Dr Edward Hallaran Bennett was definitely a young man in a hurry. He was born into a medical family in Cork in 1837 and, at the age of 17, he decided to leave his native city in 1854 and enroll at Trinity College Dublin to study medicine. Within three decades his name would be engraved forever in medical history.
His rendezvous with history came in 1880 when he returned again to his native city for a meeting of the British Medical Association. It was there for the first time that he described the fracture of the metacarpal bone of the thumb, now known universally as “Bennett’s fracture”.

Bennett’s fracture

The fracture, he told his rapt audience, “passed obliquely across the base of the bone, detaching the greater part of the articular surface, and the separated fragment was very large and the deformity that resulted therefrom seemed more a dorsal subluxation of the first metacarpal”.
For Dr Bennett, it was the culmination of immersive study of the subject. He had first developed an interest in fractures at Trinity College while studying under Prof Robert Smith, the renowned surgeon and pathologist. Smith was described at the time as “one of the most distinguished anatomists and surgeons Ireland had produced. As a teacher he has rarely been equalled, and probably has never been surpassed”.
But before Dr Bennett ever set foot in Trinity and came under Prof Smith’s influence, his family’s involvement in the medical world, going back generations, must also have been a source of personal inspiration that helped propel him into medicine.
He was born at Charlotte Quay, Cork, on 9 April 1837, into a family steeped in matters medical. He was the fifth son of Robert Bennett, a barrister, and Jane Hallaran, daughter of Dr William Saunders Hallaran, who wrote on insanity in 1810 and 1818. His grandfather, James Bennett, was a physician in Cork, and another relative, James Richard Bennett, was a distinguished teacher of anatomy in Paris in about 1825.
Edward Hallaran Bennett was educated in Cork at Hamblin’s School and at the Academic Institute in Harcourt Street, Dublin, described by the British Medical Journal in 1907 as “that great nursery of famous men”. He then entered Trinity College in 1854. He graduated in 1859, taking also the new degree, MCh, then conferred for the first time. In 1863 he became FRCSI without having previously been admitted a licentiate. He was appointed Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital and University Anatomist in 1864.
On 28 October 1873, the man who had had such a profound influence on his career and on his legacy, Prof Robert Smith, died. By then Dr Bennett was his natural successor and became Professor of Surgery in Trinity College and Curator of the Pathological Museum. In Plarr’s Lives of Fellows Online, the RCSI says he is “distinguished by his remarkable collection of fractures, dislocations, diseases, and surgery of bones, which he arranged and catalogued, together with their clinical histories, in the Pathological Museum of Trinity College”.
This work, first begun by Prof Smith, was formed by Dr Bennett into one of the most important collections of its kind. He spent years compiling a catalogue furnished with notes and clinical histories.
He became President of the Dublin Pathological Society in 1880, the same year that he had described for the first time at the Cork meeting of the British Medical Association – and subsequently in 1881 at the Dublin Pathological Society –the fracture of the metacarpal bone of the thumb.
He began by correcting previous statements, first as to frequency, according to the RCSI biographical material on his career. “Malgaigne and Hulke had correctly stated that the first metacarpal was more frequently fractured than its fellows, but not near its distal extremity as Astley Cooper had stated, nor through the middle of its shaft. In five specimens of united fractures there was evidence of an oblique fracture through the base, displacing the articular facet, which projects into the palm, with corresponding changes in the articular surface of the trapezium.”
But Dr Bennett earned his place in history not just for his groundbreaking work as the leading authority on fractures. He also made another, perhaps even more profound, contribution to medicine in the tortured Ireland of the Famine era.

Antiseptic surgery

He championed the introduction of antiseptic surgery to Dublin hospitals, becoming one of the first surgeons at the time to adopt the antiseptic methods pioneered by his contemporary, the English surgeon Joseph Lister.
Applying Louis Pasteur’s advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic and it subsequently became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery.
In championing Lister’s surgical sterile techniques at a time when they were met with scepticism, Dr Bennett showed his progressive streak. Even though Lister was widely honoured later in his life, his ideas about the transmission of infection and the use of antiseptics were widely criticised in the early part of his career.
The American Medical Association, for example, refused to sanction his antiseptic methods and some medical professionals in Europe were also wary of them, at least initially.
Before Lister’s studies of surgery, most people believed that chemical damage from exposure to bad air was responsible for infections in wounds. Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma, but facilities for washing hands or a patient’s wounds were not available
A surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient because such practices were not considered necessary to avoid infection.
And yet it was a time when all kinds of diseases and infections were rampant. In the 18th and early 19th centuries the word ‘fever’ was mostly used to denote typhus, typhoid and cholera and was for centuries almost continuously present in Ireland.
Dr Bennett was disturbed at conditions in many of Dublin’s hospitals. In the years before the Great Famine struck, outbreaks of typhus and cholera had already swept the city and in the aftermath of the Famine, thousands fled the countryside hoping to find refuge in the city.
Papers from the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland on Dublin’s Cork Street Fever Hospital and Cherry Orchard Hospital said that in 1847 tents were erected and 400 emergency beds provided to treat patients suffering from a typhus outbreak, which had been stimulated in part by the influx of famine-stricken people from the countryside. “In the 1860s and 1870s epidemics of smallpox resulted in overcrowding and a record case fatality of 20.78 per cent, recorded in 1878. In 1891 hospital reports recorded diphtheria for the first time.”
Amid such lethal conditions, Dr Bennett’s embrace of Lister’s pioneering methods would undoubtedly have helped to save some lives among the famished Irish and set the standard for fighting a range of infections and illnesses in the years that followed.
He adopted Lister’s method for treating pleural empyema, a collection of pus in the pleural cavity caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria. Instead of injecting antiseptics into the cavity, as was commonly done, he made a free incision and allowed the fluid to drain. The most important advantages of this way of dealing with the sickness were that the decomposition and absorption of pus were prevented, the lining of the thorax was not irritated, and the process did not have to be repeated often.
The British Medical Journal in 1907 described Bennett as the main pioneer of antiseptic surgery in Ireland. “At the dawn of Lister’s great discoveries, he (Bennett) at once recognised their vast importance. He threw himself with characteristic energy into the subject of wound infection and became probably the principal pioneer of antiseptic surgery in Ireland.”

Various posts

Dr Bennett’s decision to support Lister also meant that others soon followed his example. By then he was regarded as one of Europe’s most renowned surgeons. His career had been distinguished by a number of posts. He was appointed Surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital and University Anatomist in 1864 and from 1884-1885 was President of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. From 1894-1897 he was President of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland and from 1897-1906 he represented the University of Dublin on the General Medical Council. In 1900 he was made honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
From 1902-1905 he was Surgeon to the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Dudley. It was to be his final post. Edward Hallaran Bennett, who was married and had two daughters, died on 21 June 1907 at his residence at 26 Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin, and was buried at the city’s Mount Jerome Cemetery. He was in his 70th year.
Writing a week later, on 29 June 1907, the British Medical Journal said that news of his death was received “with much regret not only by his numerous pupils, but by the profession at large for he had established his claim to be regarded as a distinguished authority and a leader in surgery, to which he had devoted his life”.
One month later an obituary notice in the Dublin Journal of Medical Science by Sir J W Moore also noted that as well as being a leading surgeon, Bennett was an enlightened teacher: “As a teacher, he was forcible and practical, and he enlightened the driest subject with touches of humour.”
Today, Dr Edward Hallaran Bennett is honoured with two bronze medallions in the School of Physics, Trinity College, and in Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital. A bronze medal, bearing on one side Dr Bennett’s image and on the other a metacarpal bone showing the fracture, is given to the winner of the Surgical Travelling Prize in the School of Physics. A ward in St James’s Hospital, Dublin, which subsequently incorporated the services of Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital, also bears the name Edward Hallaran Bennett.
SOURCES: RCSI; RCPI; British Medical Journal; Cultural Heritage Project; Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics; A Time to Heal: The diffusion of Listerism in Victorian Britain by Jerry L Gaw; Old Limerick Journal Barrington’s Edition; Dublin Journal of Medical Science.


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George Chauncey, '77, '89 PhD
Professor of History
George Chauncey, '77, '89 PhD, is the Samuel Knight Professor of History at Yale, where he is also the co-director of the Yale Research Initiative on the History of Sexualities and past chair of the History Department and the LGBT Studies Committee. Every fall about 250 students take his lecture course on US Lesbian and Gay History, for which Yale awarded him the Sidonie Miskimin Clauss Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Humanities in 2012. The author of Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 and Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today's Debate over Gay Equality, Professor Chauncey also conducts research on and teaches about the global history of gay and antigay politics. He has served as an expert witness on the history of antigay discrimination in more than 25 gay rights cases, including the marriage equality cases that were decided by the Supreme Court in the summers of 2013 and 2015.


