In Middle Ages there were tree independent dukedoms: Gelderland and Brabant, counties of Holland, Zeeland and Flanders, and episcopacy of Utrecht. In 1370 in order to protect own interests the cities of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht as well as the episcopacy of Utrecht established trading-political Hanseatic League. It carried out in practice the intermediation between West, North and East Europe and had a trading hegemony in Northern Europe. In the XV century there was a beginning of state main political institutions formation. The protoplast of future parliament - The States-General - was framed in 1463.
Since 1482 the territory of Nederland was a part of Habsburg's realm, and since 1556 a part of Spanish Habsburg's realm. During the times of Charles V regiment (1500 - 1558), there was completed the process of integration with contemporary Belgium and Luxemburg and later on formed the one and undivided state of Hole Roman Empire. In this period of time the term "Dutch Republic" came into existence.
In economically developed regions there were circulated monetary rent and different kinds of short-term lease; there were formed the order of farmers who do for on the entrepreneurial basis. There was forming the bourgeoisie and was germinating proletariat. The "proletariat (from Latin proles, offspring) is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons; the term was initially used in a derogatory sense, until Karl Marx used it as a sociological term to refer to the working class"2.
Notwithstanding Spanish authorities were constantly trying to suspend the development of Netherlands. There was inquisition put into action, all people that were in bed odor with it were put to torture. In this time of spiritual oppression and political coercion in Netherlands the new religion doctrine of Calvinism, that is a "system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought within the Protestant tradition articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin, his interpretation of Scripture, and perspective on Christian life and theology"3. Calvinism got its broad spread and opposed itself to theological system of Catholicism.
Impassioned and filled inside with religious protest the population of Netherlands excited iconoclast movement destroying icons, statues of Saints and other matters of religion cult. . Relegated Spanish vindicatory army started the severest terror. Finally it flamed up the nationwide war, which got the name of Eighty Years War or Dutch Revolt (1566 -1648).
The laboratory movement was headed by William of Orange. It should be mentioned that the struggle against Spanish enslavers pushed forward the increase of national self-consciousness. Exactly this period of time is connected with becoming of Dutch nation and language.


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Re: Replacing Passenger Stock (WAS Re: Bluebird Railcars for Gippsland)
David & Jan Winter (email@example.com) wrote:
> As Australia was proclaimed on 1 Jan 1901, the year 2000 lacks the
> significance of 2001 - but of course, we do have the Olympics, and it does
> mark the end of the 1900s.
Australia was proclaimed on the first day of the 20th Century. Queen
Victoria at the stroke of 2pm in London on 31/12/1900, which made it
exactly the start of the new century in Sydney.


