by Forbes, Nevill
"the balkans war, the balkans history, the balkans 1914, the balkans a short history, the balkans conflict, the balkans crisis, the balkans today, the war in the balkans, war in the balkans, dance party in the balkans, the balkans in world history, the balkans in 1914, history of the balkans, who were the balkans, the balkan war, the balkan wars, what countries make up the balkans, islam in the balkans, globe trekker the balkans"
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Publisher: IndyPublish.com, 2007
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probably from medieval or modern Latin perfectiōnāre:
cf. OIt. perfettionare (Florio 1598), French perfectionner (Cotgr. 1611); or (in 16th c. writers) after the French: perfection vb. and -ate
1570 - Actes and Monuments of these latter and perillous dayes ( = The book of martyrs) 1563 (1570, 1576, 1583, 1596, 1610, 1631, 1641, 1684), John Foxe
(see Example below)
From: The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe
Edited by the Rev. Josiah Pratt
Volume IV. 1877
The Image of Antichrist, exalting himself above all that is called God.


This week is the anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire.
This is a photo of my great-uncle, John Whelan, a survivor of the Chicago Fire. The family story is that as the fire was coming toward their house, they ran toward Lake Michigan for safety. But the father, Timothy Whelan, ran back to the house to lock the door against burglars, before joining the rest of the family. Their house was well within the burn district, on Chestnut near Franklin, so locking the door probably made little difference in the end.
This photo was labeled "John Whelann in his Johnny hat." As a young man, John (Jack) Whelan worked in a haberdashery as a model and then as a manager. Later he was with the steamfitters union, working off and on. He died in 1930, after being hit by an Illinois Central train at 27th street while shoveling the tracks.
I am a genealogist with over 30 years experience. I have been researching my own family history since 1974, and I did client research for several years. I hope to have more time for research and blogging in 2017 than I have had in the last few years.


Original 1950s ceramic cups.
These lovely, original vintage cups or beakers were made by Empire, a well known British pottery in the late 19th/early20th century. They have the Empire stamp on the bottom as well as the date of manufacture; in this case 1953 and '54. They have some crazing in the glaze and some very minor chips and marks - as you would expect with genuine vintage. They make lovely vases, tooth mugs, pencil pots...


Soar Maes Yr Haf Neath: Welsh Chapels Apologise for Backing WW1 Recruitment
Welsh chapels apologise for backing WW1 recruitment
During World War One, Welsh chapels played a part in recruiting soldiers for the war effort and the phrase "death rather than dishonour" was used in chapels to encourage people to join the forces.
Now independent church leaders in Wales have apologised for the role of ministers and their members in actively supporting recruitment campaigns during.
The Union of Welsh Independent Churches and the motion's proposer, Rev Aled Jones, said many chapels shamed men into fighting in the "travesty" of the war.
In pledging not to forget those that died, the union agreed to renew its efforts to work for peace .
"What we want to see happen is an alternative be established - that peaceful means of resolving international conflict be put to the fore today as we remember that terrible conflict 100 years ago."
But Swansea University history and classics lecturer Dr Gethin Matthews said he did not think the apology was necessary.He said: "It's much too simplistic to suggest that the union had a policy of encouraging young men to enlist.
"Different chapels responded in different ways and there was a debate about the right course of action. Most of the words were quite moderate. There were extremely challenging times so there was a sense that some response had to be made."
The union, representing a group of 430 chapels, also backed the stand by pacifists who sometimes suffered harrowing and brutal treatment for refusing to go to war.
Location: Soar Maes Yr Haf, 1 Windsor Rd, Neath, Neath Port Talbot SA11 1LY
Contributors: Dr Gethin Matthews, Swansea University and Rev Aled Jones


The major change in this version has been to update the content to bring it up-to-date with the latest developments in the Afghanistan insurgency including the death of ObL.
This is the twelvth app in the "History In An Hour" series.
In June 2010 America's war in Afghanistan surpassed the Vietnam War as the longest war in America's history. American, British and coalition forces have been fighting in Afghanistan since October 2001, a month following the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York. By the end of the year the war seemed won. But a decade on the ongoing conflict seems far from over.
Today's conflict has historical parallels - in the nineteenth century Great Britain twice invaded Afghanistan, in 1839 and 1878. Both times they had seemingly defeated the Afghan forces only to find the Afghan soldier, not knowing the meaning of defeat, fought back inflicting on the mighty British Empire humiliating climb downs.
A century later, the Soviet Union, technologically and militarily superior, also discovered to its cost that the Afghan was a tenacious foe, impossible to defeat. After a decade of conflict the Soviet Union withdrew, its military reputation in tatters.
Afghanistan has been in a state of constant conflict for almost four decades. When not fighting external enemies its people have fought against each other. The Civil War of 1990 to 1996, during which the Taliban emerged, was ferocious in its intensity.
The coalition forces of today are embroiled in an equally unending war. But why are we still fighting in Afghanistan? What are the lessons of history? Who are the Taliban; who are the Mujahedeen, and why is bin Laden so significant?
These, in an hour, are the Afghan Wars.
- June 05, 2014 Initial release


LOOKING BACK: Why did the bishop cross the road?
This week's pictures are a real odds '˜n' sods collection but are all fascinating in their own way.
The clerics on the zebra crossing are the Rev Jim Bates, vicar of St Mary’s Church, Eastfield Road, followed by Bishop Paul of Brixworth.
The picture was taken on November 16, 1991 for the dedication of the church.
I love the bewildered look on the faces of the people waiting to cross.
I do wonder if the picture was stunted up by an inventive photographer and friendly churchmen. It certainly has echoes of the famous Beatles picture on Abbey Road.
The picture of the aftermath of the infamous fire which destroyed Sayles department store in Cowgate intrigues me.
I never knew the Volunteer Fire Brigade was housed next door. Was this building also damaged in the blaze and when did the brigade move to its present location?
I love the picture of the proud rat catching team and their “trophies’’.
A note in pencil on the back of the photograph says it was taken in 1942 at offices in Station Chambers in St Leonards Street. The man third from right is identified as head rat catcher Harold Kew, and the man with the dog is Mr Dewhirt, pest officer for the council.
I suspect the real star of the show was that dog who looks like he would like to have a go at the photographer!
The final pictures are, I would guess, of members of the Fitzwilliam Hunt being inspected by the then mayor Cllr Charles Swift, which would date it to the early 60s.
Was it a tradition for the hunt to visit Cathedral Square/Market Place?
If you know any of the answers please get in touch?


The fourth annual New York dinner of the class of 1900 was held at the Harvard Club of New York last night. Forty-five members were present. Contrary to the usual custom, the committee in charge of the arrangements decided that the members should not be called on for extemporaneous speeches, but an interesting program was arranged instead. Each man present was handed a "newspaper" entitled "The 1900 Anvll," which contained fake news and hits on the men. Special songs written by W. Gotthold '00 were sung by all, and the rest, of the program consisted of amusing stunts by the members.


Canyon de Chelly National Monument
Arizona Travel News ( Press Release )
Canyon De Chelly National Monument
Offers Lessons in Human Spirit
Courtesy Mesereau Public Relations
Arizona, USA. A trip to Canyon de Chelly National Monument is almost
certain to leave visitors with a sense of wonder when they experience the breathtaking scenery
and fascinating cliff dwellings. Learning about the people who lived there in ancient days as well
as those who live in the canyon today is key to a truly memorable experience. It is the poignant,
and at times, tragic human history that makes Canyon de Chelly a place like no other on earth.
As with other canyons in the Four Corners region, Canyon de Chelly in northeastern
Arizona is home to many Anasazi ruins. The Anasazi - "Ancient Ones" - lived in the canyon for
more than a thousand years and left around 1300 A.D. Their homes were engineered using
timbers and adobe-style bricks. Most of the homes were built into the canyon walls and faced
south to take advantage of the winter sun. Some contained multiple levels that housed as many as
30 to 40 families. The most impressive structures are large cliff dwellings, built between 1100 and
1300, in the Pueblo period.
The Anasazi left the area around 1300. The reason for their disappearance is
debated with the most popular theory being a prolonged drought forced them
out. The people of Canyon de Chelly and other nearby Pueblo centers left their homes
and moved to other parts of the Southwest. Some of the present-day Pueblo Indians of Arizona
and New Mexico are descendants of these pre-Columbian people.
The Hopi and Pueblo Indians are believed to be the most closely related to the
Anasazi. The Hopi lived in Canyon de Chelly at some time between 1300 and
The Navajo, related culturally and linguistically to the various Apache
Indians in the Southwest, moved from northern New Mexico into the area around 1700.
In the 1700s and 1800s they recorded the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of cows,
horses and sheep into the area.
The Navajo fought with the Pueblo Indian villages and Spanish settlements
along the Rio Grande Valley. As a result, the Spanish, Mexican, and American governments
conducted their own battles with the Navajo. As a Navajo stronghold, Canyon de Chelly figured
In 1805 Lt. Antonio Narbona, later the governor of the Province of New Mexico,
led a Spanish expedition in an all-day battle with a band of Navajos fortified
in a rock shelter in Canyon del Muerto. At the end of the day, Narbona's
contingent had killed 105 Navajos, including 90 warriors. Today, the rock
shelter is called Massacre Cave.
In 1864 Kit Carson led a detachment of United States cavalry to Canyon de Chelly.
Carson''s troops defeated the Navajos and forcibly removed more than 8,000 Navajos 300 miles
to Fort Sumner in New Mexico. At the end of the "Long Walk," an early reservation that was
really a prisoner of war camp was designated. After four years, however, the Navajos were
permitted to return to their homeland.
Around the turn of the 20th century, a trading post was constructed at the
mouth of the canyon and is now the Thunderbird Lodge dining facility. The
trading post emphasized the protection of the canyon and its artifacts and was
the main starting point for those exploring the canyon.
Today, some 80 families still live in the canyon where they farm and raise
animals. Visitors can see the working farms and the traditional Navajo houses
six- or eight-sided hogans with the doors facing east to greet the sun
Tourism also plays a significant role in the Canyon''s present-day economy.
Thunderbird Lodge provides the only accommodations in Canyon de Chelly. It
features 72 modern rooms, dining facilities, gift shop, rug room and tours. Of
its 72 employees, more than 96 percent are Navajo.
Full-day tours depart at 9 a.m. and return at 5 p.m., taking visitors on a 60-mile round trip
through Canyon del Muerto to Mummy Cave and Canyon de Chelly to Spider Rock. Half-day
tours last 3«« hours, depart at 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. and take visitors into the lower halves of both
Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto.
With the exception of hiking the White House Ruin trail, travel in the canyons is
permitted only with a park ranger or authorized Navajo guide.
Thunderbird Lodge is open year-round. For reservations, call 1-800-679-2473.
For online information on Thunderbird Lodge, go to www.tbirdlodge.com.


