed to Emperor Norton more often is actually quoted than the one in which he is said to have railed against the word "Frisco." But did the Emperor actually write this? As it turns out, the source of the "Frisco" proclamation is far from clear. In this wide-ranging, link-packed essay, we detail our quest for the origins of the decree and find that all roads may lead to 1939.Read More
It stands to reason that The Emperor's Bridge Campaign is one of the few organizations or individuals to be actively researching the question of whether Emperor Norton wrote the anti-"Frisco proclamation so often attributed to him. So it was gratifying, a couple of days ago, to have our efforts acknowledged by the respected San Francisco-based magazine Mother Jones.Read More
The Emperor outlines his immigration policy in this timely Proclamation, published in the Pacific Appeal newspaper on 24 April 1875.Read More
In the late nineteenth century, the popular amusement resort known as Woodward's Gardens — located in the area that now is San Francisco's Mission District — had what has been called the West Coast's largest rollerskating rink. In March 1872, Emperor Norton tried to go for a skate there. The Emperor was turned away. He was not happy.Read More
The Emperor's Bridge Campaign is pleased to announce that the nonprofit San Francisco History Association, as part of its Research Gift program, recently awarded the Campaign with a lead grant to develop and publish a book of selected Proclamations of Emperor Norton.Read More
An Empire Day meditation on one of least understood words of Emperor Norton's original Proclamation of 17 September 1859.Read More
In the current San Francisco mayoral election, one of the challengers to sitting mayor Ed Lee has offered an anti-corruption plan that includes a proposal that San Francisco create a new elected office for a Public Advocate.
Other major cities already have Public Advocates; the level of authority depends on the city.
But the general idea is that the Public Advocate is a kind of official watchdog — someone who helps to ensure that the citizens are being treated fairly; that government agencies and private companies are properly maintaining basic utilities and services like streets, public transit, water, electricity and gas (and not gouging the people in the process); and that corruption that affects the general populace is called out wherever it is found.
Sound familiar? It should.
The original Public Advocate is Emperor Norton.
"As everyone knows, the Emperor Norton I. visits this city every Monday." So wrote the Oakland Tribune newspaper on 30 December 1879, a little more than a week before the Emperor died on 8 January 1880.
Although Emperor Norton often is pigeonholed as a creature of San Francisco, the truth is that he spent quite a bit of time visiting places that were outside the seat of his Empire. Here's a look at two of those places — Oakland and the adjacent Brooklyn, Calif. — as well as two of the Emperor's proclamations that were datelined "Brooklyn."
Images include: the original Oakland Tribune item; archival 1850s-'70s maps of Oakland, Brooklyn and Alameda; and two "Brooklyn proclamations" of 1872. Bonus: The story of The Tom Collins Hoax of 1874.Read More
Early last month, we ran Eadweard Muybridge's wonderful exterior photograph of the 1866 building of the Mechanics' Institute, where Emperor Norton spent many afternoons, wrote many proclamations and played many games of chess. But the more elusive prize has been a photograph(s) of the building's interior — of the physical spaces that Emperor Norton himself inhabited on all those afternoons, so many years ago.
Happily, we now can close this gap.Read More
It long has been known that, upon Emperor Norton's death in January 1880, many of his personal effects — including his regimentals, a hat, his sword and his treasured Serpent Scepter, an elaborate walking stick given him by his subjects in Oregon — went to the Society of California Pioneers (only to be lost 26 years later in the earthquake and fire).
Many, but not all. This week, we discovered archival traces of an early 1880 donation to the Odd Fellows' Library Association of San Francisco. The donation — by David Hutchinson, Emperor Norton's longtime landlord at the Eureka Lodgings — included the stamp the Emperor used to place his seal on his proclamations. It might also have included the Emperor's final proclamation: written and sealed, but not yet delivered and published.Read More
Emperor Norton wrote many — possibly even most — of his Proclamations during his regular afternoon visits to the Mechanics' Institute at 31 Post Street, where he also is said to have played a fine game of chess. Here's a look at how the Institute featured in the Emperor's daily life, illustrated by a couple of photographs of the building — including a wonderful shot by the pioneering photographer Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904), who also took the famous 1869 photo of the Emperor astride a bicycle.Read More
On this day in 1872, the Pacific Appeal newspaper published the first of Emperor Norton's three Proclamations that year setting out the original vision for the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Here's how the Proclamation appeared on the front page, 143 years ago today.Read More
Here's how Emperor Norton wished his subjects a Happy New Year one-hundred forty years ago today — on 2 January 1875.Read More


- Episode Description
Using previously classified documents, NOVA uncovers the secret history of U.S. space programs in the 1950's and how those aspirations were given a boost in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I.
- Cast & Crew
- Fan Reviews (0)
- Be the first to write a review!


FDR’s “Four Freedoms” Speech
"Sometimes we fail to hear or heed these voices of freedom because to us the privilege of our freedom is such an old, old story."
—Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in his Third Inaugural Address, January 20, 1941.
While many of the most frequently-studied statements about freedom were published in the form of written documents such as the Bill of Rights or the Magna Carta, the library is certainly not the only place where Americans encounter references to freedom. On radio and television, on the campaign trail and at press conferences, our public officials appeal to the cause of freedom every day. The world of political oratory provides a living laboratory for studying the place of "freedom" within public discourse. Some of the most thought-provoking—and influential—musings on freedom were first presented not in books or in pamphlets, but broadcast from podiums and grandstands.
What does freedom mean?
What does FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech reveal about the variety of different attitudes, priorities, and political philosophies encompassed by the word "freedom"?
Examine the substance, context, subtext, and significance of the most famous portion of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union Address.
Evaluate the influence of political rhetoric and oratory on the ongoing process of refining our definitions of "freedom."
Evaluate longstanding theoretical debates over the scope and meaning of freedom.
Create an original argument regarding the theory and practice of freedom in the U.S.


