Thomas Jefferson inherited many of the slaves who came to live at Poplar Forest from his father-in-law, John Wayles. He sometimes purchased, and sometimes sold, individuals to reunite families. He sold others to pay debts, or as punishment.
Jefferson encouraged hard work through incentives and paid slaves for jobs that he considered beyond their normal workload. He reserved harsh punishment for runaways and acts of rebellion. Paid overseers managed the property in Jefferson's absence. Occasionally enslaved workers appealed to Jefferson if they thought the overseers were unfair.
A list of Poplar Forest slaves from Jefferson's father-in-law, John Wayles.
Slave marriages, although not legally recognized, promoted stable family life and increased Jefferson's wealth. By the 1820s, members of seven extended families lived at Poplar Forest. Parents often named their children for family members. Biblical names like Hannah, Solomon, and Rachael were favorites at Poplar Forest. Some names, like Cuff, were of African derivation. A few family names survive in Jefferson's records, including Hubbard, Hix, and Hearne. Jefferson often used nicknames when referring to individuals. He also distinguished between people by combining their mother's name, or their occupation, home farm, or former residence with their name, as in Dinah's Lucy, Will Smith, Bedford John, and Island Betty.
Men and women at Poplar Forest performed a variety of jobs, including field work, road building, livestock tending, brickmaking, blacksmithing, woodworking, carpentry, masonry, weaving, spinning, and domestic service. Elderly people tended to young children. Older children assisted in weeding, planting seeds, and gathering wheat. Jefferson sent some boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 16 to Monticello to learn a trade. Poplar Forest slaves had some control over their private lives. They lived in settlements called quarters scattered across the plantation, convenient to work places. Archaeologists have excavated five slave cabins at Poplar Forest, including both single family log cabins and a duplex for extended families. Cabins were crowded and dark, and many daily activities took place outdoors.
While slaves' workdays were closely supervised, their evenings and Sundays were open for household chores, tending gardens and poultry, and hunting and fishing. Women raised poultry. They sometimes sold eggs to Jefferson when he was visiting the property. Some people traveled off the plantation to visit family, attend church, or visit local stores and markets.
During the 53 years that Jefferson owned Poplar Forest, many slaves were born and died on the property. Their burial sites are now unknown. Some who survived Jefferson were given to his heirs; most were auctioned and left the plantation.


Definitions for pea soup
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word pea soup
a thick soup made of dried peas (usually made into a puree)
pea soup, pea-souper(noun)
a heavy thick yellow fog
A thick soup made with dried split peas and various other ingredients.
Pea soup or split pea soup is soup made typically from dried peas, such as the split pea. It is, with variations, a part of the cuisine of many cultures. It is greyish-green or yellow in color depending on the regional variety of peas used; all are cultivars of Pisum sativum. Pea soup has been eaten since antiquity; it is mentioned in Aristophanes' The Birds, and according to one source "the Greeks and Romans were cultivating this legume about 500 to 400 BC. During that era, vendors in the streets of Athens were selling hot pea soup." Eating fresh "garden" peas before they were matured was a luxurious innovation of the Early Modern period: by contrast with the coarse, traditional peasant fare of pease pottage, Potage Saint-Germain, made of fresh peas and other fresh greens braised in light stock and pureed, was an innovation sufficiently refined that it could be served to Louis XIV of France, for whose court at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye it was named, ca 1660-80.
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“Structural violence is one way of describing social arrangements that put individuals and populations in harm’s way… The arrangements are structural because they are embedded in the political and economic organization of our social world; they are violent because they cause injury to people.”
- PIH co-founder Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power
“When unjust systems or structures prevent people from achieving good health, and from achieving good lives, this is structural violence in action,” says Donna Barry, Director of Policy and Advocacy for Partners In Health (PIH).
In an article entitled “Structural Violence: A Barrier to Achieving the MDGs for Women,” published recently in the Journal of Women’s Health (JWH), PIH Medical Director Joia Mukherjee, Barry, and several other co-authors argue that maternal mortality continues to plague poor women in poor communities because public health interventions have not addressed the impact of structural violence. Drawing on examples from PIH’s work in Haiti and Lesotho, the authors also clearly demonstrate how women’s lives can be saved and transformed by programs that combine quality health care with determined efforts to uproot structural violence and the social determinants of disease, especially poverty, sexism, and gender-based violence.
In the late 1980s, 99 percent of the half million maternal deaths occurring each year took place in poor countries. Nearly a quarter century later, 350,000 women still die every year from pregnancy-related causes, the vast majority in the poor world. In a 2010 report on maternal mortality, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) found that complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death for 15-19 year old women and adolescent girls in developing countries.
”Structural Violence” assesses the status of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), unanimously set by 191 UN member states in 2000. Three of the eight MDGs deal directly with women’s health: to promote gender equality and empower women (MDG-3); to reduce child mortality (MDG-4); and to improve maternal health (MDG-5). “[But] while elevating the status of women is intimately connected to achieving these goals…structural violence – in terms of gender inequality and the feminization of poverty – serves as a barrier to achieving the MDGs,” write Mukherjee and her co-authors.
“When we focus only on providing new facilities and services, and we don’t remove the real barriers to utilization, we fail,” says co-author Sarah Marsh, former Director of Women’s Health Programs for Partners In Health in Haiti, in an interview about this article. “We have to understand that women may have other reasons for being intimidated from the formal health care system.”
Undoubtedly, the most substantial barriers to health care for poor women have been the costs – including user fees charged by health facilities, the high costs of transportation, and lost work time traveling to the nearest clinic. Women are also frequently inhibited from accessing health care by social and cultural factors, including stigma, reticence to expose highly personal matters to medical attention, and intimidation by their husbands and families.
PIH has found that one way to overcome the structural violence in this system is by changing how facility-based health care is delivered. For example, in most developing countries, family planning services are “vertical” within the health system: a woman sees a family planning nurse in a separate room from routine care, with separate registration and waiting lines. Not only can this eat away at precious time the woman could be using to care for her family or earn income, the separate waiting line may carry stigma within her community.
PIH works to combat this trend. Nurses at our rural clinics in Lesotho offer to discuss family planning at each visit a woman makes to the facility, regardless of the focus of her visit. This is one example of how PIH has systematically used lessons learned in Haiti, where Zanmi Lasante overcame the stigma and additional wait associated with HIV testing by offering it routinely with each health system contact – from check-ups to malaria treatments.
Additionally, pregnant women are offered transportation money and logistical assistance to reach clinics for prenatal care. Delivery plans are coordinated with the woman and her relatives, and women who live too far from the clinic are provided beds and meals at a lying-in center for the two weeks before their due date.
“Meeting women’s family planning needs by reducing waiting times in clinics, increasing the number of providers delivering family planning methods, and improving access by delivering services in the communities helps overcome structural barriers to family planning and improves a country’s overall ability to provide universal access to reproductive health services,” write Mukherjee and her colleagues.
Another approach that directly addresses structural violence is the recruitment, training, and employment of local women as health agents. The majority of community health workers (CHWs) employed by PIH are women; in the countries profiled in the article, Lesotho and Haiti, more than 90 percent and 80 percent of CHWs, respectively, are women. Providing village women with paying jobs that are valued in the community improves the status of women in several ways.
“First, this values their knowledge of the local population and conditions,” write Mukherjee and her co-authors. “Second, it puts cash in the hands of women, which is known to improve the health of women and children. In addition, some of these CHWs were traditional birth attendants, but have now been trained and compensated to be more general community health workers and to accompany pregnant women.”
In Lesotho, for example, hundreds of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) who had previously delivered babies in women’s homes have been trained and employed to reach out to all women of childbearing age in their villages. These maternal health workers provide community education, and help pregnant women and their families secure access to health services before delivery. As part of the program, both the maternal health workers and the pregnant women they work with are offered incentives to attend prenatal visits, deliver at the clinic or hospital, and receive postnatal care.
The JWH authors hope their article will increase awareness of practices that neutralize structural violence, and positively impact the well-being of poor women. “Although sound evidence has long existed for improving women’s survival, the will to address women’s health concretely and holistically is only recently gaining the advocacy needed to change policy,” they write. “There needs to be a global social strategy to fight for women’s lives that is inclusive of the risks imposed by structural violence and the delivery of care.”


