One of the coolest things about the Nation’s Capital is the history. And we’re not just talking about the monuments, memorials and museums! (Though those are pretty awesome spots for marriage celebrations or wedding portraits.) Get past DC’s tourist spots, and you’ll find a wealth of gorgeous old buildings that are part of the country’s or the city’s past. And the best part? Many of them are available to host wedding events! And the best, best part? The photos you’ll get at Washington DC’s most historic venues will look awesome! They’ll be gorgeous and have the sense of time and place that every great wedding picture has. During Mary and Skip’s wedding, we had the pleasure to work at two of the metro area’s most historic locations. Christ Church in Alexandria and the Larz Anderson House in DC gave this wedding a deep, meaningful connection to the region.
A Christ Church Alexandria Wedding
Mary and Skip’s day began with a wedding ceremony in Old Town Alexandria. That historic district is home to the aforementioned Christ Church, which was the site of their wedding ceremony. And when it comes to venues with an interesting history, they don’t get much better than this one! The story of Christ Church is part not only of the history of the Nation’s Capital, but also of the birth of our country.
Alexandria’s Christ Church began in 1753 as a “chapel of ease” – something of a local branch of the main parish church. By 1765, though, the parish’s population had grown so large that the Virginia legislature split it into two. After the American Revolution, Christ Church became part of the newly-formed Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Throughout the church’s early days, George Washington was a notable supporter. He worshiped there and even occasionally served as an administrator.
The first president’s ties to Christ Church gave it a special status during the Civil War. While the U.S. Army converted most of Alexandria’s churches into hospitals or stables; it would not do that to Washington’s place of worship. Instead, it remained a church, though one only for soldiers.
The tradition of presidential involvement with Christ Church continues today. Each U.S. president typically visits the church at least once during their time in office. A particularly notable visit occurred in 1942. On New Year’s Day, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill came there for the World Day of Prayer for Peace.
Old Town Alexandria Wedding Ceremony
With such august surroundings, Mary and Skip’s Christ Church Alexandria wedding ceremony couldn’t fail to be magnificent. Though the interior of the church is elegant and beautiful, the atmosphere does not have the dark heaviness of many other houses of worship. Large windows let in plenty of light, giving the space a happier, brighter feel. And makes wedding ceremony photos much prettier and more flattering.
Two of Christ Church’s other features allow us to take gorgeous and often unique pictures of weddings there. The first is its choir loft. In addition to housing a lovely antique organ, the space also gives a very cool view of a ceremony from above. Especially because the loft wraps around most of the inside of the church. So we can get fairly close to the couple as they exchange their vows and rings. The second is a very lovely courtyard that sits between Christ Church and its administrative building. There is a grassy patch and several large trees that offer a bit of shade. These make it a perfect space for couples portraits or family photos right after an Old Town Alexandria wedding ceremony.
Larz Anderson House DC Weddings
If possible, Mary and Skip’s Larz Anderson House DC wedding reception was even more spectacular than their ceremony. The venue for this part of their celebration is one of the most ornate and beautiful in the entire Washington DC metro area. Every inch of the inside of Anderson House is fabulous. From the walls of carved wood to the gilded papier-mâché ceilings to the iron staircase to the gorgeous marble floors, every element makes a wedding event a celebration of elegance.
Construction of Larz Anderson House finished in 1905. Almost immediately after its completion, the 50-room mansion became one of the most fashionable locations in Washington DC. For the next few decades, Larz and Isabel Anderson hosted some of the most talked-about galas and parties in the Nation’s Capital. Attendees included President Taft, President Coolidge, General Pershing, Henry A. DuPont and some of the Vanderbilt family.
After Larz Anderson’s death in 1937, Isabel gifted the house to the Society of the Cincinnati. A couple of years later, it received National Historic Landmark status and opened to the public as a museum. And of course, as a venue for opulent Washington DC weddings!
Anderson House Wedding Photos
Mary and Skip came to Anderson House well before the arrival of most of their invitees. They used that time to relax and to change for their reception in one of the venue’s sumptuous guest rooms. Once their family and friends began to arrive, the newlyweds greeted them with cocktails in the Olmsted Gallery – a long space decorated with some of the Anderson family’s largest works of art. Before the guests got there, though, we got pictures of them ascending Anderson House’s magnificent staircase. We also had them pose for quick portraits in a gilded doorway in the French Drawing Room.
After the cocktail hour, Mary and Skip made their grand entrance to their wedding reception. They descended a second, equally grand staircase to a rousing ovation from their guests. After their first dance and a delicious dinner in the Ballroom, the couple moved to the Great Stair Hall for their cake cutting and toasts. Then it was back to the Ballroom for spirited dancing until the end of the evening.
Wedding dress: Paloma Blanca
Groom Suit: Geoffrey Lewis
Hair and Make-up: Nash Hair Design
Cake artist: Heidelberg Pastry Shoppe
Florist: Devers Design
Caterers: Spilled Milk
Wedding rings: Quest Jewellers
Band: Scott Ragsdale Orchestra
Contact Us for More Information!
Interested in learning more about our services? Please visit our Wedding Photography FAQ page for answers to all your questions! Ready to inquire about our availability on your wedding date? Contact us now to get the conversation started!


A Visit to Nanjing Posted by sasha on Dec 14, 2016 in Culture
Those interested in diving into the long history and vibrant culture of China should definitely consider visiting all of the Four Great Ancient Capitals (四大古都 – sì dà gǔ dū). We’ve already explored Beijing, Luoyang, and Xi’an, so now we’re headed to the last ancient city on our list – Nanjing (南京 – nán jīng).
Just as the other ancient capitals, Nanjing has a prominent place in the history and culture of China. The city has been the capital of dynasties, kingdoms, and republics throughout its long history. Fun fact – the name literally translates as “Southern Capital.” It was first made capital during the state of Eastern Wu way back in the year 229, when it was called Jianye (建業 – jiàn yè). Many centuries later it was the capital of the Republic of China, until the Communists won the civil war and moved the capital to Beijing in 1949. While it’s no longer the center of the nation, it is the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The city has long been a center of education, culture, and politics. It has a wealth of historical and cultural sights, making it a very popular destination for domestic travelers. While it’s not high on the list of many international visitors, it’s easily included in an eastern China itinerary in addition to places like Shanghai and Hangzhou. Let’s see what you can do with a short trip to one of China’s great ancient cities.
Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
While the city has a long and storied history, it is also sadly the sight of one of the greatest atrocities ever committed. During the Sino-Japanese War, Nanjing came under control of the Japanese army. During their occupation of the city, the invading army committed arson, torture, rape, and mass executions. This came to be known as the Nanjing Massacre (南京大屠杀 – nán jīng dà tú shā), or the Rape of Nanjing. China estimates that 300,000 people were killed, mostly civilians and unarmed soldiers. Many in Japan have denied that this ever happened and the country has yet to officially take responsibility for it. If you’ve ever wondered why there’s so much anti-Japan sentiment in China, this is the reason.
The Memorial Hall was constructed in 1985 to honor the victims of the massacre. It’s quite large, covering an area of 28,000 square meters. It’s divided into three sections: an outdoor exhibit, sheltered remains of victims, and an exhibition hall full of historical documents. The memorial is located near a sight where thousands of bodies were buried, known as the “pit of ten thousand corpses” (万人坑 – wàn rén kēng). A visit here is a somber reminder of the horrors of war, and a lesson to future generations.
Located in the eastern part of the city, Purple Mountain (紫金山 – zǐ jīn shān) is a scenic area full of historical and cultural sights. You could easily spend an entire day exploring the area. Some sights are free to enter, while others require a ticket. You can buy a combo pass for 100 RMB that grants you access to all of them if you’re so inclined. Highlights include Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum (中山陵 – zhōng shān líng) and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (明孝陵 – míng xiào líng). The former is the burial sight of the “Father of the Republic of China,” while the latter is the final resting place of Zhu Yuanzhang, first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
If tombs aren’t your thing, you can just explore the parks and gardens to enjoy a little green oasis in the concrete jungle. You’ll also find the Linggu Temple (灵谷寺 – líng gǔ sì) here, an ancient Buddhist temple. The area is also home to one of the oldest and most famous observatories in China. Inside is the Nanjing Astronomy and History Museum, which you can visit for 15 RMB. As we visited during Spring Festival, everything in the scenic area was closed. At least we got to enjoy the views from the observatory. That is, what we were able to see through the smog-choked skies.
The Gate of China
The aforementioned Ming Dynasty emperor took the advice of his advisors and built a Nanjing city wall (南京城墙 – nán jīng chéng qiáng) to keep out invaders and defend from attackers. The massive project took 21 years and over 200,000 workers, and it was one of the largest walls ever constructed in China. The southern gate of the wall has been renamed the Gate of China (中华门 – zhōng huá mén) and it’s open to visitors (for a small fee of 50 RMB, of course). Check it out if you want to see one of the best preserved examples of Ming-era defensive architecture.
History buffs may want to visit the Presidential Palace (总统府 – zǒng tǒng fǔ). Once a royal residence during the Ming Dynasty, it later fell under control of the Taiping Rebellion led by the self-proclaimed “Heavenly King.” When Qing forces re-took Nanjing, the building was razed and rebuilt in a new style. After the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in here as the president of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang forces would later occupy the headquarters, until they were driven to Taiwan in 1949. Today the China Modern History Museum is located here, which you can visit for 40 RMB.
There’s lots more to see and do in Nanjing, so you could easily spend 3-4 days there and still not see it all. It’s not as famous as Beijing or as cosmopolitan as Shanghai, but it’s an important piece of Chinese culture and history and well worth a visit. Just don’t go during Spring Festival like I did – everything will be closed and you’ll have a rather boring trip!
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Abe’s Version of History Doesn’t Sit Well With Chinesetags: World War II, China, Japan, Shinzo Abe
Historians and columnists have made comparisons between Britain and a rising Germany in 1914 and the current tensions between Japan and China; a hot topic at the start of the centenary year of World War I.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan, in his appearance Wednesday at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, raised the bar when he agreed with the thesis, saying that he saw a “similar situation” between now and then.
During a discussion with journalists,
Mr. Abe said that the strong trade relations between Germany and
Britain in 1914 were not unlike the economic interdependence today
between Japan and China.
In 1914, economic self-interest failed to put a brake on the strategic rivalry that led to the outbreak of war, Mr. Abe said. He criticized the annual double-digit growth in China’s defense budget, calling it a source of instability in the Pacific region, an implicit comparison to Germany’s rapid build-up of arms before World War I....
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Those waiting for the Birds by Duchemin, Eve
Pigeons are the oldest domesticated bird. The predecessors of modern day racing pigeons were pigeons bred for their homing ability, primarily to carry messages. Pigeon racing became popular in Belgium in the mid 19th century. The pigeon fanciers of Belgium began to develop pigeons specially cultivated for fast flight and long endurance. From Belgium the modern version of the sport spread to most parts of the world. The sport has recently experienced a downturn in participants in some parts of the world.