1817.056: Important Subjects for Consideration.
Full Title: No. 1. Important subjects for consideration.
Place Issued: Alexandria
Issuing Press: Uncertain
Description: 6 pgs.; 22 cm. (8vo).
Only known copy held in the special collections of the University of Virginia. Title bears the imprint: "Published for the Prayer Book and Tract Society's [sic] for the Diocese of Virginia." Item is the first tract in a series planned by the Common Prayer Book and Tract Society of Virginia, formed at May 1816 convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia, as stated in the caption title; so probably issued in late 1816 or early 1817; the UVA catalogue suggests the 1817 date, as reported here. The series numbering ends with No. 12 in 1820; numbers 2 through 7 are apparently non-extant. Imprint states: "All the Society's tracts may be procured at a low price, by application to the Rev. Messrs. Wilmer & Norris, Alexandria," so indicating its origin there. Wilmer was William H. Wilmer (1782-1827), the rector of St. Paul's Church in Alexandria, and later Bishop of the Virginia Diocese; as he regularly engaged Alexandria printers Benjamin L. Bogan, Samuel H. Davis, and Samuel Snowden, this title undoubtedly issued from one of their presses; but without other evidence, a clear attribution is impracticable. At the annual convention of the Virginia diocese in 1817, Wilmer reported that 5500 copies of this tract had been printed.


Penang Hill is one of the oldest colonial hill station established by the British during their time in Malaysia. Explored in the late 18th century, a horse trail was cut by the Waterfall Gardens (present day Penang Botanic Gardens) to the summit of the hilly spine of Penang, allowing the British to escape from the chaos of George Town to the cooler climate on the hill.
Penang Hill comprises several hills including Strawberry Hill, Halliburton’s Hill, Flagstaff Hill, Government Hill , Tiger Hill,and Western Hill. The highest point of this range is at Western Hill, with an elevation of 833m (2,723ft )above sea level. The range also serves as the largest water catchment area on the island, and a number of tributaries to major rivers in Penang.
The earliest mode of transport to the hill was via horses, or a system called ‘doolies’, where masters were carried up the hill on special sedan chairs. To further explore the potential of the hill, systems of bridle paths were cut by Indian penal servitude prisoners for the establishment of more bungalows on the hill.
The Penang Hill Funicular Railway was the second mode of transport established for access to the summit. The first railway was constructed in 1901 and completed in 1905 but was rendered useless, due to technical faults. A second railway was commissioned in 1909, and works for the second line started in 1914 with a budget of 1.5 million Straits Dollars. On 1st January 1924, the 2,007m long funicular railway was officially opened by then Governor of Straits Settlement, Sir L.N.Guillemard. The last upgrade was in 1977, before a complete overhaul of the system in 2010.
Penang Hill, Penang, Malaysia
Tel: +604-828 8880


1959 ran on 23rd May 1959
S.L.S. Golden Jubilee Tour
Did NOT run on this date - simply a publishing error.
|Loco(s) Used||at least 60007 'Sir Nigel Gresley'|
|60007||??? - ???|
(1) Photo published at Cambridge of 60007, heading north and carrying a 'Stephenson Locomotive Society Golden Jubilee' headboard and dated 23rd September 1959. Confirmation of date is required however as the SLS ran a "Golden Jubilee" tour on 23rd May however that didn't go through Cambridge - was there a second tour with the same name, or was the caption to the photo in error i.e. wrong date and location?
Terry Jackson is also certain the caption is incorrect and that the SLS did not run a second tour with 60007 and this has been further confirmed by Ian Clark (SLS).
Source : Kevin Driscoll (from contemporary
Back to "The Railtour Files"


Doc: The Story of a Birmingham Jazz Man
May 18, 2:30 p.m.
Hoover Public Library
The Hoover Public Library will present local jazz legend Frank “Doc” Adams and author Burgin Matthews as they trace Birmingham’s jazz history through storytelling and musical performances. They will also sign copies of their book, “Doc: The Story of a Birmingham Jazz Man,” after the performance. For more information, visit www.hooverpubliclibrary.org or call 444-7800.


Fathers Day in Hiroshima and the sacred island of Miyajima - Dadcation
We boarded our Kyoto Shinkansen train at 7 Sunday morning and arrived in Hiroshima just after 9. My bride had told me a few days prior that we’d be spending Fathers Day at Hiroshima, somewhat apologetically, but that’s how the itinerary had fit together, and was that okay? Who was I to argue with what had so far been the most well put together trip I’d ever taken? And so here the 5 of us were, walking into Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. We walked through the museum, which...
Post to Tumblr


Jack Mainland: Do You Remember Your First Trip at Sea?
Bill Ballingall: “Surely. I was on the old ‘British Duke’ for about 13 months, although that included two or three weeks in drydock, in South Shields. My first voyage was through the Bay of Biscay, the ‘Med(iterranean)’, the Suez Canal, Red Sea and round into what was then called the Persian Gulf, to the refinery of Abadan, in what is now Iran. A ‘milk run’ for tankers. In these days, Abadan was virtually BP Shipping, situated some 40 miles up the Shat-al-Arab, the river formed by the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates.
We used to say that if that if the Persian Gulf was the ‘a-hole’ of the world, then Abadan was 40 miles up it. There we loaded a cargo of refined spirit for Kwinana, a wee place not far from Freemantle, in West Australia. In these days Freemantle was pretty basic. Most of the buildings were built of timber, with wooden ‘sidewalks’ and the roads were simply compacted sand. It’s now over 50 years since that first time, and I understand it’s changed, somewhat.
In Kwinana we discharged, and back-loaded another cargo, much of it in drums, for two islands in the Pacific; Nauru and Ocean. It was a long trip, and our course took us between the Indonesian islands of Lombok and Bali, each with their iconic cone-shaped volcanos rising to 12,000 and 10,000 feet.
The coral islands of Nauru and Ocean were something else; from the ship we could smell the Frangipani flowers; the locals who helped us moor in deep water wore brightly-coloured sarongs, with flowers in their hair. But they couldn’t be called ‘sissy’ at all. Typical Pacific islanders, not particularly tall, but broad shoulders and strong-looking. They sat on the maindeck all night, singing and fishing, and were delighted with a pot of boiled rice and a large tin of corned beef our butler put out for them. (yes, our early Indian-crewed ships carried a butler!).
It seems that extensive parts of these islands are simply dug up, and shipped out as fertiliser. Nauru is the world’s smallest independent republic, and Ocean is a protectorate of the governments of the UK, Australia and New Zealand. Ocean is tiny, circular, about 3½ miles in diameter.
Although it was a long haul out to these islands, it was still some time before we got back to the UK. We returned to Freemantle and again we loaded and crossed the Great Australian Bight for ports in South Australia and Victoria. We did this shuttle trip for several weeks, before going back up to Abadan and loaded for Bombay (now Mumbai). I forget the last bit of the route we took to return to UK, but it was certainly a memorable first trip. I felt I had seen a large chunk of the world, or at least, some of its oceans – the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific.


