Pakistan has for most of its history been ruled by its powerful military. This has been both direct and indirect. However, Its interference in Pakistan’s politics has pushed the country to the brink of an all-swallowing disaster on many occasions. Yet there are no lessons learned, and neither will any lessons be learned before the country is blown into smithereens.
As the British were planning to quit India, they left the Indian subcontinent divided between two states, India and Pakistan. However, Pakistan soon became a state with the military becoming overly involved in politics, while India emerged as the largest democracy in the world. This is astonishingly contrasting for countries with shared cultural and linguistic features.
After years of non-constitutionalism and multiple crises, Pakistan got its first constitution in 1956, but it was soon to be thrown out. Pakistan got its first martial law in 1958, only after two years of constitutional rule. The martial law brought in General Ayub Khan as an all powerful man to the helm of the country, at the same time tossing the country’s first constitution into the dustbin of history. His era was marked with intrigues, which later on led to the dismemberment of Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh.
It was during his rule that for the first time seeds of religious fundamentalism were sown. This, he did to gain ascendancy in an election over the sister of the country’s founding father, Fatima Jinnah. In contrast to the popular narrative that his era was marked with economic prosperity, his era, however, was the one that ushered in inequalities and led to the rise of 20 families who were known for controlling the country’s resources. Moreover, the list of the woes faced by the citizens in the first direct military rule is quite long.
Subsequent military rules further aggravated the country. Hopes of the return of democracy with the ouster of General Ayub Khan from the realm of power were shattered once again when General Yahya Khan proclaimed the second martial law in 1969. The second martial law came also with its set of disasters for Pakistan. This included the abrogation of the country’s second constitution, which was enforced in 1962.
However, the military coups didn’t stop with the one General Yahya Khan engineered. The country had to face a military coup that would have a lasting impact on it for the rest of its history. It was the 1977 coup which brought General Zia-ul-Haq into power. However, it didn’t do away with the new constitution, but proved to be the most disastrous coup of the country’s entire history.
The so-called Afghan Jihad, which has been haunting not only Afghanistan but also Pakistan till date, was the work of General Zia-ul-Haq . Moreover, he enforced several conservative laws—the core of his Islamisation scheme—which promoted religious extremism in the country. In addition, the country’s sectarian divide can also be attributed to General Zia. Moreover, his policies radicalised the Pakistani society.
Consequently, the 1999 military coup helped General Pervez Musharraf in wielding absolute power and ruling as a military strongman with no tolerance for the dissenting voices. The Musharraf regime proved like all the preceding military regimes as a destructive one for Pakistan. Although the Balochs were treated no better before, the Musharraf regime excelled every other military and civilian dispensation before in inflicting atrocities on the Balochs. His involvement in the assassination of Nawab Akbar Bugti cannot be doubted.
Moreover, the anti Baloch policies of the Musharraf era are behind the modern day Baloch insurgency. In addition to this, General Musharraf allied himself with the US in its never-ending war on terror, which costed Pakistan heavily both in lives lost and material.
However, the Pakistani military involvement in politics has not only been overt, but it has constantly pulled strings from behind the curtain as well. In its bid to forge a hybrid regime and run the country in a subtle way according to its own taste and wishes, the Pakistani military under the leadership of General Qamar Javed Bajwa propped up Imran Khan.
This setup was to prove disastrous as well, ending in a vortex of crises. There grew differences between the army chief and Imran Khan along the way, which culminated in a deep-seated loathing for each other and the forced ouster of Imran Khan from power.
Conclusively, these experimentations have cost the nation a lot. The country is now in a deep economic chaos with no sign of the tide’s ebbing in sight while political instability is constantly knocking at the country’s foundations. Worrying speculations are also pouring in of the country defaulting. These are the outcomes of the military’s involvement in the country’s politics. The outgoing army chief left this mess behind, with the nation’s hopes pinned on the new army chief, General Asim Munir, to act as a saviour.
However, the new army chief will not be any different from the previous ones, as history suggests. The military should rather be restricted to the barracks and barred from any interference in politics, while hopes should be pinned on the politicians, not the army chief.
Osama Ahmad is an Islamabad based researcher. He tweets at @OsamaAhmad432


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Akula was a submarine built for the Imperial Russian Navy. Akula saw service during World War I and sank in November 1915 after hitting a naval mine.
Initially the boat was to use petrol engines but these were replaced by safer diesels. The boat's design was a single hull/ saddle tank type with a diving depth of 25 fathoms (45 meters (148 ft)).
Significant initial problems were experienced and the electric motor and propellers which needed to be replaced. Akula was the first Russian submarine able to cruise long distances. In 1912 Akula made the world's first multi-torpedo volley with five torpedoes.
She subsequently served in the Baltic Fleet during World War I making 16 patrols and unsuccessfully attacked the German coastal defense ship SMS Beowulf.
She struck a mine and sank near Hiiumaa in November 1915 on her 17th patrol. Akula lies about 30 meters (98 ft) below water. All 35 members of the crew died.


Some 55 years ago, or maybe more, an incident happened in Mira Bay not far from the mouth of the Mira River.
At that time, work was being done on the cribwork at the mouth of the river.
On one hot summer day, two young lads — about 12 and 14 years old — were with family from Glace Bay at Oyster Cove off the Brickyard Road.
The two boys came down the river in a small boat. Although their parents warned them not to go farther than the wharf at Mira, they decided to continue on down to the Kenwood hall.
While they explored the beach, their boat drifted out to sea. Knowing that they were in trouble, they took a plank from the shore and used it to try to reach their boat.
The man whom I later married — James MacQueen — was one of the workers at the mouth of the river that day, and while eating his lunch he saw what was happening. These lads were headed for the ocean with no way to help themselves.
My husband took his fishing boat that was tied up at Mira and, accompanied by his brother-in-law, went out to rescue these boys and returned them to their parents.
We never heard from the boys or their family again. So often we think of the two boys and wonder if they recall that day and what might have happened.


BioM: Blazer, Ardyce (1957)
Surnames: Blazer, Bussard, Mills, Grime, Strohkirch
----Source: OWEN ENTERPRISE (Owen, Clark County, Wis.) 09/26/1957
Blazer, Ardyce (21 SEP 1957)
Miss Ardyce Joan Blazer, Milwaukee, and Donald Clyde Bussard, Cincinnati, Ohio, knelt before the altar of First Congregational Church in Owen on Saturday afternoon to exchange marriage vows in the presence of the pastor, the Rev. Ralph Claybaugh.
Arlyn Mills sang two vocal selections, "I Love You Truly" and "The Lord’s Prayer," during the 2 o’clock service, with Jane Grimes as organist.
For her wedding, the bride, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Blazer, Owen (Clark Co., Wis.), chose a lace netting over taffeta floor length gown enhanced with a fingertip veil. In her arms she held a crescent shaped bouquet of red roses and white carnations.
Lavender streamers extended from the bouquet of yellow carnations carried by Judy Strohkirch, Milwaukee, when she served as maid of honor. Her frock was ruffled net in a lavender shade. Her escort was David Blazer, a cousin of the bride. Showing the guests to their seats in the church were Jerry Strohkirch and Lyle Dickinson, a cousin of the bride.
Before leaving for their home at 813 E. Wells in Milwaukee, the bride and her husband, son of Mr. and Mrs. Clyde Bussard, Cincinnati, Ohio, greeted guests from Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Dorchester, Withee and the Owen area at a reception at the home of the bride’s parents.
The new Mrs. Bussard is employed in the office of the Harley Davidson Co. in Milwaukee, while her husband, a graduate of Hughes High School in Cincinnati, is enrolled as a student in the Milwaukee School of Engineering. She graduated with the ’55 class from Owen High School.
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- - 1878 - - NEW LUTHERAN CHRUCH
Source: The Worthington Advance (MN) September 26, 1878; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman
A Lutheran church edifice is to be built at Cambridge City, Isanti county. It is to be 56 x 80 feet and 30 feet high, with steeple 101 feet high to the top of the cross.
- - 1879 - - LUTHERAN CHURCH
Source: The Saint Paul Globe (MN) January 7, 1879; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman
A Lutheran church is about to be established in Maple Ridge, Isanti county.
- - 1907 - - CHURCH DEDICATED
Source: Duluth News-Tribune (Duluth, MN) Tuesday, September 17, 1907; transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman
Braham, Minn., Sept. 16.-The first Methodist church of this town was dedicated yesterday by Rev. E. C. Clemans of Duluth, the presiding Methodist elder of the district. The ceremonies were attended by a large throng. The money for the church has been raised by subscription during the past year under the charge of the pastor, C. P. Keast. The church cost about $2,000.


