RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture are part of RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture.
|Chapter Name||Natural Resources and Agriculture|
|Number of Questions Solved||97|
Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture
Natural Resources and Agriculture Textbook Questions Solved
Objective Type Questions
Growing of different crops in pre-planned succession is called as-
(A) Mixed Cropping
(B) Mixed Farming
(C) Crop rotation
The average amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is:
Which of the following causes acid rain?
(A) Air pollution
(B) Water pollution
(C) Soil pollution
(D) Sound pollution
Which one of the following nutrient is found in plants, by soil?
Which one is Kharif crop?
Natural Resources and Agriculture Very Short Answer Type Questions
Name the instrument which is used to measure the movement of air?
Anemometer is used to measure the movement of air.
The environment is affected by human activities. Discharge of any harmful substance into earth, water or air, which may change their natural composition is called pollution.
What are natural resources?
Natural resources are the stock of the nature, such as air, water, soil, coal, minerals, animals and plants, that are useful to mankind, in many ways.
What is Algal bloom?
The presence of sewage and fertilisers in polluted water provide a lot of nutrients to the algae present in water body. This excessive growth of algae is known as algal bloom.
What is sonic boom?
The experiments like rocket launching explosions and firing, produce deafening sound. The supper sonic jet left the sound waves, which are known as sonic boom.
What is mixed farming?
Mixed farming is the type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised on the same farm.
Name the gas found in maximum percentage in the atmosphere? ‘
Nitrogen gas (78.09%) is found in maximum percentage in the atmosphere.
Which gas is used by plants in the respiration?
What is the reason for the movement of air?
Movement of air is the result of changes that take place in our atmosphere, due to heating of air and the formation of water vapour.
Write the name of an exotic breed of poultry bird having high egg laying capacity?
Natural Resources and Agriculture Short Answer Type Questions
What is Humus? What are the advantages of Humus?
Humus is a dark coloured organic substance consisting of partially or wholly decayed plant or animal waste. It provides nutrient for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain water. Humus plays a major role in deciding the soil structure because it causes soil to become more porous and allows water and air to penetrate deep underground.
How acid rain is produced? Mention the harmful effects of acid rain?
Nitrogen and sulphur oxides present in the atmosphere are oxidised by the ozone and then dissolve in water vapours present in the atmosphere to form acid drops. The reaction occurs, according to the following equations.
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
NO2+ O2→ NO + O2
No2 + No3→ N2O5
N2Os + H2O→ 2HNO3 (Nitric acid)
SO2 + O2 + 1/2H2O → H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)
Acids formed in this way in the atmosphere fall back on the earth, along with the raindrops and this is called acid rain. Acid rain is rain which contains dissolved gases like nitrogen pentaoxide or sulphur di and tri-oxide in water present in the atmosphere, making nitric acid and sulphuric acid, respectively.
Harmful effects of Acid Rain:
- Acid rain kills fishes and other aquatic animals and plants.
- Acid rain causes irritation in the eyes and skin.
- Acid rain removes nutrients from plant leaves.
- Acid rain increases the acidity of soil and adversely affects the production of crops.
- Acid rain reacts with building materials such as marble, limestone and hence, weakens them by corrosion.
- Acid rain weakens the bridges and other such structures. There is a risk of their breaking, any time.
- Heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, etc. separate from mineral ores, due to acid rain. These metals pass into lakes and rivers, along with rainwater and cause water pollution.
What is BOD?
Biological Oxygen Demand indicates the quality of wastewater. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by bacteria in decomposing the organic waste present in water. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen per litre of water.
Describe the harmful effects of air pollution?
Following are the harmful effects of air pollution on health:
- Carbon dioxide, chlorine, ammonia, nitrous oxide, etc. gases coming out of factories cause irritation and burning in the throat and eye.
- The vapours which come out from chemical factories cause many diseases of lungs, such as a cough, asthma, etc.
- The gases coming out from the factories of aluminium and superphosphate cause diseases of teeth and bones.
- Smoke and dust particles present in the air cause cough, asthma and tuberculosis.
- Petrol and diesel vehicles produce gases such as carbon monoxide and tetramethyl lead, etc. If inhaled for long time continuously, these gases cause cancer, tuberculosis, etc.
What is biological magnification? Explain.
The pesticides and other chemicals used in the crop fields enter the water sources due to rain, e.g., DDT. These enter the food chain and keep on accumulating at each trophic level, as these chemicals cannot be decomposed. This increase in the concentration of toxicants with an increase in the trophic level is called biological magnification.
What is noise pollution? Explain the harmful effects of noise pollution?
Noise pollution: Any unwanted sound is called noise. High intensity sounds emitted by big machines, industries, factories, automobiles, aeroplanes, etc. are unwanted sound. Use of loudspeakers in public meetings, etc. a high volume of radio, TV and transistors increases the noise level. The pollution caused by it, is called noise pollution. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels. The intensity of sound in normal conversation is 30-50 decibels.
Effects of sound pollution on human beings:
- Audiological effects: Sounds of more than 90 dB intensity, causes fatigue in the ears and roaring in ears, continues. Persons living in the noise of 100 dB become hard of hearing or deaf. If the intensity of sound is very high and the source of loud sound is near the ears, the eardrum gets punctured and deafness is produced.
- Physiological effects: Harsh and unwanted sounds affect the physiological working of the human body. Sound pollution harms the vision of the eyes, and working of the heart, liver, respiratory system and brain. Sound pollution causes headache, nausea, irritation in skin, high blood pressure, vertigo and loss of memory.
- Psychological effects: Harsh sound causes anger, irritability and mental tension. It gives birth to quarrels and disputes among the people.
- Other effects: Sound pollution interferes in lectures, speech and normal talk with other persons. The working efficiency of persons goes down. Sound pollution disturbs sound sleep and peaceful study.
Write any four causes of Soil pollution?
Causes of Soil pollution are:
- Mixing of debris, waste products with the soil, causes soil pollution.
- By excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers, the soil is polluted.
- When industrial wastes are discharged in the soil, they also pollute the soil.
- Insecticides like, D.D.T. is very dangerous. When these enter the body of consumers from producers, their concentration is increased because these are non-degradable substances. Moreover, these can remain in the atmosphere for upto 15 years. DDT also causes soil pollution.
Write any four measures to control air pollution?
The following devices and measures should be adopted to control air pollution:
- Gas absorbing appliances should be used over the chimney of the factories, to absorb the harmful gases.
- Filters should be used to check up the big particles of refuse matter, so that the big particles may not mix in the atmosphere.
- Suitable fuel should be used in vehicles. Combustion engines of vehicles should be checked from time to time.
- The fuel should be as such, that on oxidation there may be minimum smoke and less harmful gases are given out.
Write the differences between Manures and Fertilisers.
|1. Manure is semi-decomposed organic matter.||1. The fertiliser is a chemical formulation.|
|2. It is prepared from natural materials,like plant residues & animal residues.||2. It is synthetic, being formed from chemical salts.|
|3. It contains only a small quantity of mineral salts.||3. Fertilisers contain pure mineral salts or their precursors.|
|4. It is not nutrient specific.||4. It is nutrient specific.|
|5. It adds organic matter to the soil.||5. There is no addition of organic matter.|
|6. It is required in large quantity.||6. It is required in small quantity.|
|7. Nutrient availability is moderate and they are released slowly.||7. Fertiliser possesses readily available easily releasable plant nutrients.|
|8. Manure is bulky. It is very difficult to transport to longer distances.||8. It has smaller bulk. Fertilisers can therefore, be transported easily to long distances|
|9. Manure cannot be stored for long duration.||9. Fertilisers can be stored for long duration.|
|10. It helps in maintaining soil texture, its hydration and aeration||10. It can harm soil texture and other soil characteristics.|
|11. Excess manure is not much harmful. It does not cause pollution.||11. Excess fertiliser is harmful for plants. It also causes pollution.|
What is vermicomposting? Explain.
Vermicomposting is the degradation of organic wastes through the consumption by the earthworms. Earthworms increases the fertility of soil in several ways, physically, they are reactors, crushers and mixers, chemically, they are degraders of organic wastes and biologically they are stimulators of decomposition. In India, many species of earthworms are used in vemicomposting, such as Dichogaster bolani, Drawida willsi, etc.
Explain. Organic farming?
Organic farming: It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals, like fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. and with maximum input from organic manures, recycled farm wastes, use of bio-agents such as culture of blue-green algae in preparation of biofertilisers, neam leaves or turmeric, specifically in grain storage as bio-pesticides, with healthy cropping systems.
How does artificial rearing done?
For the production of honey, on a commercial basis, Italian variety of honey bee is reared. Apis mellifera is commonly used for honey production, throughout the country. This variety has been domesticated in India, due to its various good characters such as gentleness in nature, good honey collection capacity prolific queen production. with less swarming and a good ability to protect itseb from enemies. For the purpose of commercial production of honey, apiaries are established.
For artificial rearing of bees, artificial hive is required. Artificial hive consists of a large brood chamber, wax coated metal plates and plastic plates. These plates form the base of artificial hive. These hives are kept in garden, to attract the bees. Blooming period is the most suitable time for artificial rearing.
Drone bees are introduced. Drone bees secrete wax from their abdomen, producing glands. They start secreting wax on plates coated with toad. Drones prepare wax chambers on wax coated plates. When the honey chambers are filled completely, then plates are taken out and honey is collected. The wax deposited on these is also separated.
Honey is very useful for health. It is also used in ayurvedic medicines. Wax obtained from bees is called bee wax, which is used in the preparation of polish, creams and shoe polish. Apiculture is used professionlly in these days. Khadi Gram Udhyog is encouraging apiculture, nowadays.