Thank you for visiting!
This website is here for your information. Please come back often for updates and news on the 160th District.
If I can be of any help, please contact me through the Contact section.
May God bless you - Representative Bill Reiboldt
I want to take this opportunity to wish everyone a happy and blessed Thanksgiving holiday. If I had to choose just one holiday to celebrate, I believe it would be Thanksgiving. The idea of observing a day of praising and giving thanks for the abundance that we have so richly received from God is very important to me. In today’s society, far too often we fail to take the time to give and to show the proper gratitude to the Giver and Creator of all things. However, throughout the ages, man has in some way sought to stop and acknowledge the Great Provider for all we possess in this life.
Certainly an attitude of giving thanks is deeply rooted in our nation. From the Pilgrims to the colonists, during America’s Revolutionary War and the forming of a new government with its constitution, requests for guidance and direction were frequently made by not only this country’s new inhabitants, but also by those who were helping to guide the forming process. Of those who stopped to give their heartfelt thanks and to express their deepest gratitude to the Creator for what had been so abundantly given, was our first president, George Washington.
For years, Missouri’s two largest cities (St. Louis and Kansas City) were homes to NFL franchises. Professional football came to Missouri in 1960 when the football Cardinals moved from Chicago to St. Louis, and it was in 1963 when the Dallas Texans moved from Dallas to Kansas City to become the Kansas City Chiefs.Kansas City built a sports complex with side-by-side stadiums to house their Chiefs football team and their Royals baseball team.
Always a major problem for St. Louis was finding an adequate football stadium. When the Cardinals moved to St. Louis in 1960, they played first at old Busch Stadium—also known as Sportsman’s Park. Later they played in the new multi-purpose Busch Stadium. Both facilities were home to the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team as well, but neither stadium was good for attracting football fans. Consequently, the owner of the St. Louis Cardinals football team began pushing for a new downtown stadium or else he would move the team out of St. Louis. Following the 1987 season, he made good on his threats and relocated the team to Arizona.
Today, November 11, is Veteran’s Day, a federal holiday that honors those individuals who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces, both in times of peace as well as in times of conflict and war.
On November 11, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed Armistice Day to be a day for individuals to remember the ending of WWI. This was one year after the fighting had stopped on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918. Armistice Day continued until June 1954, when the name was changed to Veteran’s Day, a title that remains.
What is a veteran? One person identified this special individual as the following:
A veteran—whether active duty, discharged, retired, or reserve—is someone who, at one point in his life, wrote a blank check made payable to “The United States of America,” for an amount of “up to, and including his life.”
Veterans are men and women who live across town, across the street, and next door. They are our friends, our co-workers, our grandparents or parents, our nephews or nieces, our uncles or aunts, our sons or daughters, and they are our spouses. By their willingness to serve and sacrifice for their country, these special people have earned her lasting gratitude, and it is only proper and fitting that we pay them their due respect.


Tulsa Race Riot Marks Its Centennial
May 26, 2021
The 1921 race riot in Tulsa began on Monday, May 30, Memorial Day, when a young black man stepped into an elevator, tripped, and either grabbed a young white girl’s arm to steady himself, or stepped on her foot. She screamed. No one else witnessed what transpired on that elevator.
Someone suspected a possible assault and called the police.
He was 19 years old. His name was Dick Rowland. He shined shoes on Main Street. A number of Tulsa’s lawyers knew Dick, because he shined their shoes, but none believed him capable of assault. He had stepped into the elevator, because he wanted to use...


