Last weekend I was in Druskininkai, in the South of Lithuania, and of course I wanted to visit nearby Grūtas Park (Grūto parkas in Lithuanian), a sculpture park of Soviet monuments and a museum about the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. I decided to walk the 8 km to the park, and despite getting a bit lost a few times, it was a beautiful if strenuous walk through the snow-covered forest, along peaceful frozen lakes.
When I finally reached Grūtas Park, I discovered that it is less of an organized museum and more of a hotchpotch of relics from the Soviet era, from the grand statutes which dominate the park to books and posters. The idea behind surrounding the park with a fence and Gulag-like watchtowers may have been to recreate the feeling of being in a Soviet labour camp, but it doesn’t really work when there are a children’s playground and souvenir shops inside.
On a walk through the park you will encounter all the famous faces of Communism: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin plus several hitherto unknown Lithuanian communists as well as the obligatory pioneers and brigades of proud and strong labourers.
As I was reading the descriptions and summaries in front of the artefacts, I began to notice that without any prior knowledge of 20th century history, I would get the impression as if Lithuania had always been an independent nation which was viciously attacked by the Soviet Union in 1940, then nothing had happened between 1941 and 1944, and in 1944 the Soviet Union had oddly attacked Lithuania again, enslaving all of its people. There were no Communists among Lithuanians. Those who were, were traitors. Or Jews, which apparently is incompatible with being Lithuanian.
The plaque about “Underground Soviet Partisans” for example details how they were controlled by Moscow, how brutal they were, it states that they were made up of “Soviet activists, Red Army men, escaped prisoners of war and some inhabitants of Lithuania (mostly of Jewish nationality)” – as if the Jews in Lithuania were not also Lithuanian citizens, and oddly confusing religion with nationality. The partisans are described as “saboteurs” – but nowhere in the lengthy text does it mention once whom they actually fought. That was of course Nazi Germany, the Wehrmacht and the SS. The few Jews who managed to escape the ghettos and concentration camps alive and then took up arms to fight the Nazis in Eastern Europe are heroes in my eyes, but are turned into menacing monsters by the makers of Grūtas Park. (To anyone more interested in the Soviet partisans, I recommend the book “If Not Now, When?” by Primo Levi.) There was no word on the genuinely Jewish partisan groups like the FPO.
A very strange depiction of history indeed. I found it most curious that the period from 1941 to 1944 was almost always omitted or glossed over, as if nothing important had happened between the two Soviet advances on Lithuania. Yet these years were the height of World War II.
The true course of events was that as everywhere in Europe in the early 20th century, some people in Lithuania identified with the idea of socialism. From 1918 to 1919, Lithuania was even briefly a Socialist Soviet Republic. In 1920, the Soviet Union under Lenin recognized Lithuanian independence. Vilnius was however still contested and fought over between the Soviet Union, Lithuania and Poland. From 1926 on, Lithuania was ruled by an authoritarian, nationalist regime which had come to power in a coup d’état. The Soviet Union and Germany famously agreed to carve up all of Eastern Europe in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and most of Lithuania, except for the coastal region around Klaipeda, fell to the Soviet Union which annexed it militarily in 1940.
In 1941, Germany broke the Pact and attacked the Soviet Union and also occupied Lithuania. They immediately began to carry out the Holocaust there, murdering 90% of the pre-War Jewish community of Lithuania, often with the help of the Lithuanian locals (something which you won’t read anything about at Grūtas Park). The war between Germany and the Soviet Union ensued. When the Red Army advanced towards Lithuanian territory in 1944, it did not attack Lithuania because Lithuania no longer existed as a state. The Soviet Union fought a war against Nazi Germany which had previously attacked it and which was executing a genocide. Judging by the information in the plaque referred to above that “native people didn’t support soviet partisans”, Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.
One of the most famous Lithuanian books is “Forest of the Gods” (Dievų miškas in Lithuanian) by Balys Sruoga who spent two years at the Stutthof Concentration Camp when Germany had occupied Lithuania. In the last pages of that book, he is left behind to die from weakness on one of the death marches with which the Nazis evacuated the concentration camps when the Soviet Army was advancing. Balys Sruoga only realizes that he will survive when he hears the advancing tanks. Soviet tanks.
I do not wish to belittle the brutality and oppression of the Soviet Union in any way, but putting things into context goes a long way towards preventing the creation of erroneous national myths. If one has any desire to prevent them, that is. Eastern Europe suffered most terribly during the 20th century from its location between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nobody wants to deny that. But seeing oneself as the victim of Soviet occupation, blaming it entirely on other nationalities and religions and at the same time refusing to accept one’s own nation’s complicity in nationalism, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust is not a fruitful way of dealing with history. It is not even the truth.
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i think the key point behind this ”museum” is to demonstrate life under the soviet government(1944-1990), not to educate the population about WWII. But you are right, Lithuania lacks a proper Holocaust museum.
If the point is not to educate about WWII, then why do they have signs about WWII? And why do those signs accuse Jews of committing horrors against Lithuanians without mentioning the horrors Lithuanians committed against Jews?
Saying “the museum is not about Jews” is a very weak response to a sign about Jews. Saying “it’s not a museum” is an even weaker response to a place full of historic exhibits and information about old stuff.
Since it was me who tried to explain some misunderstandings, i probably should react or something. My response was weak as weak is my english (unlike your lithuanian), simply it doesn’t change the fact that this is not an actual museum, and the exhibition (or, say, this all “thing which is not a museum”) is not about Jews (certainly) and not about WWII (certainly). Nor about WWI. As for a “sign about Jew” i don’t see any sign about Jews and didn’t comment it. If that part of the sentence (in brackets) is that sign that mislead you (or if there are some others) then call the owner and tell what a proper english text must be. This is a private Park and not about Jews or WWII. These are elsewhere (and they are not parks).
The point of my reply was to explain, and if you want to fix something you can do that without any publicity. Otherwise it looks like you’re trying to cavil is some sophisticated british way… ;) . I simply don’t like such things :) . Nothing personal :) .
come on, calling that place a Museum as very generous, they have a zoo.
FYI I’n not denying that the lack of actual history is not complimentary, If anything, its pathetic.
Dear Andreas, thanks for your very solid, objective perspective. There is little to add here. Anti-semitism, unfortunately was and still is a common-sense in many parts of the world. In Germany it is meanwhile branded as a sign of lack of culture and lack of education. In other coutries, it is still widespread even among the educated elites (simply look to Hungary, how hungarian surprematism, xenophobia and antisemitism slowly re-emerges as national paradigm).
I once had a PhD student that came from Vilnious to my group, she was professionally and scientifically very well educated and in general a very social and easy going and open-minded person. When, however she understoud that our sons first name is Leonard, she looked shocked and said: But this is a Jewish Name !!! When my wife said that a Jewish mother always gives her kids Jewish names, she turned very pale. I guess it was more that she suddenly felt catched red-handed as a dormant anti-semite, rather than fearing a mixed Jewish-German company. I have to say that although after her PhD she moved to the UK to mary a rich banker, we are still in good contact and occasionally even do jokes about the Jewish issue. I think we both learned a bit from this: She understoud the Jews are not always smelling of garlic and onion, and I learned that Anti-semitism (like other xenophobia as well) very often a very fragile building. Usually they are based on ignorance, rather than on real bad experience with other nations, cultures or faith.
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In my childhood I lived at Savanorių, by the way :) . It’s pity that you didn’t like this exhibition, it was intended to be a fun and not a museum. That English text sticks out, it probably is some sort of
short summary for ignorant foreigners (various people come there, maybe some were questioning the owner and he decided to put up this text). There is nothing about WWII because there are no sculptures
left, nor they were created during the war. As for Lithuanian Jews they deserve the separate museum, and this museum is in an appropriate place in the capital, not in the woods. With appropriate expositions
inside. The site in Paneriai now also looks like it should look, unlike it was during Soviet times.
The park is some sort of sculpture “warehouse”. The topic is a “mood of soviet times”, sort of parody, and this is a “key point”, not those things that you were talking here. I think there is a description in their website and in the “inyourpocket.com” guide.
The bunker of soviet partisans also is in tact in its original place, don’t know how much of it is authentic because during all soviet times it was within military territory, the fake bunker was installed outside it (as a mandatory for Comsomol to visit :) ) .
So every-thing has its right place, it looks as if you was somehow misled.
I understand that it’s not the purpose of Grutas Park to educate about all details of Lithuanian history, but I see the danger of making some statements (as in the English text at the park quoted in the text) without putting them into a wider context. Not everybody will go there with background knowledge and people might walk away with a wrong impression of what really happened here in that very bloody mid-20th century.
Regarding Savanorių, I can tell you that it probably still looks exactly the same as in your childhood. :-)
From the crossroad Savanorių / Žemaitės towards Kaunas nothing has changed :)
Regarding that text i don’t know what is its context, i.e. where it is put up and why. The park is not about history, it’s an exhibition of the useless sculptures, everything else is additional and serves to create the mood. Not the mood of the war, but the mood of daily life, +/- 1950 – 1980 .
And 100 years from now, our future generations will be just as confused (if not more) as to what exactly this place is meant to define, or memorialize, or translate.
I think alot of blood was lost in the 1900, my grandmother and mother survived the war in germany and told me many of the thing that happen before the war , during the war and after the war. I remember growing up we not allowed to watch HOGANS HEROS which was a popular comedy here in u.s., about pow in germany, she said there was nothing funny about what happen in the war. I never really understood why she felt like that! Growing up we never went to church but it was alway instilled into us that there was nothing worse than hating an person based on religion I never gave it much thought until after my mother and grandmother passed, I had gotten all my grandmother personal property , I found out that my mother and grandmothers name wasnt Jung but Klein, I found out that the person who i thought was my moms dad wasnt, and items of Judaism . What a blow to find all this out at the age of 45 and nobody to answer all my questions, I cant even find the town they were from “schonwaldau in the goldberg region” due to so much changing from the wars. I think that my mother and grandmother hid alot of what happen during the war and when they passed it went with them, So any little items still left from the wars should alway be kept as a reminder for the people the cant speak of it!
“schonwaldau in the goldberg region”
Sounds eastern, could now be Czechia or Poland or something like that.