Write the names of high milk yielding breeds of cows and buffaloes?
Breed of Cows: Indigenous (Desi) high milk yielding breeds are:(a) Gir
(c) Red Sindhi
Exotic (foreign) varieties are:
(c) Holstein and
(d) Karan Swiss.
All these are reared to get more milk. Their bulls help in farming and for transport purpose. They are Nageri, Malvi and Hallikar. Bregus type of breed is prepared by crossing method.
Breed of Buffaloes: Indigenous (Desi) breeds of good milk yielding buffaloes are:
Murrah and Surati are foreign imported breeds of buffalo.
Name the various disease in dairy animals?
Diseases of daily animals can be broadly classified into:
Parasitic Diseases: The parasites of cattle may be both external and internal. External parasites include fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Internal parasites include worms and flukes.
Infectious diseases: These are mainly caused by viruses and bacteria. They are contagious and spread easily.
For Example Viral diseases: Foot and mouth disease, Cowpox and Rinderpest. Bacterial diseases: Anthrax, Haemorrhagic septicemia, etc.
What is Mixed Cropping? Write its advantages.
Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Some mixed cropping practices are:
(a) Soyabean + Pigeon pea
(b) Wheat + Mustard
Advantages of mixed cropping:
The risk of total crop failure, due to uncertain monsoon, is reduced.
Farmers tend to harvest a variety of products such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirement of family or of agricultural farms.
Natural Resources and Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions
What is sustainable agriculture? Describe the various methods of sustainable agriculture.
Sustainable Agriculture: The science of cultivating land to raise crops is called agriculture. Sustainable agriculture means successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Due to steady increase of human population, it is necessary to increase the crops production, that can be achieved by efficient management of natural resources, such as soil, water, forest, fertilisers, pesticides, etc.
Various method of sustainable agriculture: Mixed farming is the crop production including horticulture and rearing of farm animals, poultry and piggery, etc.
Types of mixed crop farming are:
Food-fodder, horticulture-pastoral, agro-forestry and mixed cropping-cereal crops and milch animals, etc. Mixed cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Some mixed cropping practices are:
(a) Soybean + Pigeon pea
(b) Wheat + Mustard
Advantages of mixed cropping:
(a) The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced.
(b) Farmers tend to harvest a variety of produce, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder, to meet the various requirements of family or of agricultural farms. Crop rotation: One method of crop production which ensures high yield is crop rotation. Crop rotation is defined as the practice of growing of different crops on a piece of land, in a preplanned succession. Depending upon the duration, crop rotation is done for different crop combinations. If crop rotation is done properly, then two or three crops can be grown in one year with good harvests.
Advantages of crop rotation:
(a) Crop rotation helps in the replenishment of soil fertility.
(b) It enhances the production, by increasing the soil fertility.
(c) It prevents building up of diseases and pests of a particular crop.
(d) It prevents depletion of selective nutrients.
- One year rotation-Rice – Wheat; Maize – Mustard.
- Two-year rotation-Maize – Potato; Sugarcane – pea.
- Three-year rotation-Rice, Wheat-Mung, Mustard, Sugarcane, Burseem.
Name the products formed by Fishery? Describe the steps of fishery?
Fish is an important food, which is quite rich in proteins.
The main products formed by fishery are: Oil with vitamins, proteins, fats, fins, skin and scales.
Fishery or Pisciculture is a combination of agriculture and animal husbandry. Providing natural food to fishes, rearing in ponds comes under agriculture. The term pisciculture is the production, breeding and management of fishes on a large scale, under controlled conditions. As India has vast freshwater resources, there is a great scope of improvement in fish production. India ranks 7th among the leading fish producing countries of the world. Development and production of fish in freshwater is more than marine water (salt water).
Many people living near coastal areas depend on fishes for their food requirement. The main aim of Pisciculture is to produce fishes for food and secondly, it provides employment opportunities.
Varieties (types) of fishes used for piscicultures.
Selected Fresh water species: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal.
Foreign (exotic) fishes: Silver carp, common carp, Grass carp, Hilsa, Salmon, Singhara.
Activities for Pisciculture: Construction of pond: Appropriate pond or tank is required for pisciculture. The pond should be constructed on land, containing clay soil. Sunlight should reach on the bottom of the pond. Inlet and outlet of water in the pond should be proper.
Food material for fishes:
Two types of food are needed for the fishes:
- Natural food,
- Artificial food.
1. Natural food consists of small aquatic plants and animals. For a continuous supply of this food, bio fertilisers and birds excreta are added. Lime (CaO) is added to water, to reduce the acidity of water.
2. Artificial food is also needed for the rapid development of fishes. Crushed grains, powdered wheat, soyabean, yeast, rice bran, etc. are included in artificial food.
3. Removal of fishes from a pond: Fishes are taken out, once in a year. All the fishes should not be taken out. Partial removal of fishes increases the production of fishes and it should be done early in the morning.
4. Precautions of pisciculture:
- Pollution of water causes great harm to the fishes. So, the pond should be cleaned regularly and non-beneficial plants should be removed.
- Fishes suffer from many types of diseases, caused by bacteria and viruses, so fishes should be checked at regular interval of time and treated, accordingly.
- Introduction of small fishes should be done early in the morning.
- During thunder, lightening and raining, fishing should not be done.
- Fish food should be palatable.
What is Irrigation? Describe the various modem systems of Irrigation?
Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crop plants in the fields, by means of canals, reservoirs, wells, tube-wells, etc.
It depends on the following two factors:
- Crop-based irrigation, i.e., on the nature of crop plants.
- Soil-based irrigation, i.e., on the nature of soil of the crop fields.
The various irrigation systems in India are as follows:
The common method of irrigation in India is well, tube wells, pumps, canals, tanks, river-valley system and river-lift systems. Irrigation is essential at various levels of crop production, such as sowing, tilting, flowering and fruiting.
(a) Wells: Wells are bored at such places, where groundwater is enough.
These are of two types:
- Dug wells: Dug wells have their bottom surface below the ground water table. Water accumulates here from surroundings. Water is lifted for irrigation by mechanical means, e.g., Persian wheels operated by bullocks, horses and camels
- Tube wells: Tube wells are dug very deep. Water is lifted from these wells by diesel or electric run pumps.
(b) Tanks: These are small storage reservoirs. They store run-off water from the surrounding catchment areas. Small dams are constructed below the catchment areas, to regulate the flow of water for agriculture.
(c) Canal system: Canals mostly get water from large rivers. Doors are .fitted at the mouth of canal joining the river to regulate the flow of water. A canal is distributed into branch canals, distributaries or field channels. These field channels irrigate the fields. For irrigation, the fields of various farmers, a rotation system is followed, so that each and every farmer may irrigate his field.
(d) River valley system: In the western ghat mountains for South India, are present many steep and narrow riverine valleys. In this region, rainfall is very heavy during June to September and again in November and December. On the slopes and in the valleys, perennial crops, like supari are cultivated. Rice crop is also grown in the bottomlands of the valley.
(e) River lift system: Water is lifted directly from the river for irrigation of nearby fields. It is done due to inadequate flow of water in canal or due to insufficient release of water from the river reservoir.
(f) Sprinkler irrigation system: It is introduced in canal irrigated areas of Haiyana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Drip irrigation system is in use in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orisa and Tamil Nadu. It is in practice with the help of Isral technical, known Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. They are also providing training to the people of various states. Here, they are cultivating different varieties of roses, tomatoes, capsicum of yellow and red colour, gourd, etc.
Describe the various aims of improved cropping?
Aims of improved cropping:
- The main aims of crop improvement are to increase the productivity of economic product, which is possible by developing high yielding varieties.
- The plant crops are subjected to many biotic stresses, such as disease, insects, pests, nematode as well as abiotic stresses, such as draughts, water logging, salinity, heat, cold, etc.
- Better quality of crop regarding economic value, protein quality of pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preservity of vegetables and fruits.
- Photo-in sensitive and thermo insensitive varieties of some crops can be cultivated in large areas, as they are not affected by light and temperature.
- Crop production, under different environmental conditions, can be stabilised by developing improved varieties of crops.
- Desired agronomic traits give higher produce, such as high tillering, tall professedly branching characters of fodder crops, and dwarf character of cereals.
Examples of the high yielding variety of wheat are: Sonara 64, Hira, Moti, Kalyan Sona and Sharbati sonara.
High yielding variety of paddy are: Pusa 205, IR 8, Padma and Jaya.
What is water pollution? Describe its various sources and harmful effects.
Water pollution: Spoiling the quality of water by any natural or human activity is called water pollution.
Causes of water pollution:
- Waste products, industrial wastes and chemical wastes are thrown in rivers, lakes, etc. as such pollute the water bodies.
- Sewerage and dirty waste water of villages, towns and cities is drained to fall into rivers or any other water body.
- People wash their dirty clothes, take bath, clean their utensils and bath their pet animals in the water of the pond, lake, river, etc.
- Oil slick in the sea due to leakage, from ship, causes pollution. Water is also polluted, due to atomic explosions in seas.
- Atomic explosion experiments inside the sea, and dumping of nuclear waste in oceans.
Harmful effects of polluted water on human life:
- Water plants and animals are destroyed, due to polluted water by industrial wastes.
- Sewerage, garbage and organic materials dumped into water bodies, kill the fishes, because of reduction in oxygen concentration, causing their suffocation.
- Many diseases are caused by drinking polluted water, e.g., typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, hepatitis and polio.
- Eggs of hookworms, roundworms, etc. enter into our bodies through polluted water and make us ill.