NEW YORK, NY—On December 9 at the United Nations Headquarters, the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations organized a roundtable discussion entitled, “Remembrance and Education as Powerful Tools for Prevention: Drawing Lessons to Address Challenges,” dedicated to the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime.
The Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations Mher Margaryan, Executive Director of the Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect Dr. Simon Adams, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide Adama Dieng, President of International Association of Genocide Scholars Dr. Henry Theriault, Associate Professor from Clark University Dr. Johanna Vollhardt and Professor of History from the City College of New York Dr. Eric D. Weitz delivered remarks at the event.
The panelists discussed the role of remembrance and education in raising awareness on genocides, addressing the root causes of intolerance and discrimination and prevention of crimes against humanity and genocides.
Margaryan stressed in his statement that the Armenian nation has gone through the horrors of genocide in the beginning of the 20th century, hence Armenia bears special duty to consolidate international efforts aimed at prevention of the crime of genocide. Margaryan’s full statement has been included below.
During the event the selected works of Komitas were performed by “Aria,” a string quartet of New York-based Armenian musicians.
The event was attended by the Permanent Representatives of the UN member states, diplomats, officials of the UN Secretariat, as well as representatives of civil society, academia and the Armenian community.
Opening remarks by H.E. Mr. Mher MARGARYAN
Permanent Representative of Armenia
At the Round-table discussion “Remembrance and Education as Powerful Tools for Prevention: Drawing Lessons to Address Challenges”
9 December, 2019
Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am very grateful to you all for gathering today at this solemn event in observance of the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime.
I would like to welcome our panellists: Mr. Adama Dieng, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Dr. Henry Theriault, President of International Association of Genocide Scholars, Dr. Johanna Vollhardt, Associate Professor from Clark University and Dr. Eric D. Weitz, Professor of History from the City College of New York. I would also like to welcome Dr. Simon Adams, Executive Director of the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect who will be the moderator of today’s conversation.
Four years ago, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 69/323, which designated the international day we are observing today. Since its establishment in 2015, the international day of the 9th of December has served as a key multilateral platform to raise global awareness about the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and to pay tribute to the memory and the dignity of millions of victims of the past atrocities.
The Armenian nation has gone through the horrors of genocide in the beginning of the 20th century, hence Armenia bears special duty to consolidate international efforts aimed at prevention of the crime of genocide.
We all know it too well that genocides do not happen overnight. They are usually preceded by a well-recognizable pattern of deterioration of human rights and fundamental freedoms, discrimination and stigmatization of vulnerable groups, cultivation of hate speech that bring about incitement of hate crimes on ethnic and religious grounds.
The United Nations, with its elaborate human rights and prevention toolbox, can play a strong role in advancing early warning against genocide and other atrocity crimes. I would like to acknowledge the central role of the Special Adviser of the Secretary General on the Prevention of Genocide in the global promotion of the prevention agenda.
Armenia stands ready to continue its close cooperation with the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect in strengthening early warning capacities of the UN system.
Commemoration entails acknowledging of the events of the past and offering apologies to the victims and survivors. Without truth, justice and guarantees of non-recurrence we cannot avert future mass violations of human rights. As the Nobel Prize winner and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel has said “to deny would be akin to killing victims a second time.”
Genocide prevention embraces a number of important elements. Today, we are going to focus on the role of remembrance and education for the prevention of future atrocities. Remembrance and education are essential to the prevention framework as they entail acknowledgement of the crime committed in the past as well as commitment for non-recurrence in the future.
I would like to conclude my remarks by inviting you to listen to a musical performance by “Aria” string quartet. The music we are about to hear is composed by Komitas, a priest and composer whose 150 years anniversary is celebrated this year.
His musical and religious career ended, abruptly, in 1915 when Komitas was arrested along with hundreds of other intellectuals, at the start of the Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey. He survived the Genocide but suffered a severe case of post-traumatic stress disorder, spending the last years of his life in seclusion.
Today’s music will sound as a tribute to those who lived through the horrors of genocide and mass atrocities, to connect emotionally with the memory of the victims, in compassion and empathy.
I thank you very much.


When hearing the word “prophet,” there are a wide range of responses. What may come to mind are images of a spiritual leader with the gift to see into the future. Another common reaction may be to think of the Old Testament prophets who condemned the wrong-doings of ancient Israel and exhorted them to follow after God. In a different direction, the term may be taken negatively, as charlatans who deceive others with their claims of supernatural power.
Jon Balserak approaches the subject of prophet in conjunction with John Calvin in John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet (Oxford University Press, 2014; source: publisher). I looked forward to reviewing the work after benefiting greatly from Balserak’s earlier work Divinity Compromised: A Study of Divine Accommodation in the Thought of John Calvin, a comprehensive assessment of Calvin’s doctrine of accommodation. In the present volume, Balserak addresses Calvin in the role of a prophet, particularly, Calvin’s own self-identification as a prophet.
Yesterday I had the opportunity to hear Dr. Scott Manetsch, Professor of Church History at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (and one of my former profs), give a lecture on “Pastoral Collegiality and Accountability in Calvin’s Geneva.” This lecture is part of the “Scripture and Ministry” lecture series at the Carl F. H. Henry Center for Theological Understanding.
In the lecture, Manetsch made good on years of painstaking research on John Calvin and his associates and successors by discussing some of the takeaways for the church today. Avoiding both antiquarianism and presentism, he first gave listeners a rich description of pastoral ministry in Geneva as molded by Calvin and his fellow pastors and then discussed ways we can learn from them—positively and negatively—for today.
As debate over worship styles continue, and what has been dubbed the modern worship wars remain a heated issue, I would like to offer two pieces of advice from those who have gone before us. The first comes from the great reformer John Calvin and the second from C. S. Lewis.
Those looking for a text addressing the history of Calvinism, marked by its thoroughness but also approachability, need not look any further than D. G. Hart’s Calvinism: A History (Yale, 2013). The volume covers matters from the Reformation to almost the present day. At the same time, Hart writes in a clear and precise manner, not overburdening the reader with an onslaught of facts and events. The work provides a wonderful narrative of not only the history of Reformed theology but also the story of Calvinism.
In addition to familiar topics such as Calvin, Scotland, Kuyper (see my review of Bratt’s biography), and the fundamentalist-modernist controversy, Hart addresses a vast amount of unfamiliar Calvinistic history. His treatment of the Reformed church in Germany is quite good. The discussion of Reformed and Lutheran relations is also very interesting. Lastly, Hart discusses the Reformed church in countries not often dealt with, such as Hungary, and Reformed missions into countries such as South Africa and Korea.
Summer is always a great opportunity to catch up on some reading. Here is my top ten reading list for this summer.
1. Tim Townsend, Mission at Nuremberg: An American Army Chaplain and the Trial of the Nazis
The work is an account of an army chaplain commissioned to minister to the Nazis held at Nuremberg. Sure to be thought-provoking.
Given my previous review of George Marsden’s The Twilight of the American Enlightenment, in which he concluded the work with a Kuyperian approach to religious pluralism in the public sphere, it seemed fitting to take a look at James D. Bratt’s Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat (Eerdmans, 2013).
Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920) was born to a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. Following his father, Kuyper studied theology at Leiden and then entered the ministry. In addition, he served as the longtime editor of De Heraut and De Standaard, in which he contributed many articles promoting his reformed theology. In opposition to political and ecclesiastical authority, he founded the Free University of Amsterdam in 1880, where he served as a professor of theology. As the leader of the Christian Anti-Revolutionary Party from 1879 to 1920, he lobbied for public funding of religious schools and educational reform. As member of the Anti-Revolutionary Party, he took office in the Dutch Parliament and became the country’s prime minister from 1901 to 1905. In 1898 he travelled to America to give the Stone lectors at Princeton Seminary. Amidst his duties as editor, theologian, and statesman, he was a prolific writer, earning him the title father of Neo-Calvinism.
Cocceius vs. the Cartesio-Cocceians? Probably not the first face-off that would come to mind when thinking about Johannes Cocceius (1603-1669). The more natural pairing would be Cocceius vs. Voetius. But today I want to take a moment to examine a phenomenon that occurs throughout history; namely, the discontinuity between teacher and disciple.
By the 1640s, a cohort of orthodox Calvinists gained the moniker “Voetians,” named after their leader Gisbertus Voetius (1589-1676). Over the years they also gained a reputation for affirming a scholastic form of Calvinism and combating heterodoxy in all forms. Cartesianism became a repeated target for the Voetians, claiming that Cartesian skepticism elevated reason over revelation.


