Revolutionary Worker #1144, March 24, 2002, posted at http://rwor.org
In "The Crimes of Executive Order 9066" (RW #1138) the RW explored how during World War 2 over 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were rounded up and shipped to 10 distant concentration camps in some of the most inhospitable territory in the U.S.
The conditions in the camps were harsh. At Minidoka, Idaho, the fence surrounding the camp was electrified. There was never enough to eat. Workers were initially promised prevailing wages but ended up receiving less than 50 cents per day. At the Poston camp in Arizona summer temperatures climbed to 124 degrees in the shade. While in the winter, many newborn infants died because the hospitals often had no heat. Dust was everywhere.
Guards at the camps had orders to "shoot to kill" anyone who looked like they were trying to escape. In one of many incidents, Shoichi James Okamoto was shot at Tule Lake and died the next day. Despite many witnesses who testified that Okamoto was killed in cold blood, the soldier who shot Okamoto was acquitted--except for a fine of $1 "for the unauthorized use of government property" (the bullet).
The authorities pitted Nisei, second generation Japanese Americans born in the U.S. and therefore U.S. citizens, against Issei, first generation Japanese Americans who were born in Japan and who, by law, could not become U.S. citizens. Camp administrators gave direct support to the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), an organization of professional Nisei, which in turn helped the War Relocation Authority (the government bureau that administered the camps) in order to prove their loyalty.
But contrary to the view of many historians that the Japanese were "culturally passive," many concentration camp prisoners waged intense resistance, in the face of threats, murderous shootings, and heavy repression. This article tells the hidden story of that resistance.
"I hope to dispel the myth that we were all `Quiet Americans'--that after being stripped of our constitutional rights by our own government, removed from our homes, businesses and jobs, then interned in concentration camps in god-forsaken areas of the deserts and prairies, we all went quietly and sheep-like, into segregated combat units to become cannon fodder to gain acceptance by the Great White Father..."
Frank Emi, a leader of the draft resistance at Heart Mountain concentration camp
Some of the earliest resistance broke out at the Manzanar camp in California. As in all of the camps, the WRA administration gave support to and propped up a section of pro- administration Nisei and used them against the resistance. In Manzanar a coalition between pro-America patriots like the JACL and supporters of the revisionist Communist Party, USA formed the Citizen's Feder- ation. The main concern of this group was not combating the unjust conditions but pressing for the "right" to volunteer to fight in the U.S. imperialist armed forces.
Other concentration camp prisoners denounced the Citizens Federation's stand and called them inu (dogs or stool pigeons in Japanese). An underground group, formed to take on the inu , called itself the "Blood Brothers Organization" and used a Black Dragon as its emblem.
A rebellion at Manzanar took place in December 1942 following the arrest of Harry Ueno, a popular leader of the Kitchen Workers' Union and an outspoken critic of corrupt practices by the administration. Ueno was accused of assaulting a JACL leader who was suspected of being a government informer. Most people in the camp were convinced that Ueno's arrest was a frame-up.
A mass meeting followed Ueno's arrest, and lists were drawn up naming "stool pigeons" and "traitors to our people." A "committee of five" was elected to present the demands to the camp administration. A determined group of over 1,000 marched to the camp administration building where representatives met with the camp administrator.
That evening, internees defied a ban on further mass meetings and called for retaliation against certain inu and the rescue of Ueno from the jail.
The administration, which sent informers to infiltrate public meetings, quickly placed the targeted inu in the safety of the military garrison, while troops armed with submachine guns and rifles swarmed into the compound and surrounded the jail.
Finding the informants had been removed, the demonstrators moved toward the jail--where they ran head on into a wall of waiting troops. The troops fired tear gas. When the wind blew the tear gas away from the protesters, the troops opened fire on the unarmed people. Two demonstrators were killed and at least eight others were injured.
The administration declared martial law and arrested the committee of five. When a new committee was elected, it too was put under arrest. In protest, most of the camp's residents refused to report to work.
In January 1943, many alleged "troublemakers" were shipped off to a heavily guarded isolation camp 1,000 miles away, near Moab, Utah. The "crimes" of these "troublemakers" varied widely. The young men were accused of instigating work stoppages, making statements of disloyalty, throwing jars of filth in apartments of informers, and making posters of Japanese soldiers.
The authorities were not able to crush the spirit of resistance. One author, describing the mood of the prisoners at Moab, said, "Passive deference was replaced by intensified disaffection and the attitude that it is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees."
On February 1, 1943, President Roosevelt announced that the War Department would organize a segregated combat team for Nisei volunteers. Immediately after Pearl Harbor the selective service classification of all Nisei had been changed to IV-C, "aliens not acceptable to the armed forces, or any group of persons not acceptable."
Many Nisei found the situation highly ironic. The U.S. government, using the war as justification, had thrown Japanese Americans into concentration camps. Now the U.S. was asking them to volunteer for its war.
The JACL had lobbied for this "right," arguing it would allow the Nisei to prove their citizenship.
On February 6, registration teams began arriving in the camps to separate the "loyal" from the "disloyal" and to sign up young Nisei men for the armed forces. The registration was supposed take place over 10 days. All internees were required to fill out a four-page questionnaire. Questions 27 and 28 were the decisive questions. Question 27 asked: "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?" Question 28 asked: Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and foreswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power or organization?"
These questions posed problems for the internees. If a Nisei answered yes to question 27, was he volunteering for the armed forces or only saying that he would serve if drafted? Was question 28 a trick question? If someone answered "yes" did that mean he had previous loyalty to the Japanese emperor? For Issei there were even more problems. If they answered "yes" to 28, they were pledging full allegiance to a country that by law refused them citizenship and foreswearing the only citizenship they had--making themselves "stateless people."
The day before registration was to begin at Heart Mountain Camp in Wyoming, a call was put out by a small number of Nisei for a forum to debate the merits of the registration program. On the morning that registration was to begin 500 internees descended on the registration site, demanding that no registrations take place until people had time to think it over and clear up some questions. They threatened to kick the registration table over if any internees were registered. The team gave up and registrations did not proceed on that day.
That evening a group met in the mess hall and decided that Nisei should refuse to register until the government clarified their citizenship rights. By the end of one week only 107 of the nearly 7,600 Heart Mountaineers eligible to register had filled out the form, and only three had volunteered. The administration threatened to charge the protest leaders under the Espionage Act--which made it a felony, punishable by 20 years in prison and a $10,000 fine, to "willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States."
By the time registration concluded at Heart Mountain, only 42 out of more than 1,700 eligible men had volunteered for the service. Almost one in four of the draft-eligible men answered "no" to question number 28, about loyalty to the U.S.; 329 Nisei filed requests for expatriation (to give up their American citizenship and be sent to Japan); 151 Issei filed requests to be sent to Japan.
In his book, Free to Die for Their Country , Eric Muller wrote, "When the registration team left Heart Mountain, it left a very different camp than the one it had found on its arrival five weeks earlier, a camp that nearly overflowed with resentment and bitterness and that was beginning to experiment with organized resistance."
At Tule Lake camp, opposition to registration was even fiercer. Entire blocks voted not to register. One block voted to sign up en masse for expatriation or repatriation. Those who did register were taunted and mocked as inu .
As at Heart Mountain, the authorities at Tule Lake threatened protest leaders with the Espionage Act. They also took things a step further--those who refused to fill out the registration forms were arrested at bayonet point and shipped off to county jail.
The San Francisco Chronicle reported on the scene at Tule Lake as the young men were dragged off to jail: "When the prisoners were carried off they were surrounded by howling Japanese who yelled `Banzai!' `You can't imagine how close we came to machine-gunning the whole bunch of them,' one official said. `The only thing that stopped us I guess, were the effects such a shooting would have had on the Japs holding our boys in Manila and China.' "
By the time the registration was over at Tule Lake the camp administrators had arrested over 100 internees. 49% of eligible Nisei and 42% of the eligible Issei at Tule Lake, either refused to register or answered "no" to the loyalty question.
Out of all internees in all 10 camps only 1,181 Nisei volunteered for the military--only 6% of the nearly 20,000 draft-age U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry in the camps.
Four months after the failed loyalty registration the government announced that those Japanese deemed disloyal because of their answers to questions 27 and 28 were to be incarcerated for the remainder of the war at Tule Lake. Tule Lake was the maximum security camp. But putting the resisters all in one camp gave rise to even more rebellion.
A farm accident, and the administration's response, touched off major protest at Tule Lake. A truck carrying 28 internees to work overturned, killing one man and seriously injuring five others. The camp director, Raymond Best, refused to give permission for a mass funeral for the man who died. But organizers went ahead with their plans and thousands turned out for the funeral.
The prisoners at Tule Lake also started a work stoppage at the camp--which had provided tons of produce to the Army and Navy, various relocation centers and their military garrisons. The protesters de- manded that the authorities give them prisoner of war status under the Geneva Convention, accept responsibility for the farm accident, upgrade the food allowance from 27 to 45 cents per day, establish an evacuee governing body and the resignation of racist officials in charge of the camp.
This set the stage for November 1, 1943, when Dillon Myer, National Director of the WRA, visited Tule Lake. Led by youth, over 5,000 people formed a human barricade around the administration building for three hours while inside, protest leaders confronted Myer with their demands.
The army occupied Tule Lake three days later. A 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew was ordered, tear gas was used to disperse crowds, schools were closed and recreational activities ceased. Anyone suspected of harboring anti-administration feelings was purged from work crews.
On November 14 the army called for a mass outdoor rally to address the camp residents. The rally was elaborately staged with a great deal of fanfare. A WRA staff person described what happened: "At two o'clock, no one came and there was no sign of anyone coming to hear his speech. Like an army man true to his tradition, [Col.] Austin began his speech. No one was there. Not a single soul! Colonel Austin spoke to the air.... It was a pitiful sight that I cannot forget."
In retaliation for this insubordination, the clampdown was intensified in an all-out drive to crush the resistance. Arrest warrants went out for all leaders. Many of the leaders were able to go into hiding to escape capture. Martial law was declared to give the army unlimited powers of search and seizure. Midnight raids were conducted. On November 26, a camp-wide dragnet was conducted after the community refused to betray their hidden leaders. Four of the top leaders were able to elude capture.
The authorities built a prison within the concentration camp to house those who were arrested. Prisoners, including many minors, remained locked in this stockade for long periods without any trial or hearing.
Resistance continued for several months. The camp residents often had no food, milk, hot water, or warm clothes. In the freezing cold of winter, one prisoner at Tule Lake recounted, "Many people with children had no shoes, no money, no clothing. Some of the children were beginning to go barefooted."