Homesteaders settling in the lands of the American West traditionally built log cabins; durable, rainproof, and inexpensive. Nowadays, ecofriendly and rustically charming, log cabins with their distinctive handcrafted appearance appear to be making a comeback Eco home Ireland, with luxurious features like whirlpools, skylight windows and heated patios.
Swedish colonists built the first log cabins in North America at the beginning of the century. The design of the log cabins was influenced by typical North European farm-houses before the introduction of the Homestead Act. According to that colonists needed to construct their houses of a size with a minumum of one window. These older log cabins needed only 1 area, a spacious porch, along with an elevated place for sleeping.
Building the frontier style log cabin was required and simple. To start with, the contractor settled a base that is good to continue to keep logs over the soil. Frequently, rock or stone had been used for the log cabin base. Subsequently the builder will square off every log and also make around cuts on the top and underside of every end. That round cuts will fit 12, He then assembled the logs. The logs were fastened with wood sticks. The remaining spaces were full of insulation materials like mud or clay. The windows and doors were cut out, along with there was a fireplace constructed.
Because of new building technologies and an increased focus on all things organic and eco-wise, log cabins are gaining in their own popularity. Well-constructed, weather-proof log cabins styled similar to homes and nowadays can be constructed. One of the benefits of log cabins and houses, specialists list remarkable weather-proofing attributes with very little insulation and reduced building expenses. In addition to this log cabins need maintenance.


"A HIDDEN EMPIRE: IBADI CONTROL OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN AND INDIAN OCEAN SLAVE TRADES, c. 760-1055 CE"
Kristina Richardson, University of Virginia
Part of the Silsila Spring 2023 Program
Under Ibadi Muhallabid rule of Ifriqiya in the late 8th century CE, Ibadi merchants settled in the Sahara and Sahel, introduced local communities to Islam, and dominated the trans-Saharan slave trading networks. In this talk, I will make the novel argument that when Muhallabi governors simultaneously ruled the province of Sind in the late 8th century, they deployed the same strategies of settlement, conversion, and economic expansion along the Swahili Coast, where they developed a lucrative trade in East African slaves. In short, the early Islamicate history of Black African enslavement is largely an Ibadi story and an exceptional one at that, for the scale of what became the 1200-year trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades probably exceeded that of later European merchants in the early modern Atlantic.
Kristina Richardson is the John L. Nau Professor of History and Middle Eastern & South Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Virginia. She is the author of two monographs: Difference and Disability in the Medieval Islamic World (2012) and Roma in the Medieval Islamic World: Literacy, Culture, and Migration (2022). For this last one she was awarded the $300,000 Dan David Prize, the largest history prize in the world. She also co-authored with Dr. Boris Liebrenz a study and edition of a 16th-century Aleppine weaver's Arabic notebook, which was published in Beirut in 2021. She is currently writing a book on free and unfree South Asian and East African agricultural laborers, in early Islamic Iraq. Her work has also been supported by the National Endowment of the Humanities, the European Research Council, the Mellon Foundation, and the City University of New York. Professor Richardson also serves as an editor for the journal Der Islam.


The Genocide of the Boers: A Pictorial History & the Role Rothschild Greed Played in the Crime
By Stephen Mitford Goodson. The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) remains unique in the annals of modern history. For the first time in the modern era, war was deliberately waged by a supposedly civilized nation on innocent women and children.
Not only were Dutch settler (Boer) homes destroyed by the British forces by means of a scorched earth policy, but the Boer women and wee ones were then herded into deplorable concentration camps.
Women and children whose menfolk were still in the battlefield were subjected to starvation rations, which resulted in widespread disease and death.
At the heart of the conflict was the desire of the Rothschild banking dynasty to control the mineral wealth of regions inhabited by the Dutch pioneers who had tamed the wild lands of southern Africa. To fund the unending British atrocities, the Rothschilds dug deep. [Read the article as a PDF]


Invaluable cannot guarantee the accuracy of translations through Google Translate and disclaims any responsibility for inaccurate translations.
Lot 152: Chinese Celadon Porcelain Box
21 October 2016
Garnet Valley, PA, USALive Auction
Description: Chinese celadon porcelain covered box, with lid decorated with a central medallion surrounded by bats. Seal mark on base. 2 x 4-3/4 in.
Condition Report: In good condition.


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Latitude: 52.2003 / 52°12'1"N
Longitude: 0.1059 / 0°6'21"E
OS Eastings: 544017
OS Northings: 257873
OS Grid: TL440578
Mapcode National: GBR L7G.3KP
Mapcode Global: VHHK2.SYBN
Plus Code: 9F426424+49
Entry Name: Newnham College, Kennedy Buildings
Listing Date: 18 May 1967
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1125508
English Heritage Legacy ID: 47197
Location: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, CB3
Electoral Ward/Division: Newnham
Built-Up Area: Cambridge
Traditional County: Cambridgeshire
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Cambridgeshire
Church of England Parish: Cambridge St Botolph
Church of England Diocese: Ely
TL 4457 17/365 18.5.67.
1905. Two storeys and attic. Quoins. Seven bay arcaded front to street
with a central doorway and fanlights in the other arches. Windows above
in sunk panels, the windows thus, two round, three square, two round. Eaves
on shaped brackets. Mansard roof with continuous eaves above the dormer
windows. Tall stacks. Street front balustraded at eaves level.
Listing NGR: TL4401757873
Other nearby listed buildings


In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. , to be called the Poor People’s Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the holiday was enacted at the federal level by legislation signed by President Ronald Reagan in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and the most populous county in Washington State was rededicated for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. , was dedicated in 2011.
Martin luther king jr coloring page, Particularly as computers open up more and more of the world at the click of a mouse.


Active since the 1960s, Henry Diltz was not only a folk musician, but became one of the most known and influential photographers in Rock and Roll. While recording with the Modern Folk Quartet, Diltz found an interest in photography by taking photos of his musician friends. His photos have been used on several hundred album covers by, amonng others, The Doors, CSN, Mamas and Papas, James Taylor, and Eagles.
Henry continues to take photos every day and travels with his slide shows on the 60s & 70s music scene. He is also part owner of the Morrison Hotel Gallery in Soho, NYC and the Sunset Marquis Hotel in Hollywood where he represents fine art music photography of 90 of the world’s top music photographers.
BlackRapid is honored to be hosting Henry Diltz on June 20th from 7-9pm as he shows his incredible work and shares his stories of Rock n’ Roll’s past. This event is free and open to the public. RSVP by email to


This dissertation will examine the patronage of three members of the Altieri family, Gaspare, Angelo and Cardinal Paluzzo, between 1670 and 1705. My study of Altieri patronage will address an aspect of early modem Italian society that has yet to be explored, namely adoption. When aristocratic families faced extinction due to the lack of a male heir, they often adopted another individual of a similar rank to carry on the family name. Although common in the seventeenth century, the practice has not been studied in modem scholarship on the period. The adopted members of the Altieri family were prolific patrons and their commissions represent some of the most important works in Rome at the time. I will study key Altieri monuments, including the Palazzo Altieri, the Altieri chapel in the church of San Francesco a Ripa (renovated by Bernini c. 1674), the Altieri chapel in Santa Maria in Campitelli (Sebastiano Cipriani, 1705), the Villa Altieri and the ducal complex of a palace and church in Monterano. As they were adopted by Pope Clement X Altieri (1670-76), the patronage of these three noblemen has been perceived as a monolithic expression of Altieri family identity and socio-political ambition. However, these commissions often honour the adoptees' biological family, the Albertoni. My dissertation will explore the relationship between the adoptees' complex familial ties and their patronage. As the ideas of art and adoption have never been investigated in seventeenth-century patronage studies, there is a unique opportunity in this topic to reassess one of the fundamental forces in seventeenth-century patronage, namely the shape of the family. Through the visual arts, this dissertation will examine the process of constructing kinship, and present an interpretation of the family in the seventeenth century as an entity far more fluid than has hitherto been supposed.