- Parasites penetrate the skin of human beings while bathing in polluted water, it becomes the cause of diseases such as schestomiosis, laptospisosis, etc.
- Water discharged from some industries may contain metals like copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium. These metals are harmful to human beings and cause diseases.
For example, Minamata disease is caused due to mercury metal. This disease harms the liver and kidneys.
- Fluorine ions present in water causes fluorosis of teeth and bones, Problems of kidney and thyroid gland are produced, due to the high concentration of fluorine.
Natural Resources and Agriculture Additional Questions Solved
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
The compound responsible for the depletion of ozone layer is-
(A) Sulphur dioxide
(B) Chlorofluoro carbon
(C) Alkyl halide
(D) Organo-Mercuiy compounds
The polluted water can cause-
(B) Kidney trouble
(D) Pulmonary disease
Which gas is present in the air in the highest proportion?
(C) Carbon dioxide
The main cause of a cough, asthma and tuberculosis is-
(A) Air pollution
(B) Water pollution
(C) Noise pollution
(D) All the above
Which is helpful in checking air pollution-
(C) Means of Transport
The pollutant which dissolves in rain water to form acid rain is-
(A) Carbon monoxide
(B) Sulphur dioxide
(C) Nitrogen pentoxide
(D) Both (B) and (C)
The purest form of water is-
(A) distilled water
(B) sea water
(C) rain water
(D) well water
The improved variety of rice is-
(B) Pusa Basmati
(C) Pusa Jwala
(D) Pusa Bold”
Plants get hydrogen from-
Out of the following, which is a micronutrients for plants-
The organism which prepare vermi- compost is-
One of the following is a variety of wheat-
(A) HD – 2687
When two or more crops are grown in the field in succession, the practice is called-
(A) Multiple cropping
(B) Mixed cropping
(C) Mono cropping
(D) None of the above”
The HYV of wheat is-
(A) Pusa Basmati
(C) C – 306
Main cereal crop of our country
Natural Resources and Agriculture Very Short Answer Type Questions
Give the name of two air pollutants which are responsible for acid rain.
(a) Sulphur dioxide
(b) Nitrogen pentoxide
Name a disease caused by coal dust?
Which gases cause eye bum?
Sulphur dioxide,Chlorine and Ammonia.
Name the class of compounds which destroy the atmospheric ozone layer.
What diseases are produced by dust particles?
Coryza, cough, asthma and tuberculosis.
What is air pollution?
Any qualitative or quantitative change in the composition of air, that produce an undesirable or harmful effect on living beings is called air pollution.
Name two air pollutants which cause acid rain.
(a) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
(b) Nitrogen dixode (NO2)
Name two causes of air pollution
(a) Smoke emitted by various automobiles.
(b) Burning of fuels, like wood, coal and petrol.
What gases are emitted by burning of petrol?
Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO2) are emitted by burning of petrol.
What is water pollution?
The contamination of water with harmful chemicals and radiations is called water pollution.
Name four diseases caused by water pollution.
3. Typhoid and
Explain why fishes in some river, pond or along sea shore are sometimes found dead.
Toxic chemicals present in waste material thrown from factories and industries into river water, on large scale, kill the fishes.
Name the two gases which together constitute 99% of the atmosphere.
Oxygen (20.946%) and nitrogen (78.084%).
What is the percentage of oxygen in gases present in the atmosphere?
What is smog?
Smog is a combination of smoke, water droplets of fog and fumes discharged into air from homes, factories and automobiles.
Write the name of the gas produced in Mathura Refineries which can damage the great historical monument, Taj Mahal.
Sulphur dioxide gas.
Write the name of the improved variety of wheat?
Name the manure which is formed with the help of earthworm.
Mention the best way to protect plants from the irus.
The best way to protect plants from virus disease, TMV resistant varieties must be grown. Infected plant should be removed and burnt from field.
How a pathogen entry can be prevented in a crop field?
We should stop the entrance of pathogens by preferable preventive measures, e.g., selection of optimum time of cropping, use of pest and disease resistant hybrid varieties, crop rotation, clean cultivation.
Inter cropping is retailored and improved version of traditional mixed cropping, in which two or more crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, but in a definite row pattern.
What is sustainable agriculture?
It refers to the successful management of resources to satisfy human needs, while conserving natural resources, using renewable resources.
What do you understand by rotation of crops.
Rotation of crop is repeated cultivation of a cereal crop and a legume crop in successive seasons.
What are primary nutrients?
Primary nutrients are the most important minerals, required for plant growth.
They are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.
Write one advantage of crop rotation.
Crop rotation minimises attraction by pathogens and pest, controls weeds, improves fertility of soil.
What are weedicides? Name one weedicide.
The chemical substances which are used to kill weeds are called weedicides. An example of weedicide is 2, 4 – D (i.e. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid).
Write the name of two fungal diseases of plants.
(a) Late blight of potato.
(b) Green ear disease of
Write names of two bacterial disease in plants.
(a) Angular leaf spot of tobacco.
(b) Red stripe of sugar cane.
Natural Resources and Agriculture Short Answer Type Questions.
What are the different kinds of environmental pollution?
Following are the different kinds of pollution-
- Water pollution
- Air pollution
- Land pollution
- Noise pollution
- Radioactive pollution
- Thermal pollution
Which sources emit carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Following are sources which release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere-
- When fossil fuels such as wood, coal oil, etc. are burnt in furnaces, then carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere.
- When petrol or any fuel is burnt in automobiles, railway engine, ships, aeroplanes, etc., carbon dioxide is discharged and sent to the atmosphere.
- When living beings respire, CO2 is sent to the atmosphere.
Why a long exposure to carbon monoxide is fatal for human beings?
Carbon monoxide has affinity for haemoglobin, 200 times more than oxygen. If a person inhales carbon monoxide for 6 to 8 hours, then carbon monoxide has poisonous effect. Carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin and forms carboxy- haemoglobin, which can not absorb oxygen. Thus, red blood corpuscles lose the capacity of carrying oxygen to various parts of the body. As a result of which, the person dies for want of oxygen.
Why the use of polythene bags should be stopped?
Use of polythene bags should be stopped and banned, because of the following reasons.
- Biodegradation of polythene bags does not occur. So, polythene bag remain permanently in the soil and is an obstacle in the development of plants.
- Polythene bags thrown in drains chock the drain-pipe, as a result of which dirty waste water spreads out on the land. So, insects, bacteria and germs are produped in that stagnating water, which spread many diseases such as cholera, malaria, etc.
- People throw used polythene bags containing refuge and wastage of food, fruits and vegetables in it. Cows and other animals swallow these bags along with the food contents. These bags accumulate in the stomach of the cows and cause diseases and even death of the cows.
How noise pollution can be controlled during festivals and social functions?
Control of noise pollution during festivals and social functions:
- Use of noise pollution produced by loud speakers during festivals, social and religious functions should be restricted.
- Burning of crackers and other fireworks should be stricktly prohibted from 10 O’clock in night, till 6 O’clock in the morning.
- Crackers with high sound intensity should not be allowed.
- Crackers and fire works should not be allowed near hospitals, educational institutions.
What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-nutrients?
Macronutrients are essential inorganic elements, which are required in comparatively larger quantities for growth and reproduction of plants. They are called macronutrients because they are required in relatively larger quantities e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium etc.
What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
The principles of feeding, breeding and weeding are same in both.
- Proper shelter, its hygiene aeration and lighting
- Proper feed and feed additives.
- Selective breeding.
- Health care including vaccination.
- Proper drinking water.
Why are manures and fertilizers used in fields?
Manures and fertilisers are added to fields mainly to replenish minerals, which get depleted due to withdrawal by crop plants and reaching down to lower strata of soil.
- Manures add a small quantity of all minerals to the soil. They improve soil hydration, soil aeration and activity of soil micro-organisms, some of which are required for solubilisation of heavy minerals.
- Fertilisers are nutrient specific which contain one or more minerals in concentrated form. They meet the immediate and complete minerals requirement of high yielding varieties. However, they harm soil structure and cause pollution of crops, soil, groundwater and nearby surface water. A combination of both manure and fertilizer is highly useful.
What are the benefits of cattle farming?
The cattle farmers are benefited in the following ways:
- They use cattle for various draught purposes in agricultural operations like ploughing, harrowing etc.
- They get milk for cattle.
- Provide extra income.
- They provide manure and fuel. Agriculture and cattle farming is complementary to each other.
- They are used in the driving cart for the transportation of materials and men.
List out some useful traits in improved crop?
Useful traits of improved crops are as follows:
- Higher yield
- Improved nutritional quality
- Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
- Change in maturity
- Wide range of adaptability.
- Desired agronomic characteristics.
Explain the different factors that are to be considered before deciding the nature of feed for cattle and poultry birds.
The food requirements of cattle and poultry birds vary according to the age, health, nature of work and special conditions, like lactation period.
- The optimal food requirements of a cattle can be worked out, by studying the internal structure and functioning of the rumen and nutritional quality of their feeds and fodder. The milk yield of an animal is largely determined by the kind of feed given to it.
- A calf needs more food and nutrition than an old cow.
- The feed of poultry birds also needs essential nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The feed for larger poultry farm contains mashed cereals, like bajra, wheat and maize, rice, beans and groundnut cake.
Describe the role of fertilisers and irrigation in improving crop yield. Mention any one effect of each if it is used in excess.
Role of fertilisers are as follows:
- They provide macronutrients like N, P, K, S and Mg and micronutrients like Cu, B, Mn required for the proper growth and development of plants.
- They are readily soluble in water and immediately absorbed by the plants.
- They provide these nutrients in a specific quantity.
