Swiss Family Robinson
David Stuart Davies looks at this much-loved, much-adapted story of a family shipwrecked on a ...
When writing the Introduction to the Wordsworth edition of Shakespeare’s Othello, I discussed the play’s notorious ‘double time scheme’. It was Thomas Rymer who, in the 17th century, pointed out that there was something very peculiar about the chronology of Othello: so peculiar, indeed, as to render impossible the repeated adultery of which Desdemona is accused by Othello. But this is not the only case of chronological oddity in Shakespeare’s works; and, frequently, the plays offer us cultural impossibilities too.
In Titus Andronicus, the setting is pagan Rome. Shakespeare draws on several phases in Rome’s history, but that the culture is pre-Christian is without doubt. The deities invoked by characters include Enceladus and Pallas (Greek), and Mercury, Virgo, Saturn, Diana, Jupiter and Astraea (Roman). Demetrius recognises a quotation from Horace, and Lavinia displays Ovid’s Metamorphoses. But then, see what happens in Act 4, scene 4. In strolls a Clown (we may take the word ‘Clown’ to mean ‘a rural proletarian’), and when Titus asks him for a message from the god Jupiter, he says:
Alas, sir, I know not Jubiter; I never drank with him in all my life.
He is employed by Titus to take to Emperor Saturnine a letter demanding justice. This is how the Clown addresses the emperor:
God and Saint Stephen give you godden. I have brought you a letter and a couple of pigeons here.
In Shakespeare’s plays, clowns sometimes have the magical pilot’s licence to fly through time and space. This Clown seems to have arrived from Shakespeare’s rural England, bringing an incongruous Christian greeting to the ruler of pagan Rome. Some moments of surrealistic comedy ensue; for Saturnine, understandably infuriated, cries: ‘Go, take him [the Clown] away and hang him presently,’ The Clown responds with an exclamation (invoking the Virgin Mary) and a jest:
Hanged, by’ Lady! Then have I brought up a neck to a fair end.
Here we see that the comedy involving the Clown derives a bit of its humour from the wit (‘fair end’ meaning both ‘beautiful head’ and ‘just death-sentence’) and most of its humour from its obvious breach of theatrical decorum as a clownish insouciant Christian intrudes into grim pagan Rome: anarchic fun within a gory tragedy.
If we seek cultural and chronological muddles, there is no better play than Hamlet. Just ask yourself, ‘In what time is the action set?’, and you will find numerous answers. Much of the time, the action seems contemporaneous with Shakespeare’s days. Hamlet himself often expresses a modern, sceptical sensibility. The duel is fought with rapiers. There is discussion of the controversial success of the child actors in the city: and this clearly refers to the city of London, not a city in Denmark, for ‘The Children of the Chapel’, a company of boy actors at London’s Blackfriars Theatre, became fashionable in 1600 and 1601. On the other hand, Hamlet’s father, with his full armour including a helmet with a visor, seems to belong to an earlier period, perhaps mediaeval; and the Ghost says he comes from Purgatory (which Catholics believed in but Protestants denied). Yet Hamlet, with modern scepticism, describes death as that bourn from which no traveller returns, even though he has recently met such a traveller. In Act 4, scene 3, Claudius says that the English court will carry out his instruction that Hamlet be killed there, because England has so recently been punished by Danish forces and is obliged to pay tribute. This refers to the period between the ninth and eleventh centuries when England was obliged to pay massive sums of ‘protection money’ (the ‘Danegeld’) to the powerful Danes. So, culturally, geographically and chronologically, the play contains some striking inconsistencies.
Furthermore, in 1931, the critic A. J. A. Waldock argued persuasively that Hamlet’s character is complicated because it is a palimpsest – a muddle of old and new. Part of the time, as when Hamlet says ‘Now could I drink hot blood’ and ruthlessly dispatches Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, we are encountering the ruthless Amlothi or Amleth (a name meaning ‘Dimwit’) of the ancient Danish source-tale; and part of the time, in contrast, we are hearing the sophisticated, sensitive Hamlet whom Shakespeare has introduced. Our Hamlet lurches between brutal action and, in contrast, sensitive introspection and civilised humanity; and this is because the nastiness of the ancient progenitor is repeatedly infiltrating the likeable modern character.
In King Lear, the cultural and chronological references are, again, a muddle.
The legendary Lear was a pre-Christian leader, and characters invoke ‘the gods’, Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Hecate and Nature: so the action seems to be located in a post-Roman but pre-Christian Britain. Yet the characters also invoke God, Satan, Adam and Eve, St Mary, churches and holy water: so at those times, the action seems to be taking place in the Christian era. Other references, to Tom o’Bedlam, schoolmasters, spectacles, and fops who frequently visit the barber, for instance, suggest times contemporaneous with Shakespeare’s. In Act 3, scene 2, however, the Fool tells the audience that he lives before the time of Merlin (the legendary Welsh magician described by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 14th century); but, at the end of Act 1, scene 5, he is clearly contemporaneous with the actual performance in the Jacobean theatre, for he says that any virgin in the audience who dares to laugh as he goes off-stage will soon be deflowered. No wonder Samuel Johnson complained that Shakespeare ‘commonly neglects and confounds the characters of ages by mingling customs ancient and modern.’ We might also ask what becomes of Lear’s many knights, who seem to vanish as the story advances: fair-weather friends or poor map-readers? And, notoriously, the Fool disappears without explanation. (When Lear says ‘And my poor fool is hanged’, editors explain that ‘fool’ could be a term of endearment, so the reference is to Cordelia. But the phrasing naturally brings the male Fool to mind, and thus renders conspicuous his absence from Acts 4 and 5. One theory is that the actor who played the Fool also played Cordelia.)
From the time of Geoffrey Chaucer to the late 17th century, authors frequently muddled cultural allusions – often mixing, with bizarre inconsistency, the classical and the Christian. For example, at the end of Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde (written circa 1385), the spirit of the slain pagan Troilus ascends to Heaven, scorns the vanity of the world which contrasts so greatly with the felicity which Heaven provides, and then goes to the place allotted to him by the Roman god Mercury. In John Milton’s elegy Lycidas (written in 1637), the mourning poet is consoled by Phoebus Apollo, the Hellenic god, before he declares that Jesus has granted Lycidas a place in Heaven, Nevertheless, given the intense religious questioning within King Lear, the muddle there becomes frustratingly prominent. As the nature and, indeed, the very existence of divine justice are fiercely debated in the play, the theological inconsistencies become tantalising.
Among the comedies, The Merry Wives of Windsor offers us remarkable chronological confusions. The play contains allusions to the royal Order of the Garter ceremonies at Windsor in 1597, and the work’s general tone fits the 1590s. But the presence of Falstaff and his cronies Pistol, Nym and Bardolph, together with Nym and Mistress Quickly, implies the early 15th century (the fictional time of Henry IV, Part Two, in which these characters appear). Page tells us that young Fenton (who is now reformed) ‘kept company with the wild prince [Hal, later Henry V] and Poins’; and Henry lived from 1386 to 1422. The Merry Wives of Windsor thus seems to be a comedy of the 1590s in which characters from an earlier century have been incongruously resurrected. This Falstaff proves to be an inferior relative of the brilliantly subversive Falstaff of the histories, whose poignant death was reported in Henry V.
In the late Romances (Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest), we encounter another rich mixture of allusions. The notable example of muddle occurs in The Winter’s Tale. The very title is odd, since much of the action takes place in summer, the sheep-shearing time. In that play, the declaration by the oracle of Apollo is crucial to the plot, Perdita invokes Jove, and Hermione praises the gods; yet, early on, there is a reference to the Christian doctrine of original sin; later, Perdita speaks of ‘Whitsun pastorals’, and Autolicus (that, and not ‘Autolycus’, is how the First Folio spells his name) mentions not only the Prodigal Son but also hallowed items which ‘brought a benediction to the buyer’. Camillo mentions Jesus and Judas. We are told that a statue of Hermione has been completed by the famous Giulio Romano, and he was a real-life architect and sculptor who had died as recently as 1546. Autolicus, with his songs, tricks, and thieves’ slang, belongs distinctly to Shakespeare’s day, as do the country folk at their festival. The currency of Bohemia proves to be pounds and shillings. Thus, the historical era veers to and fro between ancient and modern, while the cultural frame of reference is sometimes polytheistically classical and sometimes strongly Christian. At times we are located in ancient Sicily and at other times the location seems to be Shakespeare’s Warwickshire. Although Sicily was the traditional homeland of pastoral poetry, here Bohemia is the main provider of pastoralism. Hermione is eventually found to be alive, even though her death had been reported and believed (and she had presumably been buried, for Leontes often prayed at her grave), and her ghost had appeared to Camillo. Ghosts surely emanate from the dead, not from the living. Another oddity: in Act 4, scene 1, the character Time tells us that sixteen years elapse, but the very next scene says that fifteen years have elapsed. Thus, muddles abound. Because parts of the play are remarkably intelligent, its apparent stupidities become the more noticeable. Notice that in The Tempest, Shakespeare elegantly coordinates the religious (Christian and classical) and sceptical allusions: for example, in the masque of Ceres, Iris and Juno, the deities are played by spirits at Prospero’s command. Here is no muddle but an exquisite harmony.
I began this essay with a reference to the famous ‘double time scheme’ of Othello. You’ll recall how it operates. Iago persuades Othello that Desdemona has committed adultery with Cassio – not once but on numerous occasions. But only thirty-three hours or so elapse between Desdemona’s arrival on Cyprus and her death at Othello’s hands. No time for the repeated adultery to occur. But the play also contains some inconsistent ‘long-time’ references: for example, Bianca’s reproaches to Cassio that he has neglected her for a week, and Emilia’s claim that Iago has asked her ‘a hundred times’ to steal the handkerchief. So audiences, while sensing that something is amiss, tend to accept as plausible the sequence of events. The variable clock probably makes us sympathise more with Othello; for, as he is fooled by Iago’s manipulation of evidence, we may sense subliminally that we are fooled by Shakespeare’s: our plight has analogies to Othello’s. What is subliminal to audiences in the theatre may, of course, be fully conscious to readers in their studies, for readers have leisure to pause and look forwards and backwards to assess temporal consistency or the lack of it, and textual editors draw attention to discrepancies.
Shakespeare was indeed a maestro of the double time scheme: he uses it in Love’s Labour’s Lost, Richard II, The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure, for example. The playwright intensifies the drama by compressing the action, but that produces a chronological split. The action in the foreground is rapid, but its plausibility depends on the inconsistently longer time-scale indicated by ‘long time’ allusions. In Measure for Measure, the main dramatic events concerning Angelo, Claudio and Isabella (from the time of Claudio’s arrest to the return of the Duke) seem to take only four or five days: in 1.2.59-61, Overdone says that Claudio is to be executed ‘within these three days’. The period of the Duke’s supposed absence, however, appears to take months rather than days: he is thought to have travelled as far as Poland, Rome, or even Russia; and, in his guise as ‘Friar Lodowick’, he becomes well established, paying frequent visits as advisor to Mariana. The tribulations of Overdone and Pompey imply a longer time-span than is appropriate to Claudio’s desperate plight.
Thus, suspense is maintained by our sense that the Duke must act very speedily to save Claudio and outwit Angelo, while the long-time references enable us to believe that Angelo’s rule has become fully established and its many consequences unfolded. Strangely, in this play the anomalies seem to matter little to theatre audiences, perhaps because of the intensity of the short-time drama. Readers of the play, in contrast, as we have noted, have greater leisure to question the chronology. In the theatre, human memory becomes fallible as we concentrate on the ‘human interest’. We know that Elizabethan and Jacobean plays often lack the chronological discipline that we expect in many a modern novel, so we may stifle expectations of precision. In any case, awareness of a double time scheme may remind us that in everyday life we experience time as multiple and contradictory: the electric clock says one thing; the mental clock (varying its pace in pleasure and pain, retrospection and anticipation, dreaming and waking) says another.
The marked contrast between the untidy Winter’s Tale and the elegant Tempest, written within a year or so of each other, shows that Shakespeare was well able to curb muddles and provide orderly drama when he wished. The fact that two of his most muddled tragedies, Hamlet and King Lear, are among his greatest achievements is surely a tribute to the power of audiences, actors and directors to magnify the human drama and to veil or minimise the inconsistencies. When Polonius says that he will treat the players ‘according to their desert’, Hamlet responds:
God’s bodkin, man, much better! Use every man after his desert, and who shall scape whipping? Use them after your own honour and dignity: the less they deserve, the more merit is in your bounty.
Such generosity of spirit must often have greeted Shakespeare’s muddles. Indeed, we (readers, spectators) are Shakespeare’s constructive co-authors.


