Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps: The Cell
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The Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series is designed to provide a review of the objectives and vocabulary covered by many instructors. This series is in note-like format to supplement any student study guide and provides a self test at the end of each text to help with material review of the topic covered. The Biology and A&P Helps series is intended as an aid for research projects, advanced homeschoolers, AP high school students and college students pursuing a BS, particularly in the fields of nursing, pre-med, pre-vet, biology, zoology, microbiology and biochemistry.
The books in the Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series are designed to act as a lesson supplements. These texts are not intended to provide a comprehensive review of the materials covered without a full Biology or Anatomy & Physiology curriculum to back it up.
The Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series also provides note taking tips as an aid to further develop classroom and study skills.
This volume covers The Cell
Table of contents:
Note Taking Helps
Variations on Cel Membranes
Transport Across Membranes
Plasma Membrane Receptors
The Cytoplasm and Organelles
Resources and References
About the Author
a lesson supplement. This text is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of the materials covered without a full Biology or Anatomy & Physiology curriculum to back it up. The Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series is designed to provide a limited review of the objectives and vocabulary covered by many instructors. This series is in note-like format to supplement any student study guide on the topic, and provides a self test at the end of each text to help with material review.
separated into early and late prophase or prophase and prometaphase metaphase chromosomes cluster at the midline centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cell anaphase begins when chromosomes split shortest phase motor proteins pull chromosomes toward poles telophase begins when chromosomal movement stops chromosomes reform into chromatin new nuclear membrane formed from rough endoplasmic reticulum nucleoli reappear cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm begins during late
in the cytoplasm transfer RNA (tRNA) -transfers amino acids to the ribosome from incorporation into proteins ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -a structural component of the ribosome transcription the transfer of information from DNA to RNA transcription factor (TF) gene activating chemicals stimulate the histones to loosen from the DNA binds to promoter or DNA sequence that specifies the start of RNA synthesis mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to the promotor RNA polymerase (RNAP) enzyme
water, from cells, is (hypertonic/hypotonic). The sodium-potassium pump helps maintaing what? What are the roles of membrane receptors? Label When does DNA replication occur? What are the phases of mitosis? Answers the cell integral or transmembrane tight junctions diffusion hypertonic resting membrane potential contact signaling, electrical signaling, chemical signaling, and G-protein linked receptors Cell Label nucleolus nucleus ribosome vesicle rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria vacuole cytosol lysosome centriole cell membrane S phase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Resources and References Cell http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-oksov/cell.htm Retrieved January 2013. Life Sciences Cyberbridge http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/mitosis_4.html Retrieved January 2013. Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja N (2012-02-08). Human Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition). Benjamin Cummings. Kindle


Plutarch’s biography of Cicero, the Roman orator and statesman, is the last of his Lives which has been extensively depicted in paint. After some fairly inconsequential discussion over his ancestry and birth, we are told that Cicero was a precocious scholar who established himself as the finest orator and poet of his day.
Cicero continued to learn from Philon the Academic, kept company with Mucius Scaevola when he was leader of the senate, and did military service under Sulla in the war against the Marsians. The Roman state then underwent a traumatic period, during which the young Cicero kept his head down, but once matters became more settled under the leadership of Sulla, Cicero prepared for public life.
He defended the son and heir of a man who had been put to death, and who had been indicted by Sulla for the murder of his father under trumped-up evidence. Although Cicero won his case, he remained in fear of Sulla, and perhaps wisely took the opportunity to visit Greece, ostensibly to aid his health.
When Sulla was dead, Cicero’s friends at home urged him to return, but he travelled on to visit some noted orators in Asia Minor and on the island of Rhodes. Before going back to Rome, he consulted the oracle at Delphi, who advised him to make his own nature his guide in life, and not to be swayed by the opinion of the multitude.
Cicero then worked as an advocate, and remained cautious. He was appointed quaestor during a period of grain shortage, and allocated the island of Sicily, where farmers were upset at being forced to send all their grain to supply Rome. He established his reputation there for defending many young men who were sent for trial on grounds of lack of discipline and courage in war. As was usual with him, he would not accept fees or gifts for his legal work, and continued to live a modest lifestyle, unlike many others.
Although Plutarch doesn’t describe the story, when Cicero was in Sicily he claimed to have discovered the location of Archimedes’ tomb. Francesco Zuccarelli’s painting of Cicero Discovers the Tomb of Archimedes from 1747 shows this event, with the city of Syracuse behind.
In 1797, the American history painter Benjamin West painted his Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes. He painted it again in 1804 (the almost identical version shown above), which was also the year that Napoleon became Emperor of the French.
Cicero wrote in his Tusculan Disputations (book 5, sections 64-66) that the tomb was neglected and buried in undergrowth, near the Agrigentine Gate of Syracuse. Cicero described the cylindrical column with a sphere mounted on top, which is shown partly obscured in West’s painting, and was a symbol of Archimedes’ mathematical achievements.
West shows Cicero wearing a white toga, speaking in front of the tomb, as workers with sickles clear the undergrowth from it. In the distance is the city of Syracuse on its coastal plain, and beyond it the smoking cone of the active volcano, Mount Etna.
Paul Barbotti’s Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes from 1853 at least shows Cicero as a young man, although there is no sign of the cylindrical column with a sphere on its top.
Plutarch tells us that Cicero had some modest properties, including a country house at Arpinum, to the south-east of Rome, and two farms, one near Naples and the other near Pompeii. His health was always a bit delicate, but was managed by careful diet and exercise.
In about 1771, Richard Wilson painted this marvellous historic landscape of Cicero with his Friend Atticus and Brother Quintus, at his Villa at Arpinum. Wilson was a pioneer British landscape artist, the father of Welsh painting, and this work seems to have influenced Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes in his later painting of Cicero Discovering the Tomb of Archimedes from 1787; sadly I have been unable to locate a suitable image of that to show here.
When he served as a praetor, Cicero established a reputation for integrity and fairness. He then stood for the consulship, supported by both the aristocrats and common people. Leading forces of revolution in the city was Lucius Catiline, a man with a dreadful reputation. Catiline had corrupted many of the young men by funding their debauched behaviour, stood against Cicero, and lost.
Early during his period as consul, Cicero had many problems to face. There was a marked reaction against the unjust laws of Sulla, and new moves to sell public lands. Cicero acted with great acumen, and vehemently opposed the new laws in the senate. His skill as an orator won the day. Catiline, though, grew in his influence, thanks largely to the support that he got from soldiers who had served Sulla.
When the time came for the next consular elections, Cicero postponed them, and summoned Catiline to the senate. The latter was uncowed and brazen in his criticism of the senate, so Cicero rallied popular support, ensuring that Catiline was once again unsuccessful in his quest to be made consul.
One night after Crassus had dined, he was brought letters warning that Catiline would cause much bloodshed, and advising him to flee from Rome. Crassus went at midnight to Cicero, seeking his intervention. Cicero summoned the senate to assemble at dawn, and there instructed those who had written to Crassus to read their letters out loud in front of the senate. Each told of Catiline’s plot. The senate put the matter into the hands of the consuls to address.
Cicero trusted matters outside Rome to Quintus Metellus, but took charge of the city himself, with the support of a large bodyguard. Catiline ordered two of his men to go to Cicero at his house at dawn and murder him, but Fulvia informed Cicero of the plan, and the attack was blocked. Cicero then went and summoned the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the slopes of the Palatine hill.
When Catiline arrived, no one would sit near him; as he tried to speak in his defence, he was constantly interrupted, following which Cicero rose and told Catiline to leave the city.
His denouncement of Catiline in the senate has also been a popular motif. Cesare Maccari’s Cicero Denounces Catiline from 1889 shows the latter conspicuously sat alone at the right as Cicero lambasts him from the floor.
In John Leech’s satirical version of Cicero Denouncing Catiline from about 1850, Cicero is intended to be a caricature of Disraeli, and Catiline is Disraeli’s longstanding opponent in the British House of Commons, W E Gladstone, who is sat at the far right.
Taking three hundred armed followers with him, Catiline left to join his forces which had been raised by Manlius, now amounting to some twenty thousand. Together, they toured other cities trying to persuade them to revolt against Rome.
Catiline’s cause in Rome was left with his supporter, Cornelius Lentulus Sura, who had been expelled from the senate but was now working his way back as a praetor. He intended to kill all the senators, burn the city down, and only spare Pompey’s children, who would be held as hostages until their father’s return. Cicero had Lentulus’ men ambushed, and obtained from them secret letters concerning an alliance with the Allobroges.
Cicero read those letters aloud and examined the men in front of the senate the following day. This destroyed the conspiracy, and Lentulus resigned from office. That evening, Cicero addressed the people and told them what had happened. Later, when he was on his own, he tried to decide what should be done with the conspirators.
The following day, the senate considered the problem, and all spoke in favour of the conspirators being subjected to the “most extreme punishment”, which others assumed meant death, until it came to Caius Caesar’s turn to speak: he proposed that their property should be confiscated, and they should be imprisoned outside Rome until Catiline was defeated.
Cicero spoke supporting Caesar’s proposal, but eventually the senate agreed that the conspirators should be put to death.
By this time, Cicero was falling from favour with the people, and his many books seemed to be full of self-praise. As such a skilled orator, his speeches often included biting jests against his opponents, and these encouraged people to hate him. Cicero became embroiled in the scandal of Clodius, who was found in one of the maid’s quarters in Pompeia’s section of Caesar’s house, causing Caesar to divorce Pompeia on grounds of the suspicion to which it gave rise.
Cicero was then attacked by Clodius, forcing Cicero to ally himself with Caesar, who came out in support of Clodius instead. Cicero was then denounced, and in fear of prosecution; he supplicated himself before the people, dressing down and leaving his hair uncut. Cicero was forced to seek aid from Pompey, who was keeping well out of things in his country house in the Alban hills. Pompey evaded him, and Cicero fled for refuge to the consuls, and to take counsel from his friends.
Cicero chose to go into exile, and headed by night for Sicily. He was then banished from Rome, and Clodius issued an edict to prevent anyone from giving him aid.
With former friends declining to shelter or help him, and his personal properties being burned down and sold, Cicero was on his own. Over the following year, increasing disorder in Rome turned the tide in his favour, and Cicero was welcomed back after less than sixteen months.
When Clodius was absent from Rome, Cicero went up to the capitol and destroyed the records of Clodius’ administration. Cato spoke against Cicero, and Clodius was then killed by Milo. Cicero was made an augur among the priests, and was given command of an army of nearly fifteen thousand to control the province of Cilicia. He was successful there, and returned to find Rome falling into civil war. The senate, though, awarded him a triumph.
One of the more modest if not humble triumphs of Rome, it is shown in this fresco originally by Franciabigio, with additional work by Alessandro Allori largely in the right side of The Triumph of Cicero (c 1520).
When Caesar went to Spain, Cicero sailed to join Pompey, which didn’t work out well. Cicero missed the battle of Pharsalus as he was unwell, and refused Cato’s request for him to take command of the large army and fleet at Dyrrhachium. Pompey would have put him to death for that, had Cato not intervened. Cicero then joined Caesar.
When Caesar assumed power, Cicero withdrew from public life, living mainly in the country, where he taught philosophy. He divorced his wife Terentia, and despite his age married a wealthy young woman. He kept out of the plot to assassinate Caesar, only speaking in the senate afterwards to propose an amnesty for those involved.
Cicero and Antony were sworn enemies, and the two had several close calls after Caesar’s murder. As Cicero’s power rose again in Rome, he raised a faction against Antony and had him driven from the city. Cicero was then led on and cheated by the young Caesar, for the latter to become consul. Once the young Caesar was successful, he allied himself with Antony, and Cicero’s name was put on a list of two hundred to be put to death.
When Cicero learned of this, he was staying in the country, and fled. He got to Astura, where he couldn’t decide whether to go any further, or to return to Caesar in Rome. He went on to Caieta, where he had a summer retreat. He was being carried in a litter through the woods towards the sea when his assassins caught up with him. Cicero ordered the litter to be put down, stretched out his neck, and he was beheaded.
Cicero’s head and hands were taken back to Rome, where Antony, who was conducting an election there, ordered them to be put on public display. But the Romans didn’t see there the face of Cicero – rather they saw into the dark soul of Antony.
Plutarch makes no mention of a popular alternative version of the death of Cicero, which claims that his head was presented on a platter to Fulvia, who would have had every reason to want it, as the widow of Clodius and wife of Antony. Pavel Svedomsky’s undated Fulvia With the Head of Cicero from the late nineteenth century shows Fulvia sticking hairpins in Cicero’s tongue in return for the orator’s many critical speeches about Antony.
Francisco Maura y Montaner’s Fulvia and Mark Antony, or the Vengeance of Fulvia from 1888 shows Fulvia smiling with glee at Cicero’s head, in a manner reminiscent of another femme fatale of the end of the nineteenth century, Salome, with the head of John the Baptist. Fulvia is here poised with her hairpin, and encouraged by those around her, including Antony.
Cicero, whole text in English translation at Penelope.