The army gave support to conservative sections of the community like the JACL, who started to blame the hardships on the "extremism" of the protest leaders. In December the remaining protest leaders turned themselves in to the FBI, thinking they would get a fair hearing. This was a mistaken idea. The FBI marched the activist leaders over to the Army Commandant who immediately isolated them in the "little stockade" made of flimsy unheated isolation tents. After surviving eleven freezing days and nights under heavy guard, they were thrown back in with the main stockade population.
With their leaders incarcerated, resistance at Tule Lake shifted to issues concerning the stockade. The prisoners in the stockade carried out three hunger strikes. The first began on New Year's Day 1944 after prisoners were beaten by guards
The administration tried to isolate the stockade prisoners by building a large fence around the area, censoring mail and denying any visits. Bold youth defied the rules by carrying on yelling conversations with inmates whenever the sentry was not at his post.
On January 20, 1944 the War Department announced that they would start drafting the interned Nisei who had not volunteered. By early February draft notices started to arrive at the camps.
WRA Director Dillon Myer laid out the penalties of resistance in a memorandum: "Any evacuee in a relocation center who refuses to report for induction when called will be guilty of a violation of the selective service act and subject to criminal penalties... No real or fancied grievances will be allowed to interfere with this operation."
"The way I figured," a Tule Lake resister recalled, prison "couldn't be much worse than it was here anyway. We were in a prison to begin with. Going to prison wouldn't have been too much different; the food might even have been better."
There was draft resistance at all of the camps. At Tule Lake, 29 internees refused induction and were arrested by soldiers and taken away to county jails to await trial. At Minidoka, known as something of a "model" camp, 15% were refusing induction by April.
The most determined and organized draft resistance took place at the camp at Heart Mountain, where 85 young men resisted the draft. A group called the Fair Play Committee (FPC) was formed after the draft was announced. Mimeographed sheets were posted around the camp and passed from hand to hand. Soon FPC meetings were packing the mess halls.
An FPC manifesto declared: "Without any hearings, without due process of law as guaranteed by the Constitution and Bill of Rights, without any charges filed against us, without any evidence of wrongdoing on our part, one hundred and ten thousand innocent people were kicked out of their homes, literally uprooted from where they lived and herded like dangerous criminals into concentration camps with barbed wire fence and military police guarding it. And then, without rectification of any of the injustices committed against us and without restoration of our rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, we are ordered to join the army through discriminatory procedures into a segregated combat unit...We members of the Fair Play Committee hereby refuse to go to the physical examination or to the induction, if or when we are called in order to contest the issue."
The FPC got support from Jimmie Omura, a courageous journalist who was editor of the Rocky Shimpo , a Japanese/ English newspaper published in Utah, and his columns and editorials helped spread news of the draft resistance at Heart Mountain. (Japanese Americans not on the West Coast were not incarcerated.)
The camp administration at Heart Mountain responded quickly to the protest. Two of the key leaders of the struggle were shipped off to Tule Lake. The American Civil Liberties Union refused to intervene on their behalf because, according to the ACLU National Director, the leaders "would be a poor representative of the evacuees on the outside and might generally interfere with the relocation program." All public meetings of the FPC were banned in Heart Mountain.
The administration was helped by the JACL and by the pro-administration camp paper, The Heart Mountain Sentinel,which enthusiastically supported the draft and viciously attacked the FPC and Omura. But the actions of the JACL went beyond pro-administration rhetoric. A WRA official in Denver wrote to WRA Director Myer, "The JACL is working hand and glove with the FBI to hang Omura if they possibly can." Two JACL leaders were allowed to go into the jails to interview the resisters, supposedly to help them. In fact the JACL was conducting surveillance for the WRA and submitted reports which were used to identify the protest leaders.
The FBI threatened to shut down the Rocky Shimpo if Omura was not removed as English language editor. Omura stepped down and was replaced by a reporter who had been screened for his attitude toward the U.S. government.
On May 10, 1944, Omura and seven leaders of the FPC were indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with conspiring to counsel, aid and abet young men to resist the draft.
Most of the trials of the draft resisters were nothing but kangaroo courts, with a guilty verdict a foregone conclusion. The Heart Mountain resisters were tried in front of Judge Kennedy, an open racist who argued for laws restricting the right to vote for Black people.
Judge Clark, who heard the case of the Minidoka resisters as governor of Idaho in 1942, argued against plans to move the West Coast Japanese to his state saying, "I am so prejudiced that my reasoning might be a little off, because I don't trust any of them." Judge Clark's solution to what he called the "Jap problem" was to "send them all back to Japan and then sink the island."
Almost all of the draft resisters were convicted. While the sentences varied greatly from court to court, most resisters were sentenced to about three years in federal prison. In the case of Omura and the seven FPC leaders all except for Omura were found guilty and sentenced to two- or four-year prison terms. While Omura was found not guilty, he was never able to work again as a journalist and ended up making his living as a landscaper. The charges against the seven were thrown out on appeal after they had served nearly two years in prison.
The Tule Lake resisters were tried in Eureka, one of the most racist cities on the West Coast. At a dinner before the start of the trial, attended by the judge and prosecutors, one of the attorneys appointed to defend the resisters made fun of his own clients and ended a speech speaking in a mock Japanese accent.
It looked like conviction for the Tule Lake resisters was a foregone conclusion. However, the judge in the case, Louis E. Goodman, was a son of immigrants who, as a Jew, had experienced racism and discrimination growing up in San Francisco. Judge Goodman ended up dismissing the charges against the resisters, saying that the case "shocked the conscience." The victory was largely symbolic, however, because the defendants were merely returned to the Tule Lake concentration camp where they remained for the rest of the war.
What Would You Have Done?
"In the 1940s, 120,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated and put away in internment camps in isolated areas because of war hysteria, racism, and distrust. Today the same thing is happening to new targets: the Arabs, the Muslims, the South Asians or those who look like them. We must protect our Middle East and South Asian friends and neighbors."
Yuri Kochiyama, activist and former
detainee in a concentration camp,
speaking at this year's October 22
National Day of Protest to Stop Police Brutality in Oakland
Despite the heroism of the Japanese internees inside the camps, the resistance never developed to the point where the government was forced to close down the camps and free the Japanese. Much of the resistance remained scattered and isolated inside the camps, without any real understanding of the system that they were up against. Resistance took different forms--from supporting the Japanese government (which was waging the war for its own imperialist purposes) to protests with big illusions about American democracy.
A key factor in all this was the role played by the revisionist Communist Party, USA. Rather than lead a real fight against this whole injustice--both inside the camps as well as among people in society as a whole--the CPUSA became cheerleaders for the U.S. war effort. At some camps CP supporters were the first to volunteer for the U.S. war effort, often in direct opposition to boycotts by the "disloyal." One "leftist" in the camps reported how they were attacked by young "hoodlums" who threw rocks and threatened them as they worked making camouflage netting for the U.S. army. Many CP inu ended up in protective custody, segregated from the camp population "for their own protection."
Another factor that held back the resistance was that the polarization in society outside the camps remained very unfavorable to the interned Japanese. Many so-called liberals supported the internment or refused to speak out against it. The national American Civil Liberties Union took the position that the internment of the Japanese fell within the scope of the President's war powers and decided to only concern itself with how the internment was carried out. No newspapers reported on the conditions of the interned. With no support coming from U.S. society, it is not surprising that many Japanese Americans felt isolated and unable to get sympathy for their situation and support for any resistance.
Today with a new wave of attacks coming down against Muslim, Arab and South Asian immigrants it is important for people to critically examine this period and learn the lessons of history to step up our struggle.
Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps, Michi Weglyn, Morrow Books, 1976
"U.S. Concentration Camps in World War 2," Revolutionary Worker #113, July 10, 1981
" Treachery of the CPUSA ," RW #118, August 21, 1981
Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War 2, Eric Muller, University of Chicago Press, 2001
Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience , ed. by Lawson Fusao Inada, Heyday Books, 2000
"Conscience and the Constitution"--Video documentary written, produced and directed by Frank Abe, Independent Television Service, 2000
This article is posted in English and Spanish on Revolutionary Worker Online
Write: Box 3486, Merchandise Mart, Chicago, IL 60654
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Did Elvis Go to the Army? Please go through the entire article to know about this famous American singer and keep connected with us.
Do you know who Elvis Presley was? Do you have any information about him? If not, then you should follow the full article. Elvis Presley was mainly famous for his rock and roll music in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. But what do you think? Did Elvis Go to the Army?
You will be amazed that this famous American singer served in the United States Army for two years. Yes, you are reading it correctly. Elvis Presley joined the United States Army in 1958.
Military career of Elvis Presley:
Elvis Presley went to Memphis and joined the United States Army at Tennessee, on 24th March 1958. After joining the army, he lived for three days at Arkansas, the Fort Chaffee, and Reception Station. At Fort Dix, New Jersey, Elvis Presley left active duty on 5th March 1960. Did Elvis Go to War? During this period, Elvis Presley fought two different armour battalions.
Elvis belonged to Company-A, 37th Armor, 2nd Medium Tank Battalion, between 28th March 1958 to 17th September 1958, stationed at Texas (Fort Hood). During this time, he completed his primary and advanced army training. Next, he joined as a member of the 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 32d Armor. And finally, on 23rd March 1964, Elvis Presley received a discharge from the Army Reserve.
Did Elvis Have a Twin Brother?
The answer is yes. Elvis Presley had a twin brother. In East Tupelo, Mississippi, Elvis Presley was born on 8th January 1935. And after 35 minutes of his birth, Jesse Garon Presley, the identical twin brother of Elvis Presley, was born. But unfortunately, Jesse Garon Presley died. And the next day, Gladys and Vernon, the parents of Elvis Presley, buried their son Jesse in Priceville Cemetery. So, Elvis Presley was the one and only child of his parents.
How Did Elvis Mother Die?
On 14th August 1958, Gladys Presley, the mother of Elvis Presley, died. She was only forty-six years old. Everyone said that the cause of her death was a heart attack. But later, her family came to know that due to alcohol poisoning, she was suffering from liver failure. And this was the main reason behind the heart attack. Elvis broke into tears at her funeral and said she was not dead; she was just sleeping. It was indeed a painful moment for him.
Elvis Presley Kids:
Lisa Marie Presley is the only child of Elvis Presley. Like her father, Lisa is also a very famous American singer. In Las Vegas, on 1st May 1967, Elvis Presley and Priscilla Presley married. And on 1st February 1968, Lisa Marie Presley was born. Lisa Marie Presley is also famous for a reason. She was the wife of Michael Jackson.
The Last Words:
That’s it for today’s article. Many of us may not know Lisa Marie Presley as Elvis Presley Daughter, but we know her for Michael Jackson. If you still have doubts, click on the link to get more information about Elvis Presley– .
Have you listened to his songs? Comment below.