Items in New York Heritage are organized into collections, which provide additional context for understanding their significance and meaning.
This is a collection of images and media documenting the rich history of radio and television broadcasting in the Albany region.
This collection contains issues of the Cardinal dating between 1914 and 1964. The Cardinal is the annual yearbook of first Plattsburgh Normal School, then SUNY Plattsburgh
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The Last Untouched Wilderness
Eilat tours to Jerusalem, Dead Sea, Masada, Ein Gedi & Judean Desert. Day trip to Masada, Dead Sea & Ein Gedi from Eilat.
" The first star began to shine, and I said to myself that this pure surface
had lain here thousands of years in sight only of the stars."
Antoine De Saint - Exupery - Wind, Sand and Stars.
Negev tour options on the way to Eilat from Jerusalem or Tel Aviv, incl
Tours to Jerusalem from Eilat
Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Masada, Dead Sea- 2 day tour
Jerusalem tours, Judean Desert, Ein Gedi, Masada and The Dead Sea from Eilat
Jerusalem Tour - Full day Sightseeing tour in Jerusalem
A in-depth Jerusalem tour exploring Jerusalem's rich history and most famous sights. This full tour of Jerusalem also departs from Tel Aviv and central Israel.
For visitors to Israel looking for a Jerusalem tour that offers an objective perspective on the major events that have shaped Jerusalem's dramatic history. We explore many of Jerusalem's major sights and finest examples of architecture. Visiting splendid Orthodox churches, The Islamic school and the Citadel of David. This Jerusalem tour has no particular religious or political orientation but aims at offering an in-depth perspective on Jerusalem's historic significance to the three monotheistic religions which are so deeply rooted here. It also covers the turbulent political events which have ravaged the city throughout history. This Jerusalem tour explores the best of Jerusalem's splendid sights and takes in its most scenic views.
Starting Early on the Mount of Olives we begin with a briefing on the history of Jerusalem whilst taking in the views of the Old City below. We make our way to the Garden of Gethsemane where we visit the famous Church of All Nations and the beautiful Orthodox Church dedicated to Mary Magdalene. From here we make our way up to the old city walls and begin our tour of Jerusalem's Old City at the Western wall. The Western wall is by far the most sacred site in Jerusalem for Jews, it is situated next to the temple mount. We visit the fascinating excavations of the city wall tunnels and visit the Dome of the Rock (if open), which is Islam's most sacred place in Jerusalem. From here we make our way through the Jewish Quarter to the Pools of Bethesda near the Lion's gate. We visit the Islamic school which enjoys spectacular views of the Dome of the Rock. Beside the school we find the picturesque Franciscan Monastery of the Flagellation, which marks the beginning of the Way of the Cross (Via Dolorosa). The Via Dolorosa has many sights of interest along its length and it leads through the Arab quarter and Arab market to the massive Christian Church of the Holy Sepulcher. We tour the various decorative chapels within this imposing Church including the hill of Bogota (Calvary) and the Tomb of Jesus. From here we head to the Citadel of David and tour the museum and ancient ruins. A short walk from here through the Armenian quarter and we reach Zion's gate and Mount Zion. Here we find both the Last Supper Room and the traditional site of the Tomb of King David. We take in the views as the sun sets over Jerusalem and our packed day of Jerusalem sight-seeing draws to an end. Transportation from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv or other locations available upon request.
the Church of the Holy Sepulcher: Jerusalem
2 Day Jerusalem tour - Sightseeing tour of Jerusalem
In the same spirit as the one day tour of Jerusalem above we spend the first day covering the major sights of the Old City of Jerusalem. Beginning on the Mount Of Olives and exploring all the major sites within the city walls.
The second day take we get well off the beaten track and visit sights outside the city walls, we tour the best of Jerusalem's scenic countryside in the area of the picturesque village of Ein Karem (Biblical Judah and birthplace of John the Baptist). We walk through its woodlands and explore its hidden gems of natural beauty and historic importance. We find here the Church of John the Baptist and Mary's well. We visit also the Chagall windows and making our way back to central Jerusalem we tour one of Israel's most important sites, the haunting Holocaust memorial of Yad Vashem. We tour the several halls before making our way back to central Jerusalem for completion of our tour. (A visit to the church of the Nativity in Bethlehem optional.)
1-Day Jerusalem from Eilat
A packed Jerusalem day-trip from Eilat. This one day sightseeing tour to Jerusalem explores many of Jerusalem's main tourist attractions and covers all of Jerusalem's historic quarters: Jewish, Christian, Armenian and Moslem. Making the very best of a Jerusalem day trip from the hotels of Eilat (Sinai and Jordan).
From Eilat to Jerusalem: We set off from Eilat driving through the 'Great Rift Valley' along the Arava Road to the Dead Sea. Here, at the foot of Masada, we take a short break and can enjoy a brief dip in the Dead Sea. Back on tour we reach Jerusalem. We start our sightseeing trip of the Old city of Jerusalem on The Mount of Olives, first touring its famous cemetery. We then visit the nearby Garden of Gethsemane and the Church Of All Nations. From here it's a short journey to the ancient fortress walls of Jerusalem; here we begin our tour of the 'Old City'. Starting in the Jewish quarter at the Western wall, we continue to the Temple mount and Jerusalem's famous golden Dome of the Rock. From here we tour the scenic alleyways that lead us to the 'Way of the Cross' (Via Dolorosa), this route takes us from the Arab Quarter through to the Christian quarter and follows all the Stations of the 'Way of the Cross'. This leads to Christianity's most revered site in Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. We enter this massive Basilica to see the Hill of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus. From here we continue our Jerusalem tour towards the Armenian quarter and The Citadel, (Tower of David), time allowing we tour the citadel museum before returning to Eilat and tour completion.
Price from Eilat: 2 people- 740$ in total, 4 people in small car- 235$ p.p. in 7 seater- 265$ p.p. 5-6 people- 205$ p.p. Can be done from Sinai, Aqaba and Jordan as well (not incl border tax + transfer fees)
Not incl lunch. Modest clothing required for Jerusalem.
Tours to Masada from Eilat
1 Day Dead Sea, Ein Gedi & Masada
Driving first to Ein Gedi Nature Reserve near the Dead Sea. We hike through the Nahal David. After visiting the largest waterfall in the reserve we hike up to Shulamit's Spring. We also visit the nearby chalcolithic Temple, and the Ein Gedi Spring. Returning to our vehicle we drive along the shores of the Dead Sea to the famous fortress of Masada (King Herod's Palace). Although there is the option to ascend by cable car, fit hikers generally prefer to ascend this famous mountain on “The Messengers Path”. This route enables us to get a closer look both at the Herodian water cisterns and the Roman siege network which was constructed to crush the Jewish resistance. After touring Masada we descend to our car on the historical 'Snake Path'. We end the day with a dip in the Dead Sea.
Price from Eilat: 2 people- 695$ in total, 4 people in small car- 225$ p.p. in 7 seater- 255$ p.p. 5-6 people- 199$ p.p.
Not incl lunch & entrance fees (Masada)
2-Days Jerusalem/Masada/Dead Sea Tour from Eilat
Day 1: We head straight for Jerusalem and as with the one day tour we take in all of Jerusalem's main sights. The Mount of Olives, The Garden Of Gethsemane, the Church of all Nations, The City Walls, The Western Wall, The Temple Mount, The Dome of the Rock, The Way Of the Cross (Via Dolorosa), The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, The Hill Of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus. We also visit Tower of David before checking-in to our hotel. An optional night tour of Jerusalem available.
Dead Sea tours from Eilat
Day 2: We leave Jerusalem for Bethlehem, here we visit the Church of the Nativity before heading South into the desert and to The Dead Sea and Masada. We enjoy the stark desert scenery and ascend by cable car the impressive cliff face overlooking the Dead Sea. Here we find the ruins of King Herod's Palace - Masada. It was atop Masada that the last of the Jews resisting the Roman conquerors committed mass suicide. We tour the impressive ruins and take in its spectacular views. Masada is one of the most visited sites in Israel. From Here we go down to the Dead Sea where we enjoy the healing properties of the mineral rich mud and take a dip in the salty waters. Returning by evening to Eilat and tour completion.
Price: Up to 4 people $1290 total, 5+ people $290 each
Not incl. hotels, meals and entrances fees - Modest clothing is required
Desert jeep tour combined with camels and Red Sea snorkeling
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Sightseeing tour of Jerusalem
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Negev tours from Eilat
Judean Desert Gallery