Governor's renditions and extraditions (Fugitives from Justice)
Series — Multiple Containers
Scope and Contents
Record of extradition proceedings issued by governors under authority of the United States Constitution for the apprehension and/or removal of individuals deemed fugitives from justice for crimes committed in Rhode Island or other states / countries having jurisdiction. May contain supporting documentation including copies of affidavits, indictments, waivers to right of council or extradition proceedings against, authorizations & correspondence from attorney general, mug shots / photographs, etc.
- 1842-2001, 2011-2020
- Majority of material found within 1891-2001
Language of Materials
Conditions Governing Access
No special restrictions unless otherwise specified.
Conditions Governing Use
Copyright is in the public domain unless otherwise specified. We reserve the right to restrict reproduction of materials due to preservation concerns.
40.0 Cubic Feet
No further accruals are anticipated at this time.
- Language of description
- Script of description
- Code for undetermined script


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Deluxe ASL Redux is a map-and-scenario pack based on the boards and sc
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Recreates America’s most bloody and heroic day of World War II.
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The ruins of Ephesus, situated near Selçuk town, is 70 kilometers away from Izmir. It is a main center of archaeological interest owing to the ancient remains that still exist.
The famous Temple of Artemis is one of the places to visit in Ephesus. It is one of the 7 wonders of the world. It was first built by the Lydian King Kroisos during 560-550 B.C. In 356 B.C. the temple was destroyed by a lunatic called Herostatus and rebuilt in same size but with a height of 3m by the citizens of Ephesus. The temple was the biggest temple of the Hellenistic period with a dimension of 55.10 x 115 m. It was not reconstructed again after being collapsed by the Gots in 262. Some of the column bases of the temple are ornamented with raised relief design. Today, two marble statues of the goddess Artemis can be seen in the nearby archaeological museum. Some other friezes are in British Museum in London.
Ephesus Celsus Library is the most important remains of the Ephesus antient city. Built during the Roman Period in 115-117, it survived a fire in the year 260. It is famous for its striking architecture of its two-story facade. Three rows of recesses in the inner walls of the library were used to store rolls of script.


- Attend a rugby training with Stirling RFC.
- Watch a Guinness Pro14 /Scottish Premiership fixture.
- Visit Stirling Castle which was the key to Scotland.
- Safari time at Blair Drummond Safari Park from safety and see the wild animals from Africa.
- Remember William Wallace at the Battle Of Bannockburn Visitor Centre one of Scotland’s biggest battles.
- Stand at ease for the Argyll And Sutherland Highlanders Regiment Museum and about the history of the regiment.
- Climb the battlements at Doune Castle one of Stirling’s oldest castles.
- Sample what Deanston Distillery has to offer, one of Scotland’s newest distilleries and its rise.
- Experience Stirling Old Town Jail experience what it was like for the inmates.
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"A valuable contribution that illuminates the key role of the National Park Service in shaping the field--offered at a crucial time when public history programs are expanding, public sector support is waning, and the field is going through a period of redefinition. We need this book now.—Anne Mitchell Whisnant, author of Super-Scenic Motorway: A Blue Ridge Parkway History
""Informed and informative, Museums, Monuments, and National Parks: Toward a New Genealogy of Public History is a work of seminal scholarship and a welcome addition to academic library American History reference collections and supplemental reading lists.""—The Midwest Book Review
""In this richly researched book, the historian Denise D. Meringolo situates the birth of a new field--public history--decades before the postwar emergence of a recognized subfield. . . . Often marginalized or forgotten in recent histories of public history, the characters in Meringolo's story were central in shaping American relationships to the past.""—The Journal of American History
""Meringolo has added an important layer of context to previous studies of development of the National Park Service. For that we are in her debt.""—The George Wright Forum
""Meringolo . . . succeeds in expanding the existing communities' understanding of the discipline.""—Nebraska History
""Meringolo is at her best in delineating the rise of public history with in the National Park Service during the 1930s. . . . Museums, Monuments, and National Parks is an important addition to the literature on the history of the National Park Service as a public history institution and of public history as a government job.""—The Journal of Southern History
""Meringolo makes a solid case for re-envisioning the profession's roots. . . [the book] provides a far richer understanding of our professional heritage than has previously been available.""—Indiana Magazine of History
""Meringolo's Museums, Monuments, and National Parks is compelling.""—H-Soz-u-Kult"


|Marc Damase Masson|
Marc Damase Masson: son of Scholastique Payfer, aunt of Jérémie Payfer
MASSON, MARC-DAMASE, merchant and businessman; b. 23 Feb. 1805 at Sainte-Geneviève on Montreal Island, L.C., son of Eustache Masson and Scholastique Pfeiffer (Payfer); d. 23 April 1878 at Montreal, Que.
Marc-Damase Masson’s family came from Saint-Benoît parish in the town of Orléans (province of Orléanais). The first member of the family to take root in Canadian soil was Pierre, a manufacturer of pulleys (born in 1724). He married Marie-Louise Beaupré on 22 Feb. 1751 at Quebec, and their son Pierre-Marc was Marc-Damase Masson’s grandfather.
Marc-Damase Masson spent the early years of his childhood on his father’s farm at Sainte-Geneviève. He then lived at Saint-Clément-de-Beauharnois, where his father soon established a business. In 1829, after a good business training in the family environment, the young man became a merchant himself at Saint-Clément-de-Beauharnois. On 1 Feb. 1830 he married Virginie Jobin, daughter of the notary André Jobin* of Montreal. Eight children were born of this marriage: three boys and five girls.
Marc-Damase Masson’s business position was excellent when the 1837 rebellion broke out. The young merchant aligned himself with the Patriotes. His property was “destroyed by the soldiery,” and he thereby lost the results of several years’ work. In 1839 he moved to Montreal to re-establish himself, and thanks to his experience and unremitting toil he succeeded in becoming a leading Montreal businessman. At the corner of McGill and Notre-Dame streets he opened a wholesale and retail grocery, which, as the Montreal Herald and Daily Commercial Gazette was to write on 23 April 1878, “he carried on most successfully, making the house of D. Masson & Co. not only one of the largest, but one of the best known firms throughout the city and country.” After his death his three sons, Damase, Alfred, and Adolphe, continued their father’s large business.
Marc-Damase Masson’s activities became more numerous and varied as his business grew. In 1846, a number of prominent Montreal citizens founded the Montreal City and District Savings Bank. The majority of Montreal banks at that time were strictly commercial banks, that is, they met only the needs of trade. The basic principles of the Savings Bank were the value and necessity of saving and the need to popularize the habit. Together with a few of the most prominent Montreal citizens of the time, Marc-Damase Masson was elected a director of the new bank from 1846 to 1850. According to the official organ of the Savings Bank, “this was a judicious choice. Masson, an honest and prosperous merchant, put his experience at the disposal of his colleagues, so that the Savings Bank would be established on sound bases.”
On 13 Dec. 1846 Marc-Damase Masson was chosen churchwarden of Notre-Dame. In February 1855 he was elected by popular vote to the council of the city of Montreal. He sat for three years as alderman for the St Lawrence district, and for some years was chairman of the finance committee. He contributed generously to the building of the aqueduct and to other improvements in the town. In 1858 he became president of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and in 1861 was among the businessmen who, with Hugh Allan* as president, founded the Merchants’ Bank. Lacking sufficient capital, the bank did not open its doors until three years after receiving its charter. Masson was one of its directors until his death and one of its biggest shareholders. He took a great deal of interest in this institution and it largely owed to him its few years of prosperity, from the time of its purchase of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District in 1868 until 1873. The Merchants’ Bank then suffered from the Canadian Pacific railway scandal in which Allan was implicated, as well as from the economic crisis that followed. But because it had been launched properly, the bank recovered after 1878 and extended its operations throughout the whole of Canada. It had acquired a valued place among Canadian banks by 1921, when it was taken over by the Bank of Montreal. Marc-Damase Masson was a director of the Richelieu Company, and also a member of the board of directors of several insurance companies, among them the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company [see Sincennes].
On 23 April 1878 he died at Montreal, at the age of 73. His name was highly esteemed in the business world, where he had distinguished himself by his honesty in public and private dealings “His word was above reproach, and he steadily tried by his example to instil into those who came in contact with him the same high principles.”
AJM, Louis Richard, la famille Masson. AVM, 3610.4, 3610.6; Biographies de conseillers, Archives paroissiales de Sainte-Geneviève (Pierrefonds, Qué.), Registres des baptêmes, mariages et sépultures, 23 févr. 1805, 14 sept. 1853. Gazette (Montreal), 23 April 1878. La Minerve (Montréal), 24 avril 1878. Montreal Herald and Daily Commercial Gazette, 23 April 1878. Le National (Montréal), 23 avril 1878. Le Nouveau Monde (Montréal), 23 avril, 26 avril 1878. L’Opinion publique (Montréal), 25 avril, 2 mai 1878. The Canadian album . . . , ed. William Cochrane et al. (5v., Brantford, Ont., and Toronto, 1891–96), V, 117. Raymond Masson, Généalogie des familles de Terrebonne (4v., Montréal, 1930–31). Tanguay, Dictionnaire, V. Denison, Canada’s first bank. É.-Z. Massicotte, Processions de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste en 1924 et 1925 (Montréal, 1926), 40–41. R.-L. Séguin, “Biographie d’un patriote de ’37, le Dr Luc-Hyacinthe Masson (1811–1880),” RHAF, III (1949–50), 496.