For decades, Chrysler worked on an alternative engine design that might have provided a very flexible alternative. It ended without fanfare in 1979, and was never picked up again – as far as we know. Richard Benner, Jr., wrote: “Mike Eberhart (who works here at Chrysler St. Louis) is the guy who takes the vehicle around for shows all over the U.S. He gives rides in the vehicles (I have ridden 3 times) and for anyone who says they did ride it it, if they did, they sign into a log that’s kept here at the St. Louis Museum of Transportation, who owns the vehicle.
Mike just has it on loan to work on and transport it. He did much of the work himself to get it running and in the condition it is in.” One turbine-powered car, not made by Chrysler, was entered into professional racing at the Indianapolis 500; the turbine itself was a standard aviation unit, and the car involved nearly won, but a bad wheel bearing took it out of the race. Turbine powered cars were then excluded from racing through rules. Have a look at the history for this fascinating attempt to bring something new to automobile engines.
The automotive news has been packed with interesting stories lately. It’s interesting how a class of vehicle that started out as something utilitarian has morphed into a new genre of its own and is even considered to have real style!
First up today, it seems the trend in automotive is to make everything as automatic as possible, even cars that can drive themselves.
Did you know that the typical V6 ignition system generates one hundred and fifty sparks per second at three thousand RPM? And that each spark event is precisely timed to within milliseconds? Your vehicles’ ignition system operates using sophisticated computer controls. Sensors provide the engine management computer with crankshaft speed and position. The computer uses this information to accurately trigger the ignition coils.


Plato. Protagoras, Sophists (Greek philosophy), Protagoras, Homer -- Influence
This paper traces Plato’s allusions to Homer in the Protagoras. What might seem to be surface details are, in fact, shown to both augment and support the dialogues underlying theme of the nature of virtue. By tracing these seemingly surface details, this paper shows just how Socrates goes about teaching virtue.
"Allusions to Homer in the Protagoras,"
Anthós (1990-1996): Vol. 1
, Article 7.
Available at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anthos_archives/vol1/iss3/7


Solar system 'SCJ920' is a dual star system that comprises the
stars 'SCJ920.A' and 'SCJ920.B' and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to them:
0 planets and their moons, as well as
asteroids, meteoroids, planetoids, comets, and interplanetary dust.
The principal components of this star system are the stars 'SCJ920.A' and 'SCJ920.B' that dominate it gravitationally.
'SCJ920.A' is a red giant class star that contains about 99% of the system's known mass,
'SCJ920.B' is a brown dwarf class star that contains about 0% of the system's known mass.
System 'SCJ920' is located more than 4300 lightyears from the center of the galaxy.


strstr - find a substring
char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);
[CX] The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of POSIX.1-2008 defers to the ISO C standard.
The strstr() function shall locate the first occurrence in the string pointed to by s1 of the sequence of bytes (excluding the terminating NUL character) in the string pointed to by s2.
Upon successful completion, strstr() shall return a pointer to the located string or a null pointer if the string is not found.
If s2 points to a string with zero length, the function shall return s1.
No errors are defined.
First released in Issue 3. Included for alignment with the ANSI C standard.
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In the age of viral videos and social media, it’s easy to forget that behind every screen lies a complex and fragile human being. One such heart-wrenching example is the story of the young boy who gained widespread attention when he calmly told his distressed mother to “calm down.” It was a moment that captivated the internet, but what unfolded afterwards was a stark reminder of the hidden struggles many individuals face. The mother, burdened by her own pain, tragically took her own life. This devastating incident emphasizes the critical importance of kindness and empathy towards others, as we may never truly know the battles they are fighting.
Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It is a vital human quality that can be a lifeline to those in distress. When we encounter others, it is crucial that we approach them with empathy and kindness. This extends beyond superficial interactions and requires genuine compassion and a willingness to listen without judgment. By practicing empathy, we create a safe space for individuals to open up, seek support, and potentially prevent tragic outcomes like the one witnessed in this heart-rending story.
We often underestimate the depth of pain and anguish that people can carry silently within themselves. Many individuals facing emotional turmoil choose to suffer in silence, fearing judgment, stigma, or a lack of understanding from those around them. It is essential to recognize that everyone we encounter may be fighting battles that are invisible to us. A kind word, a gentle gesture, or a listening ear can make an immeasurable difference in someone’s life, providing solace and reminding them that they are not alone.
The stigma surrounding mental health prevents open conversations about our struggles, leading to isolation and despair for those affected. It is crucial that we create an environment where individuals feel safe to share their challenges without fear of judgment or rejection. By actively promoting mental health awareness and encouraging open dialogue, we can help break down these barriers and provide support to those who desperately need it.
The Ripple Effects:
The tragic loss of the young boy’s mother serves as a stark reminder of the ripple effects our actions, or lack thereof, can have on others. A single act of kindness, compassion, or understanding can have a profound impact, potentially altering the course of someone’s life. Conversely, our indifference or insensitivity can unknowingly contribute to another person’s anguish. By being mindful of our words and actions, we have the power to shape a more compassionate and supportive society.
The heartbreaking story of the young boy’s mother, who took her own life, reminds us of the importance of extending kindness, empathy, and understanding to everyone we encounter. We must recognize that each person carries their own burdens, often hidden from view, and treat them with compassion and respect. By fostering an environment of empathy and breaking the silence surrounding mental health, we can potentially save lives and offer hope to those who are suffering in silence. Let us make a commitment to be kind, to listen, and to be there for one another, for we truly never know what battles others are fighting.