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Understanding Fever And Its Possible Causes
Our body is unique that it has a built-in thermoregulator that controls the body’s temperature, not to cold or not to hot. I could assume that all people living in our planet have experienced having a high temperature or medically termed as having a fever. In some studies, normal temperature is defined as a morning temperature of 37.2 degrees C or 98.9 degrees F, and a PM temperature of 37.7 degrees C or 99.9 degrees F. Fever is defined as an elevation of body temperature from the normal values mentioned above. Once our body sensed a change in body temperature, it has its own mechanism of decreasing body temperature back to normal. What is more important is to know thepossible causes of fever to be able to apply proper remedy and halt the increasing body temperature.
Infections – infections can caused an increase body temperature due to its inflammatory nature. May it be a viral, bacterial or a fungal infection, these invaders can trigger an inflammatory cascade in the body causing the body temperature to increase. Aside from fever, chills and cold sweats could also manifest when having an infection. When having an infection, it is important to know the source, as to be able to target it and cure the disease. So when you have a fever, think of infection as a possible cause.
Inflammatory disease – inflammatory disease like your rheumatoid arthritis or your systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) could manifest with fever as a presenting sign. Usually fever is part of a constellation of symptoms associated with inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory cells like your TNF, IL1, usually cause fever in this type of diseases. Consider inflammatory disease as a differential when faced w/ a vague fever.
Malignancy -The number of malignant cases worldwide are growing with Lung cancer as the leading form causing death. Cancer like the first two disease entities also has an inflammatory nature therefore could also cause fever. Fever may be the initial symptom or it could be a part of several systemic manifestations like body malaise, weight loss, etc leading to malignancy. Cancer should be caught early to be able to aim for cure and just pallation.
Damage to the Brain – insults to the brain could increase the thermoregulation point hence producing fever. Body temperature is being controlled by our hypothalamus. Hence an insult to this part usually could elevate the normal temperature threshold in the body. Brain haemorrhage, a brain infarction or uncontrolled epilepsy, these could all produce fever by meddling with the set point made by our hypothalamus.
There are still a lot of possible causes of fever, some are usually benign but some could be life threatening. It could be easily cured by your over the counter paracetamol but sometimes your fever could just be a start of something big. Others could be simply relieved with sleep while some would need some medical attention. So when face with fever, don’t underestimate it, as it could be just the tail of a life changing disease.


The model you made of Earth's solar system in elementary school is obsolete. If it includes Pluto, anyway.
Thanks to a controversial August 2006 demotion, Pluto was rendered a dwarf planet. And Neil deGrasse Tyson helped lead the charge by refusing to refer to Pluto as the solar system's ninth planet in the Hayden Planetarium's display. Pluto, with its elongated orbit and 50 percent ice composition, was too different from the other planets, Tyson insisted; it was simply the first of a new class of objects that weren't realized until the early 1990s [source: NPR].
Pluto and Tyson, who were dubbed "frenemies," began a complicated relationship that played out in the media. While Tyson's been quick to say he wasn't solely responsible for Pluto's "killing off" as a planet, he admits he was an accessory to the fact. "All I did was drive the getaway car" [source: Houston].
Professionally, Tyson stands by his actions. Personally, however, his feelings remain mixed. So much so that three years after Pluto's demotion, he opened up on his blog. "I feel compelled to defend Pluto's honor," Tyson wrote. "It lives deeply in our 20th century culture and consciousness and somehow rounds out the diversity of our family of planets like the troubled sibling of a large family."