You tried google?
Defending History’s take on Gruto parkas is here : http://defendinghistory.com/gruto-parkas-near-druskininkai/45588
Hi Dovid, huge fan, love the good work you do in my home country.
I never noticed those anti-semitic signs in the park. thank you for pointing it out.
Very good approach, and Lithuania with this park is just an example how facts are not mentioned, while others are, thereby creating the false impression of truth.
Reminds me a bit like the Bulgarian History Museum in Sofia- The dates ~1940-1945 are curiously absent.
Since I have been living and travelling in Eastern Europe, I am beginning to think that the EU should look less at economic factors when admitting new members, but whether they have come to terms with their past and accept the responsibility to not distort it.
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I have not been to Grutas park, but i think those signs there, and what you call antisemitism originates from a feeling of historical unfairness and general western public opinion about ww2. Ofcourse every nation thinks that they have suffered more than others, but it looks like that the world entirely forgot about the victims of soviet regime at world war 2 and after it. There is countless books about the terrible conditions of hundreds of thousdants of our people in soviet Gulag labour camps, traveling to exile months in closed cargo vagons, only half of passengers usualy made a journey, just to face cold, hunger, and forced labour till death. Our brighest people (teachers, officers, good farmers, doctors, writers) selectively have been either killed or exiled to gulag camps. Every school kid hears stories about how some women and men have to cut trees bare handed in siberian taiga, sleep in non-heated huts at -40 degrees, and picking beans from soviet officers shit, just not to starve for 10years, all that because he or she was doctor/peope/enginner ergo – potential threat to socialism. THIS IS OUR HOLOCAUST. THIS IS WHY 1941 and 1944 are mentioned so much there. German occupation was just an relaxing break from soviet terror for most people. Still – we have never accepted nazi regime, lithuania was THE ONLY BALTIC COUNTRY THAT FAILED TO ASSEMBLE SS DIVISION.
Ofcourse jews have suffered the most in the german occupation period, but those years just before and after the war are most inportant to US. Yes we are that self-centered, just like you.
I am not self-centered at all, I would say, because I don’t remember ever dwelling on the suffering of Germans. In fact, whenever Germans start talking about that, I tell them (and thus myself) about the historical law of cause and effect.
So do you think the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current) are “normal” people…? LOL.
in wahrscheinlich jedem litauischen museum findet man die geschichte der sowjetischen unterdrueckung, der deportationen nach sibirien und der waldbrueder. oft auch noch hinweise, wie die litauischen juden den sowjetischen sozialismus herbeigeseht haben (museum birzai).
eine diskussion ueber die litauische beteiligung am holocaust existiert (suziedelis: http://www.birzai.de/birzai-litauen-geschichte/besetzung-1941.html oder englisch hier http://www.lituanus.org/2001/01_4_04.htm), ist aber fuer die breite bevoelkerung nicht interessant.
fuer das verstaendnis der litauischen juden halte ich das buch von alex faitelson (Im jüdischen Widerstand: http://www.birzai.de/litauen-bücher/151-jüdischer-widerstand-in-litauen.html) für wichtig. es hat mir viele fragen beantwortet.
als gedenkstaette fuer den holocaust in litauen halte ich das IX. Fort in kaunas fuer geeignet. hier ist die aufklaerung schon differenzierter. im museum ueberwiegt die litauische sicht der geschichte, besatzung, deportation, waldbrueder. im fort selber ueberwiegt das andenken an die ermordeten und die leichenbrenner.
der film defiance mit daniel craig ist in dem zusammenhang auch interessant
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Why so much sympathy for the Jews Mr. Moser (you don’t seem to be a true moser…)?
They did many bad things in Eastern Europe you know?
Read the books:
Because I generally have more sympathies for the victims than for the perpetrators of genocide.
“Or Jews, which apparently is incompatible with being Lithuanian.”
“and oddly confusing religion with nationality.”
These remarks say a lot about you…
Read “Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People” by Jewish Harry Ostrer to learn who Jews are! (Why they say about themselves that they are a race, it is OK…)
“The few Jews who managed to escape the ghettos and concentration camps alive and then took up arms to fight the Nazis in Eastern Europe are heroes in my eyes”
In your (Jewish?) yes maybe, but not also in the eyes of the Lithuanian-Lithuanians who suffered greatly at the hand of Russians after 1944. And that is the only perspective that matters. As rabbi Hillel put it “if I am not for myself who is for me?”. The truth is that Lithuanians would have benefited greatly if Hitler had won the war. Hitler was good for some (millions)! Does your “humanistic, enlightened, all embracing, generous, decent, superior, blah, blah” perspective embraces them too? What about them?
“I found it most curious that the period from 1941 to 1944 was almost always omitted or glossed over, as if nothing important had happened between the two Soviet advances on Lithuania. ”
Don’t you find it odd too that in the USA, the second motherland of Jews, there are several Holocost museums! but the is no museum for the crimes of communism (aka the Red Holocaust) even though the USA was the strongest opponent of the Soviet Union during the Cold War and one of the most anti-communist country in the world?
Similarly in Israel there is no museum for the participation of Jews in communism even though their contribution to communism was as remarkable as their contribution to science… We all know how many Nobel Prize winners are Jews but do not know how many Jews were in the Politburo of USSR…
Ask yourself also why there was never a “Nuremberg trial of Communism”.
“Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.”
What an abject remark!
“Eastern Europe suffered most terribly during the 20th century from its location between Germany and the Soviet Union. Nobody wants to deny that. But seeing oneself as the victim of Soviet occupation, blaming it entirely on other nationalities and religions and at the same time refusing to accept one’s own nation’s complicity in nationalism, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust is not a fruitful way of dealing with history.”
Why does it bother you? Again, are you a Jew? Or a Russian maybe? If not it is not your business then how Lithuanians write their history. Or how Jews for that matter write theirs.
MIND YOUR BUSINESS, MAN!
My people suffered a lot at the had of the Jews. That is why I care.
Ask yourself, is this: “some inhabitants of Lithuania (mostly of Jewish nationality)” historically true or not?
COMMUNISM = FASCISM
“Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996)” is a book by American Jewish writer Daniel Goldhagen that argues that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were as the title indicates “willing executioners” in the Holocaust.
So according to the Jew Goldhagen ALL, Jews, pardon, Germans were “bad”. It is OK to say this about the defeated Germans… Historical truth you may say… Truth is holy. LOL.
Why though there is no similar book in English: “Stalin’s willing executioners – guess who”?
Poor Solzhenitsyn attempted to write one: “Two Hundred Years Together”. Never translated in English. Read it if for you truth is indeed holy!
sympathies? maybe we better say that we seek the trueth? allway it was easy to blame the jews! not the russians and lithuanians was bad in 1940 and 1941, guilty are the jews. you see that explicit in the rainiai massacre. http://www.alles-ueber-litauen.de/litauen-geschichte/telsiai-rainiai-massaker.html its difficult to quantify the participation of jews in this case (even its stupid to do it), but lithuanians blame them to be responsible for this unbelieveable incident. and also today people blame the mossad for whats happened in paris.
why? its an easy explanation! 0,2 % of the world population is responsible for everything. cool!
antisemitism is an illness. the guy with the nice name brystiger (wikipedia) sounds familiar to me. especially his ideas, that hitler could have been good to the lithuanians express a deep lack of understanding the nazis. hitler was only good to his german shepherd. zoophilia were widely practiced under nazi leaders.
similar arguments from lithuanian eduardas L., (maybe also a brystiger) you see here:
As far as I remember the creation of Grūtas park it was a few private people initiative to collect and save some of soviet regime fossils like monuments etc. Maybe the idea behid it was not to neatly represent the whole history of LT neatly and make sure there are no holes in it? Also, remember that history books were written and rewritten depending on who was in power at the moment. I was learning history in school from one books and in upper classes from another ones saying 180 degrees the opposite thing! So I guess the truth lies in them all blended in and then propaganda extracted. And still maybe even some pages missing. Of the things both sides did not want to talk about.
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“Lithuanians in the 1940s preferred the Nazis over the Soviet Union, which says much more about the Lithuanian population of the time than about the Soviet partisans.”
Yes Indeed. It says that Lithuanians were not a bunch of brainwashed marxists who grew up as spoiled rich kids in West Germany. I have read this kind of comment by “educated” Germans too many times to count.
the truth is more difficult. i can understand, that most lithuanians were on the side of nazi germany. they had hope for independence.
but “jake” do you think about the lithuanian jews? for them a german invasion would be (and was) their dead sentence.
everywhere are antisemites, who think, that the jews just got what they deserved. now lithuania is “clean”, just some poles and russians are left. people everywhere think this way, thats not limited to lithuania.
in 1900 only 4 % of the people in vilnius, the capital city of lithuania, spoke lithuanian. the others were mainly jews and poles.
when i think about the holocaust (you know that germans together with local lithuanian partisans killed 95 % of the lithuanian jewish population)
i have in mind that the soldiers killed babies, kids and women. not many people would call that civilised. i would not be proud on this!
nobody in europe wanted the russians to overtake and controll their country. but is someone realy so naive and think, that under german nazi controll anything would be much different than under russian rule? i even think the germans would be worse.
the lithuanian forrest brothers fought the occupiers for many years.
“jake”, can you tell me about any resistance against the germans? real resistance and not “only” the refusal to fight for the ss and wehrmacht out of the country?
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Washington the WarriorUnknown - 2006
Chronicles George Washington's little-known military life, from his 1st officer's commission in the Virginia militia through the difficult lessons of his youth and his 17-year retirement. Witness his reemergence as the soul of the American Revolution and see how he transformed a ragtag band of men into an army that could battle and defeat the greatest military in the world. Features location footage, re-enactments, and candid interviews with historical and military experts.
Publisher: New York : A & E Television : Distributed by New Video, c2006.
Branch Call Number: DVD 973.3 WASHINGT
Characteristics: 1 videodisc (approximately 91 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in.
From the critics


CMH Remembers: 200th Anniversary
September 2014, CMH
The War of 1812 had reached a critical phase in September 1814. On 24 August, American forces suffered an embarrassing defeat at Bladensburg, which resulted in the British raid on the capital at Washington and the burning of many government buildings. Just three weeks later, the British turned their attention toward the important port city of Baltimore as a target for similar treatment.