Fr Bernard, who had become increasingly frail over the past few years died on 22 September 2023.
He was born in Chelmsford, Essex, on 28 January 1939, shortly before the war. He was the third in a family of six children. His father, William, came from Clonmel, Co. Tipperary, and his mother, Elizabeth, from Linz-am-Rhein, Germany. Both were Catholics, and active in their church, Our Lady of Lourdes, Leigh-on-Sea, and his family life revolved around it.
Aged 14, he attended Junior Seminary, St. Hugh’s College, Tollerton, Nottingham. And from there to Senior Seminary, the English College, Lisbon. He was ordained as a priest for the Brentwood diocese on 6 June 1963 together with Fr. Pat Murphy who later would precede him as parish priest at St Paul’s.
His first curacy was to Saints Peter and Paul, Ilford, in Brentwood Diocese. After 6 years he went to Colchester, but after a year, back to the East End, to Our Lady of Lourdes, Wanstead. From there he was appointed to his first parish, St. Thomas’, Grays, on the Thames. Three years later, it was back to Colchester, this time as Parish Priest; he worked there for 13 years. The next change, in 1988, was to Leigh, his ‘home’ parish! After five years, he joined the Prison Service.
At that time a new prison was being built in Doncaster, a private prison on the American model. He took up a part-time post there, but within a year moved into the state sector, with a full-time post in HMP. Lindholme and HMP Moorland. He stayed for 10 years, before handing his keys in, aged 65.
Bishop John appointed him in 2004 to St. Pauls, to take charge following the retirement of Fr. Pat Murphy. He also served as the diocesan representative to the Prison Service in the Diocese.
Over the years, as well as parish work, he has served as a Dean, the Diocesan Representative on Essex Education Committee, Diocesan Chair of Justice and Peace, and the Coordinating Chaplain of the Yorkshire Group of Prisons.
Father Bernard retired on 28 January 2019 – his 80 Birthday. He spent his retirement living in his final parish and continued to be involved in the life of the parish community where he had ministered.
May he rest in peace and rise in glory.


Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages will go on Exhibit at Les Enluminures NY
New York—Les Enluminures announces the exhibition, “Talking at the Court, on the Street, in the Bedroom: Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages.” February 23rd to March 16th, Tuesday through Saturday, 10 am to 6 pm. Opening and Reception: Thursday, February 22nd, 6 pm to 8 pm.
The thirty-six manuscripts included in this exhibition provide viewers unique access to the authentic, spontaneous vision of people in medieval France, Italy, Germany, the Low Countries, and Britain. As award-winning author Christopher de Hamel writes in the introduction, “There is one way in which manuscripts are different from all other works of art: they can talk … Shared language is the basis of all communication, and manuscripts can actually speak to us.”
Of course, Latin was the language of those who aspired to literacy, and it was the language of the Church. Most people today think of the Middle Ages as a time when cloistered monks wrote and read only in now-obscure languages. But, what many do not realize is that by the thirteenth and fourteenth century (and certainly well before Columbus discovered America in 1492), numerous books became available in the everyday languages spoken “at the court, on the street, and in the bedroom.” This exhibition focuses on just such manuscripts, and we find that they were written for all sorts of people at diverse levels of society, not only the privileged aristocracy, but doctors, artisans, townspeople, women, the clergy, and the lay devout.
For example, giving advice to widows, a translator puts Saint Jerome’s famous letters into French in a unique copy probably for a high-born woman. She is pictured in the book. Toiling in the Italian metal industry in towns, metalworkers can follow instructions on minting gold and silver coins in their own language. The manuscript is on paper in simple, yet readable script. Fancifully dressed carnival revelers cavort through the streets of medieval Nuremberg throwing fireworks amidst floats and even an occasional elephant. The German text celebrates the sponsoring families of the event. The Founder and President of Les Enluminures (and medievalist), Sandra Hindman reminisces “I have worked on vernacular manuscripts all my life and they are closest to my heart. Like the experience of reading a good book today, vernacular manuscripts offer an adventure into an unknown world that brings to life people, places, and events of long ago.”
Come join us in experiencing the Middle Ages through our manuscripts.
23 East 73rd Street, 7th foor Penthouse
New York, New York 10021
Tel. 212 717 7273
Catalogue: “Shared Language: Vernacular Manuscripts of the Middle Ages” by Laura Light, introduction Christopher de Hamel. Available for purchase as of February 15: $35.
Image: Carnival reveler, holding a firework, with an elephant in the margin. Schembart (“hiding beard”) Carnival Book. In German, illuminated manuscript on paper. Germany (Nuremberg), c. 1540-1550. 64 pen and ink with watercolor drawings, 22 additional pen and ink drawings.


Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
Learn about this topic in these articles:
Roman road system
- In Roman road system
…northwest to Genua (Genoa); the Via Flaminia, running north to the Adriatic, where it joined the Via Aemilia, crossed the Rubicon, and led northwest; the Via Valeria, east across the peninsula by way of Lake Fucinus (Conca del Fucino); and the Via Latina, running southeast and joining the Via Appia…Read More
Via del Corso
- In Rome: Via del Corso and environs
…times, when it was the Via Flaminia, the road to the Adriatic. Its present name comes from the horse races (corse) that were part of the Roman carnival celebrations. From the foot of the Capitoline Hill, the Corso runs to the Piazza del Popolo and through a gate in the…Read More