Manual of engineering drawing 4th edition elsevier. Focusing on the graphic aspects of engineering and industrial technology, technical drawing 4e integrates key coverage of design and visualization for. Angle projection symbol in the drawing thats what we use and what i expected to see. Buy large isometric ellipses template projection drafting and design template stencil symbols technical drawing scale. Engineering drawing important symbol for mechanical trade.
In technical drawing and computer graphics, a multiview projection is a technique of illustration by which a standardized series of orthographic twodimensional pictures are constructed to represent the form of a threedimensional object. This projection planes serves the same purpose in technical drawing as is served by the movie screen. When oeiso 10579 is placed on the drawing, all geometrical tolerances that do not have the symbol oee in the tolerance frame apply in the restrained assembled condition. Third angle orthogonal projection symbol because there are two projection systems used worldwide, all drawings must show a projection symbol to identify the system used. Axonometric drawing that show all three dimensions of an object in one view. First angle projection is widely used throughout all parts of europe and often called european projection. In technical drawing, the principles of geometry are employed constantly, but instruments are not limited to the basic two as tsquares, triangles. Coverage spans from basic to advanced aspects of engineering and industrial technology, providing readers with fundamental exposure to design and visualization for computer modeling, as well as the more traditional methods of technical drawing. The ability to read and understand drawings is a skill that is very crucial for technical education students.
First angle and third angle projection engineering insider. Recognize and sketch the symbol for thirdangle projection. Technical drawing style,jis standard,general dimensioning. A 3d projection or graphical projection maps points in threedimensions onto a twodimensional plane. First angle orthographic projection technology student. Advices weve heard for mechanical drawing symbols mechanical engineering symbols. Drag a sheet format, border, title block, or sketched symbol and drop it at the appropriate position in the browser.
The mechanical engineering branch, mechanical systems division, has been delegated. As graphics are usually displayed on twodimensional media such as paper and computer monitors, these projections are widely used, especially in engineering drawing, drafting, and computer graphics. Fundamentals handbook engineering symbology, prints, and. When the 3d object is projected into 2d paper after projected front view the top view is placed on the top and the left view is placed on the left. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved.
Mechanical engineering drawing book pdf luxury chris kordecki. Drawing important symbol for mechanical trade mechanical trade engineering drawing important symbol. Pdf technical drawing presentation and practice researchgate. Technical drawing style,jis standard,general dimensioning and. Textbook of engineering drawing, second edition xfiles. Third angle in the system used in north america and. Chapter six orthographic projection technical drawing with. There are some technical drawing styles to follow to make technical drawing either freehand or by using cad applications. Engineering drawing practice for schools 81 colleges bureau ofindianstandards manak bhavan, 9 bahadur shah zafar marg new delhi 12. Templates for drawings inventor autodesk knowledge network. The projection symbol must be added to the completed drawing to indicate which system has been used. Sep 26, 20 erwann, that symbol is just block or sketch entities and doesnt relate to type to projection used in the sheet. Orthographic projection orthographic drawing, engineering. These are isometric, orthographic, oblique, and perspective.
Third angle projection, isometric view, orthographic. This newly updated edition focuses on the drawing skills and information that are vital to a successful career in drafting. Fundamentals handbook engineering symbology, prints, and drawings module 1 introduction to print reading this document, and more, is available for download at martins marine engineering page. Acquiring the above said ability and doing small drawings is not a simple task. Feb 11, 2011 we use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. Why do we use 3rd angle projection in engineering drawing. Engineering drawing problems workbook series 4 for technical drawing with engineering graphics 14th edition edit edition. Multiview drawing that each view show an object in two dimensions. If you mean how do you project orthographic shapes to trace then the best way would be to place a light 180 degrees behind the object you wanted to draw.
University of hertfordshire engineering drawing school of. Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. Engineering drawing course and in minimizing discrepancies prevailing. Iso standards state that both systems of projection are equally acceptable but they should never be mixed on the same drawing. Rightclick the sheet formats, borders, title blocks, or sketched symbols entry, and then select sort by name. Nov 01, 2017 first of all, we know that the first angle projection system and third angle projection system both are the methods used for orthographic projection drawing. The chapter presents tolerancing of a nonrigid flexible part according to iso 10579 and provides some principle conditions of drawing nonrigid parts. Again, as the observer is normally supposed to look from the right side of the quadrant to obtain the front view, in this method, the projection plane comes in between the observer and the object.
Intro to welding symbols fillet welds an introduction into reading welding symbols. The instructor is herewith advised to go through the instructions given below and to follow them in view of imparting much drawing skill in the trainees. Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for communication. May 20, 2018 mechanical trade engineering drawing important symbol. Thus, every drawing of an object will have four things on which projection depends. On engineering drawings, the projection angle is denoted by an international symbol consisting of a truncated cone.
Orthographic projection technique can produce either 1. Hi there are only 2 possibilities in orthographic projections 1. Oblique drawing projection is a method of drawing objects in 3 dimensions. Engineering drawing i ioe first year syllabus marking. The geometrical tolerancing desk reference sciencedirect.
Jul 12, 2015 the lines in red will take preference to the centre lines. In engineering drawing following four methods of projection are commonly used, these are. The method used for the projection is indicated by a distinctive symbol presentation of view drawing no 1. In the first angle projection system, the object placed in the first quadrant and in third angle projection system the object placed in the third quadrant. Modern engineering drawing, with its precise conventions of orthographic projection and scale, arose in france at a time when the industrial revolution was in its infancy. Thirdangle projection is primarily used in the united states and canada, where it is the default projection system according to asme standard asme y14. A tsquare is a technical drawing instrument primarily used for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table, it is also used to guide the triangle that is used to draw vertical lines. Presentation of view drawing no 1 first angle projection symbol. A compressed handbook designed for the students of engineering disciplines for learning the basics of engineering drawing. List the six selection from technical drawing with engineering graphics, fifteenth edition book. The current british and iso standards state that these two systems of projection are equally acceptable but they should never be mixed on the same drawing. Another example of first angle orthographic projection is shown below. Convert the pictorial drawing to an orthographic projection.
This is more on the drawing templatesheet format to be created correctly. Complex technical drawings were made in renaissance times, such as the drawings of leonardo da vinci. The gsfc engineering drawing standards manual is the official source for the requirements and interpretations to be used in the development and presentation of engineering drawings and related documentation for the gsfc. The projection symbol is part of labeling requirements and is placed on the drawing along with the labeling of. There are a number of techniques of projection that can be used to represent threedimensional objects in twodimensions by projecting their image onto a planar surface. Jul 08, 2018 impncvt 2nd semester engineering drawing paper with answer key simple tutorial exam january 19 duration. Basic setup procedure in this video i will discuss the basic rules of setting up a part using geometric. These books will provide a good platform for achieving the said skills. Notice how the symbol for first angle orthographic projection has been added and the paper has a title block and. Orthographic projection objectives after studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to. Angle projection symbol in the drawing autodesk community. Drawing just like photography is one of the basic forms of visual communication. By analyzing different aspects of 1996 technical drawings included in the fyp about different scopes. The symbols define whether a projection is either first angle or third angle.
A tsquare is a technical drawing instrument primarily used for drawing horizontal lines on a. Of course, you do need to understand that you are looking at a solid frustum of a cone, not a bucket. Templates free delivery possible on eligible purchases. Description of drawing instruments, auxiliary equipment and drawing materials 1. Follow the blue, red and green guidelines as the front, side and plan view are constructed. In the classroom it is, therefore, necessary to enforce higher drawing standards to allow students the opportunity to constantly practice line types, layout, drawing techniques, projection symbol and types of projection assembly and sectioning. I mean you can put a first angle symbol and set the sheet projection as third angle and there is no way to check that without looking at it. A projection is a drawing or representation of an entity on an imaginary plane or planes. Engineering drawing distant production house university. Mechanical trade engineering drawing important symbol. Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principles of projections. Normally when drawing in first or third angle projection a symbol is drawn underneath this clearly shows which angle of projection has been used.
Third angle projectionusa, australia in first angle projection, first quadrant is considered to create orthographic views. C and presentation of view drawing no 2 c ft may be observed that while rotating the horizontal plane and the side vertical plane to come in a plane with the vertical plane, the first and third quadrants are always opened and. Drawing is used to record objects and actions of everyday life in an easily recognizable manner. The final arrangement of the views are shown in the drawing below. Different views of an object can be drawn by projections. Ce 100 civil engineering drawing sessional lab manual. The bestselling technical drawing is now updated and better than ever, providing you with complete coverage of the drawing skills and information you need for a successful career in drafting. Projection symbols engineering drawing joshua nava arts. Instrumental drawing, technical lettering practices and techniques 2 hours 1. Drawing projections designing buildings wiki share your construction industry knowledge.1521 1522 1615 559 1328 537 1082 385 24 657 1361 790 757 634 1539 1083 1178 1655 812 523 267 477 207 1003 943 1348 1216 1541 1659 857 274 142 1511 847 672 390 1403 251 851 778 379 1470 615 394


With the unveiling of the First Public Working Draft of Speech Synthesis Markup Language 1.1, W3C is taking steps to broaden support for languages like Chinese in voice applications on the Web.
It is forecast that within three years, the World Wide Web will contain significantly more content from Chinese and Indian language families. In many of the regions where these languages are spoken, people can access the Web more easily through a less expensive mobile handset than through a desktop computer. Today the world has more than ten times as many cellphones as Internet-connected personal computers, and with an improved SSML, people worldwide will have an increased ability to listen to synthesized speech through mobile phones, desktop computers and other devices, extending the reach of computation and information delivery to nearly every corner of the globe.
SSML 1.1 improves on W3C's SSML 1.0 Recommendation by adding support for more conventions and practices of the world's languages. One new feature helps to disambiguate "word boundaries" in languages that do not use whitespace as a word boundary, including Chinese, Thai, and Japanese. SSML 1.1 allows references to language-specific pronunciation alphabets. It clarifies the relationship between the author's specified speaking voice and the language being spoken. It provides finer-grained control over lexicon activation and entry usage.
In addition, SSML 1.1 provides features to better integrate with existing and upcoming Speech Interface Framework specifications.
W3C is an international consortium where member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. W3C primarily pursues its mission through the creation of Web standards and guidelines designed to ensure long-term growth for the Web. W3C is jointly run by the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the USA, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics headquartered in France and Keio University in Japan.