The human genome must be tightly packaged in order to fit inside the nucleus of a cell. Genome organization is functional rather than random, which allows for the proper execution of gene expression programs and other biological processes. Recently, three-dimensional chromatin organization has emerged as an important transcriptional control mechanism. For example, enhancers were shown to regulate target genes by physically interacting with them regardless of their linear distance and even if located on different chromosomes. These chromatin contacts can be measured with the “chromosome conformation capture” (3C) technology and other 3C-related techniques. Given the recent innovation of 3C-derived approaches, it is not surprising that we still know very little about the structure of our genome at highresolution. Even less well understood is whether there exist distinct types of chromatin contacts and importantly, what regulates them. A new form of regulation involving the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was recently identified. lncRNAs are a very abundant class of non-coding RNAs that are often expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Although their different subcellular localizations point to their involvement in numerous cellular processes, it is clear that lncRNAs play an important role in regulating gene expression. How they control transcription however is mostly unknown. In this review, we provide an overview of known lncRNA transcription regulation activities. We also discuss potential mechanisms by which ncRNAs might exert three-dimensional transcriptional control and what recent studies have revealed about their role in shaping our genome.
Keywords: Chromatin, epigenetics, gene regulation, non-coding RNA, polycomb repression complex, ribonucleoprotein complex, transcription, tiRNAs, HOX genes, Xist
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Published on: 01 March, 2012
Page: [307 - 321]