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The History Council hosts this engaging series of conversations with distinguished members of our community who have compelling stories to tell. Guest speakers have included Judge Consuelo B. Marshall, Chief Judge of the United States District Court, Central District of California, the first woman to hold this post and the first and only African American woman west of the Mississippi River to be Chief Judge of a District Court. Another esteemed guest was Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr., a world renowned spiritual leader and peace advocate who worked in the Civil Rights Movement at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and served as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference for fourteen years.
Join us as we explore a variety of compelling topics and issues with Ayuko
Babu, Executive Director and Co-Founder of the LA-based Pan African
Film Festival, a showcase for a broad spectrum of Black films from diverse
cultures around the globe. Mr. Babu is also an international consultant who
specializes in African affairs and a member of the permanent jury of the
African Movie Academy Awards. Interview by History Council member Les


1950s Petticoats, Stockings & Stocking Adverts
C20th Fashion History 1950s
The Second World War saw the use and
development of new materials like nylon. This fact combined with
utility restrictions on usage of materials and improved methods of mass
produced factory clothing techniques was instrumental in revolution.
Along with freer, more liberal attitudes choice in undergarments changed
radically so that women began to wear much less under their top layer of
One real development throughout those war years was the rise
of the light and very fine sheer nylon stocking. This superbly
informative advertisement, shows some of the stocking varieties available in
1953 and explains about gauge and denier, terms fairly new to the
Right - Informative Nylons Advert -1953
Nylon was being used in all sorts of new ways
from toothbrushes to bowls to lace although most people in the early days
thought of it only in terms of hosiery. Early adverts were
informational and used to inform people of the latest use of the nylon
This advert below shows an explanation and
comparison of seamed and seamless stocking which were slow to take off
in the 1950s. The lack of seam line on a leg was associated with bare
legs. Bare legs in the 40s and 50s were considered undignified and
common. Gradually women adopted the seamfree stockings.
1953 Petticoat Slip by Gossip
By 1953 petticoats were often made
from this new wonder fabric nylon which had been around for years, but was
production and distribution restricted during world War II.
Many petticoats still continued to
be made from good quality cotton poplin or broderie Anglaise cotton.
Cotton could be boiled to help it stay white, whereas early nylon had a
tendency to yellow quickly and that was reinforced by most individuals
drying their laundry in sunlight rather than using an indoor drier or drying
indoors on a hanger.
Sunlight attacked the molecular structure of nylon and caused it to yellow.
Nylon also created a static build up,
something quite new to users previously unaware that natural fibres holding
so much moisture helped body static leak away easily. Even so the use
of nylon revolutionised underwear, making it easy care for the masses.
The advert right for Gossip underwear offers styles in pure silk, nylon and
The petticoat has slowly lost ground. So much ground
in fact that they form only a very small section in any lingerie department
compared to exotic bras, panties, strings and camisoles, bustiers and
bodysuits/teddies. Usually now they are available in limited. very
basic ranges of black, white and natural flesh tone Tactel bias bound slips.
Their demise is interesting. In 2003 I was contacted by
a Radio station to speak on the disappearance of the petticoat slip from the
UK retail price index. It seems the average UK consumer does not buy
petticoat slips anymore on a regular basis. When I thought about this
I realised I had not bought a new one myself for several years. In my
wardrobe though languished half a dozen slips or so in different dress
lengths in black, white, cream, blue and natural beige. All were more
or less redundant as I realised I hardly ever wore them, but kept them in
case that certain new item needed a solid under slip. The reasons for their demise are accounted for in several ways.
Women generally wear trousers a great deal today so need
only the top camisole for a little extra modesty. Many wear a t-shirt
vest top instead of that and many just wear a bra. Many clothes are fully lined now, even the cheapest
items, so why wear a petticoat if the dress foundation is good enough.
Also slips became less decorative about 10 years ago and they began to
resemble a very plain undecorated sheath lining of
Tactel without lace trim.
Slips in shops today look nothing like the sexy lace well cut petticoat
Elizabeth Taylor wore in 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'. Whether or not they
will ever return is debatable, but in 2005 I found myself buying a white
half slip to go under an unlined linen skirt. As the noughties decade
progressed I also noticed a lot more skirts in my wardrobe than in 2004.
1950s Petticoats and Stockings Conclusion
One fact is certain, women will always seek lingerie for
both practical functional reasons and for erotic reasons as well.
Indeed many of us already have a variety of undergarments spilling from
drawers because some of it is as desirable as French confectionary and just
like the Edwardians we cannot resist it because wearing special pretty lace
items makes us feel good about ourselves.
Page Added 10 June 2005
To Top of Page
For more information about the 1950s Era and main links
to 1920s, 1930s and 1940s sections click on the titles below:-


The line of rulers with the surname Tudor ruled England throughout the Tudor era. Even now, many still refer to them by that moniker. The Battle of Bosworth Field, in which Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, is commonly seen as the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.
The conclusion of the Wars of the Roses allowed Henry VII to accede to the throne of England and take the title of king. Henry VII and Elizabeth of York had seven children. Their oldest child, Arthur the Prince of Wales married Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of King Ferdinand II of Argon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. However, Arthur was never able to become king as he died in 1502 before he could fulfill his ambition.
Did You Know?
Because the water was not deemed safe to drink throughout the Tudor period, ale was the preferred beverage. At this time the alcoholic concentration of beer was lower than it is today. Additionally, wine was a popular beverage among the country’s upper classes, most of which was imported from other countries in Europe. Although a small amount of wine was sourced from vineyards in the south of England.
Henry VIII’s Legendary Hospitality
The custom of pouring wine down public fountains during celebrations was common throughout the Tudor period. An example of the monarch’s philanthropy was displayed for the population, most of whom would have been drinking beer.
Figure 1. Henry VIII
Hampton Court has recreated a 16th-century wine fountain to give visitors a taste of Henry VIII’s legendary hospitality. The dispenser is based on the “Field of the Cloth of Gold” image in the palace. All week long, on weekends and holidays, wine may be purchased straight from the fountain’s faucet by anybody visiting Base Court.
Figure 2. The Cloth of Gold Painting
When Hampton Court functioned as Henry VIII’s pleasure palace, he drank a lot of beer and wine, as shown by the enormous cellars. Spectacular parties and feasts kept guests entertained at this place.
Tudor Institutions and Wine Consumption
Early Modern organizations, including the court, church, and tavern, drank wine throughout the Tudor period. The consumption of wine in English social gatherings grew along with the growth of these institutions. As depicted in popular culture, the extravagant lifestyle of the English court entailed vast quantities of wine.
This fee, known as a “right of passage,” allowed him to get his supply by taking one cask from each side of the ship’s mast.However, in many situations, he claimed a far more significant number of barrels of wine.
A large quantity of wine was included in the king’s prize for his court, which represented a considerable portion of the costs for courtly banquets. While this lifestyle lasted for most of the Interregnum, the last few years were marked by an increasing reliance on technology. During the Restoration period, a monarchical court and its culture were resurrected. Consequently, there was a constant presence of wine appreciation in court life throughout the era.
Figure 3. Tudor’s Court with Wine Fountain
A Tudor institution that required a lot of wine consumption was the church. As part of the Catholic Church’s rituals wine must be drunk during Mass. Despite the Protestant Reformation’s turbulence, wine remained an important part of English culture’s religious life. Even when England split from the Catholic Church, English churches continued to celebrate Mass with wine. While England underwent major doctrinal changes throughout Tudor and Stuart times, the wine remained an important part of society because of its religious significance and social acceptability.
Figure 4. The Tudor Church
The bar was the second most popular place to drink wine. Bars were subject to a strict set of laws enforced by the Vintners’ Guild, which governed wine storage, price, serving vessels, and other facets of the company. Wines from all over the world were not kept in plenty in Taverner’s homes because, at the time, anybody who drank white wine, claret wine, or red wine was not authorized to sell any other kind of wine.
To a large extent, this cultural preference for alcohol resulted from societal conventions that discouraged water consumption. A combination of poor sewage infrastructure and the widespread belief that drinking alcohol is good for you led to water supply contamination. Foods and beverages that dried and warmed the body were also essential in the cold and rainy conditions of England.
April 6, 1605: An Englishman named John Stowe was killed. On the subject of bar wine limits, he authored a lengthy article. When it came to the early Tudor era, taverns couldn’t keep or sell a variety of wines from diverse varietals or regions together. Still, his observations shed insight on this issue. His survey of London is often regarded as his most significant contribution. Thus, he believed the Tudor rulers were more accountable for worshipping wine than anything else.
Want to read more? Try these books!
Wine Pairing Recommendation
 André Simon, “The wine trade of England, past and present.” (a lecture delivered at Vintners’ Hall, 20th November 1911, London), 16.
 Susan Rose, The Wine Trade in Medieval Europe: 1000-1500. (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), 51.
 André Simon, History of the Wine Trade in England, Volume 1 (London: Wyman and Sons, 1906), 6 298-9
 Simon, “The wine trade of England, past and present,” 24-5.
 Susan Doran and Glenn Richardson, ed., Tudor England and its Neighbors (New York: Palgrave 10 Macmillan, 2005).
 John Shovlin, “War and Peace: Trade, International Competition, and Political Economy” in 12 Mercantilism Reimagined. ed. Philip Stern and Carl Wennerlind (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)
 C.G. A. Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change: England 1500-1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge 17 University Press, 1984), 104.
 Charles Ludington, The Politics of Wine in Britain (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 2.
 Catherine Pitt, The Wine Trade in Bristol in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Bristol: University of 20 Bristol, 2006), 38-44.