And you thought breaking down your Amazon boxes for recycling was creative-Japanese gamer and amateur modeler Upuaza Touryou just trashed the competition, turning his old Amazon boxes into an insanely elaborate Buddhist temple.
The sculpture took five months to assemble, sure, but discarded cardboard boxes have never looked so good. If only the boxes had come with perforations to pop out and make such a thing for anyone... [Kotaku
Also on Gizmodo
Ten Most Stunning Architectural Wonders in India
Ten Most Stunning Architectural Wonders in India
The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world, so it is no surprise that it headlines this list. This mausoleum was built in the 17th century by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan over a span of 22 years, as a tribute for his beloved wife Mumtaz. The Indo-Islamic and Hindu architectural style has been used for this monument of love. The famous white marble dome rests on massive white marble terraces and is flanked on either side like sentinels by four tapering minarets. The jewel-inlaid cenotaph of the deceased queen rests within the dome.
Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang Monastery in the valley of the Tawang-chu, is the largest in India. It is quite close to the Tibetan border and was founded in accordance to the wishes of the 5th Dalai Lama. The spectacular monastery, also called as Galden Namgey Lhatse in Tibetan translates to ‘Celestial paradise in a clear night.’ And what a celestial paradise it is!
Nalanda has been long heralded as the primary ancient center of higher learning in India. The University of Nalanda is situated in the Indian state of Bihar, used to be a Buddhist center of learning. Legend has it, that the great library of Nalanda University was so extensive, that after invaders ransacked and set fire to it, it is believed to have burned for three months.
The magnificent Group of Monuments at Hampi in state of Karnataka is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are 56 musical pillars in the Vithala temple complex at Hampi, which have been constructed in such a manner, that when they are struck, each one emits a unique musical tone. The main centre of pilgrimage at Hampi is the Virupaksha temple, the site of the ancient city of Vijaynagar, which dates back to the first half of the fifteenth century. It consists of three towers that are nine tiered and rise to a height of 160 feet.
The Iron pillar of Delhi dates all the way back to the 4th century A.D., and highlights ancient India’s accomplishments in metallurgy. One the pillar, one can find Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script, which tells the story of how it was erected in the memory of the Gupta King Chandragupta II and in the honor of the Hindu god, Vishnu. This unique pillar is made of 98 percent wrought iron and has truly stood the test of time, without decomposing or rusting for more than 1600 years. The Iron pillar stands 7 meters tall, 17 inches wide at the base and 12 inches wide at the top.
The Surya mandir of Konark is famous for its richness and intricacy of its sculptural work and for its architectural grandeur. Derived from the words Kona (Corner) and Arka (Sun), the entire temple has been constructed to resemble a chariot of the sun god, with a set of spokes and elaborate carvings, and 24 wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter. The entry to the temple is guarded by two massive lions, and the seven horses appear to be dragging the temple.
The Ajanta and Ellora caves are representative of the prowess of the ancient Indian painters and sculptors. The thirty Ajanta Caves were constructed in 2nd century BC, with paintings on religious themes surrounding Buddha. The Ellora caves are rock-cut shrines that represent three different faiths, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is famous for its intricate workmanship, striking proportion, sculptural embellishment and architectural content. Both caves have been named as UNESCO World Heritage Sites and are symbolic of India’s ancient architectural grandeur.
The Harmandir Sahib, also known colloquially as the "Golden Temple", is a Sikh Gurdwara situated in the city of Amritsar, Punjab. Constructed in Sikh architecture style, this exquisite temple is intricately designed and from pure gold. The temple is built on a 67 feet square platform, right in the middle of the sarovar and has doors facing all four directions – North, South, East and West. Visiting the Golden Temple during sunrise or sunset is truly a life-changing experience that one should experience at least once in their lifetime.
Fatehpur Sikri in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, was built in the 16th century by the Emperor Akbar and was the capital of the Mughal Empire back in the day. This breathtaking building of Mughal design, which translates to the ‘City of Victory’, amalgamates Hindu, Islamic and Buddhist elements to create something truly unique. The stunning courtyards in the building lead to a monolithic mosque, a drum house, the spectacular Gateway of Triumph, a tomb and a 5-story palace.
The Chhatrapati Shivaji train station, earlier known as Victoria Terminus, was constructed in 1887 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. This magnificent structure has been created in the Victorian Gothic style by F.W Stevens, with neo-Gothic features embellishing the exterior and interior.


Here are 5 ways you can still help Aleteia:
The discovery offers the first evidence of a genetic link between the Crusaders and the Middle Eastern population.
The blessings and processions of palms go back deep into early Christianity.
Tacitus describes Nero's persecution of Christians, and affirms the crucifixion of Christ.
An appeal to their love of power and conquest spurred on the Norsemen's embrace of Christianity, according to this historian.
Works include Greek versions of Plato and Aristotle, among others.
The newly identified work from the workshop of Botticelli will go on display at Ranger's House in London from April 1.
It is popularly believed that the cave was originally used by the Knights Templar.
Digital projection shows exhibit the long and storied history of the Eternal City.
The day Caesar died has lived on for millennia.
Explore educational interactive maps, timelines, and animations.


Here is Renee's interview with John Lyman, owner of Lyman Orchards. He chats about the history of the family business, what you can expect to see at the orchard this fall, and their lasting partnership with Big Y!
Lyman Orchards is Big Y's Love for Local vendor of the month! You can find delicious Lyman Orchards produce at your local Big Y World Class Market!
Listen to the full interview here:


I have verified that Samuel L. Vermillion was, indeed, the son of Charles (b. 1812) and Ann (King) Vermillion.Charles was the son of Greenberry Garrison Vermillion (b. 1785) and Sarah Jane (Vanander-b. 1789).Charles and Ann did move to Iowa.I have not identified all of their children, but I did find at least three children born to them included Danuel [sic] John (b. 1838), Samuel L. (b. 1856) and Debora [sic]Ann (b. 1832).Debora married Matthew Borders on July 31, 1856, in Iowa.This took a long time to find, but it is worth every minute of time because I also discovered another link I've been seeking for more than 11 years!


England’s Queen Elizabeth’s husband, and the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, has died at the age 99, according to an announcement by the Buckingham Palace.
The Palace siad in a statement shortly after midday, “His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle.”
Regarded as the longest serving consort in British history, the Duke had returned to Windsor Castle on 16 March, after spending a month in hospital.
British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, said Phillip “inspired the lives of countless young people.”
The Palace said further announcements would be made “in due course.
“The Royal Family join with people around the world in mourning his loss.”
Speaking at Downing Street, the Prime Minister added, “He helped to steer the Royal Family and the monarchy so that it remains an institution indisputably vital to the balance and happiness of our national life.”
Johnson said he received the news of the Duke’s death “with great sadness.”
He added, “Prince Philip earned the affection of generations here in the United Kingdom, across the Commonwealth, and around the world.”


Antonio Garrigosa Borrel . Creator of commercial businesses in Logroño .
[ hide ]
- 1 Biographical synthesis
- 1 Family environment
- 2 Professional career
- 2 Sources
- 3 External links
He married in Logroño with Doña Eloisa Ceniceros. In the early years of the 20th century , a four-storey house and a lower house were built in the area of maximum expansion of the city, the Espolón, close to the railway station. The project is carried out with the plans and technical direction of the Catalan architect Isidre Gili Moncunill.
He arrived in Logroño , from Martorell, his hometown, at the time of the expansion of the Catalan drapery in Spain , and in this case in La Rioja . He established himself in the city and opened his first store in 1883 on the ground floor of the building on Calle de Sagasta nº 6. Subsequently, he progressively increased his business to become the model for the commercial services sector in Logroño .
The 4 as April as 1902 is granted permission by the City. The building is of Neoplateresque influences and the ceramic decorations of the viewpoints and the sgraffitoes of the facade stand out. The space is occupied at the same time as commercial services on the ground floor and as the main one for D. Antonio and his family; and the rest for rent and employees.
The house has undergone numerous changes over time in its bottom and first floor. In 1910 Garrigosa had four shops in Logroño, the basement of the family home, on Calle de la Audiencia, 3, La Gran ciudad de Londres (Mercado, 28), and Garrigosa y Suils (Sagasta, 13), another in Pamplona and one more in Tarazona (Zaragoza).
Antonio Garrigosa’s participation in the social and cultural life of the city of Logroño was very intense., He took part in the creation, at the beginning of the 20th century , of one of the most representative leisure and culture centers of the population: “El Gran Casino “, which is still active in other venues. He belongs to its first Boards of Directors and was President for years.
His descendants, although in a very different ideological line from the creator of commercial businesses, also became involved in the socio-political context of the capital of La Rioja . Finally, as they arrived, they left.
On the right we present a group of images with different nodelos of the own investor Antonio Garrigosa Borrell and his commercial houses, using flash technology. We have tried to cover different chronological stages in the history of the “House” in the city of Logroño and its promoter