"Battle of North Point" by Don Troiani
To defend Baltimore, Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith of the Maryland Militia commanded a mixed force of U.S. Army regulars, militiamen from Virginia, Pennsylvania and his own state, plus sailors and marines. Unlike at Bladensburg, the American forces had prepared positions, better intense training, and improved inter-service cooperation. After Maryland militia units fought a successful delaying action on 12 September at North Point, British commanders realized that their land attack on the city's main defenses would not prove an easy task. A supporting naval attack pounded the U.S. Army post of Fort McHenry in an attempt to unhinge the American defensive line on 13-14 September. The one thousand-man garrison, most of whom were Regular Army and Maryland Militia soldiers, withstood the bombardment with skill and bravery. When the firing ceased, the sight of the garrison flag flying over the unconquered post inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem that was later named the Star Spangled Banner and set to music, and which became the U.S. National Anthem in 1931.
Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith
Artist: Rembrandt Peale
Smith, who saw combat during the Revolutionary and commanded the Maryland Militia contingent called to federal service in the Whisky Rebellion, had resolved to conduct an active defense. On 10 September, observers on Federal Hill watched as British warships scouted the mouth of the Patapsco. The next day additional vessels probed further up the river. By noon on 11 September, enemy transports and escorting warships anchored off North Point. Alarm guns sounded throughout the city. Smith directed a number of small units to reinforce the light forces already screening on the south bank of the Patapsco. He then instructed Brig. Gen. John Stricker to deploy his entire 3d Maryland Militia Brigade forward to Patapsco Neck to delay the British as they advanced along the single road that led to the city. Numbering three thousand men, the 3d Brigade consisted of five infantry regiments, a battalion of riflemen, a company of artillery, and a regiment of cavalry, all from the Baltimore area. The brigade arguably was the most capable of the three Maryland militia brigades. Stricker – Commodore Joshua Barney's brother-in-law – had served in combat during the Revolutionary War and had been called into federal service during the Whiskey Rebellion.
Brigadier General Jonh Stricker
Artist: Rembrandt Peale
An Active Defense
The brigade marched at about 1500, headed down the North Point Road. It halted at approximately 2000, just below the junction with Trappe Road, where the neck of land narrowed to less than one mile in width between Bread and Cheese Creek on the north and Bear Creek on the south. Stricker chose his ground based on previous reconnaissance. He established camp behind a strong pike-rail fence at the edge of a wood line facing a large field where, except for the cover provided by the Bouldin Farm, the enemy would have to cross an open area. On the rising ground behind the clearing, Stricker set up headquarters in a Methodist meeting house. As volunteer militia companies from Hagerstown, Maryland, and Pennsylvania arrived to reinforce his brigade, he attached them to several of his subordinate regiments and prepared for battle. He ordered Capt. William B. Dyer, commanding in the place of the wounded Major Pinckney, to advance one company of the 1st Maryland Rifle Battalion, accompanied by the 5th Maryland Cavalry. After the riflemen formed a skirmish line two miles farther down the neck, Lt. Col. James Biay led the 140 troopers one mile further, and deployed as vedettes near the Gorsuch Farm.
At 0300 on 12 September, as British gun brigs came in close to North Point to lend naval gunfire support if needed, the first landing boats pulled toward shore loaded with red coated soldiers. Soon after the Light Brigade, now consisting of all the light infantry companies and the 85th Foot, was ashore, Maj. Gen. Robert Ross sent them ahead at about 0700 under the command of Maj. Timothy Jones to reconnoiter. Ross told his second-in-command, Colonel Arthur Brooke, to supervise the rest of the landing and advance with the 21st Regiment of Foot and the artillery as soon as possible so as to attack that morning. By 0800, six field pieces and two howitzers, plus their horses and limbers, had landed and advanced inland. Brooke caught up with Ross at the Gorsuch Farm to report, just when a British patrol brought in some captured American cavalrymen. The prisoners told Ross that he faced twenty thousand militia, at which the British commander allegedly scoffed, "I don't care if it rains militia." The general ordered Brooke to go back and hurry the troops along as American troops were probably in the area.
Volunteer Militia Infantryman, by Herbert Knötel,
from the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection
The Delaying Action
The cavalry vedettes had kept Stricker well informed. By 0700, he knew the British had landed. He sent his baggage back toward Baltimore and deployed his brigade in three lines, with Dyer's skirmishers to the front. He formed the first line just inside a wood astride North Point Road. Colonel Joseph Sterrett's battle-tested 5th Maryland Volunteer Infantry was posted on the south side with its right flank resting on a branch of Bear creek. Lt. Col. Kennedy Long's 27th Maryland formed on the north with its left flank extending to Bread and Cheese Creek. The six 4-pounder field guns of Capt. John Montgomery's Union Artillery company straddled the road between the two infantry regiments. The position strechted a mile in length. Three hundred yards to the rear, behind the west bank of Bread and Cheese Creek, Stricker deployed Lt. Col. Henry Amey's 51st Maryland on the right and Lt. Col. Benjamin Fowler's 39th Maryland on the left side of the road. One half mile further to the rear, on Perego's Hill near Cook's Tavern, Stricker positioned Lt. Col. William McDonald's 6th Maryland in reserve.
Maryland Rifleman, by Herbert Knötel,
from the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection
Stricker planned for Dyer's riflemen to retard the enemy's progress until the two forward regiments in the first line took up the fight against the leading British units. After forcing the British to deploy into battle formation, the first line would hold as long as possible without risking becoming decisively engaged, and then withdraw through the second line to take position on the right of McDonald's regiment. The second line would then take up the battle, repeat the tactic of the first, and withdraw to McDonald's left. The reunited brigade would then engage in a fighting withdrawal back to Hampstead Hill.
The plan got off to a rocky start. Acting upon a false rumor that British marines had landed to his rear, Dyer ordered the riflemen back before they had fired a shot. Chagrinned by the unauthorized retreat, Stricker ordered Dyer and the cavalrymen who had returned from scouting to take positions on the front line to the right of the 5th Maryland. When vedettes reported that a British advance party was at the Gorsuch farmhouse, several officers of the 5th Regiment volunteered to lead their companies for a strike. Maj. Richard Heath of the 5th Maryland advanced with Capt. Aaron Levering's Independent Blues and Capt. Benjamin C. Howard's Mechanical Volunteers of that regiment, Capt. Edward Aisquith's Sharp Shooters from the rifle battalion, and Lt. John S. Styles detachment of artillerymen with one gun. They deployed about a half mile forward, and the two hundred fifty Americans initiated a sharp skirmish with the British advance guard. After sustaining some casualties, the Americans withdrew while continuing a running fight through the thick woods.
Death of Ross
Ross and Royal Navy R. Adm. George Cockburn heard the firing and rode forward to assess the situation. The American foray surprised Ross and caused him to overestimate his opponent's strength. He decided to bring his army's main body forward quickly, and just as he turned in the saddle to tell Cockburn, a round of ball and buckshot struck him in the arm and chest. He fell from his horse mortally wounded as aides and subordinate officers rushed to his assistance Ross died as he was carried back to the landing site for medical treatment. His death shocked the British, and Colonel Brooke assumed command. He brought up reinforcements that drove Heath's men back to the main American line. While bringing up his own artillery, Brooke perceived a "several hundred yard gap" between the American left and the Back River, and he moved to exploit it. Seeing the British move toward his left flank, Stricker ordered the 39th to the left of the 27th Regiment, and ordered the 51st to form at a right angle to protect his vulnerable left flank. Such a maneuver under fire was beyond the capabilities of the inexperienced troops, and instead of forming where Stricker wanted them, they milled about in confusion.
Battle of North Point
Sensing the moment was right to attack, at 1450 Brooke launched a furious assault concentrated on Stricker's left flank. Both sides traded volleys, but the 51st Regiment became confused and broke, taking part of the 39th along with them. While the left crumbled under the fire of Brooke's 4th Regiment, the more reliable troops on Stricker's right held firm. Blasted with musketry and grapeshot, the 21st and 44th regiments suffered heavy casualties assaulting the 5th and 27th Maryland. After an hour of heavy fighting, Stricker, having followed his orders to fight a delaying action, directed his infantry and artillery to fall back to join the 6th Maryland at Cook's Tavern. While the British claimed that they drove and scattered the Americans from the field, Stricker reported most of his units had re-formed. Brooke did not order his forces to exploit their success, but remained on the battlefield until the morning of 13 September. Stricker listed his losses as 24 killed, 139 wounded and 50 men captured. In addition to General Ross, the British suffered 38 killed, 251 wounded, and 50 men missing.
Having accomplished his delaying mission, Stricker withdrew toward Worthington's Mills and took new positions as Smith had ordered. General Winder arrived with Brig. Gen. Hugh Douglass' Virginia brigade from the south of town and some regulars not deployed elsewhere, including a company of U.S. Dragoons under Captain John Burd. These joined Stricker on the left flank and apart from the main American line. They were positioned to attack the right flank of Brooke's army if it continued its advance on Hampstead Hill.
Following a heavy rain on the night of 12-13 September, Brooke had his men moving toward Hampstead Hill at 0530. A short while later, he could hear Royal Navy V. Adm. Alexander Cochrane's bomb ships shelling Fort McHenry. When he reached the junction of the North Point and Philadelphia Roads, the sight of the well-prepared and manned American defensive line stunned Brooke. He had assumed that the force he had driven off at great cost the day before at North Point represented the main American effort. After realizing his error, he tried to maneuver toward the entrenchments on Smith's left flank, and immediately encountered Winder's and Stricker's men arrayed on high ground in prepared positions above the Belair Road. When Brooke withdrew back toward the Philadelphia Road, Stricker and Winder advanced their brigades in a demonstration that threatened his rear. By the afternoon of 13 September, Brooke was content with merely sending patrols to probe Smith's main line for weaknesses, possibly for a risky night attack.