Role of irrigation are as follows:
- It is applied in certain frequency and quantity for specific crops, e.g. Paddy needs more water.
- It provides water supply to the plants which is very much essential for life processes, like photosynthesis.
- It is applied in certain frequency and quantity for a specific type of soils, e.g. sandy soil needs more frequent irrigation.
The effect, when fertilisers are used in excess:
Excess of nitrogenous fertilisers from the soil is washed away into water bodies like a pond, encourages more algal growth and oxygen depletion. This is called eutrophication.
The effect when irrigation is used in excess:
Excess irrigation affects the respiration of roots if it is done before harvesting.
What are the desirable traits for which improved varieties are developed by cross-breeding programmes between indigenous and exotic breeds? What are the advantages of exotic breeds?
The desirable traits are as follows:
- Dwarf broiler parent, for commercial chick production.
- Number and quality of chicks.
- Improvement in the hen, housed for egg production and reduction in the size of the layer, with the ability to utilise a more fibrous diet, formulated using agricultural by-products.
- Low maintenance requirements.
- Summer adaptation tolerance to, high temperature.
Advantages of exotic breeds:
- They mature easily.
- They yield more eggs and meat.
- They are small in size and eat less, as compared to indigenous variety.
What is inter-cropping? How does it differ from mixed cropping? State its two advantages?
Inter-cropping is the process of growing two or more crops simultaneously, on the same field in a definite pattern. A few rows of one crop, alternate with a few rows of a second crop.
For example: Soyabean + maize or finger millet (bajra) + cowpea (lobia).
Difference between mixed cropping and Inter-cropping are as follows:
1. It has target to minimise risk of crop failure.
2. It involves no set patterns of rows of crops.
3. Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.
1. It has target toin- crease productivity per unit area.
2. It involves set patterns of rows of crops.
3. Seeds of two crops are not mixed.
Advantages of inter-cropping are as follows:
- It prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants, belonging to one crop in a field. In this way, both crops can give better returns.
- It ensures maximum utilisation of the nutrients supplied.
Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
Prevention is always better than cure. Plants are harmed if attacked by pests. Preventive measures and biological control methods are preferred for protecting crop plants, because they not only prevent the stored food materials from getting, spoiled, getting infested by insects, bacteria and micro-organisms. These methods also protect crops from chemicals which are sometimes added, to control the pests attacking stored food grains. These chemicals are toxic. Some pesticides lead to biomagnification. Biological methods are eco-friendly too.
Natural Resources and Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions
What is sound pollution? What are the different sources of sound pollution? How pollution can be controlled?
Sound pollution: Production of undesirable loud and harsh sound at the wrong place and wrong time is called sound pollution. The sound of sirens of buses or trucks seems to be normal on a highway, but near a hospital, school or in residential colony the sound of siren takes the form of noise thus causing sound pollution. Unwanted sound is called noise. Following are the sources of sound pollution:
1. Sources of sound in homes:
- Mixers and grinders
- Desert cooler
Air conditioner, etc. contribute to sound pollution, because these domestic appliances produce a variety of sound and noise.
2. Sources of sound in surroundings:
- Loudspeakers used in religious place, on festive occasions, or public meetings
- Exploding of crackers
- crying of hawkers in streets
- Fairs also contribute to noise pollution.
3. Sources of sound in factories Industries: Machines in factories produce loud roaring noise and contribute to noise pollution.
4. Sources of sound due to traffic:
- Noise produced by various automobiles vehicles
- Noise produced by flying aeroplanes
- Railway locomotives produce unwanted high-intensity sound.
Measures to control noise pollution:
1. Noise control in homes: Proper maintenance and necessary usage of television, radio, transistor, grinders, desert coolers, etc. bring down the noise level by keeping their volume level low.
2. Noise control on roads: Proper maintenance of the vehicles and use of low sound intensity of sirens, control the noise pollution. Law should be enforced to get rid of noisy vehicles.
3. Control on noise produce by industries and factories: Machines should be kept well lubricated and maintained properly, to bring down the level of noise. Factories should be set away from residential areas.
4. Trees and plants are good sound absorbers. So, trees should be planted on both the sides of the road to check the movement of sound towards homes, educational institutions, offices, etc.
5. People should be made aware of the fact that noise is injurious to health, through newspapers, television, radio, and magazines.
Why it is necessary to conserve water? What efforts should be made for the conservation of water?
Sources of water in the world are limited, whereas the population has increased tremendously. Consumption of water is more than available resources. The level of underground water has gone down. Lakes, rivers and ponds are polluted, so water should not be wasted at all. Due to deforestation, there is a shortage of rainfall. As such, conservation of water is necessary.
Following are the measures to be taken to conserve water:
- Do not let water flow uselessly. Leakage in pipes should be repaired.
- If the pipe-line distributing water is leaking and broken, the related officers should be informed so that pipes may be repaired or changed.
- Taps in public places should be kept closed, when not being used. Often children open the taps or sometimes elders also forget to close the tap, due to which water flows uselessly. So, close the taps before going from the house.
- Take care that water from the water reservoir kept on the roof of the house does not overflow. Keep the tanks always clean and covered.
- Wastewater of the kitchen should be collected in a tank and should be used for the kitchen garden or in washrooms. This saves drinking water.
- Every drop of water must be saved. Avoid wastage of water.
- Take every care that water resources do not get contaminated.
Explain the various methods of crop improvement. Name one improved variety of Rice, Maize, Soybean, Sunflower and Mustard?
The most important crop improve¬ment are as follows:
(1) Higher yield: The main aim of crop improvement is to improve the productivity of economic productivity, e.g. vegetables, grain and fodder. Quality seeds of improved varieties are used for their commercial production.
(2) Improved quality: Quality considera¬tions of crop products varies from crop to crop, e.g. protein quality in pulses, baking quality in wheat, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving the quality of fruits and vegetables.
(3) Photo insensitivity and thermoin¬sensitivity: Most of the plants are sensitive to certain abiotic factors such as light and temperature. Development of photo-insensitive and thermosensitivity crop varieties will help in crossing the cultivation boundaries, e.g. MACS 2469 can tolerate high temperature, a HYV of wheat.
(4) Wider adaptability: If we develop those varieties of crops which have wider adaptability, then it will help in stabilising the crop production, under different environmental conditions.
For example ICPH 8 is a hybrid pigeon pea plant, which takes a short duration to mature, escapes and diseases such as Fusarium, wilt and sterility mosaic will not and yields of 30 to 40 per cent more than the popular breed is obtained. It performs well under drought, as well as high- moisture conditions.
(5) Biotic and abiotic resistance: Under different situations, crop suffers due to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses. If we develop crop varieties, which are resistant to these stresses, then we can significantly improve crop production.
For example, MUW 318’is a HYV of wheat, which is released for cultivation in non-traditional areas such as Nilgiri and Palni hills and resistant to all the rusts.
(6) Desirable agronomic traits: If we develop those varieties of crops which contain desired agronomic traits, then it will help in setting higher production. Thus, tallness, high tillering and profuse branching are desirable characters for the fodder crops. Whereas, dwarfness is desired in cereals, as dwarf varieties provide protection from lodging.
For example, breeding for resistance to red root has led to sugarcane varieties such as CO 975 and CO 62399 which increase sugarcane production in problem areas. Likewise, new varieties of chicken pea, as BG 244 and ICC 34 grow erect, have many branches and has pods from base to tip.
Some improved varieties or high yielding varieties of crop plants are as follows:
- Rice – IR 8, Jaya.
- Maize – Gangs 5
- Mustard – Pusa Gold, Kranti
- Soybean – PK 262
- Sunflower – BSH 1
(a) What are the causes of crop disease?
(b) Explain the types of crop diseases.
(c) How does crop disease can be controlled?
(a) When the pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses get favourable conditions for growth and propagation, they spread and infect the crop plants causing crop diseases.
(b) Depending upon their mode of occurrence, crop diseases are of the following types:
- Seed-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through seeds, e.g. leaf spot of rice.
- Water borne diseases: Pathogens of these crop diseases are transmitted by water, e.g. Bacterial blight of rice.
- Air borne diseases: These crop diseases are transmitted through the air, e.g. rust of wheat.
- Soil-borne diseases: These diseases are spread through the soil mostly affecting roots and stems of crop plants, e.g. smut of bajra.
(c) All the seed and soil-borne diseases can be controlled, by treating the seed or soil and the airborne diseases are controlled by spraying fungicidal solution, on infected parts.
We hope the given RBSE Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture will help you. If you have any query regarding Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 9 Science Chapter 15 Natural Resources and Agriculture, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.


“ The Greatest Commandment”
Lesson Text:Leviticus 19:18; Deuteronomy 6:4-7; Mark 12:28-34
Background Scriptures:Leviticus 19:18; Deuteronomy 4:35; 6:1-9; Mark 12:28-34
Devotional Reading: Psalm 15
Leviticus 19:18 (KJV)
18 Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the Lord.
4 Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord:
5 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.
6 And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:
7 And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.
28 And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all?
29 And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:
30 And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment.
31 And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.
32 And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he:
33 And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.
34 And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question.
To know that Christlike love is the hallmark of Jesus’ followers.
To emphasize why the two greatest commandments are so important.
Implement a way to keep the greatest commandments always in mind at home, place of work, and church.
Some Things Remain the Same
When one compares what it meant to be God’s people during Old Testament times with New Testament times, we notice that many things change. God’s people are no longer focused on trying to live in Palestine. The practice of circumcision is no longer associated with incorporation into God’s people. Animal sacrifice is no longer required or even adequate to atone for sin.