LOC/B. Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion
Found in 197 Collections and/or Records:
Heber Hyder Davis was a member of the Mormon Church in Salt Lake City, Utah. This collection consists of four bound volumes, two sets of written texts by Heber Hyder Davis. The first set of journals consists of his mission years, the second, various trips across the United States and various genealogical data written in an older hand.
William B. Davis was a pioneer and settler. The collection consists of a single letter written by Davis.
Clarence Burton Day (1889-1987) was a Presbyterian missionary teacher in China (1915-1943) and India (1947-1951). The collection includes correspondence, diaries, manuscripts, and photographs that reflect his work as a missionary.
Joseph LeRoy Dodds (1891 - 1973) worked in India as a Presbyterian missionary in 1917, and in 1932, Dodds was appointed secretary of the India Council of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, and four years later he became secretary of the Board itself. The collection (1917-1958) contains correspondence and notes pertaining to trips Dodds made to China, the Near East, and Iran, as well as to his early experiences in India as teacher and instructor at the seminary.
Darley Downs (1894?-1969) was a missionary in Japan before World War II. The collection contains correspondence, a manuscript, and printed matter related to missionary work.
Elizabeth G. Lewis Dunbar (1886 - ?) served as a medical missionary to India, from 1916 until 1947. The collection (1947) contains the manuscript of her autobiography.
Clara Dyer was a Methodist missionary in Ch'angli, Hopei (Hopeh) Province, northern China from the early to mid-twentieth century. The collection includes personal letters and reports that reflect her missionary work.
Joseph W. Dyson (1889-1965) was a Southern Methodist missionary and educator at Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa), from 1919 until 1949, and returned 1959-1965. The collection includes correspondence, diaries, publications, and photographs that reflect his work at the university, 1959-1965.
Thomas Lamb Eliot (1841-1936) was a Unitarian minister who also served as treasurer, acting president, and a committee member of the Portland Art Association. The collection (1910-1915) contains correspondence and printed material related to the the Portland Art Association.
Ruth Erickson (~1890 - 1970) and Eleanor Stevenson (~1898 - ?) were political radicals and Socialists who carried out a voluminous epistolary campaign against injustice. The collection contains correspondence by Erickson and Stevenson as well as subject files and personal material of Erickson's including manuscripts of poems, articles, plays, and novels.
The Eugene Print Collection assembles images of the city of Eugene and its vicinity. The majority of the images date from the 1880s-1920s.
Hubert Henry Farnham (1868-1953) was a minister of Evangelical Church in Portland, Oregon. The collection include diaries, correspondence (personal and professional), sermon outlines, and letters from his son Vernon.
A chapter of the Christian Endeavor Society organized at the First Christian Church at Albany, Oregon. The collection (1893-1901) contains a constitution, by-laws, meeting minutes, and a membership list of the society.
Alzo John Fisher was a Christian missionary. The Alzo John Fisher papers comprise letters, reports, articles, manuscripts, publications, and other information produced or collected by Fisher, all of which pertain to his missionary service in China. The collection also includes histories of Chinese Christian missions, which discuss many of the historical, political, and social events in China.
Murray Scott Frame (d.1918) was a Congregational missionary and teacher in Lahore, India and Beijing, China, where he witnessed the 1911 Republican Revolution. His brother, John Davidson Frame (b. 1880), was a medical missionary for the Presbyterian Church in Persia. The collection consists of correspondence from the brothers to the family, including Alice Seymour Brown Frame, Murray's wife.
Edward R. Geary (1811-1886) was a pioneer, missionary and educator. The collection consists of a typed transcription of a letter to John McLellan in which Geary describes his "travel's history" in Latin America and Oregon.
William Geiger came to Oregon in 1839 and worked at the mission Waiilatpu. Letters include incoming correspondence regarding mission matters at Waiilatpu and an outgoing letter describing the country.
The Giffen Family Papers consist of outgoing correspondence from Edward and Bertha Giffen written between 1894 and 1896 during their two-year mission in Hankow and Ching-Ku, China.
Ruth A. Gress was a Christian missionary in China between 1939 and 1950. The collection includes correspondence, a diary, literary manuscripts, and publications that reflect her missionary work.
John Smith Griffin (1807–1899) was an Oregon pioneer and missionary. The collection consists of Griffin's record of an interview with fellow missionaries.
John Smith Griffin (1807–1899) was an Oregon pioneer and missionary. The collection consists of promissory notes from Griffin to fellow missionary Harvey Clark for a South Tualatin land claim.
Collection comprises newsletters, church reports, personal correspondence, sermons, special interest reports, and diaries of Adam and Clara Groesbeck, Baptist missionaries in the Kwangtung province of South China from 1897-1927 and 1931-1935.
Elgin E. Groseclose (1899-1983) was a writer, professor, specialist in finance, and treasurer for a financial and investment consultant firm. He was also involved in other interest groups that appealed to his deeply religious beliefs. The collection includes correspondence, diaries, speeches, writings, financial material, valuations, organizations and photographs.
Emmet W. Gulley (1894-1981) became a missionary, as well as a professor and president of Pacific College (now George Fox College), and investigated the governmental relations between the Doukhobors and the Canadian government. The collection contains correspondence, administrative papers, articles, essays, pamphlets, and newspaper clippings regarding the Doukhobors and Gulley's mediation work, and a scrapbook that contains photographs of Doukhobors.
Arthur M. Guttery (1885-1981) was a Protestant minister and missionary for the Y.M.C.A. The collection contains sermons, religious addresses, essays on China, correspondence, and memoirs of Y.M.C.A. workers in China.
John Jacob Handsanker was a Christian Church minister, organizer of Portland Community Chest, director of Armenian and Syrian relief, and Northwest secretary of the National Council for Prevention of War. Collection includes a typed autobiography, notebooks of recollections, typed family history, and several typed family letters.
Irene Forsythe Hanson (1898-1976) was a Christian missionary in Tsingtao (Qingdao) and the countryside of China from 1926 to 1951. The collection includes correspondence, publications, newspaper clippings and a diary that reflect her work as a missionary.


A well-crafted video project put together by two Brattleboro Union High School (BUHS) students – Forest Zabriskie and Mason Redfield – for a recent class assignment.
To gather varied perspectives on the utilization of the Connecticut River – specifically the circa 1909 Vernon dam at the Great Bend in Sokwakik – they interviewed Matthew Cole, Community Relations for Great River Hydro (dam owner and operator); Kathy Urffer, River Steward for the Connecticut River Conservancy; and yours truly, for an Abenaki cultural viewpoint.
There are many ways to be in the world…
The second month of the Abenaki annual cycle has begun. The new moon following Alamikos (also known as Anhaldamawikizos) occurred on February 4, 2019 here in Sokwakik. In Western Abenaki, Pia8dagos means “makes branches fall into pieces” or ‘falling in pieces branches maker.” Last night’s windstorm made the reasoning abundantly clear.
Dr. C.W. Grau area map, circa 1860 from Old Maps
Charles William Grau was a noted physician first at Brattleboro’s Wesselhoeft Water-Cure (1848), followed by the Lawrence Water-Cure (1853), and later in private practice. A key ingredient of his naturopathic treatment regimen was extensive outdoor exposure, in the form of walks, and drives. To encourage and facilitate the practice, he became a skilled cartographer, preparing detailed maps of nearby paths, roads, and scenic features for devotees.
On his large area map, there is a dotted line going north-south, connecting Western Avenue with Asylum Street, and intersecting the latter between the Retreat proper and the Retreat Farm. Just a trail or footpath at the time, this was to become today’s Cedar Street. Upon the area immediately south of the Farm and west of the Retreat is a two-word legend cryptically stating “Gypsy Grounds.” This is the land at the base of Harris Hill Ski Jump, still a cleared field surrounded by forest and relatively undisturbed except for the looming jump ramp.
While there were a number of Romanichal (an Anglo-Romani subgroup from the British Isles) in North America at the time – most of them deported here unwillingly – “gypsy” was a term applied generally to anyone with a perceived migratory lifestyle. Most of the better-known Eastern European Romani emigrated to the US later in the 1800’s, primarily to urban areas. In Vermont, sociologists agree that the term “gypsy” was often a reference to the indigenous Abenaki and their kin, some of whom adopted an intinerant peddler version of their annual subsistence cycles. Returning to their traditional homelands in family groups with horse-drawn wagons, they sold baskets and woodenware, worked as day laborers, offered herbal treatments, and hunted and gathered as had their ancestors in the self-same places.
Dr. Grau’s 1860 “Gypsy Grounds” was and is one of these places. There are a number of historical newspaper accounts of gypsy visitations to Brattleboro in the 19th century, focusing on several specific localities. The area around the Retreat Farm and Meadows is documented as a known pre-European-Contact settlement site. The developing onslaught of war and colonization made sustainable Abenaki continuance untenable, driving the people and their culture out of sight and often far away. But the descendants of those forced off the land remembered their ties to the homelands and would return as they were able, living on the fringes of the growing towns and conducting their own affairs in a radically-changed social landscape. And those descendants are still here in Vermont, reclaiming their stories and reaffirming their connections to the land, at the place called Wantastegok and now known as Brattleboro.
I was asked to speak at this event last Sunday, Feb. 13, 2019, at the Putney Community Center on Christian Square (slight irony) in Putney, VT. Super turnout – maybe 80-100 people? There may be video coverage on BCTV at some point soon; my friend Russ was there filming…
Link to a pdf of the poster here: putney mt association 2019 poster
“Here We Are” is a weekly half-hour talk show (interview/conversation) on Brattleboro Community Television, conceived and hosted by Wendy O’Connell. Wendy interviewed me in early December and the show is now post-production and was released for airing and on Youtube on Dec. 31, 2018. Wliwni Wendy!
Askwa nd’aoldibna iodali – we are still here.
BCTV link here.
Youtube link here.
Sketch of “Indian Rock” at the mouth of the West River, by a young Larkin Mead, later a nationally-known sculptor.
The Brattleboro Historical Society has begun submitting a regular feature to the local Brattleboro Reformer daily. This week’s column takes a look at the misrepresentation of established Native presence in the state’s long-mythologized history books, and offers some corrections of perspective into the present. I was able to help contribute to this welcome piece by the Society.
Full article here, excerpt below:
In 1828 the Brattleboro publishing company of Holbrook and Fessenden produced “A History of Vermont: From Its First Settlement to the Present Time.” It was the first known Vermont History book used in Brattleboro schools.
When writing about the “native inhabitants,” author Francis Eastman wrote, “not a vestige of them now remains – gradually the encroachments of the whites have pushed them farther and farther on” to the west and north of the United States and Canada.
In many early histories of Vermont, Native Americans were hardly mentioned. A Vermont school book used from 1890 to 1925 starts this way, “Very few Indians lived in Vermont when white men first came here, though hunting parties and war parties often passed through, and sometimes a party would camp all summer in a good place.” You can see that early history books did not give Native Americans much claim to Vermont…
Episode 2 with Olga Peters on her Green Mountain Mornings show at Brattleboro’s WKVT radio (100.3 FM & 1490 AM). This is the second in a series of Sokoki Sojourn: Live on the air. We will explore Sokoki-inspired topics over a broad range of interests (mostly local, but occasionally further afield) including historical, linguistic, geographic, contemporary, political, cultural… (it’s all cultural…)
December 20, 2018: In Abenaki, the Winter Solstice is known as “Peboniwi t8ni kizos wazwasa” or “In winter when the sun returns to the same place.” Rich Holschuh shares the deeper meaning of these phrases. He also helps anchor the sense of place that is Brattleboro (Wantastegok).
Podcast here (thank you Olga!).