The Perilous Fight
Admiral Cochrane believed that if he could pound Baltimore's harbor defenses into submission, his ships could enter the harbor and enfilade the main American defense line on Hampstead Hill with their naval guns to assist Brooke in driving off the defenders. Due to the shallowness of the river, Cochrane only advanced one frigate, his five bomb ships, and one rocket firing ship toward Fort McHenry. Each bomb vessels had one 10-inch and one 13-inch mortar that could fire a two hundred-pound exploding shell or an incendiary carcass every five minutes. They began firing toward Fort McHenry from nearly two and a half miles away by 0700. When the defenders attempted to reply with their larger caliber guns, they realized the mortars' greater range allowed the British to remain beyond their reach and ceased firing by 1000. The British continued their bombardment against the fort, but Cochrane could tell that his weapons were not having the desired effect. He wrote to Cockburn who was ashore with Brooke, "It is impossible for the Ships to render you any assistance … It is for Colonel Brooke to consider … whether he has Force sufficient to defeat so large a number as it [is] said the Enemy has collected; say 20,000 strong or even less number & to take the Town."
CMH Related Publications
The Bombs Bursting in Air
Meanwhile, large bombs continued to fall inside the fort's walls or to explode overhead. Capt. Frederick Evans of the U.S. Corps of Artillery, who commanded the regulars of the garrison, saw two men killed by shrapnel as they hid under a heavy gun. He also stated that he saw a woman carrying water vaporized as a shell hit her. He noted that some shells "as big as a flour barrel" fell nearby and failed to explode. At 1400 a shell scored a direct hit on bastion number four and its 24-pounder, killing Lt. Levi Clagett and Sgt. John Clemm, militia artillerymen of the Baltimore Fencibles company, and wounding a number of others. When Cochrane ordered his bomb ships closer, the move brought them within range of the fort's larger guns. After American fire damaged two bomb ships and damaged the rocket ship so badly that she had to be towed to safety by the accompanying frigate, the admiral ordered his vessels to retire to a safer distance.
British Diversionary Attack
Cochrane continued long-range firing through the night and into the early morning hours of 14 September. After considering his options, Cochrane ordered Capt. Charles Napier of HMS Euryalis to lead twenty ship's boats loaded with nearly 1,200 sailors and marines in an attempt to slip into Ferry Branch and threaten Fort McHenry from its landward side. Under a driving rain, eleven of the boats became separated and drifted toward the Lazaretto, where Lt. Solomon Frazier's flotillamen and nearby Pennsylvania riflemen prepared to repel the landing. On realizing their mistake, the British pulled back towards their fleet. The nine remaining boats continued up Ferry Branch until detected by the men at Fort Babcock. They opened fire, and were soon followed by the guns at Fort Covington. Sailing Master Webster later stated: "I could hear the balls from our guns strike the barges. My men stated to me that they could hear the shrieks of the wounded…During the firing of the enemy, I could distinctly see their barges by the explosion of their cannon which was a great guide to me to fire by." The other batteries in and around Fort McHenry added their fire to punish Napier's force as it retreated.
By 0400, 14 September, the British firing began to slacken. At 0700 it ceased altogether. Soldiers on Hampstead Hill worried the fort had fallen, but the post had withstood the onslaught. Georgetown lawyer and District of Columbia Militia artillery lieutenant Francis Scott Key had been taken aboard a British flagship to assist in negotiating the release Dr. William Beanes' – a Maryland civilian who the British had taken prisoner. Key, Beanes, and Col. John Skinner, the American prisoner exchange agent, witnessed the night-long bombardment with fearful anticipation. After the firing had ceased in the morning, Key saw the large garrison flag flying from the fort's flagstaff. The three Americans knew that the men in the fort had prevailed. The sight inspired Key to write the poem he originally titled The Defense of Fort McHenry, which he later renamed The Star Spangled Banner. It became the United States National Anthem in 1931. Skinner and Key's mission ultimately succeeded in obtaining Beanes' release.
Our Flag Was Still There
With naval forces unable to outflank Hampstead Hill, Brooke's only options were to conduct an unsupported attack against a strongly entrenched enemy or retreat. After weighing the advantages and disadvantages, he decided on withdrawal. As his army marched back toward North Point, Brooke halted in an attempt to lure the Americans into a battle in the open. Smith, however, resisted the temptation to leave the trenches. By 15 September Cochrane's ships re-embarked the exhausted troops. British operations in the Chesapeake had effectively ended for the season. Before long, Cochrane headed to Halifax, and Cockburn departed for Bermuda. The British retained their naval base and a small contingent of colonial marines on Tangier Island until March 1815, the month following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war.
An aerial view of Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine. This image shows the fort more in its Civil War era appearance. It was here, in September 1814, that the sight of the historic U.S. Army post's garrison flag still waving defiantly despite twenty-five hours of intense bombardment inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star Spangled Banner," the song that later became our national anthem.


The news business is often an emotional bundle of contradictions. This past week provides all the examples you need. On Tuesday evening, Fairfield County health officials announced that a woman had died and nearly two dozen others were ill because of suspected botulism in food shared at a church potluck dinner.
On April 29, 1865, the Lincoln Funeral Train from Washington arrived in Columbus. It was on its way to Springfield, almost exactly retracing the route Lincoln had taken to Washington for his inauguration in 1861. The nearly 1,700-mile trip would take 13 days and was met at every stop with grieving Americans. Fifty thousand Ohioans welcomed Lincoln’s remains in Columbus on that cold and rainy day.
The Ohio House on Wednesday passed a state budget bill for the two years that will begin July 1 with “yes” votes from all but five of the House’s 65 Republicans.
Smoking, said King James I in 1604, is “loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs.” Three years later he planted a colony in Jamestown. Its tobacco enhanced the royal treasury until Virginia produced a bumper crop of revolutionaries, including the tobacco farmer George Washington.


John H. Mitchell
| United States Senator |
March 4, 1901 –December 8, 1905
|Preceded by||George W. McBride|
|Succeeded by||John M. Gearin|
November 18, 1885 –March 4, 1897
|Preceded by||James H. Slater|
|Succeeded by||Joseph Simon|
March 4, 1873 –March 4, 1879
|Preceded by||Henry W. Corbett|
|Succeeded by||James H. Slater|
|3rd President of the Oregon State Senate|
|Preceded by||Wilson Bowlby|
|Succeeded by||Thomas R. Cornelius|
|Member of the Oregon State Senate |
from Multnomah County
|Born||June 22, 1835|
Washington County, Pennsylvania
|Died||December 8, 1905 70) (aged|
John Hipple Mitchell, also known as John Mitchell Hipple, John H. Mitchell, or J. H. Mitchell (June 22, 1835 –December 8, 1905) was a controversial American lawyer and politician, who served as a Republican United States Senator from Oregon on three occasions between 1873 and 1905. He also served as State Senate President, did the initial legal work involved in the dispute that led to the landmark Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff , and later was involved with the Oregon land fraud scandal, for which he was indicted and convicted while a sitting U.S. Senator, one of only twelve sitting U.S. Senators ever indicted, and one of only five ever convicted.
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building, in Washington, D.C.
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada.
Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a court can exert personal jurisdiction over a party if that party is served with process while physically present within the state.
He was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, with the name John Mitchell Hipple. He moved with his parents to Butler County, Pennsylvania, at the age of two. He attended public schools during much of his childhood, but also attended some private schools including the Witherspoon Institute. As a young man he was a schoolteacher. He seduced a 15-year-old female student, and, due to the resulting scandal, was forced to marry her.
Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820. Its county seat is Washington. The county was created on March 28, 1781, from part of Westmoreland County. The city and county were both named after American Revolutionary War leader George Washington, who eventually became the first President of the United States.
Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 183,862. Its county seat is Butler. Butler County was created on March 12, 1800, from part of Allegheny County and named in honor of General Richard Butler, a hero of the American Revolution.
In 1857, Mitchell stopped teaching and decided to become a lawyer. He built a successful law practice in Pennsylvania. However, in 1860, he decided to leave his community and family, and moved to California with a local schoolteacher with whom he was having an affair. After arriving in California, he abandoned her and moved to Portland, Oregon. It was then that he decided to change his name to John Hipple Mitchell, using his middle name as his last name, and attempted to start a completely new life in Oregon. Almost immediately, he started to become a successful lawyer and build political connections. Mitchell was not an intellectual man, but he was very ambitious and knew how to develop business and political friendships with important people. In 1867, he was hired as a professor at Willamette University School of Medicine to teach medical jurisprudence. Mitchell remained as professor for almost four years.
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.6 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second-most populous, after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The City and County of San Francisco is both the country's second-most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth-most densely populated county, behind only four of the five New York City boroughs.
Portland is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is a major port in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. As of 2018, Portland had an estimated population of 653,115, making it the 25th most populated city in the United States, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest. Approximately 2.4 million people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area (MSA), making it the 25th most populous in the United States. Its combined statistical area (CSA) ranks 19th-largest with a population of around 3.2 million. Approximately 60% of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area.
During his law practice in Oregon, Mitchell did some legal work for a client named Marcus Neff. Mitchell's dispute with Neff regarding some unpaid legal bills gave rise to the circumstances that led to the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff .
Two years after arriving in Oregon, in 1862, he was elected to the Oregon State Senate.In 1864 he became President of the state Senate and served in that position until 1866. Because United States Senators were elected by the state legislatures during his lifetime, and that was the only office that Mitchell was to seek, this early position in the state Senate was the only popularly elected office that he would ever run for or win.
The Oregon State Senate is the upper house of the statewide legislature for the US state of Oregon. Along with the lower chamber Oregon House of Representatives it makes up the Oregon Legislative Assembly. There are 30 members of the State Senate, representing 30 districts across the state, each with a population of 114,000. The State Senate meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.
Mitchell was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate from Oregon in 1866, losing to Henry W. Corbett. He tried again in 1872 and this time won, taking office in 1873. He petitioned to officially change his name after he was elected.
Henry Winslow Corbett was an American businessman, politician, civic benefactor, and philanthropist in the state of Oregon. A native of Massachusetts, he spent his early life in the East and New York before moving to the Oregon Territory. He was a prominent figure in the early development of Portland, Oregon and was involved in numerous business ventures there, starting in general merchandise. His interests later included banking, finance, insurance, river shipping, stage lines, railways, telegraph, iron and steel and the erection of Portland downtown buildings among other enterprises. A Republican, he served as a United States Senator from 1867 to 1873.