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Transcript of 1930 Inventions
•The longest MONOPOLY game in history lasted for 70 straight days
•The most expensive version of the game was produced by celebrated San Francisco jeweler Sidney Mobell. Valued at $2 million, the set fea tures a 23-carat gold board and diamond-studded dice. In 1932 the Polaroid camera was created.
Edwin Land was an inventor who specialized in working with polarized light.
It was an interest he discovered in 1926, during his freshman year at Harvard.
During that year, he temporarily left school to work on creating the Polaroid--a new type of polarizer that involved using crystals inside of a plastic sheet. The prototype trampoline was built by George Nissen, an American circus acrobat and Olympic medalist. He invented the trampoline in his garage in 1936 The US Air Force, and later the Space Agencies, used trampolines to train their pilots and astronauts Richard Drew, a young 3M engineer, invents Scotch® Tape. This tape is an attractive, moisture-proof way for grocers and bakers to seal packages. The tape helps people “make do” during the Great Depression—they made simple repairs to household items. Carlton Cole Magee invented the first parking meter in 1932 in response to the growing problem of parking congestion.
The first was installed in 1935 in Oklahoma City. The meters were sometimes met with resistance from citizen groups; vigilantes from Alabama and Texas attempted to destroy the meters en masse. The inventor of the first ballpoint pen to be successfully put on the market was Laszlo Biro, who made a pen with a pressurized ink cartridge. Biro was a journalist, and he noticed that the ink used for printing newspapers did not smear or run immediately. He used this ink in his pen with a ball bearing in the tip to help the thicker ink flow. Created in 1933 and it was the world's first production model electron microscope.


Battle of FalkirkFalkirk, Scotland, UK
King Edward learned of the defeat of his northern army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. In January 1298, Philip IV of France had signed a truce with Edward that did not include Scotland, thereby deserting his Scots allies. Edward returned to England from campaigning in France in March and called for his army to assemble. He moved the seat of government to York.
On 3 July he invaded Scotland, intending to crush Wallace and all those daring to assert Scotland's independence. On 22 July, Edward's army attacked a much smaller Scottish force led by Wallace near Falkirk. The English army had a technological advantage. Longbowmen slaughtered Wallace's spearmen and cavalry by firing scores of arrows over great distances. Many Scots were killed at the Battle of Falkirk. Despite the victory, Edward and his army soon returned to England and thus failed to subdue Scotland completely. But the defeat had ruined Wallace's military reputation. He retreated to thick woods nearby and resigned his guardianship in December.


Colonel CHARLES C. DOOLITTLE.
18th Michigan, Major John W. Horner
22nd Michigan, Colonel Heber Le Favour.
106th Ohio, * Lieutenant Colonel Gustavus Tafel.
108th Ohio, Lieutenant Colonel Carlo Piepho.
2nd Illinois, Battery I, Captain Charles M. Barnett.
1st Ohio, Battery E, Lieutenant Stephen W. Dorsey.
10th Wisconsin Battery, Captain Yates V. Beebe.
Brigadier General ROBERT S. GRANGER.
First Brigade. @
Colonel WILLIAM P. LYON.
83rd Illinois, Colonel Arthur A. Smith.
71st Ohio, Colonel Henry M. McConnell.
13th Wisconsin, Lieutenant Colonel James F. Chapman.
2nd Illinois Artillery, Battery C, Captain James P. Flood.
2nd Illinois Artillery, Battery H, Lieutenant Jonas Eckdall.
Brigadier General WILLIAM T. WARD.
102nd Illinois, Colonel Franklin C. Smith.
105th Illinois, Colonel Daniel Dustin.
129th Illinois, Colonel Henry Case.
70th Indiana, Colonel Benjamin Harrison.
79th Ohio, Colonel Henry G. Kennett.
5th Michigan Battery, Captain John J. Ely
Artillery Reserve (Nashville.)
Captain WARREN P. EDGARTON.
12th Indiana Battery, Captain James E. White.
20th Indiana Battery, Captain Milton A. Osborne.
Colonel SANDERS D. BRUCE.
28th Kentucky, Colonel William P. Boone.
102nd Ohio, Colonel William Given
8th Kentucky Cavalry (battalion), Major James W. Weatherford.
1st Tennessee Battery, Captain Ephraim P. Abbott.
Camp Spears (Nashville.)
Colonel ALVAN C. GILLEN.
17th Kentucky, Colonel Alexander M. Stout.
1st (Middle) Tennessee, Colonel Alvan C. Gillem.
3rd Tennessee Cavalry, Colonel Samuel W. Pickens.
4th Tennessee Cavalry, Major Meshack Stephens
Colonel BENJAMIN J. SWEET.
129th Illinois,\\ Colonel Henry Case.
106th Ohio, Lieutenant Colonel Gustavus Tafel.
13th Indiana Battery, Lieutenant Truman W. Hall.
*Reported also as at Gallatin, Tenn.
+Captain James Thompson chief of corps artillery.
#Headquarters at Nashville.
@Fort Donelson. Seventy-first Ohio temporarily at Fort Heiman.
|| Headquarters and Seventy-ninth Ohio at La Vergne; One hundred and second Illinois at Stewart's Creek; One hundred and twenty-ninth Illinois at Gallatin; One hundred and fifth Illinois, Seventieth Indiana, and Fifth Michigan Battery marched, June 30, from La Vergne to Murfreesborough.
\\Belongs to Second Brigade, Third Division.
27 R R-VOL XXIII, PT I


- Anne Schnoebelen
(fl Bologna, 2nd half of the 17th century). Italian printer. He was active in Rome before transferring his business to Bologna in 1638. He apparently published no music himself, but the ‘Eredi di Evangelista Dozza’, namely Carlo Manolesi and Pietro Dozza, probably Dozza’s son, issued music during 1663...


…aims at mediating the history of French
public TV from a contemporary perspective, by featuring Trépido, a gentle, mindful and witty snail character from the former children’s program 1, Rue Sesame.
On an autumn day, within the context of prepa-
ring for an exhibition project, I was standing in an empty factory building in Geneva. The changes associated with the Berlin Wall were still a thing of the future. As I wandered among the regularly spaced columns on the vacant factory floor, I could not help but think of a number of criteria for exhibition spaces presented as necessities: solid walls, the white of those walls, entrances, series of adjoining rooms, and their influence on the act of exhibiting. At that moment it became clear that my own contextual perspective was very much bound up with a booklet Zaugg had published two years previously. In the recurring debate over whether architecture is the artist’s ally or his adversary, or whether, in view of the givens, one would simply could-shoulder it, I have often brought up the incisiveness of the text by Rémy Zaugg. Because that text is an artistic work which intervenes in precisely the debates that characterize the history of the development of artistic practices in and with architectural space to the present day.
Three audio-guides, made available to the visitors at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, in relation to the Oceanian, West-African, and Chinese segments of the collections on display, partly in the languages corresponding with the collections: Indonesian, Ewe and Chinese.[continue reading]


Gave Zion Canyon Its Name
Isaac was one of the early settlers in the upper Virgin River Area. He settled
at Northrup at the forks of the Virgin River in December 1861 with two
other settlers. They lived in close proximity to a large clan of friendly Perrusit
Indians with whom they learned to converse. He and his family lived in their
wagon and a make-shift shelter while it rained for more than a month. The
Virgin River became a raging torrent and washed away much of the farmable
soil. In January, after the flood, he moved farther up Zion Creek Fork, built a
home, farmed and was one of the first settlers of Springdale. In the summer of
1863, he and his sons built a cabin, cleared some land and farmed in Zion
Canyon near the present site of the lodge. They also maintained their home and farm in Springdale, where they spent the winter months. Isaac is credited
with giving Zion Canyon its name, when in the presence of his friends and the
grandeur of of the canyon, he said, "A man can worship God among these great
cathedrals as well as he can in any man-made church; this is Zion." He was
called "a fierce Mormon Zealot" by the explorer Clarence Dutton. In 1872 Isaac
sold his farm in the canyon to William Heaps for 200 bushels of corn and
moved to Long Valley. He died in May 1881 at age 78 and was buried in Mt.
Elmina Tyler Behunin
Elmina Tyler married Isaac Behunin October 1, 1804, at the age of 23; he was 31
years of age. The third of eleven children, Elmina was born to Andrew and
Elizabeth Cummins Tyler on April 23, 1811, in Soponias, Cuyuga, New York. She
was the sixth generation of Tylers in America, and her progenitors were among
the first immigrants from England.
Elmina was the first of the Tyler family to join The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints (Mormons). In the winter of 1833, she was baptized in Lake
Erie through three feet of ice.
In addition to rearing the three children from Isaac's first marriage, Elmina gave
birth to nine children of her own: Andrew, Alma, Polly, Nancy, Meribah, Steven
Mosiah, Hyrum, Elijah Cutler, Almina, and Benjamin. Polly and Benjamin died
in infancy. She taught her children to read, write, and understand the scriptures.
Reports indicate that Isaac would say in the evenings, "Mother, read that
scripture to us again." Other accounts state that she sometimes taught school.
Elmina, a hearty pioneer woman with stron religious convictions, endured the
hardships of the "driving of the Saints" from Ohio to Utah. During the 46 years
of her married life, she moved and setup households at least a dozen times in
frontier communities under very adverse conditions. She died September 29,
1883, at age 72 and was buried in Ferron, Utah.


