I thought I'd just visit a couple of small museums and find somewhere quiet to sit and drink tea and read my book... but I ended up going on a long and highly enjoyable walk round the town (and neighbouring Eton). Want to come on a virtual tour with me? Here goes...
The branch line train I caught was absolutely crammed with tourists excited about visiting the castle - plus a whole bunch of kids who were very excited about visiting Legoland (including one overexcited bunch whose mum was threatening to turn around and take them straight home if they didn't stop misbehaving "I haven't bought the tickets yet, you know! Behave!!")
Even if you don't actually visit Windsor Castle, it looms over everything and gives the town a huge amount of charm.
I visited Windsor a lot growing up, but it was mostly to shop (one of the department stores had a great toy shop with toy trains running around the walls - how could you not love that as a kid?). It's funny coming back as a "tourist" as the town is so familiar but I really hardly know it at all.
It was nice to take the time to just wander around, admiring the castle buildings and other historic bits and pieces in the centre of town.
I didn't know that Windsor is home to Britain's shortest street! Queen Charlotte Street is just 51 feet 10 inches long. I stood right at one end of it to take this photo:
Tiny huh? On one side of the street there's a fabulously crooked house...
... and nearby is one of these old Victorian post boxes. Did you know post boxes were originally painted green to help them blend into their surroundings? Unfortunately they blended in too well and people couldn't find them when they wanted to post a letter! They repainted most of the boxes to the bright red they use today but there are still a few old green ones dotted about the place (two in Windsor).
I visited Windsor Parish Church, which has some lovely decorations and a 16th century painting of the Last Supper...
... then headed to the Windsor & Royal Borough Museum (Windsor is now part of the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead and the museum focuses on the history of Windsor and its surrounding area). The museum is free to visit if you're a local resident and is a charming little local museum with an audio guide available and a nice mix of artifacts on display.
I especially enjoyed the clips of old black and white films of the area and learning about the UK's first airmail service which flew from Windsor Great Park. People bought specially designed postcards celebrating the first flight which were then sent by the aerial post and (later) posted in special blue airmail post boxes. You can buy replicas of one of the postcards in the museum shop.
I was delighted to spot the commemorative blue post box mentioned in the museum, later in the afternoon. The box stands near the former site of Windsor Post Office, where the mail from the aerial post was received. Sadly you can't actually use it to post letters.
A ticket to the museum also includes a guided tour of the Guildhall (when it's not in use for events). This was great! Our guide was funny and very well informed and the building has a fascinating history. It's often used for weddings and other celebrations, and was the location of Prince Charles' wedding to Camilla, and Elton John's civil partnership with David Furnish.
After visiting the museum I headed to the Long Walk. This is the famous straight path that leads from Windsor Castle to Windsor Great Park.
The Long Walk starts at the Castle gates...
... if you peer through the gates you can just make out the guards on duty.
The Long Walk is about 3 miles long and ends at the Copper Horse - a statue of George III on horseback.
I'm planning on coming back to walk the whole walk (and to explore the Great Park, too) but for now contented myself with walking just a little way and enjoying the views back to the castle.


The canals of Amsterdam were as brightly gay last week as a field of Dutch tulips. The occasion was the opening of the new Amsterdam-Rhine Canal, a 45-mile short cut across The Netherlands that will bring Amsterdam's river traffic 25 miles and 20 hours closer to Germany. In the age-old competition for the rich river traffic, the sister port of Rotterdam, sitting near the North Sea, has always had the advantage. Now, with the opening of the largest inland navigation lock in Europe, and the completion of the canal which was first planned back in 1915, Amsterdam hopes to double its 23 million tons of shipping in the river. Despite the two-city rivalry, all The Netherlands celebrated, and Queen Juliana herself was at the helm of the first ship to pass through the canalthe royal yacht.


Merlin (Myrddin), the famous wizard, bard and warrior, perhaps an historical figure, first introduced by Geoffrey of Monmouth, originally called Ambrose from the British leader Ambrosius Aurelianus, under whom he is said to have first served.
The difficulty of the succession also occupied him, and he co-operated thus early in the design of legitimizing Monmouth as a rival to James.
In pursuance of his patronage of Monmouth, Shaftesbury now secured for him the command of the army sent to suppress the insurrection in Scotland, which he is supposed to have fomented.
He appears to have entered into consultation of a treasonable kind with Monmouth and others; he himself had, he declared, ten thousand brisk boys in London ready to rise at his bidding.
She interceded with great generosity, but ineffectually, for Monmouth the same year.
In Gloucestershire simnel cakes are still common; and at Usk, Monmouth, the custom of mothering is still scrupulously observed.
North Carolinians fought under Washington at Brandywine and Monmouth and played a still more important part in the Southern campaigns of 1778-1781.
The second earl's daughter Anne (1651-1732), who succeeded him as a countess in her own right, married in 1663 the famous duke of Monmouth, who was then created 1st duke of Buccleuch; and her grandson Francis became 2nd duke.
Geoffrey of Monmouth was at one time chaplain of the castle, where he probably wrote some of his works.
Tradition also asserts, according to the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, that it was in Tong Castle that Vortigern met Rowena, Hengest's daughter, and became so enamoured of her as to resign his kingdom to her father In the time of Richard II.
Monmouth, Essex, Hampden, Sidney and Howard of Escrick were the principal of those who met to consult.
The old earl of Bedford offered £50,000 or £10o,000, and Monmouth, Legge, Lady Ranelagh, and Rochester added their intercessions.
The nation showed its loyalty by its firm adherence to him during the rebellions of Argyll in Scotland and Monmouth in England (1685).