Annapolis, MD (PRWEB) October 21, 2013
Hopeful signs that humans and tigers can coexist are emerging in rural Nepal, where the government has committed to doubling populations of the critically endangered big cat by 2022. A new study by conservation scientist Neil Carter provides evidence that when Nepalese villagers are empowered to make local land management decisions, the resulting landscape changes benefit both people and tigers.
Few wildlife species face more potential conflicts with humankind than tigers, which require large areas for hunting and raising cubs, and inhabit some of the world's most densely populated regions. Worldwide tiger populations have plummeted, from an estimated 100,000 worldwide at the beginning of the 20th century to perhaps 3,000 remaining in the wild.
Carter studies interactions between humans and tigers in Nepal’s Chitwan National Park and its environs. In the latest research, Carter and colleagues showed that in areas near the national park border where local people were permitted to harvest some of the natural resources they needed, such as timber and grass, the amount of tigers’ preferred type of habitat increased. Within the park, where resource harvests are prohibited, the amount of highly suitable habitat for tigers declined - perhaps due to illegal harvests.
A scientific paper on the research, which Carter led while working on his doctoral degree at Michigan State University, was published online October 18 in the journal Ecosphere. He is now a postdoctoral research fellow at the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) at the University of Maryland.
Chitwan National Park was established in 1973 to protect tigers and other keystones of the area’s biodiversity, but it has significant costs for people living in the area. Residents depend on the forest's wood for fuel and building material, and use local grasses to thatch roofs and feed their livestock. Policies governing the park are top-down, with little input from residents, Carter said. Recognizing the potential for conflicts, in 1996 the Nepalese government added a buffer zone next to the park, where people have more access to the forest’s resources and more say in management.
“Many animals have their ranges extending outside of protected areas,” Carter said. “They don’t know and they don’t care where the border signs are. So areas outside protected areas are important.”
To find out how the buffer zones affected tigers, the researchers used camera traps – motion-sensitive cameras mounted along animal trails – that snapped photos of 17 different adult tigers inside the park and in the buffer zone.
They used satellite imagery to develop detailed maps of the land cover, including forests, grasslands, and bare ground. By superimposing evidence of tiger movements onto the maps, the researchers showed tigers prefer grasslands near water, which flow unbroken into nearby swaths of forest or grassy cover. The grasslands and water attract prey animals, the grasses conceal tigers while they hunt, and the connected habitat accommodates the big cats’ need for large territories.
The researchers used satellite photos taken between 1989 and 2009 to track changes in land cover inside and outside the park, and compare it to the habitat that tigers prefer. Throughout that 20-year span, they found, the park offered more habitat suitable for tigers than the buffer lands did. But the amount of good tiger habitat in the park declined between 1999 and 2009.
Meanwhile tiger habitat outside the park took a turn for the better. From 1989 to 1999, tiger habitat suitability outside the park was relatively constant. But from 1999 to 2009, the suitability of tiger habitat increased in the area between human settlements and the park boundary. The tiger habitat gains happened after local people gained some control over land uses in the buffer zone.
“In Nepal, we’re finding that there is this middle ground where you can have people using the land and still not only keep land from degrading, but can improve habitat quality,” said Carter. “Policies in Chitwan’s buffer zone, such as prohibiting livestock from freely grazing in the forests and community-based forest management, improved habitat quality.”
In July 2013, the Nepalese government announced the nation’s tiger population had jumped 63% in four years, with an estimated 198 tigers now living in the wild – many of them in and around. The government cited habitat improvements and a decline in poaching as possible reasons.
“Park managers are doing a tremendous job of conserving tigers and their habitat in the face of relentless pressure from the human population," said Carter, who has worked in the area since 2008. By helping to meet villagers’ need for resources, the buffer zones make managers’ daunting task more achievable, he said.
As Nepal and other countries work to pull tigers back from the brink of extinction, the study “provides a relatively straightforward way to measure how humans affect endangered animals’ habitat across space and through time,” said Carter. “The next step is to model how tiger habitat and human livelihood strategies will interact and change in the future under different conservation policy scenarios. I’m working closely with computation staff to develop this complex model.”
Carter’s co-authors included Jianguo Liu, Andrés Viña and Henry Campa of Michigan State Univrsity; Bhim Gurung of the Nepal Tiger Trust; and Jhamak Karki of Nepal’s Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
The National Science Foundation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund, NASA’s Earth and Space Science program, and Michigan State University funded the research.
The National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center—funded through a National Science Foundation grant to the University of Maryland—is dedicated to solving complex problems at the intersection of human and natural systems. For more information, visit http://www.sesync.org.


Konstruksi Penalaran Statistis pada Statistika Penelitian
Statistics can be viewed as a tool to solve problems that always occur in everyday life,workplace, and science. Based on the observation on the students, it was found that the there was statistical reasoning abilities of different students. This could be demonstrated by the acquisition of the different test scores, in which there were students who just copy the questions until finishing the work on the problems given. This study discussesed the development deduction level / degree of statistical reasoning skills based on understanding and opinion of several experts, which were constructed based on the results of a case study of mathematics education on STKIP students of Sebelas April Sumedang with statistical research material.
Biggss, J. B. and Collis, K.F. 1982. Evaluating the quality of learning: the SOLO taxonomy. New York, NY: Academic Press.
delMas, R. 2002. Statistical Literacy, Reasoning, and Leraning: A Commentary”. . Journal of Statistics Education, 10(3). [Online]. Tersedia: www.amsat.org/publicatins/jse/v103/delmas_disscussion.html.
Gal, I dan Garfield,J.B. 1997. Teaching and Assesing Statistical Reasoning. NCTM.
Garfield, J. B. 2002. The Chalange of Develoving Statistical Reasoning. Journal of Statistics Education, 10(3). [Online]. Tersedia: www.amsat.org/publicatins/jse/v103/garfield,html.
Lovett, M. 2001. A Collaborative Convergence on Studying Reasoning Processes. A Case Study in Statistic. In D Klahr and S. Carver (Eds). Cognition and Instruction Twenty-Five Years of Progress (p 347-384). Mahwah: NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
Martadipura, B. A. 2012. Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Statistis Siswa S1 Melalui Pembelajaran MEAs yang Dimodifikasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Matematika STKIP Siliwangi Bandung, 1 (1). Tersedia: http://www.jurnal-infinity.com.
Moore, D. S. 1997. “New Pedagogy and New Content: The Case of Statistics”. International Statistics Review, 65(2), 123-165.
Reading, C. And J. Reid. 2006. A Emerging Hierarchy of Reasoning of Reasoning about Distribution: From a Variation Perspective. Statistics Education Research Journal, 5(2), 46-68.
Rumsey, D. 2002. Statistical Literacy as a Goal for Introductory Statistics Courses. Journal of Statistics Education, 10(3). [Online]. Tersedia: www.amsat.org/publicatins/jse/v10n3/rumsey2.html.
Shaughnessy, J. M. dkk. 2005. Secondary and Middle School Students Attention to Variability when Comparing Data Sets. Paper presentation at The Research Pressesion of the 82th Anual Meeting of The National Council of Teacher of Mathematics, Anahiem. CA.
Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License


- Government Foreign Representatives search results
Frequently Asked Questions About the Government’s Foreign Representatives
The following are some frequently asked questions about the government’s foreign representatives:
What is a foreign representative? Foreign representative, or diplomats, are individuals who are appointed by the government to interact with other nations on behalf of their home countries. Foreign representatives typically seek to maintain friendly relations with other nations. Sometimes they also need to look out for the best interest of citizens who are abroad.
How does someone become a foreign representative? Foreign representatives are typically highly educated individuals. Most diplomats have at least a four-year degree. Foreign representatives can participate in careers that deal with economic, consular, political, management, or public diplomacy, so a prospective diplomat will need to decide on a specific career course. Many foreign representatives are expected to interact with a particular country, so thorough knowledge of the nation, its languages, and its customs is important. All potential diplomats need to successfully complete a written exam, oral assessment, a physical, and a thorough background check. After these tests, the individual’s file is reviewed by the Department of State to determine if he or she will get a job as a foreign representative. If a job is not secured within 18 months, this entire process will need to be completed again. All foreign representatives are required to document their activities, which includes having a special visa that grants them international travel.
What activities does a foreign representative participate in? The specific activities of a foreign representative will depend strongly on that person’s career choice. Diplomats may be involved in economic affairs, arranging trade deals with other nations. These individuals may focus on consulate services. Consulate services often involve aiding citizens who are abroad, and these diplomats are typically stationed in an embassy.
All large governments have representatives in other countries that provide a constant governing presence in foreign lands. In foreign countries, some countries have an embassy or a consulate. This is where there foreign government representatives serve. It is also a place where citizens of that embassy’s country can visit for information and help when they are visiting another country. It also acts as a safe haven for the citizens that are visiting a country during war or a time of turmoil. Foreign government representatives work on international affairs that concern them and the country in which they are located. They also work on political systems like incorporating a democratic government. They also offer interpreting services. Foreign government representatives work to strengthen relations with allies and they also work to promote military presence. Government officials are foreign diplomats that are generally a part of a federal agency. These foreign government agents work in international affairs, as well and official and diplomatic work. You can find embassies and consulates by looking on the internet. When traveling to a foreign country, it would be in your best interest and safety to know where your country’s embassy is located.


