Dead people generally keep pretty quiet. But in his latest book, local historian Kenneth Milano tells tales of long-gone fishermen, shipbuilders, soldiers, ancestors of a great baseball family, community leaders and others buried in historic cemeteries in Kensington and Fishtown.
In Palmer Cemetery and the Historic Burial Grounds of Kensington & Fishtown, Milano details the role Kensington founder Anthony Palmer and his heirs played in creating Palmer Cemetery in the mid-1700s and of an early 1800s battle where another to-be community institution, First Presbyterian Church of Kensington, tried to wrest control of the burial ground from its trustees.
In a battle of printed pamphlets, church leaders said the trustees were negligent in their duties while the trustees said what the church, which was running low on construction funds, really wanted was the cemetery’s money. The state legislature ruled in favor of the trustees.
Milano tells the sad story of a busy time for those in the burial business, the 1793 Yellow Fever outbreak. Between August and November, he writes, an average of 42 people were buried each month – compared to the usual 4 per month. The illness is believed to have been brought to the area by Elizabeth Hill, wife of one of the community’s original fisherman, Jacob Hill Jr. Reports say she was sailing near the “infected wharves” in Philadelphia, but Milano says, “In all likelihood, she was probably transporting fish to sell at the fish market at Front and Market streets.”
Milano also writes about cemeteries that used to be in the community, but were closed, and the remains they contained moved elsewhere. The historian’s research make it clear that many bodies were likely left behind.
In a section of the book that should not be read with breakfast, he details the demise and removal of a cemetery that operated from about 1831 to 1892 on the south side of Vienna (now Berks) Street between West (now Belgrade) and Gaul streets. The cemetery had many names, including the Union Burial Ground of the Northern Liberties and Kensington and West Street Burial Ground, Milano states. Whatever people called it, it was a source of trouble for neighbors by 1876, when the city declared it a nuisance.
Cosmetic fixes were made, but in summer 1878, neighbors along Vienna (Berks) Street complained to the city that “foul oozings from the ground pour out upon the pavement.”
According to an Aug. 15, 1890 Evening Herald article Milano reprints in his book, residents of Allegheny Avenue, near the Aramingo Canal, reported to police that Highway Bureau workers were moving soil from the cemetery to the marshy areas along the canal bank, and “that among the dirt had been found human skulls, ribs, arm and leg bones.”
Milano reports that in 1892, the cemetery land was sold and remains were moved to a mass burial plot at Northwood Cemetery, 15th and Haines streets.
The book contains many old maps and photographs, as well as more current photographs showing the modern looks of blocks where cemeteries used to be.
The book is available through the publisher’s website at www.historypress.net. Search for Milano. It can also be purchased at book store chain’s local locations and at Laurel Hill Cemetery Gift Shop and other local stores.


grow year by year. Was not Holland the first country to create a system enabling banks to serve both trade and industry, with the establishment in Amsterdam in 1824 of the famous Société de la Maatshappij* with capital of 80 million, of which 10 million francs was personally subscribed by a king of the Netherlands?
Lastly, is not the Amsterdam market the only place in the world (even taking London into account) where all European and foreign State funds are officially listed on the Stock Exchange?
Not long afterwards, another chronicler warmly expressed the interest aroused by the founding of the Nederlandsche Credit- en Deposito Bank:
The country par excellence for accumulating capital and the traditional home of good finance, Holland has just joined the trend towards modern banking by setting up a financial institution which is surely destined to take a leading position among similar institutions in Europe.
*It was actually the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM)
the placing of foreign debt was carried out by administrative offices which issued bearer- certificates, of which the underlying instrument was foreign debt. These certificates were in fact registered in the country of the debt issuer. It should be noted that this activity, which was the first kind of investment fund in the world, had already been in existence since the 1770s.
The renaissance of capital markets and the establishment of new banks, 1860-1914
The period 1860 to 1914, with acceleration after 1890, saw the formation of the modern Netherlands banking sector, which can rightly be termed a Netherlands financial empire. 3 as Johan de Vries notes. Economic progress during the 1860-1914 period fostered the rebuilding and development of capital markets, which saw strong growth both in the number of deals and the number of participating institutions. Advances against one- month renewable paper, together with three-month Lombard loans4 were a prominent feature of many of the deals.
Although the capital markets were very active during this period, the actual volume of investments remained lower than on other major European markets. During the 1910- 1915 period, total investment in foreign securities on the Dutch market amounted to 3 billion guilders (around $1.25 billion equivalent), at a time when investment in foreign securities stood at $19.5 billion in Great Britain, $8.6 billion in France and $6.7 billion in Germany. It was therefore difficult for the Dutch market to compete with these major markets, which led Dutch institutions to forge partnerships with other European banks. During this period issues of domestic debt increased, stimulated by a growing demand for capital.
It was against this background that a number of financial institutions and intermediaries were set up. The majority of players in the capital markets were involved both in market deals issues, new listings, and so on and commercial banking business. This was also the time when new players, such as the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (the Netherlands Trading Society) came into the market. From 1880 onwards NHM took part in issuance syndications, first of all in the Netherlands and its colonies, and then on the international markets.
The Dutch market was also influenced by the Crédit mobilier 5 movement in France; such banks had the declared objective of promoting industrial enterprises of all kinds, such as the construction of railways and the opening of mines, by making loans and dealing in
3. In Handbook on the History of European Banks, European Association for Banking History, Edward Elgar, 1994, p. 725.
4. A Lombard loan is one for which the borrower pledges as collateral assets that can be easily liquidated, usually a securities portfolio.
5. Société Générale de Crédit Mobilier was founded in 1852 by the brothers Isaac and Emile Pereire for the purpose of taking stakes in companies.
30 T H E H I S T O R Y O F B N P PA R I B A S I N T H E N E T H E R L A N D S


Temari balls are a form of folk art that originated in China and were introduced to Japan in the 7th century. Originally, they were made from herbs and leather, and noblewomen of Japan developed theirs from silk and kimono scraps. The temari ball is a symbol that represents great loyalty or a valued friendship. In modern day Japan, mothers make them for their children as part of New Year's celebrations.
Pictured here: Temari balls were featured as handmade decorations on Silke Stoddard's wooden Scandinavian Christmas tree.


|23-06-2017||By Whizzky Staff Writer|
Tennessee has launched its own whiskey trail encompassing over 30 distilleries throughout the state.
Hot off the tracks of the popular Kentucky Bourbon Trail, comes the Tennessee Whiskey Trail which spans across the land-locked state known for its hospitality, music and American whiskey. .
The trail promises an experience of the history and tradition of Tennessee whiskey as well as the innovative Tennessee distillers. Distilleries featured on the Trail include Old Dominick in the West Tennessee, Jack Daniel's in Mid-Tennessee and Bootleggers Distillery, in East Tennessee. In addition to whiskey, the trail offers genuine southern hospitality, the mighty Mississippi river, Great Smokey Mountain and jazz filled streets of Memphis.
On the whiskey trail, visitors can collect memories and stamps with the Tennessee Whiskey Trail Passport available at the featured distilleries.


History: Walt Disney born in 1901 On this day in 1901, the pioneer of the…
Today in History: Bombing of Dresden in 1945
On this day in 1945, a series of Allied firebombing raids begins against the German city of Dresden, reducing the “Florence of the Elbe” to rubble and flames, and killing as many as 135,000 people. It was the single most destructive bombing of the war—including Hiroshima and Nagasaki—and all the more horrendous because little, if anything, was accomplished strategically since the Germans were already on the verge of surrender.
More than 3,400 tons of explosives were dropped on the city by 800 American and British aircraft. The firestorm created by the two days of bombing set the city burning for many more days, littering the streets with charred corpses, including many children. Eight square miles of the city were ruined, and the total body count was between 35,000 and 135,000 (an approximation is all that was possible given that the city was filled with many refugees from farther east). The hospitals that were left standing could not handle the numbers of injured and burned, and mass burials became necessary. Source: www.history.com.
#Dresden #PosterArt #VintagePoster #VintagePosters #vintage #art #paper #graphic #graphics #artoftheday #picofhteday #fun #cool #posterconnection #originalposter #vintagefinds #interiordesign #vintagehome #vintagedecor #graphicdesign #designporn https://goo.gl/YC5rQA https://goo.gl/GXcrV8


The Chamberlain Highbury Trust gets permission to start £300,000 of renovation work on the gardens at Chamberlain’s Highbury
The Chamberlain Highbury Trust has received ‘permission to start’ from he National Lottery Heritage Fund and Historic England to renovate a portion of the Grade II historic grounds that surround the suburban mansion house built by Joseph Chamberlain in 1878. The grounds were placed on Historic England’s Heritage at Risk Register in September 2019. The property is located in Moseley, Birmingham and was the political base of Chamberlain until 1914 when he died. Work is expected to start this summer.
The ‘Highbury’s Gardens’ project will reinstate the original driveway from the Lodge up to the house, restore the rhododendron garden, open up views between the lake and the house and improve the footpath network to the east of the house.
The Trust has secured grants of £100k from both he National Lottery Heritage Fund with money raised by National Lottery players and Historic England towards the cost of the work, together with £80k from Birmingham City Council’s Highbury Trust and £20k from a local charitable trust. We hope to recruit around 50 garden volunteers to lend their skills and time to the project.
The Highbury’s Gardens project marks the first phase of a historic landscape restoration programme for the 30 acres of gardens around the house designed by Edward Milner in 1879. There are also plans to restore the house more of the grounds at an anticipated cost of £8m.
The Chamberlain Highbury Trust was established in 2016 to restore the house and grounds to open them back up. The Chamberlain family left Highbury to the City in 1918, ‘for the benefit of the citizens of Birmingham’.
The Trust’s vision is centered on developing the young leaders of the future and it has begun to pilot programmes with partners. The Trust is also establishing a wide ranging educational programme for all ages around themes including art, architecture, the impacts of colonialism and empire, nature and permaculture.