There are numerous foreign churches, among which may be mentioned the French Protestant churches in Monmouth Road, Bayswater and Soho Square; the Greek church of St Sophia, Moscow Road, Bayswater; and the German Evangelical church in Montpelier Place, Brompton Road, opened in 1904.
In 1685 he forced the duke of Monmouth to leave Holland, and sought to dissuade him from his ill-starred expedition to England.
In the later Historia of Goeffrey of Monmouth, and its French translation by Wace, Gawain plays an important and "pseudo-historic" role.
Philip Francklin: 1902, 14,200 tons, 2 9 2-in., 16 6-in., 21 knots) and " Monmouth " (Capt.
In the heavy weather prevailing at the time the " Good Hope " and " Monmouth " could not fight their main-deck guns, and their broadside discharge (including " Glasgow ") was reduced to 2 9.2-in.
The Germans in addition had the inestimable advantage of having been in commission over two years and being in a state of prime gunnery efficiency, whereas the " Good Hope " and " Monmouth " were both 3rd Fleet ships, which had been lying idle in the dockyards, manned entirely with reserve men on the outbreak of war.
Cradock left Vallenar (Chonos, Chile) with the " Monmouth " on Oct.
(in the order from westward - " Good Hope," " Monmouth," " Otranto " and " Glasgow "), course N.W.
The British squadron was in line, with the " Good Hope " leading and the " Monmouth," " Glasgow " and " Otranto " behind, on an easterly course.
The rest of the German squadron joined in, the "Scharnhorst " engaging the " Good Hope," the " Gneisenau " the " Monmouth," and the " Leipzig " the " Glasgow."
The " Monmouth " had ceased fire and turned away to the W., followed by the " Glasgow," who had been heavily engaged by the " Leipzig " and " Dresden " and had received five hits.
The " Monmouth," badly down by the bows and listing to port, turned N.
The " Monmouth " was listing so badly that she could not use her port guns.
In Great Britain there is the South Welsh field, extending westward from the march of Monmouth shire to Kidwelly, and northward to Merthyr Tydfil.
Between the years 1404 and 1408 Aberystwyth Castle was in the hands of Owen Glendower, but finally surrendered to Prince Harry of Monmouth, and shortly of ter this the town was incorporated under the title of Ville de Lampadarn, the ancient name of the place being Llanbadarn Gaerog, or the fortified Llanbadarn, to distinguish it from Llanbadarn Fawr, the village one mile inland.
He was appointed United States minister to France in 1792, and was the only representative of a foreign country who remained at his post throughout the Reign of Terror; but his ill-concealed attitude of hostility to the Revolu manor and also a large estate from his uncle in Monmouth county, East Jersey.
After the death of Shaftesbury, however, in November 1682, he entered into the conferences held between Monmouth, Russell, Essex, Hampden and others.
In the engagement at Monmouth, on the 28th of June 1778, he commanded one of the brigades in Lord Stirling's division.
Geoffrey of Monmouth and Simeon of Durham are Alured's chief sources.
Geoffrey of Monmouth makes no mention of it, and the earliest record is that of Wace, much expanded by his translator, Layamon, who gives a picturesque detailed description of the fight for precedence which took place at Arthur's board on a certain Yuletide day, and the slaughter which ensued.
MONMOUTH, a city and the county-seat of Warren county, Illinois, in the W.
The city is the seat of Monmouth College (1856; United Presbyterian), which in 1908 had 28 instructors and 454 students.
Monmouth is situated in a good farming region, and cattle, swine and ponies are raised in the vicinity.
Monmouth was settled about 1824, first incorporated as a village in 1836, chartered as a city in 1852 and in 1882 reorganized under a general state law.
The bridge near which, on the 22nd of June 1679, was fought the battle of Bothwell Bridge between the Royalists, under the duke of Monmouth, and the Covenanters, in which the latter lost 50o men and 1000 prisoners.
Washington, who had passed the winter at Valley Forge, overtook him at Monmouth, N.J., and in an action on the 28th of June both armies suffered about equal loss.
The battlefield of Sedgemoor, where the Monmouth rebellion was finally crushed in 1685, is within 3 m.; while not far off is Charlinch, the home of the Agapemonites.
Bentivoglio's principal works are: - Della Guerra di Fiandria (best edition, Cologne, 1633-1639), translated into English by Henry, earl of Monmouth (London, 1654); Relazioni di G.
Zimmer, Nennius Vindicatus (Berlin, 1893), an examination into the credibility of Nennius; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Britonum (translations of both histories are in Bohn's Library); Wace, the Brut (ed.
Monmouth and the rebel army passed through Shepton twice in 1685, and twelve of the rebels were hanged here by Judge Jeffreys.
The legends of Merlin and Arthur, collected in the Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth (t 1154), passed into French literature, bearing the character which the bishop of St Asaph had stamped upon them.
Tenison's reputation as an enemy of Romanism led the duke of Monmouth to send for him before his execution in 1685, when Bishops Ken and Turner refused to administer the Eucharist; but, although Tenison spoke to him in "a softer and less peremptory manner" than the two bishops, he was, like them, not satisfied with the sufficiency of Monmouth's penitence.
In 1685 Lyme was the scene of the landing of James, duke of Monmouth, in his attempt upon the throne.
The earlier part of the Chronicle is taken from Geoffrey of Monmouth and other writers; for the period dealing with the reign of Edward I.
ASBURY PARK, a city of Monmouth county, New Jersey, U.S.A., on the Atlantic Ocean, about 35 m.
Geoffrey of Monmouth, who calls her Guanhumara, makes her a Roman lady, but the general tradition is that she was of Cornish birth and daughter to King Leodegrance.