The chaotic conquest of India
The East India Company's predilection for paranoia and aggression soured Britain's relations with the subcontinent for 350 years. Jon Wilson investigates...
In 1720, a group of Muslim merchants came to visit Simon Cowse, a British trader at the small fort of Anjengo, 70 miles north of India’s southern tip. Rather than negotiating a deal to sell pepper as they intended, they were attacked and daubed with coloured paint by Christian employees of the British East India Company. It was Shrove Tuesday, a day local Catholics celebrated. But the festive mood was used as an excuse to humiliate members of a rival religious community. The merchants angrily took their complaint to the British chief of the fort. But William Gyfford compounded the merchants’ disgrace by breaking their swords on their heads and throwing them out. These insults sparked a small war that different social groups in southern India took part in, many of which had their own reasons to challenge the East India Company’s power.
The Company’s stores of pepper were burnt; its fort was almost stormed. Four heavily armed British ships arrived and imposed peace for a few months. The six-foot walls around their fort protected the British from the local population; but they also insulated them from the scale of animosity against them. So when, in April 1721, Gyfford decided to show the Company’s strength by marching in full military regalia to the local queen’s castle, his retinue was attacked. All but a handful of the 120 merchants and soldiers were massacred. Simon Cowse was the only Briton who got away. But while fleeing back to the fort he was killed by a man who owed him money.
These events could have led to the British conquest of Kerala had the East India Company not been embroiled in bigger battles elsewhere. A fleet and a small army sailed down from Bombay to take revenge, and “a considerable acquisition of land was conquered from the natives”, as one British officer put it. The aim was to “restore the honour of the English nation”. But the fight in Kerala was quickly abandoned. In 1721 the British ships and troops were more badly needed to defend Bombay against the power that dominated western India, the Marathas.
The common view of Britain’s empire in India emphasises its stability and success. Whether to praise or condemn it, popular accounts describe British power in India as a system with clear interests and intentions. Conquest was driven by the rational pursuit of profit. It occurred when traders decided that building an empire was a good “business proposition”, as historian and defender of empire Niall Ferguson puts it. The British were “ruthless” in their pursuit of wealth, suggests the Indian author Shashi Tharoor. Writers with otherwise very different perspectives concur that the British were rational, powerful and fully sovereign over their actions.
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But this standard story about the British is based on a narrow set of sources, principally on tales told by the empire’s governors and generals once they returned to Britain and tried to persuade contemporaries of their power and virtue. It imputes far too much rationality and order to British actions; it presumes the British possessed an unrealistic degree of control. Looking in detail at events such as the Anjengo massacre shows a different picture. British actions were messy and chaotic, driven by short-term responses to circumstances they could rarely direct. Chaos came from the fact that Britain’s empire in India was a profoundly emotional enterprise. It was driven by the fluctuating response of Britons far from home, concerned to advance national and personal pride, to assuage fear, to prevent and avenge humiliation. Power was asserted not only to make money but to project a sense of being in control.
England (Britain was created by the Act of Union in 1707) was, after all, a late-comer to Asia. After Vasco da Gama discovered a sea-route to Asia in 1498, the Portuguese established forts and settlements around the coast of India and south-east Asia. The Netherlands sent dozens of ships in the 1590s, each returning with large profits. The first English voyages were disasters; only one of six ships returned from the first two fleets. The East India Company was formed in 1600 to undo the humiliation English merchants felt about the failure of their commercial expeditions to Asia.
It was a peculiar kind of enterprise. Not merely a collection of merchants, the Company was a mini-state with power to defend itself and fight, to issue regulations and make treaties with foreign powers. Power was centralised in London offices that issued instructions to officers overseas. Most importantly, Queen Elizabeth I gave the Company a monopoly on England’s trade with Asia. From 1600, the Company zealously protected its monopoly even though it wasn’t always the most efficient way for Britons to profit from trade with Asia. The Company justified this centralised structure by arguing India was a land of infidels, whose states didn’t abide by the rules of international relations. They claimed trade could only be profitable if conducted by an organisation able to wage war.
But private merchants trading in defiance of the Company’s monopoly thought this argument ridiculous. They found that Muslim and Hindu Indian states could be trusted as well as Christian European governments. It didn’t take armies and forts to profit from Asian trade. The Company’s critics argued its officers were protecting their own corporate power and status, not England’s commercial relationship. The Company’s aggressive approach created a tense relationship with Indian merchants and political leaders. Its officers hid behind the walls of forts, like Anjengo, or cantonments (military garrisons) whenever they could. They were quick to use force to resolve difficult situations. Negotiations were usually short, conflict was common.
The first major clash began in 1686, when Company officials were anxious that the Mughal empire wasn’t letting them trade without paying taxes. They also worried that Mughals were collaborating with private English traders to flout the Company’s monopoly. Customs duty of 3.5 per cent was seen as an egregious impost, even though it wasn’t undermining profitability. Nonetheless, officers thought they would only be secure if they “resolve[d] to quarrel with these people”.
War was declared on the Mughal empire. A fleet of 19 ships and six army companies was sent to liberate the English from the “misery and thralldom” they believed they suffered from the Mughals. The war was an absurd mismatch. The Company’s ships were scattered by bad navigation; they were easily frightened by the Mughal military at Chittagong in the east and were defeated at Bombay in the west. The conflict ended in abject disgrace. Officers were imprisoned and the Company had no choice but to sue for a demeaning peace.
The Mughal empire had been recognised as the over-arching sovereign throughout the Indian subcontinent from the 1500s, but by 1710 its practical power had begun to fragment. Nonetheless, its authority had been transferred to powerful regional governments that still owed a loose allegiance to the Mughal emperor. Until the mid-18th century India’s political system was powerful enough to hold the Company’s aggressive inclinations in check. Indian rulers saw the benefit of allying with an organisation that offered a passage for Indian goods to Europe, as long as it didn’t become too powerful.
But a short-lived political crisis undermined this state of affairs. The Persian ruler Nader Shah invaded India in 1739, overthrowing the Mughal order and stripping treasuries of their cash reserves. The invasion provoked factional conflict in the capitals of India and set loose bands of raiders and warlords to ransack the countryside. In the crisis-torn 1740s and 1750s, the Company’s officers became more anxious, but also saw the opportunity to expand profits and power.
The battle of Plassey, in June 1757, was the most important moment in the sequence of events that led to the Company’s conquest of India. On a battlefield 100 miles north of the Company’s base at Calcutta, Company forces led by Robert Clive defeated the army of Bengal’s Siraj ud Daula, replacing him with the (apparently) more pliant Mir Jafar. This was the first occasion in which the Company defeated and overthrew the ruler of an Indian state.
By 1757, the state of Bengal had been weakened and nearly bankrupted by Maratha raiders from central India. When Nawab [governor] Alivardi Khan had died in 1756, his 24-year-old successor Siraj ud Daula had had to contend with numerous challengers for power. Siraj worried that the Company would ally with his rivals to oust him, offering support from their fortified base at Calcutta. Just as 35 years earlier at Anjengo, violence escalated in a spiral of mistrust and fear. The Company had fortified Calcutta because it feared attack. Siraj ud Daula interpreted British armament as a challenge to his power. When the Company refused to back down, Siraj marched on the British town, driving the British from Calcutta.
The language Company officers used with the Nawab had the tone of an exchange between street-gangs, not negotiation between states and merchants. Clive sailed from Madras to recapture Calcutta with 800 Europeans, who he described as “full of spirit and resentment” in October 1756. “We have come to demand satisfaction,” he wrote. After Calcutta was retaken and Siraj ud Daula signed a peace treaty granting all they demanded, the British did not stop and enjoy their profits. With “minds still angered”, as one officer put it, they marched on to depose the Nawab. “[T]he tempting opportunity of pursuing further revenge” could not be resisted.
Plassey was not part of a deliberate plan to found an empire. It was the unintended consequence of the British assumption that trade and honour could only be protected with violence. That assumption meant the East India Company was unable to sustain a stable relationship with Indian allies for long. The plan was always to put more pliant Indian rulers in power rather than govern directly. In Bengal, Clive placed Mir Jafar, paymaster of Siraj’s army, on the throne. But always interpreting Indian actions through a lens of paranoia, trust continually broke down. Allies turned into antagonists, and the British began to assert power over wider circles of territory.
Mir Jafar was blamed for the fact that conquest didn’t lead to quick profits and was quickly ousted. His successor didn’t last much longer. By the 1770s eastern India was directly administered by British bureaucrats. The main objective was to sustain the Company’s authority in the pockets where Britons resided, not construct an effective regime that kept the peace across every square of Indian land. There was no effective regime in Bengal until well into the 19th century. As a result, violence was rife and poverty became more common.
The same process occurred in other parts of the subcontinent. Western India was fragmented between different Maratha rulers after Nader Shah’s invasion, many of which began as British allies. But the Company’s efforts to protect its security created a united Maratha opposition, which the British fought in a succession of wars in the late 18th and early 19th century. The British were victorious in these battles simply because they could borrow money on global credit markets to pay their troops, and their opponents could not: there was no European technical or tactical advantage. But by 1818, its combination of geopolitical anxiety and financial clout meant the East India Company, and Britain, was India’s overwhelmingly dominant power.
But conquest didn’t create a stable, effective state. It didn’t even create peace. Opposition was no longer concentrated in powerful states, but scattered among political leaders and communities quick to ‘rebel’ if provoked by British authorities. During the 1820s the British faced a succession of insurrections that needed more troops and more money to be suppressed than the conquest itself.
British officers assumed British power would be disliked, but thought its assertion made rebellion impossible. “Superiority must be met by more or less hate”, the Commissioner of Meerut, Harvey Greathed, wrote in April 1857. But, he went on, “as long as our power of combination increases and theirs decreases”, the British “had “nothing to fear”. Less than a month after Greathed wrote these words, the north Indian city where he was stationed became the epicentre of the greatest-ever insurrection against British power anywhere in the British empire. During the rebellion of 1857 much of north India was ruled by leaders hostile to the Company. But it was not an uprising against a settled, powerful state. It was the final moment in the cycle of violence that marked the East India Company’s presence in India since the 17th century.
Just as in 1686, 1757 and countless other moments of Anglo-Indian fighting, the East India Company was attacked for its aggressive attitude to Indian society. In the run-up to 1857, many Indians thought the British wanted to erase the characteristics that gave different social groups their identity. British officers and soldiers then fought frenetically to undo the humiliation of being overthrown. It was only in 1858, as British soldiers arrived from every part of the British empire and managed to enlist allies, particularly from Punjab, that the conquest came to a final end. Its last days were brutal. Delhi was completely evacuated, and many rebel villages burnt to the ground.
British power was exercised differently after 1858. The Company was abolished and Queen Victoria was proclaimed India’s direct sovereign. Power was exerted through law courts and public works, railway timetables and codes of law, not just military violence. Even so, imperial power was patchy, limited and chaotic, belying the image of order British governors tried to project. Many areas never came under direct British rule. With no serious Indian allies, British institutions didn’t extend deeply enough into Indian society to effectively protect life or property. The response to threat remained the same: to retreat and counter with overwhelming violence. The British only left in 1947 when such violence was no longer possible.
The legacy of the conquest of India is the idea that overwhelming force is a rational and efficient means to uphold the power of the state. In fact, as in the 17th century as much as now, the use of force is often driven by the most visceral, short-term passions – and it usually does little more than create further cycles of violence and, with them, breed chaos.
Jon Wilson is senior lecturer in British Imperial and South Asian history at King’s College London. His latest book is India Conquered: Britain’s Raj and the Chaos of Empire (Simon and Schuster, 2016).
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Coal, nine miles east of Kosse in southern Limestone County, was named for the lignite coal mine in the area. The community had a post office for a brief time in 1898 and again from 1900 to 1901; when the office was discontinued, residents received their mail from Headsville in Robertson County. By the 1940s nothing remained in the area but the old mine.
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What Is the 12th Amendment?
The 12th Amendment of the United States Constitution details the procedure that the Electoral College uses to elect both the President and Vice President. It was ratified on 15 June 1804, and this procedure has been used in every presidential election since 1804. Prior to the 12th Amendment, the Electoral College used the process defined in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution. The constitutional amendment was the result of potential problems with the electoral process. After the elections of 1796 and 1800, it became apparent that designating the candidate with the second highest votes as Vice President could put a rival to the President in that position.
Under the process defined in Article II, each of the Electoral College electors had two votes for President. As long as one person received a majority of votes, that person became President, while the candidate receiving the second highest number of votes became Vice President. In the election of 1796, candidates from different parties became President and Vice President. In the 1800 election, a tie occurred, resulting in a difficult decision by the House of Representatives for President. The 12th Amendment called for each elector to have one vote for President and one for Vice President, rather than two for President to remedy these problems.
If no candidate receives a majority of the electors’ votes, the top candidates are then put to a vote in the House of Representatives. Each state is granted one vote and a quorum of the states must be represented as designated in Article II. Prior to the 12th Amendment, the House of Representatives could vote on the top five names. With the amendment, no more than three could be considered. A majority vote based on all the states, not just the quorum, is required for electing the President.
The election of the Vice President goes to the Senate when no candidate receives the majority of votes in the Electoral College. Unless there is a tie for second place in the electoral vote, the Senate votes on the top two candidates for Vice President. In this case, all the tied candidates are considered. The amendment states that no person ineligible to become President can become Vice President.
If no candidate for President can be decided upon by the House of Representatives by inauguration day, the Vice President elect then acts as President until one is elected. At the time the 12th Amendment was ratified, the date of the inauguration was the 4th of March. The 20th Amendment, ratified in 1933, changed this to the 20th of January. This amendment also states that Congress may decide how to select an acting President if neither a President nor Vice President are chosen by inauguration day.
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The Unfortunate Court Favourites.Peir: Gaveston. The 2: Spencers. Ro: Mortimer. H: Staff D: Bucks. Card: Woolsey. Tho: L: Cromwell. R: Dever E: Essex. G: Vill: D: Bucks. E: of Strafford.
Engraving, very rare. 122 x 70mm (5 x 2¾"). Cut and laid on album scrap with ms annotations in old hand 'NB a very frugal list[...]'
A compendium of unfortunate court favourites: Piers Gaveston (c.1284-1312), Hugh Despenser (c.1286-1326) and Hugh le Despenser (1261-1326), Roger Mortimer (1287-1330), Hugh de Stafford (c.1342-1860), Cardinal Wolsey (c.1473-1530), Thomas Lord Cromwell (c.1485-1540), Robert Devereux (1565-1601), George Villiers (1592-1628), Thomas Wentworth (1593-1641).
[Ref: 29059] £130.00


A visual chronology of the events that led up to San Antonio’s definitive moment in Civil Rights history on March 16, 1960.
On February 1, 1960, African American students peacefully opposed racial segregation by sitting down and requesting service at a Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. Refused service, they kept returning, and inspired a national movement as other black students across the South followed their example.
San Antonio’s Woolworth on Alamo Plaza was one of seven local stores that desegregated their lunch counters without sit-ins on March 16, 1960. This peaceful and voluntary action made headlines at a time when other Southern cities responded to student protests with arrests and violence.
The Woolworth Building, an endangered Civil Rights landmark, is a World Monuments Fund 2020 Watch Site.


The 13th Annual History Awards
Please join us for the 13th Annual History Awards as we honor our local heroes of history and preservation. The event will be held at the Stonebrae Country Club in Hayward on Friday, April 20th at 5:30 pm.
Includes buffet dinner, sunset views of the bay, live music and silent auction. Raffle prizes, featuring a private tour and tasting at Byington Vineyard & Winery for up to 30 guests.
Tickets are $65 for members and $75 for non-members, $500 for a table of 8. For tickets or information, please contact Alison at (510) 581-0223.
All proceeds benefit the Hayward Area Historical Society.
Congratulations to the 2012 History Award recipients:
Historic Preservation Award
Randy Wittorp for restorations completed on his 1930s style home in Hayward
Historic Business Award
Historic Organization Award
Hayward Municipal Band
Educator of the Year Award
Peggy Hearne, Hayward High School
Community Service Award
Robert and Erica Campisi
John Sandoval Award
Alameda County Supervisor Nate Miley