MHG2735 - Cup Marked Stone, Kineras Farm
No summary available.
Type and Period (1)
- CUP MARKED STONE (Neolithic to Late Bronze Age - 4000 BC to 551 BC)
- None recorded
There is a cup-marked stone a little to the south of the farm of Kineras. The stone is a slab of tough grey gneiss containing mica, with a rounded surface, lying flat on the ground and partly imbedded. It contains 43 distinct cups, three pairs of which are connected by grooves.
W Jolly 1882
This cup marked stone is at NH 46774007. It measures 1.5metres long by 1.1. metres broad and is as described by Jolly. The cup marks vary in size from 3" in diameter by 2" deep, to 1 1/2" in diameter by 3/4" deep, but there is now no trace of any pairs joined by grooves. Surveyed at 1/2500.
Visited by OS (R D) 18 December 1964
- --- SHG1317 Text/Publication/Article: Jolly, W. 1882. On cup-marked stones in the neighbourhood of Inverness; with an appendix on cup-marked stones in the Western Islands. Proc Soc Antiq Scot Volume 16. 300-401. 348-9; Fig.52.
- --- SHG2673 Text/Report: RCAHMS. 1979. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of North-east Inverness, Inverness District, Highland Region. . 15, No. 86.
|Grid reference||Centred NH 4676 4006 (10m by 10m) (Buffered by site type)|
|Civil Parish||KILTARLITY AND CONVINTH|
Related Monuments/Buildings (0)
Related Investigations/Events (0)
External Links (1)
- https://canmore.org.uk/site/12395 (View RCAHMS Canmore entry for this site)
Comments and Feedback
Do you have any more information about this record? Please feel free to comment with information and photographs, or ask any questions, using the "Disqus" tool below. Comments are moderated, and we aim to respond/publish as soon as possible.


Restoration of an 18th century traditional Swahili stone house. Once home to a wealthy merchant, this palatial residence has now been converted into a small hotel with materials such as sand, lime, Mwangati wood, marble and alabaster dust, and cement. Coral stones and blocks, available on-site, were used to help keep the edifice cool. In addition to the restoration work, a second floor was added to the building, exploiting the same structure, layout and techniques as in the original construction.
Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture
Official Website of Baytil Ajaib. http://www.baytilajaib.com/
. [Accessed January 16, 2006]


Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara was stationed in Lithuania when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Thousands of Jewish refugees came to the consulate seeking travel documents in order to escape the Nazis. Sugihara's superiors in Tokyo ordered him not to issue any travel visas.
Sugihara discussed the plan with his wife Yukiko and decided to risk his career and his entire future by defying his superiors. The couple then spent 29 days issuing travel visas, up to 300 a day, as thousands of refugees stood in line at his office. Yukiko would prepare and register the visas while Chiune Sugihara would sign and stamp them, hour after hour, without breaking for meals. They would work late into the night until Yukiko would massage her husband’s weary hands in preparation for the next day. Sugihara was under orders to leave, which he could no longer delay. The family departed on September 1st, but he kept signing visas even as he boarded the train. Sugihara then tossed his official stamp out to the crowd, as he hadn’t time to stamp them all.
Sugihara's actions enabled around 6,000 Jewish refugees to escape the Holocaust. For his efforts, Sugihara was imprisoned by the Soviets and fired from his job by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Read the entire story at mental_floss. Link