Heinz Kohut (1913-1981) stood at the center of the twentieth-century psychoanalytic movement. After fleeing his native Vienna when the Nazis took power, he arrived in Chicago, where he spent the rest of his life. He became the most creative figure in the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, and is now remembered as the founder of ‘self psychology,’ whose emphasis on empathy sought to make Freudian psychoanalysis less neutral.
Kohut’s life invited complexity. He obfuscated his identity as a Jew, negotiated a protean sexuality, and could be surprisingly secretive about his health and other matters. In this biography, Charles Strozier shows Kohut as a paradigmatic figure in American intellectual life: a charismatic man whose ideas embodied the hope and confusions of a country still in turmoil. Inherent in his life and formulated in his work were the core issues of modern America.
The years after World War II were the halcyon days of American psychoanalysis, which thrived as one analyst after another expanded upon Freud’s insights. The gradual erosion of the discipline’s humanism, however, began to trouble clinicians and patients alike. Heinz Kohut took the lead in the creation of the first authentically home-grown psychoanalytic movement. It took an emigre be so distinctly American.
Strozier brings to his telling of Kohut’s life all the tools of a skillful analyst: intelligence, erudition, empathy, contrary insight, and a willingness to look far below the surface.
About Charles Strozier
Charles B. Strozier is a professor of history at John Jay College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, and a training and supervising psychoanalyst at the Training and Research Institute for Self Psychology (TRISP). He is the author of Lincoln’s Quest… More about Charles Strozier
Paperback | $28.00
Published by Other Press Apr 17, 2004| 538 Pages| 6 x 9| ISBN 9781590511022
“A deeply informed, absorbing biography. . . . Strozier’s book is an exemplary study of a psychoanalyst who threw himself into the task of transforming a major tradition.” -The New York Times Book Review
“This impeccably researched book, written in a clear elegant style that clarifies even complicated ideas carries us along like an exciting novel. Heinz Kohut is a magnificent contribution to the history of psychology, and beyond that, the history of ideas. Strozier has admirably succeeded in his goal of writing a biography that seeks to ‘discover, illuminate, and disclose.'” – Sophie Freud, American Journal of Psychotherapy


Theoretically they were co-regents, but Philaret frequently transacted affairs of state without consulting the tsar.
Altona carries on an extensive maritime trade with Great Britain, France and America, but it has by no means succeeded in depriving Hamburg of its commercial superiority - indeed, so dependent is it upon its rival that most of its business is transacted on the Hamburg exchange, while the magnificent warehouses on the Altona river bank are to a large extent occupied by the goods of Hamburg merchants.
During the meeting of Italian notables at Lyons early in 1802 Talleyrand was serviceable in manipulating affairs in the way desired by Bonaparte, and it is known that the foreign minister suggested to them the desirability of appointing Bonaparte president of the Cisalpine Republic, which was thenceforth to be called the Italian Republic. In the negotiations for peace with England which went on at Amiens during the winter of 1801-2 Talleyrand had no direct share, these (like those at Luneville) being transacted by Napoleon's eldest brother, Joseph Bonaparte (q.v.).
Illorin middlemen transacted all business between the traders from the north, who were not allowed to pass to the south, and those from the south.
Crowds of merchants with their hats on transacted business in the aisles, and used the font as a counter upon which to make their payments; lawyers received clients at their several pillars; and masterless serving-men waited to be engaged upon their own particular bench.
Cavan has some linen trade, and a considerable retail business is transacted in the town.
Generally it may be said that throughout his long reign Francis Joseph remained the real ruler of his dominions; he not only kept in his hands the appointment and dismissal of his ministers, but himself directed their policy, and owing to the great knowledge of affairs, the unremitting diligence and clearness of apprehension, to which all who transacted business with him have borne testimony, lie was able to keep a very real control even of the details of government.
The Morwenspeches were periodical meetings at which the brethren feasted, revised their ordinances, admitted new members, elected officers and transacted other business.
Spanish legislation was not satisfied with endeavouring to exclude all European nations except Spain from trading with the West Indies, but it sought to limit all commerce to one particular route, and it forbade any trade being transacted by way of the river Plate, thus enacting the most flagrant injustice towards the people it had encouraged to settle in the latter country.
The national assembly (Orszaggyiiles) was still summoned occasionally, but at very irregular intervals, the real business of the state being transacted in the royal council, where able men of the middle class, principally Italians, held confidential positions.


Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home by Matthew Pinsker
After the heartbreaking death of his son Willie, Abraham Lincoln and his family fled the gloom that hung over the White House, moving into a small cottage in Washington, D.C., on the grounds of the Soldiers’ Home, a residence for disabled military veterans. In Lincoln’s Sanctuary, historian Matthew Pinsker offers a fascinating portrait of Lincoln’s stay in this cottage and tells the story of the president’s remarkable growth as a national leader and a private man.
Lincoln lived at the Soldiers’ Home for a quarter of his presidency, and for nearly half of the critical year of 1862, but most Americans (including many scholars) have not heard of the place. Indeed, this is the first volume to specifically connect this early “summer White House” to key wartime developments, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the firing of McClellan, the evolution of Lincoln’s “Father Abraham” image, the election of 1864, and the assassination conspiracy. Through a series of striking vignettes, the reader discovers a more accessible Lincoln, demonstrating what one visitor to the Soldiers’ Home described as his remarkable “elasticity of spirits.” At his secluded cottage, the president complained to his closest aides, recited poetry to his friends, reconnected with his wife and family, conducted secret meetings with his political enemies, and narrowly avoided assassination attempts. Perhaps most important, he forged key friendships that helped renew his flagging spirits. The cottage became a refuge from the pressures of the White House, a place of tranquility where Lincoln could refresh his mind.
I cannot count how many books on Abraham Lincoln I have come across in my history studies… Lincoln’s life and death…Lincoln the fearless commander-in-chief… Lincoln the godly leader…old, honest Abe. Matthew Pinkser introduced me to a new side of a Lincoln I have not been in touch with before…Lincoln, the man. Pinsker take a unique approach compared to previous histories on Lincoln by looking at his time spent in a little known cottage in Washington, DC just a few miles from the White House, Soldiers’ Home. Many people (myself included prior to this reading) did not know Lincoln spent his summers sleeping away from the White House in this cottage on top of a hill overlooking the city, surrounded by veterans and soldiers. It was in this cottage, his “sanctuary,” where he could find his brief escape, and it was in this cottage and his trips back and forth between the White House and the cottage where it was believed one of his greatest accomplishments, the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation, came to be influenced.
As I began Lincoln’s Sanctuary, I was a little hesitant assuming it would be like previous Lincoln books I have read. However, I soon found the author gave a revealing insight to Lincoln’s character from letters and other commentaries left behind that I had not previously come across. This reveal of a wartime-strewn president was a valuable look not commonly seen at one of our nation’s presidents. For example, Pinsker touched on “Lincoln’s down-to-earth qualities” as he inspected the animals on property and conversed with the others soldiers. (153) Being at Soldiers’ Home brought Lincoln together closer with the troops during wartime. He could hear their stories and find a fraternal comfort in their camaraderie and close quarters. (81-83) There were rare insights on many of Lincoln’s actions during the war, as well as events and emotions experienced at Soldiers’ Home. Pinkser also touched more on the family than I have typically found in other Lincoln biographies… particularly more on Mrs. Lincoln, Tad and Robert.
There did seem to be some assumptions made on the president’s thoughts and actions, particularly those directly relating to Soldiers’ Home experiences. The book did not convince me some of the actions taken by Lincoln may have related directly to the home. For example, Pinkser touched on Lincoln’s possible encounters during his commute between the White House and Soldiers’ Home with African Americans and how these travel encounters may have given him a “richer appreciation for the human rights and aspirations of African Americans” and influenced his writing of the Emancipation Proclamation. (66) While this may be true and his travels from Soldiers’ Home may have had an influence on his writings, I was not fully convinced of their impact and wanted even more background of possible other contributors.
Pinsker revealed a different side of war. One seen more from Lincoln’s encounters and stories passed from generals and others that took place during his time in Soldiers’ Home. The focus of his book was around the significance Soldiers’ Home may have had on Lincoln’s decisions and actions during his presidency, as well as in his personal life with his marriage, to name one example. Pinkser also sought to disprove some previously assumed facts by using personal sources and in depth research from individuals throughout, including Walt Whitman and others. After reading the book, I had the privilege of visiting Soldiers’ Home and tour the house. Being in the house, I could feel that peace… that escape from the city life. I instantly felt relaxed away from the constant bustle of downtown DC. The book was a wonderful compliment to the house tour experience and introduced me to a place I did not even know existed despite living in the Washington, DC area. I recommend reading this book for a new approach and understanding of the Civil War and the wartime president.