Many travellers have Croatia, Slovenia and Greece on their travel bucket lists. But Bosnia and Montenegro have much to offer for visiting families as well.
Here are Five Reasons you should travel to Bosnia and Montenegro:
1. Family-friendly destinations
In Bosnia and Montenegro, children are welcomed with open arms. Families will be very pleased to discover that Bosnians and Macedonians are friendly and very open and welcoming of children. Hospitality is taken seriously and accommodation and restaurant owners are warm and hospitable towards families with kids; children are viewed as a joy. This is music to any parents ears when travelling as a family!
2. Top-notch sights at a fraction of the cost
Bosnia and Montenegro boast truly impressive natural and historical sights. Like the dramatic coastline of the Adriatic in Montenegro and the Bay of Kotor. Or the Dinaric Alps in Montenegro and Bosnia. And the literal street corner that sparked the First World War (Bosnia). These lesser-visited countries boast beautiful scenery, plenty of opportunities to explore, and numerous important historical sights. And yet, both of these countries still maintain very affordable accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and entry fees for tourist sights. This makes both Bosnia and Montenegro less expensive to travel through than neighbouring countries. While exploring Bosnia and Montenegro might take less of a toll on the bank account, it is just as rich in the experience department!
3. Hidden historical gems without the crowds
Bosnia and Montenegro both receive a fraction of the international visitors that neighbouring Balkan countries do every year, which gives them an “off-the-beaten-path” feel. It also means you can visit any of either country’s important historical sites, like the Sarajevo bobsled track, the corner where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated (sparking WWI), explore the Bay of Kotor, or visit the Mostar bridge, without sharing your experience with thousands of other people.
4. A crash course in modern history
As challenging and uncomfortable as seeing the wounds of the past can be, understanding history can help us to not repeat it. When the former Yugoslavia collapsed, one country at a time descended into civil war. The evidence of the Yugoslav wars is still very evident, especially in Bosnia, where buildings reveal bullet holes and other signs of fighting. While this can elicit all sorts of emotions, and children may have lots of questions about the events that took place, learning about the Yugoslav wars and the recovery period can help families gain perspective on the impact of conflict and how it applies today.
5. Explore the crossroads of history
Over the centuries, Montenegro and Bosnia have sat centre stage, along with other Balkan nations, as empires large and small rose and fell. Many of history’s great empires – Greek and Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman – ruled and controlled this slice of Europe. Each empire left its mark as well, from architecture and culture to religion and language. Roaming through Bosnia and Montenegro offer a first-hand experience of the textured and complicated history of these places and brings lessons in social studies to life.
Take my advice, and just go!
About the Author: Amie Gosselin loves adventure, exploring and travelling the world, especially with her husband and three daughters, and inviting others along for the ride. She blogs about family travel and adventure at www.steveamie.com.


Ridley Scott's new film: "NAPOLEON"
Napoleon is a historical figure who continues to attract a lot of attention!
Photo Credits: Promo
While eagerly awaiting the premiere of the epic blockbuster about the life and times of Napoleon Bonaparte, starring Joaquin Phoenix and directed by Ridley Scott ("The Eighth Voyager," "The Exterminator" and "Gladiator"), Dominic Sandbrook, British writer, columnist, and anchor stated that there has never been a historical figure like the famous general in the French Revolution. He adds that Napoleon would agree with Putin, that he would be a tyrant like Hitler, and that his egomania would make Kim Jong Un proud.


Photograph album containing photographs, and other papers and memorabilia from time at Queen Mary College, including news cuttings, programmes for events, extracts from College bulletin, photographs from royal visits, photographs of old students.
HOLMES, Peggy (-2008)
Scope and Content
Administrative / Biographical History
Employee Queen Mary College 1951-1982, Lecturer in Modern Languages, Warden of Linden Hall, Tutor to Women Students.
1 file as set out in Scope and Content
Open. The Archives are available for access in the Archives Reading Room located on the 2nd Floor of the Mile End Library. The Archives Reading Room is open Mondays to Fridays 9am-4pm by appointment only. Contact the Archives for more information: Archives, Main Library QMUL, 328 Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, telephone: 020 7882 3873, email: email@example.com . For more information about the Archives see the website: library.qmul.ac.uk/archives
Retained in situ by creator and then given to Peter R Wiles following her death in 2008. Gift to Queen Mary College from Peter Wiles in 2010.
Other Finding Aids
No additional finding aids.
Conditions Governing Use
Applications for copies for research or publication should be made to the Archivist: Main Library QMUL, 328 Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, telephone: 020 7882 7873, email: firstname.lastname@example.org .


NEW YORK (AP) — An admission ticket to the launch of the Titanic and a first-class dinner menu for the ocean liner's first night at sea are among dozens of Titanic-related artifacts being auctioned this month, exactly 100 years after the ship struck an iceberg and sank.
The Bonhams auction on April 15 also includes a handwritten account by Arthur Rostron, the captain of the Carpathia, the first ship to arrive on the disaster scene after picking up the Titanic's distress call.
The letter, with a pre-sale estimate of $90,000 to $120,000, offers "a full account and timeline of what happened from the moment the Titanic struck the iceberg to the time the ship sank," Gregg K. Dietrich, Bonhams' maritime art consultant, said Friday.
Nearly all of the 88 documents and objects relate to either the crew or the passengers aboard the ship or to the actual April 15, 1912, disaster.
The Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg the night before during its maiden passage from Southampton, England, to New York.
The VIP launch ticket is dated May 31, 1911, and "is the only known example to have the admittance stub intact," Dietrich said. It is estimated to sell for $50,000 to $70,000.
Also for sale are 35 of the 37 messages from the signal book of the Titanic's sister ship, the Olympic.
The first message, from the Titanic to the Olympic, which was 550 miles away, says: Titanic sending out signals of distress ... WE HAVE STRUCK AN ICEBERG." It is expected to bring $25,000-$35,000.
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. "________ supremacy was no longer just a rallying cry, a goal, a discourse, or a description of relations."
2. Hiram R. Revels was the senator elect from ____________ in 1870.
3. __________ efforts generally offers African Americans a greater chance of holding office and holding some sort of political power.
4. Wherever they lived, it was important for black voters to travel to polling sites ____________ with as many individuals as possible.
(b) With guns.
5. ___________ in the United States shouldered the burden of industrial development.
(a) War time.
6. More than a few reputed leaders argued that the KKK was a _____________ response to the Union League.
7. The KKK complained that freed slaves were organizing and were accumulating arms, holding ____________, and threatening mobilizations.
(a) Secret meetings.
(b) Bake sales.
(c) Militia training.
8. The young white men who were attracted to the KKK were once members of the _______________.
(a) Landowner's associations.
(b) Confederate Army.
9. White landowners and tenant farmers began to attend meetings of the Agricultural _______ or Farmer's Alliance in large numbers.
10. Some black leaders, while sympathetic, were hesitant to support and to endorse ___________.
(c) Landowner law changes.
11. The great majority of African Americans in the South remained loyal to the __________ Party.
12. School houses were where African Americans learned about __________, their enfranchisement, and the importance of voting.
(d) KKK battle tactics.
13. Many new agricultural groups claimed to stand for the interests of small farmers and drew on the political legacies of ____________.
14. The lines of authority tended to flow from the _______ heads of household.
15. When the Republican Party began to attract more white voters, those voters would not support ____________.
(a) Black candidates.
(b) White candidates.
(c) Land owership by blacks.
(d) Voting in elections.
Short Answer Questions
1. The KKK could be seen as a __________ movement to continue the battle or avenge the consequences of surrender during the Civil War.
2. Bands of whites rode through the countryside disarming freed people and making plans to call out the ___________ to deal with the blacks.
3. What did the arrangement mentioned in #153 limit? This limited _________ mobilization and organization that had happened during Reconstruction.
4. Effective ___________ had to come from groups like the Union League and the Republican Party.
5. The Readjusters tried to rally local communities by paying the __________ for a large number eligible voters.
This section contains 419 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


A very serious and true story!
Jimmy Stewart suffered such extreme PTSD after being a bomber pilot in World War II that he acted out his mental distress during ‘It’s a Wonderful Life’. Stewart played George Bailey in the classic movie and channeled his anger and guilt into the scenes where he rages at his family.
Stewart was haunted by ‘a thousand black memories’ from his time as an Air Force commanding officer that he took with him back to Hollywood after the war. Pilots who flew with him said that became ‘Flak Happy’ during World War II, a term to describe what is now known as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD.
Stewart wrestled with the guilt of killing civilians in bomb raids over France and Germany including one instance where they destroyed the wrong city by mistake.
Stewart felt responsible for the death of his men and especially one bloodbath where…
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Student Protests and Strikes at Northwestern University
Deering Library Level 1, Room 110
1970 Campus Drive
Evanston, IL 60208
Phone: (847) 491-3354
Extent: .5 Linear Feet
The development of student protests and strikes at Northwestern University reflected the national fusion of youth popular and alternative cultures with political activism of the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout these years, demonstrations stemmed mainly from opposition to military conflict in Vietnam, but also included national and international political issues, including the presence of the NROTC on campus, the Vietnam draft, the bombing of Southeast Asia, anti-Nixon sentiments, support for the Black Panthers and resistance to structural racism within the university.
Scope and Content Note:
The Student Protests and Strikes Collection consists of diverse materials that document political demonstrations and protests organized by students, spanning from August 1965 through October 1979. Each event included in this collection documents a segment of the history of Northwestern students’ political activism. The collection as a whole illustrates the ascendance of political activism among NU students and faculty, both as the product of individual actors and circumstances affecting the NU community as well as the product of the state of American youth at large.