Eugene V. Debs
Eugene V. Debs
|Member of the Indiana House of Representatives|
from the 17th district
January 8, 1885 – January 6, 1887
Serving with Reuben Butz
|City Clerk of Terre Haute, Indiana|
Eugene Victor Debs
November 5, 1855
Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.
|Died||October 20, 1926 (aged 70)|
Elmhurst, Illinois, U.S.
|Resting place||Highland Lawn Cemetery|
|Relatives||Theodore Debs (brother)|
|Part of a series on|
the United States
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
Early in his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs led his union in a major ten-month strike against the CB&Q Railroad in 1888. Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison.
In prison, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America (1897), the Social Democratic Party of America (1898) and the Socialist Party of America (1901). Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times, including 1900 (earning 0.6 percent of the popular vote), 1904 (3.0 percent), 1908 (2.8 percent), 1912 (6.0 percent), and 1920 (3.4 percent), the last time from a prison cell. He was also a candidate for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916.
Debs was noted for his oratorical skills, and his speech denouncing American participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918. He was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a ten-year term. President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921. Debs died in 1926, not long after being admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that developed during his time in prison.
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs was born on November 5, 1855, in Terre Haute, Indiana, to Jean Daniel and Marguerite Mari Bettrich Debs, who immigrated to the United States from Colmar, Alsace, France. His father, who came from a prosperous family, owned a textile mill and meat market. Debs was named after the French authors Eugène Sue and Victor Hugo.
Debs attended public school, dropping out of high school at age 14. He took a job with the Vandalia Railroad cleaning grease from the trucks of freight engines for fifty cents a day. He later became a painter and car cleaner in the railroad shops. In December 1871, when a drunken locomotive fireman failed to report for work, Debs was pressed into service as a night fireman. He decided to remain a fireman on the run between Terre Haute and Indianapolis, earning more than a dollar a night for the next three and half years.
Debs joined the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (BLF) in February 1875 and became active in the organization. In 1877 he served as a delegate of the Terre Haute lodge to the organization's national convention. Debs was elected associate editor of the BLF's monthly organ, Firemen's Magazine, in 1878. Two years later, he was appointed Grand Secretary and Treasurer of the BLF and editor of the magazine in July 1880. He worked as a BLF functionary until January 1893 and as the magazine's editor until September 1894.
At the same time, he became a prominent figure in the community. He served two terms as Terre Haute's city clerk from September 1879 to September 1883. In the fall of 1884, he was elected as a Democrat to represent Terre Haute and Vigo County in the Indiana General Assembly. He served for one term in 1885.
Marriage and family
The railroad brotherhoods were comparatively conservative organizations, focused on providing fellowship and services rather than on collective bargaining. Their motto was "Benevolence, Sobriety, and Industry". As editor of the official journal of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs initially concentrated on improving the brotherhood's death and disability insurance programs. During the early 1880s, Debs's writing stressed themes of self-upliftment: temperance, hard work, and honesty. Debs also held the view that "labor and capital are friends" and opposed strikes as a means of settling differences. The brotherhood had never authorized a strike from its founding in 1873 to 1887, a record which Debs was proud of. Railroad companies cultivated the brotherhood and granted them perks like free transportation to their conventions for the delegates. Debs also invited railroad president Henry C. Lord to write for the magazine. Summarizing Debs's thought in this period, the historian David A. Shannon wrote: "Debs's desideratum was one of peace and co-operation between labor and capital, but he expected management to treat labor with respect, honor and social equality".
Debs gradually became convinced of the need for a more unified and confrontational approach as railroads were powerful forces in the economy. One influence was his involvement in the Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888, a defeat for labor that convinced Debs of "the need to reorganize across craft lines", according to Joanne Reitano. After stepping down as Brotherhood Grand Secretary in 1893, Debs organized one of the first industrial unions in the United States, the American Railway Union (ARU), for unskilled workers. He was elected president of the ARU upon its founding, with fellow railway labor organizer George W. Howard as first vice president. The union successfully struck the Great Northern Railway in April 1894, winning most of its demands.
In 1894, Debs became involved in the Pullman Strike, which grew out of a compensation dispute started by the workers who constructed the rail cars made by the Pullman Palace Car Company. The Pullman Company, citing falling revenue after the economic Panic of 1893, had cut the wages of its employees by twenty-eight percent. The workers, many of whom were already members of the ARU, appealed for support to the union at its convention in Chicago, Illinois. Debs tried to persuade union members, who worked on the railways, that the boycott was too risky given the hostility of the railways and the federal government, the weakness of the union, and the possibility that other unions would break the strike.
The membership ignored his warnings and refused to handle Pullman cars or any other railroad cars attached to them, including cars containing US Mail. After ARU Board Director Martin J. Elliott extended the strike to St. Louis, doubling its size to eighty thousand workers, Debs relented and decided to take part in the strike, which was now endorsed by almost all members of the ARU in the immediate area of Chicago. On July 9, 1894, a New York Times editorial called Debs "a lawbreaker at large, an enemy of the human race". Strikers fought by establishing boycotts of Pullman train cars and with Debs's eventual leadership the strike came to be known as "Debs' Rebellion".
The federal government intervened, obtaining an injunction against the strike on the grounds that the strikers had obstructed the US Mail, carried on Pullman cars, by refusing to show up for work. President Grover Cleveland, whom Debs had supported in all three of his presidential campaigns, sent the United States Army to enforce the injunction. The presence of the army was enough to break the strike. Overall, thirty strikers were killed in the strike, thirteen of them in Chicago, and thousands were blacklisted. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged and Debs was found guilty of contempt of court for violating the injunction and sent to federal prison.
Debs was represented by Clarence Darrow, later a leading American lawyer and civil libertarian, who had previously been a corporate lawyer for the railroad company. While it is commonly thought that Darrow "switched sides" to represent Debs, a myth repeated by Irving Stone's biography, Clarence Darrow For the Defense, he had in fact resigned from the railroad earlier, after the death of his mentor William Goudy. A Supreme Court case decision, In re Debs, later upheld the right of the federal government to issue the injunction.
At the time of his arrest for mail obstruction, Debs was not yet a socialist. While serving his six-month term in the jail at Woodstock, Illinois, Debs and his ARU comrades received a steady stream of letters, books and pamphlets in the mail from socialists around the country. Debs recalled several years later:
I began to read and think and dissect the anatomy of the system in which workingmen, however organized, could be shattered and battered and splintered at a single stroke. The writings of [Edward] Bellamy and [Robert] Blatchford early appealed to me. The Cooperative Commonwealth of [Laurence] Gronlund also impressed me, but the writings of [Karl] Kautsky were so clear and conclusive that I readily grasped, not merely his argument, but also caught the spirit of his socialist utterance – and I thank him and all who helped me out of darkness into light.
Additionally, Debs was visited in jail by the Milwaukee socialist newspaper editor Victor L. Berger, who in Debs's words "came to Woodstock, as if a providential instrument, and delivered the first impassioned message of Socialism I had ever heard". In his 1926 obituary in Time, it was said that Berger left him a copy of Das Kapital and "prisoner Debs read it slowly, eagerly, ravenously". Debs emerged from jail at the end of his sentence a changed man. He would spend the final three decades of his life proselytizing for the socialist cause.
After Debs and Martin Elliott were released from prison in 1895, Debs started his socialist political career. Debs started agitating for the ARU membership to form a Social Democratic organization. In 1896, Debs supported Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan in the presidential election following Bryan's Cross of Gold speech. After Bryan's loss in the election, a disappointed Debs decided for certain that the future for socialist policies lay outside the Democratic Party. In June 1897, the ARU membership finally joined with the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth to form the Social Democracy of America.
Debs's wife Kate was opposed to socialism and was "hostile" to Debs's socialist activism as "it threatened her sense of middle-class respectability". The "tempestuous relationship with a wife who rejects the very values he holds most dear" was the basis of Irving Stone's biographical novel Adversary in the House.
Split to found the Social Democratic Party
The Social Democracy of America (SDA), founded in June 1897 by Eugene V. Debs from the remnants of his American Railway Union, was deeply divided between those who favored a tactic of launching a series of colonies to build socialism by practical example and others who favored establishment of a European-style socialist political party with a view to capture of the government apparatus through the ballot box.
The June 1898 convention would be the group's last, with the minority political action wing quitting the organization to establish a new organization, the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP), also called the Social Democratic Party of the United States. Debs was elected to the National Executive Board, the five-member committee which governed the party, and his brother, Theodore Debs, was selected as its paid executive secretary, handling day-to-day affairs of the organization. Although by no means the sole decision-maker in the organization, Debs's status as prominent public figure in the aftermath of the Pullman strike provided cachet and made him the recognized spokesman for the party in the newspapers.
Along with Elliott, who ran for Congress in 1900, Debs was the first federal office candidate for the fledgling socialist party, running unsuccessfully for president the same year. Debs and his running mate Job Harriman received 87,945 votes (0.6 percent of the popular vote) and no electoral votes.
Following the 1900 Election, the Social Democratic Party and dissidents who had split from the Socialist Labor Party in 1899 unified forces at a Socialist Unity Convention held in Indianapolis in mid-1901 – a meeting which established the Socialist Party of America (SPA).
Debs was the Socialist Party of America candidate for president in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 (the final time from prison). Though he received increasing numbers of popular votes in each subsequent election, he never won any votes in the Electoral College. In both 1904 and 1908, Debs ran with running-mate Ben Hanford. They received 402,810 votes in 1904, for 3.0 percent of the popular vote and an overall third-place finish. In the 1908 election, they received a slightly higher number of votes (420,852) than in their previous run, but at 2.8 percent, a smaller percentage of the total votes cast. In 1912, Debs ran with Emil Seidel as a running mate and received 901,551 votes, which was 6.0 percent of the popular vote, which remains the all-time highest percentage of the vote for a Socialist Party candidate in a US presidential election. Though Debs won no state's electoral votes, in Florida, he came in second behind Wilson and ahead of President William Howard Taft and former President Teddy Roosevelt. Finally, in 1920, running with Seymour Stedman, Debs won 913,693 votes, which remains the all-time high number of votes for a Socialist Party candidate in a US presidential election. Notably, the Nineteenth Amendment passed in 1920, granting women the federal right to vote across the country, and with the expanded voting pool, his vote total accounted for only 3.4 percent of the total number of votes cast. The size of the vote is nevertheless remarkable since Debs was at the time a federal prisoner in jail for sedition, though he promised to pardon himself if elected.
Although he received some success as a third-party candidate, Debs was largely dismissive of the electoral process as he distrusted the political bargains that Victor Berger and other "sewer socialists" had made in winning local offices. He put much more value on organizing workers into unions, favoring unions that brought together all workers in a given industry over those organized by the craft skills workers practiced.
Founding the Industrial Workers of the World
After his work with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the American Railway Union, Debs's next major work in organizing a labor union came during the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). On June 27, 1905, in Chicago, Illinois, Debs and other influential union leaders including Bill Haywood, leader of the Western Federation of Miners; and Daniel De Leon, leader of the Socialist Labor Party, held what Haywood called the "Continental Congress of the working class". Haywood stated: "We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working-class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working class". Debs stated: "We are here to perform a task so great that it appeals to our best thought, our united energies, and will enlist our most loyal support; a task in the presence of which weak men might falter and despair, but from which it is impossible to shrink without betraying the working class".
Socialists split with the Industrial Workers of the World
Although the IWW was built on the basis of uniting workers of industry, a rift began between the union and the Socialist Party. It started when the electoral wing of the Socialist Party, led by Victor Berger and Morris Hillquit, became irritated with speeches by Haywood. In December 1911, Haywood told a Lower East Side audience at New York's Cooper Union that parliamentary Socialists were "step-at-a-time people whose every step is just a little shorter than the preceding step". It was better, Haywood said, to "elect the superintendent of some branch of industry, than to elect some congressman to the United States Congress". In response, Hillquit attacked the IWW as "purely anarchistic".
The Cooper Union speech was the beginning of a split between Haywood and the Socialist Party, leading to the split between the factions of the IWW, one faction loyal to the Socialist Party and the other to Haywood. The rift presented a problem for Debs, who was influential in both the IWW and the Socialist Party. The final straw between Haywood and the Socialist Party came during the Lawrence Textile Strike, when disgusted with the decision of the elected officials in Lawrence, Massachusetts, to send police, who subsequently used their clubs on children, Haywood publicly declared that "I will not vote again" until such a circumstance was rectified. Haywood was purged from the National Executive Committee by passage of an amendment that focused on the direct action and sabotage tactics advocated by the IWW. Debs was probably the only person who could have saved Haywood's seat.
In 1906, when Haywood had been on trial for his life in Idaho, Debs had described him as "the Lincoln of Labor" and called for Haywood to run against Theodore Roosevelt for president, but times had changed and Debs, facing a split in the party, chose to echo Hillquit's words, accusing the IWW of representing anarchy. Debs thereafter stated that he had opposed the amendment, but that once it was adopted it should be obeyed. Debs remained friendly to Haywood and the IWW after the expulsion despite their perceived differences over IWW tactics.
Prior to Haywood's dismissal, the Socialist Party membership had reached an all-time high of 135,000. One year later, four months after Haywood was recalled, the membership dropped to 80,000. The reformists in the Socialist Party attributed the decline to the departure of the "Haywood element" and predicted that the party would recover, but it did not. In the election of 1912, many of the Socialists who had been elected to public office lost their seats.
Debs was noted by many to be a charismatic speaker who sometimes called on the vocabulary of Christianity and much of the oratorical style of evangelism, even though he was generally disdainful of organized religion. Howard Zinn opined that "Debs was what every socialist or anarchist or radical should be: fierce in his convictions, kind and compassionate in his personal relations." Heywood Broun noted in his eulogy for Debs, quoting a fellow Socialist: "That old man with the burning eyes actually believes that there can be such a thing as the brotherhood of man. And that's not the funniest part of it. As long as he's around I believe it myself".
I am not a Labor Leader; I do not want you to follow me or anyone else; if you are looking for a Moses to lead you out of this capitalist wilderness, you will stay right where you are. I would not lead you into the promised land if I could, because if I led you in, some one else would lead you out. You must use your heads as well as your hands, and get yourself out of your present condition.
Sedition conviction and appeal to U.S. Supreme Court
Debs's speeches against the Wilson administration and the war earned the enmity of President Woodrow Wilson, who later called Debs a "traitor to his country". On June 16, 1918, Debs made a speech in Canton, Ohio, urging resistance to the military draft. He was arrested on June 30 and charged with ten counts of sedition.
His trial defense called no witnesses, asking that Debs be allowed to address the court in his defense. That unusual request was granted, and Debs spoke for two hours. He was found guilty on September 12. At his sentencing hearing on September 14, he again addressed the court and his speech has become a classic. Heywood Broun, a liberal journalist and not a Debs partisan, said it was "one of the most beautiful and moving passages in the English language. He was for that one afternoon touched with inspiration. If anyone told me that tongues of fire danced upon his shoulders as he spoke, I would believe it." Debs said in part:
Your honor, I have stated in this court that I am opposed to the form of our present government; that I am opposed to the social system in which we live; that I believe in the change of both but by perfectly peaceable and orderly means. ...
I am thinking this morning of the men in the mills and factories; I am thinking of the women who, for a paltry wage, are compelled to work out their lives; of the little children who, in this system, are robbed of their childhood, and in their early, tender years, are seized in the remorseless grasp of Mammon, and forced into the industrial dungeons, there to feed the machines while they themselves are being starved body and soul. ...
Your honor, I ask no mercy, I plead for no immunity. I realize that finally the right must prevail. I never more fully comprehended than now the great struggle between the powers of greed on the one hand and upon the other the rising hosts of freedom. I can see the dawn of a better day of humanity. The people are awakening. In due course of time they will come into their own.
When the mariner, sailing over tropic seas, looks for relief from his weary watch, he turns his eyes toward the Southern Cross, burning luridly above the tempest-vexed ocean. As the midnight approaches the Southern Cross begins to bend, and the whirling worlds change their places, and with starry finger-points the Almighty marks the passage of Time upon the dial of the universe; and though no bell may beat the glad tidings, the look-out knows that the midnight is passing – that relief and rest are close at hand.
Let the people take heart and hope everywhere, for the cross is bending, midnight is passing, and joy cometh with the morning.
Debs was sentenced on September 18, 1918, to ten years in prison and was also disenfranchised for life. Debs presented what has been called his best-remembered statement at his sentencing hearing:
Your Honor, years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings, and I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the meanest on earth. I said then, and I say now, that while there is a lower class, I am in it, and while there is a criminal element, I am of it, and while there is a soul in prison, I am not free.