by Benjamin Marks, Economics.org.au editor-in-chief
There can be no argument for limited or representative government; only a conflicting mishmash of arguments for government and arguments for anarchy. And, ultimately, if an argument for government does not include divine will,1 then it can be no other than an argument for anarchy, for no one governs the governors. As Aristotle said (in another connection), “[W]hat has been alleged to be the greatest good in states does in fact make for their dissolution; whereas that which is the ‘good’ … makes for its preservation.”2
According to Aristotle, “the king who is ‘subject to law’ does not … amount to a form of constitution.”3 Many political apologists have admitted this, but none put it better than Carl Schmitt when he said, “Sovereign is he who decides on the exception”4 and “The exception in jurisprudence is analogous to the miracle in theology.”5
Advocates of limited or representative government are without principle and avoid addressing whether they want government to rule or not; they are crooked, as Dante allegorised, “rectitude or rule … spurns deviation from the straight path.”6 If government should make laws, then all attempts to limit the ability of government to make laws, through constitutions, separation of powers, etc., or to have government represent you, through advisors, elections, lobbies, petitions, etc., are circuitously, frivolously and tortuously self-defeating. Dante understood this well:
[L]et there be one agent (A) by which something can be brought about, and let there be several agents (A and B) by which it can equally be brought about; now if that same thing which can be brought about by means of A and B can be brought about by A alone, then B is introduced unnecessarily, because nothing [other than attracting the support of those duped] is achieved by the introduction of B, since the same thing was already achieved by A alone.7
Do you want government to be supported by individuals or individuals to be supported by government? Either way you fall victim to Occam’s razor. If you choose both, then you do not fall victim to Occam’s razor, you fall victim to contradiction instead; your proposed government being either unlawful or no government. As Sir Robert Filmer put it:
We do but flatter ourselves, if we hope ever to be governed without an arbitrary power. No, we mistake … There never was, nor ever can be any people governed without a power of making laws, and every power of making laws must be arbitrary. For to make a law according to law, is contradictio in adjecto [self-contradictory].8
(This was before Hans-Hermann Hoppe’s argumentation ethics.) Filmer explains further regarding limited or representative government:
[T]he king commands me, or gives judgement against me; I reply, his commands are illegal and his judgement not according to law. Who must judge? If the monarch himself judge, then you … make him absolute … for, to define a monarch to a law, and then to make him judge of his own deviations from that law, is to absolve him from all law. On the other side, if any, or all the people may judge, then you put the sovereignty in the whole body, or part of it, and destroy the being of monarchy. Thus … a plain dilemma: if the king be judge then he is no limited monarch; if the people be judge, then he is no monarch at all. So farewell limited monarchy. Nay, farewell all government if there be no judge.9
John Cotton says the same even more succinctly, “[G]overnment is not a democracy, if it be administered, not by the people, but by the governors … If the people be governors, who shall be governed?”10 And the separation of powers does not remedy the fact, to quote Filmer again:
Every supreme court must have the supreme power, and the supreme power is always arbitrary – for that is arbitrary which hath no superior on earth to control it. The last appeal in all government must still be to an arbitrary power, or else appeals will be in infinitum, never at an end. The legislative power is an arbitrary power, for they are termini convertibles [convertible terms].11
If one applies the laws that government applies to others, to government itself, then government is seen to be criminal. Therefore, as Hans-Hermann Hoppe put it, an “expropriating property protector [also known as] a tax-funded protection agency is a contradiction in terms.”12 Government is meant to be the enforcer of law, but if government is itself exempt from the law, then it is no different to a protection racket. Government steals off people (through taxation) in order to stop others doing the same. For this reason Albert Jay Nock said, “government claims and exercises the monopoly of crime,”13 and bumper stickers say, “Don’t steal. The government hates competition.” Government does not hold itself to the same standards as it does everyone else; it is hypocritical, making it logically indefensible. How else is one to explain parliamentary privilege, the secret (anonymous) ballot and unsigned yet binding “contracts” (the constitution)? They might say that it is necessary for the functioning of government. I agree with this response; it is an excellent argument against government.
The same pattern occurs with economic principles. Monopolistic services tend to be of inferior quality and higher cost than if there was competition to contend with. This is a fundamental application of the law of supply and demand. To deny this is to deny the most basic of economic principles and the very idea of economics as a science, as Gustave de Molinari said, “Either this is logical and true, or else the principles on which economic science is based are invalid.”14 Yet this is exactly what all supporters of government on economic grounds profess. They deny that economics applies to the most important of industries, like defence and education. They also manage to gloss over the little issue of how we are to defend ourselves from government, where government is the monopolist.
It is peculiar that everyone admits that governments have negatively sabotaged the economy in the past, and therefore admit that economic laws are not created by government. Yet with governments’ ability to uphold the law, they argue the opposite. They excuse what today would be unjust laws — unjust purely because they are not accepted by government today — as a consequence of a different cultural climate. Why are governments fallible when it comes to economic laws, but not legal ones? It is sabotage of the law that allows government to sabotage the economy.
- In some circumstances that would be miraculous to recur today (ignoring some minor, though by no means surmountable, scriptural discrepancies), a Christian government would be possible, because they have the keys to heaven (Matthew 16:19). A Jewish government, however, is impossible; Jewish theocracy amounts to anarchy. For a historical survey of scripture-based arguments against Jewish government see Gershon Weiler, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1988); and with greater emphasis on modern sources and the modern Israeli government see Yakov M. Rabkin, A Threat From Within, trans. Fred A. Reed with author (London: Zed Books, 2006). I am unsure of the position of other religions on government. I have also ignored any discussion of G_d vis-à-vis “its” unimaginable incorporeality. ↩
- Aristotle, Politics, trans. T.A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (London: Penguin, 1992), p. 105, bk. II, ch. ii. ↩
- Ibid., p. 225, bk. III, ch. xvi. ↩
- Carl Schmitt, Political Theology, trans. George Schwab (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 5. ↩
- Ibid., p. 36. ↩
- Dante, Monarchy, ed. and trans. Prue Shaw (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 15-16. ↩
- Ibid., p. 24. ↩
- Sir Robert Filmer, The Anarchy of a Limited or Mixed Monarchy, in his Patriarcha and Other Writings, ed. Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 132. ↩
- Ibid., p. 151. For why John Locke — the most famous respondent to Filmer — and others, put, theoretically speaking, the defence of government on the wrong path see Carl Watner, “‘Oh, Ye Are For Anarchy!’: Consent Theory In the Radical Libertarian Tradition,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 8, no. 1 (Winter 1986), pp. 111-137. ↩
- John Cotton, The Correspondence of John Cotton, ed. Sargent Bush, Jr. (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 246-45. ↩
- Sir Robert Filmer, The Free-holders Grand Inquest, in his Patriarcha and Other Essays, as referenced above, pp. 99-100. ↩
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy — The God that Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002), p. 81. ↩
- Albert Jay Nock, The State of the Union, ed. Charles H. Hamilton (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991), p. 43. ↩
- Gustave de Molinari, The Production of Security, trans. J. Huston McCulloch (New York: Center for Libertarian Studies, 1977), p. 4. ↩
- Why Sports Fans Should Be Libertarians
- Ron Manners’ Heroic Misadventures
- Government Schools Teach Fascism Perfectly
- Deport Government to Solve Immigration Problem
- The Drugs Problem Problem
- Self-Defeating Campaigning
- Gittinomics: Economics for Gits
- Exclusive Ross Gittins Interview on The Happy Economist
- Population Puzzle Solved
- An Open Letter to the CIS
- Principled Foreign Policy Options: Reinvade or Shut Up and Get Out
- WORLD EXCLUSIVE: Political Corruption Exposed!
- Feedback please: Is this worth doing?
- CIS and IPA Defend State Schooling
- A Thorough Review Without Spoilers of Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps
- Dead Reckoning and Government: A Proposal for Electoral Reform
- Quadrant Defends State Schooling
- The MPS 2010 Consensus
- Slogans for Property Rights Funeral
- Government is Impossible: Introduction
- Government is Criminal: Part 1
- Exclusive John Howard Interview on Lazarus Rising
- Response to Senator Cory Bernardi and the IPA
- Earn $$$$$ by Justifying Government Against Anarchocapitalism: Survey
- Statism is Secrecy: WikiLeaks vs Economics.org.au
- One question the Labor Party, the Liberal Party, the Greens, the CIS, the IPA, Ross Gittins, Ross Garnaut, Ken Henry, Gerard Henderson, John Quiggin, Clive Hamilton, Tim Flannery, Catallaxy Files, Club Troppo, Larvatus Prodeo, Phillip Adams, Robert Manne, Michael Stutchbury, Miranda Devine, Andrew Bolt and Dick Smith are scared to answer
- Libertarian Philanthropists Should Exploit Tax Evasion Convictions
- Ronald Kitching Obituary
- The Minarchist Case for Anarchism
- Libertarianism in a 300-word rant
- Economics.org.au in the news again
- Libertarianism In An Executive Summary
- The Banking Bubble Blow-by-Blow
- WARNING: Libertarianism Is NOT ...
- Would Anything Possibly Convince You that You Are Living Under a Protection Racket?
- An Open Letter to Dick Smith
- Economics.org.au at 42
- "My boyfriend calls himself a Marxist and votes Labor, what should I do?"
- "He says if I leave him due to politics, I should leave the country too."
- No Booboisie at Gülçin’s Galt’s Gulch
- "Hey, Mr Anarchocapitalist, show me a society without government"
- The Three Epoch-Making Events of the Modern Libertarian Movement
- Government is Criminal: Part 2 - Methodological Individualism
- Government is Criminal: Part 3 - Subjective Utility
- Government is Criminal: Part 4 - Praxeological Synonyms
- Government is in a State of Anarchy
- Limited Government is Absolute Government
- Why the 2012 double Nobel laureate is coming to Sydney
- Exclusive Oliver Marc Hartwich Interview on Hans-Hermann Hoppe
- A Critique of the Opening Two Sentences of the "About CIS" Page on The Centre for Independent Studies' Website, www.cis.org.au
- An invitation for ANDEV members to the Mises Seminar
- Sell the ABC to Rupert Murdoch: Lid Blown on ABC Funding Disgrace!
- www.inCISe.org.au, The Centre for Independent Studies new blog
- The Unconstitutionality of Government in Australia (demonstrated in under 300 words)
- The Best Libertarian Film Is ...
- Launch Southeast Asian Military Operations to Free Australian Drug Dealers and Consumers
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- The Best Australian Think Tank Is ...
- Announcing a new magazine to rival Time and The Economist
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- Neville Kennard Obituary
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- An invitation for Dick Smith, the IPA and other Walter Block fans to the 2nd Australian Mises Seminar
- Westralian mining legend Ron Manners of Mannkal belongs in The Property and Freedom Society
- What would Bert Kelly think of the Mises Seminar and Walter Block?
- Bad news about the Mises Seminar
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Mother humpback whale and calf near the island of Maui, Hawaii, July 17, 2015. (Photo courtesy NOAA) Public domain.
By Sunny Lewis
GLOUCESTER, Massachusetts, September 22, 2016 (Maximpact.com News) – Years of campaigning and courtroom battles by U.S. conservationists to limit the underwater noise that turns the oceans into hell for whales and dolphins are beginning to pay off.
On September 13, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released its final Ocean Noise Strategy Roadmap, which will guide the agency in better managing the effects of ocean noise on marine life during the next decade.
For many marine animals sound is a primary means of communication, orientation and navigation, finding food, avoiding predators, and mate selection.
While ocean noise can be caused by natural or human sources, it is humans who make the loudest sounds.
Explosives, oceanographic experiments, geophysical research, underwater construction, ship traffic, intense active sonars, low frequency military sonars, and air guns used in seismic surveys for oil development are among the most disruptive underwater noises.
“Sustainability and resiliency of marine resources are important to NOAA,” said Eileen Sobeck, assistant NOAA administrator for fisheries. “We knew we had to have a vision for understanding and addressing how growing levels of ocean noise are affecting marine animals and their habitats in complex ways, and the roadmap provides that,” Sobeck said.
The roadmap will serve as a guide across NOAA, reviewing the status of the science on ocean noise and informing next steps.
NOAA is already taking on some of the roadmap’s recommendations, such as the recent launch of an underwater network of acoustic monitoring sensors.
The strategy suggests key roles for continuing partnerships and starting new ones with other federal agencies, industries, academic researchers and environmental advocates.
“NOAA’s ocean noise strategy outlines several approaches that we can take with other federal and non-federal partners to reduce how noise affects the species and places we manage,” said W. Russell Callender, assistant NOAA administrator for its National Ocean Service. “It also showcases the importance that places like national marine sanctuaries have as sentinel sites in building our understanding of ocean noise impacts.”
NOAA received more than 85,000 public comments on the draft roadmap, and says it improved the final version based on this input.
“NOAA has the scientific and technical expertise to assess what’s happening with ocean noise, help identify gaps in knowledge, and use various tools to alleviate or mitigate its effects,” said Richard Merrick, NOAA Fisheries chief scientist.
“Our approach looks for creative and wide-ranging solutions to ensure the agency is effectively understanding and addressing how ocean noise affects the resources placed in our trust in the coming decade,” Merrick said.
The roadmap comes a month after NOAA Fisheries released its final acoustic guidance to better predict how human sounds underwater affect marine mammal hearing. The technical guidance is one example of a targeted action the roadmap recommends.
This summer, conservationists have been winning in the courtrooms, too.
On July 15, a ruling in the Natural Resources Defense Council‘s latest sonar case came down from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which presides over the western United States. “It was a major victory not only for marine mammals, but for the law that protects them,” wrote Michael Jasny, director of the NRDC’s Marine Mammal Protection Project, Land and Wildlife program.
“The case concerns the Navy’s SURTASS LFA sonar system, a technology whose powerful, low-frequency signals can impact some marine mammal species – disrupting their ability to feed, breed, and communicate – over hundreds of miles,” Jasny wrote.
The case arose in response to a move by the U.S. Navy in 2012. The Navy, which takes the position that the oceans are already too quiet, asked the federal government for permission, under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act, to harm endangered whales and other species across more than 70 percent of the world’s oceans.
The Navy argues that it needs the low frequency sonar because with the “advancement and use of quieting technologies in undersea platforms, threats faced by the U.S. Navy are becoming increasingly difficult to locate using the passive acoustic technologies that were effective during the Cold War.”
“The range at which U.S. anti-submarine (ASW) assets are able to identify submarine threats is decreasing and at the same time improvements in torpedo design are extending the effective weapons range of those same threats,” the Navy explains on its website devoted to SURTASS LFA“
“SURTASS LFA sonar is providing a quantifiable improvement in the Navy’s undersea detection capability and improving the survivability of U.S. forces by extending the amount of time that naval forces have to react to potential threats,” the Navy states.
NRDC, the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, and other conservationists urged the government to take a precautionary approach, especially in the vast reaches of the ocean where little is known. Yet in the end, wrote Jasny, “the Service gave the Navy a virtual blank check, declining to protect habitat in most regions.“
But the judges of the Ninth Circuit disagreed. They ruled that “systematic under protection of the marine mammals” could not be squared with the law.
This is not the first time a federal court has ruled against the Service on LFA sonar. In 2003 in a case known as NRDC v. Evans, and again in 2008’s NRDC v. Gutierrez, the courts found that the agency’s mitigation measures fell far short of what the law requires.
In September 2015, the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii entered an order settling two cases that challenged the U.S. Navy’s training and testing activities off the coasts of Southern California and Hawaii. The order secured long-sought protections for whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals by limiting Navy activities in vital habitat.
The settlement stems from the court’s earlier finding that the Navy’s activities illegally harm more than 60 separate populations of whales, dolphins, seals, and sea lions.
The settlement manages the siting and timing of Navy activities, taking into account areas of vital importance to marine mammals, such as reproductive and feeding areas, migratory corridors, and areas in which small, resident populations are concentrated.
For the first time, the Navy agreed to put habitat for numerous marine mammal populations off-limits to mid-frequency sonar training and testing and the use of explosives.
“If a whale or dolphin can’t hear, it can’t survive,” said David Henkin, an attorney for the public interest environmental law firm Earthjustice, who brought the initial challenge on behalf of Conservation Council for Hawaii, the Animal Welfare Institute, the Center for Biological Diversity, and the Ocean Mammal Institute.
“We challenged the Navy’s plan because it would have unnecessarily harmed whales, dolphins, and endangered marine mammals, with the Navy itself estimating that more than 2,000 animals would be killed or permanently injured,” said Henkin. “By agreeing to this settlement, the Navy acknowledges that it doesn’t need to train in every square inch of the ocean and that it can take reasonable steps to reduce the deadly toll of its activities.“
The settlement will expire late in 2018 and will protect habitat for the most vulnerable marine mammal populations, including blue whales off the coast of Southern California, the world’s largest mammal, endangered after centuries of whaling, and small, resident whale and dolphin populations off Hawaii.
“This settlement proves what we’ve been saying all along,” said Marsha Green, president of Ocean Mammal Institute. “The Navy can meet its training and testing needs and, at the same time, provide significant protections to whales and dolphins by limiting the use of sonar and explosives in vital habitat.“
Featured Image: Lieutenant Commander Joe Pica observes a curious humpback whale during recovery of an underwater acoustic current meter. Dominican Republic. February, 2006. (Photo courtesy NOAA) Public domain