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| Anna-Louise Reysenbach, PhD |
Interview with Anna-Louise Reysenbach, PhD Reysenbach is a microbial ecologist with special interests in the ecology of terrestrial and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and in the evolution of biogeochemical cycles. She teaches the core microbiology course at Portland State University, as well as courses in Microbial Ecology and Microbial Diversity.
Yellowstone is incredible, what makes this place so special?
There are many reasons why Yellowstone's special for me personally, but also professionally. I will stick to the professional. Yellowstone-the thermal features and the microbes associated with it-provides an incredible natural laboratory for research.
For an ecologist it's even greater because you have variations in temperature, pH, light energy, and geo-chemical energy. The pH's can vary from zero to nine, so that whole range of pH's and whole range of temperatures provide all these differentenvironments for a huge diversity of microbes. From that perspective, it just provides an incredible model systems for studying different microbial questions. Since I'm an ecologist, I am interested in the dynamics of communities as [they are] associated with chemistry. So it's perfect-you just walk up to a spring and you can be able to do your experiments right there.
How much do we know about the microbes here versus how much do we need to know about them?
It's been estimated that in the microbial world we've probably only described about one percent of the diversity. There is a huge diversity in the natural microbial world that hasn't been described and we have now the techniques to be able to describe those organisms. Using those techniques, there have been some very big surprises, particularly here in Yellowstone.
[In] almost every sample we take we discover new organisms that have never been described before. It's important not only from a science point of view but also [this] diversity is equivalent to genetic diversity, [which is] equivalent to biodiversity. Preserving biodiversity and genes in particular is important to the survival of this planet, in a way.
Is the diversity of microbes greater than the diversity of plants and animals?
Yes, the diversity of microbes is greater than the diversity of all plants and animals put together and probably much greater. We've only just started to scratch that surface of what is the diversity of the microbial world.
Is that true as well in Yellowstone? There is more diversity in the microbes then all the plants?
Yes, so when [we] look at a microbial mat [and] describe all the diversity in the that we looked at, there is probably more diversity in that little square then there is in terms of the visible diversity in Yellowstone, which is amazing. That is pretty spectacular.
You have categorized this place as an analog to early Earth? What does that mean?
Environments like Yellowstone are considered [to be] good model systems to study early Earth processes. They could be analogs to what life was like on early Earth.
The reason why they could be good analogs for such studies [is] when early Earth formed, it was a very hot fiery planet. Then slowly but surely, Earth cooled down to the Earth we know today. So these thermal features may be relics or fossils from what it was like on early Earth.
Understanding the types of processes that occur in these systems may help us understand what it was really like 3.5 billion years ago.
How do you know thermophiles are at the base of the tree of life?
We don't absolutely know. We use mathematical models and comparisons of genes of you, myself, the bison, and all these other genes. We are comparing the same gene that we all have and it's a conserved gene. It's been around since the beginning of life. We use mathematical models to see how [many] changes have occurred through time. The tree of life is still a model, we can actually figure out that some of the more ancient genes belongs to these ones.
It sounds like the microbes were driving their own evolution-you havetermed them master chemists.
That's a really nice way of saying it. I often consider microbes the chemists of the world. Chemolithoautotrophes are the best chemists because they just use the chemistry and make some other chemistry. They take one form of iron and make another form of iron. In a way they can actually change their very little local environment. In the evolution of life, they really have changed our atmosphere because evolving oxygen was a microbial process. It totally changed Earth as we know it today.
What kind of lineages are you working with and why did you choose to work with them?
Most of my research in the park has focused on a group of organisms that is one of these deep lineages within the tree of life. They are called the aquificales. "Aquif" means water-maker. The reason why I've been very interested in them is that they are extremely dominant. [They are] the main organism in some of these hot spring environments, mainly the ones that are near neutral (near pH 7). You don't really find them as commonly in the low pH's. A hot spring like the one here at octopus [is a] high temperature environment (anywhere from 80 to 65 degrees Celsius). [If] you see some filamentous biomass, something that looks living, it's going to be these aquificales, that's very unusual. It makes them very interesting to study. It's only veryrecently that we were able to identify these organisms and what they were doing.
The focus of my research is actually to identify them: then try and figure out what exactly are they doing in the environment, what energy sources are they using. Because hydrogen is not the only energy source. There is a lot of iron with oxygen, a bunch of different combinations of electrons and acceptors which is how you get your energy. Once I know what they're doing, [I] try to figure out how to grow them in the lab. [Their] biological activity will eventually be recorded into rocks and so you can actually begin to look back into the rock record, when these organisms may havebeen active billions of years ago.
In some of these hot springs they are the most dominant organism. They are almost the only thing there. They are like a mono culture of organisms, a wheat field in a little space. We know very little about them so it's interesting to know why they are so successful at these very high temperatures. And thirdly, the aquificales are involved in mineral precipitation. They take out of solution metals like iron or sulfur. These little filaments are covered in iron, just little black filaments. At another site, they are covered with sulfur-they sort of have this white, yellow color. From a geological perspective that's interesting, because what happens is as these organisms die and dry up and the water moves in a different direction, that which was once biologically active now becomes mineralized and fossilized and becomes rock.
I mentioned that some of these organisms are the deepest lineages in the tree of life. The way we look at life at 3.5 billion years ago is we look at the rocks and say "OK, there was life at 3.5 billion years." The way life has been shown to be at 3.5 billion years [is] to look at fossils. They are micro-fossils, tiny little blobs in the rock record.
There are other ways of looking at [the biological record]. They are called isotopic methods [in which] you look at an isotope. Something like carbon as two different isotopes (it actually has three). It has the radioactive isotope, but then it has a stable isotope. There is a carbon 13 and a carbon 12. For example microbes, biological systems, prefer the carbon 12 over the carbon 13. If you give a microbe carbon 13 carbon dioxide or carbon 12 carbon dioxide, it will preferentially take up the C12 carbon dioxide. When its biomass gets fossilized in the rock record what you'llsee is rock that has a high concentration of carbon 12. You know then that [the] rock has biology in it. So those are the two major forms of showing [that] life existed 3.5 billion years ago, micro-fossils and biological signatures like isotopic.
Can you talk more about micro-fossils. What did they look like? What are the shapes of these fossils compared to the ones now?
A lot of these fossils that are in early rock records are long filamentous organisms, very similar to the kinds of things we are looking at here. They are also very similar to some cyanobacteria. So it's very hard to distinguish whether they are chemolithoautotrophs or photosynthetic organisms. We don't know what those original fossils were.
You study particular organisms in more than a terrestrial environment. Where else do you study them and why do you study both?
The other very exciting thing I find about having focused my research on this group of organisms is that we found them at deep sea hydrothermal vents as well. So they're global. They are everywhere where there is a high temperature environment. We've discovered a whole new lineage within the aquificales, which [is] closely related [to] the ones I work with at Calside Springs.
So they're both in the deep sea vents and terrestrial systems. It's interesting to know how do these organisms differ because those are very different environments in a way. One has a huge amount of sulfate and nitrate and energy sources are very different here in the hot springs. We are interested in looking at both environments. That will help tell us a lot more about the [organisms'] physiology [and] metabolism. Deep sea vents have these beautiful big chimney structures where we isolated [the organisms]. They too are associated with minerals.
I am interested in knowing how they affect the mineralogy, how they change the chemistry of their little environments. Both systems have good environments for studying those kinds of questions, how they change their chemical environment.
When you look under a microscope what do they look like?
A lot of these vary in size and shape-the pink filaments for example, are much longer filaments. The narrow filaments actually form little rods that form into filaments. Some of the organisms in the deep sea are little short rods. The ones at Calside are sort of fat little chubby rods and they basically stick together and make these filamentous mats.
What are you currently working on?
One of the projects I have in the park at Calside Springs [is to study] these incredibly beautiful, black, filamentous organisms. We've been studying them for quite awhile trying to figure out what kind of energy sources they are using. Why are they precipitating all this iron, etc. Using molecular methods, I was able to identify organisms as a separate branch within the aquificales related to these pink filaments, but not in the same branch. They are not of the exact same family.
At the same time I was working at deep sea vents and I found them there, too. [They are] very close relative of the ones at Calside Springs. We discovered them but all we had was a [single] gene sequence. We had no idea about them otherwise. To understand more about an organism, you really want to have its entire genome. One way to get that is to try and grow them in the lab. We were first able to grow those organisms in the lab from samples from deep sea vents. We recently named that organism Persephonella marina.
Which organisms have you sequenced?
We have these organisms in culture here at Octopus spring with the pink filaments, called Thermochrinus ruber. Because this group is so interesting, recently the NSF has awarded us a grant to sequence the genomes of both a terrestrial relative which is the one that is very close to the organism in Calside Springs and to sequence an entire genome of organism we got from deep sea vents. So this way we can compare the entire genome rather than a single little gene.
Why is that important?
That is really important because that will tell us more about not only the entire genetic information but it's capabilities. It may also tell us about what are some of the genes that have existed for a long time. The genome of an organism is its history. We're hoping that by comparing these two genomes we'll get some information about a lot of these questions. The one other close relative of T. ruber has been sequenced. That [organism] is called Aquifex pyrophilus. So we'll have one genome in this branch, this close relative of T. ruber. Then we'll have two genomes with the organisms I was talking about so that's pretty exciting.
Have you been commissioned to do an inventory of selected areas?
[We are] developing a microbial survey of a lot of the thermal features in Yellowstone. We're going to first focus on thermal features. Basically there has been no specific database of all the microbes [in] these hot springs. We're going to start that basic database and ten years from now, when you come to Octopus you can say, well there is no pink filaments now. This database [will have] microbial sequences and cultures, etc. My part of that project is to also help develop some of the educational components. Part of that is to teach a course in Yellowstone to educate the general public on Yellowstone's microbes. This will help the park in establishing educational booklets.
Why is it important for Yellowstone to know what they have?
It's really important for the park to have such an inventory because unless you know what you have you can't argue why somebody can't take something out of the park. Also, a lot of these microbes do have potential biotechnological significance and could have a major impact on biotech.
By doing an inventory of Yellowstone's microbes, it's sort of analogous to what type of biodiversity is in the Amazon rainforest. In that way we have a responsibility to know what kind of biodiversity we have on this planet. Microbial diversity has really lagged behind macro biological diversity. So in understanding what we have today, we will be much more responsible about managing our resources. It's important to this planet that we maintain it. A lot of [our genetic diversity] is microbial and until we really understand what we really have, we're really behind in managing biodiversity.
How is this helping us to determine whether there could be life on other planets?
Another reason for studying these types of environments is that they are potential models for understanding whether there could be life on other planets. The way wecan do that is [by] understanding that the extremes that these organisms live at could be the kinds of extremes that exist on planets like Mars. We brought a rock back from Mars, now what do we look for in the rock record? What are those signatures of life to look for? On Mars there is evidence for some volcanic activity. The types of organisms that live in these hot springs may have existed on Mars many years ago. So understanding how the processes occur in these environments may help us understand what to look for, or what environments to look for, for present life.
A lot of the research that has occurred in some of these extreme environments has opened peoples' minds to the existence of life [on other planets], wherever there is an energy source there may be life. So it really has opened this whole new field of astrobiology: Life on Earth and how it relates to other planets. There is a definite resurgence of understanding of microbial processes as they relate to processes on other planets.
Why are there different colors in the pools at Yellowstone?
The one thing that's really amazing about Yellowstone is that all the different colors of the different pools do reflect huge chemical and temperature gradients, so each pool's going to be very different in temp, and pH, chemistry. You can get pH from 1 all the way to pH 10. Temperatures from 50 degrees Celsius all the way to 93 degree Celsius so there's an extreme and a huge range of variables and therefore a huge range of environmental conditions that which different microbes can live in. And each microbe will be defined by the environmental conditions that they're in.
A lot of the colors that you see can either be minerals-[red means] a lot of iron, or the white, limestone. It's got some carbonate that's been precipitated. Some of it's mineral, but then some of the colors are microbial mats and a lot of those are greens or reds or pinks, and those colors reflect photosynthetic organisms a lot of the time.
The pink filaments are pink because they produce a carotenoid: it's sort of like the pigment that's in a carrot. We don't know why they really produce that pigment.
The other organisms that I work with are called "black filaments" and they're black because they precipitate huge amounts of minerals on the outside and they're iron minerals and so they're just black. There's another group of organisms that are yellow and all related to T. ruber, to the pink filaments, and they're yellow because they precipitate sulfur.
Does the color have something to do with how they make a living?
Carotenoids are produced by photosynthetic microbes to protect the photosynthetic machinery from excessive light and so the carotenoids could be used for some sort of protection mechanism. What the mechanism is I don't know.
Do the bacteria here form communities of organisms?
In a matter, it's like a symbiosis. The photosynthetic organisms are your primary producers, but some of them are aerobic primary producers; some are anaerobic primary producers. When there's no oxygen, they can still produce, use light energy. When there is oxygen, they can still use light energy so there's a lot of primary production going on at that level. They then supply carbohydrates for the heterotrophs, for the next level down, and so there's a lot of communication.
In the mats at Octopus, in addition to giving each other food, basically, they also create some structure so one group of organisms actually creates the mat structure in which the other organisms can live. They're held in there, otherwise they would just flow out. There are some filamentous organisms that really cause the structure and then these other organisms just sit in there in that matrix. It creates the environmental conditions, a little house for those other organisms.
Why don't they just keep growing?
They will not just keep growing and growing because they'll be limited by light, for one thing, so the top layers are ones that are going to be able to photosynthesize, and so eventually the ones down below are going to decompose, and the matrix is going to break down; you'll get a certain height but it won't just keep growing.
Do microbes help decompose the mat?
Probably at the base of the mat, mainly, at the bottom where there's not enough light. Mostly the organisms there are decomposers, so they're breaking down the mat using the organic carbon for their own growth. A lot of those are going to be anaerobic organisms that cannot use oxygen.
What is the difference between thermophiles and extreme thermophiles?
There's a pretty superficial delineation between thermophiles and extreme thermophiles or they're called "hyperthermophiles." A thermophile is an organism that grows between 45 and about 80 degrees Celsius. A hyperthermophile is an organism that grows best above 80 degrees Celsius.
So T. ruber would be referred to as a hyperthermophile whereas the black filaments that we work with in Yellowstone grows best at 70 degrees so it is actually a thermophile.
What did you do with the samples you collected before and what do you do with them now?
Until fairly recently probably about 20 years ago, the only way that we could identify a microbe is [by looking] under the microscope. You see this community of organisms, you see a little blob and a little rod and a little blob and another little rod and a little blob.
How do you distinguish between organisms that have no physical shape differences. The only way that we could do that until very recently was to try and grow those organisms from the environment. But just try to second guess what these organisms like to eat from the environment. Do they want carbon dioxide? It's really hard to second guess what these organisms require and they're very complex communities, like the mat they're feeding each other, so they're communicating with each other what they need.
To try and figure out how to grow them is not a trivial process and so, consequently we've only been actually able to grow less than perhaps 1% of all the organisms you see under the microscope. And that's just because we've been very selective.
What are the new tools you use today for identification?
The bottom line is until recently microbiologists couldn't be like biologists. Biologists can go into the field and they can identify a bison or a fireweed. We couldn't. But now we can. New tools have been developed, they're molecular based tools that enable us to go into the environment and actually identify the organisms. These are based on a diagnostic gene within the genome of each organism that we share with all microbes. Everybody has this gene called the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. It's part of the ribosome. The ribosome is essential for protein synthesis and we all need proteins. Protein synthesis has been around since the beginning of life and so this gene that is part of the ribosome is probably evolutionary conserved. [This gene] enables us to relate different organisms to each other based on the gene sequence.
How was this gene discovered?
Through the work of Carl Woese who had been doing a lot of work on ribosomes and understood these basic evolutionary mechanisms of protein synthesis. Why [did] he chose this specific gene? He originally started with a smaller gene, but that had less information than this gene. These are all essential parts of protein synthesis, a part of the ribosomes.
There's another one that's called a 23S. The one we're working with is called the 16S and then there's another one called 5S. Each one is bigger and bigger-the bigger the gene is the more information it has. The more information you have, the more data you have to compare different organisms so you get a much finer resolution of the relationships of how many changes have occurred of evolution.
Can you grow T. ruber in the lab?
We can now grow T. ruber in the lab and that was actually based on first going to the environment, figuring out what those pink filaments were using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The way we do that is to go to the environment, we get the community and extract the DNA from all the different genomes of that community. We then obtain the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene-the 16S ribosomal RNA gene-from each of those different organisms in that community. We then sequence that gene and by comparing that gene with all the other organisms in the database, we're able to place that organism in a family tree of life. We were able to show that the pink filaments were closely related to another organism called aquaficales and this uses hydrogen and oxygen and carbon dioxide to grow. Then we try to grow them under those conditions and sure enough they were grown in the lab under those conditions without the 16S.
How did you isolate the 16S rRNA?
We extract the DNA from the sample from Yellowstone. [We] break open the cells using detergents or some sort of physical means-the cells just pop open and you separate the DNA from the proteins. Now you've got DNA from all these different organisms. Then you use a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to actually find the 16S ribosomal RNA gene in the genome.
The way you do that is you use little tags or little molecules that can actually find it. They basically bind to the DNA on either end of the gene and then you use PCR which uses an enzyme called "tac polymerase." It makes many, many copies of that single gene. What was once basically a needle in a haystack now suddenly becomes this huge amplified single gene in your test tube.
Is this sample the genes of just one organism?
No, you've got the 16S genes from all these different organisms. You've got the 16S from this little rod bacterium and you've got the 16S from this little round bacterium, you've got this little 16S from the little squiggly one and they're all in the same tube.
Now you have to separate out those genes because what you want to be able to [do is] sequence that information. [This] information is then used to generate this big tree.
You separate them out using a bunch of different techniques. One of them is cloning and the other one is called gel electrophoresis and it separates out the genes on a gel. You can actually see the genes on a gel and you know that each gene is from a different organism.
Once you've separated them out with whatever method you sorted with, you then obtain the DNA sequence of that gene, and that's the identity. That's the fingerprint of that organism.
The fingerprint is the sequence?
Yes, it's the identifier. Once you have that DNA sequence, you've got the identity of the organism. When you [have] 1,300 or 1,400 bits of information, which is the DNA sequence, you can actually find parts of that DNA sequence that are absolutely unique to that organism. Then you can design another piece of DNA based on that information-something called a "probe" -and you can make a piece of DNA, the machines will do that for you.
You add a fluorescent tag to that and you go back to the environment. The bottom line is you don't know where these DNA sequences come from. So you want to say, "this unique sequence that I have that's called EM17-where did that gene come from? Which organism?
The way we do that is something called "hybridization." You make the cells permeable and this little probe with the fluorescent marker goes into the cell. It finds its match because there are lots of ribosomes (lots of 16S RNA molecules). When it sees its match it binds and it won't bind to organisms where there's no match. It will then light up.
What are you looking for when comparing organisms?
When we're comparing these different sequences, we're looking for differences between the organisms. The more differences there are in the sequence, the more different the organisms are, the more they've diverged from each other. The less differences, the more similar they are to each other, and so that will show up in the family tree. There will be short branches and there will be closely related and those have less differences than the longer branches.
How does this help us know about evolutionary differences?
There are a number of computer programs that enable us to convert this difference in the nucleotides into an evolutionary difference. Those methods enable us to actually generate this evolutionary tree of life.
How has the tree of life changed with regards to this new technology?
We now know for a fact that there aren't five kingdoms of life, we know-and it's very well established-that there are three domains of life, the bacteria, the archaea, and the eukaryotes. The bacteria and the archaea are the prokaryotes. They're both organisms without a cell nucleus. They're as different from each other in this tree of life as we are from them.
What are the differences between bacteria and archaea?
There are numerous differences between archaea and bacteria. Most of the differences are based on chemicals. For example, the cell wall structure is very different. In the cell wall, all bacteria have peptidoglycans whereas the archaea do not have that. They have very different RNA polymerases. They have different ways in which they do some of the basic functions of the cell. They share with each other the basic morphology in terms of being simple, single celled organisms. They share a lot of other kinds of basic genes.
Are archaea more closely related to eukaryotes or bacteria?
Archaea are probably more closely related to us than we are to bacteria. Archaea are really good model systems to study some of the basic functions of our own cells, things like translation and transcription. There are a lot of similarities, and so a lot of studies are done on archaea because they're very easy to manipulate compared to eukaryotic cells.
Why is microbial diversity so vast?
There's a huge microbial diversity because microbes have developed the ability to use almost every energy source that there is available on Earth-where there's energy there will be a microbe. Eukaryotes have a much more limited ability to use different energy sources, basically light and organic carbon and that's about it.
What are the big surprises in your research?
The big thing that drives my research is that whenever we come back from a field trip, we always come back with big surprises, brand new branches of life that we never realized existed. What are they? How are they making a living out of those conditions? Those are the [questions] that drive me to try to figure that out.
The other thing is [that] a lot of the time we don't understand the communication between microbes. [We need] to figure out what are the interactions between different kinds of microbes and how do they influence each other, i.e., social behavior. A lot of time microbiologists try to separate organisms as single isolates but I think that's actually caused us to ignore some of the more important organisms because they need each other. [As] an example, there is one organism-a thermophile- that you can grow only if you grind up another thermophile: there's something the other thermophile's producing that this thermophile needs.
The average person on the street is going to ask why you care so much about what microbes do for a living and why should we care?
Because if you took them away you wouldn't be here. This is one of the big questions that I'd want my students to be thinking about. I want them to be challenged by questions, so a lot of the time I will feed them with something I am very interestedin and see where they go with that. I always hope they will go beyond what I'm thinking. I am hoping they are going to ask me questions that I don't know answers for because that's going to challenge me.
Actually that's part of the fun thing of being a professor: you have students who are continually challenging your knowledge. But also your wonderment of nature because they'll see things. I see things in a certain way even though I try not to be myopic and colleagues and students in particular can come and see things at a very different angle. That's what makes science so exciting, because you've got different ideas from different angles sort of congealing in a very big picture.
So what are some of the unanswered questions in this field?
Some of the real big unanswered questions are, how did life originate? We really have no idea. We don't know how early life evolved, really. What the steps are, whether thermophiles came first or whether chemolithoautrophs or heterotrophs werefirst. Those are huge questions.