We discuss the history and traditions of Christmas.
Our guests are: CPT. Maureen Bannon, Ben Harnwell, Father Robert McTeigue S.J., Raymond Ibrahim
Aired On: 12/24/2021
On the Web: http://www.warroom.org
On Podcast: http://warroom.ctcin.bio
On TV: PlutoTV Channel 240, Dish Channel 219, Roku, Apple TV, FireTV or on https://AmericasVoice.news. #news #politics #realnews


Over the weekend of June 12th through 14th, the town of Butler, Pennsylvania will host their fifth annual Bantam Jeep Heritage Festival. Expected to draw thousands of Jeep fans from all over the country, the festival features three days of Jeep related events, activities, displays and Show & Shine. For those who may not know, American Bantam Car Company of Butler, Pennsylvania was the birthplace of the Bantam Reconnaissance Car (BRC), one of the first three prototypes of light reconnaissance vehicles submitted to the government during World War II and sparking the beginning of the Jeep craze that we know today. 2015 marks the 75th year of that first prototype and Butler, PA is set to host an event to remember with trail rides, a mud pit, hundreds of Jeeps on display, including historically significant 1940’s era Jeeps that will feature a recreation of the first BRC. Organizers of the event will also attempt to break the Festival’s own 2011 Guinness World Record by creating the longest Jeep parade in history. For more information visit bantamjeepfestival.com.
If you’re like me and you’ve owned many offroad vehicles over the years, you’re probably equipped your latest offroader acquisition with hand-me-downs from the previous generation 4×4’s. For me I’m either trying to save money […]
Installation and Review of the Maximus-3 Winch Mount, Bumper Hoop, Hook Anchors & D-Ring Loops The Mopar designed Rubicon X front bumper is a great foundation for a superb, strong and utilitarian styled factory front end. As part […]
Maximus-3 Build Package Thoughts and Analysis.When we lifted Project Rubicon X and installed a full set of 35″ Mickey Thompson MTZ P3’s we had to do something about accommodating the new 35″ spare tire. There […]


An official Path Through History Site! Built c. 1785 for Charles Doughty, the son a wealthy Quaker, the house derives its name from Doughty's son-in-law, British sea captain Joseph King, who bought the property in 1801. In the 1960s, the house was saved from demolition and moved to Weeping Beech Park, the former nursery of 19th century horticulturalist Samuel Bowne Parsons, who planted the first weeping beech tree in America in the park. The house, headquarters of the Queens Historical Society, features local history exhibitions and a library as well as facility rentals too. As the home of Queens Historical Society, it features exhibitions that explore historical aspects of NY City's largest borough as well as tours and displays that reveal the history of the house and the lives of its people.


Of Arms and the Man
Born in 1917, Sassan Tabatabai’s grandfather was a lifelong military man, serving in the Iranian army until the Islamic revolution of 1979. But as Tabatabai would later learn, the late Assadollah Tayefeh Mohajer was a gifted writer as well as a soldier.
Mohajer ascended to the rank of major general before he escaped the Ayatollah Khomeini regime, and he later relocated with his extended family to Atlanta, where he lived out the rest of his days. Many of his compatriots were not as fortunate. Even some of those who managed to escape to Europe were hunted down and assassinated.
When Mohajer died of a stroke in 1995, he willed his eldest grandchild a sheaf of handwritten papers, including poems, memoirs, and correspondence composed in elegant Persian script on everything from legal pads to Post-it Notes. Now Tabatabai—who is a lecturer in Persian in the Department of Modern Languages & Comparative Literature, a humanities instructor in the Core Curriculum, and poetry editor of The Republic of Letters—is deep into the task of transcribing, translating, and annotating the collection’s 300 pages, which is as much a labor of love as it is the body of a doctoral thesis.
This doctorate, in Editorial Studies, will be the second for Tabatabai, who was in his teens when his family fled Iran, first to Germany and then to the U.S.
With degrees in political science, international relations, and communication, as well as Persian literature and history, Tabatabai has achieved prominence as a translator of classical Persian verse—and also as a poet in his own right. Tabatabai shared a special kinship with Mohajer. “My grandfather knew I liked literature and trusted me to understand his references to classical poetry,” he says.
Mohajer’s memoirs recount significant family events, some of which are set in Iran’s mountainous Kurdish north. From these documents, Tabatabai learned the story of his mother’s birth in a frigid army outpost and how the region’s lone midwife was brought on horseback to deliver the child. He also discovered details of Mohajer’s education as a baby-faced military cadet, his deep love for his homeland, and the indignation that he felt toward the Islamic Republic.
In addition to the insight that they offer into Mohajer’s personal experiences and those of his family, the documents he left behind serve as a record of nearly a century of Iranian history. Among the writings are passages relating the occupation of northern Iran by Soviet forces after World War II, and the subsequent struggle that led to the restoration of Iranian sovereignty in the area.
Mohajer never showed his writings to anyone. “He wrote it all for himself,” Tabatabai says, opening a folder to reveal a series of brief entries, as well as exquisitely penned lines of verse in the classical Persian form. “I’m trying to figure out what’s a fragment and what’s a complete poem.”
Tabatabai believes, however, that his grandfather intended his memoirs to be published someday. “He even gave the work a title: Memoirs of an Unknown Soldier.”
In “Caspian Summer,” a poem from Tabatabai’s own collection, Uzunburun, published by The Pen & Anvil Press, he writes:
Strange, that as autumn leaves
bruise in New England, I can still
taste the air of a Caspian summer,
heavy with humidity and salt.
Strange, that as time thickens, the distance
between us shrinks.
Thanks to the collection of manuscripts he inherited and their shared love of the written word, the same might be said for Tabatabai and his grandfather.


Paris, University of
University of Paris, at Paris, France; founded 12th cent., confirmed 1215 by papal bull. The most famous of its colleges was the Sorbonne, which opened in 1253 and gained academic and theological distinction during the late Middle Ages and early modern times; the name Sorbonne was often used to designate the university itself. The university was suppressed during the French Revolution and replaced in 1808 by an academy of the centralized Imperial Univ. of France (later the Univ. of France). In 1890 it was reestablished as a university.
The student riots of 1968, which paralyzed Paris for weeks, centered around the university and led to radical changes. In 1970 the university was divided into 13 universities located in Paris and its suburbs, and further reforms followed under the Higher Education Act of 1983. The new universities are state institutions enjoying academic and financial autonomy, operated under the jurisdiction of the minister of education and financed by the state. Each institution has a different focus and scale, appropriate to its status as an autonomous "unit of teaching and research." Paris IX, or Paris Dauphine Univ., for example, which focuses on business, finance, and computer sciences, has some 10,000 students, while Paris I, or Pantheon-Sorbonne Univ., with a more general curriculum, enrolls some 40,000.


Contains advertising material.
|Statement||Full description of the great battle, and diagram of the painting on exhibition at Portland, Oregon.|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||67|
The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in , the Battle of Gettysburg in , the Battle of the Wilderness in , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing tomsseweranddrainserviceoh.comon: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, . Photo by smokejmt. Links to Individual Top 10 Gettysburg Book Lists. These Civil War bloggers released their Top 10 Civil War Books on the Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg on their own blogs over the three day anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg from July , Gettysburg. The Camp ign. June – July. CMH Pub 75– Cover: Scene from the Gettysburg Cyclorama painting, The Battle of Gettysburg, by. Paul Phillippoteaux, depicting Pickett’s Charge and fighting at the Angle. Photograph ©Bill Dowling, Dowling Photography. by. Carol Reardon and. Tom Vossler Center of Military History. “What was the Battle of Gettysburg?” By Jim O’Connor is an informational/ non fiction book about the battle of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg is about a war between the Southern states and the Northern states to decide if slavery is right or wrong/5.
In the summer of , Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched his second invasion of the Northern states. Forces collided at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from July , It resulted in an estimated 51, casualties on both sides, the bloodiest single battle of the entire war. Apr 16, · 15 videos Play all I Survived the Battle of Gettysburg Jennifer Bruckler Hollywood Graveyard in The Land of Oz - Duration: Hollywood Graveyard Recommended for you. Battle Summary: The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1–July 3, ), was the largest battle of the American Civil War as well as the largest battle ever fought in North America, involving around 85, men in the Union’s Army of the Potomac under Major General George Gordon Meade and approximately 75, in the Confederacy’s Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert. Newer Topics. In the last 10 to 15 years, new topics and areas of interest have arisen here are just a few of them: Lee's Retreat One of the often overlooked and less studied phases of the Gettysburg Campaign has been the Confederate Army's retreat to Virginia after the 3-day battle and the ensuing pursuit by the Union Army.
Battle of Gettysburg, major engagement in the American Civil War that was fought southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and was a crushing Southern defeat. The three-day conflict involved more than 71, Confederate troops commanded by General Robert E. Lee and nearly 94, Union troops under General George Meade. Gettysburg campaign, June–July, , series of decisive battles of the U.S. Civil War. The Road to Gettysburg After his victory in the battle of Chancellorsville, Confederate general Robert E. Lee undertook a second invasion of the North. The reorganized Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac (June 17) via the Shenandoah valley, which Richard S. Ewell (2d Corps), as leader of the. This sets Gettysburg —Seething Hell apart from many thousands of books about the Civil War. The lavish production offers a stunning new perspective on the most famous battle of the American Civil War. More than a decade in the making, this powerful book is storytelling at its most riveting. Mar 29, · This will be the first in a series of member polls about things you love about the American Civil War. In this post we will be exploring the many book choices available about the Battle of Gettysburg. Brett Schulte of TOCWOC wrote an blog post a .