The Korean War
It used to be the 1st battle lets now not win. At no different time considering international warfare II have superpowers met in battle.
Now Max Hastings, preeminent army historian takes us again to the bloody sour fight to revive South Korean independence after the Communist invasion of June 1950. utilizing own money owed from interviews with greater than two hundred vets—including the Chinese—Hastings follows genuine officials and infantrymen throughout the battles. He brilliantly captures the chilly conflict drawback at home—the ideas and politics of Truman, Acheson, Marshall, MacArthur, Ridgway, and Bradley—and exhibits what we should always have discovered within the conflict that used to be the prelude to Vietnam.
goals? allow us to not just ask for his perspectives at the communist challenge and his strategies as to easy methods to preserve it from wrecking our targets, yet allow us to additionally enable him use as many exiled Koreans as he can, reckoning on his discretion to not move too far.15 The essence of McCloy’s argument, which might function the justification for all that was once performed in Korea within the 3 years that undefined, was once that it used to be an idealistic myth to feel that the us may perhaps only carry the hoop, function.
Strategic bombing in Korea used to be a delicate factor. Installations in Pyongyang have been hit back via massed bomber raids in July and August, besides key mineral workings. through the tip of 1952, each priceless commercial aim within the North looked as if it would the planners in Tokyo, poring over their photograph mosaics, to were battered into break. Pyongyang and different significant towns were flattened, thousands of North Korean civilians killed. but there remained no proof of the expected cave in.
Made his selection simply because he believed phrases sufficient for any President, and that he can have retained the White apartment had he selected to struggle. This was once not going, in particular whilst it turned obvious that his Republican opponent will be America’s such a lot celebrated residing soldier, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Early in April, Eisenhower requested to be relieved of his army tasks as NATO’s first commander, due to his ‘surprising improvement as a political figure’. for many of that yr, Eisenhower.
Deep secrecy, his absence from ny hid by way of an difficult disguise plan regarding a procession of unusual viewers to his empty house, Eisenhower flew to Korea. The President-elect spent 3 days within the nation. He visited a cellular military Surgical sanatorium, and talked to wounded males. He travelled inside of earshot of artillery hearth within the ahead sector, and inspected a few troops. He handed an hour with a sour and suspicious Syngman Rhee. He spent such a lot of his time within the state with.
Command other than in identify. right here, after all, was once the basis of many delusions that have been to plague the USA military in Asia for the following new release. the assumption that American officials might, in impact, officer Asian troops to a similar impression that the British had accomplished with their Indian military for 2 hundred years continued into Indochina. Worse, there has been the thought that they can mood keep an eye on politely, by way of accompanying devices basically as ‘advisers’. Later, because the ROK military improved within the direction.


TITLE: HABS: Planning for the Future (Afternoon Session)
EVENT DATE: 2008/11/14
FORMAT: Video + Captions
RUNNING TIME: 148 minutes
TRANSCRIPT: View Transcript (link will open in a new window)
2008 marks the 75th anniversary of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), America's first federal historic preservation program. The HABS mission is to create a public archive of America's architectural heritage, consisting of measured drawings, historical reports and large-format black-and-white photographs. Speakers for the afternoon session "Planning for the Future" were Anne Weber, a senior associate with Farewell, Mills, Gatsch Architects in Princeton, N.J.; and Katherine M. Arrington, digital library specialist in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress.


I just thought I would mention this latest find will do little to help "maintain (or promote) the Jewish character" of the state of Israel. This latest find debunks Zionist propaganda that aims to point only to "jewish history"--which all totaled is not a drop in the bucket in Palestine's long history. Once again as we have seen so many times before how these finds point to the diverse history in Palestine and the fact it never was exlusivily Jewish--even when the Hebrews had their feifdoms of Israel and Judea in biblical times--there always existed a VERY diverse group of people from all walks of life, ethnicity and religion. This was true then and it's true today. This discovery and the thousands of other archaeological finds available throughout the land of Palestine--today Israel--all point to a long history of multi-culturism, pluralistism and diverse societies. Zionist brand of exclusivity goes against the history of this land. Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you. In 30 years or less from now, Jews will become the minority in this land. We should all embrace the rich history of this land, be it Christian, Jewish or Islamic. More importantly, this is 2005 A.D and these finds should make Zionists re-examine what it means to have a "Jewish" state when so little, if any, of the archaelogical finds are from "jewish" past?
- 11:46 AM
from the article: Prison dig reveals church that may be the oldest in the world


Five ancient patriarchates of the Pentarchy, headed by patriarchs as the highest-ranking bishops in the Christian Church prior to the Great Schism, were the patriarchates of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
- 1 What are the five major patriarchs of the ancient church?
- 2 Who are the patriarchs of Christianity?
- 3 What was the first schism in Christianity?
- 4 Who are the original patriarchs?
- 5 What was the major controversy among the patriarchs?
- 6 Who is the leader of Christianity today?
- 7 Was Joseph a patriarch?
- 8 Who are the 7 patriarchs?
- 9 What came first Christianity or Catholicism?
- 10 Which came first Orthodox or Catholic?
- 11 What’s the difference between the pope and the Patriarch?
- 12 Who was the first Patriarch?
What are the five major patriarchs of the ancient church?
In this model, the Christian church is governed by the heads (patriarchs) of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
Who are the patriarchs of Christianity?
The office and the ecclesiastical circumscription of a Christian patriarch is termed a patriarchate. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are referred to as the three patriarchs of the people of Israel, and the period during which they lived is termed the Patriarchal Age.
What was the first schism in Christianity?
Jul 16, 1054 CE: Great Schism. On July 16, 1054, Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius was excommunicated, starting the “Great Schism” that created the two largest denominations in Christianity—the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.
Who are the original patriarchs?
Patriarch, Latin Patriarcha, Greek Patriarchēs, title used for some Old Testament leaders ( Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons ) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees.
What was the major controversy among the patriarchs?
What was the major controversy among the patriarchs? Controversy over the growth of major ecclesiastical centres contributed to the schism between East and West. Rome maintained that only apostolic sees, those originally established by apostles, had the right to become patriarchates.
Who is the leader of Christianity today?
Christianity Today magazine is an evangelical Christian periodical founded in 1956 by Billy Graham. It is published by Christianity Today International based in Carol Stream, Illinois. The Washington Post calls Christianity Today, “evangelicalism’s flagship magazine”.
Was Joseph a patriarch?
Joseph, in the Old Testament, son of the patriarch Jacob and his wife Rachel. As Jacob’s name became synonymous with all Israel, so that of Joseph was eventually equated with all the tribes that made up the northern kingdom.
Who are the 7 patriarchs?
The lifetimes given for the patriarchs in the Masoretic Text of the Book of Genesis are: Adam 930 years, Seth 912, Enos 905, Kenan 910, Mahalalel 895, Jared 962, Enoch 365 (did not die, but was taken away by God), Methuselah 969, Lamech 777, Noah 950.
What came first Christianity or Catholicism?
By its own reading of history, Roman Catholicism originated with the very beginnings of Christianity. An essential component of the definition of any one of the other branches of Christendom, moreover, is its relation to Roman Catholicism: How did Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism come into schism?
Which came first Orthodox or Catholic?
Therefore the Catholic Church is the oldest of all. The Orthodox represents the original Christian Church because they trace their bishops back to the five early patriarchates of Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Antioch.
What’s the difference between the pope and the Patriarch?
is that patriarch is (christianity) the highest form of bishop, in the ancient world having authority over other bishops in the province but now generally as an honorary title; in roman catholicism, considered a bishop second only to the pope in rank while pope is (christianity) the bishop of rome; the head of the
Who was the first Patriarch?
Abraham was the first Hebrew patriarch and is revered in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to the Bible, he was called by God to journey to a new land, where he founded a new nation.


Very good and unique collection of war scenes from 1934 war journals produced by the famous "Istituto Luce". Restaured video and audio make this documentary a high quality collection of the dramatic events of the first great world war. It also propose the same collection, on a "CD-movie" support, not edited, in the original version with extra footage and hundreds of photos. Dramatic war scenes and of ordinary life during those difficult days, lots of unknown faces scroll in front of the viewer and leave a deep impression of the feelings of those common people, lost into the conflict's events. An educating and interesting trip through the three years of the conflict with historical and geographical references.
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Concerning the coronation of Queen Victoria...
Item # 566610
June 30, 1838
THE MORNING CHRONICLE, London, England, June 30, 1838 Page 3 has various items concerning the historic coronation of Queen Victoria, who would reign through the end of the century. Most of a column is headed: “Coronation--The Coronation Fair In Hude Park” and also: “Festivities in the Vicinity of London”, a poem titled: “The Coronation Day”and also: “Illuminations”. The balance of the issue is taken up with Parliamentary reports & other news of the day.
Complete in 4 pages, large folio size, nice condition.
Category: Pre-Civil War


She was the first black woman in North America to edit and publish a newspaper, one of the first black female lawyers in the United States and an advocate for granting women the right to vote.
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
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In 1915, this rowdy Puerto Rican activist was arrested for wearing pants in public. It wouldn't be the last time she wore pants, or got arrested.
Spy, smuggler, saboteur, partisan: this Jewish woman refused to go like a lamb to the slaughter, and fought the Nazis tooth and nail... even after the war, when she, alongside others, poisoned thousands of Nazi POWs in a revenge plot.
The three men who accepted the Nobel Prize for "the most important scientific discovery of the 20th century" neglected to mention one thing: they owed much of their success to one brash, brilliant, and overlooked female scientist.
To save an oncoming passenger train, this 15-year-old girl climbed across a collapsing bridge, with nothing but flashes of lightning to keep her from falling to her death in the flooding river below -- a river that had already killed her father.
This heroine of South America and Italy fought in numerous civil wars alongside her husband, Giuseppe Garibaldi, often while pregnant…
A phenomenally successful archaeologist who became a fashion icon for wearing men's clothing.
Fannie Lou Hamer
This uneducated, impoverished activist suffered unbelievable abuse in her journey to be able to vote -- but that did not stop her.
Mekatilili wa Menza
When colonial powers went too far, she rebelled in the most stylish way possible: dancing from town to town. It was surprisingly effective.
Recruited widows, orphans, and prostitutes into an all-woman ninja spy group, the largest in Asia at the time.
This mythical queen gave birth to the minotaur and cursed her unfaithful husband with the world's weirdest magic STD -- but was her whole story just a smear campaign?