On the topic of names, during Mitchell's second period of Senate service (from November 18, 1885, to March 3, 1897), he concurrently served alongside two other different individuals named "John Mitchell", from other states. From November 18, 1885, to March 3, 1887, Mitchell served alongside Sen. John I. Mitchell from Pennsylvania; and from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897, Mitchell served alongside Sen. John L. Mitchell from Wisconsin.
By this time, he had married again, but had not divorced the woman he had married in Pennsylvania. His opponents tried to block him from becoming a senator by asking a Senate committee to expel him for what he had done in the past, charging him with bigamy, desertion and living under an assumed name. Though these charges were certainly true, the Senate Committee decided they were not relevant. Mitchell served in the Senate from 1873 to 1879, and was defeated for reelection. He ran for reelection to the Senate in 1882 but lost. In 1885, however, he was elected again to the Senate, and reelected in 1890.
Mitchell sought reelection by the Oregon Legislature in 1897, but his candidacy proved to be highly divisive: the resulting scandal prevented the 19th Oregon Legislative Assembly from organizing and, consequently, left Oregon with a vacant U.S. Senate seat for nearly two years.Joseph Simon was ultimately chosen for the seat.
While not in the Senate, Mitchell practiced law. Mitchell's last term in the Senate began in 1901 and was to last until 1907, but Mitchell died before it expired.
Mitchell was devoted to business interests and was against the populists and their political reforms. In the Senate, he was interested in transportation issues. He was chairman of the committee on railroads from 1877 to 1879 and from 1889 to 1893, and chairman of several committees related to coastlines and the ocean during his terms in the Senate. He was also chairman of the committee on claims from 1891 to 1893 and chairman of the committee of elections and privileges from 1895 to 1897.
In 1905, Mitchell was indicted in the Oregon land fraud scandal, involving his use of political influence in the federal government to help clients with their land claims. While he was convicted,he was never sentenced. An appeal of the conviction was under way and the Senate was beginning proceedings to expel him when Mitchell died of an illness in Portland, Oregon.
He was buried at River View Cemetery in Portland.
The town of Mitchell, Oregon, was named after him.
His daughter, Mattie Elizabeth Mitchell, married François XVI Alfred Gaston, 5th Duc de La Rochefoucauld, Duc de Liancourt, Prince de Marcillac, Duc d'Anville, in 1892.
The Watergate scandal was a major American political scandal that lasted from 1972 to 1974, following a burglary by five men of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972, and President Richard Nixon's subsequent attempt to cover up his administration's involvement. After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered—chiefly through the work of a few journalists, Congressional staffers and an election-finance watchdog official—Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress. Meanwhile, Nixon's administration resisted its probes, which led to a constitutional crisis.
Charles Warren Fairbanks was an American politician who served as a senator from Indiana from 1897 to 1905 and the 26th vice president of the United States from 1905 to 1909. He was also the Republican vice presidential nominee in the 1916 presidential election.
Sylvester Pennoyer was an American educator, attorney, and politician in Oregon. He was born in Groton, New York, attended Harvard Law School, and moved to Oregon at age 25. A Democrat, he served two terms as the eighth Governor of Oregon from 1886 to 1895. He joined the Populist cause in the early 1890s and became the second Populist Party state governor in history. He was noted for his political radicalism, his opposition to the conservative Bourbon Democracy of President Grover Cleveland, his support for labor unions, and his opposition to the Chinese in Oregon. He was also noted for his prickly attitude toward both U.S. Presidents whose terms overlapped his own -- Benjamin Harrison and Cleveland, whom he once famously told via telegram to mind his own business.
Frank Putnam Flint Born in North Reading, Massachusetts. In 1869 his family moved to San Francisco, California, where he attended public schools. He had asthma. In 1888 he moved to Orange, then Los Angeles, California. On February 25, 1890, he married Katherine J. Bloss in Los Angeles; and they had 2 children, a girl about 1892, and boy about 1894. Also in 1890, he was appointed a clerk in the United States marshal's office in Los Angeles, and began to study law. In 1892 he was appointed assistant United States attorney under Mathew Thompson Allen. In 1883 he resigned and formed a law partnership with Allen, Allen & Flint, which lasted 2 years until Allen became a Judge. In 1895, Flint and Donald Barker reformed the law firm as Flint & Barker. In 1897 Flint was appointed United States attorney for the southern district of California, and served 4 years. Flint was active in Republican politics. He was a fruit-grower, politician and banker.
Vincent Joseph "Vince" Fumo is a former politician, lawyer and businessman from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A Democrat, he represented a south Philadelphia district in the Pennsylvania Senate from 1978 to 2008. On March 16, 2009, he was convicted of 137 federal corruption charges. On July 14, 2009, he was sentenced to 55 months in federal prison.
Robert M. Shrum is the Director of the Jesse M. Unruh Institute of Politics and the Carmen H. and Louis Warschaw Chair in Practical Politics at the University of Southern California, where he is a Professor of the Practice of Political Science in the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. He is a former American political consultant, who has worked on numerous Democratic campaigns, including as senior advisor to the Kerry-Edwards campaign in 2004 and to the Gore-Lieberman campaign in 2000. Shrum wrote the famous speech Ted Kennedy gave at the 1980 Democratic National Convention conceding to and supporting President Jimmy Carter. The Atlantic Monthly described him as "the most sought-after consultant in the Democratic Party." Shrum served as speechwriter to New York Mayor John V. Lindsay from 1970 to 1971, speechwriter to Senator George McGovern's 1972 Presidential campaign and speechwriter and press secretary to Senator Edward M. Kennedy from 1980 to 1984 and political consultant until 2009.
The Watergate Seven has come to refer to two different groups of people, but both fall in the context of the Watergate scandal. First, it can refer to the five men caught June 17, 1972, burglarizing the Democratic National Committee's headquarters in the Watergate Hotel, along with their two handlers, E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy, who were Nixon campaign aides. All seven were tried before Judge John Sirica in January 1973.
Howard Edwin "Ed" Reinecke was an American politician from California. He served three terms in the United States House of Representatives. He was the 39th state lieutenant governor from 1969 until his resignation in 1974 in connection with a Federal conviction for perjury.
Joseph Ralph Burton was a lawyer and United States Senator from the state of Kansas.
Alexander Caldwell was a U.S. Senator from Kansas.
Joseph Simon was a German-born politician and attorney in the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Bechtheim, Hesse, and his family immigrated to the United States when he was one year old, settling in Portland, Oregon. A Republican, Simon served on the city council before election to the Oregon State Senate. He was later elected to the United States Senate for one partial term, 1898 to 1903. He later served as mayor of Portland for one term, 1909 to 1911. He was also the first Jewish Republican senator.
Austin John Murphy was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1977 to 1995.
The Democratic Party of Oregon, based in Portland, is the official Oregon affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. It is recognized by the state of Oregon as a major political party, along with the Oregon Republican Party. The State Central Committee, made up of two delegates elected from each of Oregon's 36 counties and one additional delegate for every 15,000 registered Democrats, is the main authoritative body of the party. After Oregon was admitted into the Union in 1859, the Democratic party controlled the state. Oregon elected twice as many Democrats as Republicans between 1859 and 1879 in statewide elections for governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, and congressmen. The party holds 38 members in the State House that has 60 representatives total, and 18 members in the State Senate, out of 30 delegates total. The party also holds the Governor's office, Attorney General, Labor Commissioner, and State Treasurer. The Democrats also have both U.S senate positions in their state and send four of the five U.S House representatives from Oregon to D.C.
John Newton Williamson was an American rancher and politician in the state of Oregon. A native Oregonian, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing central and eastern Oregon in the late 19th century. A Republican, he then served in Congress from 1903 to 1907 and was involved in the Oregon land fraud scandal.
The Oregon land fraud scandal of the early 20th century involved U.S. government land grants in the U.S. state of Oregon being illegally obtained with the assistance of public officials. Most of Oregon's U.S. congressional delegation received indictments in the case: U.S. Senator John H. Mitchell and U.S. Representatives John N. Williamson and Binger Hermann, with Senator Charles William Fulton singularly uninvolved.
Expulsion is the most serious form of disciplinary action that can be taken against a Member of Congress. Article I, Section 5 of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House [of Congress] may determine the Rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member." The processes for expulsion differ somewhat between the House of Representatives and the Senate.
The 19th Oregon Legislative Assembly was scheduled to convene January 11, 1897. The Senate organized, but the House failed to do so. In the House, two factions formed, neither of which had enough members to constitute a quorum.
Stephen A. Douglas Puter was a criminal and author from the U.S. state of Oregon. After being convicted of land fraud, he lived as a fugitive for several months before capture, wrote a book after conviction, received a Presidential pardon, and later was convicted of mail fraud.
Burton v. United States is the name of two appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States by Senator Joseph R. Burton (R-KS) following his conviction for compensated representation of a party in a proceeding in which the United States was interested: Burton v. United States, 196 U.S. 283 (1905) and Burton v. United States, 202 U.S. 344 (1906). Burton was convicted of acting as counsel to Rialto Grain and Securities Company in the United States Postmaster General's investigation of Rialto for mail fraud.
Henry W. Corbett
| U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Oregon |
March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1879
Served alongside: James K. Kelly, La Fayette Grover
James H. Slater
James H. Slater
| U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Oregon |
November 18, 1885 – March 4, 1897
Served alongside: Joseph N. Dolph, George W. McBride
George W. McBride
| U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Oregon |
March 4, 1901 – December 8, 1905
Served alongside: Joseph Simon, Charles W. Fulton
John M. Gearin


Combing long-stapled wool using with combs handmade by The Red Barn Farm. Our volunteer is in the process of transferring the wool from the comb in her hand back onto the stationary comb. The wool is transferred back and forth until the fibers are smooth and straight. The spindle of the spinning wheel, nearly full of wool, can be seen in the lower right hand corner of the picture (more easily visible on the enlarged version). Some finished linen belts hang on a line on the left side of the picture. More detailed pictures of the wool combing process appear with the enlarged version of this picture.