Martin Thomas Walsh, 80, a longtime Palatine resident and decorated World War II veteran, died Friday at Northwest Community Healthcare in Arlington Heights. Mr. Walsh enlisted in the Army in 1939 at age 20. A proud soldier in the 83rd Infantry, he nearly lost an arm during the Battle of the Bulge in Germany. While being treated at a hospital in Battle Creek, Mich., he met his future wife, Betty, who worked as a social worker with the American Red Cross. Mr. Walsh went on to achieve the rank of captain and was later awarded the Purple Heart. "He was very proud of his military involvement," his daughter, Carol Monell, said. "That was a very important part of his life. He really enjoyed going to military reunions." After his military service, Mr. Walsh attended Rutgers University before transferring to Northwestern University. He graduated from Northwestern with a degree in accounting. Mr. Walsh worked in the Chicago accounting firm of Touche, Niven, Bailey & Smart, and later was comptroller of the Salerno Biscuit Co., before starting his own business. He most recently was self-employed as a certified public accountant. "He was a good father and a good husband," said Betty Walsh, his wife of 44 years. In addition to his wife and daughter, survivors include daughter Laurel Selby and three grandchildren. Visitation will be from 3 to 7 p.m. Sunday at Ahlgrim & Sons Funeral Home, 201 N. Northwest Highway, Palatine. Mr. Walsh will be buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery.


position we were well protected from the constant skirmish fire. On the morning* of the 27th, by order from the brigade commander, Colonel Lockman, with the left wing of my regiment I relieved the [Fifth Ohio], who were in the advance works, and threw out one company as skirmishers. On the 28th I relieved the left wing by the right, and was that afternoon myself relieved by the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, Captain Gimber commanding. That afternoon the enemy sent shell and canister at us, but no damage was inflicted upon my regiment. On the 29th I threw up a line of works on the knoll before mentioned to protect myself in case of a renewed artillery fire. On the night of this day an attack was made upon our lines; a furious fire was poured in, but no man of my regiment was injured. On the 30th the regiment was again put in the advance works and skirmishers again thrown out. Skirmish firing still continued as it had done during the past seven days. Indeed, it was upon the skirmish line that most of my casualties took place.
June 1, I was relieved by a portion of General Logan's command, and with the brigade moved six miles to the left, marching in a northeasterly direction. The following day, June 2, moved some two miles in the same direction, camping. We remained there until the morning of the 6th of June. Then breaking camp we marched five miles farther toward Acworth, and camping, have remained there up to the present date. During the action and skirmishing in front of Dallas both officers and men deserve praise for their gallantry and for the prompt manner in which they performed the heavy labor and endured the excessive hardships forced upon them by the circumstances. To Captain O'Connor, who acted as major in the absence of that officer, my thanks are due for the efficient aid he rendered me. It is with the most sincere sorrow that I report the loss of one of my best and bravest captains, Charles J. Field, of Company E. Ever foremost in time of danger, while posting a line of skirmishers on the 28th of May he received a wound in the right thigh, which afterward proved a fatal one. The regiment mourns the loss of one not easily replaced. My total loss is 1 officer killed, 5 men killed and 27 wounded. The names have already been forwarded to your office.
I am, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Lieutenant-Colonel, Commanding Regiment.
Captain C. C. BROWN,
Acting Assistant Adjutant-General.
HDQRS. THIRTY-THIRD NEW JERSEY VOLUNTEERS,
Near Kenesaw Mountain, June 21, 1864.
GENERAL: I have the honor to report that my regiment has again been engaged, having participated severely in the action of Pine Knob on the 15th and 16th instant.
The conduct of the command was excellent; the line advanced under a withering fire without a waver as steadily as if it were only a battalion drill. No body of men could have done better, and well
* O'Connor's report says "afternoon"; see p. 228.


Editor’s Note: The Virginia House of Delegates and Senate approved a resolution in January – HJ 571 – Celebrating the Life of Alan Zimm. Mr. Zimm (obm), a Holocaust Survivor, passed away on April 18, 2020, just one-month shy of his 100th birthday. The resolution was introduced by Delegate Schuyler T. VanValkenburg. The full resolution follows.
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm, a Holocaust survivor who ultimately made his home in Virginia and served generations of Richmond residents as a tailor, died on April 18, 2020; and
WHEREAS, a native of Kolo, Poland, Alan Zimm witnessed firsthand the invasion of his country by Nazi Germany, returning home one day to find that his family and many fellow Jews had been abducted by the Nazis; and
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm escaped to a relative’s house but was subsequently captured and forcibly relocated to the nearby Lodz ghetto, an area of less than two square miles that housed 200,000 people, nearly a quarter of whom would die from starvation, cold, or disease; and
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm was later sent to the Czestochowa ghetto and the Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau, and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps, enduring years of cruelty and mistreatment until he was liberated on April 15, 1945; and
WHEREAS, after the end of World War II, Alan Zimm reunited with his older brother Sol, one of his only surviving family members, and lived in Poland and Germany before he was sponsored by a Jewish relief organization to immigrate to the United States; and
WHEREAS, having learned to sew from another brother, Alan Zimm quickly began working as a tailor after he settled in Richmond; he saved money while working for a local haberdasher, then opened his own tailoring business on Meadow Street; and
WHEREAS, in the 1950s, Alan Zimm’s Custom Tailor Shop moved to Patterson Avenue, where he served members of the community for the next several decades; and
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm took great pride in his work, and his daughter, Ruth, ultimately followed in his footsteps in the clothing business; the duo worked closely together for more than 30 years after she opened her own store next to Alan Zimm’s Custom Tailor Shop; and
WHEREAS, over the course of his career, Alan Zimm built strong personal relationships with his clients and was known as much for his commitment to excellence as for his incomparable work ethic; he joked that he had gone into semiretirement when he merely reduced the shop’s hours from six days a week to five and a half, and he didn’t officially retire until the age of 97; and
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm’s quiet dignity and unfailing kindness inspired others to lead lives of hope and humility; he participated in many events memorializing those lost during the Holocaust and frequently volunteered his time to educate young people about the dangers of anti-Semitism and other forms of bigotry; and
WHEREAS, Alan Zimm will be fondly remembered and greatly missed by his wife, Halina; his four children, Solomon, Ruth Ann, Rebecca, and Josh, and their families; and numerous other family members and friends; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurring, That the General Assembly hereby note with great sadness the loss of Alan Zimm, an inspirational member of the Richmond community; and, be it
RESOLVED FURTHER, That the Clerk of the House of Delegates prepare a copy of this resolution for presentation to the family of Alan Zimm as an expression of the General Assembly’s respect for his memory.


SWAKOPMUND PRACTICAL SHOOTING CLUB
Swakopmund Practical Shooting Club was founded in 2013 to promote, maintain and advance practical markmanship.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICAL SHOOTING CONFEDERATION
The art of shooting can be traced back as far as the middle ages but it wasn’t until the 19th century that shooting really developed into a sport.
In the 200 years since, shooters have come together in a variety of organizations, at the local, national, and world levels, to practice, perfect, and perpetuate the shooting sports.
Competitive IPSC-style shooting developed in southern California in the late 1950’s and quickly spread throughout the shooting world to Australia, Central and South America, Europe, and Southern Africa.


Welcome To Our Blog
Saturday 2 April. To announce the opening of the museum for 2022 Ty Burton (our Working Equipment Group Officer) walked a mile along the Stokes bay seafront in standard dress. Here are more photographs from our museum volunteer, Roger Forster.
Our Working Equipment Officer walks a mile in standard dress to open the museum for our 2022 season.
On Tuesday 29th March a small group of Royal Navy personnel lead visited the museum to donate a large wooden plaque with the words 'Fleet Diving Headquarters, Bridge' mounted on it in large metal lettering. On the reverse were the signatures of all the current serving...
Museums Estate and Development Fund (MEND) awards a fund to the HDS to support our cultural heritage.
On Sunday 21st November over 1500 runners took part in the Gosport Half Marathon. Each year, the organisers promote a local charity/organisation and this year The Diving Museum was selected. Our Museum Director, Kevin Casey dressed in Standard Dress and joined the...
Heritage Open Days: Free entry to the Diving Museum on Friday 10th and 17th of September
Hop aboard the Provincial Society’s free vintage bus and get discounted entry to the museum. For 2 days only!
They’ve done it again. The MAD volunteers of the Diving Museum present a toe-curling murder mystery for you to solve. Made even more challenging by remote acting via Zoom, this is a masterclass in criminal acting you can’t afford to miss!
Sadly, we have had to cancel our planned ‘dressing in Standard Dress’ event on our opening day, 3 July, for Covid safety reasons.
3 July 2021 is a red letter day for the museum. After 14 months of closure and an internal refurb, we are opening our doors again!
A new wildlife haven at our library/store in the ARP bunker, Alverstoke.
Museum volunteer, Richard Castle, has launched a new website dedicated to one of our prize exhibits, the JIM suit.