Archives d'Etat de Genève are responsible for maintaining, preserving and providing access to the archives of the republic and canton of Geneva. Their website has a good deal of information related to the services offered to researchers, including a list of publications with links to the full-text available online. Most useful for browsing the site is the thematical index listing the fonds and collections, the exhibitions held at the Archives d'Etat including the published exhibition catalogues, as well as projects under development. Users will also find simple online exhibitions taken from the archive's collections on subjects including: cinema and censorship; Swiss resistance activity in the Second World War; childhood; the drawings of Pierre Reymond; and prized documents from the archive.
Archives de la Ville de Genève is an organisation which collects, describes and preserves administrative documents produced by the various services of the genevese municipal government and several city communes. The Archives also hold a series of private collections donated by individuals or institutions, among which the fund of Sécheron company with works in the field of electrical engineering and mechanics. The website provides a brief overview of the organisation and its services in all the major European languages, but most detailed information about the content of the archives is in French. Direct access to detailed and well structured descriptions of all the individual collections is facilitated via browsing an alphabetical list by collection title or using an online keyword searching mechanism. Very useful are also the user online guides to how the collections are organised and described, and the rules for reservation and consultation of documents, including an online form. This site is of interest to anyone interested in the history of Geneva, particularly those researching genealogy, business records, and local history.
Providing students and tutors with free and useful practical advice on visiting an archive for the first time, this website by historian Nick Barratt also details costs of the training sessions that he runs. An online tutorial takes the student through the stages of using an archive, from locating the right institution and planning the visit, to how to handle documents, research techniques and the use of online material. Four short but comprehensive introductions to major archives explain how to get started at The National Archives, the British Library, the National Archive of Scotland and the National Library of Wales. Clearly laid out, if slightly dated in appearance and content, this user-friendly site provides a few links to archival resources and to relevant books.
BibMan is an online catalogue providing access to secondary literature about manuscripts written in the Latin alphabet and preserved in libraries and repositories in Italy. The project involves over 40 Italian institutions and is coordinated by the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico delle Biblioteche Italiane (ICCU) in Rome. The period covered by the catalogue stretches from the 5th century with a manuscript by Virgilio Mediceo (FI 100 Plut.39.1) from the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana to the present with a corpus of letters of the poet Vincenzo Cardarelli (PV 293 Fondo Cardarelli) acquired in 1998 by the Centro di ricerca sulla tradizione manoscritta di autori moderni e contemporanei. The database currently lists in excess of 43,000 manuscript records, over 60,000 records of manuscript citations, and more than 4,800 author names. It can be searched by: author, manuscript title, shelfmark, or keyword. A list of institutions taking part into the project is accessible. At the time of this review the website appears to be available in Italian only but an English version is envisaged.
The Bodleian Library's western manuscripts to c. 1500 Web page is a guide to one of the most extensive and renowned collections of medieval manuscripts anywhere in the world. This page describes the Library's holdings for this period, and the shelfmarks relating to them. To add to the more general information, there are links to the Bodleian's high quality online images of manuscripts, and to other related library pages. A search engine is promised as a future addition to this page, which will further help students and researchers to find manuscripts relating to their field of study. In the meantime, users can find help through the website index.
The Electronic Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts project makes available an online catalogue describing the western medieval and renaissance manuscript holdings of the Bodleian Library, Oxford University. The project is partly funded by the J. Paul Getty Trust and is managed within the Bodleian's Department of Special Collections and Western Manuscripts. The online catalogue will include page images from the 'Summary' catalogue (Falconer Madan, et al., A summary catalogue of western manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford which have not hitherto been catalogued in the Quarto series. Oxford, 1895-1953) and the 'Quarto' series of catalogues. The website contains: a description of the project and its progress; a sample of cataloguing terms; and links to descriptions of manuscript collections. Each collection is catalogued (with shelfmarks, description and bibiliography), and some entries contain selected digitised images. As a whole, the resource represents the ongoing results of a tremendous amount of work, and would be of value to anyone with a professional or academic interest in manuscripts and in archives and their development.
The website 'Institut für Altegeschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik' is the homepage of the Department of Ancient History and Civilisations, Papyrology and Epigraphy at the University of Vienna. It is one of five departments and one institute which offer courses and special studies in history at this university. Founded in 1876, but with roots running back to 1850, the department lists affiliated faculty and researchers, along with their publications. Past, current and upcoming courses are posted, as well as online discussion forums and special talks and seminars. Some syllabi are available as downloads. The department lists the grants and funding bodies that support its students. There is a link to the department's special library collection, which features an online catalogue with a search function that will interest researchers. Catalogues for papyri and epigraphy can be downloaded directly. There is a good links list with bibliographical information.
The website of The Islamic Manuscript Association (TIMA) provides information about the activities of the organisation as well as descriptions of online catalogues and collections of Islamic manuscripts. The organisation, founded in 2006, describes itself as 'an international effort to protect Islamic manuscripts', and runs projects related to issues of cataloguing, conservation, digitisation, and research and publishing. The website provides a number of resources on these themes that will be of interest to scholars and archivists working with Islamic manuscripts as well as to those working in manuscript studies more generally. It will also be of direct relevance to scholars of Islamic Studies looking for primary sources, as it includes links to: outside projects related to Islamic manuscripts; the UNESCO memory of the world register, which includes nine collections related to Islamic studies; eight online catalogues of Islamic manuscripts; 11 digital manuscript collections; and more general resources for research. This is a good first source for information on Islamic manuscript collections, with links that will lead researchers to further valuable resources.
Heidelberg University Library has made available online page images and catalogue entries for 27 late Medieval illustrated manuscripts which originate from the Bibliotheca Palatina (Palatine Library). The manuscripts were produced by three 15th century German workshops ("Elsässische Werkstatt von 1418", "workshop of Diebold Lauber" at Hagenau, "workshop of Ludwig Henfflin") and include legal, religious, literary and historical titles. Holdings are in German, often in the dialect of the scribe or the patron commissioning the manuscript. The script or book hand belongs to the 'bastarda' family of scripts. The project received funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and is a collaboration with Heidelberg University Institute for Art History. The site is in German with the exception of an English introduction.
The database of images includes metadata about iconographic features, classified according to the Iconclass system. Searches of the database may be restricted by manuscript, title, workshop, artist, Iconclass notation and terms, and ornamentation. The results page displays thumbnails of the page images matching the search criteria. Manuscripts may be browsed by shelfmark or by the title or author of works contained within (e.g. Bible, book of nature, chronicle, Wolfram von Eschenbach). Images are easily navigated and a version is available for printing (PDF). A detailed glossary is also provided together with introductions to book production in the Middle Ages and to each of the workshops. The project has also digitized excerpts or the full-text (in HTML or PDF) of a number of reference works and catalogues relating to the outputs from the workshops and the holdings of the Palatine Library. High-resolution images from the manuscripts may be ordered from the project and delivered on CD-Rom.
The website "Manuscrits médiévaux des monastères et chapitres vosgiens. Catalogues and inventoires" is an online version of the second volume of Marie-José Gasse-Grandjean's doctoral thesis entitled "Livres manuscrits et librairies dans les abbayes et les chapitres vosgiens des origines au XVIe siècle", presented in 1989 at Universite Nancy 2 (2 vol., 752 p. + pl.). This volume brings together various research sources, including: a catalogue of the surviving Vosgian manuscripts, a presentation of ancient book catalogues from Vosgian monasteries, and a list of books found in various archives.The complete text of the volume is available online, as well as an extensive bibliography and a few digital images of manuscripts. The catalogue of surviving manuscripts is presented in a searchable database form, and includes comprehensive indexes for each search field. This resource is particularly useful to the specialist manuscript researcher. The site is now archived.
The document "More precious than gold: treasures of the Polish national library" is a PDF file and serves both as a useful research tool for those in Polish Studies, and as an exhibition of beautiful books and manuscripts. Exhibits range from an eighth century New Testament to a sheet of music autographed by Lutosławski. Each page, whether a frontispiece or illustration, is accompanied by basic bibliographical detail, as well as information about the exhibit. This is a wonderful resource that does indeed reflect the best items in the holdings of the National Library. Exhibits include: Gottfried Leibniz's correspondence; the Tyniec Sacramentary; Adam Mickiewicz's Sonnets; Le Roman de la Rose; Cyprian Kamil Norwid's Vade-Mecum; Jan Zamoyski's prayer-book; a page from Frederik Chopin's "Préludes".
This website describes the archives and heritage collections held at the University of Durham, two of which are designated as outstanding by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. Collections include substantial archives of family, manorial, ecclesiastical, legal, scientific and historical papers as well as literary manuscripts, maps and plans, and early and rare books. Of particular note are Bishop Cosin's Library, and Bamburgh Castle Library, the former a library founded in 1669, and still housed in its original building, the latter, originally collected by the Sharpe family at Bamburgh Castle. Each contain rare books and manuscripts (and are the two MLA designated collections) incunabula, medieval and post-medieval manuscripts as well as 16th century theological works, and works relating to law, travel and literature. These two collections are supplemented by a range of other former libraries, drawn from the North East and containing a rich array of rare books, pamphlets and manuscripts. As well as these extensive paper holdings the collections include audio of poets reading their own work, archives relating to poet Basil Bunting, archives relating to the Sudan, and its British colonial heritage, Medieval coins minted by the Bishops of Durham, photography collections (particularly of churches and Durham and the North East) tithe and inclosure maps, as well as substantial local studies collections. The website provides a number of finding aids to locate items within the collections as well as details on accessing them.