Drink Up: Why Clean Water is So Important for Your Health
At some point in your life, probably during a high school science class, you might remember being told that your body is made up of mostly water. That “mostly” translates to an actual percentage. For example, babies are born consisting of 70% water, whereas adults’ range between 50-65% depending on age and daily water consumption.
So, why aren’t we splashing down the street, leaving little puddles trailing in our wake? It’s because all that water has a job. Well, many jobs actually. The H20 we’re consuming is hard at work making sure our bodies are performing at their best.
What Does Water Do For Our Bodies?
The first thing to understand about water is that, rather than being digested, it actually gets absorbed. Water heads down the esophagus and into the stomach, but instead of interacting with our stomach acids to initiate the digestive process, it gets absorbed into the bloodstream primarily through the small intestine.
In addition to aiding our digestive process, water has countless other functions. First, it acts as a thermostat within our bodies helping to regulate temperature. When you get hot, hydration creates perspiration, which is one of the body’s tricks for ridding itself of toxins. Water is also essential for urination and bowel movements. Together, these 3 functions represent your built-in body detox system.
Skin health happens from the inside out, and hydration is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy complexion. It helps your skin stay bouncy and plump by preventing trans epidermal water loss. Water helps oxygenate your blood and improve cell function throughout your entire body, and it acts as a joint lubricant, so your body moves easier as you age.
Why Water Quality Matters
Drinking clean water is just as important as eating clean, whole foods. That’s because water, despite its crystal-clear appearance, is packed with essential minerals. Your body depends on these minerals in order to function. When contaminants are present, it puts more pressure on your body because it must work harder to filter out contaminants.
That begs the question: What kind of water should you be drinking?
6 Different Types of Water
If you’ve ever caught yourself staring blankly at the water aisle in the grocery store and found it completely overwhelming, then you’re not alone. Analysis paralysis is real, whether you’re choosing from 7 types of Greek yogurt or 9 varieties of kombucha. So, what is the actual difference between the types of H20 you see on the shelves?
Basic tap water that flows from your sink can seem harmless enough. But this all depends on where you live, the water source, and how it’s treated. In an industrial world, unfortunately, water contamination is all too common. The WHO lists a host of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery that have all been linked to contaminated drinking water.
So, what about all those bottles on the shelf? Are they any better?
Spring water is usually what you’ll find in all those plastic bottles at the store. The labels often paint a picture of a pristine mountain spring, but as some studies have shown, those claims are often exaggerated, and the industry itself is under-regulated. According to an investigation conducted by the non-profit Environmental Working Group, you can’t always believe what you read on the label.
“Unlike tap water, where consumers are provided with test results every year, the bottled water industry is not required to disclose the results of any contaminant testing that it conducts.”
Glacier water comes with similar caveats. It’s supposedly bottled at a crisp, cold glacial source that’s free from industrial contaminants. That doesn’t mean it’s free of potential biological contaminants, however. Depending on the purity of the source, it can contain mineral levels that are too high, and potential bacteria and viruses that could result in gastrointestinal discomfort.
Often sourced in places like Hawaii, the main selling point of volcanic water is that it’s been naturally filtered through volcanic stone. For this reason, it has a higher pH (above 7), making it alkaline. This is said to help neutralize body acidity, which in theory, is helpful for acid reflux and some digestive issues. The jury is still out on whether or not there’s any substantiated truth to these claims.
An ionizer is a device that’s used to ionize regular tap water, increasing its pH to make it more alkaline. There are claims that alkaline water is better for your complexion, aids digestion, and hydrates you more effectively. However, there’s no evidence as of yet that has been able to validate the perks.
Reverse Osmosis Water
Reverse osmosis is a filtering process that removes unwanted chemicals and contaminants from your drinking water. It is effective, but sometimes, it’s actually too effective. It also filters out the beneficial minerals that your body needs. According to experts, it’s a safe way to make potable water when you’re in a pinch, but it’s not ideal for everyday drinking because it doesn’t provide enough nutritional value.
How to Sip From the Best Source
With so many choices and so much marketing spin, it’s hard to know which type of water you should have at home. The truth is that it’s largely up to the consumer to do the digging for themselves. So, don’t put yourself through the analysis paralysis. Instead, just do your homework and learn about the best options for quality drinking water where you live.
The best way to know what’s in the water you’re drinking is to check it on the website My Tap Water. Just search in your zip code. Additionally, there’s a family-run website called TestAqua that put together lengthy, unbiased reports of some of the most popular brands of drinking water, and they provide water quality reports by region. Consumer Reports has also created a robust list of 120 brands that can help you determine if your favorite brand is fulfilling its promises.
Put Down That Plastic
Whichever type of water you choose, there should be one hard and fast rule you abide by: ditch the plastic. Not only is the use of plastic water bottles bad for the environment, but it’s also bad for your health. Microplastics and other contaminants can seep into your drinking water, and this process is exacerbated when plastic is exposed to heat. If you buy water for your home or on the road, always reach for water packaged in glass.
How Much Water to Drink Daily
A quick online search will lead you to believe that no one really knows how much water you should be drinking daily. The numbers are wildly divergent depending on the source. A 2001 study determined that the Watson Formula provided the highest accuracy because it takes several personal factors into account.
Here’s how to calculate how much water you should be consuming daily:
Watson formula for men
2.447 – (0.09145 x age) + (0.1074 x height in centimeters) + (0.3362 x weight in kilograms) = total body water (TBW) in liters
Watson formula for women
–2.097 + (0.1069 x height in centimeters) + (0.2466 x weight in kilograms) = total body weight (TBW) in liters
If you don’t feel like dusting off your calculator, then a good rule of thumb is to try and get at least 64oz daily. If you have a job that’s physically demanding or you work out every day, then you’ll want to consume a bit more.
The Best Water is Clean and Consistent
When it comes to choosing the water you drink at home, just remember that better water means a better-functioning body. First, be sure you’re drinking enough water. And the single most important factor in the water you choose to drink is whether it’s clean. These resources will help you find a clean, reputable source near you.
For more information about your unique hydration needs and sourcing the cleanest drinking water near you, reach out to us to set up a consultation. We can help!
To discover how Functional Nutrition can help you with health and gut issues you may be experiencing, contact our team: https://projectyoubewell.com/wellness-services/