I am Leann Ewoldt. I am the daughter of Bernard Eugene Ewoldt, who is son of Bernhart Ewoldt. Bernhart is one of Henry Ewoldt's sons. Who came from Grand Island, Ne. Bernhart and his brother Hans came to Thedford, Ne. to start a ranch in the sandhills of Nebraska. I am trying to discover more about the history of my great grandfather. Bernhart Ewoldt is living in North Platte, Ne and Bernard Ewoldt is living in Valentine, Ne. If you to learn more about this branch of the Ewoldt Family tree feel free to write.


It was opened in Fall 2011 and replaced the Old Segundo Services Center which was the building that housed the original Segundo Dining commons, the old Segundo Service Desk, the original Junction, and the old Academic Advising Center.
During construction, the Segundo high rise dorms also received upgrades. They closed for about one year. Regan underwent some construction, but is not in the area of the SSC.
The new Segundo Services Center was built on land that used to be parking lot 24 and part of the old Segundo Services Center. This allowed more lawn area after the new building was built.


American colossus thesis
Wyatt essay paragraph 5 persuasive february 6, 2018 @ 8:53 pm bp oil spill research paper report vivi essay kate chopin research paper pdf writing a belonging. Find great deals for colossus : the price of america's empire by niall ferguson (2004, hardcover) shop with confidence on ebay. This hatred of men and the unhealthiness of her mental condition continue to ground the figures of the colossus modern american her honor's thesis during. This thesis explores the crazy horse memorial orientation film and its rhetorical claim to represent lakota values in the rhetorically contested black hills of south. Title: james jacobik thesis book, author: james jacobik, name: brown, w j (2009, may 21) american colossus: the grain elevator: adaptive reuse.
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Notes on h w brands' american colossus thesis: during the decades morgan and his fellow capitalists effected a stunning transformation in american life. American colossus has 1,183 ratings and 115 reviews randy said: h w brands is one of the historians made popular by “the ken burns phenomenon” of. Click to read more about american colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900 by h w brands librarything is a cataloging and social networking site for booklovers. Analytical book review instructions the thesis is the primary idea the author is trying to prove and convince the reader to american colossus.
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It has often been noted that while the american union was established by the revolution, the american nation was forged only upon the awful anvil of the.
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- A summary of a classic american poem emma lazarus is most famous for writing this one poem, ‘the new colossus’, which adorns the pedestal of the statue.
- Nicholas kissamis the united states since 1877 hist 1302-24045 october 23, 2012 h w brands american colossus: the triumph of capitalism, 1865-1900.
- While the french had kept their end of the bargain by completing the statue itself, the americans had still not fulfilled their commitment to erect a pedestal.


Kingsnorth Church – St Michael and All Angels
There has been a Church in Kingsnorth from Saxon Times but the present building probably dates from the 11thC. There are examples of 13thC and 14thC stained glass remaining in some of the windows. The chancel was rebuilt in the 18thC following a storm and the two side chapels were demolished at this time. Major restoration was carried out in the 19thC at which time the stained glass in the East Window was installed. At this time and again in the 1920s work was carried out to try and cure the problem of rising damp due to the high water table. In 2006 major restoration was once again required and in addition to repairs to the tower and external stonework it was decided that an extension would be built on the site of the old chantry chapel on the north side of the building and that the interior of the church would be re-ordered. This involved digging out the interior of the church and laying a new suspended floor to try and cure the problem of the rising damp (This has been largely successful). The old pews and choir stalls were replaced with modern stackable pews to enable a more flexible use of the space, new lighting and a new heating system was installed. This has resulted in a light airy user friendly building. At the back of the church a glass screen was erected forming a separate area. This provides a space where parents can take their children if they become restless during the services. The ground floor of the extension consists of a large meeting room with kitchenette plus toilet. On the first floor there is a choir vestry and church office. There are currently plans to install a second toilet on this floor. On the second floor there is a further small meeting room and a store room.
Shadoxhurst Church – St Peter and St Paul
The Church of St Peter and St Paul dates from the 13th century and is the oldest remaining building in the village. This small and simple church consists only of one aisle and a chancel. Until 1788 a wooden tower rose from the ground at the western end and contained three bells.
When the tower was demolished two of the bells were sold for £22.The one remaining bell now hangs in the bellcote. By 1868 the church was so dilapidated that an architect pronounced it dangerous and closed it forthwith. The cost of restoration was put at £600. Miraculously, for such a poor parish the money was raised and the church re-opened in 1869 amid great celebrations. In 1952 more work was needed to restore the roof and turret and in 1964 the church was closed again for a year due to a sudden outbreak of dry rot that necessitated the complete removal of all floorboards, the pulpit, lectern and pews. During the closure the congregation were welcomed to the Methodist Chapel for services and joint services of Remembrance and Christmas continue today.


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Date: 1905 ca.
Description: View of a dam and power house.
Date: 1890 ca.
Description: Exterior stereographic view of the Polk County Press Office with three men standing and three children seated on its front porch.
Date: date unknown
Description: Black and white postcard of Cemelia Lake.
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Elevated view of crowd of men, women and children, gathered for some unidentified occasion, standing in the street. There is also a group of people gathere...
Description: Color photographic postcard of a man in a fishing boat on Woodley's Dam north of Amery. View of the dammed water surrounded by pine trees.
Date: 1914 ca.
Description: Map shows townships, schools, creameries, post offices, and roads. The left side of the map features a legend with symbols for points of interest.
Description: The Methodist Episcopal Church in Balsam Lake.
Description: The football team of clear Lake High School. Gaylord Nelson, later governor of Wisconsin and U.S. Senator, is second from the left in the front row.
Description: Exterior view of the Polk County Training School for Teachers.
Description: Photographic postcard of Harriman Avenue in the residential district. A little girl stands with her baby carriage on the sidewalk between a telephone pole...
Description: Children playing on swing set in front of an automobile. A man is seated on a picnic table nearby.
Description: Tent covering the excavation site of the bones of extinct bison. Milo Mickelson and Lester Giesler stand in the doorway of the tent.
Description: Section 1 of a Sanborn map of Osceola.
Date: 1874 after
Description: This map shows townships and sections, post offices, roads, and railroads. The left margin reads: "For sale at Cushing Land Agency, St. Croix Falls, Wis. 4...
Description: Five examples of typical Wisconsin flint weapon points found at Interstate Park.
Description: "An annual crop of rocks" at the George A. Nelson Farm.
Date: 1920 ca.
Description: One of the oldest houses in Osceola.
Description: View of a rural lake with a footbridge leading to a small island.
Date: 1880 ca.
Description: Stereoview of the Dalles and the Saint Croix River with man in the foreground.
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: A view of Main Street, looking north.
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The Glamorgan Family History Society have produced a set of microfiche containing Monumental Inscriptions for the following burial grounds :-
- Parish Church of St. Mary
- Twyn-yr-Odyn Baptist Chapel
- Zoar Chapel
- Wenvoe Community Cemetery
Wenvoe - on Wikipedia
Conservation areas within the Vale of Glamorgan. See Wenvoe - "Conservation areas are areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance"
Various landscapes - on the People's Collection Wales site
You can see pictures of Wenvoe which are provided by:
Some of the hamlets, towns and villages within this parish
You can see the
administrative areas in which Wenvoe has been placed at times in the past. Select one to see a link to a map of that particular area.
This diagram shows the position of this parish within the county of Glamorgan - click on this to see a full size diagram of the county
Plan of the parish of Wenvoe in the County of Glamorgan - on the People's Collection Wales site
Parish map (Kain/Oliver)
You can see maps centred on OS grid reference ST111720 (Lat/Lon: 51.439716, -3.280621), Wenvoe which are provided by:


ROSKOPF - Georges Frédéric, La Chaux de Fonds
Georges F. Roskopf (1813-1889) was born in Germany and became a naturalized Swiss.
In 1829 he went to La Chaux de Fonds and began training in commerce with F. MAIRET & SANDOZ who dealt in ironmongery and watch parts.
In 1833 he decided to become a watchmaker and went as an apprentice to J. BIBER in La Chaux de Fonds to learn watchmaking.
Financed by his wife, he then set up in business as an établisseur,
that is, a watch producer who bought the ebauche and all other parts of the
watch and assembled them. He made cylinder and lever watches for export to North
America and Belgium.
The watches were well made, the business was not profitable and in 1850 Roskopf sold it.
In 1851 he became joint manager of the La Chaux de Fonds branch of B. J. Guttman Frères of Wurzburg. They made English-type watches.
In 1855 Georges Roskopf set up in business with his son, Fritz Edouard, and Henri Gindraux as ROSKOPF, GINDRAUX & CO.
After two years his son opened his own business in Geneva and Gindraux went
to Neuchâtel to become Director of the Watchmaking School.
Roskopf was an idealist who dreamed of making a good quality, cheap watch for working men. To accomplish this he used an old idea and reworked it, that of having the hands driven directly by the mainspring.
In 1860 he began to design such a watch which could be sold for 20 francs, and would still be of excellent quality, simple and solid. The watch had a large barrel in the center. a "Perron" pin lever escapement, and a monometallic balance. After discussions with Moritz J. Grossman he adopted the simple detached pin lever escapement.
Listing of the features for the new caliber:
1 Escapement on a platform normally using a pin lever design but possible with a lever or cyinder escapement;
2. No center wheel but a large barrel;
3. Motion work to hands direct from the barrel arbor;
4. Philippe free spring with no stopwork;
5. Button wind but with handset by finger pressure.
Roskopf met indifference and hostility among the watchmakers of the area who were still working as a home industry and who did not wish to make a watch such as he was offering. It is said, that in 1866 Roskopf ordered two boxes of ebauches from EMILE ROULET and asked GUSTAVE ROSSELET to make escapements; both refused to take his orders because of the novelty of the work. He finally succeeded in producing a watch in 1867, using ebauches and cases from the MALLERAY WATCH CO., and parts from many other makers, and having them assembled in Damprichard, Doubs, France, by M. Chatelain. The original order to MALLERAY was 2000. By the end of 1867 he was in business and by 1870 he had ordered 20,000 ebauches.
Roskopf was granted US patent No. 75,463 10 Mar. 1868, for a changeable escapement for watches (this patent said that the escapement could be adapted for use with a cylinder or lever as well as a pin pallet). Roskopf patented his watch in France with French patent No. 80611 of 25 Mar. 1868 for a watch with a type of platform escapement. He patented his designs in several countries (Belgium, No. 21988, 3 Aug. 1867) but never in Switzerland, because Switzerland did not yet have a patenting system, and because the idea had been used there before his use of it.
Through the influence of the House of BREGUET in Paris, Roskopf was able to present his watch at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1868 and won a Bronze Medal. From then on BREGUET began to send him orders. Some movements were supplied to BOREL & COURVOISIER. Other orders poured in.
The Roskopf watch was exhibited at the Amsterdam Exhibition in 1869 and won a Silver Medal.
In 1870 Georges Roskopf introduced a second design with a setting mechanism; this watch cost 25 francs. In it he reduced the number of parts, simplified the escapement fitting, and introduced an improved winding. The escapement was assembled on its own adjustable platform. The watch was SW and pin-set. In his oversize barrel he arranged to use Adrien Philippe’s (Patek,Philippe) patent free mainspring without stopworks for which he paid a royalty on each watch.
In 1873 Roskopf handed over his business to WILLE FRERES and their associates, CH. LEON SCHMID.
When Roskpof died in 1889 a number of firms claimed to be his ‚true successor‘
But WILLE FRERES actually had the rights on the firm.
WILLE FRERES and VVE CH. L. SCHMID had been using Roskopf trade mark for years before G. F. Roskopf’s death, with his permission.
By this time the idea of the Roskopf-type watch was becoming popular in Switzerland and a number of Swiss companies began making ‚Roskopf‘ watches.
In order to be really cheap, the watch had to be machine-manufactured and not so well made.
These watches were pin-levers and did not have the platform escapement.


An Overview of Redmond's History
Redmond, Washington, sits in a fertile basin created by ancient glaciers that once covered much of the region. Thousands of years before the first fur trappers entered the area's dense forests, the Sammamish Valley's rich bottomland provided shelter and food for Native Americans who welcomed the newcomers of largely European descent. The abundant salmon in the Squak Slough, or Sammamish River, was so great that men were said to rake the fish from the water, and thus, the frontier settlement that eventually came to be called Redmond was first known as Salmonberg.
In 1871,Warren Wentworth Perrigo and the town's namesake, Captain Luke McRedmond, were the first pioneers to stake land claims on the north end of Lake Sammamish. The early homesteaders' greatest challenge was clearing the towering trees, which were of such enormous girth that available equipment was inadequate. While the immediate solution was a method of felling the giants by burning their trunks above the roots, the challenge itself soon led to Redmond's first economic boom. Loggers poured into the valley in the 1880s and, in 1890 near Issaquah, John Peterson built the first sawmill east of Lake Sammamish. Campbell Mill was built in 1905 at Campton, followed by other prosperous lumber and shingle operations whose substantial payrolls created a demand for products and services.
Steamboats were the only practical transportation during Redmond's early years of few roads and thick forests. Chugging up and down the Sammamish River and crisscrossing the lake that feeds it, the flat-bottomed boats carried goods and passengers until 1916 when the Chittenden Locks opened, lowering local lakes and waterways by nine feet. In 1888, the year before Washington became a state, the Seattle Lake Shore & Eastern Railway came to this wilderness community, and with its arrival, the marketability of Redmond's timber was ensured.
During its logging heydays, Redmond was a rollicking town of saloons, hotels, dance halls, movie theaters and eateries. The Redmond Trading Company was the community's first brick building in 1908, and soon other brick structures were erected, notably: Bill Brown's Garage, the Old Redmond Schoolhouse, the Brown Building, and the Redmond State Bank, whose largest depositors when it opened in 1911 were lumber mills. But as in other Western towns of the era, most buildings were wooden and, when ablaze, were especially vulnerable to complete devastation for lack of a public water system. Indeed, repeated and disastrous fires were the primary impetus for the stable community of 300 residents to become a fourth-class town in 1912. Incorporation allowed Redmond to tax its thriving saloons and finance a modern waterworks.
Frederick A. Reil was the town's first mayor, and during his term Redmond bloomed. Many new buildings rose downtown and automobiles became a frequent sight on Main Street (Today's Leary Way). Four years ahead of the nation, Washington state in 1916 adopted Prohibition, which led to bootlegging operations within the town and many liquor stills in the woods surrounding it.
As aggressive logging destroyed virgin forests, the local timber industry quickly faded in the 1920s, and agriculture became the mainstay of Redmond's economy. On the hills and in the valleys once home to deer, bear and bobcats, farmers struggled to remove massive stumps – often with dynamite. They fenced their land for dairy cattle, built structures for chickens and mink, staked acres of berries, and planted profitable farms.
The population grew little during this period, with many young adults seeking jobs elsewhere during the Great Depression. A silver lining from that era was the community spirit that led to the Redmond Bike Derby – a fundraiser begun in 1939 to buy Christmas decorations for the town and school athletic gear. The nation's oldest, continuous bike race, the event itself grew to become Derby Days, Redmond's annual civic festival.
From the early days of steamboats and horse-drawn stages, the natural progression of better roads and dependable transportation has facilitated Redmond's growth. The town's population was 503 in 1940 when the first Lake Washington floating bridge opened, commencing a slow, steady increase of residents. The completion of the Evergreen Point floating bridge in 1963 initiated vigorous residential growth, which like the logging boom of the 1880s, created a demand for local goods and services.
Some land parcels were set aside as parks, the largest of which was Marymoor – formerly the Willowmoor Farm. Among its notable dwellers was Bellevue developer Kemper Freeman, Jr., who spent his childhood summers living and raising cattle there.
Redmond's high-tech industrial growth began slowly in the 1960s, and by century's end helped push the population to 45,256. The first tech companies to locate here included United Control (1961), which made aircraft electronics. United Control was bought by Sunstrand, then by Allied Signal. This company is today owned by Honeywell Corporation. Rocket Research Company started operations in Redmond in 1968. Today named Aerojet Rocketdyne, its heritage includes manufacturing thrusters for NASA's Mars missions. Nintendo of America moved its corporate offices to Redmond in 1982, and Microsoft arrived in 1986. Along with smaller tech companies, those corporate giants brought an influx of workers, and their families, from other countries, making Redmond a much more diverse town than just a few decades earlier.
Other major companies to locate in Redmond included Eddie Bauer (clothing), Genie Industries (lifting equipment), Physio-Control (medical devices) and Sundstrand (aircraft equipment maker later absorbed by Honeywell).
Redmond continues to grow and evolve as a dynamic city. Today, its residents embrace the future with their long tradition of community pride, participation, and pioneer spirit.
Written in 2001 by Society co-founder Naomi Hardy. Updated in 2013 by Miguel Llanos and Rosemarie Ives.


Lot# 210 - Auction 227-233
Napoleonic Occupation 1799 (Oct 5 / 14 Brumaire): Entire letter with 'Armée D'Orient' printed 'Liberté Egalité' letter-head, mailed to an Officer on Reynier's Staff within occupied Cairo from 'Gaston, Agent en Chef des Hôpitaux Militaires'. Fresh and fine, a scarce entire. Signed Pothion, Todd AIEP.rnrnNote: General Jean Reynier (1771-1814) commanded a division at the Battle of the Pyramids, the Siege of El Arish and the Siege of Acre.
Starting bid :
Hammer price : 320 CHF
E-mail notification for pdf download


Cross for War service with makers marking of AD.B.L. in a circle in the center of the rear of the medal. Obverse has relief dates 1914-1918.
Mar 26, 2019
Germany WW1 War merit cross with swords – AD.B.L. in CircleWritten by anguspm
Collector of WW2 German medals and badges with a focus on the combat badges. Also any British medals to Macleod or Mcleod