In America Rawdon served at the battles of Bunker Hill, Brooklyn, White Plains, Monmouth and Camden, at the attacks on Forts Washington and Clinton, and at the siege of Charleston.
JAMES SCOTT MONMOUTH, DUKE OF (1649-1685), leader of his abortive insurrection against James II.
During 1663 he was made duke of Orkney, duke of Monmouth and knight of the Garter, and received honorary degrees at both universities; and on his marriage he and his wife were created duke and duchess of Buccleuch, and he took the surname of Scott.
In 1670 Monmouth was with the court at Dover, and it is affirmed by Reresby that the mysterious death of Charles's sister, Henrietta, duchess of Orleans, was due to her husband's revenge on the discovery of her intrigue with the duke.
Hitherto Monmouth had been but the spoiled child of a wicked court.
Even then the fear of a "difference" between Monmouth and James, duke of York, exercised men's minds, and every caress or promotion kept the fear alive.
Who could tell but that, in default of legitimate issue from his queen, Charles might declare Monmouth himself his lawful son?
Jamian's Food and Drink 79 Monmouth St Red Bank, NJ 07701 (732) 747-8050.echo-redbank.com Resources The Bistro Ole
Monmouth can be found in the east of New Jersey situated on the Atlantic ocean.
Tommy's Inn at Millstone 560 Monmouth Road Jackson, New Jersey 08514 (732) 719-3753 tommysinnatmillstone.com Huller's Black Forest This family restaurant generally focuses on an American menu.


«Second Bite of the Apple». The Sexual Freedom League and Revolutionary Sex in 1960s United States
The Sexual Freedom League was a sexual liberation group that existed from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. Today, the SFL is largely forgotten, despite the great popularity and attention it enjoyed. This article emphasizes the earnest and diverse attempts to develop a “revolutionary sexuality” in this period by reexaming the archival materials on the SFL. Countering the tendency of today’s historiography to dismiss facets of the sexual freedom movement of the 1960s as either irrelevant, sexist, or politically misleading, the article emphasizes that both men and women developed autonomous agencies, pursuing their respective desires within the historical momentum labeled as the sexual revolution.


Frazier Peele of Hatteras ran the Hadeco across Pamlico Sound, carrying fish to Engelhard in Hyde County where it was packed onto trucks and delivered to markets around the state.
Engelhard was, in 1936, home to a new ice plant, the Pamlico Ice & Light Company, that billed itself as “Headquarters for Stumpy Point and Hatteras fishermen” in advertisements in the Dare County Times newspaper.
The 55-foot Hadeco was built in 1932 in Bettie, NC. The boat’s name stood for the Hatteras Development Company, the power and ice plant operated by Peele in Hatteras village. A Standard Oil photographer working on the island in 1945 labeled the plant the “One Man Utility Company” in descriptions of his photographs.
The impetus for generating electrical power in coastal villages like Hatteras and Engelhard was the need for ice to keep fresh seafood cold so it could be shipped and trucked to distant markets and distributors.
The Hadeco also carried freight, passengers and vehicles.
“We had the fish down in the hull and cars and all on the deck of it,” recalled mate and captain Harmon Willis. “We would carry fish over and whatever anybody wanted we would bring back.”
The boat left Hatteras in the morning and returned in late afternoon.
In a description of a 1949 trip on the Hadeco in his grandfather’s truck, Buddy Swain wrote, “Getting the truck on the boat was a feat. Two-by-twelve wooden planks supported by stacked blocks of wood provided a temporary ramp from the road to the dock. The trick was to successfully drive this course without going overboard.”
Frazier Peele also carried freight to Engelhard on the H.C. Drewer, a converted menhaden boat.
The Hadeco was being towed to Norfolk for repairs around 1950 when disaster struck in Pamlico Sound.
“Going up the sound we ran into a storm and it started getting bad onto us and we had to turn her loose. She went up onto the reef and broke up,” Willis said.
In 1950, Peele started the first ferry service between Hatteras and Ocracoke. Up until then, travelers usually caught the Aleta in Atlantic, NC to get to Ocracoke.
“His ferry was simply a shad boat on which he nailed wide planks to form a platform for one car,” explained Philip Howard of Ocracoke. After the first year, Peele built a more conventional ferry that could hold three or four cars.
In 1957, the state bought Peele’s ferry and established free service between Hatteras and Ocracoke.


The last battle on British soil? Little-known conflict at Graveney Marsh finally remembered after 70 years
Billeted at a pub on the Kent coast, they had been ordered to capture any German aircrew shot down in the countryside. But the men of the 1st Battalion London Irish Rifles were to carve themselves a little-known place in military history: they fought the last ever battle to take place on the British mainland.
During the Battle of Britain, they had trooped out to pick up the crew of a crashed German bomber only to find the airmen waiting with machine guns. After a short battle the Germans surrendered – and their captors then took them for a pint at their local pub.
The extraordinary skirmish, which took place on September 27, 1940, has been nicknamed the Battle of Graveney Marsh.
Most history books record the crushing of Bonnie Prince Charlie’s Jacobite rebellion at Culloden in 1746 as the last pitched battle fought on British soil.
Heroic effort: Veteran George Willis, now 90, returns to the Sportsman Inn, in Graveney Marsh, Kent, to commemorate the last battle on British soil which ended with the German POWs being taken for a pint
Now efforts are being made to give the Battle of Graveney Marsh more official recognition.
It happened when a stricken Junkers 88 crash-landed after being attacked by two RAF Spitfire fighter planes in the skies above the English coast.
One of the bomber’s engines had already been knocked out by anti-aircraft fire when the second was put out of action by the Spitfires.