Debs appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court. In its ruling on Debs v. United States, the court examined several statements Debs had made regarding World War I and socialism. While Debs had carefully worded his speeches in an attempt to comply with the Espionage Act, the Court found he had the intention and effect of obstructing the draft and military recruitment. Among other things, the Court cited Debs's praise for those imprisoned for obstructing the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. stated in his opinion that little attention was needed since Debs's case was essentially the same as that of Schenck v. United States, in which the court had upheld a similar conviction.
Debs went to prison on April 13, 1919. In protest of his jailing, Charles Ruthenberg led a parade of unionists, socialists, anarchists, and communists on May 1 (May Day) in Cleveland, Ohio. The event quickly broke into the violent May Day riots of 1919.
Debs ran for president in the 1920 election while imprisoned in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. He received 919,799 votes (3.4 percent), slightly less than he had won in 1912, when he received 6 percent, the highest number of votes for a Socialist Party presidential candidate in the United States. During his time in prison, Debs wrote a series of columns deeply critical of the prison system. They appeared in sanitized form in the Bell Syndicate and were published in his only book, Walls and Bars, with several added chapters. It was published posthumously.
In March 1919, President Wilson asked Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his opinion on clemency, offering his own: "I doubt the wisdom and public effect of such an action." Palmer generally favored releasing people convicted under the wartime security acts, but when he consulted with Debs's prosecutors – even those with records as defenders of civil liberties – they assured him that Debs's conviction was correct and his sentence appropriate. The President and his Attorney General both believed that public opinion opposed clemency and that releasing Debs could strengthen Wilson's opponents in the debate over the ratification of the peace treaty. Palmer proposed clemency in August and October 1920 without success. At one point, Wilson wrote: "While the flower of American youth was pouring out its blood to vindicate the cause of civilization, this man, Debs, stood behind the lines sniping, attacking, and denouncing them. ... This man was a traitor to his country and he will never be pardoned during my administration." In January 1921, Palmer, citing Debs's deteriorating health, proposed to Wilson that Debs receive a presidential pardon freeing him on February 12, Lincoln's birthday. Wilson returned the paperwork after writing "Denied" across it.
On December 23, 1921, President Warren G. Harding commuted Debs's sentence to time served, effective Christmas Day. He did not issue a pardon. A White House statement summarized the administration's view of Debs's case:
There is no question of his guilt. ... He was by no means, however, as rabid and outspoken in his expressions as many others, and but for his prominence and the resulting far-reaching effect of his words, very probably might not have received the sentence he did. He is an old man, not strong physically. He is a man of much personal charm and impressive personality, which qualifications make him a dangerous man calculated to mislead the unthinking and affording excuse for those with criminal intent.
When Debs was released from the Atlanta Penitentiary, the other prisoners sent him off with "a roar of cheers" and a crowd of fifty thousand greeted his return to Terre Haute to the accompaniment of band music. En route home, Debs was warmly received at the White House by Harding, who greeted him by saying: "Well, I've heard so damned much about you, Mr. Debs, that I am now glad to meet you personally."
In 1924, Debs was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the Finnish Socialist Karl H. Wiik on the grounds that "Debs started to work actively for peace during World War I, mainly because he considered the war to be in the interest of capitalism."
He spent his remaining years trying to recover his health, which was severely undermined by prison confinement. In late 1926, he was admitted to Lindlahr Sanitarium in Elmhurst, Illinois. He died there of heart failure on October 20, 1926, at the age of 70. His body was cremated and buried in Highland Lawn Cemetery in Terre Haute, Indiana.
Debs helped motivate the American left to organize political opposition to corporations and World War I. American socialists, communists, and anarchists honor his work for the labor movement and motivation to have the average working man build socialism without large state involvement. Several books have been written about his life as an inspirational American socialist.
The Vermont senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders has long been an admirer of Debs and produced in 1979 a documentary about Debs which was released as a film and an audio LP record as an audio-visual teaching aid. In the documentary, he described Debs as "probably the most effective and popular leader that the American working class has ever had". Sanders hung a portrait of Debs in city hall in Burlington, Vermont, when he served as mayor of the city in the 1980s and has a plaque dedicated to Debs in his congressional office.
On May 22, 1962, Debs's home was purchased for $9,500 by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation, which worked to preserve it as a Debs memorial. In 1965 it was designated as an official historic site of the state of Indiana, and in 1966 it was designated as a National Historic Landmark of the United States. The preservation of the museum is monitored by the National Park Service. In 1990, the Department of Labor named Debs a member of its Labor Hall of Fame.
While Debs did not leave a collection of papers to a university library, the pamphlet collection which he and his brother amassed is held by Indiana State University in Terre Haute. The scholar Bernard Brommel, author of a 1978 biography of Debs, has donated his biographical research materials to the Newberry Library in Chicago, where they are open to researchers. The original manuscript of Debs's book Walls and Bars, with handwritten amendments, presumably by Debs, is held in the Thomas J. Morgan Papers in the special collections department of the University of Chicago Library.
Eugene V Debs Hall in Buffalo, NY is a 501(c)7 nonprofit social club; and home to the Eugene V. Debs Local Initiative, a project to document and commemorate Buffalo's labor movement history.
Representation in other media
- John Dos Passos included Debs as a historical figure in his U.S.A. Trilogy. Debs is featured among other figures in the 42nd Parallel (1930). His affiliation with the Industrial Workers of the World prompted actions by such fictional characters in the novel as Mac.
- Fifty Years Before Your Eyes (1950) is a documentary including historic footage of Debs, among others, directed by Robert Youngson.[unreliable source?]
- The narrator of Hocus Pocus by Kurt Vonnegut is named Eugene Debs Hartke in honor of Debs (p. 1).
- Debs appears in the Southern Victory Series novels The Great War: Breakthroughs and American Empire: Blood and Iron by Harry Turtledove.
- Democratic socialist Bernie Sanders voices Debs in a 1979 documentary about his political career.
- The alternate history collection Back in the USSA by Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne is set in a world where Debs leads a communist revolution in the United States in 1917.
- In the third episode of The Plot Against America HBO miniseries, fictional characters Herman Levin and Shepsie Tirchwell discuss if they voted for Debs or Franklin D. Roosevelt during the past election for President of the United States.
- Locomotive Firemen's Magazine (editor, 1880–1894). Vol. 4 (1880) | Vol. 5 (1881) | Vol. 6 (1882) | Vol. 7 (1883) | Vol. 8 (1884) | Vol. 9 (1885) | Vol. 10 (1886) | Vol. 11 (1887) | Vol. 12 (1888) | Vol. 13 (1889) | Vol. 14 (1890) | Vol. 15 (1891) | Vol. 16 (1892) | Vol. 17 (1893) | Vol. 18 (1894) .
- Debs: His Life, Writings, and Speeches: With a Department of Appreciations (1908). Girard, Kansas: Appeal to Reason.
- Labor and Freedom (1916). St. Louis: Phil Wagner. Audio version.
- Letters of Eugene V. Debs. J. Robert Constantine (ed.). In Three Volumes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. —Abridged single volume version published as Gentle Rebel: Letters of Eugene V. Debs. (1995).
- Selected Works of Eugene V. Debs. Tim Davenport and David Walters (eds.).
- Volume 1, Building Solidarity on the Tracks, 1877–1892. (2019). Chicago: Haymarket Books.
- Volume 2, The Rise and Fall of the American Railway Union, 1892–1896. (2020). Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2020.
- "Susan B. Anthony: Pioneer of Freedom" (July 1917). Pearson's Magazine. 38: 1. pp. 5–7.
- Walls and Bars: Prisons and Prison Life In The "Land Of The Free" (1927). Chicago: Socialist Party of America.
- List of civil rights leaders
- List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
- Perennial candidates in the United States
- "Eugene V. Debs". Time. November 1, 1926. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
- Salvatore 1982, p. 9.
- "Biographical: Eugene V. Debs". Railway Times. Vol. 2, no. 17. Chicago. September 2, 1895. p. 2.
- "Eugene Victor Debs 1855–1926". Terre Haute, Indiana: Eugene V. Debs Foundation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- Brevier Legislative Reports. Vol. 22. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1885. p. 16.
- Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. University of Illinois Press. 1982. ISBN 9780252011481.
- Constantine & Malmgreen 1983, p. 8; Salvatore 1982, p. 52.
- Shannon 1951.
- Reitano 2003.
- "American Railway Union Officers". Salt Lake Herald. Vol. 47, no. 273. April 18, 1893. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
- Latham, Charles (February 2013). "Eugene V. Debs Papers, 1881–1940" (PDF). Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
- "Embracing More Railroads: Pullman Boycott Extending, the Men Being Determined". The New York Times. June 29, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
- "Editorial". The New York Times. July 9, 1894. p. 4.
- Lindsey 1964, p. 312.
- Chace 2004, pp. 78, 80.
- Ginger 1949, p. 154.
- Farrell 2011.
- Debs, Eugene V. (April 1902). "How I Became a Socialist". The Comrade. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
- "Eugene V. Debs". Time. Vol. 8, no. 18. November 1, 1926. p. 14. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
- Bell 1967, p. 88.
- "Adversary in the House by Irving Stone". Archived from the original on October 14, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- "Social Democratic Herald, 1898–1913". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- Heath 1900, p. 1.
- Kipnis 1952, p. 62.
- Greeley, Horace; Cleveland, John Fitch; Ottarson, F. J.; McPherson, Edward; Schem, Alexander Jacob; Rhoades, Henry Eckford (June 2, 2018). "The Tribune Almanac and Political Register". Tribune Association. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2018 – via Google Books.
- "1900 Presidential General Election Results". Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- 1904 Presidential General Election Results Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- 1908 Presidential General Election Results Archived November 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- 1912 Presidential General Election Results Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Election Atlas, David Leip. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
- 1920 Presidential General Election Results Archived April 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- Chace 2004.
- Haywood 1966, p. 181.
- "Eugene V. Debs Speech at the Founding of the IWW". Documents for the Study of American History. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
- Carlson 1983, p. 156.
- Carlson 1983, p. 157.
- Carlson 1983, p. 159.
- Carlson 1983, p. 183.
- Carlson 1983, p. 200.
- Carlson 1983, p. 199.
- Carlson 1983, p. 109.
- Haywood 1966, p. 279.
- Salvatore 1982.
- Zinn, Howard (January 1999). "Eugene V. Debs and the Idea of Socialism". The Progressive. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- McGuiggan, Jim. "Jesus and Eugene Debs". Spending Time with Jim McGuiggan. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- "'King' Debs". Harper's Weekly. July 14, 1894. Archived from the original on May 5, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006 – via Catskill Archive.
- Freeland, Gene G. (February 2000). "Learn About Eugene Debs". Union Craftsman. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008 – via LaborDallas.org.
- Ginger 1949, p. 244.
- Noggle 1974, p. 113.
- Pietrusza 2007, pp. 267–269.
- Pietrusza 2007, pp. 269–270.
- Debs, E. V. (2001) . "Statement to the Court upon Being Convicted of Violating the Sedition Act". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
- Coleman, McAlister (1930). Eugene V. Debs: A Man Unafraid. Greenberg Publisher.
- Kennedy 2006, p. 716.
- "Election of 1920". Travel and History. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- "Election of 1912". Travel and History. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
- Coben 1963, pp. 201–202.
- Coben 1963, pp. 200–203.
- Coben 1963, p. 202.
- Ginger 1949, p. 405.
- "Harding Frees Debs and 23 Others Held for War Violations". The New York Times. December 24, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- "Eugene V. Debs Dies After Long Illness". The New York Times. October 21, 1926. p. 25. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
- Dean 2004, pp. 128–129.
- "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1955". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- Bouie, Jamelle (October 22, 2019). "The Enduring Power of Anticapitalism in American Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Sanders 1979.
- Greenberg, David (September–October 2015). "Can Bernie Keep Socialism Alive?". Politico Magazine. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- Bates, Eric (October 16, 2016). "Bernie Looks Ahead". The New Republic. New York. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- Prokop, Andrew (April 30, 2015). "Bernie Sanders vs. the Billionaires". Vox. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- Fahrenthold, David A. (July 25, 2015). "Bernie Sanders Is in with the Enemy, Some Old Allies Say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- "Eugene V. Debs". Labor Hall of Fame. US Department of Labor. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- Hinderliter, Alison (2004). "Inventory of the Bernard J. Brommel-Eugene V. Debs Papers, 1886–2003". Chicago: Newberry Library. Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Friedberg 1965, p. 161.
- Upham 2001, pp. 41, 319.
- Upham 2001, p. 41.
- Benjamin 2001, p. 182.
- Mitchell, Max (February 17, 2011). "Glenn Beck Disses Co-op City". Bronx Times. New York: Community Newspaper Group. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- "Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House". Ann Arbor, Michigan: Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- "Debs' Red Ale". Kalamazoo, Michigan: Bell's Brewery. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- "Revolution Eugene". RateBeer. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
- Davenport & Walters 2019.
- Fifty Years Before Your Eyes Archived January 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, IMDB
- Bell, Daniel (1967). Marxian Socialism in the United States. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02155-3. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Benjamin, Louise M. (2001). Freedom of the Air and the Public Interest: First Amendment Rights in Broadcasting to 1935. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2367-8.
- Carlson, Peter (1983). Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood. New York: W.W. Norton.
- Chace, James (2004). 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs – the Election That Changed the Country. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0394-4. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Coben, Stanley (1963). A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia University Press. LCCN 63009874. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Constantine, J. Robert; Malmgreen, Gail, eds. (1983). The Papers of Eugene V. Debs, 1834–1945: A Guide to the Microfilm Edition (PDF). Glen Rock, New Jersey: Microfilming Corporation of America. ISBN 978-0-667-00699-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Davenport, Tim; Walters, David (2019). Introduction. The Selected Works of Eugene V. Debs. Volume I: Building Solidarity on the Tracks, 1877–1892. By Debs, Eugene V. Davenport, Tim; Walters, David (eds.). Chicago: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-973-4.
- Dean, John W. (2004). Warren G. Harding. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6956-3. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Farrell, John A. (2011). Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned. New York: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53451-2.
- Friedberg, Gerald (Spring 1965). "Sources for the Study of Socialism in America, 1901–1919". Labor History. 6 (2): 159–165. doi:10.1080/00236566508583964. ISSN 1469-9702.
- Ginger, Ray (1949). The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. OCLC 1028726461. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
- Haywood, William D. (1966) . Bill Haywood's Book: The Autobiography of William D. Haywood. New York: International Publishers. OCLC 1147712781. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Heath, Frederic (1900). Socialism in America [also known as Social Democracy Red Book]. Terre Haute, Indiana: Debs Publishing Co.
- Kennedy, David (2006). The American Pageant. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Kipnis, Ira (1952). The American Socialist Movement, 1897–1912. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Lindsey, Almont (1964). The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48383-2. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
- Noggle, Burl (1974). Into the Twenties: The United States from Armistice to Normalcy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00420-9. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of Six Presidents. New York: Carroll and Graf.
- Reitano, Joanne (2003). "Railroad Strike of 1888". In Schlup, Leonard C.; Ryan, James G. (eds.). Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-7656-2106-1. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- Salvatore, Nick (1982). Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00967-9. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Sanders, Bernie (1979). Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855–1926 (audio recording). New York: Folkways Records. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via YouTube.
- Shannon, David A. (1951). "Eugene V. Debs: Conservative Labor Editor". Indiana Magazine of History. 47 (4): 357–364. JSTOR 27787982.
- Upham, Warren (2001). Minnesota Place Names: A Geographical Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-396-8.
- Anthony, Kyle (2014). "Debs, Eugene V.". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). 1914-1918-Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. doi:10.15463/ie1418.10082.
- Brommel, Bernard J. (Fall 1971). "Debs's Cooperative Commonwealth Plan for Workers". Labor History. 12 (4): 560–569. doi:10.1080/00236567108584180. ISSN 1469-9702.
- ——— (1978). Eugene V. Debs: Spokesman for Labor and Socialism. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-88286-006-0.
- Burns, Dave (Summer 2008). "The Soul of Socialism: Christianity, Civilization, and Citizenship in the Thought of Eugene Debs". Labor. 5 (2): 83–116. doi:10.1215/15476715-2007-082. ISSN 1558-1454.
- Coleman, McAlister (1975) . Eugene V. Debs: A Man Unafraid. Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press. ISBN 978-0-88355-214-8. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Hedges, Chris (July 16, 2017). "Eugene Debs and the Kingdom of Evil". Truthdig. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Lepore, Jill (February 18–25, 2019). "The Fireman". The New Yorker. Vol. 95, no. 1. New York: Condé Nast. pp. 88–92. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Morais, Herbert M.; Cahn, William (1948). Gene Debs: The Story of a Fighting American. New York: International Publishers. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Radosh, Ronald, ed. (1971). Debs. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-197681-8.
- Salvatore, Nicholas Anthony (1977). A Generation in Transition: Eugene V. Debs and the Emergence of Modern Corporate America (PhD dissertation). Berkeley, California: University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 951207757.
- Trachtenberg, Alexander, ed. (1955) . The Heritage of Gene Debs (PDF). New York: International Publishers. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- Eugene V. Debs Foundation Museum and memorial in Deb's home from 1890 until his death in 1926
- Works by Eugene V. Debs at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Eugene V. Debs at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Works by or about Eugene V. Debs at Internet Archive
- Eugene V. Debs Collection Archived September 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at Wabash Valley Visions and Voices Digital Memory Project. 6,000 PDFs of Debs-related correspondence.
- Eugene V. Debs at the Marxists Internet Archive.
- The Debs Project: Eugene V. Dabs Selected Works. Informational website.
- Photos of Debs at Indiana State University Library
- 1921 film of Eugene Debs departing Atlanta penitentiary and exiting White House after visiting Harding
- Bernard J. Brommel – Eugene V. Debs Papers at the Newberry Library