Harper Macleod Partner Jennifer Jack was part of the team which represented Historic Environment Scotland in the public inquiry which upheld the refusal of planning applications to turn Edinburgh's former Royal High School into a hotel.
Scottish Ministers have today (27 October) issued their decisions on the four planning and listed building consent appeals in relation to the proposed redevelopment.
The former Royal High School is a category A listed building of international importance. It is prominently sited on the southern slope of Calton Hill, which is included in the national Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. The site is within the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site, and the New Town Conservation Area.
Plans for two separate schemes for the redevelopment of the former school as a luxury hotel were submitted by Duddingston House Properties and Urbanist Hotels to the City of Edinburgh Council. Each of the proposed developments would have involved internal and external alterations to the principal former Royal High School building and pavilions (referred to as the Hamilton building, after its architect Thomas Hamilton), the addition of two large extensions and the demolition of ancillary buildings.
The Council refused the applications and developers appealed. The Scottish Ministers directed that they would determine the appeals because they raised issues of national importance in terms of potential impacts on the historic environment, including the Old and New Towns of Edinburgh World Heritage Site, and in relation to potential economic and tourism benefits. The appeals were considered by means of public inquiry and hearing sessions, which took place between 18 September and 23 October 2018.
Protection of Edinburgh's historic environment
Jennifer Jack of Harper Macleod LLP and Marcus McKay of Ampersand Advocates represented Historic Environment Scotland throughout the Inquiry process. Historic Environment Scotland, a statutory consultee in the planning process, opposed the proposals for development because it did not consider it possible to deliver a hotel of the scale proposed in terms of either scheme on this site without unacceptable harm to the historic environment.
The main issues in the appeals were:
- impacts of the proposals on the listed building, the conservation area, the World Heritage Site and on other heritage assets;
- townscape and visual impacts;
- impact on residential amenity;
- impacts on tourism and the economy; and
- whether any other material considerations point towards approval or refusal of planning permission.
Scottish Ministers agreed with the evidence of Historic Environment Scotland that the site of the Royal High School is located at one of the most visible and marked juxtapositions between the Old and the New Town, at the junction of the two Conservation Areas, that the former Royal High School is a key building within the World Heritage Site and is one of the finest public and commercial monuments of the neo-classical revival in Europe.
Ministers also agreed with Historic Environment Scotland that the proposed development would result in considerable damage to the setting of one of the most important neo-classical buildings in the city, removing its current prominence and domination of its carefully conceived and planned site, reducing it to a subordinate structure set between the new hotel wings which would become dominant features of Calton Hill’s southern slope.
Scottish Ministers considered that the proposed development would cause harm to the qualities which justified the inscription of the World Heritage Site and was contrary to various policies within the Edinburgh Local Development Plan.
Having considered the recommendations within the report of the two Reporters appointed to hear the evidence presented to them, Scottish Ministers have dismissed the appeals and refused permission for the development that had been proposed.
What next for the Royal High School?
This was a high-profile and hard-fought battle over the future of this building and its place in Edinburgh's historic environment. Another proposal for redevelopment, as a music school, has already been granted planning permission but cannot be developed at present due to contractual constraints, so what the future holds for Edinburgh's former Royal High School is yet unknown.
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Gertrude L. Thebaud
Gertrude L. Thebaud rounding Eastern Point
|Name:||Gertrude L. Thebaud|
|Port of registry:||Gloucester, Massachusetts|
|Builder:||Arthur D. Story|
|Launched:||17 March 1930|
|Beam:||7.2 m (23 ft 7 in)|
|Draft:||4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)|
|Propulsion:||Sails. 1 × 180 hp (130 kW) Fairbanks Morris diesel engine|
|Sail area||720 m2 (7,800 sq ft)|
Gertrude L. Thebaud was an American fishing and racing schooner built and launched in Essex, Massachusetts in 1930. A celebrated racing competitor of the Canadian Bluenose, it was designed by Frank Paine and built by Arthur D. Story for Louis A. Thebaud, and named for his wife, Gertrude Thebaud. In their first meeting at Gloucester, Massachusetts in October 1930, Gertrude L. Thebaud bested Bluenose 2-0 to win the Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. However, in 1931, two races to none, and again in 1938, three races to two, Bluenose defeated Gertrude L. Thebaud to remain the undefeated holder of the International Fisherman's Trophy. During World War II, the schooner saw service with the United States Coast Guard. The vessel sank in 1948 off the coast of Venezuela.
In 1930 Gloucester, Massachusetts was celebrating its 300th anniversary and wanted to hold a schooner race off its shores as one of the events. A challenge was sent to Bluenose to race Gertude L. Thebaud in a series of races for the newly established Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. The captain of Bluenose, Angus Walters, accepted the challenge. Gertude L. Thebaud was to be captained by Ben Pine, the former master of Columbia, the fishing schooner that had tied Bluenose in the last International Fisherman's Trophy race. In the first race, Gertude L. Thebaud, finished ahead of Bluenose by 15 minutes. The second race was controversial, as it was called off twice when Bluenose was in the lead. The third attempt saw Gertude L. Thebaud defeat the Canadian schooner by eight minutes. The Americans won the Lipton Cup and handed the Canadian schooner its first defeat in competitive racing.
With Bluenose's loss, the Americans saw their chance at returning the International Fisherman's Trophy to the United States. They issued a challenge for the trophy to Bluenose in a series of races to be sailed off Halifax, Nova Scotia in October 1931. The first race, which Bluenose won, ran overlong and did not count. The second attempt saw Bluenose win again, by 32 minutes. The second race was won by Bluenose again, this time by only 12 minutes, keeping the International Fisherman's Trophy in Canadian hands.
In 1933, Gertrude L. Thebaud was invited to the World Fair in Chicago, Illinois. There, along with Bluenose, the vessel welcomed aboard visitors. The schooner returned to Gloucester that year with renewed interest in a rematch with Bluenose. In 1937, a challenge was sent to Bluenose to race for the International Fisherman's Trophy. However, the Canadian ship was no longer a pure sailing ship as the vessel had a diesel engine installed in 1936 and her owners did not have the financial ability to return her to that state. American investors offset some of the costs and Bluenose sailed for Massachusetts in 1938.
The 1938 competition for the International Fisherman's Trophy between Gertrude L. Thebaud and Bluenose was different than previous versions. The competition was a best-of-five instead of a best-of-three and all the races would be sailed off Massachusetts. The first race, sailed off Boston on 9 October 1938 was won by Gertrude L. Thebaud. The second race, sailed off Gloucester, was won by Bluenose. However, controversy over Bluenose's ballast and waterline length led the Canadians to perform modifications to their ship before the next race could be sailed.
The third race, sailed off Gloucester, was won by Bluenose by more than six minutes. During the fourth race off Boston, Bluenose suffered a 12-meter (39 ft) tear in its sail and the vessel's fore topmast snapped, slowing the ship considerably. Gertude L. Thebaud won the fourth race, setting up the winner-takes-all fifth race off Gloucester. Gertude L. Thebaud lost the fifth race and the cup to Bluenose. This was the last race between North Atlantic sail-driven fishing schooners.
During World War II, the schooner was commissioned into the United States Coast Guard on 24 December 1942 with the hull identification number WPYc 386. After brief service, the vessel was decommissioned on 10 February 1944 and returned to its owners. Gertude L. Thebaud saw continued service as a fishing vessel until 6 February 1948, when the schooner sank off the coast of La Guaira, Venezuela.
- Robbins, James (9 October 1930). "Schooner Race Stirs Gloucester". New York Times.
- "L.A. Thebaud Dies; Philanthropist, 79". The New York Times. 3 April 1939.
- Robbins, James (19 October 1930). "Thebaud wins cup by second victory". New York Times.
- "Bluenose Retains Fishermen's Trophy by Beating Thebaud in Deciding Race". New York Times. 27 October 1938.
- Robinson, pp. 54–55
- Robinson, pp. 50, 55
- Robinson, pp. 55–56
- Robinson, pp. 56–57
- Robinson, pp. 64–65
- Robinson, p. 66
- Robinson, pp. 67–68
- Robinson, p. 68
- Silverstone, p. 361
- Robinson, p. 71
- Robinson, Ernest Fraser (1998). The Saga of the Bluenose. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-009-8.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (2008). The Navy of World War II 1922–1947. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97898-9.
- Story, Dana, Growing up in a shipyard: reminiscences of a shipbuilding life in Essex, Massachusetts, Mystic Seaport Museum, 1991