Instead we see that God’s people are scattered throughout the world in mission (Matthew 28:19, 20); baptism is now associated with the circumcision of the heart as people are incorporated into the church (Colossians 2:11, 12); and the death of Jesus brought an end to the old sacrificial system (Hebrews 10:11-14).
We ought to be careful, however, not to emphasize the differences at the expense of the similarities. For example, God cares about the heart—one’s “internal life”—in both eras. Both old and new covenants reveal God to be a loving God. The truth is, God always has been a loving God. Central to God’s desire for His people is that they model His love toward others.
Times:1445 B.C.; about 1406 B.C.; A.D. 30
Places:Sinai wilderness; Moab; Jerusalem
Our first Old Testament text comes from Leviticus. This book includes many laws that Moses received from God on Mount Sinai; Moses was responsible for passing these on to the Israelites who left Egypt. Leviticus 19:18 is located in the heart of the Holiness Code of that book. This section, spanning chapters 17 to 26, instructed the ancient Israelites how to live holy lives before their holy God.
Our second Old Testament passage is from Deuteronomy. Though Leviticus and Deuteronomy both belong to Torah, the five books of Moses, they were addressed to different audiences. After the first generation of Israelites was not allowed to enter the promised land, Moses had to present God’s laws anew to the second generation, which would enter instead. That’s where Deuteronomy comes in.
After recounting the failure of the first generation in Deuteronomy 1-3, Moses prepared the second generation to renew the covenant in chapters 4-11. Our passage in chapter 6 was a key part of that preparation, and Jesus later acknowledged its ongoing relevance for His followers.
Though only one generation separates our two Old Testament passages, a millennium separates those two from our text of Mark 12:28-34. These verses feature Jesus having one of His most congenial conversations with a Jewish leader. Since Mark 11:27, Jesus had been challenged by priests, scribes, elders, Pharisees, Herodians, and Sadducees. They had been coming at Him from every angle, trying to find fault. But the scribe in today’s text asked Jesus a frank question and received a frank answer. That answer drew upon the two Old Testament passages to which we now turn.
The Command to Love Others (Leviticus 19:18)
1. What does it mean to “love thy neighbour as thyself” (Leviticus 19:18)?
To love thy neighbour as thyself is closely connected with the golden rule: do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Matthew 7:12; Luke 6:31). But this connection can confuse the purpose behind neighbor love, as if we should love others only because we want favorable treatment in return.
Another way to miss the thrust of this passage is to focus on the thyself part. In a culture of self-obsession, it is easy for us to hear this passage saying that we must first focus on loving ourselves because, if we cannot do that, then we will be unable to love our neighbors. But that is not what this passage is saying either.
This passage presumes that humans are accustomed to putting their own needs first. God is telling the people, through Moses, to think that way about other people. This especially applies to fellow Israelites, to whom the term neighbour refers (same as the children of thy people). In the Law of Moses, non-Israelites who live in the land are referred to as “strangers.” An example is Leviticus 19:34, and there God commands the Israelites to love them as well.Therefore, getting along with people, especially our neighbors, isn’t a matter of obeying laws but of having love in our hearts (Lev. 19:18). “Love is the fulfilling of the law” (Rom. 13:10). The new commandment to love one another helps us handle human relationships and treat people the way God treats us (John 13:34-35).
There is one more way to miss the thrust of this passage, and that is by ignoring how it begins and ends. It begins by commanding the original readers not to avenge themselves or to hold grudges (compare Deuteronomy 32:35; quoted in Romans 12:19 and Hebrews 10:30); this implies that the neighbors to be loved aren’t just friends or neutral parties, but also include enemies.
The passage ends with the reminder that the Lord is the one who gives this command; it is not optional. The love that God’s people are to express is grounded not in self-interest but in the identity and nature of God.
Close to Home
Think about how we feel about criminals—even international terrorists—as the news reports them. Sure their crimes are egregious, but what have they ever done to me? We watch, shake our heads, and finish our dinners. Now compare that with the intense emotion we feel when a neighbor’s dog digs up our yard or a friend at church betrays a confidence. The truth is, we are more easily hurt when the offense is closer to home.
I have witnessed people in the same family or the same church merely putting up with each other for years rather than forgiving. They can’t carry each other’s burdens because their arms are full of grudges. I’ve heard Christian people speak as if forgiveness were an extra credit assignment, if you will.
In truth, love and forgiveness are linked. Those two stand at the core of God’s heart. We cannot say we love the God who forgives us in Christ while failing to forgive others, who are created in His image as we are. See Matthew 18:21-35. —V. E.
The Command to Love God (Deuteronomy 6:4-7)
2. What was the purpose of Moses teaching the people to obey God’s law? (Deuteronomy 6:4, 5)
Moses gave two reasons why God wanted each successive generation of Israelites to obey His statutes and commandments: He wanted them to fear Him, and He wanted them to enjoy a long life (Deuteronomy 6:2).
Once more, Moses told the Israelites to “hear” (Deut. 6:4).Even today, this verse is the centerpiece of a prayer that orthodox Jews pray every morning and evening. It is called “the Shema,” taking its name from the first Hebrew word of this verse, which we see translated as hear. In this case the Moses wanted them to listen carefully to a divinely revealed insight: “The Lord our God is one Lord”.Thisdailyconfession by devout Jews all over the world affirms “Jehovah, our Elohim, Jehovah is one.” (See Matt. 22:37-38; Mark 12:29-30; Luke 10:27.) So important is this confession that Jewish boys in orthodox homes are required to memorize it as soon as they can speak. The nations around Israel worshiped many gods and goddesses, but Moses affirmed to all that there is but one true and living God.
Moses, however, was not just making a statement about God. The lawgiver was also giving a command to the people. They were always to worship only the Lord their God and never divide their devotion between the one true God and the false gods. Also, they were to teach their children to do the same. Moses then exhorted the Israelites to love their God with all their heart, soul, and might(v. 5), The Hebrew word that is translated “heart” in this verse is meant to include the mind and will as well as the emotions. Put another way, God wanted all His people’s feelings, thoughts, and decisions to be an expression of their love for Him. God’s people were to love Him with their entire being—that is, their whole self. In every way, their lives were to reflect a kind of love that would not spare even one’s own life for the love of God. Indeed, they were to love Him with all that was in their power. Together, these three terms—heart, soul, and might—demanded total devotion to the one true God, an attitude that was required if a person was to be obedient to the commandments of the Lord.
What Do You Think?
How can the church help people devote themselves ever more fully to loving God?
Talking Points for Your Discussion
In use of time and material resources | In interactions with other people
In lifestyle choices | Other
3. What specific instructions did God give Moses to give to the Israelites? (Deuteronomy 6:6, 7)
Moses linked obedience to God’s commandments to loving God with complete devotion by telling the Israelites to observe the commandments written upon their hearts (Deut. 6:6). The Lord wanted their love for Him to be their motivation for obeying His laws. Thus, He wanted the commandments to be written on their hearts and not only on stone tablets (or our Bibles for that matter). Obedience e should not be the result of formal legalism, but the result of deep affection for the Lord.
Moses also urged the Israelites to teach the commandments of the Lord within their homes-especially to their children. Discussion of these laws was to occur regularly, imparting to future generations an attitude of love for and obedience to God. In addition to teaching the laws to their children, the Israelites were to talk about these commandments outside the home—whether they were sitting, lying down, getting up, or walking along the road (v. 7). Indeed, they were to talk about them constantly. Whether inside or outside their homes, whether during the day or during the night, God’s laws were to pervade every sphere of their lives.
If God’s commands are to permeate the lives of His people, each generation must pass those decrees to the next; there must be no breach in transmitting them. We should realize that Sunday school and youth group are not enough. The world fills our heads with lies so often that unless we constantly remind one another (especially our next generation) of what it means to follow Jesus, we will gradually forget and thereby fail to pass along the message that God has given us.
The Foremost Commandments (Mark 12:28-34)
4. What was the scenario on the day the scribeasked Jesus about the greatest commandment? (Mark 12:28-31)
Jesus has just finished answering difficult questions designed to trap Him (see Mark 12:13-27). One of the teachers of the law who witnessed the ensuing debates was so impressed by what he heard that he asked Jesus a question of his own. The scribe wanted to know which of the commandments was the most important one (12:28). This man’s question seems no different at first since Matthew 22:35 (which is parallel) says that he is “tempting” Jesus. Jewish tradition counts more than 600 commands in the Law of Moses, and this man wants to know which commandment Jesus considers to be most important.
Jesus begins His answer by citing the Shema (see Deuteronomy 6:4, above, which was noted earlier in the lesson). Jesus not only affirmed the uniqueness of God, but also called for a level of obedience to Him that included a responsiveness in action and affection as well as understanding. The Son knew that the Father did not give the Mosaic law to burden people with endless rules, but so that they would love Him. Indeed, obedience should be an outgrowth of love for God. In Mark 12:30, the words “heart, “soul,” “mind,” and “strength” are a way of referring to an individual’s entire being. Expressed differently, every part of us should be involved in our devotion to the Lord.
Jesus is not content to answer the scribe’s question at the level of love for God only. People may profess love for God yet have little regard for their neighbor. Yet Jesus knows that these two cannot be separated. To say we love God while withholding love from a neighbor is a lie (1 John 4:20-21). If we love God, we will experience His love within and will express that love to others. We do not live by rules but by relationships, a loving relationship to God that enables us to have a loving relationship with others. Jesus concluded His answer: “There is none other commandment greater than these” (Mark 12:31).