In Search of Sexual Health is a book about syphilis–and specifically, about what past generations of Americans did when they contracted this disease. While there’s a great deal of scholarship on the history of sexually-transmitted infections, relatively few historians have looked at the lived experiences of those who suffered from syphilis. What did this disease mean for them? What did they do to try to restore their health? What kinds of outcomes did they experience from treatment?
NOTCHES: In a few sentences, what is your book about? Why will people want to read it?
BOWEN: I discovered that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thousands and thousands of men, women, and children with syphilis traveled to Hot Springs, Arkansas–a famous health resort whose waters were believed to possess remarkable curative properties. Hot Springs was also home to a group of physicians who specialized in the treatment of syphilis, to a military hospital that admitted syphilitic soldiers and veterans, and to the first federally-operated venereal disease clinic in US history. Examining each of these settings, this book is about how social attitudes toward syphilis intersected with cultural ideologies surrounding class, race, gender, and sexuality to shape the medical management of syphilis–that is, the way doctors and patients understood, diagnosed, and treated this disease.
NOTCHES: What drew you to this topic, and what questions do you still have?
BOWEN: I was first drawn to syphilis (in a historical sense, at least!) in grad school, when in a seminar on the history of public health I read Allan Brandt’s book No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880. Brandt’s book is a brilliant analysis of how cultural anxieties at the end of the 19th century found expression in a burgeoning discourse on syphilis–which medical authorities identified as the cause of a number of trends they found distressing. Whether it be rising divorce rates and the breakdown of traditional gender norms, immigration and the fears of “race suicide” this helped generate, or concerns about the mental and physical fitness of the soldiers and sailors who made up the country’s armed forces, syphilis figured prominently in diagnoses of America’s social problems. This analysis doesn’t really look at syphilis from what medical historians call “the patient’s perspective.” The focus is largely on public health. Indeed, as Brandt has it, the country’s inability to effectively deal with sexually-transmitted infections is a direct result of the long-standing belief that these are the product of sexual immorality (what past generations of Americans called “the wages of sin”), and as such, are not deserving of the kinds of compassionate medical care extended to the victims of other diseases.
As I thought about this, I began to wonder how much truth there was behind this claim. Did Americans who contracted syphilis see themselves as sinners unworthy of medical attention? Did they find the doors of the country’s medical institutions closed to them, so that suffering in silent, guilty resignation was their only option? These questions served as the impetus to my research; as I looked into them, I found that things were more complicated than most historians had realized. While the belief that syphilis was God’s just punishment for immoral sexual behavior certainly influenced the way people with this disease thought about themselves, it did not necessarily do so in a way that turned them away from medicine. As I argue in the book, one of the things it did was push them away from local sources of medical care and toward those in distant locations–like that offered in Hot Springs. And within this central Arkansas city, doctors offered cures that were simultaneously medical and moral. Gradually, what I came to recognize is that taking a patient-oriented approach to the history of this disease leads to some rather surprising insights. While there is much more work to be done on this, the results of my study suggest that the “sin v. science” framework that has long governed historical analyses of American responses to sexually-transmitted infections is rather simplistic.
NOTCHES: This book is about the history of sex and sexuality, but what other themes does it speak to?
BOWEN: One of the other things my book speaks to is race. That this a key theme of the book is perhaps not surprising, as since the publication of James Jones’ Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in 1981, historians have been attuned to the ways that racism has shaped the country’s struggles with sexually-transmitted infections. This was certainly true in Hot Springs, which remained a Jim Crow city throughout the time period my book focuses on. Institutional racism made it difficult for the city’s Black doctors to gain a foothold within the local medical marketplace, as the vast majority of its hotels, bathhouses, and medical facilities catered only to white health-seekers. Even when Black men and women managed to find accommodations within the city, they still had to contend with the hostility of local white doctors–many of whom subscribed to the idea that African Americans were sexually promiscuous by nature and as such were innately predisposed to venereal infection. In addition to this, white physicians believed that their Black patients were incapable of feeling shame or guilt upon contracting syphilis; because of this, the therapeutic regimen they pursued here included none of the “moral treatment” that was the centerpiece of doctors’ interactions with white patients. Whereas therapy for the latter was comprehensive (engaging the physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of syphilis), for Black men and women, this consisted simply of bodily remedies. In carving a color line through syphilis, the resort’s white healers aimed to demonstrate the moral superiority of white patients, thus preventing them from falling into association with a racial “other” believed to be irremediably “syphilis-soaked.”
Race is also a prominent theme in the latter part of the book, which focuses on the VD clinic the federal government set up in Hot Springs after World War I. As I show, racism was just as much a part of public health responses to syphilis as it was a part of individual white doctors’ handling of the disease. Even though the clinic freely admitted Black health-seekers, it did little to care for their extra-medical needs. For example, while the clinic’s director (Oliver C. Wenger, who later became involved with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study) and staff sometimes reached into their own pockets to help white patients afford room and board within Hot Springs, I found no instances of this financial generosity being extended to Black patients. Instead, Black people who failed to comport themselves with a sufficient amount of subserviency were sometimes accused of violating the clinic’s rules, and expelled from Hot Springs before their courses of therapy had ended. And in 1935, when a cash-strapped Public Health Service set up a transient camp on the outskirts of Hot Springs in order to house, feed, and provide recreation for those receiving treatment at the clinic, it did so in an explicitly racist fashion–forbidding Black men and women from applying for residence within this facility. As these examples indicate, the racialization of early 20th century public health policy can be seen not only in the discrimination and hostility Black Americans met with, but also, in the exceptionally generous, holistic medical and socioeconomic aid extended to white Americans. In highlighting the experiences of those in the latter group, this study provides dramatic new evidence of the gaping racial disparities in medical provision and therapeutic outcomes that are characteristic of modern American healthcare.
NOTCHES: How did you research the book? (What sources did you use and were there any especially exciting discoveries or any particular challenges?)
BOWEN: When I began working on this project, I was initially quite skeptical of my ability to answer the questions I’d started out with. “Syphilis was such a huge taboo back then,” I told myself; “you’re never going to find sources that speak to individual experiences of this disease.” But almost immediately after setting foot into Hot Springs, I came across some documents that set my fears to rest. Within the archives of a local historical society, I was handed a series of letters written by a man from Cleveland who twice journeyed to Hot Springs (in 1905 and 1907) to be treated for syphilis. In this correspondence, he discussed his daily trips to a local bathhouse, interactions with other syphilitic patients, and the things that this disease was doing to his body and mind. Then, shortly after this, I came across another first-hand account–this one, from a man who traveled to Hot Springs from Florida. While there, he regularly corresponded with his wife, keeping her updated on the progress of his illness (which he initially did not suspect was syphilis) and providing a sense of what it was like to be a health-seeker in Hot Springs during the first decade of the 20th century.
Armed with sources like these, I began to realize that my dream of writing a patient-centered history of syphilis might actually be possible. Another source that really helped here was clinical case files. Early on in my research, I was able to locate hundreds and hundreds of individual patient records for the many servicemen treated for syphilis at the Hot Springs Army and Navy Hospital. I spent almost a month looking through these cases–boxes upon boxes of which are kept in the National Archives. They form the core of the third chapter of my book, where I argue that patients–and not new medical technologies like the Wassermann test–were a huge part of the reason behind the medical profession’s knowledge of syphilis improved during the first part of the twentieth century.
I was initially hoping to make use of clinical case files in my chapter on the federal government’s VD clinic. But unfortunately, I was never able to locate these. Aside from a few individual stories told in letters and personal reminiscences, much of the narrative set forth in this chapter comes from the clinic’s aggregate statistics and the private papers of its director. What happened to these patient records is a mystery. On several occasions, officials from the Public Health Service make reference to them, so they must have been created and stored somewhere. But either they were destroyed or lost. Had I been able to locate these records, I would have been able to shine a much brighter light on some of the phenomena I investigate in the book.
NOTCHES: Whose stories or what topics were left out of your book and why? What would you include had you been able to?
BOWEN: One thing I wish I could’ve talked more about in the book is the experiences of women with syphilis. Everything I read suggests that the majority of those who traveled to Hot Springs were men, and in the book’s first chapter, I try to explain the various forces and factors that prevented prospective female health-seekers from doing this. But despite the gender imbalance, we do know that women were among those receiving treatment for syphilis in Hot Springs, and throughout the book, I try to shed light on what things were like for them there. This is just a lot harder to do than it is for men–whose writings have been preserved to a much greater extent than women’s. In my research, I was only able to locate one first-hand account from a woman who visited Hot Springs, and since she was neither infected with syphilis nor seeking treatment for any disease, I couldn’t really make use of it. For the most part, what I say about women, syphilis, and Hot Springs comes through other kinds of primary sources: the writings of governmental officials, statistical data, and published articles from medical journals.
Another topic I wish I could’ve done more justice to is homosexuality. The documentary record indicates that local doctors were quite keen on uncovering whatever “sexual perversions” their patients might have engaged in. A few suspected that at least some of the men they were treating had acquired syphilis through “unnatural” means like anal sex, and in fact, in the 1920s, one resident physician proposed that the federal government create a “mental hygiene” clinic in Hot Springs so as to provide psychological treatment (read: conversion therapy) to those suspected of harboring “homosexual tendencies.” Nothing ever came of this effort, but still, the archival evidence suggests that fears of homosexuality might have impacted the treatment protocols adopted by resident healers. When writing the book, I didn’t feel I could substantively speak to this, and so I left it out. In the future, I hope I can get into this a bit more, and in fact, I’m currently doing some research on medical understandings of the relationship between homosexuality and VD during the early 20th century.
NOTCHES: How do you see your book being most effectively used in the classroom? What would you assign it with?
BOWEN: In Search of Sexual Health engages with a number of different historiographies, and because of this, I could see this book being assigned in a variety of different courses.
Most obviously, I hope it will find a natural home in classes on the history of sexuality–especially those devoted to exploring the intersections between gender, sexuality, race, class, and the body. Courses of this sort usually spend at least a week on sexually-transmitted infections, and in this context, my hope is that students will pick up on one of the key arguments of the book: that instead of being infectious disease threats that surfaced only during wartime, syphilis and gonorrhea were part of the daily existence of thousands of Americans who lived prior to the advent of antibiotics. In addition to being a target of state-led preventive public health efforts, for a significant part of the US population, these maladies were a constant, chronic companion–an embodied reality that impacted all aspects of life (including family relations, work, and personal identity) for long periods of time. In this sense, one nice book to pair mine with might be Lynn Sacco’s Unspeakable: Father-Daughter Incest in American History. Detailing the medical profession’s response to a perceived epidemic of vulvovaginitis among American girls during the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century, Sacco’s work reveals how gendered assumptions, attitudes toward sexuality, and racial beliefs entered into the clinic. Sacco’s book shares with mine an interest in understanding how broader cultural understandings of VD influenced the work of privately-practicing physicians, and in how these understandings complicated the personal and social lives of the sick. Like mine, her book offers concrete evidence of how syphilis is “enmeshed in wider relations of power and inequality.”
I would also recommend my book in classes that explore the historical relationship between health, medicine, and the environment. In the last twenty years, one of the most exciting discoveries to come out of research operating at the intersection of these topics is the phenomenon of “health-seeking” (or, as it would be called today, “medical tourism”). As scholars like Greg Mitman (author of Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes) and Conevery Bolton Valenčius (author of “The Health of the Country:” How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land) have demonstrated, the decades following the US Civil War witnessed a veritable “health rush,” and as Americans traveled all across the country “chasing the cure,” and from this was born a new curative industry: the health resort. The existing scholarship on this topic focuses mostly on tuberculosis and the American West, looking at how consumptive “lungers” were largely responsible for the creation of cities such as Denver, Santa Fe, and Los Angeles. Unexplored has been the role that sexually-transmitted infections played in stimulating health travel during this period, and on how this fueled the rise of resorts like that created in Hot Springs, Arkansas. In addition to this, because it centers the experiences of health-seekers and their doctors (not civic boosters or resort promoters), In Search of Sexual Health opens a new window onto the history of medical tourism.
NOTCHES: Now that your book is published, what’s next?
BOWEN: Now that this book is out in the world, I’m planning to undertake a new project exploring the relationship between VD and homosexuality in early 20th century. The impetus for this comes largely from things I discovered while learning about Hot Springs, but my thinking on this topic has also been spurred along quite a bit by the work of Richard McKay–whose “Before HIV” project has drawn attention to a rather interesting aspect of pre-AIDS history: that prior to the mid-20th century, doctors mostly did not associate same-sex encounters with VD. Some even believed that same-sex sexual intercourse actually reduced one’s risk of contracting syphilis or gonorrhea. What explains this? Why were medical understandings of the connection between VD and homosexuality in the early 20th century the exact opposite of what they became in the mid-to-late 20th century? McKay’s research offers some important insights into this question, but on the whole, there hasn’t been a lot of research on this topic. So in my research, I’m hoping to provide a deeper understanding of medical thinking around syphilis and homosexuality during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Right now, I’m in the very early stages of this, so I’m not sure what it will ultimately result in. But whether it’s a one-off article, a new book, or a conference paper, I’m really excited by what I’ve discovered so far, and think this is an incredibly important thing to look into. Without a doubt, this research this will be occupying my mind for the next little while.
Elliott Bowen is an assistant professor of history at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan. His research revolves around the relationship between medicine and sexuality, and he is the author of In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890-1940 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020).
NOTCHES: (re)marks on the history of sexuality is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at www.notchesblog.com.
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Scope and Contents
Slides and captions created by Colonel James Eugene Hilmar during his tour of duty in Vietnam, 1966-1967. During his service in Vietnam, he served in infantry personnel as Lieutenant Colonel, 4th Infantry Division. Slides include notes by Col. Hilmar. Notes on the images and Col. Hilmar's experiences are included.