Crime and Control
The Future of Computer Crime
The previous chapter discussed computer crime but its subject was metaphor. This time it is crime.
THE PAST AS PROLOGUE
In the early years, computers were large stand-alone machines; most belonged to governments, large firms, or universities. Frequently they were used by those organizations to control important real-world actions – writing checks, keeping track of orders, delivering goods. The obvious tactic for computer criminals was to get access to those machines and change the information they contained – creating fictitious orders and using them to have real goods delivered, arranging to have checks written in payment for nonexistent services,1 or, if the computer was used by a bank, transferring money from other people’s accounts to their own.
As time passed, it became increasingly common for large machines to be accessible from offsite over telephone lines. That was an improvement from the standpoint of the criminal. Instead of having to gain admission to a computer facility – with the risk of being caught – he could access the machine from a distance, evading computer defenses rather than locked doors.
While accessing computers to steal money or stuff was the most obvious form of computer crime, there were other possibilities. One was vandalism. A discontented employee or ex-employee could crash the firm’s computer or erase its data. But this was a less serious problem with computers than with other sorts of machines. If a vandal smashes your truck, you have to buy another truck. If he crashes your computer, all you have to do is reboot. Even if he wipes your hard drive you can still restore from your most recent backup, losing only the most recent data.
A more interesting possibility was extortion. In one British case, a supervisor of computer operations for a large multinational firm decided that it was time to retire. He took the reels of tape that were the mass storage for the firm’s computer, the backup tapes, and the extra set of backups that were stored offsite, erased the information actually in the computer, and departed. He then offered to sell the tapes – containing information that the firm needed for its ordinary functioning – back to the firm for a mere £275,000 (about $700,000).2
In a world with
anonymous ecash, the payoff could have been made and the
delivered over the net via a remailer. In a world of strong
he could have located a criminal firm in the business of
payoffs and subcontracted the collection end of his project.
Unfortunately for the executive, he committed his crime too
tried to collect the payoff himself – on a motorcycle – and
caught doing it.
Large computers controlling lots of valuable stuff still exist, but nowadays they are usually connected to networks. So are hundreds of millions of small computers. This opens up some interesting possibilities.
A few years back, the Chaos Computer Club of Hamburg, Germany, demonstrated one of them on German television. What they had written was an ActiveX control, a chunk of code downloaded from a web site onto the user’s computer. It was designed to work with Quicken, a widely used accounting package. One of the things Quicken can do is pay bills online. The control they demonstrated modified Quicken’s files to add one additional payee. Trick a million people into downloading it, have each of them pay you ten marks a month – a small enough sum so that it might take a long time to be noticed – and retire.
One of the classic computer crime stories – possibly apocryphal – concerns a programmer who computerized a bank’s accounting system. After a few months, bank officials noticed that something seemed to be wrong – a slow leakage of money. But when they checked the individual accounts, everything balanced. Eventually someone figured out the trick. The programmer had designed the system so that all rounding errors went to him. If you were supposed to receive $13.436 in interest, you got $13.43, his account got .6 cents. It was a modest fraud – six-tenths of a cent is not much money, and nobody normally worries about rounding errors anyway. But if the bank has a million accounts and calculates interest daily, the total comes to about $5,000 a day.
That sort of fraud is called a “salami scheme” – nobody notices one more thin slice missing from a salami.3 The Chaos Computer Club had invented a mass production version. Hardly anyone notices a leakage of a few dollars a month from his account but, with millions of accounts, it adds up fast. It is the old computer crime of tricking a computer into transferring money to you modernized for a world with lots of networked computers that each control only small amounts. So far as I know, nobody has yet put this particular form of computer crime into practice, despite the public demonstration that it could be done. But someone will.
A modern criminal who preferred extortion to theft could hold the contents of computers for ransom using either a downloaded ActiveX control or a computer virus – and take advantage of the power of public key encryption. Once the software gets onto the victim’s computer it creates a large random number and uses it as the key to encrypt the contents of the hard drive, erasing the unencrypted version as it does so. The final step is to encrypt the key using the criminal’s public key and erase the original.
The next time the computer is turned on, its screen shows a message offering to unencrypt the contents of the hard drive for twenty dollars in anonymous ecash, sent to the criminal through a suitable remailer. The money must be accompanied by the encrypted key, which the message includes. The extortionist will send back the decrypted key and the software to decrypt the hard drive.
From the standpoint of the criminal, the scheme has two attractive features. The first is that since each victim’s hard drive is encrypted with a different key, there is no way one victim can share the information about how to decrypt it with another – each must pay separately. The second is that, with lots of victims, the criminal can establish a reputation for honest dealing; after the first few cases, everyone will know that if you pay you really do get your hard drive back. So far as I know, nobody has done it yet, although there was an old case involving a less sophisticated version of the scheme, using floppy disks instead of downloads.
What else can be done in a world of lots of small networked computers? One answer is vandalism, familiar in the form of computer viruses. A more productive possibility is to imitate some of the earliest computer criminals and steal, not money, but computing power. At any instant, millions of desktop computers are twiddling their thumbs while their owners are eating lunch or thinking about what to type next. When you operate at millions of instructions a second, there’s a lot of time between keystrokes.
The best-known attempt to harness that wasted power is SETI – the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. It is a volunteer effort by which large numbers of individuals permit their computers, whenever they happen to be idle, to work on a small part of the immense project of searching the haystack of interstellar radio noise for the needle of information that might tell us that, somewhere in the galaxy, someone else is home. Similar efforts on a smaller scale have been used in experiments to test how hard it is to break various forms of encryption, another project that requires very large-scale number crunching.
One could imagine an enterprising thief stealing a chunk of that processing power – perhaps justifying the crime on the grounds that nobody was using it anyway. The approach would be along SETI’s lines, but without SETI’s public presence. Download a suitable bit of software to each of several million unknowing helpers, then use the internet to share the burden of very large computing projects among them. Charge customers for access to the worlds’ biggest computer while keeping its exact nature a trade secret. Think of Randy Schwartz – who, whether or not he stole trade secrets, had the reputation of grabbing all the CPU power he could get his hands on. Nobody has done it. My guess is that nobody will, since the continuing access is too easy to detect. But two more destructive versions have been implemented repeatedly.
One is called a Distributed Denial of Service attack – DDOS, for short. To do it, you temporarily take over a large number of networked computers and instruct each to spend all of its time trying to access a web page belonging to some person or organization you disapprove of. A web server can send out copies of its web page to a lot of browsers at once, but not an unlimited number. With enough requests coming fast enough, the server is unable to handle them all and the page vanishes from the web.
A second reason to temporarily take over lots of computers that don’t belong to you is to solve the spam problem – not the problem that you and I face in dealing with in-boxes clogged by hundreds of offers to expand various parts of our anatomy but the problem faced by the people sending spam. If you send it from your own computer, you might get into trouble – if not with the recipients, then with your own ISP. One solution is to use a computer virus to modify lots of other people’s computers in a way that gives you temporary access to them and then use them as your unwitting accessories.4
Spam itself provides multiple examples of computer crimes made possible by the existence of enormous numbers of networked computers. Nobody with any sense would believe an email from a stranger in Nigeria offering to give him millions of dollars – after he first provides some small financial evidence of his reliability. But if you send out such an offer to a billion email addresses, ten million of which turn out to be actual people, you will reach the small minority of those ten million who are sufficiently credulous, or sufficiently greedy, to fall for the scam. A small minority of ten million people can still be a large number.
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING: THE SOLUTION THE PROBLEM COMES FROM
Most of the problems we have been discussing involve software downloaded from a web page to a user’s computer. Such software originated as a solution to one of the problems of networked computing: server overload.
You have a web page that does something for the people who access it – draws a map showing them how to get to a particular address, say. Drawing that picture – getting from information on a database to a map a human being can read – takes computing power. Even if it does not take very much power, when 1,000 people each want a different map drawn at the same time it adds up and your system slows down.
Each of those people is accessing your page from his own computer. Reading a web page does not take much in the way of computing resources, so most of those computers are twiddling their thumbs – operating at far below capacity. Why not put them to work drawing maps?
The web page copies to each of the computers a little map-drawing program – an ActiveX control or Java applet. That only has to be done once. Thereafter, when the computer reads the web page, the page sends it the necessary information and it draws the map itself. Instead of putting the whole job on one busy computer it is divided up among 1,000 idle computers. The same approach – distributed computing – works for multiplayer webbed games and many other applications. It is a solution – but a solution that, as we have just seen, raises a new problem. Once that little program gets on your computer, who knows what it might do there?
Microsoft deals with that problem by using digital signatures authenticated by Microsoft to identify where each ActiveX control comes from. Microsoft’s response to the Chaos Computer Club’s demonstration of a new use for an ActiveX control was that there was really no problem. All a user had to do to protect himself was to tell his browser, by an appropriate setting of the security level on Explorer, not to take controls from strangers.
This assumes that nobody can fool Microsoft into signing bogus code. I can think of at least two ways of doing it. One is to get a job with a respectable software company and insert extra code into one of their ActiveX controls, which Microsoft would then sign. The other is to start your own software company, produce useful software that makes use of an ActiveX control, add an additional unmarked feature inspired by the Chaos Computer Club, get it signed by Microsoft, put it up on the web, then close up shop and decamp for Brazil.
Sun Computer has a different solution to the same problem. Java applets, their version of software for distributed computing, are only allowed to play in the sandbox, designed to have a very limited ability to affect other things in the computer, including files stored on the hard drive. One problem with that solution is that it limits the useful things an applet can do. Another is that even Sun sometimes makes mistakes. The fence around the sandbox may not be entirely applet-proof.
The odds are
both ActiveX and applets will soon be history. Whatever form
distributed computing succeeds them will face the same problem
the same set of possible solutions. In order to be useful, it
be able to do things on the client computer. The more it can
greater the danger of its doing things that the owner of that
computer would disapprove of. That can be controlled either by
controlling what gets downloaded and holding the firm that
it responsible for the software’s behavior or by strictly
what any such software is allowed to do – Microsoft’s and
Readers with high-speed internet connections may at this point be wondering if they ought to pull the plug. I don’t think so – and I haven’t.
There are two important things to remember about the sort of problem we have been discussing. The first is that it is your computer, sitting on your desktop. A bad guy may be able to get control of it by some clever trick, by getting you to download bogus software or a virus. But you start with control – and whatever the bad guy does, you can always turn the machine off, boot from a CD, wipe the hard drive, restore from your backup, and start over. The logic of the situation favors you. It is only bad software design and careless use that makes it possible for other people to take over your machine.
remember is that this is a new world and we have just arrived.
desktop computers are running under software originally
stand-alone machines. It is not surprising that such software
frequently proves vulnerable to threats that did not exist in
environment it was designed for. As software evolves in a
world, a lot of the current problems will gradually vanish.
Until the next innovation.
THE WORM TURNS: CLIENTS FOOLING SERVERS
We have been discussing crimes committed by a server against clients – downloading chunks of code to them that do things their owners would not approve of. I once got into an interesting conversation with someone who had precisely the opposite problem. He was in the computer gaming business – online role-playing games in which large numbers of characters, each controlled by a different player, interact in a common universe, allying, fighting each other, gaining experience, becoming more powerful, acquiring enchanted swords, books of spells, and the like.
People running online games want lots of players. As more and more players join, the burden on the server supporting the game increases, since it has to keep track of the characteristics and activities of an increasing number of characters. Ideally, a single computer should keep track of everything in order to maintain a consistent universe, but there is a limit to what one computer can do.
One solution is distributed computing. Offload most of the work to the player’s computer. Let it draw the pretty pictures on the screen, maps of a dungeon or a fighter’s eye view of the monster he is fighting. Let it keep track of how much gold the character has, how much experience he has accumulated, what magic devices are in his pouch, what armor on his back. The server still needs to keep track of the shared fundamentals – who is where – but not the details. Now the game scales; when you double the number of players you almost double the computing power available, since the new players’ computers are now sharing the load.
Like many solutions, this one comes with a problem. If my computer is keeping track of how strong my character is and what goodies he has, that information is stored in files on my hard drive. My hard drive is under my control. With a little specialized knowledge about how the information is stored – provided, perhaps, by a fellow enthusiast online – I can modify those files. Why spend hundreds of hours fighting monsters in order to become a hero with muscles of steel, lightening reactions, and a magic sword, when I can get the same result by suitably editing the file describing my character? In the online gaming world, where many players are technically sophisticated, competitive, and unscrupulous – or, if you prefer, where many players regard competitive cheating as merely another dimension of the game – it is apparently a real problem. I offered him a solution; I do not know if he, or anyone else, has tried implementing it.
The server cannot be bothered to keep track of all the details of all the characters, but it can probably manage 1 in 100. Pick a character at random and, while his computer is calculating what is happening to him, run a parallel calculation on the server. Follow him for a few days, checking to make sure that his characteristics remain what they should be. If they do, switch to someone else.
What if the character has mysteriously jumped twenty levels since the last time he logged off? Criminal law solves the problem of deterring offenses that are hard to detect – littering, for example – by scaling up the punishment to balance the low probability of imposing it. It should work here too.
I log into the game where my character, thanks to hundreds of hours of playing assisted by some careful hacking of the files that describe him, is now a level 83 mage with a spectacular collection of wands and magic rings. There is a surprise waiting:
"You wake up in the desert, wearing only a loin cloth. Clutched in your hand is a crumpled parchment.”
"Look at the Parchment.”
"It looks like your handwriting, but unsteady and trailing off into gibberish at the end.”
"Read the Parchment.”
The parchment reads:
"I shouldn’t have done it. Dabbling in forbidden arts. The Demons are coming. I can feel myself pouring away. No, No, No … .”
"Show my statistics.”
Possessions: 1 loincloth.
5HIGH-TECH TERRORISM: NIGHTMARE OR EMPLOYMENT PROJECT?
A few years ago, I participated in a conference called to advise a presidential panel investigating the threat of high-tech terrorism. So far as I could tell, the panel originated with an exercise by the National Security Agency in which they demonstrated that, had they been bad guys, they could have done a great deal of damage by breaking into computers controlling banks, hospitals, and much else.
I left the conference uncertain whether what I had just seen was a real threat or an NSA employment project, designed to make sure that the end of the Cold War did not result in serious budget cuts. Undoubtedly a group of highly sophisticated terrorists could do a lot of damage by breaking into computers. But then, a group of sophisticated terrorists could do a lot of damage in low-tech ways too. I had seen no evidence that the same team could not have done as much damage – or more – without ever touching a computer. A few years after that conference, a group of not very sophisticated terrorists demonstrated just how much damage they could do by flying airplanes into buildings. No computers required.
I did, however, come up with one positive contribution to the conference. If you really believe that foreign terrorists breaking into computers in order to commit massive sabotage is a problem, the solution is to give the people who own computers adequate incentives to protect them, to set up their software in ways that make it hard to break in. One way of doing so would be to decriminalize ordinary intrusions. If the owner of a computer cannot call the cops when he finds that some talented teenager has been rifling through his files, he has an incentive to make it harder to do so in order to protect himself. Once the computers of America are safe against Kevin Mitnick,6 Osama bin Laden won’t have a chance.
1 A timeline of hacker history and an account of a legal setback for the Secret Service. For one early computer crime case see United States v. Jones, United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit 553 F.2d 351 (1977)
2 Parker, 1983, pp. 50–51.
4 A description of how DDOS attacks work. Lots of stories and discussions on attacks. A story on an extraordinarily sophisticated attack, via a computer worm, on Iran's nuclear program. An earlier but probably more reliable account—by a security expert, not a reporter. [Not in the hardcopy of the book--added 11/30/2010]