The Seljuk Han of Anatolia
COGUL CAVLI HAN
photo by Ibrahim Divarci, used by permissio
Karpuz, Anadolu Selçuklu Eserleri (2008) v. 1. p. 400
The Çoğulhan is located 14 km from Afşin, in the Cumhuriyet neighborhood of the town of Çoğul, on Höyük Street, right next to the massive power station located in the town. Several houses have been built around it and many of its stones were removed for other construction projects.
Kahramanmaraş was an important town of the Anatolian Seljuks, due to its geographical position and location at a very strategic point of Anatolia. Researchers believe that there were many architectural works built by the Seljuks here, but all have been destroyed. However, there are several hans which remain, including this one, the Kuru, Coğul, Kurttepe, Sevdilli, Nurhak, Çevirme, Kamereddin and Hanobaşi hans. This han is not far from the important han at the holy site of Eshab- Keyf.
The Kayseri-Elbistan-Aleppo Route was an important route in the Seljuk era. From the Sivas and Kayseri connection, routes led south to the Mesopotamian region through Malatya and Elbistan, which was the road taken by the Mamluk Baybars when he invaded Anatolia in 1256. The first destination after exiting Kayseri was the Ispile Han, of which only a few ruined sections remain. The next station was the Karatay Han. The road generally followed the river beds and passed through rugged terrain before arriving at the Yabanlu Bazaar, the trade fair market forum since the days of the Assyrian trade colonies Period. The road continued on, passing by the Kuru Han 2, the Çoğul and the Afşin Hans. The next station was the Kuru Han. The road continued towards the Hurman Castle from here. The next station on the road heading towards Elbistan was the Kuru Han 2. There was also a mountain pass (derbent) located near this han. The road arrived at the Çoğul Han and bifurcated, wıth one branch leading to Elbistan and the other to Afşin. Elbistan was a frontier town which served as a gateway to the region. Because of its key location, the Seljuks had taken certain precautions to both protect the city and to control access to it. One of these measures was the construction of a mountain pass (derbent) in the settlement formerly known as Akça Derbent. The next station was the Zilli Han. The road then split towards the east, connected to Malatya through Nurhak and then the road split again towards the south to arrive at Aleppo via Gaziantep.
The Çoğul Han was built by the Elbistan governor Mubariziddin Çavli between 1212-1240.
According to historic sources, the benefactor of the han is the Seljuk emir Nizameddin Çavli, who also founded other charitable establishments in the Afşin-Elbistan region. Çavli served as the head military officer in Sivas during under many sultans: Sultan Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev I (r. 1204-1211), Izzeddin Keykavus I (r. 1211-1220), Alaeddin Keykubad (r. 1220-1237), Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev II (r. 1237-1246) and finally, Izzeddin Keykavüz II (r. 1246-57). Kadi Muhyiddin Ibnü Abduzzahir, the clerk of Baybars who documented his military expedition to Anatolia, mentions the Çavli Han in Afşin which was built by Nizameddin Çavli, so the han had to have been built before 1277.
Covered section with an open courtyard (COC)
According to the traces still in place, it is believed that this han had a covered section and open courtyard plan. The covered section was believed to have been covered by a barrel vault. It is also believed to have been quite a considerable size, comparable to the Karatay Han. The walls are 1.20m thick.
After this road fell out of use, the han was left deserted and fell into ruins byt he 1940s. The villagers scavenged its stones to build their homes. Only part of one wall remains. It is also known as the Afşin-Coğul han.
Bilici, Z. Kenan. Anadolu Selçuklu Çaği Mirası. Mimarı = Heritage of Anatolian Seljuk Era. Architecture. 3 vols. Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı: Selçuklu Belediyesi, 2016, vol. 2, p. 103.
Erdmann, Kurt. Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, 1961. Vol. 1., no. 82.
Karpuz, H. & Kuş, A. & Dıvarcı, I. & Şimşek, F. Anadolu Selçuklu Eserleri, 2008, v. 1. p. 400.
Özkarcı, Mehmet. Kahramanmaraşta Selçuklu Mimarisine Bakiş, Uluslararasi Selçuklu Döneminde Maraş Sempozunu, 17-19 November, 2016, pp. 14-53.
Özergin, M. Kemal. "Anadolu'da Selcuklu Kervansaraylari", Tarih Dergisi, XV/20, 1965, p. 147, n. 19.
©2001-2023, Katharine Branning; All Rights Reserved.


The world’s biggest beer festival arrives at Beers of Europe. Oktoberfest beers arrive early to Beers of Europe.
From Munich, Germany to Norfolk, England…
Every year, 6 million people flock to the fields outside Munich to enjoy the world’s biggest beer festival Oktoberfest, which was first held in 1810 to celebrate the marriage of Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese. Munich’s most popular breweries produce a special Oktoberfest beer for the event which is scarcely available in the UK.
Whilst the festival doesn’t start until the 21st of September, the beers have already arrived at Beers of Europe, Britain’s Biggest Online Beer Retailer, making them the first place in the country to stock the sought-after Munich beers. Even more, we are holding our 1st very own Oktoberfest in partnership with our taproom next door, The Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant. Debuting on the Oktoberfest UK scene, with its own interpretation of authentic German food, entertainment and of course beer. The Oktoberfest will take place over the 23rd & 24th of September with tickets available now on our website, costing £20, which includes entrance, food and pretzel. www.thewarehousetaproom.co.uk
Speaking just after the Oktoberfest beers arrived this morning at their warehouse in Setchey, just outside King’s Lynn, Marketing Manager Amanda Waterfield said:
“Going to the Oktoberfest festival is a fantastic experience, but if you can’t make the journey, Beers of Europe gives you the next best thing. Oktoberfest beers delivered straight to you. Taste and buy the official Oktoberfest beers from the first place to stock it in the UK. Nowhere else in the country have the Oktoberfest beers been delivered earlier than Beers of Europe and that is a credit to the great relationship we have built over the years with our suppliers. We pride ourselves in being able to deliver across the country in a quick fashion making sure our customers get a taste before anyone else – It’s a win! win! plenty of happy beer-drinkers!”.
Beers of Europe have the Oktoberfest beers from five of the six biggest Munich breweries, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbräuhaus, Löwenbräu, Paulaner and Spaten. The beers will be available in several formats, including a mixed 12 box, a mixed 24 box, 2 bottles with a stein as well as on their own. The beers are seasonal and will likely only be in stock until December. The sheer amount of customer requests for the return of Oktoberfest is the driving force for its prompt arrival and Beers of Europe looks forward to a successful festival season.
Holding the title as Britain’s biggest online beer shop and one of the best value and most knowledgeable wholesale alcohol suppliers in the UK. Beers of Europe is a family run business based in Setchey, just outside King’s Lynn. Since 2000, the Clark family has built up a range of over 5000 products, including beers, ciders, wines, spirits and much more from all over the world. If you don’t have the chance to visit the shop in person, then you can view all things Oktoberfest, as well as the entire range of weird and wonderful products online or try them from our restaurant next door, The Warehouse Taproom Bar and Restaraunt.
Even more exciting News! Our next door business, The Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant, is debuting on the Oktoberfest UK scene, with its own interpretation of authentic German food, entertainment and of course beer. The Oktoberfest will take place over the 23rd & 24th of September with tickets available now, costing £20, which includes entrance, food and pretzel.
About the Oktoberfest Beers:
Hackerbrau had been brewing since the 14th century with limited success but became a joint venture further down the line in 1793 when Joseph Pschorr married into the Hacker family. His expertise helped put the joint venture of Hacker-Pschorr at the centre of the city’s business scene. By 1820, Hacker-Pschorr was widely considered the best Brewery in Munich, ahead of its other big city rivals. Just 14 years later in 1834, Joseph handed the company to his two sons, George and Matthais, who ran the two sides of the business Pschorr and Hacker respectively. The sons divided the company into two separate wings and both of them prospered individually. This could have been the end of the Hacker-Pschorr company was it not for tragedy. In 1944, a bombing raid by the allies destroyed the Pschorr brewery, effectively ruining the company. However, Hacker offered to let Pschorr brew at their brewery twice a week until the repairs on their factory were completed. Blood proved to be thicker than water as the two breweries joined together again in 1972 to become Hacker-Pschorr Brau once again. Today the company is owned by Paulaner but still operates independently.
Hacker-Pschorr has played a massive part at Oktoberfest. Joseph Pschorr was personally commissioned to brew a commemorative beverage for the event. However with the split of the brewery in the city, there was a split in the brewery at Oktoberfest too and even today there are separate tents for Hacker and Pschorr, both selling the Munchen classic Hacker Pschorr Oktoberfest Marzen. The Hacker-tent and Pschorr Braurosl are two of the largest tents at the festival, both built by tradition, serving excellent food and beer to the sound of music, and yodelling, naturally.
This is a darker brew than the others, appearing a dark yellow/ amber in colour with a lacing white head. The aroma brings sweet malts to the attention with subtle caramel and butter tones developing. It has a moderately sweet flavour with the caramel further on display with a scent of lighter notes, almost honey-like. Its soft carbonation makes for a smooth finish and the final product cements its place as a big six brewer in Munich and a fiercely popular Oktoberfest beer across the world.
It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date that Lowenbrau began its journey, but the earliest documented reference to an Inn called ‘Zur Lowen’ showed that beer was being brewed at 17 Löwenbruge Straße back in 1383. As was standard practice back then, the Landlord brewed his own beer, and it is from this place and time that the brewery grew from strength to strength to the global powerhouse it is today. 1746 is the first mention of Lowenbrau in the Munich tax records as a brewery and a move to a larger residence in 1851 paved the way for Lowenbrau and its famous Lion logo to produce a quarter of the entire city’s output just twelve years later in 1863. The brewery was destroyed in 1945 by an air raid carried out by the Allies. Once rebuilt, it began to distribute internationally to be known as one of the big six Munich breweries, with their beers backing up such a prestigious title.
Having demonstrated superiority in brewing by upholding the 1516 German Purity Laws, they know how to brew good beer, and their Oktoberfest is no different. Since 1810 Lowenbrau has provided the citizens of Munchen with their annual special to celebrate the world famous festival. It is a limited edition brew that is only produced in Germany, not under license abroad, which guarantees its rarity along with its quality. Sponsoring two tents at the festival, their presence is made clear with a 4.5 metre tall Lion on the building that roars the brewery name.
At 6%, this is a stronger brew than Lowenbrau Original, and appears a pale yellow in colour with a white head. Sweet malts on the nose with notes of caramel and grain complete the aroma. This medium bodied beer has a malt taste with a hint of hop bitterness as well as mild spice flavours. The strength of the brew ensures lasting warmth in the finish. Served slightly chilled in a Stein glass if possible, but you do not need to go out of your way and get a German pretzel to enjoy this easy drinking beverage, it is refreshing and satisfies just on its own.
The first official record of Paulaner is not your traditional story about its rise to grace, but instead is a letter, more specifically a complaint to the Munich town council in 1634. Paulaner did not start off life as a brewery, but as a way of life, helping Monks at the ‘Neudeck ob der Au Monastery’ get through their period of Lent. The beer that they brewed, strong and dark became known as Salvator, and any they had going spare went straight to the poor of the city, or the Monasteries tavern. The breweries in the area were complaining about Paulaner supplying free beer to the local citizens, therefore putting dents in private breweries profits. It wasn’t until 1773 that Paulaner recruited Valentin Stephan Still as a Brewmaster at the Monastery, and his innovation led Paulaner on a path for greatness, becoming the largest producer by the end of the century. It was then bought by Franz Xaver Zacherl in 1806, who expanded the brewery and lends his name to it in the present day. Its continued growth throughout the next two decades as well as its modern brewing techniques bringing old recipes to life makes Paulaner a stand out performer on the brewing stage. An instantly recognisable brand and a loyal following ensures its position as a big six brewer in Munich and with the largest brewery of the six at that.
In 1815 it makes its first appearance at the world’s largest beer festival, Oktoberfest. Its growth over time at the festival has led to it having three large tents exclusively serving Paulaner, these are the ‘Festzelt Winzerer Fähndl’, ‘Armbrustschützen-Festhalle’ and the ‘Käfer’s Wies’n-Schänke’. The largest of the three, the Paulaner Winzerer Fähndl is one of the most popular beer tents at the event and it is well recognisable from the Giant tower outside the tent with a revolving stein of Paulaner on the top that has a supposed capacity of 42,300litres.
The Paulaner Oktoberfest beer pours yellow in colour with a decent head. A sweet aroma from the hops is evident on the nose with tones of caramel and malt. The taste is that of grains with the sweetness of the malt balancing out the slight hop bitterness, which is more apparent in the lengthy finish. Nothing better defines Oktoberfest more than beer, and nothing better defines beer than a bottle of Paulaner. To be thoroughly enjoyed with traditional Bavarian food or perfect on its own.
Spaten was first founded in 14th century, with the Munich Tax bill of 1397 registering a brewer by the name of Herr Spaeth on the property of ‘Welser Prew’ brewing his own Oberspathbräu. The building would go on to play a massive part in Spaten’s history, outliving many Brewery owners during the 15th century. It then ran under the ownership of several different families across the next few centuries, the Stamberger Family 1522-1622, the Spatt Family 1622- 1704 (The family that gave their name to the brewery we know today) and the Siessmayr Family 1704-1807. Whilst the business was kept alive and well, it never truly prospered until it entered the hands of one of Munich’s most famous brewing families, the Sedlmayrs. Gabriel Sedlmayr was the master brewer to the Royal court of Bavaria and bought Spaten, then the smallest brewery in Munich, with ambitious plans to turn it to greatness. His death in 1837 brought an end to his reign, but his sons promptly took over with aspirations of their own. Gabriel’s son Joseph soon left to own the Leist-Franziskaner brewery, whilst the other son, also called Gabriel, ran the Spaten brewery. Come 1867, Spaten is the largest brewery in Munich, a title it retained until the 1890s. The 20th century brought Spaten and Leist-Franziskaner (Both still owned by the Sedlmayr family) together to form a joint stock family. Later on in 1997, celebrating its 600th anniversary, Spaten merges with Lowenbrau, but both still stand independent with their products and brand.
Spaten has played a pivotal part in Oktoberfest over the years, being the first of the big six to brew an amber Marzen style beer, thus birthing the idea of brewing a special beer specifically for the festival. More recently, since 1950, the Mayor of Munich has personally tapped the first keg of beer in the Schottenhamel tent, which marks the beginning of Oktoberfest. The onlookers and citizens of Munich judge the Mayor on his ability to strike the cask as they see it as a good judge of character and whether he is a good fit to his role as Mayor.
Spaten Oktoberfest pours a yellow colour and has a decent, long lasting white head. The aroma highlights the malts in the beer, with toasted grains as well as hops also lurking. The flavour of the Marzen beverage is sweet with a bitter taste and a few mild spice notes, followed by a hoppy finish. To be served in traditional Stein glass with a hearty dish but just as perfect on its own. An authentic tasting Oktoberfest beer that oozes history as well as quality.
Hofbrauhas is the smallest brewery at the Oktoberfest and one with the shortest Oktoberfest history. Hofbrau brewery has been around since 1589 but, wasn’t sold before at the Oktoberfest before 1950.
For a long time, Munich’s court society wasn’t a big fan of the local brews at all, which lead to regular imports of beer from North Germany, especially from Einbeck, where brewers would produce an extraordinarily strong beer for special occasions to make it exportable. The imported beer was expensive, which lead to Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria (1548-1626) to founding his own brewery at Burg Trausnitz in Landshut, where he grew up.
After moving to Munich, he also wanted to have his court supplied with local beer there and opened the ducal court brewery (Herzogliches Hofbräuhaus) at the Alter Hof (old court) on September 27 1589. Soon, its brown beer (Braunbier) was also sold publicly. The desire for the good beer from Einbeck, however, was at least as strong as the beer itself. Consequently, in 1612 a brew master from Einbeck, Elias Pichler, was recruited to produce “Ainpöckisch Bier” in Munich. Its name was bavarified to “Oanbock” in Munich and later abbreviated to Bock. This seasonal Starkbier (strong beer) is still brewed today by Hofbräuhaus and sold as “Maibock” in May.
Today, Hofbräu isn’t specifically known for its Weißbier, although the history of Weißbier in Bavaria is closely tied to the Hofbräuhaus. The production of this beer style, which originates in Bohemia, was prohibited in Bavaria after the purity law of 1516, as wheat was exclusively reserved to be used for making bread. Only two noble families from Lower Bavaria kept the right to brew Weißbier. Duke Maximilian I transformed the ban into a profitable state monopoly and recruited the first Weißbier master for the Hofbräuhaus in 1602. At first, both brown and white beer were produced in the brewery of Alter Hof, but only five years later, the production of the popular Weißbier moved into the new “Weißes Hofbräuhaus” (White Court Brewery) at Platzl. The old brown brewery merged with the white one in 1808.
The Hofbräuhaus is today mainly known for the legendary restaurant at Platzl, which was established by King Ludwig I in 1828. Before that, only the Maibock was served to the public there in May. In 1896, the brewery had to move a second time, as it became larger and larger, without having sufficient space for expansion at Platzl. Its new location at Wiener Platz, which already had a storage cellar at that time, remained the home of the brewery until April 6 1987, when a fire destroyed it. Today, the brewery resides in the outskirts, in Riem, while the restaurant Hofbräukeller is still present at Wiener Platz.
The first time, Hofbräu beer has been served at Oktoberfest, was in 1950 in the Schottenhamel-Festhalle. This was only due to a dispute, in which the Schottenhamels didn’t agree on a bee price with Spaten. Since 1952, Hofbräu has its own tent.
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NEWS RELEASE: ISSUED ON BEHALF OF BEERS OF EUROPE
Notes to Editors:
The Warehouse Taproom Bar & Restaurant opened May 2021 and is a family run business located in Setchey, Nr Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE33 0BE. The restaurant is situated in a converted warehouse and offers a warm and inviting environment with a friendly atmosphere and excellent service. With the very best of traditional and modern British cuisine which includes a fresh menu which is regularly updated using the finest seasonal ingredients from local suppliers where possible. We pride ourselves on having the best bar in East Anglia with an extensive drinks menu, with the beers, wines and spirits on offer also available for purchase from our shop next door, Beers of Europe (the largest selection of specialist beers, wines and spirits in Europe).
Press release from Beers of Europe.
For further information, please contact Amanda Waterfield via email@example.com, 01553 812000 or 07841 384085.