Algeco had a considerable fleet of 45 ton Gross laden weight tank wagons. TOPS numbered them from 49000 onwards, but Class A, Class B and LPG tanks were mixed within this series. They also had different builders, so details differed between batches.
These are for liquified petroleum gas, butane and propane, hired to SMBP. The period of the photographs is during the transition from SMBP to separation for Shell and BP. The running numbers were, unusually, at the right hand of the barrel and none appear to have carried a TOPS code. They were rebuilt in the mid 1980s, and became part of the BP fleet, 59598/9, 660- 683. see http://PaulBartlett.zenfolio.com/smbplpg
Keywords:Algeco, LPG, TTV, Tank wagon
© Paul Bartlett's Photographs


- Did a black person invent the typewriter?
- What was the first city in the world to have a traffic light?
- Who are all the black inventors?
- Did a black person invented air conditioning?
- Did a black man invent the cell phone?
- Did a black man invent the first car?
- Who invented traffic lights?
- What did black people invent?
- Where was the first traffic light in the world?
- What did the first black man invented?
- Who is the most famous black inventor?
- What black person invented the refrigerator?
Did a black person invent the typewriter?
Christopher Latham Sholes (February 14, 1819 – February 17, 1890) was an American inventor who invented the QWERTY keyboard, and, along with Samuel W….Christopher Latham SholesOccupationPrinter, inventor, legislatorKnown for”The Father of the typewriter,” inventor of the QWERTY keyboard30 more rows.
What was the first city in the world to have a traffic light?
LondonDecember 10, 1868: the official birth date of the world’s first traffic light. It was installed at Parliament Square in London. The system was composed of two mobile signs attached to pivoting arms that were manipulated by a lever. The post was topped with a gas-lit semaphore to ensure visibility.
Who are all the black inventors?
14 African American Inventors to Remember This Black History Month and Beyond of 14. George Crum. … of 14. Granville T. … of 14. George Washington Carver. … of 14. Madam CJ Walker. … of 14. Garret Morgan. … of 14. Percy Lavon Julian. … of 14. Charles Richard Drew. … of 14. Mary Beatrice Davidson Kenner.More items…•
Did a black person invented air conditioning?
Although Willis Carrier is largely credited with inventing the modern air conditioner, Frederick Jones, an African-American, invented the first portable air conditioning unit.
Did a black man invent the cell phone?
Born in Jackson, Mississippi in 1934, Henry Thomas Sampson, Jr. is a prolific inventor and pioneer in the field of nuclear engineering. Sampson is also a pioneer in the technology that is used in modern cell phones, but contrary to a widely held belief, he didn’t invent the cell phone.
Did a black man invent the first car?
Frederick Douglas Patterson (1871–1932) was an American entrepreneur known for the Greenfield-Patterson automobile of 1915, built in Ohio.
Who invented traffic lights?
Garrett MorganJ. P. KnightWilliam PottsTraffic light/Inventors
What did black people invent?
8 everyday items invented by black peopleAutomatic Elevator Doors.Improved Ironing Board.Refrigerated Trucks.Three-Signal Traffic Light.Home Security System.Central Heating Furnace.Mailbox.In 1891, Philip B. Downing invented the “street letter box,” which became the predecessor for the mailboxes we use today.
Where was the first traffic light in the world?
ClevelandThe world’s first electric traffic signal is put into place on the corner of Euclid Avenue and East 105th Street in Cleveland, Ohio, on August 5, 1914.
What did the first black man invented?
The Three-Light Traffic Light, Invented by Garrett Morgan in 1923. With only an elementary school education, black inventor (and son of a slave), Garrett Morgan came up with several significant inventions, including an improved sewing machine and the gas mask.
Who is the most famous black inventor?
Elijah McCoyElijah McCoy Often regarded as one of the most famous black inventors ever, McCoy was credited for 50 inventions over the span of his career.
What black person invented the refrigerator?
Frederick McKinley JonesFrederick McKinley Jones was a prolific early 20th century black inventor who helped to revolutionize both the cinema and refrigeration industries. Over his lifetime, he patented more than sixty inventions in divergent fields with forty of those patents in refrigeration.


Rockbox mail archiveSubject: MP3 player timeline
MP3 player timeline
From: Björn Stenberg <bjorn_at_haxx.se>
Date: Fri, 28 May 2004 18:08:18 +0200
To combat the increasing confusion about the history of HD-based MP3 players, I have created a history page with a timeline of players:
Tell me if you find any inaccuracies.
-- Björn _______________________________________________ http://cool.haxx.se/mailman/listinfo/rockboxReceived on 2004-05-28


In this episode, Sandy sits down with Angolan high jumper, Ulika Costa to discuss what he loves about his home country, living in the states now and all those special dance moves of him.
If you loved this episode, remember to subscribe on apple podcast, itunes and iheart radio so you don't miss any of the exciting upcoming episodes.
This week Sandy interviews Joe Montalbano, a 4th generation Italian American whose great grandfather, Francesco Montalbano, immigrated to America in the late 1800s and made his way to Houston where he founded Montalbano Lumber in 1900. Francesco started a lumber dynasty all from the humble beginnings of selling firewood. But Francesco was not alone, and the Montalbano wives were also instrumental in the building of this Houston dynasty. For more information and where you can buy all your house project materials, as well as lumber, visit their website at www.montalbanolumber.com If you enjoyed this podcast, we would love a review!
In this episode, Sandy chats with long-time Salem resident, Shelby Hypes, about the Salem witch trials, the legacy of the trials, the historic significance of Salem today and why YOU should plan a vacation to this really old seaside town. To find the list of books that Shelby recommends, go here > http://a.co/czOKlRo
In this episode, Sandy talks with University of Houston Professor, Dr. Marie T. Hernández about her life growing up in Texas, the secret past of the Conversos and the interesting path she has traveled to get to the historic researcher she is today.
Based on the travel photography blog A Southern Girl's View by Houston-based photographer, Sandy Adams. This podcast will share interesting people, places and topics from pets to archaeology, travel to cooking and all the subjects in between.


Top positive review
Story of a very determined mother.
on 24 January 2016
A true story of what life was like in the Magdalen laundries of Ireland for single mothers, or even those women who were considered immoral, often without real reason. The author does not dwell on the misery but holds on to her determination to be re-united with her son. Very well written.


American Flags in Danbury.
100% Made in America!
The U.S. flag is a strong icon of American identification and also nationwide pride. Also called Old Glory, the United States flag has a colorful history and has actually undertaken lots of modifications from the very first main flag of 1777.
Today the U.S. flag includes thirteen straight stripes, seven red rotating with 6 white stripes. The stripes stand for the original 13 colonies; the stars stand for the 50 states of the country. The shades of the flag are symbolic too: red represents strength as well as valiance, white symbolizes purity and innocence as well as blue represents vigilance, determination as well as justice. However, the factor the Continental Congress initially chose the red, white, and also blue colors was not made clear in the resolution taking on the flag. Historians think it was probably a color choice based on the British Union Jack, which had actually previously flown over the colonies.
Gradually, some have attributed somewhat different definitions to the 3 colors, as an example, the color red representing the bloodshed spilled to maintain our liberty, but the essence of the original definition has actually been fairly constant from 1782.
Exactly how did the American flag become what it is today?
It is a lot greater than the 3 shades or a “decoration”. Think of the areas around the world that the American flag has flown, think about the change it has undertaken throughout the decades on American soil. It is genuinely humbling to think of all that was provided as well as compromised to ensure that the American flag could fly easily throughout this nation.
The flag that started with just 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of states to the Union. The variety of stars on the flag slowly rose to its present number today where a new star would be added to the blue field on the 4th of July after the date of each new state’s admission.
The number of rotating horizontal red and white stripes has actually continued to be at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes showed up on the flag to show the admission of Kentucky and also Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was agreed that including a stripe to the flag for each new state would certainly not take place as it will certainly make the flag appear crowded as well as it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was agreed then that the flag would go back to having only thirteen stripes to stand for the initial colonies.
The American flag is a symbol not just of hardiness, valiance, pureness, innocence, vigilance, willpower as well as justice; it is a symbol of freedom. Liberty that has actually been combatted so hard for over the decades. Freedom that has cost this country as well as the families within a lot, and yet it is still a sign to those wanting they had the freedom that the nation has.
Folding the American flag.
Typical flag etiquette prescribes that prior to an American flag is kept or flown, its handlers should two times fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the end opposite heaven area) make a triangular fold, remaining to fold it in triangles up until the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “cushion” of the flag with only the blue starred field showing on the outside, and also it takes thirteen folds to create: two lengthwise folds and eleven triangular ones.
The flag isn’t really folded in this fashion due to the fact that each of the folds has a special symbolic definition; the flag is folded in this manner because it provides a sensible ceremonial touch that distinguishes folding a flag from folding a common item such as a bed cover, and since it results an aesthetically pleasing, easy-to-handle form. This thirteen-fold treatment was an usual technique long prior to the production of a ritualistic assignation of “indicating” per of the actions.
An intricate flag folding event including these meanings has actually since been developed for special occasions such as Memorial Day and also Veterans Day. These connections are “real” in the feeling that they mean something to the people that join the ceremony, but they are not the reason a flag is folded in the typical thirteen-step manner.
This is America as well as its icon is the American Flag. This honorable sign has actually been shot at, burned, spew on and also stomped on, and yet she rises repeatedly. Even though several Americans in North Carolina happily fly the flag outside their homes and businesses on a daily basis, it is fitting that we, as a nation, have actually set aside one details day every year to recognize our flag and also to bear in mind that it stands for the ideals and values that we ought to aim to maintain. May God bless America as well as those that protect her.
Danbury ZIP codes we serve: 27016