The Hammons Family, the Greenbrier Valley’s most celebrated old-time musicians were recently honored by selection for the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame. Usually, the Hall of Fame honors an individual musician, but this selection honors a multi-generational family of excellent musicians, whose roots in West Virginia go back to pre-Civil War days.
Alan Jabbour, a noted Smithsonian Institution musicologist who introduced the family to s national audience said about them: “The Hammons family of Pocahontas County is a family of traditionalists whose knowledge of music, storytelling, and woods lore have made them cultural guides and mentors since the late 19th century. A century-old account describes patriarch Jesse Hammons and his sons as expert woodsmen, and his son Edden as a talented fiddler. A short story in G. D. McNeill’s 1940 book, The Last Forest, features a character inspired by Edden, and his fiddling was recorded by West Virginia University folklorist Louis Chappell in 1947. youtube.com/watch?v=AooXP-sAOKg
A broader study of the family in the early 1970s focused on Jesse Hammons’s grandchildren, Maggie Hammons Parker, Sherman Hammons, and Burl Hammons. Here’s Burl on the fiddle: youtube.com/watch?v=JLNZ8485o-c
The study led in 1973 to a Library of Congress double recording and a Rounder Records release. Both contain instrumental tunes, ballads, songs, stories, and lore; both accompanying booklets include early and modern photographs, and the Library of Congress booklet includes a family history constructed from documentary sources and the Hammonses’ own narration.
The family’s instrumental music includes a distinctive regional repertory of fiddle tunes forged on the early Appalachian frontier, as well as a banjo repertory (both picked and down stroked) of later vintage. Their singing tradition ranges from ancient British ballads through hundreds of American ballads and songs. All their music reflects a striking cultural synthesis, combining the artful irregularity and treble tension of the ancient British solo style with other Appalachian elements of Northern European, African-American, and possibly American Indian origin. Their storytelling is equally striking, featuring a distinctive rhetorical style and reflecting a fascination with the mysterious combined with skepticism about supernatural causes. Since the family subsisted on hunting, logging, trapping, and ginseng gathering for nearly two centuries, their woods lore was encyclopedic.” And they were great storytellers as well: youtube.com/watch?v=g7zpCuFB0cU
Pocahontas County traditional musician Dwight Diller introduced Burl, Maggie and Sherman Hammons to Jabbour. and played a major role in the documentation of their music. Diller today is one of the best-known performers of the Hammons repertory: youtube.com/watch?v=PFHwnXaIyl0
The most popular band grounded in the Hammons Tradition is the Pocahontas County’s Bing Brothers featuring Jake Krack. youtube.com/watch?v=3p_YV5g8WdY
The most musically active Hammons today is Trevor, a senior at Pocahontas County High School and a noted fiddle and banjo player. His inspiration was his great-grandfather Lee Hammons, who also lived in Pocahontas County and was distant kin to the more celebrated Hammons clan. Trevor played at the recent ceremony announcing the Hammons Family induction into the Hall of Fame. Here’s a sample of his fiddling: youtube.com/watch?v=OmY9Mh8A-ew&t=18s
Traditional music along the Mountain Music Trail this month includes:
At the Purple Fiddle in Thomas:
Friday, May 3: The Brother Brothers youtube.com/watch?time_continue=11&v=n74WHM70eoA
Thursday, May 30: Honeysuckle youtube.com/watch?v=Qk7QdHHlYgg
At The Pretty Penny Café in Hillsboro:
Friday, May 3: Homer Hunter and Stony Bottom Bluegrass (it’s Homer’s 76th birthday!)
– Gibbs Kinderman, HashtagWV #113. May 2019.
HashtagWV Art & Entertainment is a high-quality print and digital multimedia platform for all things West Virginia and the greater Appalachian region. The editorial focus is local music, unique shopping, the arts, events, theatre, and food and drinks. tiktok.com/@hashtagwv