- Who was the first to establish colonies in the Caribbean?
- Which country was the first to colonies?
- What countries created colonies throughout the Caribbean?
- Who first lived in the Caribbean?
- When did the first African slaves arrive in the Caribbean?
- Where did the first settlers of the Caribbean come from?
- When did Columbus come to the Caribbean islands?
- Which is the first country in the Caribbean to gain independence?
- Where was the first colony of the British Empire founded?
Who was the first to establish colonies in the Caribbean?
The first proper European settlement in the Caribbean began when Nicolás de Ovando, a faithful soldier from western Spain, settled about 2,500 Spanish colonists in eastern Hispaniola in 1502.
Which country was the first to colonies?
The three main countries in the first wave of European colonialism were Portugal, Spain and the early Ottoman Empire.
What countries created colonies throughout the Caribbean?
The four main colonial powers in the Caribbean were the Spanish, English, Dutch, and French. Other countries that held possession of various islands at different times were Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark.
Who first lived in the Caribbean?
The Taíno were an Arawak people who were the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida. At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico.
When did the first African slaves arrive in the Caribbean?
Christopher Columbus likely transported the first Africans to the Americas in the late 1490s on his expeditions to the island of Hispaniola, now Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Their exact status, whether free or enslaved, remains disputed.
Where did the first settlers of the Caribbean come from?
Beginning in the 1620s and 1630s, non-Hispanic privateers, traders, and settlers established permanent colonies and trading posts on islands neglected by Spain. Such colonies spread throughout the Caribbean, from the Bahamas in the North West to Tobago in the South East.
When did Columbus come to the Caribbean islands?
Columbus arrived in the Bahamas in 1492. The Spanish conquest of the islands of the Caribbean region constituted the first stage in a process of conquest and colonization in the Americas that lasted more than 300 years, and whose effects remain readily apparent to the present day.
Which is the first country in the Caribbean to gain independence?
The following former British Caribbean island colonies achieved independence in their own right; Jamaica (1962), Trinidad & Tobago (1962), Barbados (1966), Bahamas (1973), Grenada (1974), Dominica (1978), St. Lucia (1979), St. Vincent (1979), Antigua & Barbuda (1981), St. Kitts & Nevis (1983).
Where was the first colony of the British Empire founded?
The first colonies of the British Empire were founded in North America (Virginia, 1607) and the West Indies (Barbados, 1625). In 1655 Jamaica was secured. British slave traders started supplying African slaves to the British colonies to work on plantations.


One of my now-and-then reveries is attending a year 4010 seminar in the far-far-future. A learned professor is lecturing with exhibits on what he calls “probably the most strange of all mass delusions of the Age of Oil.” He continues speaking: “In looking for other parallels in ancient history, we have serious difficulties finding any that measure up—unless it is the equally strange custom of the prehistoric Incas who sacrificed humans on top of admirably constructed (for their time) pyramids. In their case, however, and in other instances of human sacrifice, we at least detect a plausibly rational explanation, thus possibly overpopulation. But the amazingly vast expenditures in the Age of Oil on a practice they called Advertising, which was the continuous and most artfully executed display of objects and concepts of all kinds—for no detectable reason—given that these times, due to oil wealth, were already overwhelmed by both, objects and concepts—presents an almost impenetrable mystery to our modern minds.”
The image is courtesy of Macy’s 2010 advertising campaign here.