|Death:||Died in Atlanta, Fulton, Georgia, United States|
|Cause of death:||wounds in battle|
|Managed by:||Michael Reid Delahunt, art teacher & lexicographer|
Matching family tree profiles for John Weir Boyle (USA)
About John Weir Boyle
John Weir Boyle, son of John Weir Boyle, enlisted as a Union soldier in July, 1862, but was discharged from the 79th Illinois Infantry, October 31, 1862, for sickness. Recovering health, he again enlisted, January 5, 1864; was, on February 3, 1864, enrolled in Company M, 64th Illinois Infantry ; was in many engagements, was notably conspicuous in the charge up Kenesaw Mountain, was wounded unto death before Atlanta, and died of his wounds, August 12, 1864, in hospital "at the front."


These annual awards honour the best in Canadian crime and mystery writing.
The Beatle Bandit tells the true-life story of Matthew Kerry Smith, a troubled young veteran of the Royal Canadian Navy who robbed Toronto-area banks to fund a one-man revolution. A murderous heist committed by Smith in July 1964 fueled a nationwide debate about gun control, insanity pleas, and the death penalty.
Click here for a YouTube video of an interview I did with Crime Writers of Canada about The Beatle Bandit.
Click here for a YouTube video of the online awards ceremony, which was held on May 26, 2022.


She was on this earth for more than a century, but Wednesday we lost a well respected former teacher and librarian.
Most of Mabel Burklow's life was spent in Hazard.
In 2003, WYMT’s Steve Hensley talked to her for a story about the assassination of President Kennedy.
In one part of the interview that's never aired until now she expressed some concerns about the younger generations.
“We hear many young people today taking life so lightly. They've never gone through these historical events and tragedies like, as I can recall my grandmother and grandfather talking about being in the civil war and the suffering they had and how they had to hide their food in caves to keep from starving to death and of course in the depression years I can still see people standing at the banks crying,” Burlow said in the 2003 interview.
Burklow's visitation will be Saturday from 1:30 until the funeral at 2:30 at Maggard's Mountain View Chapel in Hazard.
Mabel Burklow was 101 years old.
|Report problems like potholes, broken street lights, or vandalism in Perry County.|


His marches in the eastern campaign of 1643 show a daily average at one time of 28 m.
1546), was a member of the royal council under James V.; he was also an extraordinary lord of session, high admiral, and warden of the west marches, and was taken prisoner by the English at the rout of Solway Moss in 1542.
CAGLI, a town and (with Pergola) an episcopal see of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Pesaro and Urbino, 18 m.
Advancing by slow marches, on his arrival encamped at Finglas, with upwards of 30,000 men, and the following day proceeded in state to St Patrick's cathedral to return thanks for his victory.
Hastening back to Italy he withdrew his three remaining legions from Aquileia, raised two more, and, crossing the Alps by forced marches, arrived in the neighbourhood of Lyons to find that three-fourths of the Helvetii had already crossed the Saone, marching westward.


Link: [On PBS]
I started to cringe within the first few seconds of the start of this program, and that grew to almost seizure-like proportions by the end. For I hate the fact that [President Roosevelt] placed [Prime Minister Churchill] in such an untenable position, which was undoubtedly in the hope of appeasing very selfish [Republican] interests in order to keep his [New Deal] alive. I also hate the fact that the French were not more cooperative, along with [where] their sovereign pride got them.
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Daniel Day Lewis stars as President Abraham Lincoln in director Steven… (MCT )
Abraham Lincoln is the man of the hour. And the day and the month and the year.
When Steven Spielberg's new movie, "Lincoln," hits theaters Friday, Nov. 16, it will be the star-studded icing on the cake with a year full of events, in Connecticut and nationwide, that have turned America's 16th president into the trendiest of topics.
"Lincoln" is the second film to come out this year about the Great Emancipator, the first being the tongue-in-cheek "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter," an adaptation of the bestselling comic novel. Lincoln events have been held in the past year, as the nation marked the 150th anniversary of the start of the Civil War. But the pace is picking up, as we zero in on the sesquicentennial, on Jan. 1, 2013, of Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.
A host of local events are planned through the first few months of 2013, including a talk about the books "Abraham Lincoln'' by Benjamin P. Thomas and Gore Vidal's "Lincoln'' at Prosser Public Library in Bloomfield; the traveling exhibit "Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War," at Avon Free Public Library, and "The Emancipation Proclamation Then and Now" featuring a historical re-enactor of Lincoln will be at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center in Hartford, just to name a few.
"Lincolnmania'' has also produced a flood of books, some published in recent weeks, probably glomming on to both the approaching Proclamation anniversary and movie publicity. Just go to Amazon.com's New Releases page and search on "Abraham Lincoln" for a sampling.
Thomas Craughwell of Bethel is an old hand at writing about Lincoln. In 2007, he published "Stealing Lincoln's Body," about a bizarre attempt to kidnap the president's corpse and hold it for ransom. It was made into a History Channel documentary in 2009. Craughwell still travels around talking about the book, even as he works on another book, about an early, failed plot to assassinate Lincoln.
Craughwell said that more than any other president, Lincoln is endlessly fascinating for a variety of reasons.
"He really is the embodiment of the American Dream that anybody can be president," Craughwell said. "He came from a very humble background, in a one-room log cabin on the frontier. He only had a few months of formal schooling. He really was self-educated. To rise from that incredible poverty to become president of the United States is extraordinary."
Another factor, Craughwell said, was the timing of Lincoln's presidency and the timing of his death.
"He becomes president during one of the most volatile moments in American history. He sees America through the Civil War and frees 4 million people from slavery," he said. "Then, just a few days after reaching the pinnacle of success, his immortality assured, he was murdered."
Richard Slotkin, a retired professor at Wesleyan University in Middletown and an expert on the Civil War era, agreed with Craughwell about the importance of timing.
"Just about every issue that still concerns us has its origins in the Civil War," said Slotkin. "Balance of power between the central government, the states and the individual, race and equality, are we a nation of farmers or an industrial nation, how do we deal with the enlargement of the economy."
Slotkin said one of the most eternally fascinating elements of the Lincoln story is the "what might have been" factor. That has a lot to do with the incompetence of his successor in the presidency.
"If Lincoln not been assassinated, would the history of race relations in this country have been different? Because what follows the abolition of slavery is Jim Crow, segregation, lynching, the systematic humiliation of blacks in the south," he said. "Andrew Johnson was a bumbler and a fool and a racist. ... Reconstruction got off on the wrong foot. He botched the postwar period.
"The only guy who compares with [Lincoln] is FDR, in terms of the crisis they had to manage," he said. "FDR died before he could shepherd the postwar peace, too, but FDR was lucky he had Truman as his vice president."
Other presidents are fascinating, Slotkin said, but Lincoln is more so because he never got to finish what he started. "We don' t have the same feeling about Washington. He did his work, left office and then died," Slotkin said. "Jefferson achieved what he achieved and failed in ways he failed and then he lived to a ripe old age."
Slotkin's most recent book is "The Long Road to Antietam: How the Civil War Became a Revolution." He will do a reading and book signing at the Cheshire Library on Dec. 6.
Matthew Warshauer, a history professor at Central Connecticut State University in New Britain and co-chairman of the Connecticut Civil War Commemoration Commission, said the main factors that contribute to Lincoln's eternal fame are the impact of the war and that he was the first president to be assassinated.