Khnyok — (Хнёк) is a sanctimonious religious prig. It is used by Jews who are religiously observant themselves for the holier-than-thou super-observant. The plural of khnyok is khnyokes, the adjective is khnyokish, and the past participle is farkhnyokt, which denotes someone who has become a khnyok or more khnyokish than he or she once was.
Weinreich defines khnyok as “bigot, philistine, petty, unreasonable, conservative” — more or less what one might have anticipated. But Harkavy is a surprise. A khnyok by him is a “mollycoddle” — or “A man lacking courage, someone as soft-hearted as a woman.” There’s nothing about bigotry or religious fanaticism. And for an etymology (Weinreich gives none), Harkavy tentatively proposes that of Russian khnyika, a whiner or crybaby.
Nahum Stutchkoff’s 1950 Yiddish thesaurus, Der Oytser fun der Yiddisher Shprakh. Stutchkoff gives khnyok 4 different meanings.
1. A derogatory word for a Hasid: khnyok, tslap, katshelap, flyaske.
2. An unkempt or slovenly person: khnyok, flyaske, tslap, katshelap, khlomidnik [a sloppy dresser].
3. A soft-hearted person: kvatsh [dishrag], shmatte [rag], khnyok.
4. A schlimazel: yolop [clumsy oaf], shmeyger [nincompoop], khnyok, lapenmitsl [awkward bungler].
Czech Jewish author Jirˇi Langer in his book about Hasidism, “Nine Gates,” which starts with an account of how, at the age of 19, he left his life as an assimilated young Jew in Prague to become a Belz Hasid. Describing how he mortified himself physically as part of his penitent return to Judaism, he writes, using the present tense:
“The mice nibble at my clothes. I sleep on the ground on a heap of old straw. My whole outward appearance testifies that I am gradually turning into a complete khnyok and katcherak. These two words are untranslatable nicknames used by the Hasidim to mock any of their fellows who are totally indifferent to their outward appearance.”
Langer was writing about the years 1913 and 1914 and his use of khnyok must reflect an early meaning — and, unexpectedly, the word seems to have started out not as an anti-Hasidic slur but as a term used by some Hasidim to disparage other Hasidim who went to ascetic extremes of personal hygiene and dress to demonstrate their contempt for worldly existence. (Langer’s katcherak is clearly a variant of Stutchkoff’s katshelap, of which tslap is a shortened form.) From there, the word left the confines of the Hasidic community and went off in different directions: Because unkemptness is associated with oafishness, it came to mean a bungler or schlimazel; because schlimazels are often doormats for others (it’s on the schlimazel, you’ll recall, that the schlemiel spills the chicken soup), it came to mean a whiner or mollycoddle, and because its original meaning of an extreme Hasid was picked up by misnagdim, or anti-Hasidic Jews, it eventually became a derogatory term both for Hasidim in general and for a religious fanatic of any stripe. Today, it survives only in the last of these meanings.