This is one of the very few places whose name had an identical form in Old English; it appears as Calne in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 978.
In AD 978 according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a fatal accident befell the elders of the kingdom at Calne - according to later histories, Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury met the Witenagemot here in order to present his controversial Church reforms, which involved the secular priests being replaced by Benedictine monks and remove the influence of landowners over churches on their lands. The Chronicle tells that they fell from the upper floor (as the floor collapsed) killing or injuring many of those in attendance, while Dunstan remained safe, supported by a beam. (This is the earliest documented reference to a two-storey building with a hall on the first floor in Anglo-Saxon England.) Later legend embroiders the tale that in the meeting Dunstan called upon the Almighty for support for his changes, whereupon his opponents fell through the floor and his supporters remained standing, but the Chronicle has no such detail. This event was claimed as a miracle by Dunstan's supporters.
Calne had a significant woollen broadcloth industry in the 18th century, and evidence of this can be seen on The Green, where many buildings remain, such as Georgian era clothiers' houses and some of the 20 original cloth mills along the River Marden. St Mary's parish church was built by the generous donations of rich clothiers and wool merchants in the 15th century.
Subsequently, Calne's best known industry was the Harris pork processing factory that dominated the town architecturally and provided employment directly and indirectly to many of the residents until the early 1980s - at its closure in 1983 for example it employed over 2,000 people out of a town population of 10,000. It is said that the pork curing industry developed because pigs reared in Ireland were landed at Bristol and then herded across he land on drovers' roads to Smithfield in London, passing through Calne. The factory started in the second half of the 18th century when brothers John and Henry Harris started businesses which merged in 1888 as C & T Harris & Co. The factory has now been fully demolished and its site redeveloped as shops, housing and a library. As a result of the closure, unemployment in the town increased considerably and during much of the 1980s Calne suffered many of the economic restructuring problems more usually associated with large cities.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Calne was considered one of the fastest-expanding towns in the West Country, with a population projected to peak at around 16,000 by 2012. The Lansdowne Park housing development (completed in late 2008) has substantially increased the physical scale of the town, creating an entirely new north-western suburb, including a new primary school, a medical centre and a small shopping area. This area in particular has attracted professional workers from traditionally more expensive areas such as Bath, Bristol, Marlborough and as far afield as the 'silicon valley' towns of central Berkshire. Lansdowne Park's name reflects the development's proximity to the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne, whose family have resided at the nearby Bowood House country estate since 1784.
The Porte Marsh Industrial Estate on the north side of the town now provides the bulk of the town's internal employment. It is home to around 100 companies in predominantly light industries and information technology. The Belgian company Deceuninck has invested considerably in this area and operates two large facilities at Porte Marsh, notably a modern production and distribution centre which now dominates the industrial area. Another significant employer is the Exception Group, a large electronics company. In 2006 plans to build a sizeable cement production plant on the Porte Marsh site were vigorously opposed by local residents and planning permission was refused by the council.
Aside from the final completion of Lansdowne Park, there are pockets of new housing, but on a far smaller scale. In October 2007, the go-ahead was given for the creation of a major new £1m Football Foundation outdoor facility at Beversbrook on Calne's northern edge, which was officially opened in April 2009.
Calne has three supermarkets. The town has witnessed a number of transient enterprises in recent years and several units on the dated Phelps Parade remain empty.
As part of the 'New Heart of Calne' initiative, a section of the outdated Phelps Parade was redeveloped in 2009 and new mixed-use building constructed in its place, part Cotswold stone and part red brick. This was originally intended as a Woolworths outlet before the latter chain collapsed.
Sights around and about the town
Notable buildings in the town include St Mary's Church, an array of houses on The Green and the Town Hall. Of particular note is the new Library which has won awards for its innovative design and was opened by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 2001.
Since the demolition of the Harris pork factory and the completion of the first phase of redevelopment/regeneration in 2001, Calne has, in general, been successfully transformed into an attractive setting compared to its run-down image of the 1980s and 1990s. A substantial amount of scaffolding materialised across Calne town centre throughout 2007-2008 with a view to the renovation of several prominent buildings.
The family seat of the 9th Marquess of Lansdowne, Bowood House is approximately 3 miles southwest of the town.
- BBC Wiltshire
- Heart Wiltshire
- Calne Music & Arts Festival running since the 1970s.
Local places of interest
- Cherhill White Horse – 3½ miles east of central Calne, carved into the south face of Cherhill Down in 1780, situated south of Cherhill village
- Cherhill Down (860 feet)
- Lansdowne Monument - situated close to the summit of Cherhill Down, a 125 ft stone needle with views of Calne and the surrounding landscape.
- Bowood House (and Bowood Lake, over half a mile long) - an English Heritage site, 3 miles west of Calne
- Avebury Stone Circle & Avenue (UNESCO World Heritage Site) – the largest Neolithic stone circle site in the British Isles, 7½ miles east of Calne
- Silbury Hill, the largest Neolithic structure
- The Marlborough Downs (part of the North Wessex Downs 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty'. The highest summit is Milk Hill, which is Wiltshire's county top.
- Salisbury Plain
Blackland Lakes is a large camping site on the southern edge of Calne which is popular with anglers and tourists alike. The 'lakes' themselves are in fact large angling pools.
- Football: Calne Town FC, founded in 1886
- Rugby: Calne RFC
- Athletics: Calne SMaRTT (St Mary's Running and Triathlon Team)
- Diving: Calne Divers, formed in 2008, remarkably for a place so far inland.
| ("Wikimedia Commons" has material|
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Laud Chronicle (978) Her on þissum geare ealle þa yldestan Angelcynnes witan gefeollan æt Calne of anre upfloran. butan se halga Dunstan arcebiscop ana ætstod uppon anum beame. 7 sume þær swiðe gebrocode wæron. 7 sume hit ne gedygdan mid þam life.
- "This Is Wiltshire". 2007-02-08. http://archive.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/2007/2/8/301432.html. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- "Wiltshire Gazette & Herald". 2001-12-13. http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/archive/2001/12/13/Wiltshire+Archive/7363530.Crowds_revel_in_royal_visit. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- "Wiltshire's Own Lost City of Atlantis". The Independent. 20 July 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/wiltshires-own-lost-city-of-atlantis-the-mystery-of-mannings-hill-457977.html. Retrieved 2008-12-29.


From its foundation, Limehouse, like neighbouring Wapping, has enjoyed better links with the river than the land. The land route being across a marsh. Limehouse became a significant port in late medieval times, with extensive docks and wharves. Although most cargoes were discharged in the Pool of London before the establishment of the docks, industries such as ship building, chandlering and rope making were established in Limehouse.
Limehouse Basin opened in 1820 as the Regent's Canal Dock. This was an important connection between the Thames and the canal system, where cargoes could be transferred from larger ships to the shallow-draught canal boats. This mix of vessels can still be seen in the basin, canal narrow boats rubbing shoulders with sea-going yachts.
The dock basin with its marina remains a working facility. The same is not true of those wharf buildings that have survived, most of which are now highly desirable residential properties.
From the Tudor era, until the 20th century, ships crew were employed on a casual basis. New and replacement crew would be found wherever they were available, local sailors being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards in foreign ports. Crews would be paid off at the end of their voyage. Inevitably, permanent communities became established, including colonies of Lascars and Africans from the Guinea Coast. Large Chinatowns at both in Limehouse and Shadwell developed, associated with the crews of merchantmen in the opium and tea trades, particularly for Han Chinese. The area achieved notoriety for opium dens in the late 19th century, often featuring in pulp fiction works by Sax Rohmer and others. Like much of the East End it remained a focus for immigration, but after the devastation of the Second World War many of the Chinese community relocated to Soho.
On 12 February 1832, the first case of cholera was reported in London at Limehouse. First described in India in 1817, it had spread here via Hamburg. Although 800 people died during this epidemic, fewer than had died of tuberculosis in the same year, cholera visited again in 1848 and 1858.
On 30 July, 1909 the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George made a polemical speech in Limehouse attacking the House of Lords for its opposition to his "People's Budget". This speech was the origin of the phrase "To Limehouse", or "Limehousing", which meant an incendiary political speech.
On January 25, 1981 MPs Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins, William Rodgers and David Owen made the Limehouse Declaration from Owen's house in Limehouse, which announced the formation of the Council for Social Democracy in opposition to the granting of block votes to the trade unions in the Labour Party to which they had previously belonged. They soon became leading politicians in the Social Democratic Party.
Today Limehouse has become a popular place to live, with property overlooking the Thames and Limehouse Basin housed in expensive converted warehouses and modern apartment blocks. Away from the river there continues to be much social housing and areas of social deprivation.
- Limehouse was a major setting in the 1999 limited series League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (Volume 1) published by WildStorm's America's Best Comics imprint. In the year 1889, oriental crime lord Fu Manchu used the Limehouse district as a base of operations. Using a partially constructed abandoned tunnel beneath Rotherhithe and the Thames river, he developed a fleet of vessels made from an anti-gravity material known as Cavorite.
|This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Limehouse. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with DC Database, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.|