The pilot, Unteroffizer Fritz Ruhlandt, was forced to land on Graveney Marsh. The crash was seen by members of the London Irish Rifles’ A Company, who were holed up in the Sportsman Inn in Seasalter, a hamlet near Whitstable, and they were dispatched to the downed plane.
Battle in Britain: The downed Junkers Ju 88A-1 on Graveney Marsh in 1940
They fully expected the four-strong Luftwaffe crew, including wireless operator Unteroffizier Erwin Richter who had only married a couple of months before, to give themselves up without a fight.
But to their horror, as they approached the aircraft the Germans opened fire with the aircraft’s two machine guns. Some of the British servicemen dived to the ground and returned fire, while a smaller group crawled along a dyke to get within 50 yards of the plane before they started shooting.
The battlefield today: Although it occupies a special position in British military history, The Sportsman is best known today for its superior sticky toffee pudding
Following a heavy exchange of fire, they mounted an assault on the Junkers and the Germans surrendered. No-one was killed in the battle, although one of the enemy was shot in the foot.
In a dramatic twist, the company’s commanding officer, Captain John Cantopher, overheard one of the captured crew mention in German that the plane would ‘go up’ at any moment.
He dashed back to the aircraft, found an explosive charge under a wing and threw it into dyke. It meant the prized aircraft was captured for British engineers to examine.
Keeping Guard: London Irish rifles guarding the downed Junkers Ju 88A-1
Captain Cantopher won a George Medal for his bravery. Incredibly, the British soldiers enjoyed pints of beer with the German captives back at the pub before they were picked up as prisoners of war.
Next month, the London Irish Rifles Regimental Association will mark the 70th anniversary of the battle by unveiling a commemorative plaque at the pub.
Nigel Wilkinson, vice-chairman of the association, said: ‘Although it barely gets a mention in the history books, Graveney Marsh was the last battle to take place on British soil involving a foreign enemy.
‘At the time the aircraft was a new marque and as it was only two weeks old it provided the Air Ministry with valuable intelligence.
Unteroffizier Fritz Ruhlandt was the pilot brought down in Kent in 1940
Of course the men of the London Irish Rifles spoke about the battle. It went down in folklore within the regiment. ‘But it seems to have been forgotten about.
We thought it was about time something was done to officially recognise and remember it.’ Corporal George Willis, 90, of Greenwich, south-east London, the regiment’s piper, was in the Sportsman when the men returned with the Germans.
‘The men were in good spirits and came into the pub with the Germans,’ he said. ‘We gave the Germans pints of beer in exchange for a few souvenirs. I got a set of enamel Luftwaffe wings.’
An element of the London Irish Regiment training near the scene of the skirmish in 1940.
It is expected that 60 members of the London Irish Rifles Regimental Association will attend the event at Seasalter, on Sunday, September 26.
There will be parade in front of the association’s president, Major General Corran Purdon, who won the Military Cross for the Second World War raid on St Nazaire and was imprisoned in Colditz.
There will then be a service before the unveiling of the plaque.
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Every decade or so historians are asked what, in their opinion, were the most important events in world history.
For the last millennium the Protestant Reformation of 1517 always finishes in the top 1, 2 or 3. And as for the most important persons in history, Martin Luther, the monk/priest/doctor of theology/university professor who sparked the Reformation, invariably finishes in the top 2.
Yet on Tuesday, Oct. 31, a date that marked the 500th Anniversary of the start of the Reformation when Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, absolutely nothing was said of this event. It wasn't just the Daily Herald that ignored it. Nothing was said of it on any major network TV news show, and I tried to watch several. Perhaps I didn't see it if one did, in fact, mention the Reformation.
Nevertheless, I'm surprised if not shocked. I'm disappointed if not incredulous. How could this have happened? One of the most important events in all of world history was summarily ignored on the day of its 500th Anniversary. But I suspect it's evidence of the growing fact that religion in general and Christianity in particular are being marginalized to the periphery of society. In the end, that will prove to be the undoing of this great nation.
Pastor Ronald W. Weidler (retired)


Stagecoach Inn of Chappell Hill
Stage Coach Inn
Stage Coach Inn in 2008
|Location||Main & Chestnut Sts.,|
Chappell Hill, Texas
|Area||1 acre (0.40 ha)|
|Architectural style||Greek Revival|
|Part of||Main Street Historic District (ID85001175)|
|MPS||Chappell Hill MRA|
|NRHP reference No.||76002082|
|Added to NRHP||December 12, 1976|
|Designated CP||May 15, 1985|
It was built in 1850 by Mary Elizabeth Haller (née Hargrove), the founder of Chappell Hill. Mary and her husband Jacob Haller (d. 1853), the town's first postmaster, built the stately 14-room Greek Revival inn along the road from Houston to Austin, where some of Texas' first stagecoach lines, the Smith and Jones, and later the F. P. Sawyers, would stop for the night. Prior to the building's use as a stagecoach stop, it served as a boarding house for students attending college in Chappell Hill. At that time it was called Hargrove House or Hargrove House Hotel.
Charlotte Hargrove, Mary Haller's mother, operated the Inn until 1859; when it was bought by Judge Benjamin Thomas, who operated the Inn until about 1870. John A. Hargrove, Mary's brother, wrote shortly before his death in 1906 of traveling to "the Cedar breaks" to cut wood for building the inn. Throughout this period, the town of Chappell Hill (which was named after Mary Haller's maternal grandfather) was a part of a booming cotton-farming economy.