Our demonstrator is now spinning the wool she combed on an antique spindle wheel. The stationary comb can be seen on the right side of the picture with its protective cover. She leaves the wool on the comb until she needs more, then she draws it out into a roving (rope) about eight inches long, then pulls it off and holds it in her left hand as she spins. The wheel is turned with her right hand while the wool is drawn out into a fine yarn. After a yard or so of yarn is formed it is wound onto the spindle of the wheel. It is on this horizontal spindle that Sleeping Beauty pricked her finger in the famous fairy tale. Pictures in books often get this image very mixed up. They nearly always depict a flyer wheel which has no spindle, and Sleeping Beauty seems to be pricking her finger on a vertical object which could only be a distaff which is made from wood and does not have a sharp point.
Spinning wheels with a flyer mechanism were not yet known in the British Isles at the time of King Henry VIII. Spindle wheels were used for wool, but flax was still being spun on a drop spindle. Later the flyer wheel would become popular for spinning flax, but a spindle wheel was still preferable for wool.
Weaving linen on our replica 13th century floor loom. The reed and shuttle are hand-made antiques. See the Old Loom page for details on the construction of the loom as well as pictures of the original loom located at Medieval Times in Kissimmee, Florida. The tartan blanket draped over the leg of the loom is one of the Bonnie Prince Charles Edward Stuart designs. It is not a deisgn correct for our time period, but it was a lot of fun to weave! It is the fruit of our labor from the 1998 and 1999 Festivals. It is made of nine yards of heavy wool which was cut into three panels and stitched together to form a wonderfully warm blanket. A woolen inkle band was used to bind one end, and a linen inkle band was used to bind the other.
Weaving a linen belt on an inkle loom. The history of the inkle loom is vague and it is not certain whether a loom of this exact design was used in the 16th century, but it is certain that a variety of small looms similar to this design were used for making narrow belts, straps and ribbons. In the background, just in front of the demonstrator the distaff (used to hold flax fibers as they are being spun) and umbrella swift (used to hold skeins of yarn as they are being wound onto pirns (similar to bobbins) which are then placed in the shuttle for the weaver to use on the loom. In the back ground behind the demonstrator the top of a wheel can be seen. This is a pirn winder, not a spinning wheel. We apologize for not having better pictures of these tools and promise to add them to the site as soon as possible.
Here is our demonstration tent. This picture was taken at the end of the last day of the Festival. The blue cloth draped across the fron of the tent is the nine yards of heavy linen which was woven during the five weeks of the Festival. Under the tent, from left to right, can be seen: the umbrella swift, the pirn winder, a skeiner (in the background), an inkle loom sitting on a stool (in the foreground), the 13th century replica loom, the spindle wheel, and a wool comb (mounted on the tent pole behind the spinning wheel).
Donning the Great Kilt (Florida Renaissance Festival 1999)
Two of our volunteers at our encampent during the 1998 Florida Renaissance Festival.
A little glimpse of one of our demonstration areas.
(Also taken at the 1998 Florida Renaissance Festival)
How to wrap and wear a Great Kilt
And yet another explanation of how to wear the Greak Kilt


- For the character from the main universe, see Ner'zhul. For information on how to defeat Ner'zhul in World of Warcraft, see Ner'zhul (tactics).
Warlord of the Shadowmoon clan,|
|Class||Shaman, Warlock, Necromancer, Shadowcaster|
|Affiliation(s)||Shadowmoon clan, Iron Horde|
|Occupation||Warlord and elder shaman of the Shadowmoon clan|
|Relative(s)||Rulkan (ex-mate), Neema (former mother-in-law)|
- "Our fate is written in the stars, and the stars are within my grasp."
Ner'zhul was the warlord of the Shadowmoon clan and the ruler of Shadowmoon Valley. An influential elder shaman with intelligence and cunning beyond his peers, he crafted far-reaching machinations.
For years untold, the Shadowmoon clan divined wisdom from the stars over alternate Draenor. Orcs from far and wide called on the clan for prophecies, and the Shadowmoon chieftain, the shaman Ner'zhul, was known for his ability to communicate with spirits.
Though Ner'zhul was contemplative and forward-thinking, his vision of a united orcish culture was eclipsed by the manipulations of Gul'dan and the bloody reality of the rising Iron Horde. His clan, the Shadowmoon, always looked reverently to the stars to guide their fellows. Thereafter, the mysticism of these death-sages nudged Draenor closer to obliteration.
Joining the Iron Horde
When the Iron Horde began its march across Draenor, Ner'zhul was given an ultimatum by Grommash Hellscream, to join him or die. Although he had no desire for war, Ner'zhul joined with the Iron Horde in order to save his clan. But Grom had no interest in the Shadowmoon's traditions of astrology, death-speaking and prophecy; he ordered Ner'zhul to provide a worthy form of power or else he would decimate Shadowmoon anyway. Ner'zhul, with the fate of his clan on the line, broke the ancient Shadowmoon laws and called on the power of the forbidden Dark Star, gaining mastery over the Void. Ner'zhul's wife, Rulkan, disapproved of this decision, and she and several other like-minded members of the Shadowmoon left to form the Shadowmoon Exiles.
The war on Draenor
Ner'zhul and his Shadowmoon clan were among the Iron Horde defending the Dark Portal from the Alliance and Horde offensive. His clan was active within the Umbral Halls, to where he was called by his lieutenant Keli'dan. He destroyed the cave in an attempt to kill Khadgar and his fellow attackers. He later overlooked the assault along with the other Warlords of Draenor as Grom ordered the combined army after the destroyers of the Portal.
After several encounters with the draenei, including Vindicator Maraad and the Prophet Velen himself, Ner'zhul began preparations to summon the Dark Star in a clearing in the heart of Shadowmoon Valley. He planned to use it against the draenei in the Iron Horde's siege of Karabor.
When Yrel and the commander of the Alliance forces arrived to stop him, Ner'zhul summoned his ancestor's spirits, loudly declaring that he would sacrifice even them to save his clan from the wrath of Hellscream. When Velen offered to help Ner'zhul so he could restore his clan to its peaceful ways, Ner'zhul revealed that the shadows of the void had already taken his soul. He fought with Velen, but left once the summoning of the Dark Star was complete. However, Velen released his energy and sacrificed himself to purify the Dark Star into its original form: the naaru K'ara. With his trump card lost, Ner'zhul and his clan fled to the Shadowmoon Burial Grounds.
After Ner'zhul's best shaman and their minions were slain, Ner'zhul was defeated at the Edge of Reality.
|Location||Level range||Health range|
|Altar of Shadow||102||3,848,387|
|Ner'zhul (tactics)||102 - 103|
- Shadowmoon Valley
- Soul Harvest — Harvest a living soul.
- Malevolence — Slams the ground inflicting 2 Shadow damage to all enemies in a line in front of the caster.
- Ritual of Destruction — Ner'zhul summons three spirits that protect him from all damage and will explode for 3 Shadow damage if they are not destroyed in 20 sec.
- Ritual of Shadow — Ner'zhul summons Risen Spirits to sacrifice to create a Void Horror.
- Void Bolt — Sends a bolt of dark magic at an enemy, inflicting 1 Shadow damage.
- Main article: Keli'dan the Breaker (quest)#Progress
- Main article: Shadows Awaken#Progress
- Main article: Going Undercover#Progress
- Main article: Escape From Shaz'gul#Progress
- Main article: The Dark Side of the Moon#Notes
- Main article: Darkness Falls#Progress
- Main article: Ner'zhul (tactics)#Quotes
Notes and trivia
- Ner'zhul wields the Staff of Souls.
- Ner'zhul was voiced by Vic Mignogna.
- Ner'zhul was the only one of the seven Warlords of the expansion to not have received his own piece of Savage World expanded universe material. Kargath, Grommash, Durotan and Kilrogg were all featured in Lords of War videos, while Gul'dan, Blackhand and even Fenris received webcomics on the official site.
- His association with death and darkness seems to reference the ultimate fate of his main universe self.
- Despite being forced to join the Iron Horde, he apparently swiftly became devoutly loyal to them. This could be an effect of wielding Void magic so recklessly.
- Patch 6.0.2 (2014-10-14): Added.


1071: How a universal church adapted to and resisted powerful calls for transformation
Day 1071: Monday, February 20, 2023
How a universal church adapted to and resisted powerful calls for transformation
This is an announcement from FutureChurch about a discussion by Dr. Mark Newman about race and the Catholic Church: Desegregating Dixie: The Catholic Church in the South and Desegregation, 1945-1992
In honor of Black History Month, join Professor Mark Newman of the University of Edinburgh as he discusses race and the Catholic Church from his book, “Desegregating Dixie: The Catholic Church in the South and Desegregation, 1945-1992.”
Thursday, February 23, 2023 at 9:00am Pacific Time
Winner of the 2020 American Studies Network Book Prize from the European Association for American Studies, Mark Newman draws on a vast range of archives and many interviews to uncover for the first time the complex response of African American and white Catholics across the South to desegregation. In the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the southern Catholic Church contributed to segregation by confining African Americans to the back of white churches and to black-only schools and churches.
However, in the twentieth century, papal adoption and dissemination of the doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, pressure from some black and white Catholics, and secular change brought by the civil rights movement increasingly led the Church to address racial discrimination both inside and outside its walls.
Far from monolithic, white Catholics in the South split between a moderate segregationist majority and minorities of hard-line segregationists and progressive racial egalitarians. While some bishops felt no discomfort with segregation, prelates appointed from the late 1940s onward tended to be more supportive of religious and secular change.
Some bishops in the peripheral South began desegregation before or in anticipation of secular change while elsewhere, especially in the Deep South, they often tied changes in the Catholic churches to secular desegregation.
This is the first comprehensive treatment of the Catholic Church in the American South during the twentieth century's long civil rights movement.? Based on archival research in Catholic dioceses and archdioceses from Virginia to Texas, it incorporates voices of white and black Catholics alike. Rather than place "southern" and "Catholic" in opposition, as so many other scholars have done, Newman does a remarkable job capturing Catholics? sometimes complicated relationship with the rest of the South.