Height of William Collier Sr.
The height of William Collier Sr. is …m.
1. Where did William Collier Sr. come from ?
William Collier Sr. (November 12, 1864 – January 13, 1944), born William Morenus, was an American writer, director and actor.
2. What could we know about William Collier Sr. besides his height ?
Collier ran away from home when only 11 years old to join a touring company run by Eddie Foy. After a notable stage career, he tried motion pictures, under producer Mack Sennett. He then went back to the stage for some years but returned to movies when the talkies came along.
3. What are the projects of William Collier Sr. ?
He married Louise Allen; she died in 1909 and he married Paula Marr the following year, adopting her son Charles, whom he renamed William Collier Jr. (1902–1987).
4. Somme collaborations with William Collier Sr. ?
Collier died of pneumonia in 1944. He was interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Height of William Collier Sr., the Height of William Collier Sr., William Collier Sr. Height


Presentation on theme: "Women planting a field of onions at Wethersfield. The Colonies Come of Age Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its."— Presentation transcript:
Women planting a field of onions at Wethersfield. The Colonies Come of Age Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its colonists. Colonial slavery becomes entrenched, particularly in the South. NEXT
The Colonies Come of Age SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 England and Its Colonies The Agricultural South The Commercial North The French and Indian War
Section 1 England and Its Colonies England and its largely self-governing colonies prosper under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. NEXT
England and Its Colonies Prosper Mercantilism English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out England and Its Colonies 1 SECTION NEXT The Navigation Acts Parliament—England’s legislative body England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws restrict colonial trade Map Chart
Crackdown in Massachusetts Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony Tensions Emerge 1 SECTION NEXT The Dominion of New England In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England - land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony - to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants Continued... Image
continued Tensions Emerge The Glorious Revolution King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689 Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors Parliament restores separate colonial charters 1691 Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration 1 SECTION NEXT Image
England Loosens the Reins Salutary Neglect Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws if economic loyalty 1 SECTION NEXT The Seeds of Self-Government Governor: calls, disbands assembly; appoints judges; oversees trade Colonial assembly influences governor because they pay his salary Colonists still consider themselves British but want self-government
Section 2 The Agricultural South In the Southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. NEXT
A Plantation Economy Arises The Rural Southern Economy Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets Plantations produce most of what farmers need on their property Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed The Agricultural South 2 SECTION NEXT Map
A Diverse and Prosperous People In 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South Southern population mostly small farmers Planters are minority but control economy By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous Life in Southern Society 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...
continued Life in Southern Society The Role of Women Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will 2 SECTION NEXT Indentured Servants In 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants In 1700s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away
The Evolution of Slavery Slaves—people who are considered the property of others English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery Slavery Becomes Entrenched 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...
NEXT continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The European Slave Trade 3-way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies: - New England exports rum to Africa - Africa exports slaves to West Indies - West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England 2 SECTION Chart Continued...
NEXT continued Slavery Becomes Entrenched The Middle Passage Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide 2 SECTION Slavery in the South 80–90% of slaves work in fields; 10–20% work in house or as artisans Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful Image
NEXT Africans Cope in Their New World Culture and Family Africans in North America have different cultures, languages Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance Merchants, owners split families; slaves raise children left behind 2 SECTION Resistance and Revolt Slaves resist subservient position, try to escape 1739 Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue
NEXT Section 3 The Commercial North The Northern colonies develop a predominately urban society based on commerce and trade.
NEXT Commerce Grows in the North A Diversified Economy Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in North The Commercial North 3 SECTION Urban Life Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan
NEXT 3 SECTION Influx of Immigrants 1700s, large influx of immigrants: Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans Northern Society Is Diverse Slavery in the North Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted Continued... Chart
NEXT 3 SECTION continued Northern Society Is Diverse Women in Northern Society Women have extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights Only single women, widows can own businesses Wives must submit to husbands Witchcraft Trials in Salem In 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich Several victims were women considered too independent
NEXT 3 SECTION New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Enlightenment For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas Other colonial leaders also adopt Enlightenment views Continued...
NEXT 3 SECTION continued New Ideas Influence the Colonists The Great Awakening Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges Both movements question authority, stress individual’s importance Image
NEXT Section 4 The French and Indian War British victory over the French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonists.
NEXT Rivals for an Empire Britain and France Compete In 1750s, Britain, France build empires; both want Ohio River Valley The French and Indian War 4 SECTION France’s North American Empire France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley By 1754, French colony of New France has small population French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests French have good relations, military alliances with natives Map
NEXT 4 SECTION The War Begins France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia In 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated French and Indian War begins—fourth war between Britain and France Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Early French Victories General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies Continued...
NEXT 4 SECTION continued Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British In 1759, British capture of Quebec leads to victory in war Treaty of Paris ends war (1763); land divided between Britain, Spain Victory Brings New Problems Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened Proclamation of 1763—colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians Map Image
NEXT 4 SECTION The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart Problems Resulting from the War Colonists feel threatened by British troops stationed in colonies Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt Parliament passes Sugar Act (1764): - duty on foreign molasses halved - new duties placed on other imports - smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court British Policies Anger Colonists Halt to western expansion upsets colonists Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling Writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.


Nell and George Kahdy standing outside arm in arm. George is wearing his Army uniform while Nell is wearing a skirt suit. The back of the photo says, "At home, D.A. Saleeba, Dothan, Alabama. Xmas 1944"
George, Adma, Virginia, and Nell Kahdy stand outside of a house together. George Kahdy is dressed in his Army uniform while his mother, Nell, and Virginia are dressed formally. "1945. Dothan, Ala. George, mom, Virginia, Nell."