Each category is presents a level of morbidity and mortality information or wellness risk. If the BMI Calculator reads below 18.5 you are regarded underweight, when it says between 18.5 to 25 you are at an ideal fat; if the BMI Calculator reads 25 to 30 your are over weight, when it says 30 or above than you are considered fat (over 40 morbidly obese). Patients that report above a 30 certainly are a major issue of the medical profession. Reports have shown that being overweight can make a splash on your current health. These same studies show how obesity is reducing our average living span.
Considering that the medical occupation has had the oppertunity to link both together they have removed on a crusade to instruct persons how they can change their lives. That being obese doesn’t have to be a demise sentence. Everything begins with the tiniest of changes. First, visit you are my medical practitioner and have him use his Bmi berekenen to determine which group you drop into. If you are on the heavier area of the scale, it is additionally vital to keep in touch with him about your options.
There is a great percentage of the people that is very new to what a Bass Mass List (BMI) is. They do not realize how important that index is to their over all health. The BMI index is what doctors use to find out a persons body fat or health percentile ranking. By using a BMI calculator they may calculate a person overall body weight and fat density.
The process doesn’t calculate the human body fat directly, however the rating does correlate with an immediate way of measuring human anatomy fat. Applying a BMI measurement is considered really low priced and easy set alongside the option of spending a company to execute a primary excess fat test.
The BMI index works on the individual fat and height to find out their general health percentile ranking. The standing is age and sex-specific, and not really a genetic reading. Following combining a person age and fat, the BMI calculator assigns lots to different categories. The groups are than rated by levels such as for instance; underweight, healthy weight, heavy and obese. The BMI calculator is not a diagnostic instrument, but a gage on a person’s morbidity and/or mortality risk. A physician will have the ability to gage if a person fat creates a health risk.
All of us know that eating proper and training is the key component. However, this isn’t the simplest way for many American’s to take. Carrying out a fad diet of searching for a magic tablet is generally only a short-term fix. You’re speaing frankly about the remainder of your daily life, therefore when you take a seat along with your physician ask him about all the options available to you. That could contain some uncomfortable possibilities, but modify can be really beautiful.
Geoff Master may be the Sales Manager and webmaster several Hospiatel website’s. He has built an on line BMI Calculator where you are able to check out our BMI Calculator and he attracts you to go to his extensive Aesthetic Surgery web site which he bags packed with helpful information.