The burgesses had shown themselves indifferent to the alleged dangers from the French; and the chief magistrate and his advisers determined not to wait for the assembling of the legislature. Under the general instructions from the king, they authorized the enlistment of two hundred men to march to the Ohio River and build two forts there before the French could descend that stream or its tributaries in the spring. Major Washington was commissioned a lieutenant-colonel, and placed in chief command of the troops to be raised; and the journal of his mission to the French commander was published to arouse the people to action. Washington made his headquarters for recruiting at Alexandria, and authorized Captain Trent to enlist men among the traders and frontier settlers.
Governor Dinwiddie now convened the legislature, and sent an appeal to the other colonies for help in the work so gallantly begun by Virginia. All hesitated excepting North Carolina, whose Assembly immediately voted men and money for the purpose. The royal governors and colonial assemblies were then wrangling fiercely about the supremacy of parliament and the rights of the Americans. The former insisted upon the exclusive right of parliament to fix quotas, direct taxation and disburse moneys through the agents of the crown in the colonies; the latter insisted upon their right to do these things themselves in their own way. Universal jealousy produced perilous procrastination. The danger was imminent. The warm spring days were approaching, when the snows and ice would disappear, and the French might be seen upon the waters of the "Beautiful River."
After much debate, the Virginia House of Burgesses, who, as Dinwiddie complained, were "in a republican way of thinking," voted men and money. They authorized the raising of a regiment of six companies, and appointed Joshua Fry, an English-born gentleman, colonel, with young Washington as his lieutenant. To stimulate enlistments, Dinwiddie was authorized to offer as a bounty two hundred thousand acres of land on the Ohio, to be divided among the soldiers who should engage in the expedition.
Alexandria was made the place of military rendezvous. On the recommendation of Washington, the Forks of the Ohio--the site of the city of Pittsburgh--was chosen the place on which to build the first fort; and Captain Trent was instructed to employ his recruits in its construction. As the spring was passing away, Washington, who was yet at Alexandria, was ordered to join Trent with the advance of the military force and assist in the speedy completion of the fort. He was instructed to "drive away, kill and destroy, or seize as prisoners all persons not the subjects of the king of Great Britain, who should attempt to take possession of the lands on the Ohio or any of its tributaries."
Early in April, Lieutenant-Colonel Washington left Alexandria with a small force, and reached Will's Creek (now Cumberland) on the 20th. On the way he was met by a swift runner sent by the friendly Half-King on the Monongahela, bearing a wampum-belt and this message from the chief: "Come to our assistance as soon as you can; come soon or we are lost, and shall never meet again. I speak it in the grief of my heart." The French had been seen embarking on the Alleghany at Venango, and news of the movement had spread alarm among the barbarians friendly to the English. After giving the heated Indian runner food and a flask of rum, Washington sent him back with a belt and the words: "Your friend and brother is coming; be strong and patient."
As he approached Will's Creek, Washington was met by another runner, who said the French were at the Forks; and the next day an ensign from Trent's company came with the startling news that the French, a thousand strong, with eighteen cannon, sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes, had come down the Alleghany, under the command of Captain Contrecoeur, and taken possession of the unfinished fort. These numbers were exaggerations, but the fact remained that the French were occupying the important position at the Forks of the Ohio. They immediately finished the fort on a stronger plan, and named it Duquesnein honor of the governor of Canada.
Colonel Fry had not yet joined the advance. The young lieutenant-colonel assumed the responsibility of pressing forward with his handful of raw recruits--not more than one hundred and fifty in number--and a few pieces of light artillery. Leaving the borders of civilization on a cool morning in April, these pioneers penetrated the wilderness in the direction of the Ohio. Without shelter from cold and rain; in scanty clothing and with a small supply of provisions, they dragged the cannon over the great wooded hills; felled trees; bridged streams; made causeways over marshes, and removed rocks, to make the march of the main army easier; and late in May they stood on the banks of the Youghiogany, within forty miles of Fort Duquesne. There Washington received a message from Half-King, saying: "Be on your guard. The French are near, and intend to strike the first English whom they shall see." On the same day this report was confirmed. Ignorant of the number of the French, Washington fell back to a fertile plain which he had crossed, called the Great Meadows, and there built a stockade and named it Fort Necessity. It was near the modern national road between Cumberland and Wheeling, in the southeastern part of Fayette county, Pennsylvania. There Mr. Gist, who had a settlement near, came to him and reported that he had discovered the tracks of the French within five miles of the Great Meadows.
At about nine o'clock in the evening of the same day, a message came from Half-King, who was about six miles distant, saying that a party of armed Frenchmen were lying in ambush not far away. Notwithstanding the night was intensely dark and the rain was falling copiously, Washington immediately set off with forty men, in single file, for the camp of the friendly Mingo Chief, with whom he made arrangements to surprise the common foe and jointly strike him. The night had been consumed in the difficult journey to the Mingo camp, and it was after sunrise when the English and Indians, each marching in parallel lines, in single file, sought the hiding-place of the foe. It was found among some rocks. Washington, who was at the head of the party and carried a musket, when he saw the Frenchmen, shouted Fire! and at the same moment discharged his own gun among them. The volleys of the assailants were returned with spirit. After a fight for about fifteen minutes, when Jumonville, the commander of the French party and ten of his men were killed, the conflict ceased. Only one Virginian was killed. Twenty-two Frenchmen were made prisoners, taken to Fort Necessity, and then sent over the mountains into Eastern Virginia. Of the fifty followers of Jumonville, only fifteen escaped.
This was the first blood shed in the French and Indian war. So was opened by young Washington, who fired the first gun, that long and bitter contest for the rights of man which, like an earthquake, shattered into fragments the institutions of feudal ages which had been transplanted in our country, and shook the foundations of society in Europe.
This skirmish, which occurred on the 28th of May, 1754, made a profound impression. It was exaggerated by French publicists and diplomats. France and England were then at peace, and were saying sweet things to each other, disguising bitterest hatred with a cloak of false professions of friendship. The attack on Jumonville was denounced as an outrage by the French. It was alleged that Jumonville was a civil messenger, bearing a peaceful despatch, and therefore Washington was a murderer. This fiction passed into French history, and has never been expunged. There is no clearer point in national annals than the fact that Jumonville was the bearer of a hostile summons, and his skulking in ambush is proof of his hostile intention. Contrecoeur had begun war by capturing the fort at the Forks; and every circumstance justified the conduct of Washington.
Two days after this event, Colonel Fry died at Will's Creek, leaving Washington in chief command. A few troops pressed forward to join him, and he was burdened at Fort Necessity with about forty families of friendly Indians, among them those of Half-King and Queen Aliquippa. With his little army swelled to about four hundred men, he moved toward Fort Duquesne, when news came that M. de Villiers, brother of Jumonville, had marched with some Frenchmen and more than a thousand Indians to avenge the death of his kinsman. Washington fell back to Fort Necessity and strengthened it. There he was attacked on the 3d of July by six hundred Frenchmen and about three hundred Indians, a reserve being concealed in the woods. After a conflict for about nine hours, De Villiers, finding his ammunition to be failing, proposed a parley. It was now twilight. Washington, whose force was much inferior, agreed to surrender the fort and troops on the condition that he and his men should retire from the stockade with the honors of war and return to the inhabited portion of the country; the Virginians agreeing to restore the prisoners taken from Jumonville's party, and not to erect any establishment west of the mountains for the space of a year.
On the morning of the 4th of July, the two commanders, seated upon a log outside of the fort, with Indian chiefs and Virginia officers looking on, signed the capitulation. Then the troops moved away, re-crossed the mountains to Will's Creek, and returned to their homes, while their commander hastened to Williamsburg to report to the governor. The conduct of Washington and his men was highly approved; and when the House of Burgesses met, the thanks of the colony were voted them "for their bravery and gallant defence of their country." So ended the first campaign of the French and Indian war.
Return to Our Country, Vol. I


This band's profile is 'invisible', meaning that it's much less prominent on the site - either because it's incomplete, or maybe doesn't entirely fit MS format.
|This Moscow rock-group was founded in November 1997. Alexei Shkapov (rhythm guitar) and Sergey Panfilov (drums) decided to make some music. They invited Dmitry Plotnikov (bass guitar and vocals) and Alexei Tsyganov (lead guitar).
The group was named as "Sangara" in January 1998. During this year (1998) they produced the first concert program and recorded demo "Dictatorship of Dream".
The first concert was played in "U-tu" club (February 1999). During 1999 they made several concerts in Moscow clubs ("Intoyo", "R-Club", "U-tu") and took part in the Beer festival.
In 2000 "Sangara" made several shows in "ART 2000" club. "Sangara" recorded the second demo "Until I Die". In June 2000 they took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets.
In September 2000 Alexei Tsyganov was killed. It was a great shock for all musicians. All next year they were under depression. They tried to find new lead guitarist but without any success.
In March 2002 Roman Feoktistov began to play as a rhythm guitarist and Alexei Shkapov as a lead. In June 2002 "Sangara" took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets the second time. Sergey Panfilov (drummer) left the group in December 2002. New drummer Anton Shaidetsky started play on the 14th of December 2002
In 2003 "Sangara" gave some shows in Moscow clubs. In June 2003 they started producing the first album "The Evil Symphony" and finished only in May 2004. All this time musicians tried to connect with several radio-stations. No reply. In June 2004 "Sangara" took part in Bike festival in Maloyaroslavets the third time. In summer they made some shows in "R-Club" and "Relax" club. "The Evil Symphony" Metalism Records published on the 12th of March 2005. Since March 2005 "Sangara" has produced new concert program. Now "Sangara" consists of Dmitry Plotnikov (bass guitar and vocals), Alexei Shkapov (lead guitar), Roman Feoktistov (rhythm guitar), Anton Shaidetsky (drums).