The Salem Historic Landmarks Commission is pleased to announce the winners of the Ben Maxwell Award, the Virginia Green Award and the HLC Chairperson Award. Winners will be announced at the online June HLC Meeting – Thursday June 18th
at 5:30 PM. Photos of the winners and their projects will shared on the HLC's Facebook page.
The winners are:
Ben Maxwell Award for outstanding contributions to the preservation, restoration and maintenance of Salem's historic resources.
Winner: Don Bauhofer and Scott Chernoff for their work on the Reed Opera House and Durbin's Livery (Masonry Grill)
Virginia Green Award for exemplary service on behalf of historic preservation within the Salem Community:
Winner: Charles Weathers for his work on the 440 State Street project (Fork Forty Food Hall) and his support of Jason Lee Archaeology Project (990 Broadway Street NE)
Chairperson's Choice for exceptional work in public archaeology
Winner: Jason Lee Archaeology Project: Luke Glaze and Charles Weathers (property owners), Ross Smith, Stantec; Professor Scott Pike, Willamette University and students; Oregon Archaeological Society volunteers and professional archaeologist volunteers.


Saturday, June 2, 2012
2 June 1962 - Chile Beats Italy, Literally
Known as "the Battle of Santiago," the match was played before a crowd of 66,057 at the Estadio Nacional and was the second group stage match of the tournament for both teams. Anti-Italian sentiment was running high in Chile because a pair of Italian journalists had disparaged both the city of Santiago and its women before the tournament even started (worried about their own safety, the two men had to flee the country before the match).
But the first sign of trouble on the day was sparked by Italy. Midfielder Giorgio Ferrini, caught up in a tangle while trying to gain control of the ball, grew frustrated and kicked out at Chilean forward Honorino Landa, prompting Ferrini's own quick ejection after only five minutes. He refused to leave and had to be dragged off the pitch by policemen. During the confusion, Italian forward Humberto Maschio appeared to punch Leonel Sánchez in the face.
Sánchez later punched defender Mario David in the face, but was not booked. David retaliated with a flying kick to Sánchez's head that did result in an expulsion, bringing Italy down to nine men in the 41st minute. Sánchez again escaped punishment after punching Maschio in the face, leaving him with a bloody nose.
Fights continued to break out across the pitch as Chile used their two-man advantage to win 2-0 with goals from Jaime Ramírez (73') and Jorge Toro (87'). BBC commentator David Coleman later described the match as "the most stupid, appalling, disgusting and disgraceful exhibition of football, possibly in the history of the game."
Although Italy won their next game, it was not enough to get them into the next round. Chile, meanwhile, advanced to the semifinals before losing to Brazil, then won the third-place match against Yugoslavia.