5. How did the scribe respond to Jesus’ answer about the greatest commandment? (Mark 12:31-33)
When he started this conversation, the scribewas only the tool of the Pharisees who were trying to get evidence against Jesus (note Matt. 22:35). But after he heard our Lord’s answer, the scribe stood and dared to commend the Lord for His reply. The Word had spoken to the man’s heart and he was beginning to get a deeper spiritual understanding of the faith he thought he understood. He is united with Jesus regarding the centrality of love. Even the Old Testament Scriptures taught that there was more to the Jewish religion than offering sacrifices and keeping laws (see 1 Sam. 15:22; Psalm 51:16-17; 141:1-2; Jer. 7:22-23; Hosea 6:6; Micah 6:6-8). He now begins to understand that God cares more for how His people treat one another than what sacrifices they offer to Him. Jesus says the same in Matthew 9:13 and 12:7.
What Do You Think?
Why do we sometimes fail to show genuine love to neighbors? How can we do better?
Talking Points for Your Discussion
Barriers of past experiences | Allowing the urgent to displace the important
Barriers of suspicion | Fears of becoming too involved | Other
6. How did Jesus evaluate the scribe’s spiritual condition? (Mark 12:34)
Jesus is impressed with the scribe’s response! Although the scribe started by “tempting” Jesus (Matthew 22:35), the man ends up acknowledging that Jesus teaches the truth. In fact, this man’s acknowledgement means that he is on the path to understanding God’s heart; this puts the scribe close to Jesus’ preaching about the kingdom of God.
What does it mean when a person is “not far from the kingdom of God”? It means he or she is facing truth honestly and is not interested in defending a “party line” or even personal prejudices. It means the person is testing his or her faith by what the Word of God says and not by what some religious group demands. People close to the kingdom have the courage to stand up for what is true even if they lose some friends and make some new enemies.
Now that Jesus has shown himself to be adept at escaping traps and is orthodox by Old Testament standards, the questioning comes to an end. If Jesus’ enemies are going to take Him down, they will have to find some other way.
(Continuing with Mark 12:35-37, not in today’s lesson). Now it was our Lord’s turn to ask the questions, and He focused on the most important question of all: Who is the Messiah? “What think ye of Christ? Whose Son is He?”(Matt. 22:42). This is a far more important question than the ones His enemies had asked Him, for if we are wrong about Jesus Christ, we are wrong about salvation. This means we end up condemning our own souls (John 3:16-21; 8:24; 1 John 2:18-23).
Not as Different as It Appears
God wants His people to be set apart by their love for Him and for one another. Is it not true, however, that differences between the Old and New Testaments mean that God wanted something quite different in this regard from Old Testament Israel? How else can we explain the Old Testament focus on Palestine, circumcision, and sacrifices?
An analogy to parenting is instructive. When parents ask different things of their children at different stages in their development, it does not mean that the parents’ ultimate desires for their children are constantly changing. When my children were toddlers, I blocked their access to electrical outlets and warned that they must never touch them. As they grew older, I removed the plastic protectors and taught the children that it is OK to stick appliance plugs into the outlets, but they must never remove the faceplate. Now that they are becoming adults, I am teaching them that it is appropriate to switch off the circuit breaker, remove the faceplate, detach wires, and install a new outlet when the old one needs to be replaced. Though I have taught my children three different ways of relating to electrical outlets, what I have wanted of them from the beginning has never changed.
Lord God, we thank You for Your constancy! Empower us to love as You draw us deeper into Your own love. In Jesus' name, amen.
THOUGHT TO REMEMBER
Love God and neighbor.


Cats are beloved pets that bring joy, companionship, and endless entertainment to their owners. However, just like humans, cats are susceptible to various health issues that can impact their well-being. From common concerns to preventive care and mental health, this article explores the different aspects of cat health. Understanding common health concerns for cats is crucial in ensuring their overall well-being. Essential tips for maintaining your cat’s well-being will be discussed, including proper grooming, exercise, and environmental enrichment. Nutrition and diet play a vital role in promoting optimal health for your feline friend, and this section will delve into the importance of a balanced diet and the potential risks of certain foods. Preventive care, such as vaccinations and regular check-ups, is essential in preventing diseases and detecting any health issues early on. Recognizing signs of illness in cats is crucial for timely veterinary care, and this section will highlight the key symptoms to watch out for. Lastly, mental and emotional health plays a significant role in a cat’s overall happiness, and nurturing their well-being will be explored in the final section. By taking a comprehensive approach to cat health, this article aims to provide valuable information for cat owners to ensure their furry friends lead healthy and fulfilling lives.
1. "Understanding Common Health Concerns for Cats"
Cats, like any other living beings, are susceptible to various health concerns. As responsible cat owners, it is important to be aware of these common issues in order to provide the best possible care for our feline friends. While it is always recommended to consult a veterinarian for accurate diagnosis and treatment, understanding some of the common health concerns for cats can help us recognize potential problems and take prompt action.
One of the most prevalent health issues in cats is dental disease. Poor oral hygiene can lead to plaque and tartar buildup, which in turn can cause gum inflammation, tooth decay, and even tooth loss. Regular dental care, including brushing their teeth, providing dental treats, and scheduling professional cleanings, can help prevent these problems.
Obesity is another significant concern for cat health. Many cats today lead sedentary lifestyles and have access to high-calorie diets, leading to weight gain. Obesity puts cats at higher risk for various health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint issues. By monitoring their food intake, providing regular exercise and playtime, and offering a balanced diet, cat owners can help maintain a healthy weight for their feline companions.
Fleas and ticks are also common nuisances that can cause health problems for cats. These parasites not only cause itching and discomfort but can also transmit diseases. Regular flea and tick prevention, such as using topical treatments or oral medications recommended by veterinarians, can help keep cats protected.
Urinary tract issues, including urinary tract infections and urinary blockages, are more prevalent in male cats but can affect females as well. Symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in urine, and straining during urination. These conditions can be painful and potentially life-threatening if left untreated. Maintaining proper hydration, providing a balanced diet, and regularly cleaning the litter box can help reduce the risk of urinary tract problems.
Respiratory infections, such as feline upper respiratory infection (URI), are highly contagious among cats, especially in crowded environments
2. "Essential Tips for Maintaining Your Cat’s Well-being"
Cats are beloved pets that bring joy and companionship to their owners. Ensuring the well-being of your cat is essential for their overall health and happiness. Here are some essential tips to help you maintain your cat’s well-being:
1. Provide a balanced diet: A nutritious and well-balanced diet is crucial for your cat’s health. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate type and amount of food for your cat’s age, size, and any specific dietary needs they may have. Avoid feeding your cat excessive treats or human food, as this can lead to obesity and other health issues.
2. Regular veterinary check-ups: Just like humans, cats require regular check-ups to monitor their health and detect any potential problems early on. Schedule annual veterinary visits for vaccinations, dental care, and overall wellness exams. Your veterinarian can also provide advice on parasite control, such as flea and tick prevention, as well as recommend any necessary preventive treatments or tests.
3. Keep them hydrated: Cats need access to fresh water at all times. Ensure that your cat has a clean water bowl available and change the water regularly. Some cats prefer running water, so consider investing in a cat water fountain to encourage them to drink more.
4. Create a safe environment: Cats are curious creatures, and it’s important to create a safe environment for them to explore without any hazards. Keep toxic plants, chemicals, and medications out of reach. Ensure that windows and balconies are properly secured to prevent accidents, and provide scratching posts and toys to keep your cat entertained and mentally stimulated.
5. Maintain a clean litter box: Cats are naturally clean animals and require a clean litter box. Scoop the litter box daily and change the litter regularly to prevent any odors or discomfort for your cat. It’s recommended to have one litter box per cat, plus an additional one, and place them in quiet and easily accessible areas.
6. Regular exercise and playtime: Cats need regular exercise to maintain a healthy weight and
3. "Nutrition and Diet: Promoting Optimal Health for Your Feline Friend"
Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being of our feline friends. Just like humans, cats need a balanced diet to ensure optimal health. Feeding your cat a nutritious and well-rounded diet can prevent various health issues and promote longevity.
First and foremost, provide your cat with high-quality cat food that meets their specific nutritional needs. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they require a diet primarily based on meat. Look for cat food that contains a high percentage of animal protein, preferably from sources like chicken, fish, or turkey. Avoid cat foods that list grains or fillers as the main ingredients, as these can be difficult for cats to digest and offer little nutritional value.
It is essential to understand that cats have unique dietary requirements compared to other animals. They require certain essential nutrients like taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A, which are found primarily in animal-based proteins. These nutrients are crucial for maintaining healthy eyesight, a strong immune system, and proper reproductive function. Therefore, it is important to choose cat food that is specifically formulated to meet these dietary needs.
Additionally, consider your cat’s age, weight, and any specific health concerns when selecting their diet. Kittens, adult cats, and senior cats have different nutritional requirements, and their diets should be adjusted accordingly. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which increases the risk of various health problems, including diabetes and joint issues. On the other hand, underfeeding can result in malnutrition and a weakened immune system.
Incorporating some variety in your cat’s diet can also be beneficial. Offering a mix of wet and dry food can help maintain hydration levels and prevent urinary tract issues. Wet food provides additional moisture, while dry food helps keep their teeth clean and healthy. It is important to note that any changes in your cat’s diet should be done gradually to avoid digestive upsets.
While it may be tempting to share our human food with our feline companions
4. "Preventive Care: Vaccinations and Regular Check-ups for Cats"
Preventive care plays a vital role in ensuring the overall health and well-being of our feline companions. Vaccinations and regular check-ups are essential components of this care. By staying on top of these preventative measures, cat owners can help protect their pets from various diseases and detect any potential health issues early on.