Keeving is a old-world cider technique that has largely been forgotten, but is still done by some traditional cider makers in the UK and France. Simply put keeving releases natural pectin into the apple juice which then coagulates, removing much of the nutrients from the juice. As the yeast ferments the keeved juice, it uses the remaining nutrients, but runs out before it can ferment all of the sugar. Traditionally, this has been done to create a naturally sweet cider. For more information on the process, read this.
When I learned about this process and how it works, I thought about how lambic wort is brewed to have a lot of complex sugars that Saccharomyces can't eat, which leaves a portion of the sugars for the Brettanomyces. I began to wonder if Brett would survive in a nutrient poor environment after the Saccharo died out. So the purpose of this experiment is to see what will happen if I pitch lambic yeast into keeved cider.
However, this turned out to be a very difficult and laborious process. I started with nearly 4 bushels (160lbs) of apples. They had to be sent through a mill and the pulp left to sit for 24 hours (to release the pectin). The next day we pressed the pulp, but our efficiency was about half that of a commercial cider press (and 10 times the work). Leidel's Orchard actually spoke with a couple commercial presses keeving, but they were unable to do this process without a major rework of their set up. I was hoping to get 8+ gallons, so I borrowed a friend's 12 gallon glass carboy to use as a keeving tank. I only ended up with 6 gallons.
Then the keeving process starts. The first step is to allow the pectin to coagulate in the cider. Some modern additives help this process, but it is still a bit of an art. The carboy was stored in my refrigerator for 10 days where it is cold enough to stall fermentation until the coagulated pectin gel has formed.
|Most of the gel that formed fell to the bottom and is sitting on top of the sediment|
|Separation of cider and pectin gel.|
|Pectin gel pushed to the top by CO2 bubbles.|
|5 gallons of keeved cider with lambic blend yeast added.|


ATTITUDE TOWARDS MATHEMATICS OF XI STANDARD STUDENTS IN TRICHY DISTRICT
A. Blessing Mary
The main aim of education is to develop harmonious personality of learner. Education should make pupils fit to live with. In all modern human societies the young are prepared for their future roles through educational process which may be in the form of examination. Schools are always transitional institutions. They prepare pupils for education or for occupation or for family life and so on. Mathematics in the real sense is a science of space and quantity that helps in solving the problems of life needing numeration and calculation. It provides opportunities for the intellectual gymnastic of the man’s inherent powers. Teaching of Mathematics essentially helps the students in acquiring essential mathematics knowledge, skills, interests and attitudes. And it is necessary for and helpful in the realisation of the practical or utilitarian value, disciplinary value and cultural value. Mathematics education trains students to make and use measurements and includes the study of computer programming, algebra, statistics, geometry and calculus. Attitude is a mental set or disposition, readiness to respond and the psychological basis of attitudes, their permanence, their learned nature and their evaluative character. It includes object things, peoples, places, ideas or situations. Attitudes are not just a passive result of past experience; instead they impel behavior and guide its form and manner. The components of attitudes are : i) a cognitive component (opinion information or strength of belief or disbelief; (ii). an affective component (emotional component of like (or) dislike) and (iii) an action (co nature behavioural component of habit or readiness to respond).
Need for the study
In every class there are three types of students: 1. Those who perform very well, 2. Those who never perform well and 3. Those who can perform well; but do not fare well actually. The pupils of the third category may have the general intelligence to do well, but owing to several factors, they do not fare well in mathematics. Special attention will help the pupils of that category to bring out their abilities in full. If this is done in schools, the society may have to lose eminent scholars in mathematics and great mathematicians. The influence of the teacher on the pupil is not confined to imparting of subject knowledge alone, but goes further to play a part in the total development of the child. The influence of the teacher has been studied on the attitude to wards mathematics. In the present curriculum every attempt in being made to include mathematics as an integral part of school education to develop the speed and accuracy in doing numerical problems, an ability for abstract, an ability of logical reasoning, an ability for spatial concepts and so on. However the mathematics achievement education in schools and colleges largely do not cater to aims and objectives of mathematics education as specified by many educational commissions and committee. Students mostly prepare themselves for passing examinations. Further more the teachers and parents were concerned with relatively Low achievement of students in mathematics and a number of studies had looked into the causes of such poor performance. Attitude is really the disposition of an individual to learn and to develop some proficiency in some particular area. Actually it helps to acquire knowledge in a particular area and on the basis of interest the future performance of a child can be predicted. A child under the pressure of parents or teachers selecting a professional course will be a failure in that area without attitude in that field. So it is the responsibility of teachers and parents to guide their children according to their attitude. Modern education must not restrict itself to developing more rote-learning, but also nurture the ability of children to produce relevant new meaning to their class-room experiences. Hence along with promoting educational achievement it is obligatory on the part of the school to equip the child with the skill of logical thinking and reasoning which will enable him to cope effectively with whatever state of world be will encounter later in life. Curriculum which impacts training in these is the need of the hour. Though these are documented evidences about the effects of factors like gender, region, stream of study, medium of instruction, Type of School Management and socio economic status, on Attitude towards Mathematics more investigations are to be done in the field.
*To investigate the difference of Male and Female due to their Attitude towards Mathematics.
*To investigate the difference of Region due to their Attitude towards Mathematics
*To investigate the difference of Steam of Study due to their Attitude towards Mathematics
*To investigate the difference of Medium of Instruction due to their Attitude towards Mathematics
*To investigate the difference scores of Types of Management due to their Attitude towards Mathematics
*To investigate the difference of Socio - Economic Status due Attitude towards Mathematics
HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
1. There is no significant difference in Attitude towards Mathematics of XI standard students in Trichy District, owing to differences in their gender, region, stream of study, medium of instruction, type of school management and socio – economic status
2. There is no significant association between Attitudes towards Mathematics of XI standards students in Trichy
District in their Gender, Region, Stream of Study, Medium of Instruction, Type of School Management and Socio
- Economic Status
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was limited to only 10 schools in Trichy District. The study was restricted to four Government schools, three Aided and three Unaided school from both Rural and Urban areas. The sample was limited to 450 students of XI only. Standardized test materials alone were used in this investigation. The investigation did not develop any psychological tests for investigative purpose.
Saha (2007) conducted a study Gender, Attitude to Mathematics, cognitive style and Achievement in Mathematics. It was found that all the three contributes to statistically significant difference in achievement in mathematics. Thomas (2006) conducted a study to determine the Attitude towards Mathematics and achievement by combining co-operative learning strategies with instruction delivered using an Integrated Learning System (ILS). Sixty five fifth grade students were randomly divided in two groups, co-operative and individual. Result revealed that students using on ILS for mathematics instruction performed better on standardised tests and were more positive towards math and they worked in co-operative groups than when they worked on the same individually. Xin Ma and Jianymin (2004) conducted a study to determine the casual ordering between Attitude towards Mathematics and achievement in mathematics of secondary school students. Results showed the achievement demonstrated casual predominance over attitude across the entire secondary school. Gender difference in this casual relationship was not found but elite status in mathematics moderated this casual relationship.
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
Descriptive methods of study were though to be appropriate to analyses the impact of Attitude towards Mathematics, related to selected variables are Gender, Region, Type of School Management, Stream of Study, Medium of Instruction and Socio Economic Status. The sample constituted 450 XI standard students drawn from 11 schools from Government, Aided and Unaided in Trichy district. Random sampling was used to select the sample. The tools used for the present study was Mathematics attitude scale prepared and standardized by Dr. C. Dandapani. The data collected for the present investigation was under the category of Mathematics Attitude tool administered to the students by the investigator. After data was collected and classified, it was subjected to statistical tests of significances using SPSS package for testing the hypothesis for the investigator. The methods of analysis were used students’ t test, ANOVA, Chi-square test and Karl Pearson’s product Moment.
Reliability and Validity
The reliability and the validity of the tool for the present study are computed as 0.70 and 0.83 respectively. The co-efficient of split half reliability is 0.85 and validity with the achievement test in mathematics is determined to be 0.80. The sample for this study was selected randomly. Representative sample of 450 students who have joined in XI standard (English and Tail Medium) were selected from Government Aided and Unaided schools.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
There is no significant difference in Attitude towards Mathematics of XI standard students in Trichy District, owing to differences in their Gender, Region and Medium of Instruction. There is significant difference in Attitude towards Mathematics of XI standard students in Trichy District, owing to differences in their Stream of Study, Types of School Management and Socio Economic Status. There is no significant association between Attitudes towards Mathematics of XI standards students in Trichy. District regarding their Gender and Medium of Instruction. There is significant association between Attitudes towards Mathematics of XI standards students in Trichy District with their Region, Stream of Study, Types of School Management and Socio Economic Status
is a process of human enlightenment and empowerment for the achievement of a
better quality of life. In
The purpose of the present investigation was to study the mathematics attitude with reference to some selected variables and the study indicated significant relationship among the variables. The study may find some usefulness in the field of mathematics education and the finding of this study may serve as a data base for the future research.
Guimaraest, H. M. (2005) Teachers and students views and attitude towards new mathematics curriculum”. Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics 26, 347-365.
D. S. (1966) (Chairman) Report of the
Education Commission 1964-66. Government of
Saha, S. (2007) A study of Gender Attitude to Mathematics, Cognitive style and Achievement in mathematics”. Experiments in Education 35, 6.
Thomas (2006) The effects on student’s achievements and attitudes using integrated learning systems with co-operative pairs. Journal Educational Technology Research and Development 45, 51-64.
Xin Ma and Jiangmin Xu (2004) Determining the causal ordering between attitude towards Mathematics and achievement in Mathematics. American Journal of Education110, 256-280.