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Indiana from NW Ordinance to Statehood
- Indiana’ from 1787 (Passage of Northwest Ordinance) to 1816 (Indiana Statehood)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was enacted on July 13, 1787. It significantly changed the subsequent development of America. It clarified that:
- New states developed from the Northwest Territory would share a ‘Coequal Status’ with the original 13 States
- It established ‘the 3 stage process’ for territories to become states
- Stage 1: Congress appoints a governor, secretary and 3 judges to make laws for a territory
- Stage 2: Once a territory has 5,000 male settlers, then a state legislature could be formed
- Stage 3: Once a territory has 60,000 male settlers, then a territory could apply for statehood
- It was the first and only USA anti-slavery policy before the civil war
- Although the United State Constitution was not adopted and signed until Sept. 17, 1787, the Northwest Ordinance passed 13 July, 1787. For territory citizens, it included freedom of religion, right to a jury trial, due process of the law, safety from cruel or unusual punishment, right to government detention only if legal justification (habeas corpus), compensation for government use of private land for public use (eminent domain), and the right to make private contracts.
- While it established the orderly westward expansion of American States, it did so at the expense of Native Americans
- Established a ‘Township’ System
- ‘Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall ever be encouraged. Early land sales required that schools exist in each township. Land sold to the Ohio Company had two townships for a university. This led to the founding of Ohio University in Athens, Ohio in 1804.
Area in yellow approximates what was the ‘Indiana Territory as of 7 May 1800 when
President John Adams signed the Indiana Organic Act
Formation of the State of Indiana was dependent on obtaining Native America lands.
Population of Indiana
Indiana Territory in 1812 displaying notable places and battles in the War of 1812
Vincennes, IN. was capital of the Indiana Territory 1800-1813
Corydon, IN. was capital of the Indiana Territory 1813-1816
- Indiana achieved Statehood on December 11, 1816
Indiana Territorial Capitol 1800-1813
Front and southern side
Indiana Territorial Capitol 1800-1813
Front and southern side
Second Indiana State Capital in Indianapolis 1835-1877
(The First State Capital in Indianapolis was the Marion County Courthouse 1825-1835)
- Historically Significant Locations
Kekionga (Named for the abundance of blackberries in the area)
This area of the Three Rivers was a site of settlement of Native Americans for a period of about 10,000 years.
Largest Village of Native Americans (Miami) in Indiana Mid-1600’s to 1812
1790 Map from the Military Journal of Ebenezer Denny (Lifetime: 1761-1822)
Situated to be an important trading Post due to its location on the six-mile portage between the Maumee and Little Wabash/Wabash Rivers. This portage allowed for transportation of goods from the Atlantic Ocean/Great Lakes to the Mississippi River/New Orleans/Gulf of Mexico.
Chief Little Turtle, in a speech at the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 called Kekionga ‘that glorious gate . . . through which all the good words of our chiefs had to pass from the north to the south, and from the east to the west.’ Kekionga served as a gathering center for Native Americans who wished to organize their efforts on the frontier.
Seal of the City of Fort Wayne
Lick Creek African American Settlement (See https://vimeo.com/852797412)
Lick Creek settler Elias Roberts’s freedom papers, also called “free papers.” Roberts once owned 640 acres in three different spots at Lick Creek to help other Black people settle in the area. From Orange County, Indiana, book, February 20, 1833
Quaker allies and free Black families led by Jonathan Lindley moved to the area before Indiana was a state (1811?), and by 1820, census data show 11 Black pioneer families living throughout Orange County. In the 1850s, Black land ownership in Lick Creek peaked at about 2,300 acres.
While the first African American landowners homesteaded in 1817, the Lick Creek settlement, near what is now Chambersburg, began in 1831 with land purchased by 22-year-old Mathew Thomas, who bought eighty acres of U.S. government patent land.
At the time of the first Black settlements, Indiana had none of the racially oppressive laws that had burdened people of color in North Carolina. Yet on October 29, 1833, about a year and a half after his land purchase, Mathew Thomas had witnesses write “free papers” for him, an affidavit witnessed by Quaker men in the area. “These statements are made with a view to save the said Mathew from malestation [sic] of those who might probabley [sic] apprehend him as a slave.” Because Mathew was free born, the affidavit continued, he had a “right to the exercise and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges guaranteed by the constitution and laws of the country to free persons of color.” Mathew carried his free papers with him, but in August 1853, he also recorded them in the then newly built Orange County Courthouse in Paoli, where they remain today. Additional Information from the USDA Forest Service: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5303625.pdf
Ryan Campbell, associate director of the Center for Archaeological Investigations at Southern Illinois University–Carbondale, has excavated sites in this pioneer community, including a farmhouse owned by Solomon Newby. “It’s pretty special to think about [this community] during that period of time, because it’s right at the beginning of African Americans trying to set up lives outside of slavery in some of these new states and territories,” he says. “It’s really a unique place, because you get to see that develop through time.”
- Historically Significant Locations – ‘Early Indiana’
Harmonie & New Harmony
New Harmony is a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana. It lies 15 miles (24 km) north of Mount Vernon, the county seat, and is part of the Evansville metropolitan area. The town's population was 690 at the 2020 census.
The town was originally known as Harmony (also called Harmonie, or New Harmony) established by the Harmony Society in 1814 under the leadership of George Rapp who led a group of 800 Pietists from Iptingen, a small town in Baden-Württemberg, Karlsruhe Region (Germany). The settlement was the home of Lutheran dissenters who had separated from the official church in the Duchy of Württemberg and immigrated to the United States. The Harmonists built a new town in the wilderness, but in 1824 they decided to sell their property and return to Pennsylvania.
Robert Owen, a Welsh industrialist and social reformer, purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony. The Owenite social experiment failed two years after it began.
New Harmony changed American education and scientific research. Believing that education was the key to a new and better way of life, town residents established the first public library, the first kindergarten, the first infant school, the first trade school, a civic drama club, and a public school system open to men and women offering equal education.
Its prominent citizens included Owen's sons: Robert Dale Owen, an Indiana congressman and social reformer who sponsoredlegislation to create the Smithsonian Institution; David Dale Owen, a noted state and federal geologist; William Owen, a New Harmony businessman; and Richard Owen, Indiana state geologist, Indiana University professor, and first president of Purdue University. The town also served as the second headquarters of the U.S. Geological Survey. Numerous scientists and educators contributed to New Harmony's intellectual community, including William Maclure, Marie Louise Duclos Fretageot, Thomas Say, Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, Joseph Neef, Frances Wright, and others.
Harmonist Lenz House 1822
Thralls Opera House
Originally housed in a wing of the Old Harmonist Church Atheneum
With over 180 years of continuous service the Visitors Center for New Harmony Working Men’s Institute Museum & Library is the oldest library in Indiana
New Harmony Indiana as proposed by Robert Owens - Engraving by F. Bate, London 1838
Key Figures in ‘Early Indiana’
- William Wells
Chicago History Museum - 1810
(c. 1770 – 15 August 1812), also known as Apekonit
In 1784, he and three other boys were taken captive by an Eel River Miami and Delaware raiding party and taken to Indiana. Wells was 13 years old at the time.
Wells was adopted by a chief named Gaviahate ("Porcupine"), and raised in the village of Kenapakomoko (Snakefish Town) on the Eel River, six miles north from Logansport in northern Indiana.
Following the Treaty of Greenville, Chief Little Turtle asked that Wells be appointed as a US Indian Agent to the Miami.
- Francis Slocum
(March 4, 1773 – March 9, 1847) (Ma-con-na-quah, "Young Bear" or "Little Bear") was an adopted member of the Miami people. Slocum was born into a Quaker family that migrated in 1777 to the Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. when Slocum was five years old, she was captured by three Delaware warriors at the Slocum family farm in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
Slocum was raised among the Delaware in what is now Ohio and Indiana. With her marriage to Shepoconah (Deaf Man), who later became a Miami chief, Slocum joined the Miami and took the name Maconaquah. She settled with her Miami family at Deaf Man's village along the Mississinewa River near Peru, Indiana.
Buried in Slocum Cemetery, Somerset, Indiana
- William Henry Harrison
(February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) An American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States at age 68 for 31 days.
He studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 1791-93. Harrison's political career began in 1798, with an appointment as secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799, he was elected as the territory's non-voting delegate in the United States House of Representatives.
He became governor of the newly established Indiana Territory in 1801 and negotiated multiple treaties with American Indian tribes.
Harrison died nearly penniless, and Congress voted his wife Anna a presidential widow's pension of $25,000.
- Jonathan Jennings
Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, William Henry Harrison, that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career.
By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. He was elected president of the Indiana constitutional convention, held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution.
In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first governor of Indiana at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the Treaty of St. Mary's to open up central Indiana to American settlement.
Fort Wayne in Ft. Wayne. IN.
General Anthony Wayne Statue
Chief Richardville Home
William Henry Harrison Monument with tomb inside
(North Bend is almost in Southeastern Indiana)
Francis Slocum Gravestone
Slocum Cemetery Somerset, IN
Chief Richardville Marker
Corner of Jefferson and Calhoun Street Ft. Wayne, IN
Jonathan Jennings Gravestone
Pleasant Street, Charlestown Clark Co Indiana