An epic history of the Spanish empire in North America from 1493 to 1898 by Robert Goodwin, author of Spain: The Centre of the World.
At the conclusion of the American Revolution, half the modern United States was part of the vast Spanish Empire. The year after Columbus's great voyage of discovery, in 1492, he claimed Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands for Spain. For the next three hundred years, thousands of proud Spanish conquistadors and their largely forgotten Mexican allies went in search of glory and riches from Florida to California. Many died, few triumphed. Some were cruel, some were curious, some were kind. Missionaries and priests yearned to harvest Indian souls for God through baptism and Christian teaching.
Theirs was a frontier world which Spain struggled to control in the face of Indian resistance and competition from France, Britain, and finally the United States. In the 1800s, Spain lost it all.
Goodwin tells this history through the lives of the people who made it happen and the literature and art with which they celebrated their successes and mourned their failures. He weaves an epic tapestry from these intimate biographies of explorers and conquerors, like Columbus and Coronado, but also lesser known characters, like the powerful Gálvez family who gave invaluable and largely forgotten support to the American Patriots during the Revolutionary War; the great Pueblo leader Popay; and Esteban, the first documented African American. Like characters in a great play or a novel, Goodwin's protagonists walk the stage of history with heroism and brio and much tragedy.


- Maui's historic town of Lahaina has been decimated by the wildfires raging this week.
- Dozens of people are dead, sites built in the 1800s and the island's oldest tree have been destroyed.
- Satellite images show the town before and after the fires struck this week.
Parts of Maui have been devastated this week by wildfires raging across the island, killing dozens of people, forcing thousands to evacuate, and wiping out power and cell phone service in the hardest hit areas.
The western coast of Maui has been hit particularly hard, and the historic town of Lahaina is now mostly rubble.
The Maui Fire Department said in a press release Wednesday that the town suffered "widespread damage" with over 271 structures damaged by the fire.
Before-and-after satellite images show how the culturally significant town, once home to around 12,000 people, has been reduced to ash.
A number of historic monuments and buildings filled the old town of Lahaina on Maui's west coast
Lahaina, which is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places, has a rich cultural history dating back to before Hawaii was a part of the United States.
In 1802, Hawaii's ruler King Kamehameha made Lahaina the capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, which it remained for 50 years until Honolulu took its place, according to the town's website.
A number of historic buildings remained in the town from that era — like the Old Lahaina Courthouse, which was built in 1858, and the Baldwin Home, which was built in 1834 and was the oldest house still standing on Maui, according to the town website.
That is, until the fires wiped them out.
Now, some of the most historic buildings in Lahaina have been reduced to ash
The image above shows the destruction of the Old Lahaina Courthouse, along with the world-famous Banyan tree — the oldest living tree on Maui — beside it.
The Baldwin Home Museum just northeast of Banyan Court also appears to be destroyed.
Before the fires, trees and grassy fields surrounded the small town of Lahaina
Lahaina was a beautiful seaside town surrounded by lush greenery before the fires struck the region this week.
Many of the buildings and greenery in Lahaina have been wiped out
If you look closely at the image above, you can see that the majority of buildings in this section of town are now just grey piles of rubble, and the streets in between are no longer lined with lush trees.
Before the fires, Lahaina was a major tourist destination
According to Reuters, Lahaina sees about 2 million visitors a year, which is 80% of the total yearly visitors to Maui.
It will take a long time to rebuild Lahaina after the fires, the lieutenant governor said
Hawaii's Lieutenant Governor Sylvia Luke told CNN she flew over the town on Wednesday, getting a firsthand view of the wreckage.
"The whole town was decimated," Luke told CNN, adding that it was "shocking" and "devastating."
"We're still trying to assess the amount of damage but the road to recovery will be long," Luke said, according to the outlet. "It's going to take years."


Remembering Rollie Greeno
Sunday, April 11, 2010
Funeral services were held April 10 for Rollie Greeno, former Jamestown College faculty member and coach.
Greeno died April 6 at the age of 83.
Greeno taught and coached at Jamestown College for 37 years, retiring in 2002. His football, cross country, and track teams combined for more than 80 conference championships.
He is a member of the Jamestown College Hall of Fame, the Northern State University Hall of Fame, the NAIA Coaches Hall of Fame, and the North Dakota Sports Hall of Fame.
Jamestown College established the Rollie Greeno Award in 1995 to recognize alumni achievement in coaching and education. The award is presented each year at Homecoming. The Jimmies' football field was named for Greeno in 1999.


Abraham is from Hebrew,biblical and jewish origin. His original name is Abram,meaning â€˜exalted fatherâ€™.For the latter part of his life,he was called Abraham, meaningâ€™ father of many nationsâ€™,although it doesnot have any literal meaning in Hebrew.
Itâ€™s pronunciation is Ay-bruh-ham.
He was son of Terah and grandson of Nahor.
Judaism,Christianity and Islam are sometimes reffered as theâ€™ Abrahamic religionsâ€™ because of the role Abraham plays in their holy books.
God promised Abraham that through his offspring all the nations of the world will come to be blessed.
Jews,Christians consider him father of the people of Israel through his son Issac.
For Muslims, he is prophet of Islam and the ancestor of Muhmmad through is son Ishmael.
A famous bearer of this name was Abraham Lincoln,the American president.
Appraise by :
Hebrew name meaning father of many. Abraham's original name was Abram (exalted father). He was the son of Terah and patriarch of both the Hebrews and Arabs. He was the husband of Sarah and father of Ishmael and Isaac.
Appraise by :
Abraham (in Hebrew : ?????, Avraham or 'Abhr?h?mÂ ) is a Biblical character mentioned in the Book of Genesis from which have developed three major religious aspects of humanity: the Judaism , the Christianity and Islam .Abraham, celebrated for his great fa
Appraise by :
Abraham's original name was Abram. He was the son of Terah and patriarch of both the Hebrews and Arabs. He was the husband of Sarah and father of Ishmael and Isaac.
Famous Name abraham
was a Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving.Bloemaert was the son of an architect, who moved his family to Utrecht in 1575, where Abraham was first a pupil of Gerrit Splinter (pupil of Frans Floris) and of Joos de Beer. He then spent three years in Paris, studying under several masters, and on his return to his native country received further training from Hieronymus Francken.
The arrival of a new baby girl in the family brings with it a deep sense of joy and happiness to one and all. This is specially true for the father because the uniquely enchanting place daughters have for Dads is legendary. Choosing a baby girl name for your newly born miss isn't really as complicated as it seems. More..
List of Netherlands baby boy names (male) , baby girl names (female) & Netherlands name meanings has been compiled from various resources. Please use this list of Netherlands baby names only for reference / idea to name your kid / child. Database of baby names has been compiled from various references and suggestions provided by our web site visitors and resources partners.
Meaning of Abraham in Netherlands origin/culture for Boy name with history and fame details.


Attica Athens OWL Silver Tetradrachm NGC MS 5x4
Sorry, currently out of stock
c. 440-404 BC
NGC MS 5x4
rv owl, olive spray, moon
Around 520bc, Athens a dominate power at the time, began to produce the Attica, Athens Tetradrachm. Our coin, minted in Athens circa 440-404 BC, were known as "Owls" in ancient times. The design of the Athenian Tetradrachm remained unchanged for most of the 5th century. The Owl had gained the trust of the laborers, soldiers, and merchants for their silver purity and popularity. They are still widely known by that term today, the owl depicted upon the Athenian Tetradrachm is the “Minerva Owl”.
The owl, as a symbol for wisdom, was the mascot of Athena, and frequently accompanies the goddess as this coin demonstrates. According to myth, Athena, goddess of wisdom and the patron goddess of Athens, even had the ability to take the form of an owl. The reverse depicts a standing owl within an incuse square, head facing forward, with a crescent moon and olive spray, and “ΑΘΕ”, (of the Athenians). Athena is featured on the obverse wearing a helmet with floral scroll and three olive leaves.
This well preserved ancient silver coin is approximately the size of quarter but twice its thickness and is graded Mint State with additional grading of 5 out of 5 for strike, and 4 out of 5 for surface quality. All of our ancient coins are certified by the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC Ancients).
This Ancient coin is #10 in the Top 100 Greatest Ancient Coins book, page 28.