Created By : Ms. Kavita Verma Created Date : 2019-12-20 00:00:00
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one major source of science on which the maximum population rely on. To start your morning with mobile feeds to ending your day with a soothing song through Alexa. Everybody, almost every body has become used to Artificial intelligence in one way or the other.
Overview: when a human built device or machinery uses its brain that is inherited by human intellect is artificial intelligence. An expert of artificial intelligence is one of the most demanded and viable career choice. This not only sounds exciting but also challenging that makes this career option much liked by the students.
Driving a car with inbuilt computer intelligence, making our routes through Google maps and fully automatic devices. The brain that operates all these devices and application is artificial intelligence, a copy of human intelligence.
Since this technology world is evolving into more robotic, science world, the demand of artificial intelligence out looks a great rise. This career is in a high demand by all ages and sectors and also is being highly valued by both employer and consumers. Because of its high demand, this job becomes a well paid and highly profitable job option.
How to start careers in artificial intelligence:
A keen interest in math and your love for optimizing mathematic problems and algorithms will prove a great start towards this career. Earn a bachelors degree in computer science and get your hands clean on thorough experience in computer programming skills. Attain a degree in computer science or cognitive science (a combination of psychology, computer science, anthropology, and philosophy)
The following skills are required by the candidates :
• A strong background of applied math, calculus and probability.
• Experience in graphical modeling and neural net will make your journey easy to begin with, in this career.
• Hold a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science ,Software engineering or any other related course.
• One must have an excellent communication skill in both written and verbal that will help one to express his views clearly.
• One must have an understanding of machinery and its system.
• One is required to have a vivid imagination to work on and make it a reality.
• You must have a in-depth understanding in system analysis.
• One must have a fluency in different computer languages.
Artificial Intelligence Colleges in India:
India has many institutes and colleges offering masters in artificial intelligence. After gaining your bachelors degree, opt for a reputed college to do your masters degree in artificial intelligence. Some of the colleges to opt for artificial intelligence majors are:
• University of Hyderabad is a public university that is famous for its major courses and research projects.
• IIt Bombay is a public engineering institute that also offers masters course in many renowned departments.
• IIt Madras is known as one of the best institute for higher education in India.
• IISC Banglore creates engineers and scientists in India, with their high quality academic system and staff.
• ISI Kolkata is an academic institute that was recognized by the government as an institute of national importance.
Courses to opt for Artificial Intelligence:
The colleges, institutes and online programs offers some courses under artificial intelligence. Candidate must opt for his courses smartly and get a deep learning in the field he wants to continue his career in AI certification or course. Artificial intelligence has three types:
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence that implements limited mind in narrow tasks.
• Artificial General Intelligence is an interesting learning where machinery is designed to have a brain and be able to understand, learn and operate a task.
• Artificial Super Intelligence where the machinery possess the super ability of human brain and highest abilities.
Artificial intelligence has its 4 sub branches which are
• reactive machines which have no memory and is specialized to do one task in one order.
• Limited memory where in machine is able to collect data from previous task and make its own memory.
• Theory of mind through which a machine can interact socially and feel the emotions.
• Self awareness will be the future of our generation and will be the most intelligent form of machine assistance.
Artificial intelligence specialists have a fair and healthy demand in the market. They are well paid sector and also much appreciated. Recruiters from India and abroad caters a huge job opportunities in both government and private sectors. Some of them of the list are:
• Toubro infotech limited is one of the top IT company that deals in technology and solutions.
• Accenture services private limited is a multinational company that deals in IT, Finance, consultation , technology and operation.
• IBM is the brand name that deals with designing, operating and service provider of intelligent machinery and computer devices.
• Hcl technologies limited is an Indian IT company and well known for its services and consulting.
• Google the brand name that has a huge number of work departments working under it.
An artificial intelligence expert can look for some of the following roles to apply for:
• Artificial intelligence developer operates neural networks and algorithm to fine tune technical skills of a device.
• Subject matter expert has a great expertise in one core unit or department of science and technology.
• Algorithm specialist is the computer scientist who designs academics in real world applications.
• Research scientists focuses o research and development of device or project.
• Software analysts caters analysis and operation of software .
• C# developer who works in processing and applying computer languages for a technical project.
• Jawa developer works for designing, enhancing and operating Jawa.
• Information security engineer takes care of the security system of a network.
What do they actually do:
An artificial intelligence expert works to design a machinery to work and mimic human brain. Auto chat box to self driven cars, easy kitchen appliances and human free voice assistance is what comes under artificial intelligence.
• Logical reasoning , exactly as the human brain works, it is an ability of a machinery where a decision taking, winning a game of applying solutions is all done by the machinery itself.
• Knowledge performance, an idea where the computer can suggest the errors, help with new words and different ways to tackle an issue.
• Planning and navigation is a well known system that is used to navigate route and used by self driven vehicles.
• Natural language processing that can understand, identify written and verbal languages.
• Emergent intelligence that focuses on moral reasoning by the machinery.
• Speech recognition that all are aware of, recognizes the verbal words and instructions.
• Object detection and face detection is an ability to recognize your face or thumb prints and secure your personal data.
This profession witnesses a good pay scale and pay growth over the period of experience. An average salary is from 14.2 lakh to 14.5 lakh . your experience and field of skill determines the changes in the salary numbers.
AI Careers, AI Courses, AI Skillsets, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, ai certification, artificial intelligence certification, artificial intelligence, what is artificial intelligence, applications of artificial intelligence


A new report from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the body for the United Nations’ meteorology experts confirms that levels of the main greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane – are now all at record levels.
Average global CO2 levels in 2017 were 405.5 parts per million – almost 50% higher than they were before the Industrial Revolution. WMO Secretary General Petteri Taalas said that the last time there was a similar level of CO2 in our atmosphere was 3-5 million years ago, when sea levels were 10-20 metres higher than today and the average global temperature was 2-3C higher.
Levels of methane – a gas delivering up to 28 times greater warming impacts than CO2 – are now at 1,859 parts per billion, around 2.5 times higher than they were before the Industrial Revolution. Emissions are coming from the burps and farts of the planet’s 1.5 billion cattle, from rice paddies, leaks from oil and gas wells and from methane freed from permafrost in the Arctic as it continues to thaw.
Permafrost is ground that is frozen year-round. In the Arctic, ice-rich permafrost soils can be up to 80 metres thick. Thanks to the warming effects of increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, a gradual thawing of the permafrost is currently taking place where the upper layer of seasonally thawed soil is gradually getting thicker and reaching deeper into the ground. This thawing process wakes up microbes in the soil that decompose organic matter in the soil, releasing carbon dioxide and methane back into the atmosphere in the process.
The concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere is now at 332ppm, roughly 120% of pre-Industrial times, with about 40% of N2O coming from human activities.
As a species, we still need to come to terms with the changes that we need to make if we don’t want to see climate change running completely out of control. Low-carbon technologies and wind energy have to be pushed out much more rapidly to replace fossil fuels.
But Patricia Espinosa, head of the UN framework convention on climate change said “Greenhouse gas emissions have yet to peak and countries struggle to maintain the concentrated…effort needed for a successful approach to climate change…[but that] climate action is… increasing and there is a will to do more. I highlight this because falling into despair and hopelessness is a danger equal to complacency”.
On 3 December, the world’s climate negotiators will gather in Katowice, Poland for the COP24 meeting, at which they will discuss putting the Paris climate agreement into action and outlining their (hopefully much increased) ambitions for cutting future greenhouse gas emissions. Let’s hope that they are mindful of this report and of last month’s report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).