Vaccinations are crucial in preventing numerous infectious diseases that can be fatal for cats. Common vaccinations include those against feline panleukopenia (also known as feline distemper), feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, and rabies. These highly contagious and potentially life-threatening diseases can be contracted through various means, including contact with infected animals or contaminated environments. Vaccinating cats helps to build their immunity against these diseases, reducing the risk of infection and improving their chances of a long and healthy life.
Regular check-ups with a veterinarian are equally important for maintaining a cat’s health. During these visits, the vet can perform a comprehensive examination to assess the cat’s overall condition, detect any underlying health issues, and provide necessary treatments or recommendations. Additionally, routine check-ups allow for monitoring a cat’s weight, dental health, and general behavior. Early detection of any abnormalities or diseases can lead to prompt intervention, preventing the development of serious conditions and ensuring the best possible outcome for the cat.
Not only do vaccinations and check-ups help safeguard a cat’s health, but they also contribute to the overall well-being of the household. Some feline diseases, such as rabies, can be transmitted to humans, posing a risk to the entire family. By keeping a cat up to date on vaccinations, owners can protect both their beloved pets and themselves.
It is important to note that the specific vaccination schedule and the frequency of check-ups may vary depending on factors such as the cat’s age, lifestyle, and overall health. Cat owners should consult with their veterinarian to develop an appropriate preventive care plan tailored to their pet’s individual needs.
In conclusion, preventive care
5. "Recognizing Signs of Illness in Cats: When to Seek Veterinary Care"
Recognizing Signs of Illness in Cats: When to Seek Veterinary Care
As responsible cat owners, it is important to closely monitor our feline friends for any signs of illness. Cats are masters at hiding their discomfort, so it is crucial to pay attention to subtle changes in their behavior, appearance, and overall wellbeing. Recognizing these signs early on can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery. Here are some key indicators that should prompt you to seek veterinary care for your cat:
1. Changes in Eating Habits: A sudden loss of appetite or a significant increase in food consumption can be a sign of underlying health issues. Refusing to eat or drinking excessively may indicate dental problems, gastrointestinal disorders, kidney disease, or even cancer.
2. Weight Fluctuations: Unexplained weight loss or gain should never be ignored. Although some changes can be attributed to diet or age, rapid or significant fluctuations may be indicative of an underlying medical condition such as thyroid disorders, diabetes, or parasites.
3. Alterations in Litter Box Habits: Pay close attention to your cat’s litter box routine. Frequent urination, difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, or straining in the litter box can all be signs of urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or other urinary issues. Changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhea or constipation, should also raise concern.
4. Unusual Behavior: Cats are known for their independent nature, but sudden and drastic changes in behavior should not be ignored. Lethargy, excessive hiding, aggression, restlessness, or excessive vocalization can all be signs of pain, stress, or underlying medical conditions.
5. Respiratory Distress: Difficulty breathing, rapid or shallow breaths, coughing, sneezing, or wheezing may indicate respiratory infections, allergies, or even heart disease. Prompt veterinary attention is necessary to prevent further complications.
Remember, cats are masters at masking their pain and discomfort, so it is essential
6. "Mental and Emotional Health: Nurturing a Happy and Contented Cat"
Caring for a cat goes beyond just meeting their physical needs. Just like humans, cats also have mental and emotional health that requires attention and nurturing. A happy and contented cat is not only a joy to have around but also less likely to develop behavioral issues or health problems. Here are some tips to help maintain your cat’s mental and emotional well-being:
1. Environmental Enrichment: Create a stimulating environment for your cat. Provide plenty of toys, scratching posts, and climbing structures to keep them engaged and active. Rotate toys regularly to prevent boredom and offer different textures and types to cater to their preferences. Additionally, consider setting up window perches or bird feeders to provide visual stimulation.
2. Play and Bonding Time: Regular play sessions with your cat are essential for their mental and emotional health. Use interactive toys that mimic prey, such as feather wands or laser pointers, to encourage their natural hunting instincts. Engage your cat in interactive play daily to provide mental stimulation and strengthen your bond.
3. Social Interaction: Cats are social animals, and they require social interaction to thrive. Spend quality time with your cat, offering them attention, affection, and gentle grooming. Talk to your cat and provide reassuring touch to make them feel loved and secure. If you have multiple cats, ensure they have positive interactions and enough personal space to avoid conflicts.
4. Set up a Routine: Establishing a consistent daily routine helps cats feel secure and reduces stress. Cats are creatures of habit, so try to feed them at the same time each day and provide play and cuddle sessions during predictable times. Consistency in routines helps reduce anxiety and provides a sense of stability.
5. Provide Hiding Places: Cats need safe spaces where they can retreat and feel secure. Offer hiding places like cozy cat beds, boxes, or elevated perches where they can relax and observe their surroundings. Having their own space helps cats feel in control and reduces stress.
6. Monitor and Address Stress: Cats


Physical activity is an important treatment for diabetes. Also, it is important to always maintain a balanced glucose or insulin level with Healthline.
Staying healthy and active throughout our entire life is important for keeping our blood glucose levels steady. In addition, we can prevent long-term complications like kidney disease and nerve pain. Besides, there are many benefits that exercising can offer.
But, the most important benefit that it can offer for those with diabetes is to help them reduce the glucose in their blood.
When we exercise our muscles, we get the necessary amount of glucose that they need to distribute around the body. With proper exercise, our insulin becomes more effective and decreases insulin resistance.
When it comes to long-term complications, people affected by this chronic condition may be able to reduce heart problems by exercising. In addition, they can keep their heart strong and healthy.
Moreover, exercise can help us avoid arteriosclerosis and maintain good cholesterol.
If we decide to start exercising more, then we must be prepared and determined to achieve our goal. Who’s prepared? Excellent! This is the first step to a healthy life ready to fight against the disease.
Besides, any exercise counts, it doesn’t matter whether we choose to cycle or walk every day.
If we try to be active in any way, we can improve our blood and manage our weight. However, before we take any drastic measures and plan anything, we should consult with our doctor first. We should let a physiotherapist determine the ideal exercise plan suited for our body.
We should take our time. After all, small steps come first. We shouldn’t be discouraged if getting leaner takes longer than we believed it would. We can’t achieve our ideal goal in a day.
We should pick an exercise that we can do and not something that makes us uncomfortable. After we have determined what we like, the next step is to make a plan.
This plan is important for us to follow. To find out what it is and how to prepare it, use these questions:
After answering all these questions, we are ready to initiate our exercise plan.
The key to achieving our goals is not giving up. We should exercise regularly with no exceptions, and try to focus on exercising 150 minutes per week with every exercise lasting for about 10 minutes. If that is hard, we might try exercising slowly.
We should start with some easy exercises to prepare our body for intensive practice; starting slowly increasing the intensity of exercises every week.
It may be hard at first, but we should start exercising 10 minutes per day.
Each week we should add 10 more minutes to our exercise for up to 30 minutes. Also, we can try practicing three times per day for 10 minutes to get the necessary 30 minutes of exercising.
We should choose an exercise that we find comfortable and preferable. If we are having a hard time choosing what type of exercise we like, here is a simple guide of the three main categories of exercises:
Moreover, we can choose another form of exercise that might not seem as such. For example, we can try to use the stairs more often rather than the escalator, walk more from the bus to our office, and dance at a community center.
If we face this problem, we can try cycling, lifting, upper body stretching, or water aerobics.
Here is an example of how we can plan our exercise for 1 month
We should not forget to do the most important step before we exercise – to check our blood glucose level. If it is:
The more we stick to one routine the more boring it gets.
That is why after a while people lose interest in coming to the gym and working out. That is why we need to pick a different exercise every time. If we are bored with the treadmill, try switching to different machines.
However, nothing is interesting without a friend. If we feel lonely, we should try inviting a friend to join us and motivate us as we try our best to get in shape.
Moreover, if we like being outdoors, we can take a hike, swim or walk around. We should try not to be couch potatoes and watch TV every day. This way we can make our exercises seem more interesting and meaningful.
Or for example, one day we are just not in the mood to go to the gym, we can try to stretch at home. This is a great way for the body to be active and exercise a little.
Maybe now people will be inspired to exercise a little. This way they can improve their health and get leaner. But, it doesn’t mean that it should be boring and time-consuming. They can always find a way to make exercising fun and beneficial for them.
All they have to do is create a proper exercise plan with the help of a doctor. Watch this video to see how to exercise at home.


Crescent ♎ Libra
Last Quarter is the lunar phase on . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 47% and getting smaller. The 22 days old Moon is in ♍ Virgo.
* The exact date and time of this Last Quarter phase is on 9 December 2028 at 05:39 UTC.
Moon rises at midnight and sets at noon. It is visible to the south in the morning.
Moon is passing about ∠21° of ♍ Virgo tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 1.2% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1972" and ∠1948".
Next Full Moon is the Cold Moon of December 2028 after 22 days on 31 December 2028 at 16:48.
There is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.
The Moon is 22 days old. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the last part of current synodic month. This is lunation 357 of Meeus index or 1310 from Brown series.
Length of current 357 lunation is 29 days, 12 hours and 48 minutes. It is 2 hours and 30 minutes shorter than next lunation 358 length.
Length of current synodic month is 4 minutes longer than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 6 hours and 59 minutes shorter, compared to 21st century longest.
This New Moon true anomaly is ∠37.4°. At beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠63.8°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep increasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of apogee (∠180°).
13 days after point of apogee on 26 November 2028 at 00:10 in ♈ Aries. The lunar orbit is getting closer, while the Moon is moving inward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 2 days, until it get to the point of next perigee on 11 December 2028 at 12:44 in ♎ Libra.