Posted by Raymond (184.108.40.206) on April 08, 2006 at 22:34:47:
In Reply to: Chau Family from Ark Hang Lea or Seto Family from Chechom?? posted by Monica Chau on January 19, 2000 at 14:34:45:
In June 2005 I visited my paternal ancestral village (Sun Wui, Gujing Town, Cheong Sah) which is a Seid village. I was told that the Anglicized surnames Seid, Sit, Seto and Soo Hoo (among others variation spellings) were all of the same bloodline hundreds of years ago in Northern China. A kiosk shrine was erected in my ancestral village commemorating the brotherhood of the Seid/Seto bloodline. A photo of this can be seen at http://www.seid.name/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-13 I also learned that a stronghold of the Seto Family Clan is located at Chek Hom in Hoiping County. I made a day trip there out of curiosity and took a photo of the plaque along the beautiful waterfront which commemorates the founding of Chek Hom by the Seto and Kwan family clans. The photo can be viewed at http://www.seid.name/gallery/displayimage.php?pos=-14 (sorry, it's at a sideways angle).
Census Records | Vital Records | Family Trees & Communities | Immigration Records | Military Records Directories & Member Lists | Family & Local Histories | Newspapers & Periodicals | Court, Land & Probate | Finding Aids


The Revisionism of Iraq War Dead-Enders
Kelley Vlahos reminds us that the U.S. would have faced an insurgency from Shi’ite militias if a residual force had remained in Iraq beyond 2011:
The war hawks argue that if Obama had renegotiated the SOFA (basically forced a longer occupation), the U.S. would have helped the Iraqis repel growing al-Qaeda elements before they morphed into the Islamic State. This completely ignores the fact that it was our friend Maliki’s suppressive and discriminatory treatment of the Sunnis that empowered the extremist elements. It also ignores the very real possibility that al-Sadr’s Shia army, which had been standing down per agreements, may have re-emerged to fight the Americans themselves, along with the Iranian-backed militias that are now fighting ISIS in places like Ramadi.
“Sadr said he would put his army back on the streets if we were to stay,” Hoh said. Furthermore, “even if we put troops back there, the Islamic State and the Sunni were going to fight against the Shia-dominated military anyway. So we would have our troops in the middle of a civil war.”
In other words, Iraq war dead-enders were arguing and continue to argue for a policy that would have left a fairly small number of American soldiers in a country where they weren’t wanted and where they would be attacked regularly. If the hawks had had their way, American soldiers would have continued fighting and dying in an occupation of Iraq that made neither Iraq nor the U.S. more secure. But then the point is that the hawks couldn’t have had their way without the cooperation of the Iraqi government, which was never going to be forthcoming. As with many other hawkish criticisms, the entire dead-ender argument about U.S. withdrawal and the later rise of ISIS relies on a fallacy. If ISIS made gains in Iraq after U.S. withdrawal, the hawks assert that it must have been because of U.S. withdrawal, and furthermore they take for granted that these gains could not have happened in the absence of that withdrawal. Hawks often attribute near-magical powers to the military and military action, and this is another example of that.
The heart of Iraq war revisionism is the belief of war supporters that the U.S. occupation was good for Iraqi security because they take for granted a U.S. presence anywhere is beneficial, and therefore the occupation should have been continued in order to keep Iraq secure. This is bound up with their mythology that the war was a “liberation” rather than an unmitigated disaster for Iraqis, and it is tied to their delusion that the “war was won” in 2008. The reality is that the U.S. military presence was destabilizing and harmful from the beginning, and it could not have been otherwise because the U.S. was the invader. Continuing that presence would only have continued to serve as a magnet for jihadists and a target for other insurgents, and that would have meant that even more Iraqis would have been caught up in bombings and sectarian violence.


The Grand Western Canal
James Brindley first surveyed the Grand Western Canal in the 1760’s as part of a grand scheme to link the Bristol and English channels in order to save shipping from the dangers of navigating around Land’s End. An Act of Parliament was eventually obtained in 1796, but work did not commence until 1808 when there was a revival of interest and much financial activity. John Rennie begun surveying the line in 1794, and was then appointed engineer in 1810 when construction began at the summit level near Holcombe Rogus, working towards Tiverton. The eleven-mile section was opened in 1814 but engineering difficulties had exhausted the Company’s funds and the plan to link with Taunton was temporarily shelved. In 1827 the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal was opened giving fresh impetus for extension of the Canal to Taunton.
James Green’s proposal to complete the 13 mile extension from Lowdwells to Taunton with a tub-boat canal was accepted and work began in 1831. It incorporated an inclined plane and seven vertical boat lifts to cope with the 270ft change in level. The Canal finally opened to through traffic in 1838.
Newer forms of transport were to be the Canal’s undoing. The Bristol and Exeter Railway reached Exeter in 1844 with a branch to Tiverton in 1848. Canal revenue fell dramatically. In 1854 the Canal was leased to the railway that then bought it out in 1865. The Somerset section was closed shortly afterwards and the land and machinery sold by 1867. The carriage of limestone and roadstone continued on the Devon section until 1925, thereafter the Canal remained derelict until 1971 when Devon County Council took over the ownership, designated it as a Linear Country Park and commenced restoration.
Nynehead Boat Lift
The remains of the Nynehead Boat Lift are of historical significance as it is the only one of the seven that includes a substantial amount of masonry. The image below shows the lift in 1999, after two years clearance work.
These lifts were certainly the first in Britain, and possibly the world, to be commercially successful and operated for nearly 30 years. In their day they were at the forefront of technology. One has to respect the courage and imagination of the Engineer and Proprietors in building such mechanisms when materials technology and iron founding were in their infancy. There is sufficient remaining of the lift at Nynehead to give an idea of what the structures must have looked like.
The operating machinery was removed shortly after closure in 1869 but a detailed description of the operation together with engineer’s drawings still exists. James Green’s lifts worked on a simple balance principle. Later generations of canal lift were hydraulically or electrically operated. Green’s tub boats carried 8 tons of cargo; there are now lifts in Europe that can accommodate 1350 ton boats.
Nynehead Lift Working Party
The monthly Nynehead Working Party has been running since Denis Dodd set them up in the late ’90s when work took place to uncover the rich and vibrant history of this section of the Grand Western Canal. These “parties” have continued since then, every second Saturday of the month starting at 10am.
The working party operates in association with the Friends of the Grand Western Canal and often undertakes maintenance work on other sections of the canal in Somerset – namely Jayes Cutting.
We welcome all ages and abilities to both the Friends of the Grand Western Canal and to the Nynehead Working Parties, please contact us for further information.


Told by legendary Wonthaggi miner and unionist Eddie Harmer, this 10 minute short documentary recounts the historical origins of the Victorian seaside hamlet of Harmers Haven, which is named after Eddie Harmer. The audio was recorded in 1988 without picture during the very early stages of production for Black Gold, Kindred Spirits (1996). Eddie Harmer played a role in the formation of the Wonthaggi Workers’ Unemployed Union and was later President of the Wonthaggi branch of the Miners Federation.
Consisting of audio recordings and historical and contemporary photographs, the documentary seeks to document the founding of Harmers Haven as a first hand account of the establishment of this locality. The film is an example of the working class phenomenon of the unplanned establishment of coastal retreats in the 1930s, 40s and 50s. The historical photographs used in the documentary were provided by the Harmer family and were mostly unpublished. The contemporary photographs were taken by Victorian photographer Jarl Line.
This bonus material was created from sound recorded during production of Black Gold, Kindred Spirits. It was released in 2012 as bonus material on the Black Gold, Kindred Spirits DVD.
Author: J Bird, 2023


Hugh II (Catalan: Hug II) (c. 1035 – 1116) was the Count of Empúries from 1078 until his death. He was the eldest son of Ponç I and Adelaida de Besalú, and succeeded his father in Empúries while his brother, Berenguer, was given the Viscounty of Peralada.
In politics he was on good terms with the other Catalan princes. In 1085, he made an alliance of mutual self-defence with his neighbour, Giselbert II of Roussillon. In 1113–15, he and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, took part in an expedition against the Balearics. He was described by the anonymous author of the Liber maiolichinus as Catalanicus heros (a Catalan hero).
Hugh was involved in several disputes with the diocese of Girona, first with its canons and then with its bishop, Berenguer Guifré, over the tithes collected by the parish church of Santa Maria de Castelló. He made donations to the monastery of Sant Pere de Rodes and made pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela and the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem.
|Preceded by |
| Count of Empúries |


Born in New York State in 1818, Thomas Elkins was a man of many talents. He started his career in the medical field studying surgery and dentistry and eventually he opened his own pharmacy and ran it for several decades, he would offer dental services there as well.
In 1840, he became a member of the Albany Vigilance which was an organization that was a key part of the underground railroad. They provided food, legal-aid, and medical attention to those seeking freedom. His experience in the medical field also secured him a job in the Civil War working as a medical examiner for the famous 54th and 55th Massachusetts regiments.
In the 1870s, he filled a series of successful patents. He invented a table that could be used for multiple things at once (Dinner table, Ironing Board & Quilting frame). He created two more inventions that improved upon items that were already available. He patented a design for a chamber-commode” which combined several pieces of furniture into one and he created an apparatus aimed at improving the refrigeration system people were using at the time. Overall, his innovative ideas and commitment to helping people allowed him to make the world a better place.


This charming, antique 950 silver tobacco or snuff box is French . It dates to the era of Napoleon 111 of France so circa 1870.
It measures 2¼” (5.7cms) by 1” (2.5cms) across the top and is 5/8” (1.5cms) tall. It weighs 24.3 grams.
The top is finely engraved with a diagonal ribbed design. In the centre is a prettily shaped plaque ready for a monogram.
The back and sides are also engraved with lines of wavy motifs.
The box opens via a long tab at the front to reveal an empty interior. It closes firmly. On the interior of the lid is the French Minerva first quality hallmark. This signifies 950 silver quality, higher than sterling 925. There are also make’s marks.
This beautiful piece is in excellent antique condition. It will arrive in a gift box.
French Antique 950 Silver Tobacco and Snuff Box
|Est. Tax:||We are unable to obtain a tax quote at this time.|


Rather interesting Keighley facts
Did you know that the first British town to be twinned with another in Europe was Keighley in Yorkshire? This holds true for formal and informal arrangements: in 1905 Keighley organised something similar to twinning with Suresnes and Puteaux in France; and in 1920 it twinned with Poix-du-Nord in the same country (though as all right thinking people would understand the agreement mentioned adopting the French settlement).
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Famous Keighley people:
More famous Britons here


Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist)
= Recordings are available for online listening. = Recordings were issued from this master.
No recordings issued from other masters. Show only matrixes with audio online
|Company||Matrix No.||Size||First Recording Date||Title||Primary Performer||Description|
|OKeh||W400483||10-in.||3/13/1928||Ya cai||Consuelo Garcia Garza||Female vocal solo, with piano|
|Brunswick||LA138-LA139||10-in.||Nov. 1926||La Guayaba||Dueto Acosta ; Orquesta Acosta||Female-male vocal duet, with instrumental ensemble|
|Brunswick||E20612-E20613||10-in.||11/1/1926||Tu y yo||Margarita Cueto||Female vocal solo, with orchestra|
|Brunswick||E20616-E20617||10-in.||11/1/1926||El chilpayate||Castilians ; Margarita Cueto ; Juan Pulido||Female-male vocal duet, with jazz/dance band|
Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist)," accessed October 13, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/137209/Fernndez_Espern_Ignacio_lyricist.
Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist). (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved October 13, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/137209/Fernndez_Espern_Ignacio_lyricist.
"Ignacio Fernández Esperón (lyricist)." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 13 October 2019.
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Hasselblad 30 Year Gold Edition
Established in 1841 in Gothenburg, Sweden, as a trading company, F.W. Hasselblad and Co. The founders son, Arvid Viktor Hasselblad, was interested in photography and started the photographic division of the company. While on honeymoon, Arvid Hasselblad met George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak and in 1888, Hasselblad became rhe sole Swedish distributor of Eastman's products. Business was so good that in 1908, the photographic operations were spun off into their own corporation. The rest is history. Perhaps the most famous use of the Hasselblad camera was during the Apollo programme missions when man first landed on the Moon. Almost all of the still photographs taken during these missions were modified Hasselblad cameras. The company's traditional V-System cameras remain widely used by professional and serious amateur photographers. One reason is the reputation for long life and quality of available lenses. They might not have the beauty of a hand-made Leica from the outside but they have a cult following never the less. Only 1400 of these 30th Anniversary Hasselblads were released in 1987. You can pick up #659 on eBay for $4399.00 this second. Any buyers?
Pics courtesy of BBC/Ice-Cream Blog.