Travels in the Wardrobe is a blog I came across by clicking links from one place to another and it turned out to be a serendipitous event when I arrived at a visit to the goblins workshops and museum in Paris…fascinating and on my list to visit on next Paris visit.
It is reblogged here in it’s entirety for your enjoyment.
A weaved journey
Tel Aviv is already burning in an extraordinary heat wave of 36 Celsius degrees. This untypical weather in March, deadly hot, encouraged everyone to go out half-dressed, to the bright sun and the coffee shops. Four hours flight-time away Paris is still cold and snowy. Here the weather justifies staying indoors, and encourages dedicating one’s time to traditional crafts like weaving and gobelin making. The weather has direct impact on culture, and this is well-evident in the museum of the goblin manufactures in Paris.
Visiting the goblins workshops and museum is like time-travelling. The gobelins are rich in color and gigantic in size. They cover the museum walls from ceiling to floor in many meters of careful and imaginative weaving. The textiles show the particularity of this ancient art form that emerged from a traditional and simple act of weaving into a human expertise unknown today. Thousands of workers, dyers and weavers collaborated for years in creating one beautiful and huge gobelin. In the photos we focused on detail because a quick glance at the totality of the fabric risks losing the small particularities that make it so unique. Any woven centimeter is an example of the high quality of craftmenship characterizing this creation.
The ancient workshop was created in the 15th century as a private business by Jean Gobelin, after whom the whole genre is named. Fifty years later, the factory was purchased by King Louis IVX who appointed Colbert to supervise the production that used expansive materials such as silk, rare plants for the dyes and of course gold and silver threads. The King wanted to keep an open eye on this workshop that produced one of the most prestigious creations in the French realm, carrying the King’s glory around the world.
What is the economic value of this factory today? Once kings and noblemen could afford the luxury of employing artists and craftsmen for years and years to create unique works that would not be sold. Even so, they had important role in magnifying the glory of the nation and the kingdom. Indeed, back than democracy and liberty were non-existent. But humanity produced marvelous creations that we admire to this day. We reflected upon the life of the weavers as we looked at their creations.
By visiting only the museum one cannot understand the sense of the gobelins, therefore we joined a guided tour of the workshops that are located in the next-door building. The area used to be outside the city walls, but since then the city grew and encompassed it. Now the manufacturing site is right in the centre of the 13the arrondisement, not so far from the Latin Quarter. Here in the state owned workshops the workers are ‘civil servants’ who create carpets and gobelins by hand according to the same ancient techniques invented there many centuries ago.
There are two techniques: one to create flat gobelins, and the second, savonnerie, creates tri-dimensional thicker carpets of softer wool. This technique reminds of contemporary carpets. The themes are no longer copies of ancient models, but mostly modern creations by contemporary artists, selected by a special committee. The production time for each carpet or gobelin is about four years. Each craftsman or woman are responsible not only for weaving the textile but also for the planning, color-selection, and the technique. The gobelins created are property of the state, and are presented in embassies, museums, and official sites.
Thus France preserves and perpetuates the old techniques of gobelin-making, that otherwise would have definitely become extinct. The unique human knowledge transmitted to us through generations of weavers and craftsmen is nowadays considered national treasure in France, worthy of protection at public expense. There is a clear continuity here. Since the days of the kings weavers were considered royal asset, and they received housing with vegetable gardens where they grew their own food, and decent living conditions (by comparison to the rest of the people of course). Also today the weavers enjoy some economic protection as civil servants with artistic freedom and decent pay.
At the end of the tour we continued to think about the social value of artistic creation, even without clear economic value (especially if the goods are not for sale). Should states continue to fund, at a time of political crisis, the ancient crafts that otherwise could disappear, or should the free market decide the cultural priorities? We think the answer is obvious.