As the cotton economy faded after the turn of the 20th century and highways were built bypassing the town, the Inn fell into disrepair, until it was purchased in 1976 by noted Houston architect Harvin C. Moore and his wife Elizabeth. Moore had often seen the Inn while traveling in the 1920s, to and from Austin as a student and member of the Rice University band, and had dreamed of one day bringing it back to life. At the completion of the Moores' restoration, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Fanthorp Inn State Historic Site in Grimes County
- Stagecoach Inn in Bell County
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Texas
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- "Stagecoach Inn: Country Quarters Restored", by Lisa Ruffin, Texas Homes Magazine, March 1981, p. 84.
- Stagecoach Inn at Waymarking.com; posted 29 Dec. 2014, retrieved 15 Dec. 2015.
- Jewett, Clayton. 2006. The Confederates of Chappell Hill, Texas: Prosperity, Civil War, and Decline.
- John A. Hargrove on Find a Grave, retrieved 18 April 2017.
- "Stagecoach Inn: Country Quarters Restored", by Lisa Ruffin, Texas Homes Magazine, March 1981, p. 93.
- Listing on NRHP.com Accessed 01 December 2015.
- Real estate listing at LandsofAmerica.com: "This property is no longer available." Accessed 01 December 2015.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stagecoach Inn.|
- Stage Coach Inn at Waymarking.com


THE first incorporation of a company to build a railroad in Erie county, took place on the 14th day of April, 1832,
when the Legislature incorporated two companies. One was the Buffalo & Erie Railroad Company, whose road was
to run from Buffalo through Chautauqua county to the State line. The corporators were all residents of Chautauqua
county. The movements had no practical results. The other was the Aurora & Buffalo Railroad Company. Its road
was designed to run from Buffalo to the village of Aurora, now known as East Aurora, seventeen miles southeast
of the former place. Considerable stock was subscribed, and the line was carefully laid out by Mr. William Wallace,
who, after a long life spent in his profession in this vicinity, is now a resident of East Aurora. For several
years the people of Aurora had lively hopes of the speedy construction of a railroad to their village, and it was
not until 1837, that the panic of that year crushed, for the time, their ardent ambition.
The first railroad actually built in the county was the Buffalo & Black Rock Railroad, about three miles long-at
least it was called a railroad then, although more like'a modern street-railroad, for the cars were drawn by horses.
This road was in working order as early as 1834. The first railroad operated by steam power in Erie county was
the Buffalo & Niagara Falls. In the spring of 1836, it was in the course of rapid construction. On the 26th
of August, in that year, the first locomotive was put on the road at Black Rock, and ran from that place to Tonawanda,
at the rate of fifteen or twenty miles per hour. On the 6th of the next month, the locomotive ran from Buffalo
to Tonawanda, and on the 5th of November, 1836, trains began running regularly from Buffalo to Niagara Falls.
The Niagara Falls road was built just in time for the great financial crisis, which occurred immediately afterward
and put a sudden stop to all enterprises of that kind in this region. The Aurora road, as we have stated, was crushed
by it. In July, 1836, directors of the Buffalo & Erie (Pa.) Railroad Company were elected, but no road was
built on that line for over fifteen years. in August, subscriptions to the stock of the Buffalo & Attica Railroad
Company were opened, but this enterprise, too, was submerged by the wave of financial disaster, and did not re-appear
until several years later.
It was, however, the first, after the Niagara Falls road, to he completed, being opened for travel on the 8th day
of January, 1843. The work of railroad-building was then slow in comparison with later achievements, and though
the Attica road formed a connection with others, afterward consolidated with it into the New York Central, and
though the New York & Erie was creeping slowly in this direction, yet the next road actually constructed in
this county was the Buffalo & State Line (now a part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern), which was
opened for travel from Buffalo to Dunkirk on the 22d day of February, 1852, having been already opened from Dunkirk
to the State Line, on the 1st of the previous month.
The same year the Buffalo & Rochester Railroad Company, (which had been formed in 1850, by the consolidation
of the Buffalo & Attica Company with the "Tonawanda" Company-whose road ran from Attica to Rochester,)
opened a new direct line from Buffalo to Batavia, and sold its line from Buffalo to Attica, thirty miles, to the
New York City Railroad Company. The latter leased this line to the New York & Erie Company, which built a branch
sixty miles long, from Hornellsville to Attica, thus forming a continuous line from Buffalo to New York, which
was opened in 1852.
In 1852, also, the Buffalo & New York City Company opened a line from Buffalo to Batavia, (a short distance
from the Central track) thence eastward to Avon, and thence southeastward to Corning. In a short time, however,
the track from Buffalo to Batavia was taken up, and the road-bed has remained unoccupied to the present time. The
line beyond Batavia is operated by the "Erie" Company.
This was an era of railroad-building. The Buffalo & Brantford road was begun in 1851 or 1852, and was completed
to Brantford, Ontario, by 1854. An extension was planned to Goderich, on Lake Huron, and the name was changed to
the Buffalo, Brantford & Goderich Railway. It was not opened to Goderich until June 28, 1858. The name was
again changed to the Buffalo & Lake Huron Railway, and on the 1st of July, 1868, it was leased in perpetuity
to the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and it is now operated as a part of the Grand Trunk system.
In 1853, a strenuous effort was made-in fact two efforts were made to build a railroad from Buffalo through Aurora
and the southeastern part of the county. In the fore part of that year the Buffalo & Pittsburgh. Railroad Company
was chartered under the presidency of the late Orlando Allen. It selected a line running near the village of Willink
(now the west end of the village of East Aurora) and thence up the valley of Cazendve creek; the design being to
meet the coal-fields of Pennsylvania, and to connect either directly or indirectly with Pittsburg.