“The Dismal Science” is an old but still commonly-used nickname for the realm of economics.
“Professors of the Dismal Science” is an old but still used nickname for economists.
Both were coined in the mid-1800s by the British historian, translator, essayist, author and mathematician Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881).
I suspect most people who see those terms used in news stories, opinion pieces and books nowadays just think they reflect the view that economics tends to be boring or depressing.
But the story behind their creation by Carlyle is more complex and more distasteful than that.
In a nutshell, Carlyle used the terms to criticize liberal, mid-19th Century social commentators like John Stuart Mill and modern-thinking economists who believed it would be best for society and the economy if people of all races were free from slavery and other forms of forced labor and had certain basic social and economic rights — such as the right to buy or produce and sell products as they saw fit, the right to decide what they wanted to do for work, the right to decide who they were willing to work for, and the right to reject levels of payment for their products or work that they deemed unfair.
Today, those beliefs are generally accepted. But it was a different world when Carlyle created the phrase “the Dismal Science” and dubbed progressive thinkers like Mill “Professors of the Dismal Science.”
Until the mid-1800s, slavery was a foundation of key industries in the UK and other European countries, and in the colonies they exploited in the Caribbean, Africa and elsewhere. It was also a foundation of major agricultural and industrial businesses in the United States, which lagged behind the UK in ending the practice.
The British Parliament outlawed the slave trade in 1807. In the 1830s, Great Britain emancipated the slaves on British islands in the West Indies and in other colonies.
This led to economic impacts that generated significant controversy.
British-owned plantations and industries that had depended on slave labor began going bankrupt. Some freed slaves became paid workers, but the pay was generally low. Many preferred to live off what they could produce from their own small pieces of land or entrepreneurial initiative. But unemployment levels were high among former slaves and most lived in extreme poverty.
Meanwhile, in 1848, white working class people throughout Europe were pushing back against traditional class-based, aristocratic political systems and unfair exploitation by businesses. A wave of rebellions — now called “the Revolutions of 1848” — swept through dozens of European countries. The goals were greater democracy, better worker rights and wages, and, in some cases Socialism or Communism.
Thomas Carlyle was disturbed by these events and trends and threw scorn at social and economic philosophies and observers that were sympathetic to them.
In 1849 he wrote a now infamous article published anonymously in the December 1849 issue Fraser’s Magazine under the title “Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question.” (It was reprinted in 1853 under the more offensive title “Occasional Discourse on the Nigger Question,” with the attribution “Communicated by T. Carlyle.”)
The piece is written in a satirical, cynical style that Carlyle apparently thought was both humorous and persuasive. The “discourse” it relates (basically a rant) is attributed to an unnamed but clearly white, upper-class speaker.
He mocks his “philanthropic friends” who supported the emancipation of slaves and believed in a laissez faire type commerce amongst free men, governed primarily by supply and demand. He said of those schools of thought:
“…not a ‘gay science,’ but a rueful — which finds the secret of this universe in ‘supply and demand,’ and reduces the duty of human governors to that of letting men alone…no, a dreary, desolate and, indeed, quite abject and distressing one; what we might call, by way of eminence, the Dismal Science.”
He went on to warn that “the Dismal Science, led by any sacred cause of black emancipation…will give birth to progenies and prodigies: dark extensive moon-calves, unnameable abortions, wide-coiled monstrosities, such as the world has not seen hitherto!”
The article in Fraser’s is full of obtuse, outdated language and references. It’s not easy for modern readers to understand. And, it could almost seem like Carlyle was mocking the speaker, not the anti-slavery, free market advocates.
But, in fact, Carlyle was essentially a racist and a supporter of class-based social systems and autocratic governments. He didn’t much like untalented, hereditary aristocrats, but he admired self-made tyrants, dictators and “Captains of Industry.”
In his 1841 book On Heroes and Hero-Worship, he proclaimed that “The history of the world is but the biography of great men.” (The basis for “the Great Man theory” of history.)
Carlyle’s diatribe in the Fraser’s article argues that the recent history of Great Britain’s Caribbean colonies proved that laissez faire economic policies and the emancipation of black slaves were ultimately bad for both whites and blacks.
He suggests that the best course for the West Indies and “civilized” countries in general would be to go back to the “the beneficent whip” and compel the “indolent, two-legged cattle” who were former slaves and other such lesser humans — like the “unsold; unbought, unmarketable Irish” — to work.
Carlyle coined the phrase “Professors of the Dismal Science” in a series of pamphlets he wrote in 1850 called THE LATTER-DAY PAMPHLETS. It pops up first in Pamphlet No. 1, titled “THE PRESENT TIME” and dated February 1, 1850.
In the opening of that pamphlet, Carlyle outlines some of his basic beliefs. Here are a few examples:
“Historically speaking, I believe there was no Nation that could subsist upon Democracy.”
“I say, it is the everlasting privilege of the foolish to be governed by the wise; to be guided in the right path by those who know it better than they. This is the first ‘right of man;’ compared with which all other rights are as nothing.”
“In all European countries, especially in England, one class of Captains and commanders of men, recognizable as the beginning of a new real and not imaginary ‘Aristocracy,’ has already in some measure developed itself: the Captains of Industry.”
Later in the first pamphlet, Carlyle includes what he portrays as a speech by a British Prime Minister that was aimed at poor, unemployed people; people like the millions in Ireland suffering from the potato famine and “other Beggars, the able-bodied Lackalls, nomadic or stationary, and the general assembly, outdoor and indoor, of the Pauper Populations of these Realms.”
The fictional PM, elucidating what are actually Carlyle’s views, urges these benighted souls to become “Soldiers of Industry.”
Carlyle anticipates that misguided do-gooders will criticize such views and inserts a parenthetical paragraph that includes his first use of “Professors of the Dismal Science.”
“Here arises indescribable uproar, no longer repressible, from all manner of Economists, Emancipationists, Constitutionalists, and miscellaneous Professors of the Dismal Science.”
Carlyle’s imaginary PM scoffs at such people and continues to bloviate. Carlyle apparently viewed what he says as inspiring, though it was not likely to be perceived that way by any impoverished Irish, working class Brits or ex slaves who heard or read it. Near the end, the PM says to them:
“Here is work for you; strike into it with manlike, soldier-like obedience and heartiness, according to the methods here prescribed,—wages follow for you without difficulty; all manner of just remuneration, and at length emancipation itself follows. Refuse to strike into it; shirk the heavy labor, disobey the rules,—I will admonish and endeavor to incite you; if in vain, I will flog you; if still in vain, I will at last shoot you,—and make God’s Earth, and the forlorn-hope in God’s Battle, free of you.”
In that first LATTER-DAY PAMPHLET, Carlyle links but does not limit the term “Professors of the Dismal Science” to economists.
However, over the decades, the term “the Dismal Science” lost its connection to the 19th Century debate over slavery, democracy and economic freedom in common usage.
It simply became a term writers use, usually in a humorous way, to describe economics in general. “Professors of the Dismal Science” became a common humorous description of economists.
Most people who use the terms that way today are unaware of the dismal social, economic and political views behind their creation by Carlyle.
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Related reading, listening and stuff…