By: Augusta J. Evans (1835-1909)
By: Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
General View of Positivism
Auguste Comte was from France and published this book in French in 1844. He made a very great impact on the sciences and claims to have “discovered the principal laws of Sociology." Comte says Reason has become habituated to revolt but that doesn’t mean it will always retain its revolutionary character. He discusses Science, the trade-unions, Proletariat workers, Communists, Capitalists, Republicans, the role of woman in society, the elevation of Social Feeling over Self-love, and the Catholic Church in this book...
By: Augustine Birrell (1850-1933)
|Obiter Dicta Second Series|
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|The Rival Heirs; being the Third and Last Chronicle of Aescendune|
|Alfgar the Dane or the Second Chronicle of Aescendune A Tale of the Days of Edmund Ironside|
By: Augustus Bridle (1869-)
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By: Augustus J. Thebaud (1807-1885)
|Irish Race in the Past and the Present|
By: Augustus Jessopp (1823-1914)
|The Coming of the Friars|
By: Augustus Le Plongeon (1826-1908)
|Vestiges of the Mayas or, Facts Tending to Prove that Communications and Intimate Relations Must Have Existed, in very Remote Times, Between the Inhabitants of Mayab and Those of Asia and Africa|
By: Austin Bishop
Tom of the Raiders
Young Adult historical fiction of a young man joining the Union Army and taking part in the Great Locomotive Chase.
By: Austin Craig
Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal
LINEAGE LIFE AND LABORS of JOSE RIZAL PHILIPPINE PATRIOTBY AUSTIN CRAIGINTRODUCTION In writing a biography, the author, if he be discriminating, selects, with great care, the salient features of the life story of the one whom he deems worthy of being portrayed as a person possessed of preeminent qualities that make for a character and greatness. Indeed to write biography at all, one should have that nice sense of proportion that makes him instinctively seize upon only those points that do advance his theme...
By: Azel Ames (1845-1908)
|The Mayflower and Her Log; July 15, 1620-May 6, 1621|
By: B. F. (Benjamin Franklin) Cocker (1821-1883)
|Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles|
By: B. G. Jefferis and J. L. Nichols
Searchlights on Health
SEARCHLIGHTS ON HEALTH. THE SCIENCE OF EUGENICSBy PROF. B.G. JEFFERIS, M.D., PH. D. KNOWLEDGE IS SAFETY. 1. The old maxim, that Knowledge is power, is a true one, but there is still a greater truth: KNOWLEDGE IS SAFETY. Safety amid physical ills that beset mankind, and safety amid the moral pitfalls that surround so many young people, is the great crying demand of the age. 2. CRITICISM.--This work, though plain and to some extent startling, is chaste, practical and to the point, and will be a boon and a blessing to thousands who consult its pages...
By: B. Granville (Bernard Granville) Baker (1870-1957)
|From a Terrace in Prague|
By: B. H. Roberts (1857-1933)
Mormon Battalion, Its History and Achievements
A history of the Longest March of Military in History. The Mormon Battalion was the only religious unit in United States military history in federal service, recruited solely from one religious body and having a religious title as the unit designation. In 1847, as the Mormons were in Iowa heading West, after being driven out of their homes in Nauvoo, Illinois, the U.S. Army requested 500 volunteers to assist in the Mexican-American War effort. From July 1847 to July 1848 the battalion made a grueling march of nearly 2,100 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Diego, California...
By: B. L. (Bertram Lenox) Putnam Weale (1877-1930)
|Indiscreet Letters From Peking Being the Notes of an Eye-Witness, Which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900—The Year of Great Tribulation|
By: B. M. (Beale Melanchthon) Schmucker (1827-1888)
|The Organization of the Congregation in the Early Lutheran Churches in America|
By: Bahá'í International Community
|Century of Light|
By: Barack Obama (1961-)
|Inaugural Presidential Address|
By: Baroness Emmuska Orczy (1865-1947)
If you've read and loved the exciting classic The Scarlet Pimpernel then you'd probably be delighted to follow the further adventures of the dashing Sir Percy Blakeney. El Dorado by Baronness “Emmuska” Orczy depicts the intrepid swordsman and escape artist in the role of savior of the French royal family. Published in 1913, El Dorado was the fourth in the Pimpernel series of eleven books, numerous short stories and other related writings about her famous British adventurer. However, Orczy did not always follow a strict chronological sequence while publishing the novels and hence, there is plenty of overlap between the time frames of the stories...
The Elusive Pimpernel
First Published in 1908, The Elusive Pimpernel by Baroness Orczy is the 4th book in the classic adventure series about the Scarlet Pimpernel.
By: Bartolomé de las Casas (1484-1566)
Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Spanish: Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias) is an account written by the Spanish Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1542 (published in 1552) about the mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in colonial times and sent to then Prince Philip II of Spain. One of the stated purposes for writing the account is his fear of Spain coming under divine punishment and his concern for the souls of the Native Peoples...
By: Basil Hall (1788-1844)
|Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island|
By: Basil L. (Basil Lanneau) Gildersleeve (1831-1924)
|The Creed of the Old South 1865-1915|
By: Baxter Perry Smith (1829-1884)
|The History of Dartmouth College|
By: Bayard Taylor (1825-1878)
|Northern Travel Summer and Winter Pictures of Sweden, Denmark and Lapland|
By: Bede Jarrett (1881-1934)
By: Ben J. (Ben Johannis) Viljoen (1868-1917)
|My Reminiscences of the Anglo-Boer War|
By: Ben Jonson (1573-1637)
|Sejanus: His Fall|
By: Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
|Alroy The Prince Of The Captivity|
|Lord George Bentinck A Political Biography|
By: Benjamin Drake (1794-1841)
|Great Indian Chief of the West Or, Life and Adventures of Black Hawk|
|Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet With a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians|
By: Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Inventor, author, printer, scientist, politician, diplomat—all these terms do not even begin to fully describe the amazing and multitalented, Benjamin Franklin who was of course also one of the Founding Fathers of America. At the age of 75, in 1771 he began work on what he called his Memoirs. He was still working on it when he died in 1790 and it was published posthumously, entitled An Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. The book had a complicated and controversial publication history. Strangely enough, the first volume only was first published in French, in Paris in 1791...
By: Benjamin Franklin Schappelle (1885-)
|The German Element in Brazil Colonies and Dialect|
By: Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (1796-1878)
|The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U. S. A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West|
By: Benjamin Perley Poore (1820-1887)
|Perley's Reminiscences, v. 1-2 of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis|
By: Benjamin Waterhouse (1754-1846)
|A Journal of a Young Man of Massachusetts, 2nd ed.|
By: Bennet Burleigh (-1914)
|Khartoum Campaign, 1898 or the Re-Conquest of the Soudan|
By: Benson John Lossing (1813-1891)
|Washington and the American Republic, Vol. 3.|
By: Benvenuto Cellini ((1500-1571))
The Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini
Cellini’s autobiographical memoirs, which he began writing in Florence in 1558, give a detailed account of his singular career, as well as his loves, hatreds, passions, and delights, written in an energetic, direct, and racy style. They show a great self-regard and self-assertion, sometimes running into extravagances which are impossible to credit. He even writes in a complacent way of how he contemplated his murders before carrying them out. He writes of his time in Paris: Parts of his tale recount...
By: Bernard Henry Becker (1833-)
|Disturbed Ireland Being the Letters Written During the Winter of 1880-81.|
By: Bertha F. Herrick
|Myths and Legends of Christmastide|
By: Bertram Lenox Simpson (1877-1930)
|The Fight for the Republic in China|
By: Bertram Mitford (1855-1914)
|The Sign of the Spider|
By: Bertrand Russell
Proposed Roads to Freedom
Bertrand Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (1872 – 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, political activist and Nobel laureate. He led the British “revolt against idealism” in the early 1900s and is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. In this book, written in 1918, he offers his assessment of three competing streams in the thought of the political left: Marxian socialism, anarchism and syndicalism.
|The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism|
By: Bill Nye
Comic History of the United States
For American journalist and humorist Edgar Wilson Nye who wrote under the pen name Bill Nye in the late 19th century, facts are not to be presented in their newborn, bare state. They should be properly draped and embellished before they can be presented before the public. Hence, in the Comic History of the United States published in 1894, he gives his readers the facts. But in a bid to make the historical figures more human he describes them as “people who ate and possibly drank, people who were born, flourished and died, not grave tragedians posing perpetually for their photographs...
Comic History of England
If you thought history was dull, dry and boring, you haven't read Bill Nye's books! He brings wit, humor, satire, irony and sheer nonsensical fun into the subject, making it both entertaining and memorable. The Comic History of England was published posthumously in 1896 after the writer's tragic and untimely death half-way through the project. Hence it remains incomplete and covers the history of the island nation only up to the Tudor period. However, beginning with Julius Caesar, the Roman invasion of Britain, the Druids and Stonehenge, this book is still a rib-tickling ride through the centuries...
By: Bliss Perry (1860-1954)
|The American Spirit in Literature : a chronicle of great interpreters|
|The American Mind The E. T. Earl Lectures|
By: Blythe Harding
|The Honest American Voter's Little Catechism for 1880|
By: Bolesław Prus (1847-1912)
|The Pharaoh and the Priest An Historical Novel of Ancient Egypt|
By: Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)
Up From Slavery
Up From Slavery is the 1901 autobiography of Booker T. Washington detailing his slow and steady rise from a slave child during the Civil War, to the difficulties and obstacles he overcame to get an education at the new Hampton University, to his work establishing vocational schools—most notably the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama—to help black people and other disadvantaged minorities learn useful, marketable skills and work to pull themselves, as a race, up by the bootstraps. He reflects on the generosity of both teachers and philanthropists who helped in educating blacks and native Americans...
By: Boyd Cable (1878-1943)
Between the Lines
This book, all of which has been written at the Front within sound of the German guns and for the most part within shell and rifle range, is an attempt to tell something of the manner of struggle that has gone on for months between the lines along the Western Front, and more especially of what lies behind and goes to the making of those curt and vague terms in the war communiqués. I think that our people at Home will be glad to know more, and ought to know more, of what these bald phrases may actually signify, when, in the other sense, we read 'between the lines.'
By: Brander Matthews (1852-1929)
|Inquiries and Opinions|
By: Bret Harte (1836-1902)