Exploring the importance of horses to our early Morgan Families
During the early pioneering years in America our families relied on horses for essential functions of their lives. Horses
were both a means of transportation and a means of earning a living by farming. Our Morgan, Radford and Ross families were
often breaking out new ground where horses were essential for removing brush and trees, for making irrigation ditches, and
for plowing, planting, cultivating and harvesting crops. In those early days in America our ancestors were faced with seemingly
unsurmountable obstacles; A hostile United States Government, sometimes hostile Indian Tribes, a wild, untamed, land, dangerous
diseases that they poorly understood, and primitive, harsh living conditions. It is probably fair and accurate to say that
horses were the best friends they had.
This old picture came from the Orlean and Lenard Nield family. Orlean was the youngest daughter of William Thomas Morgan.
It is an authentic picture of one of our Morgan family members (Either Lenard Nield or one of his sons, Rex or Delbert) cultivating
a row crop with horses.
Burlap bags (They were called Gunny Sacks) were fastened over the horse's noses to keep horseflies from biting their tender
noses. Runaway horses were a common, and dangerous, problem, and biting flies could cause a runaway.
Pervasive myths in American culture concern cowboys and their horses. However, farmers in overalls were just as dependent
on horses, or even more so, than cowboys. You wouldn't know it by watching the movies but, as the West became settled, farmers
wearing overalls and riding horses were just as common, if not more common, than cowboys. Horses were the backbone of the
farmer's work and transportation
The people in this picture were farmers, not cowboys. How do we know? Because our own Kenneth Morgan, a farmer all his life,
is sitting on a horse on the left and his brother, Alvin Elmer Morgan, is standing in the stirrups of the horse on either
side of him. And we think the man standing second from the right is Robert Morgan, son of Edward Morgan, grandson of Thomas
Morgan. He was a farmer all his life. The distinction between cowboys and farmers disappears here because we know these farmers
were darned good cowboys in their own right, having run down and captured wild mustangs to obtain horses for themselves, and
having given rodeoing a try in their day.
Because of the great importance of horses to our early families and the disappearance of horse farming in America, this section
will contain historically accurate pictures of various farming practices as they would have been experienced by our early
families in America.
Pictured above is an early horse drawn cultivator. One had to know, and talk to, the oldtimers to understand how important
it was to them when implements with seats came into their lives. Previously, as in the picture at the top of the page, they
had to walk behind the implement, directing, lifting, pushing, pulling and dragging it around corners. It was backbreaking
labor and the oldtimers greeted the first plows and cultivators with seats on them with great relief. Now they could ride
and let the horses do most of the work!
More Farming With Horses
The farming with horses section is a series of pages with a link to the next page at the bottom of each page.


The Doctor Is In! Part 2 of 4
By : Teresa Divilio, Museum Co-op Student
Last week I wrote about herbal remedies used by the pioneers which, surprisingly, were effective. This week, I’m writing about what happens when your garden can no longer heal you- a dreaded visit from the local “doctor”.
In the 1800s, seeing a doctor was more often than not very unhealthy and even downright dangerous. Many of the “cures” prescribed by doctors were poisonous to humans. For example, a common medicine prescribed for a variety of illnesses was Calomel, otherwise known as mercury. Many patients ended up far sicker after seeing the doctor, as the cures prescribed were often much worse than the original illness. Often, the doctor of the village was merely a pastor or farmer who wanted to help those around him. Doctors had no formal training, and made house calls. The doctor would travel far and wide, and by the time he would see a patient, it would be too late.
It was for these reasons and a few more that many people turned to apothecaries and “miracle elixirs” sold by travelling doctors. Because of the Temperance Movement in Canada and Prohibition in the United States, many pioneer towns were dry towns. Many “doctors” took advantage of this, creating “elixirs” that were basically alcohol masqueraded as medicine. The high alcohol content in these “elixirs” did nothing to cure the patients, but often got them drunk enough to not care. It was common to see fancy bottles of questionable liquid being peddled by a travelling salesman, claiming to be selling a great cure-all that will solve all your health problems, ranging from diabetes to back aches to kidney stones. These salesmen were often more respected than the town doctor, regardless of the fact that they too were killing many settlers with their elixirs. Doctors were often blamed for deaths occurring in a village, even if the death was a result of the elixir the patient had been taking.
Next week we’ll shift the focus from medicines to medical practices, starting with the philosophy of the four humors and the practice of phlebotomy- bloodletting.


The Vatican’s dealings with the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich have long been swathed in myth and speculation. After almost seventy years, the crucial records for the years leading up to 1939 were finally opened to the public, revealing the bitter conflicts that raged behind the walls of the Holy See. Anti-Semites and philo-Semites, adroit diplomats and dogmatic fundamentalists, influential bishops and powerful cardinals argued passionately over the best way to contend with the intellectual and political currents of the modern age: liberalism, communism, fascism, and National Socialism. Hubert Wolf explains why a philo-Semitic association was dissolved even as anti-Semitism was condemned, how the Vatican concluded a concordat with the Third Reich in 1933, why Hitler’s Mein Kampf was never proscribed by the Church, and what factors surrounded the Pope’s silence on the persecution of the Jews.
In rich detail, Wolf presents astonishing findings from the recently opened Vatican archives—discoveries that clarify the relations between National Socialism and the Vatican. He illuminates the thinking of the popes, cardinals, and bishops who saw themselves in a historic struggle against evil. Never have the inner workings of the Vatican—its most important decisions and actions—been portrayed so fully and vividly.
Pope and Devil is a must-read for anybody interested in the Vatican's relationship with Germany in the tumultuous years leading up to World War II, including the hotly debated issue of 'the silence of Pius XII.' This book brings new complexity and insight to the debate on Pius XII's 'silence.'
[An] excellent examination of the Pius XI archives...No stranger to the dark side of church history, and intimately familiar with ecclesiastical dogma, politics, and procedure, Wolf presents sensitive material with admirable evenhandedness, avoiding both apology and easy condemnation...Pope and Devil gives us a behind-the-scenes exploration of what made the Vatican tick, providing the sort of background information with which political historians contextualize the decisions of secular leaders like Churchill or Roosevelt. Wolf shows that in the last months of his life Ratti became consumed with the issue of Nazi-inspired racism, and devoted much of his waning energy to it; while Pacelli, for his part, "was clear in his rejection of racial anti-Semitism, and...believed that the church had a general responsibility to support human rights." Both men, however, understood their responsibilities in the light of traditional Catholic priorities. Both viewed Catholic dogma as immutable; and both consistently put Catholic institutional objectives--understood as an essential requirement of salvation--first and foremost.
Hubert Wolf's extraordinarily lucid and well-researched Pope and Devil performs the much valued task of throwing light into dark corners sans the sensationalism and tendentious argumentation that have defined too much scholarship in the area...Pope and Devil takes the reader through the labyrinthine corridors of Vatican diplomacy in the 1920s and 1930s, the political turmoil that defined those papal strategies that tried to make sense of or at least limit the damage of the rising totalitarianism inundating Europe, and the intrigue and politicking that characterized the often fraught relationship among such parties as the nuncios or Vatican ambassadors in Berlin and Munich, the papal Secretary of State and the Head of the Supreme Congregation more commonly known as the Holy Office of the Roman Inquisition. No easy feat and Wolf manages it in a way that is both enlightening and entertaining.
Wolf's absorbing study shows in fascinating detail how ready Pius XI was to sup with authoritarian devils of both left and right in hopes of striking the best balance he could.
The Vatican's dealings with the Third Reich during the reign of Pius XII's predecessor, Pius XI (1922-1939), have received rather less attention. But since the archives for that pontificate were opened in 2006, our understanding has increased enormously. Hubert Wolf's book contributes greatly to that understanding.
Wolf has written a very important book. It does not explain the 'silence' of Pius XII, though it certainly exonerates him of the charge that he was in any way sympathetic to the regime in Germany. It also reveals a man with a misplaced confidence in his own competence.
[Pope and Devil] is useful in helping us understand the reasons for the Vatican's consistent refusal to take a bold stand against Hitler and his policies in the years leading up to the war.
The "silence of Pius XII" remains a contentious issue among historians studying the Third Reich and the Holocaust. Based on documents released by the Vatican Secret Archives during the last decade, Wolf offers an analysis of the pontificate of Pius XI (1922-1939). He carefully sketches the Vatican view of Germany during these years when Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pius XII, was a nuncio in Germany and subsequently cardinal secretary of state. Wolf's explication of these documents reveals the historical environment within which Pacelli matured and developed his Roman perspectives on Germany and so helps explain his future "silence" as pope. The documents (memoranda, etc.) offer clarifying insights into the sometimes convoluted policies of the Vatican with respect to its position on anti-Semitism, racism, the negotiations surrounding the Concordat of 1933, and the relationship between politics and dogma, always a tense problematic within the Roman Catholic Church. This book also opens windows on the Vatican perception of German Episcopal reactions to Hitler's ideology and to such issues as the euthanasia policy. Wolf's groundwork will make future archival releases more comprehensible.
[An] important book...In 2008, [Pope] Benedict [XVI] resuscitated a Good Friday prayer for the Jews, and last year he raised the cause of canonizing Pius XII to a higher stage. For many students of church history, such steps have been deeply troubling. Those hoping to form a judgment of Benedict's course should read Wolf's learned book and ask themselves whether the Pius they encounter in the memoranda salvaged from the Vatican's secret archives seems like a saint--with a charisma that speaks through the ages--or whether he appears as fallible as any of us, a man who sought wisdom but ultimately failed to see beyond the horizons of his own time.
- 336 pages
- 6-1/8 x 9-1/4 inches
- Belknap Press
Sorry, there was an error adding the item to your shopping bag.
Sorry, your session has expired. Please refresh your browser's tab.