All of our reference materials at Lobrano House are freely available to the public for research.
We have several tables to work on, a copy machine, Wi-Fi, and a coffee maker and are open from 10am-12pm & 1pm-3pm weekdays.
In addition to books and publications, we have several file cabinets filled with family histories sorted by last name.
There is a large number of maps available for research, including the original Sanborn Maps (1892 - 1930 and 1963 updates)
We also have Indian artifacts and accompanying data, plus an extensive photo collection.
Click on any of the links below to browse the reference materials available at Lobrano House:
- List of book & publication titles in our collection
Close to a thousand titles, original newspapers dating back to 1892, and more.
- List of our vertical files - Surnames
Containing documents about specific individuals and/or families.
We are in the process of digitizing these records and some can already be viewed online.
- List of our vertical files - Subjects
Containing documents about buildings, businesses, historic events, etc.
The following of our records are available online (and accessible directly via the Research/Reference menu above):
- Hancock County Cemeteries
Our cemetery section contains a list of all cemeteries and graveyards known to us in Hancock County. You will find directions, pictures for some, and - if indexed - an inventory of people buried there.
There is also a database that allows you to search in all cemeteries for a person by first letter of their last name.
- Hancock County Census Records (1820 - 1840)
This database contains an index of the Hancock County Census Records, ranging from 1820 (the very first one) to 1840.
In these early years of the census records, only the name of the head of household was recorded.
This is still a work in progress and for now, we only have the names listed. Once the records have been transcribed and digitized, we will add the complete census data for each household. We will also be adding more recent years to this database, hopefully in the near future.
- Catholic Church Records (1847 - 1911)
The Hancock County Historical Society has digitized its collection of Marriage and Baptismal Books as recorded by Our Lady of the Gulf Church in Bay Saint Louis, and the Church of the Annunciation in Kiln, Mississippi. The results have been stored in a database that can be searched by last name.
The names of all parties involved have been extracted individually, so anyone who is mentioned in these records, be they a parent, a godparent, a witness, or else, is included in this index.
- Hancock County Marriage Index (1849 - 1956)
This database contains an index of all Hancock County marriages, as recorded by the Court, from 1849 to 1956.
Included are the bride, the groom, and witnesses. Brides are listed under their maiden name as well as their married name.
Starting in 1938, the Court also recorded father and mother of both bride and groom.
- Hancock County Divorce Index (1916 - 1950)
This database contains an index of all Hancock County divorces, as recorded by the Court, from 1916 to 1950.
Listed are the plaintiff and the defendant.
A listing of the obituaries we have on file at the Lobrano House.
Records contain the full text of the obituary as it appeared in the newspaper and, if known, source of publication, date of death and a link to the cemetery where the person was interred.
- Early Land Records
Hancock County land records from early statehood in 1817 were removed from Center, formerly Caesar, to Gainesville in 1837. However, in 1853 the Courthouse was destroyed by fire, and with it 36 years of written history.
It was immediately undertaken to re-register as many deeds and claims as possible. Apparently Deed Books A, B and C were the instruments of the recordings. Book A has not been made available to the Hancock County Historical Society but this analysis of Book B, compiled by Dr. Marco Giardino and Mr. Russell Guerin, is invaluable in establishing early land claims in Hancock Count, especially in the Pearl River and Gainesville areas.
- Alphabet File
The "Alphabet File" is a collection of newspaper articles, short publications and other records about Hancock County and its citizens, indexed by surnames and subjects involved, compiled and typed by Charles H. Gray.
The entire file can be searched.
The following two websites are good sources of additional information on the history of Hancock County:


Most of you are probably familiar with Joshua fighting the battle of Jericho: “And the walls came tumbling down.”
Shortly thereafter, he was involved in another, less known but no less historic battle – the ambush at Ai.
The Ambush at Ai
Joshua found himself in a valley near the city of Ai. The king of that city had heard about Joshua – word about the battle of Jericho had spread throughout the land.
Now Joshua was in the king’s neighborhood. And the king saw his chance to wipe out Joshua and all the people with him.
So the king hastily gathered every single one of his warriors together to go after Joshua’s brigade. The king wasn’t going to take any chances. He would destroy all of them.
The gates of the city flew open. The king’s entire army rushed out.
Joshua and his people saw this mighty group approaching. But they were in a valley – with the king’s legion of soldiers in front of them and a large hill behind them.
What should Joshua and his people do? What would you do?
They did what any rational human being would do under those circumstances. They ran like mad!
The king pursued them. Victory was clearly in sight.
How did Joshua – the master blaster who brought down all the walls of Jericho with just trumpets – find himself in this situation?
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He planned it!
That’s right – he took time to plan. Then he clearly communicated his plan to his troops and they quickly took action on it. Here’s how it went really down:
Just like Jericho, Ai had these massive walls all around it. So, under the cover of darkness, Joshua had sent 30,000 of his troops to hide behind the city of Ai. Then he sent another 5,000 to hide beside the city.
Joshua moved the rest of his troops on top of the hill. The king may have seen this group but he just thought they were moving through the area.
He found out differently the next day.
Joshua and his band of fighters had moved down the hill into the valley. The king knew they were coming; he would respond with all his might!
So he quickly gathered all of his warriors together. The gate of the city flew open. The king marched out with his entire army.
Joshua saw the king coming. He fled!
The king pressed on, barking out orders to hurry. Joshua was right where the king wanted him. This was to be the end of Joshua and the king would be famous for taking down the miracle man.
Joshua kept retreating. The hill was approaching. The king knew he had Joshua trapped. It was only a matter of time now.
“Hurry, hurry”, the king shouted to his men.
Suddenly Joshua turned his brigade toward the advancing throng. The king signaled his army to stop.
His mind was racing: “What was Joshua doing? There’s no way his small group can take on my mighty mass of men. This guy must be crazy.”
The king didn’t see what had happened behind him. He and his troops rushed out of the city in hot pursuit of Joshua. After they were out, Joshua’s 5,000 soldiers rushed in. They sent smoke to signal Joshua and the other troops. Ai belonged to them.
Upon seeing the smoke, Joshua turned his people around. The troops who were hiding behind the city rushed out.
So when the king turned around to seek advice from his inner circle of soldiers – to see what they thought Joshua was doing – he saw 30,000 soldiers nearly surrounding him on two sides.
He looked back toward Joshua. He and his throng had the king surrounded on the other two sides. The king and his army were trapped.
The ambush at Ai. The king – who thought he would wipe Joshua out – got wiped out himself. Joshua and his people had conquered another city.
The king was reactive. He didn’t have a plan. He just acted – quickly and in a hurry. He died.
Joshua was proactive. He carefully crafted a plan which he communicated to every one. He implemented it step-by-step. He conquered. He acted quickly, but he wasn’t in a hurry. That led to bigg success!
Direct link to The Bigg Success Show audio file:
(Image in today's post from bible.somd.com)


On a pleasant Saturday afternoon a large group took a guided walk of the former St Francis Hospital at Haywards Heath.
As part of the 175th year celebrations of the coming of the railway to Haywards Heath, local author and former nurse at the hospital, Joe Hughes continued the Victorian flavour of the weekend by bringing alive the life and times of the former hospital and the fate of the mentally ill back then.
With real hopes for a local museum bringing the hospital and its history to life, Joe says: “The walk was hugely enjoyed showing the great interest in mental health and its history.
“The coming museum will add further to this and bring alive the history of the former hospital whilst maintaining a high profile for our mental health service which, whilst making certain improvements, continues to be grossly underfunded.”
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On December 7, 1941, the bombing of Pearl Harbor shocked the nation and propelled the United States into World War II.
Long Beach was a strategic stronghold as a major staging area for the Pacific conflict. The war touched everyone who lived here. Many of the ships in Hawaii on that fateful day spent months in Long Beach before the bombing. Officers and enlisted men on the ships left families and friends in Long Beach. The event not only transformed the war in the Pacific, it transformed the lives of Long Beach residents and the city’s economy and infrastructure. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was the catalyst for airport, harbor, and industrial development, and laid the groundwork for the Long Beach that we know today.
Seventy-five years later, on December 7, 2016, the Historical Society of Long Beach (HSLB) presented an exhibition entitled Long Beach Remembers Pearl Harbor. Using photos, newspapers, items from its collection and others collected from the community, it commemorated this important anniversary of the event that torpedoed the United States into the Second World War.