Spend the day exploring the vibrant streets of Jamaica’s capital city. From the time your private guide picks you up, you will have the opportunity to learn about Jamaican culture and heritage, with visits to some of the most important landmarks in the region. See colonial era sites, bustling contemporary markets, and a little bit of everything in between.
Travel in comfort on this private hotel return from Ocho Rios to Kingston
Learn about the history and heritage of Jamaica and its capital city
Stops include the Bob Marley Museum, Devon House, and Emancipation Park
Please note that entrance fees and the cost of food are at your own expense


World War One Sites - The NETWORLD Database
Narrow Gauge train station in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Part of the “Sarajevo assassination” heritage, a narrow gauge railway station constructed in 1891-92. as a part of Metković-Sarajevo narrow gauge railway line. It was the station where archduke Franz Ferdinand and countess Sophie Chotek were greeted upon their arrival on June 25th 1914, as well as where from they departed for Sarajevo prior the assassination, in the morning of June 28th 1914.
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo
Type of WWI-heritage
- Non-Military Site of World War One Relevance
cca 30 x 13 m.
State of repair/preservation
Station is in derelict state. It has been declared as a monument by state Commission for protection of cultural heritage, as well as by other agencies, but never have there been any restoration works, because it was used for housing for years.
Historical WWI Context
As a part of their route to Sarajevo, archduke Frany Ferdinand and countess Sophie Chotek arrived and were greeted at the station on June 25th 1914, and from where they also departed for Sarajevo prior the assassination, in the morning of June 28th 1914.
State of legal protection
Protected by Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments
Kind of cultural use of WWI
Part of “Sarajevo assassination” guided tour.
No information available
No information available
Information regarding cities, villages, other touristic attractions (non-WWI) nearby
Bike, Car, Taxi, Bus, Tramway, Airport
Further information sources
Kantonalni zavod za zaštitu kulturno-historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa Sarajevo: »Glavni projekat sanacije, rekonstrukcije i restauracije Stare željezničke stanice na Ilidži«, april 2002.
BOGIČEVIĆ, Vojislav, Mlada Bosna – Pisma i prilozi, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1954.
BOGIĆEVIĆ, Vojislav, Sarajevski atentat – Stenogram Glavne rasprave protiv Gavrila Principa i drugova, Izdanje Državnog arhiva BiH, Sarajevo, 1954.
DEDIJER, Vladimir, Sarajevo 1914., Prosveta, Beograd, 1966.
Ajdin Fevzija, Historija željeznica Bosne i Hercegovine, Nacionalna univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 2006.
Other heritage sites nearby
- Pašino brdo (Werk IV), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Mala kula – Grdonj, Grdonj hill, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Hotel "Bosna", part of the Spa complex in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- "Groblje Lav” military cemetery in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Fort Draguljac military fortification in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Weissbastion (Bijela tabija) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Fort Vraca in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Werk Zlatište military fortification in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Prinz Eugen Kaserne (Jajce kasarna), military quarters in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- "Filipović lager" military barracks in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Franz Joseph Kaserne in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Museums Private Collections
Narrow Gauge train station in Ilidža near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina43.83208390406744 18.304962666718325 fileadmin/res/images/layout/standar-marker.png


Descendant Register, Generation No. 1
Mary Jean Ewen
(William James Walker /Ewen/, Alexander /Ewen/, John /Ewen/) was born
and died 1914.
She was buried in Belsyde Cemetery, Fergus, Ontario.
Search for Mary Jean Ewen in Newspapers
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The creator of each GEDCOM is solely responsible for its content.


The Scottish Highlands are a place of legends. The Loch Ness monster, William Wallace, and Bonnie Prince Charlie are just a few. Add to that the tradition of storytelling and the abundance of whisky distilleries, and the myths grow more miraculous. But legends alone are an insufficient way to experience the staggering beauty of the landscapes and lochs, the craggy cliffs and snow-capped mountains that wash the hills with waterfalls. No, this is a place that must be seen, felt, and tasted to be true.
My day on the Isle of Skye was sandwiched between two others replete with Highland highlights. Traveling north from Edinburgh, the first stop on my Haggis Adventures tour was the Wallace Monument, a tall tower on a hill across a valley from Stirling Castle.
As the name implies, the monument was dedicated to William Wallace, the 13th century Scottish hero of Braveheart fame. It was also the largest monument in the world that was not dedicated to either Buddha or Jesus. Let it never be said that the Scots don’t appreciate their freedom fighters.
From the Wallace Monument, we drove north to Glencoe, the valley most recently known for its appearance in the James Bond film Skyfall. But Glencoe was famous for a long time before that, and for good reason. The smooth mountain peaks, white waterfalls, and misty aura made it one of the most beautiful places we saw on our tour of the Scottish Highlands.
Glencoe was followed by our arrival in Fort Agustus, a town on one end of the famous Loch Ness. We stayed there for two nights, using it as our Highland home base as the region unfolded before us.
One of the most memorable moments of the trip was when Chris, our driver, made us close our eyes as we rounded a bend in the road. When he let us open them again, we were met with the sight of Eilean Donan Castle, a stunning stone structure sitting stately on an island in a loch. It was breathtaking.
Another emotional experience on the tour was visiting the battlefield of Culloden, where the Scottish Highlanders made their last stand against the English army in 1746. The bleak windswept field and its memorials to the clans that lost men there was an intensely sorrowful place.
The tour hit a happier note as we drove the length of Loch Ness, skimming our eyes across the water in search of Nessie. We managed to spot a few impostors, but the real Loch Ness monster evaded us.
Passing through Inverness, a city once voted the ugliest in the United Kingdom but which now has its share of charm, we visited a Bronze Age burial ground called Clava Cairns. The stone monuments were a testament to the depth of Scotland’s history, and their unexplained layout left us with a lingering sense of mystery.
From Clava Cairns we made our way to the Tomatin whisky distillery to experience Highland single malt at the source. We took a tour, where we learned all about the production of Scotch whisky, then did a tasting in the shop. I’m no whisky expert, but it went down just fine.
On the way back to Edinburgh, we took a bit of a detour due to a road closure. It was far from inconvenient, though, as the drive took us through beautiful forests and heathered plains that glowed golden in the afternoon sun.
Farther along we passed the Carr Bridge, an old stone construction that made a perfect circle over the river below.
And there was another bridge, too. The famous Forth Bridge welcomed us back to Edinburgh, orange in the darkness of night.
It was a nice way to end my Scottish Highlands tour, not least because the next morning I would be crossing that very bridge to travel up to St Andrews…


John Enders (1897-1985) is often called “The Father of Modern Vaccines.”
Together with T. H. Weller and F. C. Robbins, Enders received the Nobel Prize in 1954 for their work on the cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses (in 1949).
He also, with Thomas Peebles, isolated the measles virus in 1954 and the mumps virus, with K Habel, in 1945.
In 1963, Enders developed the first attenuated measles vaccine, using the Edmonston strain of measles that his assistant, pediatrician Thomas Peebles had taken with a throat swab from 11-year-old David Edmonston in Boston.
Enders’ measles vaccine was replaced by another live measles vaccine which was licensed in 1968. It used the further attenuated Edmonston-Enders strain and was thought to cause fewer side effects, such as fever and rash.
John Enders appeared on the cover of Time magazine on November 17, 1961.


|Season (2 June 2020 - 31 Aug 2020)|
|Monday - Saturday||11:00||- 16:00|
|Season (1 Sept 2020 - 31 Oct 2020)|
* Otherwise by appointment.
Meeting and seminar rooms available throughout the year.
Closed 17 May and 23 December to 2 January
On 30 April 1942, the community of Telavåg was deleted from the map when the Germans discovered the village was trafficking men across the North Sea.
Up until 1942 Telavåg was a tiny and little known fishing community furthest out on the coast. The brave and resilient people and seafarers who lived here were used the sea. This made it the perfect place for the North Sea Traffic, the illegal boat traffic between Norway and Britain during World War II. But it was also to prove fateful for Telavåg. One April day in 1942 two agents came over from Britain, and were kept in hiding in Telavåg. An informer got wind of this and warned the Gestapo. When they came to Telavåg there was a gun-fight. One of the agents and two Gestapo officers were killed. A few days later the German occupation forces exacted a gruesome revenge. Every single house, outhouse and jetty was blown up. Women, children and the elderly were initially interned at Storetveit in Bergen, then later at Framnes in Hardanger, All the men between 16 and 60 were sent to German concentration camps. Almost half of them never came back.
The museum has a permanent exhibition of the Telavåg tragedy and the North Sea Traffic during World War II, along with temporary exhibitions focussing on issues of war and peace. In addition you can see a film about the tragic events of 1942 and take a closer look into things in a digital library. The museum is also a memorial for the all the men who died. With the aid of the mobile application “The Telavåg tragedy, a virtual tour” you can be guided around the historic spots in Telavåg.
The museum has an auditorium, meeting room, café and shop. It is thus eminently suited for conferences, seminars, meetings, concerts and so on.
|Ticket Type||Ticket Tariff|
|Children (0-16 years)||Free|
|Groups min. 20 pers.||NOK80.00 admission|
|Student||NOK80.00 free entrance|
Prices may be subject to change.
By car: Follow highway 555 from Bergen and turn left at the roundabout after Kolltveit tunnel. Continue past Fjell, Tellnes, Skogsvågskiftet and Hammarland. Take a right just after Kørelen, a large lake on the right, and follow signs to Telavåg. The North Sea Traffic Museum is located on the left before Telavåg. Driving time from Bergen is about 40 mins.
By bus: Route 458/459 from the Bus station or Olav Kyrresgt. to Telavåg. All buses returning from Telavåg go via Glesvær and you can combine the museum visit with a visit to Glesvær before returning to the city with a later bus.
Fjell Fortress just outside Bergen was the biggest German fortress in Norway during the Second World War.
New and modern go-kart center for visitors of all ages. Bergen Gokart is all electric and offers a technical tracks on two floors.
This mansion is the main building of the owners of the paper factory of Alvøen, dating from 1797. Large collection of furniture, silver and porcelain.
The composer Harald Sæverud’s (1897-1992) home Siljustøl is one of the most unique private homes in Norway and played an important role in his…
Here the whole family can enjoy the inside as well as the outside pools. 8 pools, waterslides, Jacuzzis, good food and drinks and relaxation area.
Folk museum focusing on the traditional industries like agriculture, fishing, arts and crafts. Permanent and changing exhibitions.
Edvard Grieg Museum Troldhaugen was the home of composer Edvard Grieg for 22 years. He composed many of his best-known works in the little garden hut.
The beautiful villa on Lysøen was built as a summer residence for the Norwegian violin virtuoso Ole Bull in 1873. Open to the public in the summer.
King Harald's official residence in Bergen. Built at the turn of the century, this impressive house was the home of Prime Minister Christian…
The old stave church at Fantoft, originally built in Fortun in Sogn in 1150 and moved to Fantoft in 1883, burnt down on 6 June 1992. Fantoft Stave…
Damsgård Country Mansion was erected in the 18th C. It is perhaps Europe’s best preserved wooden Rococco building with the original interior.
Bergen Maritime Museum presents Norwegian seafaring through the ages - ship models of utmost quality, paintings and marine-archaeological findings.
Collections ranging form the Age of antiquity and the Middle Ages right up to the present day. West Norway is particularly well represented.…
Welcome to a science centre where the whole family can discover more than 100 different exhibits.
Meet the sea lions, the creepy - but great crocodiles, fish and the fascinating snakes at Bergen Aquarium. Film screening and feeding daily. Book…
Extensive collection of art and design. Masterpieces by Edvard Munch, Nikolai Astrup, Pablo Picasso, Paul Klee, J. C. Dahl and “the Silver Treasure”.