The Bantu expansion, or a postulated millennia-long series of migrations of speakers of the original proto-Bantu language group, originated from the adjoining regions of Cameroon and Nigeria about 3,000 years ago, eventually reaching South Africa around 300 CE.
In what area of Africa did the early Bantu originate quizlet?
They migrated towards South-Eastern and South-Central Africa. Where did they originate from? They Began in Central-Western Africa (Nigeria).
In what area of Africa did the early Bantu originate Western and Central Africa Eastern Africa northeastern Africa Southern and Central Africa?
Answer Expert Verified
According to the Niger-Congo hypothesis, the Bantu Africans originated from the western and central Africa parts, and then went southward and eastward.
What crop did the early Bantu greatly rely?
Sorghum was a big part of African history because various types were grown both for human and for animal consumption. It’s popularity dropped over time and although it’s still eaten nowadays, the amount of it is nowhere near to where it was during the Bantu migrations and developing African settlements in history.
Which best describes why the location of the Swahili coast made it a center of trade?
Which best describes why the location of the Swahili Coast made it a center of trade? It was accessible to people from different parts of the world. What was the relationship between the Shona people and the groups along the Swahili Coast? They traded with each other.
How did Bantu govern themselves?
The Bantu peoples also spread their stateless societies. Stateless societies lacked a centralized hierarchy of government officials and a bureaucracy and instead were led by family groups that balanced the ruling power among them and made decisions together for the good of the whole society.
Where did the Bantu language originate from?
Origin. The Bantu languages descend from a common Proto-Bantu language, which is believed to have been spoken in what is now Cameroon in Central Africa.
Where is Africa southeastern Bantu?
The Africa Southeastern Bantu region is enormous, extending more than 2,500 miles north to south. It stretches from modern-day Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania in the north; encompasses Zambia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe in its center; and finally opens into Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Angola.
What are the 7 countries in Central Africa?
Central Africa, defined by the UN Subregion, consists of the following countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Republic – Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, São Tomé & Principe.
Which is the most developed country in Eastern Africa?
Partnership agreements providing preferential access to the European markets) is suffering from discussions linked to their reconduction. Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in East Africa, manufacturing still accounts for less than 20% of GDP.
Where was the original Bantu homeland located?
During a wave of expansion that began 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations – today some 310 million people – gradually left their original homeland of West-Central Africa and traveled to the eastern and southern regions of the continent.
Which best describes the Shona leadership?
Answer Expert Verified. One thing that best describes the Shona leadership is it is a council of elders.
What most affected ancient West African trade?
What most affected ancient West African trade? lack of transportation. natural landforms. limited resources for trade. too many merchants.
Who introduced Kiswahili?
The language dates from the contacts of Arabian traders with the inhabitants of the east coast of Africa over many centuries. Under Arab influence, Swahili originated as a lingua franca used by several closely related Bantu-speaking tribal groups.
What was the attraction of the Swahili coast to traders what was the most important trade item where did it come from?
The shallow coast was important as it provided seafood. Starting in the early 1st millennium CE, trade was crucial. Submerged river estuaries created natural harbors as well as the yearly monsoon winds helped trade.
What is Swahili ancestry?
Today’s Swahili, a mixture of African and Arab ancestry, trace their origins to this trading relationship. The Swahili use a Bantu-related language laced with Arabic words, and practice Islam, but enjoy music and food that is distinctly African.