DESPENSER WAR/FIRST PHASE
This ”book” [this article is so long, beginning to show like a book
really, patience readers] is about Thomas of Lancaster, but since
so many other players play a part in this magnificent story, they
have to be described too.
Especially to point out the complicated situation and all those
changements of alliances…..
I will mention the events of the war, but probably not all details, I am sorry
Would I have done that, it would fill a university paper…
For more reading, just look to the notes below…….
The reader must realize also, that in the first phase of
the Despenser war, the role of Thomas of Lancaster is
important, but limited.
The biggest role is played by his allies
the Marcher Lords.
You will see, that in fact, they started the war, which
was, in short, due to the Kings excessive favouritism
of his friends the Despensers.
The first phase of the war ends with the coerced banishment
of the Despensers.
B United against the King’s favourites/
Despenser war/Unlikely allies
C The storm breaks out/Despenser war/ started/Sworn Oaths/Fist to
fist/Toe to toe/I [First phase february-august 1321]
In chapter five I wrote, that Thomas of Lancaster cooperated
well with the King in the unsuccesful siege of Berwick [in the war
against the Scots]
But as I wrote earlier, the fragile co operation between
the two most powerful men, was ruined by the following
remark of the King
””When this wretched business is over, we will turn our hands to other matters. For I have not forgotten the wrong that was done to my brother Piers.”
That despite the earlier pardons for the murder
of Piers Gaveston, the King had issued in
1313  and the extended pardons to Lancaster and
his allies, given at the Treaty
of Leake.
To say it again:
A king must rise above his personal feelings and must
be true to his word.
Edward II couldn’t or wouldn’t do that……
That being said:
Understandably Thomas of Lancaster, knowing
that the King’s remark about Piers Gaveston was directly aimed against him,
said ”Hasta la vista” and left Berwick.
And from that moment, relations between the two men deterioriated again.
But not only the unpredictability of the King was to blame
for the deteriation between the two men,
also the rising of a new star favourite, more dangerous
than all the others had been:
You’ve met him already:
Hugh Despenser the Younger  and
with his coming, things would never be the same again….
To be fair, Thomas himself was certainly NOT
innocent either [not to speak about the murder of Gaveston],
because of his repeated provocations of the King.
I wrote about it in chapter five
Jeering at the King from his [Thomas’] castle Pontefract,
in 1317 [that jeering would be repeated in 1320 with the Queen accompanying the King]
Once blocking the King’s path….
That could be considered as treason, and not without reason!
In each case it was to be expected, that the King would not
consider those insults lightly as will appear in this
UNITED AGAINST THE KING’S FAVOURITES
DESPENSER WAR/UNLIKELY ALLIES
Thomas of Lancaster and his allies
The Marcher Lords and allies
Two former royal favourites
The last ”fight to the death” between Thomas and his cousin,
King Edward II, was actually a fight against the influence
of a new, far more dangerous favourite, Hugh
Despenser the Younger  and his father,
Hugh Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester[ Despenser
the Elder].
Who were in this fight and why?
Thomas of Lancaster of course, being the leader
of the baronial opposition against the King,
the ”Marcher Lords” ,
Roger Mortimer and his uncle, Roger Mortimer de
Chirk  and their allies.
And, painfully for Edward II, his two former favourites, Roger Damory and Hugh
Once deadly enemies of Thomas of Lancaster, now allies……
In the last battle Lancaster would fight against his king,
the battle of Boroughbridge , Hugh Audley would even
fight at his side…..
While Sir Robert Holland, his [Thomas’] close and die hard ally, would abandon him
in his hour of need…
Something Thomas’ brother Henry of Lancaster [who by
the way NOT participated in any of his brother”s rebellions, although
he seemed to be involved in the anti Despenser coalition]
 , would not forget or forgive…..
This anti Despenser fight [and subsequently against the King]
was called the ”Despenser war”, with the aim to
crush the Despenser’s influence over the King, which
would eventually result in avariciousness and tyranny.
But that’s for later.
What thar Despenser influence really meant?
For the Marcher Lords, to be robbed of their lands
and privileges, as the revival of an old feud.
The former favourites of the King held a grudge against Hugh
Despenser the Younger regarding his land grabbing as
the ”Gloucester inheritance case”[see below]
And for Thomas of Lancaster it was threefold:
A personal matter [he seemed to have loathed Despenser
the Elder, the reason why I don’t know]
A wish to curb royal power through the Ordinances
[which included no avaricious favourites].
And of course [let’s not make an idealist of Thomas, hahaha]
a personal need for power.
COMEBACK OF THOMAS OF LANCASTER, LEADER OF THE BARONIAL
OPPOSITION AGAINST THE KING, BUT TEMPORARILY POLITICALLY
As written in chapter four, after the death of his father in law in 1311,
the 3rd Earl of Lincoln [called ”Burst Belly” by vain and tragic Piers Gaveston],
Thomas became very powerful [inherited from his father in law the Earldoms
Lincoln and Salisbury, already in the possession of Lancaster, Leicester and
Derby, inherited from his own father, Edmund Crouchback, brother of King
So he became the ”natural” leader of the opposition against
Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston.
After the battle of Bannockburn in 1314, which ended so destastrous
for England, Edward II was at the mercy of Thomas, in name King,
while Thomas was the real king, de facto.
See chapter five
He became gradually politically isolated  [not attending parliaments,
personal conflicts/feuds with other barons, no wise political insight, lack
of governmental talents, unable to protect the borders
against the Scottish raids, etc], but was yet too powerful
to be ignored, because of his five Earldoms and,not to forget, his royal
birth [being first cousin of Edward II]
However, when the resistance against the Despensers grew, The Marcher
Lords and others looked up to Thomas as a leader of the resistance
again, since he was the most constant factor in the struggle
against King’s favourites [and the King]…..
Together, they would go ”fist to fist’, toe to toe” in this rebellion……
THE MARCHER LORDS
Let’s say it like it is.
The Despensers, father and son, were a bunch of thieves
and criminals, who went into length to aggrandise their power
and wealth, with less [or not at all] scrupules.
From noble birth, admitted and married into the royal family ,
but nevertheless, thieves.
Whether Hugh Despenser the Younger [favourite of the
King] was really attached to Edward II is food for
Medieval historians [although even they can’t look into
the royal bedchamber, supposedly Hugh was the ”husband”
of Edward II, as Queen Isabella would write later .
In each case, he was a shameless royal adventurer
[funny side was, not for his victims of course, that he was a pirate
during his exile, hahahahaha
And one thing was sure:
Edward II was really very attached to him.
Appointed as chamberlain of the King in 1318, Hugh moved himself
into the affections of the King , replaced the former royal
favourites [Roger Damory, Hugh Audley and William Montecute]
and the Piers Gaveston story [but this time a far more dangerous
player] started all over again.
But this time worse, given the greed and avariciousness of
the Despensers, their excessive ambition and need for
They didn’t allow anyone access to Edward unless at least one of them was present.
Even Queen Isabella couldn’t see her husband alone!
Such a crazy situation existed….
Back to the avariciousness of the Despensers:
In the Middle Ages, land was power and that was just the thing
the Despensers wanted.
They wanted to build a huge ‘empire’ in South Wales and
that was the very territory where the Marcher Lords
[keepers of the borders with Wales] had lands.
They feared their lands to be taken over, with consent
of the King [who was infatuated with our Hugh Despenser..]
Their fears were proved to be right.
In october 1320 Edward II ordered the peninsula of Gower in South Wales to be taken into his own hands, apparently to
give it to Hugh Despenser.
See for the whole, complicated story, note 308
Roger Mortimer , his uncle Roger Mortimer of
Chirk and the other Marcher Lords were furious, considering
this as a deprivation of their rights
Hugh Despenser was granted also other lands in the
Marches [Welsh territory]’, which was taken fromRoger
Mortimer and other Marcher Lords
Not only unfair, but also foolish of Edward, since
most of the Marcher Lords, especially Roger Mortimer and his uncle, were, until Edward’s clear favouritism of
Despenser, at the cost of them and the other
Marcher Lords, were loyal to the throne.
To make matters complicated, there also was an old
feud between Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer [and his uncle,
Roger Mortimer de Chirk] and the Despensers….
Read about that in note 312
TWO FORMER ROYAL FAVOURITES AND HUGH DESPENSER
Hugh Despenser the Younger [as his father] had a mastertalent to
incite the fury and hatred from his colleague noblemen.
He pushed the Marcher Lords to the edge with his avariciousness
and unlimited ambition, and his avariciousness also led to a big
conflict with two former favourites of Edward II, Roger Damory and
Not only Hugh Despenser replaced Damory and
Audley as favourites[also Montecute, but he played no further role, died in 1319 in
Gascony], he also claimed the best lands from the Gloucester inheritance.
[Hugh Despenser, Hugh Audley and Roger Damory were married to
the three sisters of the 8th Earl of Gloucester and when he died in the
battle of Bannockburn childless, his sisters were his heirs]
And to further enrage Damory and Audley:
In october 1320 Edward II took the South Wales peninsula of Gower into his own hands prior to granting it to Hugh Despenser
See for background information about that, note 314
Despenser also had taken the Welsh lands of Hugh
That Despenser really was a man, who knew how to
make friends……[hahahahahaha]
Is it wonder, that men like the Marcher Lords
, who once were loyal to the throne,
were driven into rebellion and that even sworn enemies
as Thomas of Lancaster and the former favourites found each other and fought side by side?
THE STORM BREAKS OUT/DESPENSER
WAR/SWORN OATHS/FIST TO FIST/TOE TO
FIRST PHASE/FEBRUARY-AUGUST 1321
The Marcher Lords on the rampage/sworn oaths:
The MarcherLords must have thought:
”Attack is the best way of defence.”
Because the war started with them attacking the
Despenser lands and properties in Wales.
Those calamities [sacking, looting, pillaging,
with most of the victims of course the common
people….] took place from may 1321.
Stealing from the Despensers was one thing, far more
worse was, that, as usual, the poor and defenseless people
paid the highest price:
Sacking, looting, pillaging, extorting money
from poor villagers with the threath of burning their
It was degrading and cruel.
Those same horrors the Marcher Lords would repeat
in the second phase of the Despenser war, in
november and december 1321.
But before going on the rampage, the Marcher Lords had arranged for support in the back:
In february 1321, they held a meeting with Thomas of
Lancaster [probably at his favourite Castle Pontefract]
and there was decided to attack
Despenser lands.
However, Thomas did not take part in the attack
As a reaction on the Marcher Lords-Lancaster agreement
[to attack Despenser lands], Edward II responded in March by mobilising his forces in Wales, demonstrating that he intended to make any attack on the Despensers an attack on the crown, and therefore treasonable
That was no clever movement of the King, thereby confirming his onesided favouritism of the Despensers
and making it nearly impossible for those who were hesitant
to go into rebellion, to stay loyal to the crown.
At the other hand, the King tried to placate the
rebels [or resistance fighters against the Despenser
avariciousness, it depends from how you see it], by
calling them [the Marcher Lords] to convene with him [first in Gloucester, later in Bristol] to no avail.
After attacking Despenser properties [lands, castles, etc]
as much as they pleased, Roger Mortimer and Hereford
[brother in law of Edward II and together with Thomas of Lancaster, the 10th Earl of Warwick and the 9th Earl of
Arundel, the murderer of Piers Gaveston in 1312] marched
North to join Lancaster at Pontefract.
In june the barons swore an alliance at Sherburn-in-Elmet,
near Pontefract, calling their faction
the ”Contrariants” and promised
to remove the Despensers for good.
Sadly for Thomas and his allies:
An attempt to attract the northern Lords to
their cause failed.
They stayed loyal to the King.
Lancaster and the Marcher Lords would swear an oath once more on 29 november 1321, in the second phase of
the Despenser war ”to maintain what they had
March on London
”We bow down to no man”………..
One thing you can say about the Marcher Lords”
They DID have guts……..
Not only destroying, looting, pillaging, extortioning
and terrorising as they pleased and not
only the Despenser possessions [and innocent
people, who were unlucky to live on Despenser
No, they went farther.
After making their alliance with Thomas of
Lancaster at Sherburn-in-Elmet , the
Marcher Lords marched [hahaha, but that was what
they did] from Sherburn [near Pontefract, in
From all places, they had the audacity to march
on the royal centre of power….
From Yorkshire to London they repeated the
same atrocities as in Wales:
Assault, extortion and terror:
They seized victuals from local inhabitants and pillaged the countryside – not only Despenser manors – all the way from Yorkshire to London.
Four Marchers [John Mowbray, Stephen Baret, Jocelyn Deyville and Bogo Bayouse] even robbed the Church in Laughton-en-le-Morthen [in Yorkshire]
Further they tried to buy people’s allegiance with money, and seized the property of those who refused to join them.
Real maffia practices……
But that terrorising and pillaging was only
a [bad] game:
Their goal was London, to put pressure on the King
in order to banish the Despensers for good.
When they arrived outside of London on july 1321,
not really surprisingly [even without Internet
and smartphone, bad news travels fast], the citizens
of London refused to let them in.
The King also refused to meet them or even to listen to their demands that the Despensers be perpetually exiled from England, and they and their heirs disinherited “as false and traitorous criminals and spies.”
Then, to go a stadium further [in fact that was treason]
, they placed themselves and their armies outside the city walls, at strategic locations, to prevent the king leaving……
Let us put this straight:
THEY BESIEGED LONDON, ”IMPRISONING”
THE KING IN HIS OWN CAPITAL!
They then sent two knights as envoys to Edward II, to tell him that they held both Hugh Despensers “enemies and traitors to you and to the kingdom, and for this they wish them to be removed from here.”
Not surprisingly, the King, again, refused to meet the envoys.
On 1 August the Marchers entered London, while their
great ally, Thomas of Lancaster, arrived also in August to support
Meanwhile, Despenser the Younger threatening them
from a ship on the River Thames, and the rebels [Contrariants]
threatened to begin to destroy royal properties and lands outside London unless he desisted.
To cut a long story short:
the earls of Pembroke, Richmond, Surrey and Arundel finally brought the Marchers’ demands to Edward. If he refused to consent to the Despensers’ exile, he would be deposed.
Even then the King refused.
QUEEN ISABELLA ON HER KNEES
And as in the chess play , where the Queen holds the most
important playing position, the solution came from Queen
Queen Isabella went down on her knees before her husband and begged him, for the good of his realm, to exile the Despensers.
That had not only the desired effect, it gave the King the opportunity, to get out from this without losing his
face, making it look like fulfilling his wife’s desire.
But it must have been very painful for Edward II, losing
his friends, who meant that much to him….
I think we must consider that, besides his foolish
and unfair favouritism at the cost of the other Lords.
AGAIN A MAN OF HONOUR
THE EARL OF PEMBROKE, MEDIATOR
And with all that negociating, let’s not forget the
important role of the Earl of Pembroke [the man of
honour, who didn’t want to breach his oath against
Piers Gaveston and after Gaveston’s death, diehard
loyal to the King  , who continually had
mediated between the Marcher Lords and the King and
was behind the exile plea of Queen Isabella.
And finally the King decided on the banishment of
The Despensers, father and son [the favourite]
At 14 August in the Great Hall of Westminster it was to
be, in the presence, of course, of the King
”They were accused, among many other things, of “evil covetousness,” accroaching to themselves royal power, guiding and counselling the king evilly, only allowing the magnates to speak to Edward in their presence, “ousting the king from his duty,” removing good counsellors from their positions and replacing them “by other false and bad ministers of their conspiracy,” and “plotting to distance the affection of our lord the king from the peers of the land, to have sole government of the realm between the two of them.”
[They were also called ”evil councillors” by the
Contrariants [The Marcher Lords, Thomas of Lancaster and
That was all true.
The judgement decreed that the Despensers “shall be disinherited for ever as disinheritors of the crown and enemies of the king and his people, and that they shall be exiled from the realm of England, without returning at any time,” saving only the consent of the king, prelates, earls and barons in parliament. They were convicted by notoriety, with no chance to speak in their own defence.
Utterly unfair, that they had no chance to speak in their own
defence, but what was ”fair trial” in that time?
The same reprehensible thing happened to so many other noblemen thereafter……
The departure date was set on 29 August, 1321.
Despenser the Elder left England immediately, perhaps to one of Edward II’s French territories, Gascony or Ponthieu.
However, his son, Despenser the Younger BECAME A PIRATE
IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL [HAHAHAHAHA]
AGAIN, ”ROYAL PARDONS”……
Between 20 August and late September 1321, Edward II
granted a pardon to more than 400 men for the murders, abductions, thefts and vandalism they had committed in the Despensers’ lands, which crimes the Marchers claimed were “a case of necessity, [and] ought not to be corrected or punished by the rigour of the law, nor could this happen without causing too much trouble.”
Which of course was a hypocrite excuse and bagatellising
of serious and undefensible crimes.
Edward later protested that he had done this unwillingly and that any pardon he had given under coercion was invalid and contravened his coronation oath.
I must say, the King had a point here.
The attentive reader remembers, that I wrote at the beginning
of this chapter [chapter VI], that the King was not true to his word, issuing
pardons and later to come back on them,
But this case was different, because now the King was besieged
in his own capital as threathened with deposition,
if he didn’t consent with the Despensers exile.
That’s clearly coercion. And treason.
PLANNING FOR REVENGE
The King was furious, of course and by the way [but the reader
has already understood] never to consent with the permanent
exile of his Despenser friends.
The following morning at breakfast, the king talked to his ally Hamo Hethe, bishop of Rochester, “anxious and sad.” He swore that he would “within half a year make such an amend that the whole world would hear of it and tremble,”
And as we will see in the next chapter, he was true to his word…..
END OF THIS CHAPTER
SEE FOR NOTES