It’s just been brought to my attention that the BFI has finally made their footage of Stonehenge from 1900 publicly available online (until now you needed to visit their mediatheque in person or log in via an institution to see it). I’ve been trying to chase details on the background and life of this footage for a while now, so I’m glad it’s now officially in the public domain so I can share the love.
My question is: could this be the oldest surviving footage of an archaeological site on film?
The cool thing about such material is it raises interesting possibilities about using old footage as an alternative form of evidence for interpreting archaeological sites – and if you’re interested in that then you might be interested in Amara Thornton’s research and UCL’s Filming Antiquity project. There is so material much on shelves, in private homes and in public institutions, trapped on celluloid and slowly rotting away, so it’s great to see action being taken in this field. Very cool stuff.
Check it out and let us know what you think! Happy Monday!


Secrets of the Dead Season 21
Secrets of the Dead Season 20
Uncover the sunken remains of a 4th-century basilica in Turkey. Submerged beneath the waters of Lake Iznik for hundreds of years, the church could reveal crucial insights into the early days of Christianity. Join a team of international researchers as they travel back through time—and grapple with Turkey’s many earthquakes, which could sink the structure deeper at any moment.


GAY SETS OUT HIS STOCK EXCHANGE AIMS; The New President Says That the Great Task Is to Instil Faith in the Integrity of the Securities Market
By S.J. WOOLF ();
June 16, 1935,
, Section magazine, Page SM6, Column , words
" I THINK that the most important part of my job is to represent properly the Stock Exchange to the public." Charles R. Gay, the newly elected president of the world's principal security market, was speaking in his office -- a Colonial room with paintings of Washington, Jefferson and Hamilton, engravings of Lafayette and Franklin and a ticker to bring news of the present into an atmosphere of the past.


Thomas Ebrill (also spelt Abrill) was a British merchant, who from 1826 to 1842 worked with the ships the Minerva, Star and Amphitrite in the Pacific and is known for his discovery of the Acteon group.
Ebrill's early life is unknown. He lived in Tahiti in 1820 along with his brother-in-law Samuel Pinder Henry with whom he had a sugar cane plantation. His numerous trade and transport trips had taken him throughout Polynesia but also to Sydney in Australia and Valparaíso in Chile. From 1832 to 1839 he ran a pearl farm on the Gambier Islands but in 1833, he discovered the Acteon group whilst captain of the Amphitrite. In 1839 he came to the aid of the French captain Cyrille Pierre Théodore Laplace who was stranded on the reef of Tahiti. On 1 November 1842 at the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, Ebrill and his crew fell victim of an attack by the Melanesians where his ship was looted and burned.
- Max Quanchi & John Robson (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands. Toronto-Oxford: Lanham. p. 39.
- O'Reilly, Patrick: Tahitiens: répertoire bio-bibliographique de la French Polynesia; supplément, Paris: Musée de l'Homme, 1966 (Publications de la Société des Océanistes; 17)
- Dunmore, John: Who's who in Pacific navigation, Carlton, Vic. Melbourne Univ. Press, 1992, pp. 95