September 28, 2006
Although transient, low-level increases in viral load, also known as "blips," have been commonly observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, studies have been inconsistent in their ascertainment of the significance of this phenomenon. Some studies seem to indicate it is merely a laboratory artifact that has no clinical significance; other studies have found blips to be associated with a long-term risk of virologic failure. In this study1 by T.J. Podsadecki, from Abbott Laboratories, et al, the relationship between adherence in the occurrence of blips was explored.
Study samples were obtained from two clinical trials comparing lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r, Kaletra) dosed once or twice daily. Medication adherence was assessed through the use of electronic MEMS (Medication Event Monitoring Systems) monitors, which record when bottles are opened for dosing. For this analysis, adherence was defined as correct if the patient took at least the prescribed number of lopinavir/ritonavir doses. A detectable viral load measurement was considered a blip if there was one plasma HIV-RNA value between 50 to 1,000 copies/mL immediately preceded and followed by an undetectable measurement at less than 50 copies/mL.
Two hundred twenty-three study patients had adherence data available, with 92 receiving twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir and 131 receiving once-daily drug. Thirty percent of the once-daily group and 23% of the twice-daily group experienced transient viremia (a non-significant difference); the median magnitude of the viral load blip was 82 copies/mL.
When medication adherence was reviewed in the time prior to the occurrence of a blip, it was found that the mean number of days a patient took the prescribed doses was lower in the week prior to the blip than during a matched period when a blip did not occur. It was also noted that correct adherence increased shortly following the detection of the blip. The occurrence of blips was not associated with virologic failure. In addition, development of resistance was not more common in patients with transient viremia versus those without.
The results of the study provide further data that the occurrence of transient viremia is more than simply a laboratory phenomenon. Given the improvement in adherence after the detection of a blip, it is likely that the detection of HIV RNA was a motivating factor for patients to improve their compliance, with the lack of resistance to the regimen allowing for a return to virologic suppression. This behavioral explanation for both the occurrence of blips and the absence of an association between blips and virologic failure is more plausible than some prior theories, most notably one postulating that a transient exposure to autologous virus augments the immune response, leading to resumed virologic control. It would be interesting to see a similar analysis of the relationship between adherence and blips applied to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimen, where the threshold for developing resistance is significantly lower than with boosted protease inhibitors.
|Please note: Knowledge about HIV changes rapidly. Note the date of this summary's publication, and before treating patients or employing any therapies described in these materials, verify all information independently. If you are a patient, please consult a doctor or other medical professional before acting on any of the information presented in this summary. For a complete listing of our most recent conference coverage, click here.|


Johannes Gutenberg is usually cited as the inventor of the printing press. Indeed, the German goldsmith's 15th-century contribution to the technology was revolutionary — enabling the mass production of books and the rapid dissemination of knowledge throughout Europe.
The earliest printed paper in Europe was in 1454, printed on
movable type. We are not sure as to how and when Europeans learnt
printing. In 12th century designs were printed on textiles, but books
were written by hand. Therefore the spread of knowledge was slow
and costly. Gradually people developed the art of printing in Mainz in
Germany. Soon, there was a demand for printed books. Within years,
presses were introduced all over Europe. Books were produced quickly
and cheaply and in greater quantity. This was a revolution of the time.
Printing made the spread of literacy easier. This was welcomed by
the renaissance leaders as it greatly contributed to the movement.


1. The Federal Government "is acknowledged by all to be one of enumerated powers."
2. The enumeration of powers is also a limitation of powers, because "[t]he enumeration presupposes something not enumerated.
3. If no enumerated power authorizes Congress to pass a certain law, that law may not be enacted, even if it would not violate any of the express prohibitions in the Bill of Rights or elsewhere in the Constitution.
4. The Constitution authorizes Congress to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."
5. We have recognized, for example, that "[t]he power of Congress over interstate commerce is not confined to the regulation of commerce among the states," but extends to activities that "have a substantial effect on interstate commerce."I'm baffled.
Of course these quotes come from what Justice Roberts has written over several pages. Quotes 1-3 summarize the meaning of our Constitution of enumerated powers. Quote 4 is the enumerated power in our Constitution which is known as the commerce clause. Quote 5 is a good statement of what the Court has come, over the years, to actually think about the Constitution's commerce clause.
I don't understand how quotes 1-4 can fit with quote number 5. The last quote says that Congress has been granted more power over commerce, specifically it has been granted power to regulate intrastate commerce, than the power we find granted to Congress when we read the words actually written in the Constitution.
I do like the Justice's choice of words "not confined." I think this is telling. I think it is inconsistent with quote 2 which says our Congress is a legislature of limited powers. It seems to me reasonable to suggest that "not confined" is pretty much the opposite in meaning to "a limitation of powers."
It also seems to me reasonable to conclude that over the years the Court has come to change the meaning of the commerce clause. But, in doing that, the Court has done more. It seems the Court has turned a constitution for a government of limited powers into a constitution for a government that is "not confined" to expressly enumerated powers.
And, if so, it seems reasonable to conclude that the Court, over the years, has essentially amended the Constitution. Of course, if you read the Constitution, you will not find that the Court has the constitutional power to amend the Constitution.
Perhaps it is time to put away the Court's commerce clause jurisprudence and end the contortions the Court must go through in presenting it's opinions to convince us that a written constitution for a limited government can also be a constitution for a government that is unconfined?


You may not think that a written composition may be academic, but in fact, all essays are written using the same considerations. In order to write one that will impress your audience and get you things, you have to know about exactly what your audience is looking for while reading your own work. If you are writing to a professor, you have to know that he or she’ll likely check your grammar, spelling, and references. If you’re writing for a writer, you need to show you’ve taken the opportunity to proofread and edit your work. If you’re writing for a pupil, you need to show that you know the points that they are trying to get across.
When it comes to composing a research paper, you’ve got two choices. To begin with, you can argue from the perspective, i.e., your thesis statement. The second is where you’re doing a literature review, i.e., an objective assessment of the literature. Both styles are used in essays because they allow the essay author to exhibit his/her viewpoint as the fundamental point of this paper. But, there’s a difference between those two writing styles and they both produce comparable outcomes. Every style has its own intent.
Argumentative essay writing is designed to support or oppose a claim. For instance, in a study paper, the writer will argue in the information and use illustrations to demonstrate how the claim is false or how the data supports the claim. The writer does this throughout the article, using a variety of examples to support every one of their disagreements.
Proofreading is a process which lots of folks do not like. It involves making certain that you have read each word in the written content so that you can make sure that you understood what the author intended. Many students don’t look at their introduction and conclusion and ask themselves whether or not they concur with the main point. If the introduction and conclusion do not answer the query, then the student should go back to the top of the draft and re-read the https://www.wepapers.com/write-my-college-essay/ essay.
All these transition words, also referred to as transition phrases, are all significant to a fantastic writer. They help guide the reader from 1 paragraph to another. A good writer makes sure to use transition words and phrases within his/her essays. If a student doesn’t do this, he/she could miss important details the writer is trying to get across. Additionally, it is going to make the essay less readable.
When a student goes back and reads the article, they will see how important the introduction and the conclusion are. Furthermore, they will see how significant the body of this essay is in relation to the conclusion. A good writer doesn’t leave out any details. Because of this, the entire article will be more well written and flow easily. As a result, you can enjoy your written assignment.


Joiner is a horizontal expansion of two data sources based on some condition. While Union is a vertical expansion of two sources without any condition. Lookup behaves like a detail outer join but we can't say it as a subset of joiner because in Joiner you can use only equal operator in join condition but in lookup you can use other relational opearator like > , >=, <, <=.
Union doesn't use cache but joiner and lookup may use cache. Union needs compatibilty structure to peform its opeartion but joiner and lookup doesn't need compatiblity.