Thomas W. Dixon, Jr.
This book will be ideal for modelers interested in late steam locomotive and early diesel era engine terminals. It reproduces material originally contained in articles appearing in railway age and other trade magazines of the time, combined with many photos of various types of coaling and fueling facilities. Material is also gleaned from Fairbanks-Morse catalogs and ads of Ogle Engineering and Roberts & Schaefer, the three major builders of coaling stations.
Title / Description
The Coaling Station and Its Function
Early Coaling Stations
C&O Coaling Station at Thurmond, W.Va
Modern Wood Frame Coaling Stations
Typical Wood Frame Coaling Stations from Major Builders
Reinforced Concrete Coaling Stations
Steel Coaling Stations
Automatic Coaling Stations
Early Diesel Locomotive Fueling Facilities


[News Script: Fort of Houston]
Description: Script from the WBAP-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, relating a news story about the shortage of gasoline in the Fort of Houston.
Date: June 5, 1973, 12:00 p.m.
Creator: WBAP-TV (Television station : Fort Worth, Tex.)
Item Type: Refine your search to only Script
Partner: UNT Libraries Special Collections


< UkraineJump to navigation Jump to search
- Europe : Sixth largest continent; area 10,000,000 km2; pop. 720,000,000
- Kiev : Capital and largest city of Ukraine, located along the Dnieper River, with an estimated population of 2.8 million people.
- Crimea : A peninsula and republic of Ukraine in eastern Europe located on the north side of the Black Sea.
- Holodomor : Man-made famine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1932 and 1933, that killed up to 7.5 million Ukrainians.
- Soviet Union : A Communist state, which took over the Russian Empire, after the Russian Revolution of 1917 that existed from 1922 to 1991; the major part now extant as the Russian Federation


Newtown is Sarasota’s historic, African American community, located between Myrtle Ave. and 17th St., nestled between railroad tracks on its east and west ends. During Jim Crow segregation, the community was self-sufficient with flourishing businesses. The church, school and family were cornerstones.
The “Newtown Alive” initiative began when former Sarasota mayor Fredd Atkins saw the need to document Newtown’s 100 year history in 2005. Newtown residents were fearful of redevelopment and gentrification of their neighborhood after witnessing what happened to the first African American community, Overtown, located in downtown Sarasota. Rebranded as the Rosemary District, Overtown’s recognizable, historical landmarks began to disappear and no longer exist. In 2015, the City of Sarasota and Vickie Oldham founded the Newtown Conservation Historic District project (aka Newtown Alive). Many resources about black history were completed, including a website, www.newtownalive.org.
The Returned Peace Corps Volunteers of Gulf Coast Florida is a 501(c)3 nonprofit group
The mission of the RPCVs of Gulf Coast Florida is to work together to promote peace through cultural exchange and continuing service in our communities at home and internationally. We support returning, active and future Peace Corps Volunteers. Our service projects, advocacy, educational activities and social events provide us with opportunities to engage with other RPCVs in Florida, as well as anyone who has an interest in Peace Corps. We strive to fulfill the Third Goal of Peace Corps: Strengthen Americans' understanding about people and cultures of other countries.
Peace Corps for Life!


The American Veteran: Chuck Layton, POW
This is an Access Fort Wayne production, headquartered at the Allen County Public Library in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The interview is from a program called "The American Veteran" which is produced and hosted by Dale Parish. His guest for this episode was Chuck Layton, a Korean War veteran. Layton was captured by the North Koreans and held as a prisoner of war for 17 weeks before escaping.


New solutions for house museums: ensuring the long-term preservation of America's historic houses
A generational shift is occurring at historic house museums as board members and volunteers retire while few young people step forward to take their place. These landmarks are also plagued by serious deferred maintenance, and many have no endowment funds. What will happen to these sites in the next ten years, and what can be done to assure their continued preservation for generations to come? In New Solutions for House Museums, Harris examines possible options and provides a decision-making methodology as well as a dozen case studies of house museums that have made a successful transition to a new owner or user.
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Is This Your House Museum?
The DecisionMaking Process
Making the Transition
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On the19th of October, at 19:30 in the show bTV The Reporters, Gabriela Naplatanova and the cameraman Ivan Filchev discovered the dramatic story of the women pilots, removed from military aviation fifty years ago and what happened when they have returned. The reporters showed how this extremely stressful profession, that requires a huge dose of responsibility and selflessness, can be conquered by the ladies. The material "Flying Girls" is an experiment that tracks the torn intergenerational line between women aviators. The team of bTV The Reporters arranged a meeting between the women future fighter - pilots and the first and the only woman pilot and instructor of a jet - the retired Lieut. Emilia Garbova. Viewers can see the exclusive footage from the first flights of airmen and women to enjoy the unique video from the cockpit of the MiG 29 and L 39.
In the last two decades, the number of women involved in the aviation has steadily increased, as in all other working spheres. Women pilots, though, represent only six percent in this profession. At the first Annual International Women in Aviation Conference in 1990, participants recognized the need to train more women for pilots. Following a number of successful conferences, Women in Aviation International (WAI) was established as a professional, non-profit organization in 1994.
Example that women are in no way inferior to men in this area is Marina Popovich (on the left picture above), nicknamed "Madame MIG ." Fighting for her dream of becoming a military pilot, she convinced the leaders to allow her to train, although at that time the Soviet Army had no female pilots. She is the only pilot in the world who achieved 101 world records with aircrafts of different types.
Another legend in the aviation is Amelia Earhart (on the picture in the middle and above) who was the idol of many young American girls. She was the first woman pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
Maria Atanasova (on the right picture above) is the first Bulgarian woman to become commander of an airliner. She signed up for a course of motor gliding, but could not enter the military air school in Dolna Mitropolia, because women were not admitted to be trained there. At her insistence regulations were amended and she graduated in 1950 together with 12 other girls. In 1952 Atanasova became an instructor, and then she finished school for fighter pilots. From 1953 to 1974 the Bulgarian flied as a pilot and commander of the "LI -2 ", " IL -14 ", " IL- 18", " TU -134 " on the routes of the BA " Balkan". In the beginning she took internal flights in business aviation, and later on the international ones. Maria Atanasova was the only female pilot in the world to land heavy airliner in extreme conditions at London airport "Heathrow".
The first woman ever taking part in a combat mission was the Bulgarian Raina Kassabova. This historic event took place at the end of October 1912.
The first flight in Bulgaria of a woman with glider was carried out by Maria Stefanova - Markova. She took her first test for a glider pilot on the 24 July 1938 on the airplane Zögling 33.
Emilia Garbova (the third from the left to the right on the picture below) was the first woman pilot of a military jet.
The first female pilot to fly alone on a jet aircraft was Maria Bogdanova Nedyalkova. This event in Bulgarian aviation took place on the 4th of September, 1947. She was followed by Teophana Crill and Dora Vasileva - Mochkova.
Valentina Tzvetkova was the only woman leader of a governmental "Falcon" in the world.
More information about women pilots:
Stories of some fameous women aviators
International Society of Women Airline Pilots
"Women pilot" magazine
Detailed chronology of the history of women in aviation


Imagine what a Christmas celebration might be like in the home of the Vanderbilt's? A magnificent parlor with fantastic decorations, and what kind of music would you hear? This gives us a glimpse of Gilded Age taste, here very much influenced by French culture, but also combined with some very special American works and other sounds of the holidays! This is a FREE event as part of the Vanderbilt Mansion Holiday Open House from 10am - 8pm.
5:00 p.m. EST, Sunday, December 3, 2017
Vanderbilt Mansion NHS
4097 Albany Post Road , Hyde Park, NY


Caribana is an annual weekend long festival in Toronto. It’s a celebration of the culture of Caribbean people. It was founded in 1976.
Caribana celebrates a tradition called carnival. Carnival is celebrated throughout many nations and people in the western hemisphere. Most notably, it’s celebrated in New Orleans as Mardi Gras, the Anglo-Caribbean world (Trindad, etc), and Brazil’s Rio Carnival. It includes people dressing in costumes, parading and beating drums
Caribbean Carnival and Caribana
During late July and early August, Caribana is held in Toronto. It’s a branching off of the large Caribbean communities in Canada (2 of 3 black Canadians are of Caribbean ancestry; although it’s not only blacks who celebrate it.)
The Caribbean’s Carnivals all have several common themes all originating from Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, based on folklore, culture, religion,and tradition, not on amusement rides. Carnival tradition is based on a number of disciplines including: “Playing Mas”/Masquerade; Calypso Music and crowning a Calypso King or Monarch; Panorama (Steel Band Competition);
Before 1834, when slavery was abolished, Trinidad’s Carnival celebrations had two aspects: the torches, drumming and other African-derived ceremonies of the slave classes, and the fancy-dress silks and satins of the European plantation owners. Often, the French monsieurs and madames would dress as fantastical versions of their own slaves, while the slaves would parody the plantation owners.
After the emancipation, former slaves, under the concealment of disguise, brought their dances, their songs and their festival traditions to the streets, recreating in symbolic ways the freedom from the cane fields. This period was characterised by the participation of the “jamette” or underclasses, and by cross-racial costumes. Archtypical characters-devils, bats, royalty, Indians and death figures – were gradually refined into such traditional favourites as the Jab Jab, Jab Molassic, Midnight Robber and pierrot Grenade (versions of which persist to the present day).
Coincidentally, Toronto’s Caribanaâ Festival falls on the anniversary of the emancipation from slavery in Trinidad (August 1, 1834), and also on the date of a European festival celebrating the first loaf of the new year’s wheat and the opening of the fields for common pasturage.