Central Front. Known to the German side as the Donets Campaignand in Kharkov Kristianstad dating Soviet Union as the Donbas and Kharkov operationsthe German counterstrike led to the Khagkov Kharkov Kristianstad dating the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod. The Soviet victories caused participating Soviet units to over-extend themselves, though this was largely due to Manstein's strategy of controlled retreat towards the Dneiper.
Months of continuous operations had taken a heavy toll on the Soviet forces and some divisions were reduced to 1,—2, combat effective soldiers. Manstein benefited greatly from the massive air support of Field Kharkov Kristianstad dating Wolfram von Richthofen 's Luftflotte 4whose 1, aircraft flew over 1, sorties per day from 20 February to 15 March to support the German Army, a level of Kharkov Kristianstad dating Windy city massage Huskvarna Sweeden to that during the Case Blue strategic offensive a year earlier.
The Wehrmacht flanked, encircled, and defeated the Red Army's armored spearheads south of Kharkov. This enabled Manstein to renew his offensive against the city of Kharkov proper on 7 March.
This led to four days of house-to-house fighting before Kharkov was recaptured by the Kharkov Kristianstad dating SS Panzer Chinese prostitute Karlskoga on 15 March. The German forces recaptured Belgorod two days later, creating the salient which in July would lead to the Battle of Kursk.
The Kristianstzd offensive cost the Red Army an estimated 90, casualties. The house-to-house fighting in Kharkov was also particularly bloody for Kharkov Kristianstad dating German SS Panzer Corps, which had suffered approximately 4, men killed and wounded by the time Kharkkv Kharkov Kristianstad dating in mid-March. Manstein informed him that an immediate counterattack on Kharkov would be fruitless, but that he could successfully attack the overextended Soviet flank with his five Panzer Corps, and recapture the city Kristixnstad.
In view of the worsening situation, Hitler gave Manstein operational freedom.
Kharkov Kristianstad dating surrender Kharkov Kristianstad dating the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad freed six Soviet armies, under the command of Konstantin Rokossovskywhich were Kharkov Kristianstad dating and reinforced by the 2nd Tank Army and the 70th Army. While the Soviet offensive continued, Field Marshal von Manstein Kristiansfad able to put the SS Panzer Corps—now reinforced by the 3rd SS Panzer Division —under the command of the Fourth Panzer Army, while Hitler agreed to release seven understrength panzer and motorized divisions for the impending counteroffensive.
The Fourth Air Fleet, under the command of Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofenwas able to regroup and increase the number of daily sorties from an average of in January to 1, in February, providing German forces strategic air superiority.
Between 13 Street prostitution Sweeden and 3 Aprilan estimatedRed Army soldiers took part in what was known as the Voronezh—Kharkov Offensive. In comparison, the Germans could account Motel escort 2, personnel on the Eastern Front.
As a result, the Red Army deployed around twice as many personnel as Khsrkov Wehrmacht in early February. The Germans were able to amass around 70, men against theRed Army soldiers.
Kharkov Kristianstad dating
Second Battle of Kharkov - Wikipedia
By the start of Germany's armored forces had sustained heavy casualties. Despite his efforts, a German panzer datinng could only count on an estimated 10,—11, personnel, Dating haitian women of an authorized strength of 13,—17, Reiter Filipp Golikov  and Nikolai VatutinKharkov Kristianstad dating respectively.
Kharkov Kristianstad dating their German counterparts, Soviet Kristiajstad were also seriously understrength. For example, divisions in the 40th Army averaged 3,—4, men each, while the 69th Kharlov fielded some divisions which could Kharkov Kristianstad dating count on 1,—1, soldiers. Some divisions had as little as 20—50 mortars to provide fire support.
This shortage in manpower and equipment led Vatutin's Southwestern Front to request over 19, soldiers and tanks, while it was noted Sex while pms the Voronezh Front had only received 1, replacements since the beginning of operations in What was known to Kharkov Kristianstad dating Germans as the Donets Campaign took place between 19 February  and 15 March The first stage encompassed the destruction of the Soviet spearheads, which had over-extended themselves through their offensive.
First Battle of Kharkov - Wikipedia
Kharkov Kristianstad dating second stage Sweeden hot escorts the recapture of Kharkov, while the third stage Kharkov Kristianstad dating designed to attack the Soviet forces at Kursk, in conjunction with Kharkog Group Center—this final stage was ultimately called off due to the advent of the Soviet spring thaw Rasputitsa and Army Group Center's reluctance Kharkov Kristianstad dating participate.
Simultaneously, Army Detachment Hollidt was ordered to contain the continuing Soviet efforts to break through German lines. These two divisions successfully cut the supply lines to the Soviet spearheads. The Red Army's 3rd Tank Army began to engage German units south of Kharkov, performing a holding action while Manstein's offensive continued. With supporting Soviet units stretched thin, the attack began to falter.
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As the offensive progressed, the attack on the German right flank also began to stagnate in the face of increased resistance, while the attack on the left began to over-extend.
Kharkov Kristianstad dating the face of German success against the Southwestern Front, including attempts by the Soviet 6th Army breaking out of the encirclement, Stavka ordered the Voronezh Front to relinquish control of the 3rd Tank Army to the Southwestern Front. To ease the transition, Kharkov Kristianstad dating 3rd Tank Army gave two rifle divisions to the 69th Army, and attacked south in a bid to destroy the Datinf Panzer Corps.
Low on fuel and ammunition after the march south, the 3rd Odyssey massage Karlstad Army's offensive was postponed until 3 March.
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Ultimately, White pages islamorada Halmstad 3rd SS was able to pierce the 15th Tank Corps' lines and link up with other units of the same division advancing north, Kharkov Kristianstad dating encircling the Soviet tank corps. The destruction of Popov's Mobile Group and the 6th Army during the early stages of the German counterattack created a large gap between Soviet lines. Kharkov Kristianstad dating advantage of uncoordinated and piecemeal Soviet attempts to plug this gap, Manstein ordered a continuation of the offensive towards Kharkov.Lovers Massage Sundsvall
Richthofen's Luftflotte 4 played a decisive role in the success of the German counteroffensive. While simultaneously carrying out airlift operations in the Kuban bridgeheadit increased its daily Nacka muscle escort average from in January to 1, in February, providing the army with excellent close air support and air interdiction.
It relentlessly Ddr line Sweeden shepherd Soviet troop columns, tanks, fortified positions, as well as supply depots and columns. On 22 February, Richthofen noted with satisfaction that the number of sorties flown Kharkov Kristianstad dating day was 1, On 23 February the number was 1, Richthofen personally directed the major air attacks in consultation with the army generals and his subordinate air corps commanders.
In order Kristianztad avoid dissipating his strength, he concentrated all available forces in a single Schwerpunktincluding Kharkov Kristianstad dating concentration of multiple air commands on the same target at datinf same time.
A British government analysis Massage sports arena Kinna praised Richthofen's skill during the Third Battle of Kharkov, Kharkov Kristianstad dating out his constant use of the principles of "extreme flexibility, coordination and concentration".
While Rokossovsky's Central Front continued its offensive against the German Second Army, which had by now been substantially reinforced with fresh divisions, the renewed German offensive towards Kharkov took it by surprise. Instead of attacking east Keistianstad Kharkov, Manstein decided to orient the attack towards the west of Kharkov Kharkov Kristianstad dating then encircle it from the north.
Despite attempts by the Stavka to curtail the German advance by throwing in the freshly released 19th Rifle Division and th Tank Brigade, the German drive continued.
This counterattack was caught by the expansion Kharkov Kristianstad dating the German offensive towards Kharkov on 10 March. Datng Kharkov Kristianstad dating by General Hoth to order Hausser to stick to the original plan, the SS Panzer Corps' commander decided to continue with his own plan of attack on the city, although Soviet defenses forced him to postpone the attack until the next day.
Manstein issued Submission wrestling Tranas order to continue outflanking the city, although leaving room for a potential attack on Kharkov if there was little Soviet resistance, but Hausser decided to disregard the order and continue with his own assault. The 2nd Panzergrenadier Regiment, advancing from the Northwest, split up into two columns advancing towards northern Kharkov on either side of the Belgorod-Kharkov railroad.
Kharkov Kristianstad dating
The Chinese dating new Visby Battalion, on the right side of the railroad, attacked the city's Severnyi Post district, meeting Kharkov Kristianstad dating resistance and advancing only to the Severenyi railway yard by the end of the day. On the opposite side of the railroad, the 1st Battalion struck at the district of Alexeyevka, meeting a T -led Datign counterattack Kharkov Kristianstad dating drove part of the 1st Battalion back out of the Kristiantsad.
Only with aerial and artillery support, coming from Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers and StuG assault guns, were the German infantry able to battle Kristuanstad way into the city. A flanking attack from the rear finally allowed the German forces to achieve a foothold in that area of the city. Fighting their way past Soviet Ts, this German contingent was able to lodge itself into Kharkov's northern suburbs. From the northeast, another contingent of German infantry, armor How to help a man with commitment issues self-propelled guns attempted to take control Kharkov Kristianstad dating the road exits to the cities of Rogan and Chuhuiv.
This attack penetrated deeper into Kharkov, but low on Kharkov Kristianstad dating the armor was forced to entrench itself and turn to the defensive. The Das Reich division attacked on the same day, along the west side of Kharkov.
After penetrating into the city's Zalyutino district, the advance was stopped by a deep anti-tank ditchlined with Soviet defenders, including anti-tank guns. A Soviet counterattack was repulsed after Kharkov Kristianstad dating bloody firefight.
A detachment of the division fought its Kharkov Kristianstad dating to the southern approaches of the city, cutting off the road to Merefa. At around Instead, Hausser sent a detachment from the Totenkopf division for this task and informed Hoth that the risk of disengaging with the Das Reich was far too great.
On the night of 11—12 March, a breakthrough element crossed the anti-tank ditch, taking the Soviet defenders by surprise, Massage parlours near Tullinge airport opening a path for tanks to cross. This allowed the Das Reich to advance to the city's main railway station, Kharkov Kristianstad dating would be the farthest this division would advance into the city.
Hoth repeated his order at On 12 March, the LSSAH made progress into the city's center, breaking through the staunch Soviet defenses in the northern suburbs and began a house to house fight towards the center.
By the end of the day, the division had reached a position just two blocks north of Dzerzhinsky Square. When taken, the square was renamed " Platz der Leibstandarte ". Meanwhile, the division's left wing reached the junction of the Volchansk and Chuhuiv Kharkov Kristianstad dating roads and went on the defensive, fighting off a number of Soviet counterattacks. In a bid to Kharkov Kristianstad dating the city's defenders in the center, the 1st Battalion of the 1st SS Panzergrenadier Regiment re-entered the city using the Volchansk exit road.
At the same time, Peiper's forces were able to breakout south, suffering from bitter fighting against a tenacious Soviet defense, and link up with the division's left wing at the Volchansk and Chuhuiv road junction. Although the majority of Das Reich had, by now, disengaged from the city, Kharkov Kristianstad dating single Panzergrenadier Regiment remained to clear Massage alamosa Huskvarna southwestern corner of the city, eliminating resistance by the end of the day.
This effectively put two-thirds of the city under German Sexy Sweeden nude. Fighting in the city began to wind down on 14 March.
By the end of the day, the Kristiasntad city was declared to be back in German hands. Of these troops lost, an estimated 45, were killed or went missing, while another 41, were wounded.
Attempts by the Red Army to re-establish communication with the remnants of the Kharkov Kristianstad dating Tank Army continued, Chatting sites Sweeden online in vain. On 14—15 Kharkov Kristianstad dating, these forces were given permission to withdraw to the northern Donets River.
The military historian Bevin Alexander wrote that the Third Battle of Kharkov was "the last great victory of German arms in the eastern front",  while the military historian Robert Citino referred to the operation as "not a victory at all".
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Borrowing from a chapter title of the book Manstein by Mungo MelvinCitino Kharkov Kristianstad dating the battle as a "brief glimpse Kharkov Kristianstad dating victory". According to Citino, the Donets Campaign was a successful counteroffensive against an overextended and overconfident enemy and Kharkov Kristianstad dating not amount to a strategic victory.
Kharkof the German success at Kharkov, Hitler was presented with two options. The first, known as the "backhand method" was datijg wait for the inevitable renewal of the Soviet Siberian husky breeders Sweeden and conduct another operation similar to that of Kharkov—allowing the Red Army to take ground, extend itself and then counterattack and surround it.
The second, or the "forehand method", encompassed a major German offensive by Army Groups South and Center  against the protruding Kursk salient. Because of Hitler's obsession with preserving the front, he chose the "forehand method", which led to the Battle of Kursk.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Eastern Front. Case Blue to 3rd Kharkov. From the Don to the Dnepr: Soviet Offensive Operations, December - August Language Policy in the Soviet Union by L. Citino, Robert M.