Owing to dissatisfaction with the route selected, the Buffalo & Allegany Valley Railroad Company was formed,
and began work on a road designed to run from Buffalo through the east part of the village of East Aurora, and
thence up the Cazenove valley to a point near Arcade, where it .was to connect with the "Allegany Valley"
road running south from Attica to the Pennsylvania line. Both the companies thus organized did considerable work
in the vicinity of Aurora, in the year 1853, but neither had sufficient financial resources to accomplish the task
it had undertaken. The Buffalo & Allegany Valley Company first succumbed and stopped work, but did not abandon
its organization. The Buffalo & Pittsburg Company also stopped work, and at length gave up its organization;
nothing more was done on either line .until after the war.
The Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Railroad Company was organized in 1851, and its road was completed in 1854;
running from the Suspension Bridge to Tonawanda, and thence eastward through the northern towns of Erie county-continuing
in an eastern course to Canandaigua. The name was changed to the Niagara Bridge & Canandaigua Railroad, and
in 1858 it was leased to the New York Central Company, by which it is still operated.
In 1855 the Buffalo & Niagara Falls railroad was purchased by the New York Central Company, and the former
road made a part of the latter.
The financial crisis of 1857 and the war which broke out in 1861 caused a long blank in railway-building in Erie
county. Even before the close of the Rebellion, however, when peace was seen to be approaching, preparations were
made for a renewal of railroad work. On the 10th of December, 1864, Mr. Wallace, the engineer already mentioned,
having projected a route from Buffalo to Olean and thence up the Allegany river, (instead of down that stream,
where previous routes had run), obtained the subscription of six leading citizens of Olean to the stock of the
Buffalo & Washington Railroad Company. On the 4th of February, 1865, the company was organized, and on the
14th day of April in that year, it was consolidated with the Buffalo & Allegany Valley Railroad Company, (of
which Perry G. Parker was then President, and General Aaron Riley, Secretary,) and with the Sinnemahoning &
Portage Railroad Company, the whole taking the name of the Buffalo & Washington. This name was ere long changed
to the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia, which has fortunately been spared from further transmutations.
The company selected substantially the line of the old Buffalo & Allegany Valley Road through Erie county,
and slowly carried forward the work of construction. It was not until December 22, 1867, that the road was completed
to East Aurora, seventeen miles from Buffalo, where it made a long halt. Then it was built to South Wales, five
miles further south, where there was another halt until the latter part of 1870. It was then pushed forward with
more vigor, so that in July, 1872, it was opened to Olean, and on the 1st of January, 1873, it was completed to
its terminus, at Emporium, Pa.
The same year saw the completion of another road terminating in Buffalo, the Canada Southern, which had been chartered
on the 28th of February, 1868, and begun soon after, and which was opened for traffic November 15, 1873. It extended
from the Niagara river to Amherstburg, Ontario, near the mouth of Detroit river, two hundred and twenty-nine miles
distant. In 1878 the ownetship of the road passed into the hands of a new company, organized in the interest of
the New York Central Railroad Company, which guaranteed the interest on the bonds of its Canadian associate. During
the past year the road has been leased to the Michigan Central Railroad Company, another branch of the same great
The year 1873 was also distinguished by the completion of the "Air Line," or "Loop Line" branch
of the Great Western Railway, from Fort Erie to Glencoe, on the main line of that road, one hundred and forty five
miles westward. This branch was begun by the Canada Air Line Company, chartered in December, 1867, but subsequently
became the property of the Great Western Company. During the winter of 1882-'83 the Great Western & Grand Trunk
Railroad Companies were consoli.. dated under the latter name, and the Grand Trunk Railroad consequently has two
important branches, (the old Buffalo & Lake Huron, and the Air Line) practically terminating in Buffalo, with
.which they cornmunicate by the International Bridge across the Niagara.
A little before the completion of these works a road had been built from Buffalo to the Suspension Bridge by a
company organized under the auspices of the "Erie" company, in October, i868. The road was completed
in December, 1870, under the name of the "Suspension Bridge & Erie Junction" railroad, but was immediately
leased to the Erie company and has been known as the Niagara Falls branch of that road.
The next Erie county railroad enterprise was the Buffalo & Jamestown. This company was organized March 25,
1872. The road was completed from Buffalo to Jamestown, Chautauqua county, in 1875, running almost due south from
Buffalo, through the towns of West Seneca, Hamburg, Eden, North Collins, and Collins, and crossing Cattaraugus
creek at the village of Gowanda. The company was re-organized in 1877, after a foreclosure, under the name of the
Buffalo & Southwesttern, and on the 1st of August, 1881, it leased the road tothe New York, Lake Erie &
Western Railroad Company, by whom it is now operated as the Buffalo & South-Western division of that road.
Since the revival of business in 1879, after the long depression, there has been apparently a rage for railroad
building throughout the country, and, owing to its position at the foot of Lake Erie, this county has been the
scene of even more than the usualactivity of capitalists, engineers and contractors. The first of the new roads
to be completed was the New York, Chicago and St Louis, running from Buffalo to Chicago, by way of Fort Wayne,
Indiana. The company was organized-in this State-on the 13th of April, 1881. Work was begun soon after, and the
track was completed (522 miles) in the latter part of 1882-about a year and eight months after its commencement,
a fact almost, if not quite, unequaled in the history of railroad building. It was constructed by a syndicate of
New York capitalists who, during the winter of 1882- '83, sold it to William H. Vanderbilt and other owners of
the Lake Shore Railroad, but the New York, Chicago & St. Louis is managed as a special route, although, of
course, in close harmony with. the Lake Shore.