Civil War Era
Event organizer Diane Tennant shares her experience and expertise with
Presenters Donnetta Brown (left) and Terry Riffle (right) discuss period
The new Beverly Heritage Center gallery offered a comfortable venue,
filled with light.
A selection of period accessories on display.


Exhibition at Lady Lever Art Gallery until December 2011.
The beauty and glamour of accessories is highlighted in this stunning new fashion exhibition. Hats, shoes, gloves and fans played an important part in the wardrobe of fashionable 19th and early 20th century ladies.
Featuring more than 40 pieces-this display offers an insight into social dilemmas the well dressed lady faced when deciding what to wear and how accessories have changed over time.
Yes, the exhibition is really good. The size of the shoes then,really small wouldnt get my feet into them and im only a
size 6 . In the shop at the gallery are items in relation to the exhibition as well.
Well worth a look.


Known by the Perth dive community simply as “the 58m wreck”, the wreck of The Commiles is the shallowest wreck (58m deep) in the Rottnest Ships Graveyard
The Commiles had a rich and varied life at sea:
- Commissioned for the British Royal Navy in 1918
- Became a fishing vessel in 1920
- Returned to the British Royal Navy from 1939 – 1945 as a Mine Sweeper.
- Returning to the role as a fishing vessel post war
- Bought by the Royal Australian Navy, used for target practice and sunk in 1953
This wreck was identified as The Commiles by Peter Balalas in 2012
She survived a bombardment of 14 rockets and 15 250lb bombs, before succumbing to gunfire from R.A.N Minesweepers Fremantle and Mildura.
During a dive lasting 90 minutes, with a bottom time of 25 minutes, a team of 2 WreckSploration divers managed to capture the necessary images to create a 3d model of the wreck.
Some of the crew of HMS Minesweeper Commiles, adopted by the Daily Mirror reading their fan mail. Over 1000 letters were received by the crew within a month following adoption. The only person whom frowns is the shore based censor. 15th September 1942 c/o Memory Lane UK
GPS Position and orientation
Access the details from the WA Museum Shipwreck Database Here
Access the details from Wrecksite.eu Here


Four men, members of the 10th Mountain Division C Company Mortar Squad, kneel or lie on the ground as they prepare to fire a practice round with a 60 mm. mortar near Camp Hale in Eagle County, Colorado. Shows dust from an explosion on a hillside...
World War, 1939-1945--American--Military personnel.; Camp Hale (Colo.)--1940-1950.; Military training--Colorado--Camp Hale--1940-1950.; Mortars (Ordnance)--1940-1950.; Soldiers--American--Colorado--Camp Hale--1940-1950.; United States. Army....
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History of the Second World War (2 vols) - VARIOUSOdhams, 1951, Hardback.
Condition: Near fine. Both volumes very slightly faded on spine.
Red cloth with gilt on black title plate on spine. Illustrated with B&W photographs. 704pp. Index. Advertisements. Size: 8vo Medium (8" x 5½" approx.)
This one has already found a new owner.


The Story Of Christianity 2
Free The Story Of Christianity 2 eBooks Read Online or Download Full The Story Of Christianity 2 Textbook PDF, EPUB, Tuebl and Mobi. Get best books in our Library by click download or read online button. We cannot guarantee that every books is in the library!
Beginning with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, this second volume of The Story of Christianity continues narrative history to the present. Historian Justo Gonzalez brings to life the people, dramatic events, and shaping ideas of Protestantism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy during this period, keynoting crucial theological developments while providing fresh understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that influenced the formation of the church. In particular, the author notes recurring themes of unrest, rebellion, and reformation. Gonzalez presents an illuminating record of the lives, impelling ideas, and achievements of such prominent figures as Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and John Calvin––movers and shapers in the emerging Protestant church. His biographical insights, in conjunction with vivid historical accounts, reveal how individual lives mirror and clarify core theological concerns and developments. The interpretive overview of The Story of Christianity includes a thorough and timely analysis of the growth and maturation of Christianity, including events in Europe, the United States, and Latin America––the latter an area too often neglected in church histories, yet increasingly vital to an understanding of Christianity's historical development, present situation, and future, options. Gonzalez's richly textured study discusses the changes and directions of the church in the traditions of Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, and Eastern Christianity. The Story of Christianity covers such recent occurrences as the World Council of Churches, the Second Vatican Council, the movement toward Christian unity, and much more. It concludes with a thoughtful look at the major issues and debates involving Christians today.
Beginning with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, this fully revised and updated second volume of The Story of Christianity continues the marvelous history of the world's largest religion. Award-winning historian Justo Gonzalez bring to life the people, dramatic events, and theological debates that have shaped Protestantism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy. From the monk Martin Luther, who dared to stand up to a corrupt pope, to the surprising spread and growing vitality of today's church in Africa, Asia, and South America, The Story of Christianity offers a complete and up-to-date retelling of this amazing history. With new information on the important contributions of women to church history as well as the latest information on Christianity in developing countries, Gonzalez's richly textured study discusses the changes and directions of the church up to the twenty-first century. The Story of Christianity covers such recent occurrences as the fall of the Soviet Union and the return of the Russian Orthodox Church; feminist, Africa-American, and Third-World theologies; the scandals and controversies facing the reign of Pope Benedict XVI; interfaith dialogue; and the movement toward unity of all Christian churches. This revised and updated edition of The Story of Christianity concludes with a thoughtful look at the major issues and debates facing Christianity today.
The Story of Christianity, Volume 1, is an informative, interesting, and consistently readable narrative history. It brings alive the people, dramatic events, and ideas that shaped the first fifteen centuries of Europe, such as the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the New World. Historian Justo Gonzalez shows how various social, political, and economic movements affected Christianity's internal growth. Gonzalez skillfully weaves in relevant details from the lives of prominent figures from the apostles to John Wycliffe, tracing out core theological issues and developments as reflected in the lives and struggles of leading thinkers within the various traditions of the church. "The history of the church, while showing all the characteristics fo human history, is much more than the history of an institution or movement," Gonzalez stresses. "It is a history of the deeds of the spirit in and through the men and women who have gone before in the faith." The Story of Christianity demonstrates at each point what new challenges and opportunities faced the church, and how Christians struggled with the various options open to them, thereby shaping the future direction of the church. The Story of Christianity will serve as a fascinating introduction to the panoramic history of Christianity for students and teachers of church history, for pastors, and for general readers.
A treatment of the evolution of Christian thought from the birth of Christ, to the Apostles, to the early church, to the great flowering of Christianity across the world. Beginning with Augustine, Volume 2 covers the flowering of Christian thought that characterized both the Latin West and the Byzantine East during the Middle Ages.
In this fully revised and updated edition, the lauded church historian Justo González tells the story of Christianity from its fragile infancy to its pervasive dominance at the dawn of the Protestant Reformation. The Story of Christianity, volume 1, relates the dramatic events, the colorful characters, and the revolutionary ideas that shaped the first fifteen centuries of the church's life and thought. From Jesus's faithful apostles to the early reformist John Wycliffe, González skillfully weaves details from the lives of prominent figures tracing core theological issues and developments within the various traditions of the church. The Story of Christianity demonstrates at each point what new challenges and opportunities faced the church and how Christians struggled with the various options open to them, thereby shaping the future direction of the church. This new edition of The Story of Christianity incorporates recent archaeological discoveries to give us a better view of the early Christian communities. Among these are advances in the recovery of Gnostic texts that have revealed a richer diversity of "Christianities" in the first century. González also includes important research done in the past twenty-five years revealing the significant role of women throughout the history of the church. With lively storytelling incorporating the latest research, The Story of Christianity provides a fascinating introduction to the panoramic history of Christianity.
“This crisp retelling of Christian history from the days of the apostles to the eve of the Reformation is filled with insight.” — Mark A. Noll, Wheaton College The Story of Christianity, Volume 1 is a narrative history of Christianity, from the Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation, from Justo L. Gonzalez, author of the highly praised three-volume History of Christian Thought.
A two-volume introductory survey of church history from its origins to the present day Designed for an educated lay audience and students in introductory college and seminary church history courses, these visually stunning textbooks are carefully written for first-time learners in the subject areas. Invitation to Church History: World walks readers through the story of God's people from Christ to the contemporary church around the world. Invitation to Church History: American chronicles American church history from the pilgrims to contemporary denominations in the United States. In these full-color textbooks, many features facilitate learning: photos make the material come alive for the reader; diagrams clarify and distill complex concepts and sets of information; and review materials aid the student in processing and retaining the concepts in each chapter. Readers will gain a clear understanding of the meaning of the gospel, the wonder of divine redemption, and the majesty of God. The story of the church is presented as part of the redemptive history of God and His people. With a conservative, Christ-centered perspective, Hannah writes with fairness and generosity toward diverse views.
“Jenkins is one of America’s top religious scholars.” —Forbes magazine The Lost History of Christianity by Philip Jenkins offers a revolutionary view of the history of the Christian church. Subtitled “The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died,” it explores the extinction of the earliest, most influential Christian churches of China, India, and the Middle East, which held the closest historical links to Jesus and were the dominant expression of Christianity throughout its first millennium. The remarkable true story of the demise of the institution that shaped both Asia and Christianity as we know them today, The Lost History of Christianity is a controversial and important work of religious scholarship that sounds a warning that must be heeded.
The New York Times bestseller and definitive history of Christianity for our time—from the award-winning author of The Reformation and Silence A product of electrifying scholarship conveyed with commanding skill, Diarmaid MacCulloch's Christianity goes back to the origins of the Hebrew Bible and encompasses the globe. It captures the major turning points in Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox history and fills in often neglected accounts of conversion and confrontation in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. MacCulloch introduces us to monks and crusaders, heretics and reformers, popes and abolitionists, and discover Christianity's essential role in shaping human history and the intimate lives of men and women. And he uncovers the roots of the faith that galvanized America, charting the surprising beliefs of the founding fathers, the rise of the Evangelical movement and of Pentecostalism, and the recent crises within the Catholic Church. Bursting with original insights and a great pleasure to read, this monumental religious history will not soon be surpassed.