Claremorris Met Office in Co. Mayo
Claremorris Met Office is situated about one mile from the centre of the town on the main Galway road on a rising piece of ground 69 metres above sea level with unobstructed views in all directions. It is an ideal site for a Met Station from an climatological stand point.
It appears that when the newly founded Irish Meteorological Service (1937) decided that it needed stations sited inland, Claremorris was one of the places that was selected.
The reason for siting the station here seems to be that Claremorris was physically situated in the centre of Connaught, it had the main telephone exchange in the country and was also a major rail junction, with daily train and not to mention postal service to Dublin - or maybe because Claremorris is on longitude 09 deg west.
Sometime in 1942 officials from the Department of Industry and Commerce bought a plot of land from Mr Pat Joe Vahey who owned the field, known as the far field in the town land of Clare. The contract to build the New Met. Station was given to a builder from Castlebar named McCormack. The building was ready for occupation late in the summer of 1943.
It was, apparently the policy of the Department (IMS) at the time to employ staff locally, a policy which continued for some time in the IMS with regard to inland stations. Because of this the Vahey family were offered the contract to staff the station and they accepted.
Someone from the IMS (I could not find the name and the member of the Vahey family who gave me these details could not remember), came to the Station and trained three members of the Vahey family, Pat Joe (father) John and Paddy (sons) to carry out Observations and essential Instrumental maintenance. According to my source Robert Vahey (another son), this training lasted about three weeks following which the station opened for business on the 13th of November 1943.
Three Vahey staff members worked as a rotational 12hr shift 0400Z to 1600Z and 1600Z to 0400Z, with observations read every three hours 0400Z, 0700Z, 1000Z, which were transmitted by phone to Dublin after the hour. The charts and forms 7441 etc were posted to HQ every few days. This system was maintained for the next six years or thereabouts, other than that two other members of the Vahey family, Robert and Imelda, replaced their brothers John and Paddy when they emigrated to England at the end of the war. Was Imelda Vahey the first female observer in the IMS? Her signature can be found on numerous F7441 which remain in the office in Claremorris.
One amusing if chilling story was told to me by Robert Vahey and that was one night on his way to the station he met a local man known as Ned Clinton at 3.45am. He claims that as he saw him in the light of his torch that the hairs stood up on the back of his neck, but he carried on to work.
The following morning he told his mother at breakfast how he met Ned on the road going to work and she told him that Ned had died the previous day... so Robert claims he met a ghost. Maybe its well that we have moved!
Invasion of France
On the subject of the war, there are F7441's still in Claremorris for the period of the invasion of France which confirm that the weather on this side of the country was improving with an area of high pressure replacing an active low.
The details as elicited from the F7441 are, 4th June 1944. 1300Z.. wind 210 17mph gusting 42mph, continuous rain, pressure 999mbs...6th June 1944. 1300Z, (D Day) Blacksod Light House and I presume Claremorris was the reason that the launch of the invasion of France went ahead on the 6th June 1944. You all remember the metman in the film "The Longest Day" giving this information to General Eisenhower and the joint Chiefs of Staff. Is this cover by the Official Secrets Act.?
Sometime in 1949 the IMS decided that it needed observations on an hourly basis from inland stations like Claremorris.
It was decided to man the station with a full time permanent staff. The result of this was that Robert and Imelda Vahey lost their part-time jobs, while Pat Joe, the father, was kept on. Both Robert and Imelda eventually followed the brothers to England where they still reside.
From the old attendance books still in the office D O'Catáin seems to have been the first official Officer in charge, arriving to take up duty in Claremorris on the 1st August 1949. He was quickly followed by P J Cotter and Michael T Neilan who arrived on the 4th of the month.
It seemed to be the case that you had to report to the station that you were assigned to first, and then travel to Dublin to be trained. Three weeks later on the 28th August 1949 the station opened with a full time staff of D O'Catáin, P J Vahey, Michael T Neilan, P J Cotter. Mr Vahey was retired in 1952.
This level of staffing continued until a one (O C) plus four man operation was introduced in 1969. A few years later, in 1971, the fixed rotating roster came into vogue. These changes in rostering and working conditions were long overdure and were welcomed by staff as previous rostering practice left a lot to be desired ... need I say more.
Relocation to Ireland West Airport Knock
In the late eighties we began to hear rumours of the imminent closure of the station and a relocation to Ireland West Airport Knock.
This decision, which was a political one, was made during one of Mr Haughey's periods in power. Despite efforts by local politicians and the local Chamber of Commerce to have this decision recinted the gate was closed on the 31st March 1996 and we are left to wonder how and why a station in operation for over fifty years and all that entails in Meteorological terms, could be closed ... ach sin sceal eile.
During the early nineties a new computerised automatic weather system was installed with data downloaded into the main computer in HQ. This was run in conjunction with manual reporting for a number of years and that CAMOS is what is now operating in Claremorris Met Office.
’Highs & Lows'
In Claremorris the meteorological conditions most remembered were the snows of 1947, which Robert Vahey recalled having to dig through six foot drifts to get to the station; Hurricane Debbie 1961; other wild and windy days like the night of 27th January 1974 when a gust of 96kts was recorded which left the streets of the town littlered with slates.
We have had our days of rain with daily total of 90.6mm being highest recorded, our average rainfall is around forty five inches (1114mm). We recorded our lowest pressure reading 951.7 mbs on the 21st March 1953 while for the year 1983 we have the unenviable record of recording the lowest total sunshine hours for an unobstructed site in the country.
For the Record
From the attendance books still in the office I have compiled the names of those who spent time in Claremorris Met Station.
It seemed to be quite a common place to sign your name in Irish, some of the names will be of people who have died, some will still be working in th IMS, some will have retired. The order in which they appear starts in 1943 and ends with the last staff complement when the station closed:
P.J. Vahey, J Vahey, P Vahey, R Vahey, Imelda Vahey
D O'Catáin, N.D. MacGerailt, P.J. Cotter, M.T. Neilan
S Hickey, D O'Regan, T Reynolds, J Kelly, J Grant
T Moore, J Malone, D.S. O'Briain, J Kerins, W Ryan
O Kelly, J Horgan, R Leneghan, L Power, P Coen
C.P. O'hAoda, F O'Briain, D Newman, W Long (Claremorris)
M MacFeraith, T O'Loughlin, J Dempsey, N Walsh
S DeFaoite, T Nolan, F McCord, P Lacy
M Walsh, P Marrinan, D O'Bároid, J Donlon (Claremorris)
D O'Mahony, M Harte, C O'Keeffe, S Kearney
S.J. Hoye, M Treacy, A Nolan, S Hennigan
W.P. Bryne, B Horan, F Clabby
- D Middleton, L Newman, A Clohessy, S McGrenra, M Pierce, M Haverty
There was one other girl who worked at the station for a short period but I could not find her name. One of the above was sacked or was asked to resign and went on to become a highly paid executive with a well known tea company.
Compiled by Liam Newman (Oct. 2000)


Appalachian slaves research paper
the slaves had two faces, one visible and one invisible. Phyllis Wheatley, a slave, wrote: Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understandThat there s a God (page 44)However, slaves did not feel the same as Phyllis Wheatley. (page 150) By 1797 there were more than 12,000 black Methodists and approximately 18,000 to 19,000 black Baptists. This thin disguise for justification of slavery even extended to condemning the Africans lifestyle. (page 123) In some areas Christianity was accepted by the slave because of its similarity to the religion he had left in Africa. Its impact was more than just the vast numbers that converted by the end of the century, it was one of the earliest times when white ministers believed that slaves were genuine in their beliefs. This was a very difficult thing to accomplish since the morality of the religion did not support the institution of slavery. (page 218) The slaves religion was also used as a tool by the white man to gain even more control over their lives. The first objective November 18, 1998 was to deliver the message of Christianity at the level of understanding of the slave. People such as Nat Turner led revolts in the name of Christianity, saying that he was given a sign from God. Some white s had sympathy for Celia s suffering and were disgusted at Newsoms actions, others saw her only as property.
This was extremely difficult to do because of logistics and the reluctance of slave owners to participate. Slaveholders believed slavery was their right, and that it was not inhumane, yet Celias case and the exposure of Newsoms actions pushed them, to see it s bad points. (page102) This, in turn, would make the slaves proud, unmanageable and may even incite them to take up arms against their masters. Missionaries were refused access to the slaves November 18, 1998 because, although English law was imprecise on the subject, it was widely believed that if the slaves were baptized they would be immediately emancipated. An SPG member wrote a letter to the London secretary complaining that it was most difficult to reach the slaves. One group that actively worked to Christianize the slaves was the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG).
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Troops would be withdrawn by the end of August. . We stand for a strong America versus a weak America. . Obviously, this is true onRead more
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John Lennon yesterday opened his art exhibition in the Fraser Gallery, Duke Street, London – by releasing 365 white, gas-filled balloons. With him at the opening of the exhibition was his japanese friend, Miss Yoko Ono, who recently made a film about 365 naked bottoms. The exhibition consisted of 50 charity collection boxes and one painting – a 6′ circular piece of wood, painted white with the words ‘You are here’ written in John Lennon’s handwriting. Also among the boxes was a white trilby hat, with a notice reading ‘For the artist’.
Dimensioni: 20,5 x 25 cm
Medium: stampa originale alla gelatina ai sali d’argento (vintage print)


Volume II of the Archaeology of the Bulgarian Lands in divided into three parts: part I. deal with urban planning and architecture in Roman Thrace and Moesia. The emphasis in part II. is on villages (vici) and villas in the Bulgarian lands in the antiquity. Part III. is devoted on glass and on the numerous find of bone and horn in Roman Thrace and Moesia.
Table of contents /summary/
R. Ivanov. The Street Network in Thrace and Moesia (Upper and Lower Moesia)
R. Ivanov. Sewers in Thrace and Moesia (Upper and Lower Moesia)
S. Boyadzhiev. Roman Baths (Thermae) in Bulgarian Lands II — III C.A.D.
R. Ivanov, M. Martinova-Kyutova, V. Kolarova, J. Velichkov, K. Kalchev. Buildings and Facilities for Public Events and Recreations II — IV C.A.D.)
V. Dinchev. Agrarian Settlements from the Roman Period in Present Day Bulgaria
R. Ivanov. Construction Ceramics from the Lower Reaches of the Danube
A. Cholakova. Roman Glass Vessels from Bulgaria (1st — 3rd centuries AD)
P. Vladkova. Processing of Bone and Horn in the Present Day Bulgarian Lands during the Roman Period and Late Antiquity
|Language||Bulgarian with an extended summaries in English|
|Illustrations||b/w figures, maps|
|Size||21 х 29 cm|