The Eucharist as The Lamb's Supper
from a talk by Scott Hahn
One of the most important ways that the Old Covenant foreshadows the New is in its use
of the image of the sacrificial lamb. Let's see how this relates to the Eucharist in
First, take a look at Revelation 5. In Revelation 5, there is a scroll with seven seals
that nobody can break open and everybody is really upset. In fact John almost begins to
cry. In 5, verse 2, "A strong angel proclaimed with a loud voice, 'Who is worthy to
open the scroll and break its seals?' And no one in heaven and on earth or under the earth
was able to open the scroll or to look into it." What is the scroll? The word is
biblion. Most likely it's a reference to a covenant document, the New Covenant document
that nobody is worthy to break open. "And I wept much, but no one was found worthy to
open the scroll or to look into it," because this scroll would consummate and fulfill
the promises of the Old Testament.
"Then one of the elders said to me, 'Weep not. Lo, the Lion of the tribe of Judah,
the Root of David, he has conquered so that he can open the scroll and seven seals.'"
You could almost feel the hallelujah rising up from within your soul. The Lion of the
tribe of Judah! You turn. You look and John turns to look and what does he see in verse 6,
" And between the throne and the four living creatures and among the elders I
saw," what? Aslan, the lion? No. David crowned with glory? No. You'd think so, a lion
and a king are the words used to describe it. "I turned and I saw a lamb standing,
looking as though it had been slain."
Jesus Christ is the son of David and the king of the new and heavenly Jerusalem. He is
the Lion of the tribe of Judah and He is the Lamb of God, slain from the foundation of the
world, as it said elsewhere in Revelation. But here in heaven on the throne of glory,
after His crucifixion, Hs resurrection, His ascension, His enthronement, He still looks
like a lamb. He still looks as though He had been slain. Why not clean up the body? Why
not wipe away the wounds? Why continue resembling a lamb? Because He's continuing the
Passover offerings, the sacrifice. Not by dying, not by bleeding and not by suffering but
by continuing to offer up Himself as the firstborn and as the unblemished lamb, as the
perpetual, timeless, everlasting sacrifice of praise to the Father.
And what do the people do? They rejoice and they break out into a song. And what is the
song, "Worthy art thou to take the scroll and to open its seals for thou was
slain." Past tense, "And by thy blood didst ransom men for God from every tribe
and tongue and people and nation." And what has he done? He's become a priest to be
sure, but for what purpose? "He has made them a kingdom and priest to our God."
He has made those whom he has saved priests. And what do priests do? They offer sacrifice.
Has Christ's sacrifice ended all sacrifices? No. Christ's sacrifice has ended all
ineffective, bloody animal sacrifices that never did anything anyway. Now for the first
time in history we can really begin to offer sacrifice to God. Romans 12 says, "Offer
your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God." And it wouldn't be
holy and acceptable except that it's united to Christ's perpetual sacrifice. He's not
bleeding. He's not dying. He's not suffering, but he is offering a sacrifice as a lamb
does, as a priest king does continually, forever.
And that's what it's all about. John wouldn't see a lamb looking as though it had been
slain if the whole kit and caboodle was completed and done. Yes, it's completed and done,
but it's still going on, and it's going to go on forever in the future. Why? Because Jesus
Christ is the same yesterday, today and forever, as Hebrews tells us.
Now, is this strange? Is this teaching novel? Well, let's take a look at 1st
Corinthians and see how natural it seems to the apostle Paul. We have already looked at
1st Corinthians 5, "Christ, our Passover," that's in verse 7, "Christ, our
Paschal Lamb has been sacrificed. Let us therefore celebrate the festival not with the old
leaven, the leaven of malice and evil, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and
truth." What's he talking about? Is he talking about leaven being like sin. No. He's
saying let us celebrate the feast with unleavened bread. What feast? The Eucharist! The
sacrifice continues because communion must be celebrated. We've got to eat the lamb, the
resurrected, glorified, enthroned lamb that still looks as though he'd been slain because
he's still giving himself to us.
Turn over with me now to Corinthians, chapter 9, verse 13. He says, "Do you not
know that those who are employed in the temple service get their food from the temple and
those who serve at the altar share in the sacrificial offerings in the same way the Lord
commanded. That those who proclaim the gospel should get their living by the gospel."
Now we might be tempted to read Corinthians 9, 13 and 14 and say, "Well, back in the
Old Testament they did temple service and altar service and sacrifice, but now in the New
Testament they only proclaim the word."
The problem with that is that Paul goes on to say, Corinthians 11, as we will see, how
Christ's death is proclaimed. Take a look with me at 1st Corinthians, 11:23-26. "For
I received from the Lord what I shall deliver to you." Interesting, he received it
not from Peter and the apostles. When Jesus appeared to Paul on the road to Damascus or
perhaps at some other time, what did Jesus deliver to Paul? Instructions for the
Eucharist. "I received from the Lord what I also deliver to you. That the Lord Jesus
Christ, on the night when He was betrayed, took bread, and when He had given thanks, He
broke it and said, 'This is my body, which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.' In
the same way also the cup after supper saying, 'This cup is the New Covenant in my blood.
Do this." Commandment, imperative tense. "As often as you drink it in
remembrance of me. For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the
Lord's death until He comes."
You proclaim the gospel. Let's go back then to Corinthians 9, verse 14, "In the
same way the Lord commanded that those who proclaim the gospel should get their living by
the gospel." How does Paul proclaim the gospel? Just by preaching? Or by celebrating
the Eucharist? "As often as you do this, you proclaim the Lord's death until He
comes." That's the gospel. Paul is talking in verses 13 and 14 about how he should be
supported as an apostle and he does so in conjunction with temple service at an altar
where there is sacrificial offerings which he as an apostle has the right to receive from.
What's he talking about? A New Covenant temple? A New Covenant altar? A New Covenant
sacrifice where he proclaims the gospel by celebrating the Eucharist.
Now let's go on to Corinthians 10 and get things straight really quickly here because
Corinthians 10, gives us a proper warning. In the first ten verses of Corinthians 10, Paul
says that back in the Old Testament with Moses, verse 3, "They all ate the same
supernatural food and all drank the same supernatural drink." The water from the rock
and the manna in the wilderness and both, Paul says in a sense, were signs of Christ's
presence among them. Nevertheless, verse 5, "with most of them God was not pleased
for they were overthrown in the wilderness."
In the next three verses he describes the Golden Calf incident where thousands of them
died. In other words just because you receive supernatural food and drink doesn't mean
you've got it made in the shade. You have to set things right with God and keep things
right with the Lord. Verse 11, "Now these things happened to them as a warning, but
they were written down for our instruction upon whom the end of the ages has come."
We now have a greater and much more supernatural food and drink. So we can relax? No.
We've got to be even more circumspect in searching out our hearts and making sure we are
right with God.
He goes on in verse 16, "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a coenia, a
communion, a participation in the blood of Christ?" Not a symbol. But a share, a
communion. The bread which we break , is it not a coenia, a communion in the body of
Christ. "Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body for we all partake
of the one bread." He doesn't mean to say that there's one enormous loaf that we all
take a piece from. There are many loaves of bread. There are many breads in that earthly
sense, but there's only one bread in the heavenly sense, and that's Christ. Because we
receive from one bread Christ, the Bread of Life, we who are many become one body, namely,
the Body of Christ. He's suggesting that we become what we eat.
He goes on to contrast our sacrifice with other sacrifices and he says, verse 18,
"Consider the people of Israel. Are not those who eat the sacrifices partners in the
altar?" What he is saying is back then when you eat the sacrifice, you have a
communion in the altar of those animals. Now we have a communion on all of our altars in
the New Covenant with Christ, the Lamb of God. Verse 21, "You cannot drink the cup of
the Lord and the cup of demons. You cannot partake of the table of the Lord and the table
of demons. Shall we provoke the Lord with jealousy? Are we stronger than he?" For
some reason God takes this with the utmost seriousness. Why?
Corinthians 11, he spells it out even clearer. We've already read verses 23 through 26.
Now we can conclude with verse 27 where he says, "Whoever, therefore, eats the bread
and drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the Body and the
Blood of the Lord." Now that language is actually like civil judicial language.
Somebody who's practically guilty of murder or capital offense is guilty of the body and
blood. Now if it's only a symbol, he might be guilty in some lesser sense, but when you
profane the Lord's Supper, you actually become guilty of profaning the Body and Blood of
the Lord. "Let a man examine himself, therefore, and so eat of the bread and drink of
the cup. For anyone who eats and drinks without discerning," -- the symbolism? No.
"...the body, eats and drinks judgment upon himself."
Now is he just speaking metaphorically? He couldn't be because in the next verse he
says, "That is why many of you are weak and ill and some have died." To receive
the Eucharist in a state of mortal sin is playing with fire of the worst sort. He goes on
in chapter 12, verse 12, "For just as the body is one," the Church, that is,
"...and has many members and all the members of the body though many are one body, so
it is with Christ for by one Spirit we were all baptized in the one body." When we
received the water of Baptism, we received the Spirit of God. "And all were made to
drink of the one Spirit." When we receive Eucharist, Communion, we receive the Spirit
as well as the flesh and the blood and the body, soul, humanity and divinity of Christ.
This is significant, very significant. This, in fact, gives us the whole interpretive
key to the Book of Revelation. Many non-Catholic as well as Catholic scholars have noticed
that the whole structure of Revelation is a big Passover liturgy where Christ, the Priest
King, the firstborn Son and the Lamb looking as though it's been slain conducts and
celebrates the heavenly liturgy. And the earthly liturgy is meant to be a reflection in
that, a participation in that, and the early Church took it for granted. There is the Lamb
looking as though it's been slain and making all of the people in heaven priests so they
can assist in the offering of the firstborn son of God to the Father and join themselves
Abridged from Scott Hahn's audio and video tape presentation,
"Eucharist: Holy Meal" as it appears in the "Catholic Adult Education on
Video Program" with Scott and Kimberly Hahn.
Full text available in our library.
St. Joseph Communications
Both the individual audio and video cassettes and the entire 20 cassette
library, complete with study guides, are available from:
PO Box 720
West Covina, CA 91793
Electronic text (c) Copyright EWTN 1996. All rights reserved.


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The Greatest Purveyor of Violence in the World
Today Obama enjoys his inauguration bash. It is also Martin Luther King Day, and the president was sworn in on the Civil Rights leader’s own Bible.
Across the spectrum, Americans celebrate King’s Civil Rights leadership. Yet he was just as prophetic and bold in opposing the U.S. war in Vietnam. He is less remembered for this, perhaps because it’s much easier for the government to co-opt the cause of racial equality, given the Civil Rights Act and other laws passed since, than it is for the government to co-opt his principled opposition to war, an issue that exposes the violent, destructive, and illiberal nature of federal power.
In recognition of King’s legacy, I would recommended readers peruse his stirring April 4, 1967, speech in New York, where he criticized American political leaders for grandstanding on domestic unrest while perpetuating far worse criminality in Vietnam. King condemned American war-making and concluded that until it is addressed, America’s internal problems with racism and violence would persist:
I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today—my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent.
For those who ask the question, “Aren’t you a civil rights leader?” and thereby mean to exclude me from the movement for peace, I have this further answer. In 1957 when a group of us formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, we chose as our motto: “To save the soul of America.” We were convinced that we could not limit our vision to certain rights for black people, but instead affirmed the conviction that America would never be free or saved from itself until the descendants of its slaves were loosed completely from the shackles they still wear. In a way we were agreeing with Langston Hughes, that black bard of Harlem, who had written earlier:
I say it plain,
America never was America to me,
And yet I swear this oath –
America will be!
Now, it should be incandescently clear that no one who has any concern for the integrity and life of America today can ignore the present war. If America’s soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read: Vietnam.
Not only has Obama failed utterly to rein in institutional racial inequality in the United States—instead intensifying the drug war and escalating deportations of illegal aliens—he has widened the indefinite war on terror to ever more theaters abroad. He tripled the U.S. presence in Afghanistan, vastly expanded the prison camp there, and started a unilateral war in Libya. He bombed Yemen and intervened in Somalia. He is on the brink of direct war in Syria and has tightened deadly sanctions on Iran. He has targeted American citizens for assassination and greatly escalated the drone bombings in Pakistan, killing thousands of civilians and hundreds of children. His policies have in multiple ways fueled the drug war violence in Mexico that has taken fifty thousand lives.
Progressive Democrat Lyndon Johnson had more blood on his hands than does Progressive Democrat Barack Obama—so far—and if we look at the brutality of some democidal regimes throughout the world, the United States has some worthy competition for the distinction as “greatest purveyor of violence in the world.” But if you consider the sheer size of the American state, the authority it claims over most of the globe, the list of countries it has bombed, sanctioned, or bullied, the surveillance powers, the nuclear arsenal, the unparalleled defense establishment, the burgeoning prison population and militarized domestic policing, the U.S. government is sure on the short list of major belligerents.
I don’t agree with everything Martin Luther King did or said, but I surely do agree that America will never get its house in order so long as it’s an empire at perpetual war. This kind of mass violence breeds conflict at home and worsens nearly every domestic problem, including the violence involving firearms that Obama has purported to address with new legislation.
The year after King’s speech, Lyndon Johnson signed the Gun Control Act of 1968. It did virtually nothing to disarm criminals, of course, but it did make lawbreakers out of peaceful Americans while stripping everyday people of the means to protect themselves. Obama seeks to go much further, pushing the most significant expansion of federal gun control legislation since at least the New Deal.
Instead of disarming the American people and giving police and prosecutors yet one more tool to throw people in prison, Obama should follow King’s advice and stop contributing to mass violence himself. These wars only perpetuate the never-ending cycle of violence. It was, after all, U.S. Cold War intervention that helped give rise to radical Islam and terrorism in the Muslim world. Who knows what extremist violence Obama’s drones are inciting? Peace with the rest of the world would also go far in encouraging Americans to seek freedom and domestic tranquility, allowing a monumental reduction in government power and taxation, which a cynic might say is a big reason Obama doesn’t seek peace.
King prescribes several immediate steps the United States should take, including:
Number one: End all bombing in North and South Vietnam.
Number two: Declare a unilateral cease-fire in the hope that such action will create the atmosphere for negotiation.
Three: Take immediate steps to prevent other battlegrounds in Southeast Asia by curtailing our military buildup in Thailand and our interference in Laos.
I would carry over this advice to the present day: the United States ought to end all bombing of Pakistan and elsewhere, declare a unilateral ceasefire, and reverse the military buildup throughout the Muslim world.
Eventually, the United States left Vietnam in shameful defeat, having failed to stop Communism there, and having bombed Cambodia so terribly so as to give rise to Communism in that country in the form of the Khmer Rouge. Had Americans taken King’s advice in 1967, millions of people would have been spared. I only wish Americans would take his antiwar advice today. To do so requires demystifying Obama and his government. They are not the embodiment of Civil Rights. They are not the solution to domestic crime. They are, instead, among the “greatest purveyors of violence in the world.” How dare Obama tout King’s legacy today in celebration of his earth-shaking power, only to return to his office and carry out the very kind of violent hypocrisy that King so eloquently condemned?