Analog electronics deals with infinitely varying signals and the components that amplify and operate with these varying signals. Topics in this area include diodes, rectification, filtration, amplification, transistors, scr, triacs, diacs, sensors and instrumentation. This certificate can be earned while pursuing an Associate in Applied Science degree in Electrical Technology.
- Demonstrate the ability to apply laws to the design, construction, analysis, and measurement of electric, hydraulic and pneumatic circuits.
- Interpret and develop technical drawing, schematics and diagrams.
- Create documents based on technical information using descriptive writing, diagrams, mathematical expression, computation, and graphs.
- Apply electrical/mechanical laws to the operation and control of machines.
- Apply critical thinking skills to solving problems.
- Demonstrate the ability to communicate and perform in a team environment.
- Analyze a set of specifications and create a LabView virtual instrument.
- Apply electro/mechanical output based on computer generated data for the purpose of creating a lab manual using Microsoft Office products.


I generally like precision, and I strive for it in my writing and thinking. It certainly helps in communicating ideas., However, I have been pretty relaxed in how I use the term, Big Data. I've used the term to refer to the size of the data set (e.g., "We have Big Data."). I have even used it to describe a method (e.g., "We are using a Big Data approach."). Still other times, I have used it as a general label (e.g., "Big Data is the future.").
In a survey of Fortune 1000 technology executives, 30% of the executives found the term, Big Data, confusing and misleading and 53% said it was overstated (see Figure 1). With my inconsistent use of the term, perhaps I am merely contributing to their dislike of the term.
So, I am making a New Year's resolution for 2015. I will be more precise when I use the term, Big Data.
So, how will I use the term, Big Data? A good place to start is to see how others use it and define it. Berekely solicited over 40 data experts for their definition of Big Data. These definitions could be reduced into six broad areas. These six areas represent the problems/challenges we face in the realm of Big Data. When you tackle a data-intensive project, you will likely need to answer questions in each of these six areas:
- Processing of 3Vs: The first area is about the nature of the data including the size (i.e., volume), speed (i.e., velocity) and complexity (i.e., variety) of the data and the technology to process it all.
- Analytics: Analytics is about the types of analyses we perform on the data. There are two general approaches when analyzing data: the exploratory approach (machine learning) and the hypothesis-driven approach (human judgement, critical). I look at these two approaches as complementary to each other. While the hypothesis-driven approach requires scientists to set up and test pre-determined hypotheses, machine learning can augment that process by quickly analyze millions relationships that might lead to potential areas of interest that can then be reviewed, and perhaps pursued, by scientists with more formal testing. For example IBM Watson helped researchers at Baylor College ingest and review 70,000 research papers on a cancer protein. It identified six new proteins to target for cancer research.
- Insights: The analytics leads to insights. When we consider the insights we gain from our analytics, we need to ensure the results are reliable, valid and useful. We often times turn to data scientists to help us make sense of the analytics and to verify its veracity.
- Data Integration: Because analytics is all about finding relationships among variables in our data sets, businesses are looking to integrate their data silos to uncover interesting relationships across different metrics. The value of integrated data sets is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Communication: We need to be able to share our results to interested parties. Toward this end, technology vendors are creating visualization tools to improve how we communicate our results.
- Security/Privacy/Ethics: Finally, the era of the quantification of everything has resulted in issues surrounding the misuse of data as they relate to security breaches, and privacy and ethics concerns. In fact, a recent study of Chief Information Officers found that security is the number one challenge of Big Data projects (51% indicated it as a top challenge). Some major brands that have been the target of security breaches include Target, Home Depot, Neiman Marcus and JP Morgan Chase. Other examples include the US National Security Agency’s monitoring of individuals worldwide as well as Facebook's experiments on attitudes using unsuspecting users.
"Big Data" is a Phenomenon
As these definitions of Big Data show, Big Data is not one thing; it is about a lot of different things. Each of these things is not new or unique to Big Data; we have had to address each of them decades ago. These things are simply more relevant in today's overly-quantified world. So, in 2015 and beyond, when I'm asked to define Big Data, here is how I'm going to answer:
"Big Data is a phenomenon that is the result of the quantification of everything."


This resource provides a broad overview of research on learners and learning and on teachers and teaching. It identifies teachers as the key to change, while acknowledging that change at the classroom level is significantly impacted by overarching public policies. It highlights three key findings about how students gain and retain knowledge and discusses the implications of these findings for teaching and teacher preparation. The highlighted principles of learning are applicable to teacher education and professional development programs as well as to K-12 education. The report can be read online free here; there is a charge for a pdf file download or a hard copy of the 78-page document.


Scottish born Dr Symons qualified in Edinburgh and at the famous London eye hospital Moorfields. In 1883 he migrated to South Australia. He became ophthalmic surgeon at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, medical officer for the Adelaide Children’s Hospital and honorary medical officer to the Institute for the Blind. He lectured at the medical school in ophthalmic surgery and went on to be dean of the Faculty of Medicine.
Dr Symons first had rooms in Gawler Place but when these were threatened with demolition to make way for Gawler Chambers, he decided to build his own rooms. When his premises were built on North Terrace in 1901 it was becoming fashionable among the medical fraternity to have professional rooms between King William Street and the Botanic Hotel.
Edward John Woods, one of South Australia’s most prominent architects, is credited with the design of this building. Woods was born in London in 1837 and qualified there as an architect. He migrated to South Australia in 1860 and began his Adelaide career in architecture as a draughtsman in Edmund Wright’s office. Later, he practised in partnership with Wright until 1869, when he branched out on his own. In 1873 Woods became government architect to the Council of Education and in January 1878 was appointed architect-in-chief. During his time with the government he oversaw the construction of many public, including the first stage of Parliament House, the west wing of the State Library (now the Mortlock Library) and many schools.
This building is one of few surviving on North Terrace that are reminders of its early professional nature. With the destruction of Wardell’s ES&A Bank on King William Street, it is also one of the few remaining Gothic secular buildings. Its symmetrical composition centred around an oriel window with buttressed walling is a highly creative interpretation of the Gothic idiom. The facade in particular is notable for its Murray Bridge limestone ashlar walling and dressings. The windows with mullions and transoms are detailed with label moulds, and the oriel window appears delicately supported on the small column with foliated capital above the central buttress.


The Lancashshire Telegraph reported some very excited news about treasure recently! Coins from the 13th century were found in a farmer’s field! Andrew Smith, who is both a detectorist and a photographer discovered six, silver pennies that dated from the reign of Edward I. The Telegraph mentioned that Smith participated in a dig at Pendleton in February. The coins were found 10 inches below the surface and were clumped together. It was agreed that the coins would be returned to the 46 year old farmer. The Assistant Treasure Registrar at the British Museum the coins appeared to date from between 1279 and 1283. Click on “source” below to see how much they could go for when sold and more!
You really can find anything metal detecting!