We are a recipient of the Exeter Area Chamber of Commerce's 2011 Business of the Year Award!Put Exeter Historical Society into our Exeter online vacation planner to see other points of interest to visit during your vacation in Exeter.
For over 80 years the Exeter Historical Society has been collecting artifacts from Exeter’s past ... and its present.
Our collections illustrate the town’s rich and fascinating history, its residents, and ultimately its place in the larger history of both the state and the nation.
A non-profit organization, the Exeter Historical Society offers regular programs of local historical interest and is a repository for documents, maps, photos, artifacts, and other ephemera pertaining to Exeter, New Hampshire.
We maintain a research library, act as a resource for genealogical research, co-sponsor historical events and publications, create exhibits hoping to encourage historic preservation, and document today’s events as the history of tomorrow.
Exeter Historical Society Reviews
My great niece needed to do a school project about her ancestors and she decided to do it on her father’s side of the family. Her great grandmother and the AMAZING women at the Exeter Historical... more »
Located on Front st in Exeter you could mistake the Historical society for a part of Phillips Exeter academy. Great stop for history buffs wanting to know more about Exeter with plenty of artifacts... more »
Friendly group of people who host interesting events regularly. Very knowledgeable about local history!
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Buildings & Monuments in Oslo
Showing 1-10 of 79 results
Vestre Aker Church is in neo-Gothic style, designet by architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer. The church was inaugurated in 1855.
"The Fishermen" is a wall decoration from 1970 made by Norwegian artist Carl Nesjar based on drawings by Pablo Picasso. It can be seen on the end wall...
Medival manor with a main house from the 17th century and a basement from the 13th century.
The manor can be rented for private parties and is a popu...
Old wooden manor with buildings and interior from the 18th and 19th centuries, situated in idyllic surroundings at Sagene near the Akerselva river....
Grønland Church has been called "the cathedral of the east side", and is one of the biggest churches in Oslo.
The church was built in 1869 as a Roma...
Torshov Church was inaugurated in 1958 and was Norway's first "working chuch". Architects: Ulf Nyquist and Per Sunde.
The church is richly decorated...
The Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities in Norway is located in Villa Grande on the Bygdøy peninsula. During World War II Villa Gr...
The Astrup Fearnley Collection is a collection of modern and contemporary art counted among the most significant of its kind in Northern Europe. The mu...


Thomas Bach praises 'champion' John Coates as he stands down as President of AOC
Sydney International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach was in Sydney on Saturday as IOC Vice-President John Coates stood down as President of the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) after 32 years in charge.
Sydney [Australia]: International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach was in Sydney on Saturday as IOC Vice-President John Coates stood down as President of the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC) after 32 years in charge.
Speaking at the Annual General Meeting of the AOC, Coates told delegates, as per IOC: "Our Olympic team must always express that Australia is, or at the very least aspires to be, a peaceful, cohesive and equal society where everyone gets their chance."
"It is our independent pursuit of Olympic ideals which makes it possible for us to do what we do so well: to help Australia chase their dreams. Today, with a full heart, I thank you for giving me the chance to live mine," he added.
Paying a personal tribute, President Bach told attendees: "In the Olympic Movement, we know a lot about unique individuals. You may not have the grace and elegance of Cathy Freeman, and you may not have the dynamism of Dawn Fraser, but you are truly a 'one-off'. You have changed the face of the Olympic Movement here in Australia. You are a champion, my friend."
Coates is the only National Olympic Committee (NOC) President who has succeeded in bringing the Olympic Games twice to their home country. He will continue as Honorary President of the AOC and as Vice-President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games Brisbane 2032.
Later, in a vote at the AGM, the AOC chose Ian Chesterman to replace Coates at the head of the organisation. (ANI)


"To Know Christ and To Make Him Known"
A selection of photos from past activities and fellowship events.Click/tap any image to enlarge and scroll through the album.
The most recent photos can be found on our Facebook Page
This page is made possible though our congregation generously sharing their personal photos of church events and activities.We’re always looking for more, so please feel free to contact the church office to share yours on our website or on our Facebook page.
Thanks to our church members for contributing their photos
Visit our photo archives


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Hasaacas Ladies FC were forced to settle for a point away from home against Police Ladies FC on match week 12 of the Malta Guinness Women’s Premier League.
Linda Eshun’s stunning first half strike was levelled by Police Ladies’ Mary Berko on the 70th minute as Hasaacas Ladies shared the spoils on the road.
Yussif Basigi’s side did all that they could but a 70th minute Mary Berko goal draw parity and meant the spoils would be shared.
Grace Banwaa returned to the goal post and the pair of Linda Eshun and Abiba Issah maintained their place in the central defence.
The right and left defensive pair were Comfort Owusu and Fatimata Fuseini.
There was the midfield trio of Doreen Copson, Fidous Yakubu and Faustina Nyame Aidoo.
Doris Boaduwaa, Veronica Kumah-Baah and Fatoumata Tamboura were the three that led the attack.
Yussif Basigi was in full force to see to a change in fortune after failing to pick a win in the last four away games.
An early lead courtesy skipper, Linda Eshun inside the first half gave the Giants the full bragging rights until the 70th minute equalizer.
What it means
Hasaacas Ladies FC remain second on the log following a goalless draw game between leader Army Ladies and Faith Ladies.
Hasaacas Ladies will return to the Sekondi Gyandu Park to play Thunder Queens FC on match day 13 of the WPL.


Deborah "Debbie Dee" Michelle Devereaux
- 55 years old
- Date of birth: February 27th, 1961
- Place of birth:
Glendale, California, United States
- Date of passing: June 5th, 2016
- Place of passing:
Aptos, California, United States
This memorial website was created in the memory of our loved one, Deborah "Debbie Dee" Devereaux, 55, born on February 27th, 1961 and passed away on June 5th, 2016. We will remember her forever.
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