Newman's nuanced argument reveals that desegregation's impact was not overwhelmingly positive, since parish integration often meant the loss of institutions that had nurtured black community identity throughout the Jim Crow era. In short, this is a solid piece of scholarship, thorough in its research, judicious and fair in its judgments and conclusions, clear in presentation, opening new areas of inquiry that scholars will wrestle with for a long time to come. -- Andrew S. Moore, professor of history, Saint Anselm College, and author of The South’s Tolerable Alien: Roman Catholics in Alabama and Georgia, 1945–1970
African American Catholics were diverse and more active in the civil rights movement than has often been assumed. While some black Catholics challenged racism in the Church, many were conflicted about the manner of Catholic desegregation generally imposed by closing valued black institutions. Tracing its impact through the early 1990s, Newman reveals how desegregation shook congregations but seldom brought about genuine integration.
Two particular strengths of the book are the chapter that compares the southern Catholic experience with that of southern Protestants, and the chapter that takes the narrative into the early 1990s. Both provide the monograph with a better perspective and include the same depth of research that makes Newman's scholarship so impressive.
Newman's comprehensive work discusses many people, places, and events, and offers crucial context for anyone studying desegregation in the South. Overall, Desegregating Dixie is an essential resource for those concerned with race and religion in the South, Catholicism in the United States, and the civil rights movement. -- Karen J. Johnson, Wheaton College ― The Journal of Mississippi History
Mark Newman has written the definitive study of how the Roman Catholic Church variously resisted, assisted, and adapted to racial integration. This deeply researched and well-written book adds enormously to our understanding of the dynamics of racial change in the twentieth-century South. Newman has unearthed a complex, fascinating story, and he tells it exceedingly well. -- Adam Fairclough, professor emeritus, Leiden University, and author of
A Class of Their Own: Black Teachers in the Segregated South
Announcement from Alice:
Please let me know if you'd like to attend the performance at the 6th Street Playhouse. If we sign up 10 people we get a reduced price.
Our date is March 17th - St. Patrick's Day. The perfdormance starts at 7:30pm
Should be fun!
Please call Alice at (707) 217-0514 for more information. She needs a count and the money by March 1st.


Horowitz, 90, drove a similar Sherman combat tank during the war, from D-Day's Omaha and Utah beaches in Normandy, all the way through France, through the Battle of the Bulge, and on into Germany, as a member of the 7th Armored Division.
"It's deafening," Horowitz told about 200 people outside the museum at Republic Airport in East Farmingdale, which marked Veterans Day by dedicating the Sherman tank.
The tank was recently acquired in the Netherlands by Old Westbury real-estate investor Lawrence Kadish, who will present it at the museum.
"It's hot in the summer, cold in the winter," Horowitz told the gathering. "There's no men's room."
The mission Thursday was to dedicate the tank, which will become part of the museum's collection, which includes fighter planes, bombers and armored vehicles.
The tank, which had been owned by the Netherlands armed forces after World War II, rumbled from behind the museum hangar to a spot a few feet from the audience, the name "Truman's Bark" painted on its side.
More than 40,000 Shermans were built during World War II. Few operational Shermans are left in the United States, and other than at the museum, no others are on public display in the metropolitan area.
Also on hand for the dedication was Guenter Bier, of Hicksville, who was a young boy in Leipzig, Germany, on April 18, 1945, when a Sherman tank rolled into his village and liberated the town.
Bier recalled that he and his mother rushed to an upstairs bedroom and cobbled together a makeshift flag of surrender - a broomstick and a white pillowcase. The tank crew outside the window, he said, smiled.
Kadish declined to say how much he had paid for the Sherman tank. The tank "is meant to be a tribute to the past and also a reminder that the future is not guaranteed," he said.
Museum spokesman Gary Lewi said a price "considerably less" than $500,000 was ultimately negotiated with a nonprofit foundation in the Netherlands, which was in possession of it. Getting the tank required the help of Rep. Steve Israel (D-Huntington), whose aide, Beth Gabellini, spent months working with the U.S. Border Patrol and the State Department, which wanted to make sure it was disarmed.
Lewi said it was not certain whether the tank had been in combat. He said there is damage to its turret, which could mean it saw action.
Horowitz, a docent at the Holocaust Museum and Tolerance Center in Glen Cove, said he and his tank comrades - all of whom survived the war - persevered through the heat and the cold.
"We were young," Horowitz said. "We didn't know better. We had a mission."
The Sherman tank
Official name: M4 General Sherman
Number produced: 49,324 between 1942 and 1946
Used by: Americans, British, Canadian and Free French forces


About this Product
The deconstruction of an old pocket watch that was once worn by every respectable gentlemen
and today is seldom seen, into a statement unisex bracelet was chosen as a symbol of it’s time,
and of mans changing needs, fashions and of technological advancements. Starting out as an
object owned solely by the elite [Queen Elizabeth I was one such person - circa 1571] as
hand-crafted piece, the Industrial Revolution made it possible to manufacture in mass-scale,
with new process and material making improvements to the design, construction and finish.
As a result, this luxurious plaything of only the few became to be owned by the middle, and then,
the lower classes [e.g it was an essential item for those working on the railroads where accurate
timekeeping was critical]. Here, there is an interesting parallel to Rapid Manufacture and the new
opportunities that it offers us.
What's in the Box
'NOW' Bangle 70mm diameter
in White Strong & Flexible Polished
This model is 3D Printed in White Strong & Flexible Polished: White nylon plastic polished to reveal a smooth matte finish.
Last updated on 05/19/2014


MYSTIC TEMPLES TOUR
Siem Reap / Cambodia
2 Days Siemriep - Mystic Temples
Day 1: 8:00am, pick up at your hotel and transfer to the archaeological site. Visit Preah Khan, built by the King Jayavarman VII and, like Ta Prohm, a place of towered enclosures and shoulder-hugging corridors. Unlike Ta Prohm, however, the temple of Preah Khan is in a reasonable state of preservation and ongoing restoration efforts should maintain and even improve this situation. Neak Pean, a fountain (built in the middle of a pool and representing the paradisiacal Himalayan mountain-lake), the temple of Ta Som, as well as the unique brick sculptures of Prasat Kravan.
Afternoon, visit the South Gate (with its huge statues depicting the churning of the ocean of milk), the ancient capital of Angkor Thom (12th century), Bayon Temple (unique for its 54 towers decorated with over 200 smiling faces of Avolokitesvara), the Royal Enclosure, Phimeanakas, the Elephants Terrace and the Terrace of the Leper King. Sunset at Angkor Wat. Overnight at hotel in Siemriep.
Day 2: In the morning, visit the most famous of all the temples on the plain of Angkor: Angkor Wat.
The temple complex covers 81 hectares and is comparable in size to the Imperial Palace in Beijing. Its distinctive five towers are emblazoned on the Cambodian flag and the 12th century masterpiece is considered by art historians to be the prime example of classical Khmer art and architecture. Angkor Wat’s five towers symbolize Meru’s five peaks – the enclosed wall represents the mountains at the edge of the world and the surrounding moat, the ocean beyond.
Afternoon, visit Ta Prohm, one of the most beautiful temples in the area. Ta Prohm has been left relatively untouched since it was discovered and retains much of its mystery. Visit also Chau Say Tevoda and Thommanon. Then transfer back to your hotel or airport for flight back home.


born on 2/5/1909 in Murten, FR, Switzerland
died on 27/8/1991 in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
Ernst Heinrich "Teddy" Stauffer (May 2, 1909 August 27, 1991) was a Swiss bandleader, musician, actor, nightclub owner, and restaurateur. He was dubbed Germany's "swing-king" of the 1930s.
Early life and career
Born in Murten, Switzerland, Stauffer grew up in Murten and in Berne, and played violin and saxophone there in an amateur band from 1927. In 1928 he began to perform in Germany with his band, Teddy and His Band. Their first engagement had the Teddies as a Caféhaus-Kapelle in Gleiwitz. After many engagements on cruise ships his popularity in Germany reached its peak in 1935-36. In 1936 Elfriede Scheibel, the owner of the Berlin "Delphi palace", awarded him a four-month engagement from July to October 1936.
This guest performance justified the reputation of the Delphi as a swing stage. Annual trips to St. Moritz and Arosa, and also a guest appearance in London, were responsible for international fame of the Teddies band. Until 1939, he appeared with his Original Teddies-Band especially in Berlin and Hamburg. With his jazzy swing music, however, Stauffer increasingly got in trouble with the Reichsmusikkammer.
In 1939 the band travelled to the opening of the National Exhibition in Switzerland, replacing the Jimmie Lunceford Orchestra, which withdrew because of the impending war. The band happened to be in Switzerland when war broke out; all the German members of the Teddies had to leave Switzerland. In Switzerland, Stauffer took part in the scoring of the film s'Margritli und d'Soldate (Marguerite and the soldiers) in 1940-41; the Margritli-song, interpreted by the Schmid family, became a big success. Clarinetist Ernst Höllerhagen belonged to the Original Teddies from 1939. Buddy Bertinat wrote many of the arrangements. After the Stauffer's departure in 1941 the Original Teddies, were headed by Eddie Brunner. Hazy Osterwald, who also belonged to the band, wrote arrangements since 1941. But the band could not build on old achievements.
After an engagement on an Atlantic cruise ship, Stauffer remained in the United States and tried his luck as a film composer in Hollywood. Due to problems with his residence papers, he went to Mexico, which eventually became his second home.
In Acapulco, he founded a discothèque, "The Tequila a Go-Go", and worked as manager of several well-known hotels (including the "Hyatt" and "Villa Vera"). He also made small guest appearances on TV and in films. In the later years he ran the restaurant "Teddy's" at the main beach in Acapulco.
The Mexicans honored the tall, blond Swiss as a popular ambassador for Acapulco. "Mr. Acapulco" helped attract Hollywood celebrities, and made the place famous, till then a fishing village of 8,000 residents. On August 27, 1991, Stauffer died in Acapulco at the age of 82.