From Buffalo westward to Brocton, Chautauqua county, the track occupied by the New York, Chicago & St. Louis
Company was built jointly by that company and the Buffalo, Pittsburgh & Western. This was the first appearance
in Erie county of the tracks of the last-named company though they had previously run trains from Brocton to Buffalo,
over the track of the .Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. The Buffalo, Pittsburg & Western Railroad
Company was formed on the 20th day of January, 1881, by a consolidation of the Buffalo & Pittsburg Railroad
Company (organized September 29, 1880, to build a road from Buffalo to Portland, near Brocton,) with several roads,
principally in Pennsylvania. On the 14th of February, 1883, the road in question, together with the Oil City &
Chicago and the Olean & Salamanca Railroads were consolidated with the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia,
taking the name of the last named road.
The Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Company is the oniy one of the great companies described which has its
headquarters in Buffalo, and we give it a little more extended description on that account. Besides the roads consolidated
with its own, as already mentioned, it controls the following leased railroads: The Genesee Valley Canal Railroad;
the Rochester, New York & Pennsylvania; the McKean & Buffalo; the Kendall & Eldred; the Olean &
Bradford; and the Mayville Extension Railroad. The total number of miles of railroad owned and controlled by the
company is seven hundred and eighteen.
In addition to its railroad property the company controls extensive coal mines and coal lands in Pennsylvania,
from which it can furnish its roads with an apparently unlimited amount of coal traffic, which cannot be diverted
from them. It also controls most of the passenger and freight business of Chautauqua lake, on which it has a fleet
of five large steamers. Its branch roads also reach to Bradford, the center of the principal oil producing territory,
to Clermont, the seat of the coal mines just mentioned and to other points, whence comes a large and constantly
increasing business in the carriage of coal (anthracite and bituminous,) oil, lumber, bark, grain, and numerous
The New York, Lackawanna & Western Railway Company was chartered on the 24th of August, 1880, for the purpose
of constructing an extension of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, from Binghamton to Buffalo, a
distance of two hundred miles. The work was pushed rapidly forward and the, track was completed in 1883. This company,
however, like some of the others, has still a vast amountof work to do in constructing side tracks, building depots,
obtaining facilities on the water-front, etc., etc., in and around Buffalo.
The Rochester & Pittsburg Railroad Company which, as the successor of the Rochester & State Line Company,
is the owner of a road from Rochester to Salamanca, Cattaraugus county, determined in the year 1882, to build a
branch from Ashford, Cattaraugus county to Buffalo. Surveys were made on various lines, and in August of that year
a contract was let for the construction of the road by way of East Hamburg, West Falls, Colden and Springville.
The work was completed in August, 1883. As the company is also extending its road into the coal and lumber fields
of Pennsylvania, it furnishes another important feeder to the manufactures and other interests of Buffalo.
Last of all in date of completion is the New York, West Shore & Buffalo Railroad, the company owning which
was ofganized on the i8th of February, 1880. This great work was completed. to Syracuse at the time of the printing
of this history, and was to be constructed to Buffalo with the utmost possible speed. it is the most important
of any of the new roads through Erie county, having a first-class, double-track line from Weehawken, New Jersey,
opposite New York, along the west shore of the Hudson river nearly to Albany and thence westward, almost parallel
to and but a short distance from the Central railroad, to Buffalo, a total distance of four hundred and twenty-five
miles. It was evidently intended to be a formidable rival of the Central Railroad, but its business achievements
are still in the future.
Although the Lehigh Valley Railroad has no track through Erie county, yet the company sends its coal-laden cars
hither over the tracks of the New York, Lake Erie & Western, and has acquired vast facilities in the southern
part of Buffalo for the purpose of transhipping its coal and sending it up Lake Erie and over other roads. So far
as the coal trade is concerned, Buffalo is the western terminus of the Lehigh Valley railroad.
It will be observed that in regard to every road mentioned, Buffalo is the terminus of either a main line or a
branch. Not a single road runs through Buffalo. It is the western terminus of the New York Central & Hudson
River Railroad, of the New York, West Shore & Buffalo, and the New York, Lackawanna & Western; also of
what is practically the main line of the New York, Lake Erie & Western, besides being the freight terminus
of the Lehigh Valley Road. It is the southern terminus of the Niagara Falls branch of the Central, and the Niagara
Falls branch of the Erie. It is the northern terminus of the two great divisions of the Buffalo, New York &
Philadelphia, whose tributary roads spread far and wide through the coal fields, the oil fields, and the lumber
fields of Pennsylvania. It is also the northern terminus of what is likely to be the main line of the Rochester
& Pittsburg, which is advancing in the same direction, and of the Buffalo & Southwestern branch of the
Erie. It is the eastern terminus of three great roads, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, the Lake Shore &
Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Central, (as the lessee of the Canada Southern,) each of which reaches out
over 500 miles, to the great city of the West, Chicago. Finally it is the eastern terminus of one great branch,
and the southeastern terminus of another, belonging to the Grand Trunk system of Canada, which stretches its mighty
arms from the western shore of Lake Michigan to the chief city of Maine, on the coast of the North Atlantic.
In short, a person can travel more than nine thousand miles over the various railroads centering at Buffalo, and
their branches, without repeating his journey over a single mile


Children of Barbli STAUFFER and Peter NEUENSCHWANDER are:
| || i.||Peter NEUENSCHWANDER was born 26 MAR 1671 in Zimmerzei, Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland. He married Susanna STEFFAN 5 FEB 1697 in Steinsfurt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, daughter of George STEFFAN.
|4.|| ii.||Christian NEUENSCHWANDER was born 12 OCT 1673 in Dieboldsbach, Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland, and died BEF 1741 in , Frederick, Virginia. He married Anna Magdalena STEFFAN 26 JAN 1701 in Steinsfurt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, daughter of Gabriel STEFFAN.
| || iii.||Nicholas NEUENSCHWANDER was born 13 AUG 1676 in Eggiwil, Bern, Switzerland.|
| || iv.||Johannes NEUENSCHWANDER was born ABT 1678, and died 1719 in Wiesloch, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.|
| || v.||Katharina NEUENSCHWANDER was born ABT 1681 in Schangnau, Bern, Switzerland. She married Hans Jacob SPIESS in Duhren, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.