Inflow & Infiltration Reduction
What is Inflow/Infiltration?
The City of Naperville maintains two separate and distinct systems of pipes to move wastewater throughout the City. Rainwater and groundwater are typically routed to area rivers and streams through a network of storm drains and pipes called a stormwater system. Sanitary wastewater from bathrooms, sinks, kitchens and other plumbing is moved through a separate network of pipes and pumps (called a sanitary system) to the Springbrook Water Reclamation Center (SWRC), where it is treated and disinfected before being discharged to the DuPage River.
Each of these systems are designed to accommodate certain levels of flow to maintain optimal operation. Inflow and Infiltration (I&I) occurs when rainwater or groundwater enter the wrong system – the sanitary wastewater system – and overburden it.
Infiltration occurs when groundwater enters the sanitary system through defects in pipes and manholes. Cracks in pipes, leaking joints and unsealed manholes can all allow groundwater to infiltrate into the sanitary sewer system. Water entering the sanitary sewer system through inappropriate connections is referred to as Inflow. Examples of Inflow are sump pumps, roof drains, yard drains that are connected to sanitary pipes instead of the stormwater system.
Why is it a problem?
Every wastewater system experiences problems with I&I, particularly as pipes and manholes age. In sanitary sewer systems where I&I is particularly bad, rainwater and groundwater that has entered the system can easily overwhelm the ability of pipes and pumps to move water downstream. This can cause wastewater to back-up and, in some instances, flow back into residences. Excess wastewater in the system also causes pumps and wastewater treatment equipment at the SWRC to run for extended periods of time, which reduces the efficiency of the equipment and shortens their life spans. When wastewater equipment needs to be replaced more frequently, it can negatively affect residents’ wastewater rates.
Inflow and infiltration are most pronounced during periods of wet weather. The graphs below show two separate week-long snapshots of wastewater flow at the same location in the system during one wet week and one dry week. During the week of wet conditions, as rainfall increased, wastewater flow also increased as a result of rainwater entering the sanitary system. Conversely, during the week with dry conditions, wastewater flow remained constant.
Identifying I&I Issues
As wastewater systems throughout the country continue to age and infrastructure approaches its useful life expectancy, wastewater utilities are exploring different methods of identifying and reducing locations with I&I.
Identification techniques include visual inspection or one done with a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) truck. A CCTV truck is equipped with camera equipment attached to a robotic crawler, which is driven through sewer pipes to inspect for any issues. The crawler relays video to the CCTV truck, where it is recorded, and an operator documents any defects with sewer inspection software. This is an invaluable tool for identifying sources of infiltration that otherwise would not be found.
Another common identification technique is smoke testing. This involves placing non-toxic smoke inside wastewater pipes and seeing where it becomes visible above ground. Visible smoke above ground reveals the location of inappropriate connections to the wastewater pipes (like if the smoke starts coming out of a yard drain) or defects in the system itself. For this reason, smoke testing is good at identifying not only inflow, but infiltration as well.
The use of flow meters, devices that measure the volume of water passing a given point, can also be useful to identify general areas where I&I is occurring. In a perfect system, there should be no noticeable difference in the volume of water in the sanitary system when weather conditions are dry versus wet. Flow meters that register large differences between the volume of dry weather wastewater flow and wet weather flow are a good sign that I&I is occurring upstream of the flow meter’s location.
Reduction of I&I can take many forms. Inflow resulting from inappropriate connections to the sanitary system can often be resolved by working with property owners to ensure that groundwater and rainwater are directed to the stormwater system instead of the sanitary system. Infiltration resulting from defects in sanitary sewer system pipes or manholes requires a different set of techniques for reduction. The two primary methods for reducing infiltration and rehabilitating the infrastructure are the grouting and/or lining of pipes and manholes.
One of the most effective methods for reducing infiltration is through the application of non-toxic chemical grout. The chemicals come in gel form and flow similar to water while being applied. The gel then hardens or "cures" into a consistency similar to rubber.
Grout is applied to sewer pipes by a piece of remote-controlled equipment called a "packer." A mainline packer is lowered into a manhole, placed in a sewer pipe and pulled into place. Grout is then pumped through hoses down to the packer. The grout is forced into a crack or joint and travels through to the exterior of the pipe. Once the grout comes in contact with the soil surrounding the pipe, it cures and forms a watertight collar sealing that point from any further groundwater infiltration.
Another effective method in addressing infiltration is through lining sewer pipe. CIPP or "Cured-In-Place-Pipe" allows existing sewer pipe to be rehabilitated without any digging.
The process involves inserting a flexible felt liner into an existing or "host" sewer pipe, where the liner is cured and forms a new, structurally-improved pipe within the existing pipe.
Prior to installation, the felt liner must be prepared by being injected with resin, which is what allows the liner to form to the host sewer pipe. Liners are usually installed one sewer pipe at a time, or from an upstream manhole to the next downstream manhole. The liner starts off inverted (like a pair of rolled socks) and is fed into the sewer pipe through a manhole. It is then pushed with air pressure or water through the pipe to the next manhole. While being pushed through, the liner is un-inverted. Once the liner has reached the next manhole, the curing process can start.
The resin in the liner is heated using hot water, steam, ambient temperature or UV light, accelerating the chemical process that hardens the resin. The resin must reach a certain temperature for an extended length of time to fully cure. If not fully cured, the liner can sag, creating a defective liner.
Once the liner has fully cured, a new "pipe within a pipe" is formed. A key factor in making CIPP so effective is that the new pipe is tight-fitting and jointless, which seals off any points of entry for infiltration. CIPP-lined pipe also has a life span of 50-100 years, reduces costs needed to maintain the pipe and improves the ability of wastewater to flow through the pipe.
What is Naperville doing to combat I&I?
Since the early 1990's, Naperville has committed significant resources (more than $3 million annually) towards the goal of reducing I&I using the techniques mentioned above. City staff take a holistic approach when planning and completing rehab projects, taking care to match the proper technique with the existing field conditions and desired outcome. Planning for rehabilitation begins with flow monitoring from I&I studies, which help to form a general 10-year guide for rehabilitation.
Generally mainline pipes are the first to be rehabilitated, followed by manholes, and finally individual service lines. The number of assets scheduled to be rehabbed per year are prioritized and can vary based on a number of factors including asset condition and budget. Assets in the same geographic area are all rehabbed before moving on to other areas. All assets in a geographic area can be completed in as little as two years or up to several years-time. Assets that are candidates for grouting typically receive grout prior to any lining in the area.
Lining Qualified Sanitary Sewer Pipe
"Cured-In-Place-Pipe" (CIPP) lining is primarily performed on sanitary sewer pipe constructed of clay or truss. These materials are fragile and qualify for rehabilitation because they are susceptible to leaking joints and invading roots. Other pipe materials are only lined in circumstances where it is more cost efficient to line the pipe rather than perform a different type of rehab.
Clay pipe was an industry standard in the post-WWII building boom. Just under 1.25 million linear feet of qualifying pipe was installed in Naperville between 1960-1990. In the late 1980's, the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and improved construction practices reduced the need for rehabilitation for relatively new development.
The graph below shows the total lineal footage of pipe qualified to be rehabbed (in black) compared with the total lineal footage that has been rehabilitated to date (in blue). Due to the low likelihood of any additional clay or truss pipe being installed, the qualified install length will most likely remain stagnant. Each year that rehab work is completed, the rehab length (blue line) will increase, reducing the amount of sewer pipe left to be rehabbed.
Manholes are typically constructed of multiple pre-cast concrete segments with their joints sealed. Older manholes were often constructed of brick and mortar. After construction, manholes are vacuum tested to ensure they are sealed properly, but over time the materials degrade and leaks occur. As with pipes, manholes can be grouted or lined. The process of grouting manholes differs from sewer pipe in that a packer is not used. Instead, a worker can apply grout with hand-held equipment connected to the grout truck. Grout is very beneficial when applied to manholes as it fills voids and stabilizes soil around the exterior of the structure.
Rehabbing Sewer Laterals
Naperville also addresses I&I through the rehabilitation of sanitary sewer laterals. Laterals are smaller diameter pipes that extend from the sewer main to a building. Even though these pipes are privately owned, maintenance tasks are divided between property owner and the city depending on the nature of the work. Laterals can be grouted and lined just like manholes and sewer mains. Naperville typically performs rehabilitation work on laterals from the sewer main to a sanitary cleanout. This cleanout is installed and used as an access point at ground level (pictured left) during the rehab process on the lateral.
Naperville's proactive approach to combating I&I has yielded positive results. Since 1998, the population of Naperville has increased by roughly 30,000 people, or about 20%. During that same period, however, the average amount of water treated at the Springbrook Water Reclamation Center has decreased by roughly 18%. Reducing the amount of I&I also allows Naperville to remain in compliance with Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) regulations limiting sanitary sewer overflows and water quality discharged to area waterways.


Environmental Issues > Air Main Page > All Air Documents
Clean Cargo Center
Community Resources for Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry
A trail of exhaust stretches from manufacturers abroad, through our ports, along our rail yards and drifts up from freeways as goods are moved from one place to another. Freight transportation hubs may help deliver the products that fill our stores and homes, but for those who live near them -- disproportionately low-income communities of color -- finding ways to clean up cargo is truly as important as the air we breathe. In fact, more than 13 million Americans (3.5 million of whom are children) live near major marine ports or rail yards, and proximity to that polluted air leads to health issues from aggravated asthma, to lung cancer, and even premature death.
Fortunately, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) offers communities public oversight over federal or federally-funded projects that will affect the environment -- including construction projects, permit approvals, and funding decisions involving ports, rail yards, and highways. NEPA gives the public a voice and brings the people's business out of the shadows and into the light of public scrutiny.
Dozens of measures can be incorporated in new freight projects or applied to existing railyards, port terminals and distribution centers to improve air quality and reduce carbon emissions. Cleaner and more efficient new engines can cut soot and smog-forming emissions and save fuel. In many cases, activities using diesel engines can be electrified. The use of more efficient modes, such as shipping goods by train where possible (using locomotives meeting the cleanest standards) instead of by truck, can make a big difference. Finally, any fossil fuel burning engine that remains in use can have modern exhaust controls added to filter out most pollution.