Moon is 363 537 km (225 891 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves closer next 2 days until perigee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 369 056 km (229 321 mi).
4 days after its descending node on 4 December 2028 at 15:14 in ♋ Cancer, the Moon is following the southern part of its orbit for the next 8 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from South to North in ascending node on 17 December 2028 at 12:41 in ♑ Capricorn.
19 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♑ Capricorn, the Moon is moving from the second to the final part of it.
6 days after previous North standstill on 2 December 2028 at 18:12 in ♊ Gemini, when Moon has reached northern declination of ∠25.180°. Next 6 days the lunar orbit moves southward to face South declination of ∠-25.184° in the next southern standstill on 15 December 2028 at 16:37 in ♐ Sagittarius.
After 6 days on 16 December 2028 at 02:06 in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon will be in New Moon geocentric conjunction with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Moon-Earth syzygy.


This Rat is also known as the Black Rat, Ship Rat, and House Rat. The Roof Rat also originated in Asia, but further south than the Norway Rat in the dense forests. The Roof Rat, as per its name, prefers aerial harborages. This Rat was the common Rat in homes in Europe during the outbreaks of the plaque known as the “Black Death”.
Adults are medium-sized Rats weighing about 8 to 12 ounces , and measuring about 16 inches in total length from nose to the tip of the tail. This is about the same total length as the Norway Rat with the biggest and key identifying characteristic being the tail. The Roof Rats Tail is LONGER than the body.
In the U.S. the Roof Rat is much more restricted in its range than the Norway Rat, Mostly being established in the south-central and south-eastern states and along the entire West Coast.


Wildlife Emergency numbers
|Australian Seabird Rescue||02 6686 2852|
|WIRES||02 6628 1898|
|Northern Rivers Wildlife Carers||02 6628 1866|
|Koala Rescue||02 6626 1233|
Build your own Wildlife Nestbox
LLS has released a new booklet on how to build your own wildlife nest box.
To download a copy of the booklet (approx. 1.5 megabytes) please click here: LLS Wildlife Nest Box
Bird Life Australia nest box plans – Nestbox Plans
Backyard Buddies is a free education program run by the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife. It gives you simple tips to transform your backyard into a safe and inviting habitat haven. Backyard Buddies are the native plants and animals that share our built-up areas, waterways, backyards and parks. Backyard Buddies
The Atlas of NSW Wildlife (the Atlas) is the Office of Environment and Heritage’s (OEH’s) database of flora and fauna records. The Atlas contains records of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, some fungi, some invertebrates (such as insects and snails listed under the Threatened Species Conservation Act) and some fish.
Byron Bird Buddies is a local community education and conservation group concerned with the protection of birds in the Northern Rivers. Byron Bird Buddies
Birds in Backyards is a research, education and conservation program focusing on the birds that live where people live. They have an online Bird Finder to help you identify the birds that visit your garden.
Birds in Backyards
Bird ID – the Morcombe and Stewart ID book is now available to purchase as an APP and includes bird calls – Bird ID
Frog ID is a great app to download and the website also has a “learn” tab with lots of info, photos and frog calls Frog ID
Frogs of Australia is run by the Amphibian Research Centre and gives a list of all the frogs that can be found in our region. Frogs of NSW North Coast
Sugar Bag – Sugar Bag
The Australian Native Bee Company – The Australian Native Bee Company
Richmond Landcare Inc have produced this great introductory fact sheet on Native Bees – Fact Sheet Native Bees
Threatened Species of the Wilsons and Coopers Creek
A list of locally occurring threatened species including information on some of the most interesting. Threatened Species leaflet


What is housing affordability?
Families across the United States are paying too high a price to cover the cost of home. Rents and homeownership costs are skyrocketing while wages are not keeping pace.
Today, nearly 18 million U.S. households pay half or more of their income on a place to live. That means nearly 1 in 6 families are denied the personal and economic stability that safe, decent and affordable housing provides.
At the most basic level, what makes a home affordable comes down to simple math. Subtract your monthly rent or mortgage from your take-home pay, and you should have enough money left over for life’s necessities.
Too few people are having that experience, the result of two major trends — one having to do with lagging incomes for low- and moderate-income families, the other with the soaring cost of housing, says Chris Herbert, managing director of Harvard University’s Joint Center for Housing Studies. “You look at this and say, ‘Is it a housing problem, or is it an income problem?’ I would say it is both.”
On the income front, today’s real average wage — that is, the wage after accounting for inflation — has about the same purchasing power it did 40 years ago, according to Pew Research Center. Meanwhile, the Joint Center for Housing Studies notes that both the median home price and median rent has risen faster than overall inflation over the past 25 years — 41 percent and 20 percent respectively.
Experts generally say that the maximum a family should pay for housing is 30 percent of their income. Any more than 30 percent, and a family is considered cost-burdened, which means they often find themselves making tough choices when it comes to other needs.
Ebony understands those impossible choices. The U.S. Army veteran and mother of three used to be riddled with anxiety because her rent commanded almost all of her monthly income from her job as a collections agent at a bank.
Because Ebony had nothing left over for the utilities, car payment, health insurance and child care, she was forced to engage in a game of bill shuffling. “I would pay some bills one month, others the next,” she says. “I had to get creative with meals and went to three or four food banks.”
Her anxiety rubbed off on her children, 12-year-old Jaylen, 10-year-old Jaida and 8-year-old Jayce. “We barely made it through that time,” Ebony says. “To be completely honest, I still don’t know how we did it.”
After partnering with Habitat, her mortgage is 30 percent of her income. She can now pay her other bills on time and even has been able to put some money away. “Having a house that I can afford allows the chance of living the kind of life I always wanted for my kids. I feel like everyone should have the chance to feel the way that I feel.”
More families should know that feeling.
“Families should not have to live in fear of choosing between paying for a roof over their head or paying for food or medicine or clothing for their kids.”— David M. Dworkin, president and CEO of the National Housing Conference
“The scale of this problem is far too large for any one organization to address on its own,” says Adrienne Goolsby, Habitat for Humanity International’s vice president for U.S. and Canada. “We will continue to do our part in the communities across the United States where Habitat works, but we are also ready to help convene or join with other stakeholders at the local, state and national level to address the unrelenting crisis in housing affordability, across the housing continuum.”
As it stands now, far too many individuals and families with lower and moderate incomes can’t afford the rent or save for a house — and that has tremendous ripple effects.
“Families should not have to live in fear of choosing between paying for a roof over their head or paying for food or medicine or clothing for their kids,” says David M. Dworkin, president and CEO of the National Housing Conference, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that advocates for people of all income levels to live in safe, decent affordable homes.“Affordable housing allows families and individuals to have the opportunity to be empowered to choose where they live. Where our children go to school and how much of our day is spent commuting are choices that should not be dictated by our economic circumstances.”
We agree wholeheartedly. When the cost of home is your family’s future, the cost is too high. When the cost of home is any family’s future, that’s something none of us can afford.
Through our Cost of Home campaign, we are mobilizing local organizations, partners, volunteers and community members across the country to find solutions and to help create policies that will allow 10 million individuals to have access to affordable homes.
Together, we can make the cost of home something we all can afford. Join us!


AMCHA Initiative categorizes antisemitism in the following manner:
1) Targeting Jewish Students and Staff - Incidents that directly target Jewish students on campus or other Jewish members of the campus community for harmful or hateful action based on their Jewishness or perceived support for Israel:
- PHYSICAL ASSAULT – Physically attacking Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.
- DISCRIMINATION - Unfair treatment or exclusion of Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.
- DESTRUCTION OF JEWISH PROPERTY - Inflicting damage or destroying property owned by Jews or related to Jews.
- GENOCIDAL EXPRESSION – Using imagery (e.g. swastika) or language that expresses a desire or will to kill Jews or exterminate the Jewish people.
- SUPPRESSION OF SPEECH/MOVEMENT/ASSEMBLY – Preventing or impeding the expression of Jewish students, such as by removing or defacing Jewish students’ flyers, attempting to disrupt or shut down speakers at Jewish or pro-Israel events, or blocking access to Jewish or pro-Israel student events.
- BULLYING - Tormenting Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.
- DENIGRATION - Unfairly ostracizing, vilifying or defaming Jewish students or staff because of their Jewishness or perceived association with Israel.
2) Antisemitic Expression - Language, imagery or behavior deemed antisemitic by the U.S. State Department definition of antisemitism, or wholly consistent with that definition:
- HISTORICAL (ANTISEMITISM) - Using symbols, images and tropes associated with historical antisemitism, including by making “mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such, or the power of Jews as a collective-especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, governments, or other societal institutions” (U.S. State Department).
- CONDONING TERRORISM (AGAINST ISRAEL OR JEWS) - Calling for, aiding or justifying the killing or harming of Jews.
- DENYING JEWS SELF-DETERMINATION - Denying Israel the right to exist or promoting the elimination of Israel as a Jewish state.
- DEMONIZATION OF ISRAEL - Using symbols, images and tropes associated with classic antisemitism to characterize Israel, Israelis, Zionism or Zionists, such as claiming that Israelis are evil or blood-thirsty and deliberately murder children or that Zionism is white supremacy, or delegitimizing Israel by insinuating that Israel is an illegitimate state and does not belong in the family of nations.
3) BDS Activity (for more information about BDS and antisemitism, click HERE)- These incidents contain the following activities:
- CALLS FOR BDS - Promoting BDS verbally or by writing, signing or publicizing resolutions, petitions, statements or op-eds calling for BDS
- BDS VOTES - Considering, discussing or voting on resolutions calling for BDS.
- BDS EVENTS - Holding events which promote BDS.