Ratangarh Fort, Churu , Churu
About Ratangarh Fort, Churu
Ratangarh fort built on the Agra Bikaner highway by Ratan Singh who was the king of Bikaner in 1820. While the fort was built due importance was given to town planning as an integral part of the town development. The bazaar in the town is laid in shape of a cross with shops painted like the town.


What a day for the people of Britain and the world!
I was born in the United Kingdom 51 years ago and have always known the Queen to be the monarch of this country. My mother was only 4 years old when Queen Elizabeth II was crowned and she’s now 72! This goes for the great majority of people around the world. So when she passed away 10 days ago, it was the end of an era that has been felt by many; me included.
I’m not a Royalist, yet I have respect for a lady that has lived for such a long time, and devoted decades of service to the country.
I feel that many people need a figure head to look up to, and the Queen filled a void for them in this respect.
The funeral procession today, the pipers, the music and the organisation and emotion have been heartfelt and moving. I thought the way the Royal Navy pulled the gun carriage along was very emotional, and fulfilled a tradition which began with the funeral of Queen Victoria. The bagpipes playing as the Queen’s coffin continued along the route was very moving. It was sad and so well done.
Rest in Peace, Queen Elizabeth II


Vrindavan, 2017.12.02 (VT): Swami Trivikramananda aka. Sudanshu Maharaj, the father of Vrindavan’s healthcare system, left his body on Monday night. He was the longest-serving Secretary of the Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram hospital in Vrindavan.
About six decades ago, Swamiji came to Vrindavan from West Bengal. Here he dedicated his entire life to serving the poor and helpless. His was named secretary of Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram in 1972, and continued this service till his retirement in the year 2000.
Although Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram was officially founded in 1908, the organization grew exponentially during Swamiji’s tenure. Under his capable and energetic leadership, many reputed doctors joined the staff, some on full salaries, some on honorarium and others for free. Housing for workers was constructed and a rest area for patients’ families was created. In 1980, a nursing school was opened at the Sevashram, and a maternity ward was added in 1986.
Also during this period, grants from the State government allowed the Sevashram to begin offering mobile medical services, as people from remote villages found it difficult to commute to the hospital in Vrindavan. Rural health awareness seminars and women’s literacy programs were added to the mobile unit’s itinerary. Many other updates to Ramkrishna Mission Sevashram’s facilities were made under Swamiji’s guidance, and the entire period of his tenure was one of rapid growth.
Devotees were allowed to have their last darshan of Swamiji at Ramkrishna Mission, and his last rites were performed on Tuesday at noon on the bank of the Shri Yamuna River.
Vrindavan Today’s managing editor Jagannath Poddar said, “Sri Sudhanshu Maharaj’s disappearance is a great loss for Vrindavan. He was a great devotee and lover of Vrindavan. I went to see him last summer with my daughter Jahnavi, and he was literally crying when he heard about the merger of Vrindavan with Mathura. He was completely dedicated to Vrindavan and his presence will be greatly missed.”


Over the last ten years, it seems that cannabidiol (CBD) has become one of the most trending molecules in the health and wellness industry. To some, it may seem like this CBD hype came out of nowhere, when in actuality, CBD has been popping up in science, medicine, and culture for centuries. So, where did this all begin, and what’s next for this multifaceted molecule?
Let’s start at the beginning to get a true sense of the history of hemp and CBD.
We do our best to provide up-to-date information but this is not medical advice. Please consult a physician for specific CBD questions/concerns or before trying CBD. Some of the links on this website may be affiliate links which means we may earn commission (at no extra cost to you). This helps keep our website ad free and pay our awesome team to keep researching and creating content for you.
CBD Ancient History
Before the 1900’s, hemp (also known as cannabis) was a commonly traded plant in the global market, similar to Tobacco. The earliest recorded cannabis use was found in the 5th century writings of the Greek historian, Herodotus. His records reference the use of cannabis in central Eurasian bathhouses, through vaporization on the hot rocks in steam rooms.
By the 16th century, cannabis had begun to spread through the Columbian exchange to West Africa from its south Asia evolutionary homeland, and was eventually brought to Brazil where it would later spread to the Americas.
Cannabis was considered a highly versatile crop that was commonly traded and cultivated around the world, later being seen as an economically advantageous resource to European colonists.
Early reports on the uses and trades of cannabis were predominantly from European observers, which limits historical knowledge as Europeans strongly favored tobacco and were mostly ignorant or disdainful of African cannabis uses. Regardless, both tobacco and cannabis became cash crops under colonial regimes. Despite the cultural misunderstandings of cannabis use, it was unanimously understood that the fibers, oils, and seeds of cannabis were monumental for progress everywhere.
In 1611, King James I of England issued a royal decree that all colonists of the 13 colonies grow hemp in North America. Given the many useful byproducts that came from hemp, it was often considered more valuable than money, and at one time was even used as legal tender for paying taxes. Up until this time, the ceremonial and medicinal uses of cannabis were stigmatized by Europeans. Their limiting beliefs lead to a misunderstanding of the benefits of consuming cannabis, stunting research on cannabis in western medicine. It wasn’t until 1839 that Dr. William O’Shaughnessy brought medicinal cannabis from India to the mainstream via his publications that caught the attention of Western medical practitioners. This ultimately led to over 100 studies conducted on cannabis in the last half of the 19th century.
Discovery of CBD in 1940
CBD was first discovered in 1940 by Roger Adams, an American organic chemist. Adams isolated both CBD and CBN (another cannabinoid known as cannabinol) from hemp. At this time Adams also hypothesized about the existence of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), or the psychoactive component of cannabis.
It took another four years before THC was extracted and isolated by chemist Raphael Mechoulam. It was through his work that the molecular shapes of CBD and THC were identified. This would pave the roadmap to future scientific discoveries on cannabinoids across the world.
CBD Pharmaceutical Use is Revealed
In 1985, Allyn Howlett discovered the CB1 receptor in the human body. This is part of the nervous system that is responsible for interacting with CBD and other cannabinoids. By 1993, the CB2 receptor was discovered, leading to Mechoulam theorizing that cannabinoids may have an impact on human health, which was proven in his studies. This grouping of receptors was then officially named the Endocannabinoid System.
In 1996, California was the first state to legalize cannabis for medical use which later prompted Alaska, Washington, and Oregon to legalize cannabis for therapeutic use within a year.
As conversation began to build on the medical implications of cannabinoids, researchers were eager to find substantial proof. However, with laws in place that limited testing we had to rely on anecdotal evidence for years.
One of the most famous medical patients, Charlotte Figi became a legacy in cannabis for her activism and touching story that led to the creation of the strain Charlotte’s Web.
Figi was a young girl, suffering from Dravet Syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy. Her mother began administering cannabis oil as a treatment, as they struggled before to find any medicines that would minimize the intense symptoms of the syndrome. Due to cannabis, the frequency of seizures was so greatly improved that they were able to share this success story with the world, Figi became a public figure in the cannabis movement. Before CBD, Figi was experiencing 300 seizures a week, which then dropped to about 3 a month. Her story prompted a movement to make safe access to medical CBD possible for both children and adults.
Sadly, in April of 2020, Charlotte Figi passed away due to complications with pneumonia. Though, her impact lives on and continues to change many people’s lives to this day.
Farm Bill Opens the Door for CBD
New avenues for research and development within the hemp industry came about when the 2014 Farm Bill was voted in. This allowed institutions of higher education and state agriculture departments to grow hemp under a pilot program in states that permitted such. The Farm Bill created a new opportunity for research, helping to redefine the benefits and risks of the industrial hemp industry.
At the time, it was still somewhat legally ambiguous to work with compounds from the cannabis plant, even those derived from hemp. CBD, the most popular cannabinoid known for its medicinal potential, was still considered a Schedule I substance at the time, despite its non-psychoactive effect on the body. This classification was officially changed in the 2018 Farm Bill amendment, removing hemp and CBD from scheduling.
Now any hemp that tests below 0.3% THC can be grown as any other USDA regulated crop, and is available for export. Some states opted to stay within the guidelines of the 2014 program (cultivation for research purposes only), however commercial hemp cultivation is fully legal under federal law in the United States. The same can be said for Canada.
Global Legalization of CBD
Internationally, cannabis has been making waves to end prohibition around the world. In reviewing a series of WHO recommendations on cannabis and its derivatives, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) voted to remove cannabis from scheduling, recognizing the medical and therapeutic potential. This decision could drive additional scientific research with more than 50 countries adopting medical and/or adult use cannabis programs.
Uncommon Products & The Future of CBD
Alongside the boom in CBD legislation we have also seen a significant influence from the tech industry innovations on the types of CBD products on the market. Some products are less compelling based on efficacy, like CBD infused pillows and pants, while others could be life changing – like fast acting CBD inhalers.
Over the next decade of advancements in CBD products, we must acknowledge the science and importance of proper analytical testing techniques to maintain a strong foundation for public health and safety. Thankfully, CBD is such a safe ingredient to work with that the focus is less on the dangers of CBD and more on the effectiveness of dosing and methods of use.
Any statements made in this post are not intended to replace advice from a medical professional. Please consult your healthcare professional about potential interactions or other possible complications before using any CBD product.