Pain In the Balls of Your Feet
When your dogs are barking, you just want to kick off your shoes and kick back and relax. Sometimes, though, pain in the balls of your feet remains even after that well-deserved rest, reminding you it’s there as soon as you stand up! Ball of foot pain can occur for different reasons – from bruising to reduced fat pads, and more. The three most common culprits, however, are conditions known as metatarsalgia, Morton’s neuroma, and sesamoiditis.
Maybe it’s Metatarsalgia
This condition results from extreme stress placed on the balls of your feet causing inflammation around the metatarsal bones which connect your toes to your foot. It can occur for a number of reasons, including ill-fitting or worn out shoes, excessive weight, high arched-feet, toe deformities like bunions and hammertoes, and a sudden increase in the intensity of an athletic workout. Pain may be sharp, aching, or burning, and it can worsen gradually or come on fast.
More like Morton’s Neuroma?
In this case, a thickening of the tissues surrounding the nerves between your toes leads to numbness, pain and other odd sensations, such as the feeling of walking on a pebble stuck in your shoe. Typically, these symptoms occur between the third and fourth toes, but not always. The main contributor to this ball of foot pain happens to be high heels. These types of shoes not only squash toes together, but also put your feet in an abnormal position which places excessive pressure on the balls of your feet.
Seems to be Sesamoiditis
Often seen in runners and dancers, this is actually a form of tendinitis. There are two tiny bones called sesamoids that are located near your big toe and are connected by tendons. If these tendons become injured, irritated, or inflamed, the result is pain in the balls of your feet. An overuse injury, it occurs due to repetitive stress placed upon the area.
Treatment to take a bite out of pain
No matter what’s behind your ball of foot pain, treatment is typically the same. First and foremost, rest is needed to give your foot time to heal. Take time off from high-impact activities and choose an option like swimming instead. Take breaks from standing for long periods of time, and avoid doing so on hard surfaces. Ice and medication can help to reduce swelling and other painful symptoms. A switch in footwear is also recommended — stay away from high heels and make sure shoes offer plenty of cushion and are not worn out. Special pads and orthotic shoe inserts can also help to provide additional cushion as well as redistribute pressure away from the area. Finally, be sure to maintain a healthy weight to ensure you do not add any additional stress to the already burdened balls of your feet.
If pain in the balls of your feet is keeping you from doing daily activities or things you enjoy, make an appointment with our Clifton Park or Troy, NY office so we can determine the reason behind those barking dogs and get you back to feeling great. Just call (518) 273-0053 or use our convenient online contact form.


CRACK Uses Unethical Tactics to Stop Women with Substance Abuse Problems
Based in California and founded by Barbara Harris, CRACKs goal is to permanently or temporarily sterilize women with substance abuse problems. The name CRACK was chosen to stand for Children Requiring a Caring Kommunity. Having failed to pass legislation in California which would have made long-term birth control mandatory for mothers with an addiction, Ms. Harris is now luring women to use these methods with monetary incentives of $200. As of September 1, 1999, 65 women received cash from Harris organization in exchange for their fertility. Of these, 46 women were permanently sterilized by tubal ligation. CRACKs website, www.crack sterilization.com, updates these rising numbers. CRACKs goal is to expand its program. It has opened a chapter in Chicago and is targeting Minnesota, Florida, Seattle and New England.
REASONS TO OPPOSE THE MISSION OF CRACK
1. CRACKS MISSION IS ESSENTIALLY EUGENIC.
Reminiscent of eugenic sentiments of birth control advocate, Margaret Sanger, who sought to assist the race toward elimination of the unfit, CRACK seeks to diminish the number of undesirables from the overall population.1 Eugenics is based on prejudiced beliefs that people inherently belong to a superior or inferior race and class. It is also fueled by a fear that the inferiors will breed excessively, thereby threatening the proportion of superiors. Repressive repatriation laws, restrictive immigration quotas and coerced sterilizations formed a manifest part of the eugenics program practiced in the US. twenty-seven states enacted sterilization laws during the 1930s, in order to outbreed undesirables. This denied a selection of people their fundamental right to procreate. It is estimated that some 60,000 Native Americans, African- Americans, the mentally and physically disabled, and the poor were sterilized as a result of these laws.2 International population control efforts led by the United States reveal similar accounts of sterilization abuse. By the 1970s, one third of all women of childbearing age in Puerto Rico were sterilized through US government- sponsored programs.3
Now, at the end of this century, we have private, monetary incentive programs offering young, educated, and privileged women 2,500 to 50,000 dollars to donate their eggs towards creating a child, while a program such as CRACK offers poor women with substance abuse problems $200 not to have a child.4 Incentives, such as those offered by CRACK, by their very nature have more to do with coercion than choice. Poor women with substance abuse problems are not likely to be able to make an informed decision with regard to their reproductive capacity, if offered cash as an incentive. CRACK takes advantage of this vulnerability, by advertising, Dont Let a Pregnancy Ruin Your Drug Habit, and If You Use Drugs, Get Birth Control, Get $200 Cash. CRACKs disregard for the women it targets is evidenced in Barbara Harris statement: We dont allow dogs to breed. We spay them. We neuter them. We try to keep them from having unwanted puppies, and yet these women are literally having litters of children.5 CRACK denies poor, marginalized women with substance abuse problems their procreative ability, and this is a human rights violation.
2. CRACK LIMITS BIRTH CONTROL OPTIONS.
CRACK irresponsibly limits birth control options by compensating woman only for long-term, provider-controlled methods: tubal ligation, Norplant, Depo-Provera and IUDs. Barrier methods and methods which protect against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases are not offered.
3. CRACK INCREASES THE HEALTH RISKS OF WOMEN WITH SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEMS.
The drug-addicted women that CRACK targets are likely to already suffer from poor health conditions, and inadequate access to health care. However, CRACKs high-tech, birth control options require health care screening for contraindications and monitoring for side effects. CRACK may actually increase a womans risk of contracting HIV or other STDs, since it exclusively advances birth control methods which provide no protection against these infections. By promoting Norplant and Depo-Provera, CRACK encourages women on drugs to put even more chemicals, which are associated with strong side effects, into their bodies. A womans health, which is already compromised by drugs and poverty, is put at further risk by these chemical contraceptives.
4. CRACK IMPEDES THE GOALS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT.
CRACKs quick- fix approach effectively gives up on treatment as a solution to addiction. So long as women with addiction problems stop having children, nothing else seems to matter. It does not recognize addiction as a medical problem which responds to appropriate treatment. In a response to CWPEs letter of protest sent to Barbara Harris, Lin Alvarez, an advocate for CRACK, wrote, We are deeply concerned about the inhumane acts certain women willingly perform on newborn babies, (emphasis added) and portrays this as child abuse, criminalizing women with addiction. CRACKs advertisement, Dont Let a Pregnancy Ruin Your Drug Habit, goes so far as to maliciously encourage addiction.
5. CRACK CAPITALIZES ON THE NOTION OF CRACK BABIES AS WASTED LIVES.
Recognizing that using drugs while pregnant can harm an infant is very different from CRACKs message that women on drugs should not have babies. The notion of crack babies as wasted human lives came about in the late 1980s when news reporters exaggerated the effect of crack cocaine on infants and preschoolers. They emphasized the most alarming predictions of doctors and researchers that infants of women who used crack cocaine would experience learning disabilities, attention and behavior disorders, and would have to be written off as a lost generation or a biological underclass. Today, there is practically scientific consensus that crack cocaine does no more damage to infants than heavy cigarette smoking and does less damage than heavy alcohol use. CRACK perpetuates the crack babies myth, further stigmatizing the children labeled as such and contributing to misinformation among the public.
6. OPPRESSION NEEDS TO BE ELIMINATED, NOT THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF WOMEN.
Women with substance abuse problems need drug treatment, decent jobs, educational opportunities, mental health services, and childcare services. It is the lack of these services and the denial of human dignity, which exacerbate conditions of poverty, racism, social status and gender discrimination. These conditions can lead to women seeking out substances to medicate pain. Therefore, it is oppression that needs to be eliminated, not the reproductive capacity of women.
This fact sheet was prepared by: Committee on Women, Population and the Environment Population and Development, CLPP Hampshire College Amherst, MA 01002-5001, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org, phone: (413) 559-5506; fax: (413) 559-6045
1 Sanger, Margaret, The Birth Control Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 11.
2 Forced Sterilizations: Vermont Laws Spark Controversy, Boston Globe, August 15, 1999.
3 Sterilization abuses in Puerto Rico are documented in the film, La Operacion.
4 An advertisement in the Columbia Daily Spectator offered 50,000 dollars to a woman with a height of at least five feet seven inches and SAT scores of at least 1300. (quoted in: Eggs for Sale, by Rebecca Mead, The New Yorker, August 9, 1999)
5 quoted in Mothers Paid to Stop Having Children, Marie Claire, December, 1998.
6 Norplant: Effective 24 hours after insertion and lasts for 5 years. Norplant has been associated with prolonged or irregular menstrual bleeding, severe headaches, weight change, migration of the implant in muscle, excess scarring around the area of insertion, difficulties with insertion and removal (including infection) and even nerve damage. Depo-Provera: Each injection prevents pregnancy for 3-6 months and cannot be reversed. Side effects include hair loss, delayed return to fertility, nausea, osteoporosis, depression, and increased risk of cervical and breast cancer. This method also does not protect against HIV infection or STDs and may make women more susceptible. Intrauterine Device (IUD): This method may increase a womans risk of getting pelvic inflammatory disease. Tubal Ligation: Not only does it prevent a woman from having children while she is using drugs, but it would forever preclude her from having children in the future. Vasectomy: CRACKs solution for the male, this method does not prevent against HIV infection or STDs. To date, no man has received the cash incentive from CRACK.


Endocrine glands: Endocrine organs, called glands, secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones affect the activity of target sites that are often located far from the site of release. Exocrine organs direct the function of their target sites by releasing their active.
Human endocrine system: The major endocrine organs include the hypothalamus and the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. Other endocrine glands within the body include: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
The Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy
From puberty to menopause, hormonal interplay between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries results in the monthly menstrual cycle, which has four distinct phases: follicular phase and the luteal phase.
Fertilization on or around day 14 of the menstrual cycle is followed by implantation of the
zygote and development of the placenta.
Mechanisms of hormone action
Hormones may be grouped into three major categories, depending on their chemical
- Peptide hormones include simple peptides like ADH,
- Steroid hormones include fat derived compounds like estrogen and
- Amino acid-derived hormones include epinephrine and T4.