Breeding ecology, survival rates, and causes of mortality of hunted and nonhunted greater sage-grouse in central Montana
Declines in productivity have been implicated in population declines for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in several areas, but there is considerable variation in reproductive effort, reproductive success and female survival, both temporally and spatially, and more data are needed. Despite declining populations, sage grouse are still legally harvested in most of their current range, including Montana, and uncertainty about how harvest impacts sage grouse vital rates remains. The reproductive activity, survival rates, and causes of mortality of hunted and nonhunted sage grouse females were monitored year round using radio-telemetry in central Montana during 2004 and 2005. Data on nest survival and brood survival were also collected. Nest survival was greater for renests, 0.56, than for first nests, 0.32. Brood survival to 30 days posthatch was estimated as 0.79. Reproductive effort and reproductive success were higher in 2005. Female survival during the nesting season was constant, 0.94 monthly.Female survival during July of both years was similar on both sites, 0.99 to nearly 1.00, but survival was lower during August and declined between 2004 and 2005 from 0.94 to 0.84 on the hunted site and declined from 0.98 to 0.94 on the nonhunted site. This decline in survival between years in August was likely due to West Nile virus, as it was first detected in sage grouse in this area in August 2005. Female survival during the hunting season was lower for females that spent more days brood-rearing than those that spent few or no days brood rearing, and females on the hunted site had lower survival than females on the nonhunted site. However, lower survival rates on the hunted site could not be attributed to hunter kill, because no radio-marked females were bagged or reported by hunters and no evidence of hunter kill was observed. During the hunting season, monthly survival estimates ranged from 0.87 for hunted-site females that invested heavily in brood rearing to 0.99 for nonhunted-site females that invested little or no time in brood rearing. Overwinter survival was different between years, and monthly survival during winter 2004-05 was estimated as 0.98 and as 0.97 during winter 2005-06.


Get ready to tweet to the cosmos.
Twitter users around the world may be able to find followers 22 light-years away thanks to "Tweets in Space," a project that hopes to beam 140-character missives to a potentially habitable planet this fall.
During a live performance set for September 21 at the Albuquerque Balloon Museum, collaborators Scott Kildall and Nathaniel Stern plan to beam tweets carrying the hashtag #tweetsinspace all the way to GJ667Cc.
Scientists say the recently discovered planet has the potential to support some form of life.
"We look at it from the standpoint of democratizing deep space transmissions," Kildall told the Daily News. "All tweets sent during the performance, whether you're at the event or at home on your computer, will be transmitted."
"We thought it would be worthwhile to show the sea change in how information is broadcast in our culture," he added.
Kildall and Stern expect to send out their interplanetary Twitter feed via a high-powered radio transmitter. They hope to pay for the gear with donations they collect via the fundraising website rockethub.com.
So far, they've amassed nearly $1,600 of the $8,500 they say they'll need to beam the messages a distance of five light-years.
There hope is that five light years is far enough into space for any ET's on GJ667Cc who might be tuning in to pick up the signal.
"We're making some assumptions about their listening technology," Stern told the Daily News. "We're assuming a similar intelligence to our own can pick out patterns."
A light-year is the distance light travels in a year, or the equivalent of 5.88 trillion miles.


Benson Hill Teams Up with The African Orphan Crops Consortium to Combat Malnutrition Through Underutilized Crops
Crop Design Platform will play a vital role in empowering African plant scientists to develop healthier, diverse, and more nutritious food
Newswise — ST. LOUIS, MO—January 14, 2019—Benson Hill Biosystems, a crop improvement company unlocking the natural genetic diversity of plants, is joining the African Orphan Crops Consortium (AOCC), to contribute vital genomics training and the power of its CropOS™ design platform for long-lasting solutions for Africa’s nutritional security. The AOCC is hosting a workshop during the International Plant & Animal Genome XXVII Conference, the largest agricultural genomics meeting in the world, taking place in San Diego, Jan. 12-16, 2019
“The goal of AOCC is to improve the productivity and sustainability of highly nutritious crops that are critical to the health and livelihood of African farmers and consumers through the adoption of modern breeding methods,” Howard-Yana Shapiro, Chief Agricultural Officer, Mars, Incorporated. “The user-friendly interface and predictive power of Benson Hill’s Breed™ application, powered by its CropOS platform, will accelerate the ability of African scientists to develop better seeds and improve the diets of Africa’s children,” Allen Van Deynze, Director of Research, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis and Scientific Director of the African Orphan Crops Consortium.
Though there are over 30,000 edible plant species on the planet, two-thirds of global calories are derived from just five crops, which have received the majority of R&D attention. The African-led AOCC is sequencing the genomes of 101 highly nutritious crops at the heart of cultures across the continent that are staples to 250 million smallholder farmers. Established by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Mars, Incorporated, World Agroforestry and UC Davis in 2011, the consortium makes the genetic information about these crops publicly available free to use by anyone without patents or restrictions.
The AOCC is also training 150 of Africa’s plant breeders in the latest strategies in plant breeding, statistics and quantitative genetics including application of genomics in crop development. “Training local scientists to translate the genomic information into tangible benefits for farmers and consumers is a key component of the project,” said Rita Mumm, Director of the African Plant Breeding Academy developed and operated by UC Davis. “Benson Hill’s computational platform will ensure the 150 African plant breeders we are training can access the most advanced technologies and scientific knowledge available to support critical decisions for crop improvement.”
Benson Hill’s CropOS™ revolutionary crop design platform combines the most advanced data analytics and biological knowledge with cloud-based computing to empower organizations to develop food and ingredients with better flavor, nutrition and environmental sustainability. CropOS uses Artificial Intelligence to improve with every data set, enhancing the platform’s ability to predict biological outcomes and accelerate product development.
“The African Orphan Crops Consortium empowers local scientists to leverage the natural genetic diversity of plants to improve food production, an objective that fits squarely with our purpose and values,” said Matt Crisp, CEO and co-founder of Benson Hill Biosystems. “We are thrilled to partner with local and international organizations that respect the role food plays in the health of people, our planet and in the celebration of culture.”
About the African Orphan Crops Consortium
The consortium’s goal is to sequence, assemble and annotate the genomes of 101 traditional African food crops, which will enable higher nutritional content for society over the decades to come. The resulting information will be put in the public domain with the endorsement of the African Union New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Benson Hill Biosystems, Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), BGI, CyVerse, Corteva Agriscience, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Google Genomics, Illumina Inc., James Hutton Institute, Integrated Breeding Platform, LGC, Mars, Incorporated, Thermo Fisher Scientific, UNICEF, University of California, Davis, VIB-University of Ghent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Wageningen University, World Agroforestry, and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature.
About Benson Hill Biosystems
Benson Hill empowers innovators with a revolutionary crop design platform to develop healthier and more sustainable food and ingredients. Our CropOS™ platform combines machine learning and big data with genome editing and plant biology to drastically accelerate and simplify the product development process. More information can be found online at www.bensonhillbio.com. Follow us on Twitter at @BensonHillBio.


[T]he atmosphere admits of the entrance of the solar heat, but checks its exit; and the result is a tendency to accumulate heat at the surface of the planet.
Many online citations seem to attribute this quote (or so it appears) to a talk he gave in 1859 that was published in 1861 under the title “On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption and Conduction”. But this is not the correct citation.
The correct citation is John Tyndall, “On the transmission of heat of different qualities through gases of different kinds”, from the Weekly Evening Meeting of June 10, 1859, published in Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Vol. III (1858-1862), pages 155-158. (The quote above appears on page 158.)
Here is the Google Book version.