Badami’s highlights are its beautiful cave temples, three Hindu and one Jain, which display exquisite sculptures and intricate carvings. They're a magnificent example of Chalukya architecture and date to the 6th century. All have a columned verandah, an interior hall and a shrine at the rear.
Cave one, just above the entrance to the complex, is dedicated to Shiva. It’s the oldest of the four caves, probably carved in the latter half of the 6th century. On the wall to the right of the porch is a captivating image of Nataraja striking 18 dance moves in the one pose, backed by a cobra head. On the right of the porch area is a huge figure of Ardhanarishvara. On the opposite wall is a large image of Harihara, half Shiva and half Vishnu.
Dedicated to Vishnu, cave two is simpler in design. As with caves one and three, the front edge of the platform is decorated with images of pot-bellied dwarfs in various poses. Four pillars support the verandah, their tops carved with a bracket in the shape of a yali (mythical lion creature). On the left wall of the porch is the bull-headed figure of Varaha, the emblem of the Chalukya empire. To his left is Naga, a snake with a human face. On the right wall is a large sculpture of Trivikrama, another incarnation of Vishnu.
Cave three, carved in 578, is the largest and most impressive. On the left wall is a carving of Vishnu, to whom the cave is dedicated, sitting on a snake. Nearby is an image of Varaha with four hands. The pillars have carved brackets in the shape of yalis. The ceiling panels contain images including Indra riding an elephant, Shiva on a bull and Brahma on a swan. Keep an eye out for the image of drunken revellers, in particular one woman being propped up by her husband. There’s also original colour on the ceiling; the divots on the floor at the cave’s entrance were used as paint palettes. There's a sublime view from cave three over the Agastyatirtha Tank far below, and you can often hear the echoes of women thrashing clothes on its steps reverberating around the hills.
Dedicated to Jainism, cave four is the smallest of the set and dates to between the 7th and 8th centuries. The right wall has an image of Suparshvanatha, the seventh Jain tirthankar (teacher), surrounded by 24 Jain tirthankars. The inner sanctum contains an image of Adinath, the first Jain tirthankar.


Fort Miner (1855-1856) - A settler fort, never a military establishment but was built by Curry County settlers and miners. The fort was completed by 1st Lt. Relf Bledsoe and used to house 130 settlers from a hostile Indian uprising in Feb 1856 during the Rogue River Indian War (1855-56).
Curry County, Oregon
Location: About a mile and a half north of the mouth of the Rogue River near the ocean in Curry County, Oregon. (may not be correct location)
Maps & Images
Lat: 42.45139 Long: -124.42222
- Sovereigns of Themselves: A Liberating History of Oregon and Its Coast, Volume VII, Abridged Online Edition, Compiled By M. Constance Guardino III And Rev. Marilyn A. Riedel, copyright January 2006 Maracon Productions
- Hart, Herbert M., Tour Guide to Old Western Forts, Pruett Publishing Co., Boulder CO, 1980, ISBN 0-87108-568-2, page 136
- Oregon Military History, Forts-Camps-Roads
- McArthur, Lewis A. & McArthur, Lewis L., Oregon Geographic Names, Oregon Historical Society Press; 7 edition (December 2003), 1073 pages, ISBN 0875952771, ISBN 978-0875952772, page 371
- Victor, Frances Fuller, The Early Indian Wars of Oregon: compiled from the Oregon Archives and other Original Sources with Muster Rolls, Farnk C. Baker, State Printer, Salem, Oregon, 1894, page 381
Click on the picture to see a larger version. Contribute additional pictures - the more the better!


Vijay Diwas is celebrated every year on December 16 to remember India’s Victory over Pakistan in the 1971 India-Pakistan war. This day recalls the bravery and might of Indian Soldiers who fought with courage and defeated Pakistan in the war. On this day, Bangladesh as a country was born as well. On the occasion of 48th Vijay Diwas, India is celebrating this remarkable win over Pakistan with alacrity and also pays homage to Indian soldiers who were martyred.
Meanwhile, Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi took to his twitter and tweeted that he salutes the courage and might of Indian Soldiers.
à¤µà¤¿à¤à¤¯ à¤¦à¤¿à¤µà¤¸ à¤ªà¤° à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¥à¤¯ à¤¸à¥à¤¨à¤¿à¤à¥à¤ à¤à¥ à¤¸à¤¾à¤¹à¤¸, à¤¶à¥à¤°à¥à¤¯ à¤à¤° à¤ªà¤°à¤¾à¤à¥à¤°à¤® à¤à¥ à¤¨à¤®à¤¨ à¤à¤°à¤¤à¤¾ à¤¹à¥à¤à¥¤ 1971 à¤®à¥à¤ à¤à¤ à¤à¥ à¤¦à¤¿à¤¨ à¤¹à¤®à¤¾à¤°à¥ à¤¸à¥à¤¨à¤¾ à¤¨à¥ à¤à¥ à¤à¤¤à¤¿à¤¹à¤¾à¤¸ à¤°à¤à¤¾, à¤µà¤¹ à¤¸à¤¦à¤¾ à¤¸à¥à¤µà¤°à¥à¤£à¤¾à¤à¥à¤·à¤°à¥à¤ à¤®à¥à¤ à¤ à¤à¤à¤¿à¤¤ à¤°à¤¹à¥à¤à¤¾à¥¤— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) December 16, 2019
Here are the five important facts on Vijay Diwas:
The Indo-Pak 1971 war was fought for 13 days where the chief of the Pakistani forces, General AA Khan Niazi with its 93,000 soldiers surrendered before India.
It was the Indian Army’s one of the biggest victories over Pakistan that brought Pakistani Army to its knees.
The 1971 war where India defeated Pakistan is remembered as one of the defining moments in the Indian History.
Vijay Diwas is also celebrated to pay tribute and respect to the sacrifices of the soldiers of the Indian Army who gave India Victory in this historic war. Thousands of Indian Soldiers were martyred and thousands of them were wounded in the war.
Major General (then Major) Ian Cardozo, AVSM, SM, Gorkha Rifles was one of the wounded men who had to amputate his own leg with his khukri after he stepped on a landmine. He continued his service and went to become the officer of the Indian army.