Request Governor George W. Bush's Records
Governor George W. Bush’s records are located at the newly built George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.
These records remain the property of the State of Texas, the responsibility of the Texas State Library and Archives Commission, and subject to the Texas Public Information Act. Certain records will require review and redaction or removal by archivists of the Commission prior to use by researchers.
Public Information requests must be submitted directly to the Texas State Library and Archives Commission, not the George W. Bush Library.
Contact information for submitting a public information request to the Commission is online at https://www.tsl.texas.gov/agency/customer/pia.html#proc. Finding aids describing Governor Bush’s records are available online. Bush’s gubernatorial records do not include campaign records, personal papers, or materials concerning his transition to the presidency.
If you have questions, please contact the Texas State Library and Archives Commission at firstname.lastname@example.org or 512-463-5455.


The most tweeted line of the debate was President Obama's zinger that the military has fewer horses and bayonets. So where are bayonets from? Anchor Marco Werman gets the answer, plus the history of bayonets from Chris Woolf.
James Pieslak with the UK's budget hotel chain Travelodge helped compile a lost and found list that includes everything from a magic wand to a bucket of crabs, all left behind in its 527 UK hotels during 2012.
Archaeologists in London have found 13 skeletons that date back 700 years. Historians say as many as 50,000 people died around the year 1348. Name the phenomenon that spread across Europe and re-shaped the human landscape of London.
The Scottish Isle of Lewis has been granted official EU food protection for one of its traditional delicacies. The recipe for the local sausage made of cooked pigs blood, oatmeal, and spices has been handed down for hundreds of years. Can you name it?
Italian paleopathologist Valentina Giuffra has been studying the skeletons of nine children born to the Medici family in Florence during the Renaissance. She tells anchor Marco Werman that their bones showed signs of rickets.
The war in Syria has been devastating in many ways: But life has to go on. That's the sense you get speaking to Sandro Saadé. Despite the war in Syria, he's managed to keep the Bargylus vineyard and winery up and running in northwest Syria.


In China street markets, chicken are sold plucked and hanging in a window or alive so customers can judge their health. At this “wet” market in Wanxian, China, a customer selected the rooster with its head up. The shopkeeper’s right hand grabbed it by the neck immediately after this photo was taken. Footnote: Two-thirds of Wanxian, a city that dated back to the Ming dynasty starting in the late 14th century, was flooded by the Three Gorges Dam reservoir in 2008. In preparation, approximately 80,000 people were displaced and 900 factories were moved. The area is now called Wanzhou District and is considered part of the Chongqing municipality.


Attributed to Leandro da Ponte Bassano
Head of a Bearded Man Facing Left
Black chalk with traces of white chalk, on blue paper.
8 1/8 x 6 1/2 inches (208 x 164 mm)
Gift of János Scholz.
Download verso image:
Inscription on verso in graphite by Scholz, "Bassano, Jacopo or one of the later Vecelli?"
George Edward Habich (Lugt 862); Prince Johann Georg of Saxony, Hohenzollern, Sigmaringen (according to János Scholz's records); purchased in Zurich in 1951 (according to János Scholz's records) by János Scholz (1903-1993), New York (see Lugt Suppl. 2933b).


Full steam ahead for some lazy Sundays by seaside in Portrush
The much-loved Portrush Flyer steam train is back on track this summer for a series of Sunday day trips, ferrying passengers from Belfast Central to the seaside resort.
It will run on July 27, August 10 and 31 and September 14.
The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland, which is running the day trips, said: "Our steam train gives everyone a chance to recreate the summer excursion of the past. Our passengers will enjoy a relaxing journey through some of the best scenery this country has to offer, to arrive at the tourist town of Portrush with plenty of time to sample the seaside resort."
The steam locomotive for the Portrush Flyer 'Merlin' is the last of five V-class locomotives built for the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) in 1932.
No 85 was last used for work in about 1962 and was eventually bought by the Belfast Transport Museum. She is still owned by the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum and is on loan to the RPSI.
Tickets are available from Belfast Welcome Centre (Tel 028 9024 6609) or online from www.steamtrainsireland.com.


The Tryout was an amateur press publication by Charles W. Smith from his home at 308 Groveland St. in Haverhill, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
First published in 1914, The Tryout was a National Amateur Press Association publication. Carles Smith had a printing press in a shed in his backyard where he put it together. The publication was noted for its typographical errors, referred to by H.P. Lovecraft as "tryoutisms". The Tryout is noted as the publication that first published many of Lovecraft's stories, poems and articles, as well as those of others of his circle included Clark Ashton Smith.
Other writers who work was included in The Tryout include Chester Prince Munroe, writing a tribute to Lovecraft in the March 1917 issue, as well as John, Osman Baldwin, Blanche Blood, Helen Hoffman Cole, Anna Helen Crofts, James lawrence Crowley, Arthur Goodenough, Winifred Virginia Jordan, Dorothy Louise Morton, James F. Morton, Jr., Marianne Oberton, Henriette Posner, Laura A. Sawyer, Lewis Theobald,
Charles Smith (2852-19480 was a correspondent of both Lovecraft and Smith. He kept published right up until 2 years before his death.