The happy-go-lucky childhood spent playing kickball and complaining about piano lessons is a modern phenomenon for all but the wealthy. Lower class children have always worked, and worked hard, especially in agrarian societies. But the Industrial Age brought machinery that could do the work of a dozen full-grown men, and a boy could run it. And so began the era of child labor and unspeakable cruelty.
Whether chimney sweeps, mudlarkers, miners, or mill house scavengers, these jobs were dangerous, oftentimes very treacherous, and required long, long hours.
In 1938, 26 boys and girls ages six to 17 died in the Huskar Pit disaster in Yorkshire. The picture on the right shows a child pushing a cart through a small shaft in a deep rock mine.
Mill house scavengers brought much controversy to early nineteenth century Britain. Frances Trollope wrote:
A little girl about seven years old, whose job as scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton that might impede the work...while the hissing machinery passed over her, and when this is skillfully done, and the head, body, and the outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor, the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body without touching it. But accidents frequently occur; and many are the flaxen locks, rudely torn from infant heads, in the process.Charles Dickens publicized the plight of the children in Oliver Twist, as did several charitable societies and churches. By the 1880s, the U.K. and most of Europe had child labor laws in place, but the United States lagged way behind. "Children were often preferred, because factory owners viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike."
According to Scholastic.com:
By 1810, about 2,000,000 school-age children were working 50- to 70-hour weeks. Most of them came from poor families. When parents could not support their children, they sometimes turned them over to a mill or factory owner. One glass factory in Massachusetts was fenced with barbed wire "to keep the young imps inside.The "young imps" were boys under 12 who carried loads of hot glass all night for a wage of 40 cents to $1.10 per night.
After several abortive attempts, the United States enacted the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, a full one hundred years after England passed its first child labor laws.
In our modern era of enlightenment, children are still used and abused unfairly. The International Labor Organization estimates that worldwide, 211 million children are engaged in unlawful, dangerous, or forced labor--mostly in mining, agriculture, industry, pyrotechnics, domestic, or in the sex trade.
Myspace *** Bebo *** Faery World
Faery Special Romances *** See the book video
Royalties go to Children's Tumor Foundation, ending Neurofibromatosis through Research
Coming soon: Down Home Ever Lovin' Mule Blues


Charles Spurgeon and Joseph Parker both had churches in London in the 19th century. On one occasion, Parker commented on the poor condition of children admitted to Spurgeons orphanage. It was reported to Spurgeon however, that Parker had criticized the orphanage itself.
Spurgeon blasted Parker the next week from the pulpit. The attack was printed in the newspapers and became the talk of the town. People flocked to Parkers church the next Sunday to hear his rebuttal.
“I understand Dr. Spurgeon is not in his pulpit today, and this is the Sunday they use to take an offering for the orphanage. I suggest we take a love offering here instead.” The crowd was delighted. The ushers had to empty the collection plates three times.
Later that week there was a knock at Parkers study. It was Spurgeon. “You know Parker, you have practiced grace on me. You have given me not what I deserved, you have given me what I needed.


Socio-Historical Background of the Bajo Tribe in Tomini Bay
- Muhammad Obie
AbstractThis research aimed to analyze the socio-historical background of the Bajo Tribe to gain an academic explanation of the existence of the Bajo Tribe in Tomini Bay. Data collection techniques were conducted through indepth interview, passive participation observation, and Focused Group Discussion (FGD). Data collection was also done through literature study by collecting documents related to this research topic. The results showed that the Bajo tribe who currently live and settle in Tomini Bay is believed to be moving from the bay of Bone, South Sulawesi. They ran the ocean to form settlements in Tomini Bay. The Bajo tribal settlement in Tomini Bay was originally called Toro Siajeku which in 1901 was inaugurated by the Dutch Colonial Government into a village. The inauguration of the settlement which has now changed its name to Torosiaje Village is the momentum of the solidifying of sedentary life for the Bajo Tribe community in Tomini Bay.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Google-based Impact Factor (2017): 5.42
h-index (January 2018): 11
i10-index (January 2018): 21
h5-index (January 2018): 6
h5-median (January 2018): 9
- Joseph BaiEditorial Assistant


Ancestry.com - Search Schools, Directories & Church Histories
Ancestry.com has searchable indexes; database results and some digitized images are available with a fee-based subscription.
Maryland Quaker (Friends)
Original source: McGhee, Lucy Kate.. Maryland Quaker (Friends) : records of Third Haven (Tred Avon) Talbot County. Washington, D.C.: unknown, 1950.
Church Angel - Maryland Churches
Episcopal Diocese of Maryland Archives
Local Catholic Church and Family History and Catholic Ancestors - Maryland, Delaware, Virginia and West Virginia
[The original link is broken. This link points to an archived copy on the Wayback Machine]
Maryland Catholics on the Frontier
Maryland Catholics who migrated westward. Family History & Genealogy Message Board - Ancestry.com.
Net Ministries Church Directory - Maryland
Religion Collections in Libraries and Archives
A guide to resource in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia from the Library of Congress.
The Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland
Includes information on defunct parishes and where their records are now held.
The Catholic Directory - Catholic Churches in Maryland
Provides addresses for Catholic churches in the state organized alphabetically by city name.
USAChurches Directory - Maryland
Copyright © 1996-2023 Cyndi Ingle, CyndisList.com. All Rights Reserved.
Designed and developed by fusionSpan


The Weeping Window sculpture has won an honour at the Enjoy Staffordshire Tourism Awards at the National Memorial Arboretum.
The Window was on display at Middleport Pottery in Stoke-on-Trent from early August until September 16 before moving on.
It’s believed nearly 100,000 people went to see the poppies during those six weeks.
The poppies were originally on display as part of the Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red monument at the Tower of London in late 2014, as well as being surrounded by a field of red ceramic poppies, where they were visited by more than five million people.
Designers and organizers felt it was important more people were able to see the tribute, so decided to tour the two key features, The Wave and The Weeping Window.
The structures travelled up and down the country for four years.
The runners up in the Best Tourism Experience category were the Armed Forces Day at the National Memorial Arboretum; Santa’s Winter Wonderland at SnowDome and the Just So Festival.
Other winners on the night included Keele University, the National Memorial Arboretum, and Drayton Manor Park.


Hello, S! Perhaps I can be of service. To begin with, I believe the Barbour collection transcription for Waterbury is in error, either a transcriber's error, or the original was in error. For Jaorum Matthews, I did a broad Google search, an ancestry.com search, an americanancestors.org, search, and a familysearch.org search. The only Jaorum I found is in that single entry in Waterbury Town Records. Further, I believe that the marriage did not occur in that town, but was entered there because Reuben was from there, and had parents residing there.. I interpret the entry to read Reuben, of Waterbury, married Xene, of New Hartford, in the Province of New York.
I DO find, however, a record of the marriage of Xena Matthews to Reuben Beebe on 30 March 1774 in the town of Hertford, in what was to become Hartland, Vermont. [Early Vermont Settlers, 1700-1784. (Original Online Database: AmericanAncestors.org, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2015. (By Scott Andrew Bartley, Lead Genealogist.) https://www.americanancestors.org/DB1565/i/53409/4/72500547] Vermont was disputed by New Hampshire and New York at that time. Hertford's name was changed to Hartland in 1782, to lessen the confusion to Hartford. This explains the Waterbury entry referring to New Hartford, Province of New York.
Next, Xena's father was named Joel Matthews. The above article, 5 pages in length, reports in length the life of Major Joel Matthews. If you do not have a subscription to americanancestors.org, I'd be glad to abstract a portion of it for you.


At its peak, the Oriole Home Fox Farm raised up to 1000 foxes. Photo used with permission from the book Heritage of Ixonia, by Carl and Alida Jaeger.
By HOWARD WIEDENHOEFT
Reading the minutes of insurance companies is truly a study of history. We’re reminded of this once again as we look at what our founding companies insured during the 1930s, an era of increasing modernization.
According to the Wiedenhoeft farm abstract, the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company purchased easements rights for electric lines in 1936. This meant electric power was finally coming to rural Wisconsin! Prior to this, farmers supplied their own electricity with gas-powered generators. As early as 1924 both Ixonia Mutual Insurance Company and Watertown Mutual Insurance Company insured these individually owned “electric plants.” At Watertown Mutual’s 1927 annual meeting, directors expressed concern over the storage of gasoline needed to power these engines and the following by-law was approved: “power apparatus must be housed in a separate noncombustible apartment and if after inspection by officials it is found that this order is not complied with the company will not pay any loss occurring thru such negligence.”
During the 1930s, rural households moved forward with many of the same modernizations as did their distant urban neighbors. In January 1938, Watertown Mutual passed the following resolution: “that necessary motors and electric equipment, except radios, used in and around the house for necessary operations of the household shall be considered insured under household furniture.” Members were reminded that these items were only insured against fire and lightning and not against power surges. Notice that radios were not included, but had to be listed separately (a possible reason is that they were a new household item—in the same way, decades later, computers initially were insured separately). On December 31, 1938, Watertown Mutual had $5,050 of radios insured.
Another time-relative insurance offered by our founding mutuals was to fox farmers. During the 1930s and 40s, fur farming was a large part of Wisconsin’s economy. Raised for their pelts, Wisconsin’s mink, fox and other small, fur-bearing animals became a high-yielding commodity. Locally, the Oriole Home Fox Farm located on Fox Road in Ixonia operated from 1920 to 1952, and at its peak was an enterprise consisting of 1,000 foxes.
In 1934, Watertown Mutual approved insurance for silver black foxes at a maximum of $15 per head. While both companies insured the farms themselves, neither has record of specifically insuring any foxes.