In Photos: Visiting Secular Mughal Customs in Times of Intolerance
Phool Walon ki Sair is a unique secular tradition, which is the carcass of India’s tolerant past.
Delhi celebrated the Mughal tradition of Phool Walon ki Sair – an annual flower procession that was first introduced in 1812, during Mughal King Akbar Shah II’s reign.
When his son Mirza Jahangir was exiled to Allahabad under the orders of the British Resident, Akbar Shah II’s queen Mumtaz Mahal Begum vowed to offer a chaadar of flowers at the Dargah of 11th Century Khwaja Bakhtiar "Kaaki" at Mehrauli.
And when Jahangir was released, the queen mother dutifully kept her word and led a week-long flower procession to Khwaja Bakhtiar’s dargah. To add a dose of secularism among Akbar Shah’s subjects, the flower procession was also taken to the Yogmaya temple in the vicinity.
This marked the beginning of a unique secular tradition, which is the carcass of India’s tolerant past.
According to historical account the last Mughal king, Bahadur Shah Zafar, wanted to hold the procession even when Delhi was under siege by the British.
Large number of Hindu womenfolk and children visited the shrine with flowers to pay their respects.
When I entered the Dargah, I saw throngs of women facing the perforated wall and offering prayers along the narrow corridor to the dargah.
Some women were even clinging to the walls.
About half an hour later, I realised what the interest towards walls were about.
A signboard at the end of the long corridor marked the restricted border for females into the inner sanctum of the dargah. So, disappointed at not being able to witness the main event, eventually, I thronged around and clung to the walls too.
Thankfully for me, I had a male friend fill in for me in the inner sanctum. The sufi saint’s tomb was a bed of roses, literally.
And I witnessed the dargah’s beautiful ceiling, albeit, second hand.
The likes of Jawaharlal Nehru had inaugurated the event in the past. This year Delhi’s Lieutenant Governor, Najeeb Jung, was invited as the chief guest.
After the ritual offering of the chaadar, a small performance was put up for the villagers and visitors, along the traditions of the dervishes.
The next day the procession walked to the local deity Yogamaya Devi’s temple with an offering of floral pankha (fan).
As per traditions, the smaller population of Muslim visitors gave their offering of flowers to the goddess first.
Yet another small function was put up by the locals depicting the myths of Kaali and Krishna.
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The collapse of Earth begins quietly in the year 2048. The United Nations commits to saving the environment by utilizing all resources to eliminate dangerous areas of radiation. Major corporations rebel and attempts are made to usurp power from the U.N. -- the renegades are defeated. Corporations are dissolved and the U.N. seizes all facilities in the effort to save the planet.
In the early part of the 22nd century (2109), artificially produced "ozone replacement" begins to close the holes in the ozone layer, reducing radiation levels. For the next 400 years Earth prospers. Ecological and humanitarian problems are eliminated and the focus turns to scientific advancement. The U.N. military force ensures peace worldwide.
Combining elements of Einstein's Unified Field Theory with anti-matter physics, scientists, in 2563, create a means to explore space through "warp" technology, a new form of spacecraft propulsion. Finally, travel between solar systems becomes reality. Five years after the technological breakthrough, the first manmade probe reaches another star system, reaching speeds of eight times the speed of light. Within a decade, two fully equipped research ships are launched. Man is on his way to the stars.
Fourteen years after liftoff, all contact with Explorer 1 is lost after a frantic recorded message is received, indicating the ship was being approached by an alien entity of sorts. The crew is considered missing and presumed dead. The other exploratory ship, Explorer 2, returns in 2609, having successfully located several habitable planets in the far-reaches of the galaxy.
In the year 2615, Explorer 2 returns to space to colonize the newly discovered habitable planets. The launch barely beats an uprising on Earth the following year that eliminates the old regime and brings in a new era of Earth control by rebel forces. Sustaining damages when traveling through an uncharted asteroid field, Explorer 2 finally arrives at the new solar system in 2621. The warp generators explode due to stress factors encountered in deceleration. A small number of survivors escape and make it to a planet, dubbed New Earth. The long process of survival and colonization begins.
Reunion begins 300 years after that event. New Earth is thriving, self-sufficient, stable and free from conflict and disease. Technology is nearly on a par with that of old Earth at the time of departure and space travel is imminent. You can explore up to eight different solar systems and encounter more than ten unique alien races. The ultimate goal is to return to old Earth and reunite the peoples of Earth once again. The mystery lies in what has happened on the home planet and what wondrous life and technology can be found on new worlds.
Maintaining a cast of advisors in areas relating to your space fleet, construction, fighting forces and development is essential to gameplay. Building new structures, mining resources, researching and designing new machinery, projects and technology and managing inventory all complement the eventual exploration and colonization of new worlds. Combat is inevitable as you encounter hostile alien forces in either space or ground warfare.
Adventures in the vast reaches of space await you -- do you have what it takes to reunite the people of Earth from a galaxy far, far away in Reunion?
In the 27th century, centuries have peace have allowed great scientific progress in the development of the first interstellar warp drive. Two research ships, designated Explorer-1 and Explorer-2, are outfitted with experimental drive and sent to find new planets of colonization. Only Explorer-2 returns back to Earth. Refiited as a colony vessel, Explorer-2 is once again ready to embark when peace is disrupted. At this same time, a planet-wide rebellion stages a coup and overthrows the government. The Explorer-2, crewed by a loyalist space crew barely escapes and leaves the solar system. Years later, the Explorer-2 arrives damaged at it's destination and a colony is set up, naming it New Earth. After many generations, the colony is self-sufficient enough to develop a mission: Explore nearby space, research new technologies, harvest resources, develop a space fleet and eventually... reconquer and reunify with the Earth.
Reunion is a strategy game where players must manage the resources and development of a colony. From a central command area, players select from among different menus to control different aspects of the colony. Many of these menus also need the appropriate personnel in charge (commanders), whose skills and price tag vary. Typical menus include: The research screen where specific areas are selected, the production/buy menu which turns resources into goods, the colony building menu where construction can be scheduled and the colony's facilities managed, the galactic map where new planets are chosen for a closer look, and eventually colonization. Players can also consult with their commanders or go to "space local", the nearby bar for all the gossip. In order to produce new material, the player has six different minerals to mine and discover on various planets in the solar system.
People who downloaded Reunion have also downloaded:
Powermonger, Railroad Tycoon Deluxe, Pirates! Gold for Windows, Reach for The Stars, Realms, Port Royale: Gold, Power and Pirates, Stars!, Star Trek: Armada 2
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To Save Its Bottle Nose Dolphins, New Zealand Banned Swimming With Them Near Bay of Islands
The New Zealand government has banned tourists from swimming with the beloved bottlenose dolphins off the Bay of Islands in the northernmost peninsula of the country's north island.
The dolphins are essentially dying from too much frolicking with tourists and have been classified by New Zealand's Department of Conservation (DoC) as endangered. Heavy boat traffic has the dolphins spending too much time socializing with tourists rather than performing critical behaviors like eating, sleeping and nursing their young, according to the Independent. A recent study by the New Zealand DoC said that human interaction was "having a significant impact on the population's resting and feeding behavior."
The dolphins live in a sub-tropical area of New Zealand known for its stunning beaches and its warm water. The popularity of the area as a tourist destination has caused the dolphin population to plummet from 270 in 1999 to a current estimate of 31, a fall of almost 90 percent, as the Telegraph reported.
The numbers in the report are bleak. A group of only 19 bottlenose dolphins regularly visit the Bay of Islands. From that group, there is a 75 percent mortality rate among their calves. That is the highest mortality rate not only in New Zealand, but also internationally, in the wild and in captivity, according to the Telegraph.
The researchers also noted that the dolphins spent 86 percent of daylight hours near one boat. To change that trend, the DoC not only banned tourists from swimming with dolphins, but also mandated that tour boats may interact with dolphins for no more than 20 minutes. Also, all tour operators will have to visit the dolphins in either the morning or the afternoon so there is a significant chunk of time where the dolphins are left alone, as the Guardian reported.
"The dolphins often swim towards boats themselves and you simply can't put a barrier around them or monitor every interaction they have," said Sue Reed-Thomas, the DOC's northern North Island director of operations, as the Independent reported. "Everyone who puts a boat on the water in the Bay of Islands needs to be aware of the problem so they play their part in protecting the local dolphin population."
In a plea to save their industry, tour operators warned that the new ban would cripple tourism in the area. They also said that fewer tour operators on the water means fewer people monitoring how private boats interact with the vulnerable dolphin population, according to the Guardian.
The DoC does not seem too sympathetic as it is considering partnering with Maori tribes and researchers to start a marine mammal sanctuary in the Bay of Islands.
Tourists can still swim with dolphins in New Zealand's south island where the populations are much healthier, according to the Guardian.


While initially, the computer was formed only of basic elements that enabled users to perform simple operations; things have changed since its appearance. New accessories have been added, and one of the most common ones is the printer. This external hardware device is aimed to take the data that is virtually stored on the computer and transform it into a hard copy. Taking into consideration their great utility, printers are maybe the most popular peripheral: they can be used to print any type of text (documents, books, reviews etc) and also pictures. Officially, the first mechanical printer was developed in 1822 by Charles Babbage and used the difference engine. Of course, hid model had a rudimentary system, a lot different from the one you know today: there were metal rods (each of them had a character) pressed onto a piece of paper fed through the device. This way, text was written on the paper and this was the first for of printing.
Even if the accessory started to be manufactured around 1950, it was in 1970 that the first great images and documents created with an inkjet printer finally appeared. This was followed by the emergence of Xerox (in the 1970s) and low cost laser printer (launched in 1984 by Hewlett-Packard). As technology evolved, people learned the benefits of laser printers, but the inkjet device is still the most popular choice. The main element of this machine’s mechanism is the print head, which has thousands of nozzles (also known as jets, hence the name). These are covered in ink that is pressed into the paper, as it moves inside the device, thus creating pictures or text documents. Nowadays, the quality of the results depends not only on how performing the device is, but also on the print head used – for instance, Konica KM256 MN 14PL is a great option that will help you get the most accurate pictures. This is due to the fact that it has some of the finest nozzles you can find in the industry and besides this, the model is quite affordable. An ordinary printer can produce hundreds of printed pages until the cartridge needs to be refilled or replaced. Of course, this depends on the type of hard copies (pictures require more ink, while text is not as demanding) and on the quality of the cartridge and print head. Another great model is Konica KM512 MN 14PL: inexpensive, easy to replace and very efficient due to its adjustable ink drop size.
In case you are working in an office, or you work from home and you constantly have to list documents, purchasing an ink printer is definitely something you should do. Having your own accessory will come in very handy, especially since the device is not expensive and it is quite easy to maintain. However, if you are about the quality of your prints, make sure you always buy original replacement parts, whether you are thinking about ink cartridges or print heads. Choose a reliable supplier and you will never have to worry about anything!


My son is 7 year old and have total leucocyte count is 13900 / Cu.mm and differential leucocyte count as under
Eosinophils 6% basophils 0%
Please suggest about the report
1 Answer | Add Yours
You really need to speak with an actual medical doctor about serious medical questions such as this. Leucocyte is another term for white blood cells, which are part of the body's immune system for fighting disease. A normal leucocyte count is about 7000/mm^3, so your son's count is high. Again I reiterate that you really need to discuss important medical matters with an actual medical doctor.
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