Originally, what is now De La Salle College was part of a 200-acre grant by the Government of Upper Canada in 1798 to Chief Justice Honourable John Elmsley. By 1836 the crown land was given by the Elmsley family to St. James Anglican church. Senator John Macdonald bought 35 acres from the Anglican Church in 1858. He named his new property “Oaklands”, as he often admired the splendid oak trees on the acreage.
This land ran up the east side of Avenue Road from Cotthingham Street, almost to St. Clair Avenue. The castle-like mansion (Heritage House) that exists today on the crest of the hill began in 1860 as a compact gothic house. Today this house has been designated as a historic building, since it is regarded as the best example of gothic domestic architecture in Toronto.
St. John Baptist de La Salle
St. John Baptist de La Salle was born in Reims, France on April 30, 1651. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1678. He gave up the opportunity for a promising career in the Church and became deeply involved in the Christian education of the sons of artisans and the poor. In order to do this more effectively, he formed a group of young men, called Les Frères des Écoles chrétiennes, who would work in these gratuitous schools and become the nucleus of a new form of religious life in the Church. With them, he would introduce many innovations in the field of education.
The work of the Brothers today is still the Christian education of youth, especially the underprivileged. Joining the Brothers in this mission today are some 90,000 lay persons ministering to over one million children and young adults in over 80 countries.
De La Salle died on Good Friday, April 7, 1719. He was canonised in 1900 and on May 15, 1950, Pope Pius XII bestowed upon St. John Baptist de La Salle the title of Principal Patron before God of all Christian Teachers.
2011 story done on the school, it's campus and history.


Name and location of repository
Level of description
Oral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan
- 1993 October 15 - 2002 April 10 (Creation)
.1 cubic feet 9 audiocassettes (7 hr., 51 min., 51 sec.) + transcript (207 pages)
Name of creator
Kathryn Boe-Duncan was born Kathryn Reule in Portland, Oregon, in 1930. She studied education at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. She met Jason Boe while in college, and they were married in 1952; they later had three children. After Jason Boe finished his studies, they settled in Reedsport, Oregon, where he first gained political office as a member of the city council. The family moved to Salem, Oregon, for most of the year beginning in 1964, when Jason Boe was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives. Boe-Duncan worked as his secretary during his six-year term. She continued to work as his secretary for much of the period from 1970 to 1980, when he served in the Oregon Senate. Jason Boe died in 1990. Boe-Duncan had a career as a musician, beginning in the 1970s, and she performed in the Coos Bay Bach Festival for over a decade. She worked for the Oregon Historical Society from 1986 to 1989 and for Portland State University from 1989 to 1994. In 1995, she married Robert Duncan, who was also an Oregon state senator, and changed her surname to Boe-Duncan.
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Scope and content
This oral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan was conducted by Jim Strassmaier in Portland, Oregon, from October 15 to December 9, 1993, and on April 10, 2002. Robert Duncan was also present. In this interview, Boe-Duncan discusses her family background and early life in Portland, Oregon; her Lutheran upbringing; her early interest in music; her high school experience; and attending Pacific Lutheran University. She then discusses her marriage to Jason Boe and the difficulties involved in getting married at a young age. She talks about Jason Boe's early political career and involvement with the Democratic Party; daily life in Reedsport, Oregon, in the 1950s; and raising a family. She then discusses working as Jason Boe's secretary while he served in the Oregon House of Representatives from 1964 to 1970, including his campaigns. She also speaks about preparing the family to move to Salem, Oregon; social life in Salem, including her relationships with other politicians' wives; and the duties of a representative's secretary. She speaks at length about Jason Boe's legislative record in the Oregon Senate from 1970 to 1980, particularly his work advancing the legislative agenda of Governor Tom McCall. She also talks about his service as president of the Senate from 1973 to 1980, his work on improving the Capitol building, and his efforts in strengthening the power of the legislative branch. She also describes Jason Boe's political ambitions. Boe-Duncan then talks about Jason Boe's activities after leaving the Legislature, including his work as a lobbyist. She describes her career as a musician, which she began pursuing at age 40, as well as her work for the Oregon Historical Society from 1986 to 1989, and for Portland State University from 1989 to 1994. She closes the interview by talking about her marriage to Robert Duncan in 1995 and her family life.
System of arrangement
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Conditions governing access
Copyright is held by the Oregon Historical Society. Licensed under Creative Commons, BY-NC-SA: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Conditions governing reproduction
Languages of the material
Scripts of the material
Language and script notes
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Immediate source of acquisition
Appraisal, destruction and scheduling information
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Existence and location of copies
Related archival materials
Preferred citation: Oral history interview with Kathryn Boe-Duncan, by Jim Strassmaier, SR 1165, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
Forms part of the Oregon Legislature Oral History Series.
Handwritten index (9 pages) is available for in-person use at the Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
Description control element
Rules or conventions
Finding aid based on DACS (Describing Archives: A Content Standard), 2nd Edition.


On the eastern fringes of the Thar Desert, Jodhpur – also known as the 'Blue City' – was once the chief settlement in Marwar, the largest princely state in Rajasthan. Jodhpur amazes visitors with its pale blue hues and labyrinth of twisting streets, full of colour and atmosphere. Expect bazaars filled with local handicraft and some of the best forts and palaces in all of India.
Like a protective older brother, the magnificent Mehrangarh Fort still dominates the town, ringed by its massive sheltering walls – and it forms an impressive backdrop to many of the views from the old city which sprawls below it. The fort was hewn from the rock it stands on in 1460 by Rao Jodha and it is still run by the Jodphur royal family. Mehrangarh Fort offers a fascinating glimpse into local history and myth, for example cannon ball marks are visible on the 16th century entrance gate, Dodh Kangra Pol, and the museum showcases armoury, costumes and ornate palanquins. Visitors must be sure to take in the beautifully landscaped Rajput gardens and spend time surrounded by brightly-coloured hibiscus flowers and citrus trees or resting under the bougainvillea-clad pergolas. The fort also gives an unforgettable view of the panorama of Jodhpur and the orange-tinged Thar Desert beyond.
For visitors wanting to explore a little beyond the throng of Jodphur, a rickshaw ride to the royal gardens at Mandore is a worthwhile excursion. Once the capital of Marwar which was then moved to the hilltop safety of Mehrangarh, ornate temples now compete with overgrown shrubbery and encroaching jungle and you’re likely to see the resident monkeys who like to play here. The cenotaphs of previous maharajas are particularly awe-inspiring, which are made from red-sand stone and include intriguing carvings dating back to the 17th century.
Back in Jodphur, strolling around the many bazaars is a great way to explore the curios and interact with local Jodphurians. Kaleidoscopic colours of spices, tie-dye fabrics and traditional puppets showcase many of the unique handicraft skills that have been passed down through generations.
Another fabulous landmark of Jodphur is the colossal Umaid Bhawan Palace, built by 3,000 locals in the 1930s as part of a job creation scheme set up by the Maharaja. It is now a luxurious heritage hotel which has Art Deco detailing elegant terraces, formal gardens and a museum which has the maharaja’s collection of lovingly maintained classic cars parked outside for visitors to admire. The bone-white Jaswant Thada should not be missed either, with its fine lattice work and domed roof, with exceptional views over to the Mehrangarh Fort and the city. It was built in 1899 as memorial to Maharaja Jaswant Singh II, and located a few kilometres out of town, offers a tranquil respite from the city.
>> Read our blog: Polo & Peacocks: British Polo Day in Jodhpur
Features in the following itineraries
- Boutique Rajasthan... Romance, Culture & Stylish Hotels in North India
- Colours of Rajasthan, North India
- Diwali - India's Festival of Lights: November
- Grand Tour of North India Our Favourite Luxury India Holiday
- India’s Pushkar Camel Fair
- Rajasthani Nights - Luxury Desert Tour of North India
- Taj Palace Tour... The Ultimate Indian Indulgence
- A Perfect Introduction to India
- Mr Geoffrey Johnson, India
- Mr Richard Stoughton, Sri Lanka
- Mr David Wallace, North India
- Jaime Benitez, South India
- Matthew Annable, Rajasthan, India
- Anonymous, India
- Mr & Mrs Manson, North India
- Leslie Siben, India
- Matthew Nicklin, North India
- Krista Weir, Sri Lanka


When Francis Whiting was born on 31 December 1912, in Whiting, Monona, Iowa, United States, her father, Willard Baxter Whiting, was 38 and her mother, Lulu Dorance Bishop, was 35. She married Sewell Ellyson Allen on 17 March 1943, in Washington, District of Columbia, United States. She lived in Onawa, Monona, Iowa, United States in 1925 and Ashton, Monona, Iowa, United States in 1930. She died on 12 April 1993, in Monona, Iowa, United States, at the age of 80, and was buried in Onawa, Monona, Iowa, United States.
English: from the Middle English personal name Whiting (Old English Hwīting, a patronymic from the personal name Hwīta, from hwīt ‘white’ applied as a nickname).
History: Rev. Samuel Whiting arrived in Boston, MA, in May 1636, and made his home in Lynn, MA.
As a nonprofit, we offer free help to those looking to learn the details of their family story.