Stauffer was married five times:
- Faith Domergue (28 January 1946 - 8 October 1947) (divorced)
- Hedy Lamarr (12 June 1951 - 17 March 1952) (divorced)
- Anne Nekel Brown (29 March 1955 - January 1956) (divorced)
- Ute O. Weller (26 May 1957 - December 1958) (divorced)
- Patricia Morgan (1961 - 6 December 1966) (divorced) 1 daughter, Melinda Morgan Stauffer (born April 19, 1962)
- Stauffer, Teddy, Forever is a Hell of a Long Time: An Autobiography (1976) ISBN 0-8092-8089-2
- Teddy Stauffer in Acapulco
- Teddy Stauffer in the German National Library catalogue
- Teddy Stauffer at the Internet Movie Database
- Teddy Stauufer: The King of Swing's Paradise


With the sketchbook turned horizontally, Turner filled this page with detail studies of the monumental architecture of Paris. Distinctive is the drawing of the dome of the seventeenth-century military complex of Les Invalides worked into the left-hand side of the page. Turner made several sketches of this building in the present volume, a list of which is provided in the sketchbook Introduction. The existence these drawings and a watercolour study (Tate D24572; Turner Bequest CCLIX 7) suggests that Turner considered the subject as an illustration for Turner’s Annual Tour: Wanderings by the Loire and Seine (1833–5; later reissued as Rivers of France) or the new edition of Walter Scott’s Life of Napoleon Buonaparte (1834–36) although Les Invalides did not make it into either publication in the event.1
W[illiam] G[eorge] Rawlinson, The Engraved Work of J.M.W. Turner, R.A., London 1908, . vol.II, pp.264–76 nos.453–92, 288–92 nos.525–39.


Denver, Denver County, Colorado
430 South Quebec Street
Lat: 39° 42' 19"N, Lon: 104° 53' 38"W
This is not a complete listing of all of the burials in this cemetery. The records below were provided by contributors to Interment.net. last edited Oct 15, 2010. Total records = 1,772.
- [BH] Betty Huffman [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [BM] Beth Mangiapane [email@example.com]
- [CSA] Colorado State Archives, Veterans Burials
- [FH] Frederick H. Henderson [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [JD] John Davis [email@example.com]
- [JK] John A. Kim [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [JN] Jane Nelson [email@example.com]
- [JR] J Krump [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [MA] Marcia Alley [email@example.com]
- [MI] Masaru Imada [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [PS] Peggy Salomonson [email@example.com]
- [RR] Robert Rutherford [firstname.lastname@example.org]
- [RW] Robert R. Wilson [email@example.com]
Woodmen of the World Burials
Burials records for persons belonging to the Woodmen of the World or related organizations can be found here.
Colorado Genealogy Links
Search Colorado Cemeteries
Clear Digital Media, Inc.


This is the HBU eMail page. As eMail addresses can change, we could not put a direct eMail link on every HBU page. But here you can reach us uzsing the link at the bottom of the page. We have also added other links where you can find information about our site. Fell free to contact us, we are an interactive site that relies heavily on reader input from around the world.
Feel free to contact HBC. Our web-master would be delighted to hear from you. Your question may have already been answered, but if not, feel free to contact us. The active e-mail link is at the bottom of the page.
A wide variety of youth groups in the 20th century have adopted a great diversity of uniforms. Some of these organizations have achieved enormous renoun for the positive, character building experiences they have provided boys. The first group, the Boys' Brigade, was founded at the end of the 19th centuryband had a central Christian focus. The most significant was the Scouts which was founded after the turn of the century. Comparable organizations were founded for girls. Many of these organizations were
founded in Britain and the British penchant for uniforms have greatly influenced the adoption of uniforms for the boys. Uniforms came to be a key element for these groups. Many other organizations were founded , some with sinister histories like the
Hitler Youth. This web site seeks to provide a historical background on these organizations and a look at the uniforms worn by the boys over time.
Do let us hear from you. Let us know what you think about HBC? Do you like the site? Do you have suggestions about how it could be improved? Are there topics that we shold be addressing, but have not done so yet? Your comments are very much appreciated and helpful in building HBC.
Thank you for your interest in our web site. I would like to think of it as a cooperative effort with you. In fact it is the personal contributions of your own experiences and uniforms worn that make HBU a particularly interesting site. Your comments would thus be of great interest. I am looking for any historical material, articles on the uniforms worn by members of Scouts and other youth groups, interesting pasages from biographies/autobiographies, old-time photographs of your family, even personal remberences of the more modern
uniform styles, or any other pertinent material. Perhaps you have some interesting ideas about further additions.
Many of you have asked a variety of subjects about this web site. As I want to reserve my time for actually working on the web site, I thought I'd answer your questions here.
Do you have any questions about the uniforms worn by boys' youth groups. HBC would be glad to try to answer them. We might know the answer. If we do not, your questions often lead to useful avenues of investigation. We will also post them in case HBU's astute readers might know the answer.
If the above pages don't provide you the needed information. Feel free to contact the HBC webmasters.
Just click on the image here to send an e-mail.
Navigate the Historic Boys' Uniform Web chronological pages:
[1900s] [1910s] [1920s] [1930s] [1940s] [1950s] [1960s] [1970s] [1980s] [1990s]
Navigate the Historic Boys' Clothing Web Organization pages:
[Main Youth Group page]
[Boys' Brigade] [Boy Scouts] [Camp Fire] [Royal Rangers] [Hitler Youth] [Pioneers]
Navigate the Historic Boys' Uniform Web Site:
[Activities] [Biographies] [Chronologies] [Countries] [Essays] [Garments] [Organizations] [Religion] [Other]
[Introduction] [Bibliographies] [Contributions] [FAQs] [Questions] [Unknown images]
[Boys' Uniform Home]


At Anrakuji Temple, there is a three-storied octagonal pagoda among the pine trees lining the road from Mt. Ogami in Ueda Shinshu.
Anrakuji Temple is said to have been established in the early Heian period, but its history before the Kamakura period is vague. This pagoda is the oldest building in the temple complex of Anrakuji. In addition, it is the only existing octagonal pagoda in Japan and also a very rare example of a Zen three-storied pagoda.
The pagoda is 18.75m tall. Its Zen architectural features include the connections between the pillars and the radial baulks that decorate the impressive octagonal roof. Even the Buddhist altar is octagonal. There is a Dainichi-Nyorai statue, which is very rarely seen in a Zen structure. The pagoda looks four-storied but the lowest roof is, in fact, a line of eaves called 'mokoshi'.
In 1947, the pagoda and Nagano Castle were the first buildings in Nagano prefecture to be designated National Treasures.
Hokiji is a temple of the Shotoku sect and is located in Ikaruga Town, Ikoma County, Nara Prefecture. It is a world heritage site.
There are several old temples related to Prince Shotoku such as Horyuji, Horinji and Chuguji in Ikaruga. This place is a traditional Buddhist place.
The site of Hokiji was originally the Okamoto-no-miya palace, where Prince Shotoku lectured on the Lotus Sutra. In the 10th year of the Jomei period (638), Prince Shotoku's son, Yamashiro-no-oeno, changed Okamoto into a temple according to Shotoku's will.
The remains of a golden building and a tower have been found here. An additional fact is that the three-storeyed pagoda is the only remaining original building and is the oldest of its kind in Japan.
Kichidenji Temple is located in the north of the village of Koyoshida near Ikaruga Town in Nara Prefecture. The temple is commonly referred to as Pokkuri Temple.
The Tenji Emperor ordered a grave to be built at this site for his sister, Hashihito-no-himemiko, and in the first year of the Eien period (987), Genshin built a temple here.
The name 'Pokkuri' ('drop dead') derives from the story that Genshin prayed to keep off evil spirits as his mother lay dying, so she could die without pain.
You should not miss the statue of seated Amida in one of the main buildings. It is about 4.85m tall and is the biggest wooden statue in Nara as well as a National Important Cultural Asset. It is said that if you pray in front of this statue, you will live longer.
The rare Taho pagoda, also in Nara, was built in the fourth year of the Kansei period (1463), and has been designated as an Important Cultural Asset.
Bicchu Kokubunji is a temple that has been designated as a National Historical Relic Site. It is situated in Soja district, Okayama Prefecture.
Also, Bicchu Kokubunji was built at the Emperor's behest in the Nara period. However, the original temple was destroyed by fire in the Nanboku-chō period. The present structure was rebuilt in the mid-Edo period. The Sangharama, or monastery, was built after the reconstruction. The five-storeyed pagoda is a famous site of Kibiji and Okayama Prefecture. The pagoda has been designated as an important cultural asset. It took over 20 years to build beginning in 1821 and demonstrates the wealth that the country of Bicchu had back then.
Jion-ji Temple in located in Sagae, Yamagata prefecture. It is said that the monk Baramon established it in 746 on the orders of the Emperor Shōmu.
In the Edo period, it was given 2812 red seal-stones from the government and became one of the representative landmarks in the Tohoku area.
The Hondo (main temple) is built in the style of the Momoyama period and is designated a National Cultural Asset. There is a large collection of statues of bodhisattvas, which are also designated as important cultural assets.
In the cedar-forested mountain, there are various buildings including the Deva gate and a three-tiered pagoda. The classic statues of the Twelve Heavenly Generals have been exhibited overseas; their uplifting demeanors are memorable.
Every May 5th, a performance of Jion-ji classical music (bugaku) has been held annually for over 1200 years. There are 8 parts to the performance, which includes Enbu, Sanjyu, Taiheiraku and Ryouou.
Mount Bizan has an altitude of 290m and is located in Tokushima district, Tokushima prefecture. The name 'Bizan' derives from its eyebrow-like appearance.
It is a symbol for Tokushima district and it appears in many local school songs. The mountain is also famous for cherry-blossoms. The crest is known as the place where Man'yō songs were sung from by the Man'yō singer Fune no ou.
From here, there is a panoramic view of Tokushima. When the weather is fine, Awaji Island and Kii mountain range in Wakayama prefecture can also be seen. It is also famous for its night view.
Haruni Shrine and Yakushi Temple are situated at the foot of the mountain. At the summit is a nature interaction facility, a monument to the Meiji Emperor, a memorial pagoda ((Myanmar tower) to the war dead, and the Toyohiko Kagawa literary monument. The whole area is set aside as parkland and is a hidden landmark.