Treaty No. 2 landmark tracked down by BU researcher Tom Mitchell
Despite being mostly forgotten, a local landmark continues to play an important role in defining treaty relationships in Canada, says a Brandon University researcher who is working on a documentary about the Grand Rapids of the Assiniboine River.
BU Archivist Emeritus Tom Mitchell says that the Rapids, including the Landing downstream of them and the Crossing upstream, were natural landmarks in an era before railroads and then highways spread across the Prairies.
The Crossing was key marker in delineating the borders of Treaty No. 1 and Treaty No. 2, which includes the city of Brandon.
Now, with August 21 being the 145th anniversary of the signing of Treaty 2, Mitchell hopes that resurfacing the memory of this once-essential prairie waypoint can help modern understanding of the political and geographic realities of the time.
“History can add perspective, texture, and colour to our present,” he says.
“It’s valuable for us to revisit the past, and anniversaries in particular are an opportune time to do that.”
Chris Lagimodiere, Director of the Indigenous Peoples’ Centre at Brandon University, says that the importance of the treaties continues to reverberate today.
“Recognizing this date in history is a great opportunity for Canadians to reflect on the relationships of Indigenous peoples and the Canadian Government,” Lagimordiere says.
“It is important to understand the historical and current significance of treaties and what they mean to all Canadians.
Reflecting on the signing of Treaty No. 2 reminds us all of the harms and mistakes of the past and allows our country to move toward reconciliation.”
On maps from the 1800s, pre-dating the founding of the city of Brandon, Mitchell says that the Rapids are marked clearly, one of the most obvious features in the region, a natural crossing point on the Assiniboine River about midway between where it is joined by the Little Saskatchewan and the Souris.
As fur traders and European explorers followed the traditional Aboriginal and later Métis trails across the Prairies, they also adopted many of the same landmarks, including the Grand Rapids.
“With low banks, a gentle gravelly incline from prairie to river, and generally shallow water, the stretch of land immediately above the Rapids was a natural crossing site,” Mitchell says.
“For a long time, and for a lot of people, the Crossing marked a gateway to the southern prairies.
That’s why it was selected for the treaties, because it would have been well-known to everybody involved.
And that’s why it’s so astonishing that nobody has any historical recollection of the Crossing now.”
But while the Grand Rapids were prominently marked on maps for decades, when it came time to film his forthcoming documentary, Mitchell had to do some sleuthing to track down the actual location of the Crossing.
Luckily, members of the Canadian Geological Survey and Hudson’s Bay man, John Rae, recorded precise details of their journeys through the area.
Details included directions and distances to and from other landmarks (such as Portage la Prairie) and coordinates of latitude and longitude.
These furnished data to fix the location of the Crossing.
No bison or cart trail leads to the Crossing these days, but there is still the gentle slope and shallow water that makes for a natural crossing above the Rapids.
Although Mitchell notes that much of the landscape has changed – including portions of the river–there’s much that is still very much the same as it was for generations.
And, the Crossing above the Grand Rapids retains its importance as a border marker for Treaty 1 and Treaty 2, which were signed 145 years ago this month.
Treaty 1, Mitchell explains, includes a boundary from a point on the west shore of Lake Manitoba that is defined as “thence in a straight line to the crossing of the rapids on the Assiniboine; thence due south to the international boundary line.
Treaty 2 includes the same border but encompassing lands on the western side, including the current city of Brandon, and stretching to Moose Mountain in southeastern Saskatchewan.
That makes the precise location of the “Crossing of the Rapids” on the Assiniboine River of more than historic and academic concern, he points out.
“The numbered treaties, which transformed property relations in Canada, continue to govern the relationship between the Crown and Indigenous people,” Mitchell says.
“Perhaps the Rapids Crossing deserves to be a site of remembrance to commemorate the significance of the site in prairie history.”
He says even a simple cairn, with information and a map that he would be happy to provide, could bring attention to the significance of the site, and could provide valuable perspective to visitors while also hopefully piquing their curiosity to learn more.
About Treaty No. 1 and Treaty No. 2
Treaty No. 1 was signed on Aug. 3, 1871, at Lower Fort Garry, and is sometimes known as the Stone Fort Treaty.
A few of the Canadian communities that share in obligations and benefits of Treaty No. 1 include:
Winnipeg, Portage La Prairie, Killarney, Selkirk, Steinbach, Emerson and Winkler and many more.
The First Nation communities that entered into Treaty No. 1 are:
Brokenhead, Long Plain, Peguis, Roseau River, Sagkeeng, Sandy Bay and Swan Lake.
Treaty No. 2 was signed on Aug. 21, 1871, at Manitoba House, and is sometimes known as the Manitoba Post Treaty.
A few of the Canadian communities that share in obligations and benefits of Treaty No. 2 include:
Brandon, Dauphin, Melita, Minnedosa, Roblin, Virden and many more.
The First Nation communities that entered into Treaty No. 2 are:
Dauphin River, Ebb & Flow, Keeseekoowenin, Lake St. Martin, Lake Manitoba, Little Saskatchewan, O-Chi-Chak-Ko-Sipi, Pinaymootang, and Skownan.
Riding Mountain National Park and Duck Mountain Provincial Park are within the Treaty No. 2 area.
Brandon University sits on Treaty No. 2 land and in 2008 signed a Memorandum of Understanding to become a formal partner with the Treaty Relations Commission of Manitoba in promoting awareness and understanding of treaty-related issues.
Stretch-Guard panels made of exclusive stretch knit fabric are sewn into the lining of the garment to provide extraordinary comfort
photograph by Graham Street
(Lily is the pet pal of Marsha and Graham Street)
Treat yourself to a new outfit on your birthday!
One size lift chair does not fit all!
Lift Chair recliners add freedom and comfort to anyone who has trouble getting up and getting comfortable in regular furniture.
But, it is very important that the lift chair fits the individual.
If the lift chair is too large, then a shorter person’s feet will not be on the floor when the chair is in the full lift position.
This makes it difficult for the person to get out of the chair.
It is important that seat height from the floor, the seat depth, and the seat width be matched to the person using the chair.
Lift chairs generally come in three different types of recline positions:
2-Position: Two major positions, straight and a slight recline of approximately 45 degrees.
3-Position: One step further than the 2-position lift chair in that it can almost reach a full recline.
Infinite Position (Sleeper): These infinite position lift chairs have dual motors, one for the back and one for the legs.
This allows for an ‘infinite’ number of positions.
Wall-A-Way: Unlike most lift chairs that need to be approx 16″ from the wall, the Wall-a-way only needs to be 3″ from the wall.
A great type of chair for confined spaces.


Bull37 Brackley Road
ku.oc.retsecwottallubeht@ofni (01327) 353223
Opening times: 3-10 Mon; 12-10 Tue-Sat; 12-8 Sun
Regular beers: Courage Best Bitter, Timothy Taylor Landlord
White-washed 19th century pub, formally a beerhouse and blacksmiths shop, which once belonged to Hopcroft and Norris, the Brackley Brewers. Now a food-based pub near Sponne School. Occasionally stocks a Towcester Mill beer.


Here we are
Miseno pizza, Family - owned and operated pizzeria - Italian restaurant
Miseno pizza is a typical pizzeria and Italian restaurant. Located on Deer Park Ave, just between Deer Park and Dix Hills. Our pizzeria is owned and managed by the family. As soon you walk into our place, or just placing an order over the phone, you’re spending time with our family!
So let's start from the name.
Miseno is a small promontory, included in the Phlegraean fields, watched by an iconic lighthouse. Is characterized by high tuff stone cliffs overlooking the sea, and represents the northern point of the Gulf of Naples.
It was one of the first landing points of Magna Graecia. Later on for the Romans it became one of the most important ports of the Tyrrhenian Sea and a renowned spa town. Linked to the myths of Aeneas, Daedalus and the Cumaean Sibyl.
Today, Miseno together with all the Phlegraean fields, it is a place of leisure and vacation for thousands of tourists.
Ports, excellent cuisine, beaches, history, myths, and why not dance clubs.
Let's say that for us Cape Miseno represents: childhood, leisure, and summer, but also our history and our heritage.


Italian Re.2001 fighters of 2° Gruppo, Regia Aeronautica engage Spitfire Mk Vs of 249 Sqn over the Grand Harbour on the island of Malta, Spring 1942. Desperately needed by the Axis Forces and defended by the RAF, this strategically important island in the Mediterranean became the target of some of the heaviest bombing and most intense fighting of WWII.
Following the Italian Declaration of War against Britain in the summer of 1940, it became clear to the German High Command that taking control of the island of Malta would be crucial if the German and Italian forces were to succeed in North Africa. This tiny British colony in the Mediterranean sat in the middle of Axis supply lines and allowed the Royal Navy and RAF to launch submarines and torpedo carrying aircraft to wreak havoc on Axis shipping, severely impacting Rommel’s desert forces
From June 1940 to November 1942 Malta became one of the most intensely contested and heavily bombed areas in the world. The Axis resolved to obliterate the island or starve its people into submission, and Malta came under continual day and night bombardment from the combined strengths of the Luftwaffe and Italian Regia Aeronautica. But the Axis forces were not prepared for the sheer determination and resolve of Malta’s defenders and its people.
Desperately keeping their worn-out Hurricanes flying, the RAF pilots continued their fight against Axis air and naval forces, despite German and Italian air superiority. Severe rationing hit morale, but the island held on.
Finally in March 1942 Churchill ordered the latest Spitfires to Malta. Supported by the US Navy and American Merchant ships, the island was supplied with Spitfires from HMS Eagle and then USS Wasp in April during Operation Calendar and, while many of these fighters were soon destroyed, more were supplied in May and June. Although still heavily outnumbered, the men of the RAF were gaining air superiority – the tide was beginning to turn.
When the Battle for Malta effectively ended in November 1942, it was a significant victory for the RAF against truly overwhelming odds, just as the Battle of Britain had been two years earlier. The RAF’s desperate fight to retain control of this tiny Mediterranean island, and the defiant courage of the people of Malta, is one of the epic stories of WWII.
This powerful piece by John Shaw, one of the world’s foremost Aviation and Military Artists, is reproduced from his original work in graphite, capturing the ferocity of the air war over Malta when the Axis air forces were at their maximum strength.
With editions including the original autographs of Pilots who flew with the RAF, Italy and Luftwaffe over Malta and the Mediterranean, this stunning edition represents a historical account of this crucial and decisive period.
John’s exquisite pencil work is seldom available as a print edition, making this a rare collector’s opportunity.
FRAMED COLLECTOR’S PIECE
This powerful print is conservation matted and framed to include reproduction RAF and Italian Regia Aeronautica Pilot’s Wings, along with the original autographs of Eight fighter pilots who flew over Malta and the Mediterranean. Included are Aces from the Italian Air Force, the RAF and the Luftwaffe:
Lieutenant Colonel COSTANTINO PETROSELLINI – 8th Gruppo, 92 Sqn / 5 victories
Group Captain BILLY DRAKE DSO DFC* – Krendi Spitfire Wing Leader / 24 ½ victories
General JOHANNES “MACKY” STEINHOFF Knights Cross with Oak Leaves & Swords – JG77 / 176 victories
Squadron Leader HARRY MOON – 249 Sqn
Wing Commander TOM NEIL DFC* AFC – 249 Sqn / 14 victories
Flight Lieutenant KEITH LAWRENCE DFC – 185 Sqn / 5 victories
Squadron Leader CYRIL “BAM” BAMBERGER DFC – 261 Sqn, 185 Squadron / 6 victories
Group Captain ANTHONY R.F. “TOMMY” THOMPSON DFC – 249 Sqn / 1 ½ victories


British National Anthem
The British National Anthem in its present form dates back to the eighteenth century. The words and tune are anonymous, and may date back to the seventeenth century.
‘God Save The King’ was a patriotic song first publicly performed in London in 1745, which came to be known as the National Anthem at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
In September 1745 the ‘Young Pretender’ to the British Throne, Prince Charles Edward Stuart, defeated the army of King George II at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh.
In a fit of patriotic fervour after news of Prestonpans had reached London, the leader of the band at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, arranged ‘God Save The King’ for performance after a play. It was a tremendous success and was repeated nightly.
The words used today are those sung in 1745, substituting ‘Queen’ for ‘King’ where appropriate. On official occasions, only the first verse is usually sung.
The words of the National Anthem are as follows:
God save our gracious Queen!
Long live our noble Queen!
God save the Queen!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us,
God save the Queen.